Roseanna Cunningham

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    <title>Roseanna Cunningham</title>
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      <text bytes="4296" sha1="fgvt5lz5xjhc20r4v6daaio50o7sblc" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox MSP
| honorific-prefix = 
| name = Roseanna Cunningham
| honorific-suffix = [[Member o the Scots Pairlament|MSP]]
| image =Roseanna Cunningham.jpg
| imagesize = 
| caption = 
| office1 = [[Cabinet Secretar for Environment, Climate Chynge an Laund Reform]]
| firstminister1 = [[Nicola Sturgeon]]
| term_start1 = 18 Mey 2016
| term_end1 = 
| predecessor1 = [[Aileen McLeod]] (as [[Meenister for Environment, Climate Chynge an Laund Reform]])
| successor1 = 
| office2 = [[Cabinet Secretar for Fair Wirk, Skills an Trainin]]
| firstminister2 = [[Nicola Sturgeon]]
| term_start2 = 21 November 2014
| term_end2 = 18 Mey 2016
| predecessor2 = [[Angela Constance]] (as Cabinet Secretar for Trainin, Youth an Weemen's Employment)
| successor2 = Office vacant
| office3 = [[Meenister for Commonty Safety an Legal Affairs]]
| term_start3 = 25 Mey 2011
| term_end3 = 21 November 2014
| firstminister3 = [[Alex Salmond]]
| predecessor3 = [[Fergus Ewing]]
| successor3 = Paul Wheelhouse
| office4          = [[Scots Naitional Pairty|Depute Leader o the Scots Naitional Pairty]]
| leader4          = [[John Swinney]]
| term_start4      = 26 September 2000
| term_end4        = 3 September 2004
| predecessor4     = [[John Swinney]]
| successor4      = [[Nicola Sturgeon]]
| constituency_MP5 = [[Pairthshire Sooth an Kinross-shire (Scots Pairlament constituency)|Pairthshire Sooth an Kinross-shire]] &lt;small&gt;&lt;br&gt;[[Pairth (Scots Pairlament constituency)|Perth]] 1999-2011&lt;/small&gt;
| parliament5 = Scots
| majority5 = 1,422
| term_start5 = 6 Mey 1999
| term_end5 = 
| predecessor5 = [[Scotland Act 1998|Constituency creatit]]
| successor5 = 
| constituency_MP6 = [[Pairth (UK Pairlament constituency)|Pairth]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Pairth an Kinross (UK Pairlament constituency)|Pairth an Kinross]] (1995–1997)&lt;/small&gt;
| parliament6 = 
| majority6 =  
| term_start6 = 25 Mey 1995
| term_end6 = 7 Juin 2001
| predecessor6 = [[Nicholas Fairbairn]]
| successor6 = [[Annabelle Ewing]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1951|07|27|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Glesga]], Scotland
| death_date = 
| death_place = 
| birthname = 
| nationality = Scots
| party = [[Scots National Pairty]]
| spouse = 
| relations = 
| children = 
| residence = 
| alma_mater = [[Varsity o Wastren Australie]]
| profession = [[Solicitor]], [[Advocate]]
| religion = [[Roman Catholic]]
| website = [http://www.roseannacunningham.com/ Offeecial wabsteid]
| footnotes = 
}}
'''Roseanna Cunningham''' (born [[27 Julie]] [[1951]] in [[Glesga]]), is a [[Scotland|Scots]] politician, an a [[Commissioners tae the Scots Pairlament|Commissioner tae the Scots Pairlament]], representin the [[Scots National Pairty]] (SNP).  In baith [[1999]] an [[2003]], she wis waled for tae represent the Perth consteetuency.  She representit Perth at Wastmeinster forbye, atween [[1995]] an [[2001]].  She wis ance depute convener o her pairty an aa, atween [[2000]] an [[2004]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-12569|title=Cunningham, Roseanna|last=|first=|date=|website=Who's Who|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=14 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
&lt;references /&gt;


{{DEFAULTSORT:Cunningham, Roseanna}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:Female members o the Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick for Scots constituencies]]
[[Category:Members o the Faculty o Advocates]]
[[Category:Members o the Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick for Scots constituencies]]
[[Category:Members o the Scots Pairlament 1999–2003]]
[[Category:Members o the Scots Pairlament 2003–07]]
[[Category:Members o the Scots Pairlament 2007–11]]
[[Category:Members o the Scots Pairlament 2011–16]]
[[Category:Politeecians frae Glesga]]
[[Category:Scots National Pairty MPs]]
[[Category:Scots National Pairty MSPs]]
[[Category:Scots republicans]]
[[Category:Scots soleecitors]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1992–1997]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1997–2001]]
[[Category:Female members o the Scots Pairlament]]
[[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Members o the Scots Pairlament 2016–]]
[[Category:Weemen members o the Scots Govrenment]]
[[Category:20t-century weemen politeecians]]
[[Category:21st-century weemen politeecians]]

{{stub/scotpol}}
{{Stub/Scotland}}</text>
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    <title>Euro</title>
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|{{Flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Bulgarie lev]]
|{{Flagicon|Cape Verde}} [[Cape Verdean escudo]]
|[[Central African CFA franc]]
|[[CFP franc]]
|{{Flagicon|Comoros}} [[Comorian franc]]
|{{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Dens krone]]
|{{Flagicon|North Macedonia}} [[Macedonie denar]]&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Cardoso |first=Paulo |title=Interview&amp;nbsp;– Governor of the National Bank of Macedonia&amp;nbsp;– Dimitar Bogov |url=http://www.the-american-times.com/american-times-governor-national-bank-macedonia-dimitar-bogov/2013/10/05 |work=The American Times United States Emerging Economies Report (USEER Report) |publisher=Hazlehurst Media SA |accessdate=8 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020073010/http://www.the-american-times.com/american-times-governor-national-bank-macedonia-dimitar-bogov/2013/10/05 |archive-date=20 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Flagicon|Morocco}} [[Moroccan dirham]]
|{{Flagicon|São Tomé and Príncipe}} [[São Tomé an Príncipe dobra]]
|[[Wast African CFA franc]]
}}

|inflation_source_date = [https://www.ecb.europa.eu/stats/macroeconomic_and_sectoral/hicp/html/inflation.en.html?hasFlash=true&amp; ecb.europa.eu]
|inflation_method = [[Harmonised Index o Consumer Prices|HICP]]
}}
The '''euro''' ([[Siller sign]]: '''[[Euro sign|€]]'''; [[ISO 4217|baunkin code]]: '''EUR''') is the offeecial [[siller]] o the [[European Union]]'s [[Eurozone]] that at the meenit conseests o 20&amp;nbsp;states ([[Austrick]], [[Belgium]], [[Croatia]], [[Cyprus]], [[Estonia]], [[Finland]], [[Fraunce]], [[Germany]], [[Greece]], [[Republic o Ireland|Ireland]], [[Italy]], [[Latvia]], [[Lithuanie]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Maltae]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Portugal]], [[Slovakie]], [[Slovenie]], [[Spain]]).

It is the ae siller for mair nor 330&amp;nbsp;million Europeans. Includin airts uisin sillers [[Fixed exchynge rate|pegged]] tae the euro, the euro directly affects close tae 500&amp;nbsp;million fowk warldwide.&lt;ref&gt;Nummer is a soom o '''jaloused''' populations (as statit in their respective airticles) o: aw Eurozone members; aw uisers o euro that's no pairt o the Eurozone (whither offeecially greed upo or no); aw airts that uisse a siller pegged tae the euro, an anerly the euro. - Please see detailt summation in the airticle [[Eurozone]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Wi mair nor €610 [[1000000000 (nummer)|billion]] in circulation as o December 2006 (equeevalent tae US$802 billion at the exchynge rates at the time), the euro is the siller wi the hiechest combined vailie o cash in circulation in the warld, haein surpassed the [[Unitit States dollar|U.S. dollar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|last = Atkins
|first= Ralph
|title= Euro notes cash in to overtake dollar
|publisher = Financial Times
|date= 2006-12-27
|url = http://www.ft.com/cms/s/18338034-95ec-11db-9976-0000779e2340.html
|accessdate= 2007-05-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The euro wis introduced tae warld financial mercats as an [[accoontin]] siller in 1999 an lenched as pheesical [[cunyie]]s an [[baunknote]]s on [[1 Januar]] [[2002]]. It replaced the umwhile [[European Currency Unit]] (ECU) at a ratio o 1:1.

== Chairactereestics ==
=== Cunyies an baunknotes ===
[[File:Eurotower in Frankfurt.jpg|thumb|The [[European Central Baunk|ECB]] is in chairge o the Eurozone's policy on siller]] 
{{main|euro cunyies}}
{{main|euro baunknotes}}
The euro is dividit intae 100 '''[[Cent (siller)|cents]]''' (whiles cried ''eurocent'', especially whan sinderin it frae the U.S. cent or the umwhile currency in a parteecular kintra). Aw circulatin euro cunyies (includin the [[€2&amp;nbsp;commemorative cunyies]]) haes a '''common side''' shawin the denomination (vailie) wi the auld 19 EU-kintras in the backgrund. Frae 2007 or 2008 on (lippenin on the kintra whaur the cunyie is issued) that &quot;auld&quot; cairt is replaced bi a cairt o Europe, that nou shows nane-EU-members sic as Norrowey. The cunyies haes a '''naitional side''' shawin an eemage speceefically waled bi the kintra that issued the cunyie. Euro cunyies frae ony kintra can be freely uised in ony naition that haes adoptit the euro.

The euro cunyies are €2, €1, €0.50, €0.20, €0.10, €0.05, €0.02, an €0.01. In the Netherlands cash transactions is roondit tae the nearest five cents, tae avoid the uise o €0.02, an €0.01, an in Finland, the twa smawest denominations isna ony langer struck, tho thay remain [[legal tender]] thare. (See [[Linguistic issues concernin the euro]] an aw.)

[[€2 commemorative cunyies|Commemorative cunyies]] wi €2 face value hae been issued wi chynges tae the design o the naitional side o the cunyie — as Greece did for the [[2004 Summer Olympics]]. Thir twa-euro cunyies is legal tender throughoot the Eurozone. Cunyies wi various ither denominations hae been issued an aw, but thir are no intendit for general circulation. Thir later cunyies are anly legal tender in the naition that issued them.

Aw [[euro banknotes]] hae a '''common design''' for each denomination on baith sides. Notes are issued in €500, €200, €100, €50, €20, €10, €5. The design for each o them haes a common theme o European airchitecture in various airtistic periods. The front (or recto) o the note features windaes or gateways while the back (or verso) haes brigs. Care haes been taen sae that the airchitectural examples dinna represent ony actual existin monument, sae as no tae induce jealousy an controversy in the choice o whilk monument should be depictit. Some o the hiechest denominations sic as the €500 are no issued in a few kintras, tho thay remain legal tender athort the Eurozone.

=== Eurozone ===
{{main|Eurozone}}
[[File:Eurozone map.svg|thumb|2023:
{{legend|#003399|[[Eurozone]] (20)}}
{{legend|#46a43b|[[ERM II members]] (2)}}
{{legend|#da2131|[[Eurozone#Athoot formal greements|unilaterally adoptit]] (2)}}
{{legend|#ffd617|[[Enlargement o the eurozone|ither EU members]] (5)}}
{{legend|#F29527|[[Eurozone##Wi formal greements|special adoption greement]] (4)}}]]
* The euro is the ae siller in:
# Austrick
# Belgium
# Croatia
# Cyprus
# Estonia
# Finland
# Fraunce
# Germany
# Greece
# Ireland
# Italy
# Latvia
# Lithuanie
# Luxembourg
# Maltae
# the Netherlands
# Portugal
# Slovakie
# Slovenie
# Spain

Thir 20 kintras thegether is frequently referrit tae as the [[Eurozone]] or the euro airt, or mair informally &quot;euroland&quot; or the &quot;eurogroup&quot;. Ootside o the airt covered bi the cairt, the euro is the legal siller o the French owerseas possessions o [[French Guiana]], [[Réunion]], [[Saint-Pierre et Miquelon]], [[Guadeloupe]], [[Martinique]], [[Saint-Barthélemy]], [[Saint Martin (Fraunce)|Saint Martin]], [[Mayotte]], an the uninhabited [[Clipperton Island]] an the [[French Southern an Antarctic Lands]]; the Portuguese autonomous regions o the [[Azores]] an [[Madeira]]; an the Spainyie [[Canary Islands]].

* Acause o some bilateral greements,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l25040.htm |title=Agreements on monetary relations (Monaco, San Marino, the Vatican and Andorra) |accessdate=2007-05-11 |archive-date=2008-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223055605/http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l25040.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; the European [[microstate]]s o [[Monaco]], [[San Marino]], an [[Vatican Ceity]] mint thair ain euro cunyies on behalf o the [[European Central Baunk]].  Thay is, houaniver, severely limitit in the tot vailie o cunyies thay can issue.
* [[Andorrae]], [[Montenegro]], [[Kosovo]], an [[Akrotiri an Dhekelia]] adoptit the foreign euro as thair legal Siller for movement o caipital an payments withoot parteecipation in the [[European System o Central Baunks|ESCB]] or the richt tae mint cunyies. Andorrae is in the process o enterin a monetary greement seemilar tae that o the microstates abuin.
* Several possessions an umwhile colonies o EU kintras hae sillers pegged tae the euro. Thir are [[French Polynesie]], [[New Caledon]], [[Wallis and Futuna]] (the [[CFP franc]]); [[Cape Verde]]; the [[Comoros]]; an fowerteen naitions o Central an Wast Africae (the [[CFA franc]]). See [[Sillers relatit tae the euro]].
* Awtho no legal tender in [[Denmark]], the euro is acceptit in some shops athort baith kintras, parteecularly internaitional shopss in lairge ceeties, an shops in [[Northren Ireland]] near the laundmairch wi the Republic o Ireland, whaur the euro is the offeecial siller. Seemilarly, the euro is widely acceptit in [[Swisserland]], e'en bi offeecial boards, sic as the [[Rail transport in Swisserland|Swiss Railweys]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://mct.sbb.ch/mct/en/reisemarkt/services/bahnhof/billettautomat.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2008-01-09 |archive-date=2008-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080126095506/http://mct.sbb.ch/mct/en/reisemarkt/services/bahnhof/billettautomat.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Fremmit airtins ==
* {{cite web|url=http://www.bis-ans-ende-der-welt.net/Europa-B-En.htm|title=Euro baunk notes|language=en,de|editor=Heiko Otto|accessdate=2017-11-05}} {{in|en}} {{in|de}}
{{Commonscat}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Euro| ]]&lt;!--please leave the empty space as standard--&gt;
[[Category:1999 in economics]]
[[Category:1999 introductions]]
[[Category:2002 introductions]]
[[Category:Sillers o the Commonweel o Naitions]]
[[Category:Sillers o Sooth Americae]]
[[Category:Sillers o the Caribbean]]
[[Category:Sillers o Zimbabwe]]
[[Category:Siller unions]]
[[Category:Economy o the European Union]]
[[Category:Eurozone]]
[[Category:Seembols o the European Union]]</text>
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    <title>The Doors</title>
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[[File:Doors electra publicity photo.JPG|thumb]]
'''The Doors''' wis a rock baund, foondit in Julie 1965 in [[Los Angeles]]. It disappearit in 1973, twa years efter the daith o the sangster [[Jim Morrison]].
Thay war apart bat relatit tae the Psychedelic rock muisic.

== Compasition ==

* [[Jim Morrison]] : sangin
* [[Ray Manzarek]] : electric organ an law piano
* Robbie Krieger : guitar
* John Densmore : drums

== History ==

The Doors are sae ca'd acause o a sentence o the painter an makar [[William Blake]] : «If the doors o perception were cleansit, every thing would appear tae [[Man]] as it is: infinite».&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-02-10|title=The Doors took their name from the title of Aldous Huxley's book 'The Doors of Perception'|url=https://www.thevintagenews.com/2017/02/10/the-doors-took-their-name-from-the-title-of-aldous-huxleys-book-the-doors-of-perception/|access-date=2023-01-23|website=thevintagenews|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
In Juin 1966, the baund signs a contract wi the Disk editor Elektra (representit bi Jack Holzman) : the baund will colaborate far at least sax albums. In Julie, in a performance o The Doors in the Whiskey A Go Go, Jim Morrison, wha haes swallawit LSD, an inspired bi Freud's writins on Œdipe complexus, improvises lyrics on the muisical central section o the sang The End : « Father. Yes son ? I want to kill you. Mother, I want to fuck you all night long » (« Faether? -Yes son? -I want tae kill ye. Mither, I want tae tail-toddle wi ye aw' necht lang»). The boss o the Whiskey A Go Go put The Doors oot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-04-16|title=How Jim Morrison got The Doors from Whiskey a Go Go|url=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/jim-morrison-the-doors-fired-whisky-a-go-go/|access-date=2023-01-23|website=faroutmagazine.co.uk|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In October 1967, the album The Doors an the single sang Licht My Fire acome baith Golden disks at same time as the relees o the seicond album, Straunge Days.

Morrison died in the necht frae the 2t tae the 3 o 1971.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commonscat}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Doors, The}}
[[Category:Coontercultur o the 1960s]]
[[Category:Elektra Records airtists]]
[[Category:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Awaird winners]]
[[Category:Muisical groups frae Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Muisical quartets]]
[[Category:Muisical trios]]
[[Category:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees]]

{{Stub/USA}}
{{Stub/Muisic}}</text>
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    <title>Myanmar</title>
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[[File:MyanmarEthnolinguisticMap1972.jpg|thumb|The ethnolinguistic divisions in Burma]]
'''Burma''', kent forby as '''Myanmar''' an offeecially the '''Republic o the Union o Myanmar''', is the lairgest kintra bi geographical aurie in mainland [[Sootheast Asie]]. The kintra is burted bi [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]] on the north-east, [[Laos]] on the aest, [[Thailand]] on the sooth-east, [[Bangladesh]] on the wast, [[Indie]] on the north-wast an the [[Bay o Bengal]] tae the sooth-wast wi the [[Andaman Sea]] defining its soothern periphery. Ane-third o Burma's tot perimeter, 1,930 kilometers (1,199&amp;nbsp;mi), forms an unaunterbruken cosline.

== Etymology ==
{{Main|Names o Burma}}

&quot;Burma&quot; is derived frae the Burmese wird &quot;Bamar&quot; ([[File:Bama.svg|ဗမာ|30px]]), which in turn is the colloquial form o Myanmar ([[File:Myanma.svg|မြန်မာ|30px]]) (or Mranma in auld [[Burmese leid|Burmese]]), baith o which historically referred tae the majority [[Bamar|Burmans]] (or the Bamar). Dependin on the [[register (linguistics)|register]] uised the pronunciation wad be &quot;Bama&quot; ({{IPA-my|bəmà|pron}}), or &quot;Myanmah&quot; ({{IPA-my|mjəmà|pron}}). The name &quot;Burma&quot; haes been in uise in Inglis syne the time o [[Breetish Burma|Breetish colonial rule]].

== Regions an states ==
{{Main|Admeenistrative diveesions o Burma}}
[[File:Burma en.png|thumb|The 14 states an regions o Burma]]

The kintra is dividit intae seiven states ({{my|ပြည်နယ်}}) an seiven regions ({{my|တိုင်းဒေသကြီး}}), umwhile cawed diveesions.&lt;ref name=&quot;2008constbur&quot;&gt;{{my|ပြည်ထောင်စုသမ္မတမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော် ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေ (၂၀၀၈ ခုနှစ်)|}} (in Burmese) [http://www.irrawaddy.org/election/component/filecabinet/?task=download&amp;cid[0&amp;#93;=1|2008 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501121420/http://www.irrawaddy.org/election/component/filecabinet/?task=download&amp;cid |date=2011-05-01 }} Constitution PDF]&lt;/ref&gt; The annooncement on the renamin o diveesion tae regions wis made on 20 August 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=တိုင်းခုနစ်တိုင်းကို တိုင်းဒေသကြီးများအဖြစ် လည်းကောင်း၊ ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရ တိုင်းနှင့် ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရ ဒေသများ ရုံးစိုက်ရာ မြို့များကို လည်းကောင်း ပြည်ထောင်စုနယ်မြေတွင် ခရိုင်နှင့်မြို့နယ်များကို လည်းကောင်း သတ်မှတ်ကြေညာ |newspaper=[[Weekly Eleven|Weekly Eleven News]] |date=2010-08-20 |url=http://www.news-eleven.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=4375:2010-08-20-12-39-51&amp;catid=42:2009-11-10-07-36-59&amp;Itemid=112 |accessdate=2010-08-23 |language=Burmese}}&lt;/ref&gt; Regions are predominantly [[Bamar]] (that is, mainly inhabitit bi the dominant ethnic group). States, in essence, are regions which are hame tae parteecular ethnic minorities. The administrative diveesions are further subdividit intae [[Destricts o Burma|destricts]], which are further subdividit intae [[tounship]]s, [[ward (sub-naitional entity)|wards]], an veelages.

Belaw are the nummer o destricts, tounships, ceeties/touns, fartwards, veelage Groups an veelages in each diveesions an states o Burma.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! No.
! [[Kintra subdiveesion|State/Region]]
! [[Destricts]]
! [[Tounships]]
! [[Ceeties]]/[[Toun]]s
! [[Ward (kintra subdiveesion)|Wards]]
! [[Veelage groups]]
! [[Veelages]]
|-
| 1
| [[Kachin State]]
| 3
| 18
| 20
| 116
| 606
| 2630
|-
| 2
| [[Kayah State]]
| 2
| 7
| 7
| 29
| 79
| 624
|-
| 3
| [[Kayin State]]
| 3
| 7
| 10
| 46
| 376
| 2092
|-
| 4
| [[Chin State]]
| 2
| 9
| 9
| 29
| 475
| 1355
|-
| 5
| [[Sagaing Region]]
| 8
| 37
| 37
| 171
| 1769
| 6095
|-
| 6
| [[Tanintharyi Region]]
| 3
| 10
| 10
| 63
| 265
| 1255
|-
| 7
| [[Bago Region]]
| 4
| 28
| 33
| 246
| 1424
| 6498
|-
| 8
| [[Magway Region]]
| 5
| 25
| 26
| 160
| 1543
| 4774
|-
| 9
| [[Mandalay Region]]
| 7
| 31
| 29
| 259
| 1611
| 5472
|-
| 10
| [[Mon State]]
| 2
| 10
| 11
| 69
| 381
| 1199
|-
| 11
| [[Rakhine State]]
| 4
| 17
| 17
| 120
| 1041
| 3871
|-
| 12
| [[Yangon Region]]
| 4
| 45
| 20
| 685
| 634
| 2119
|-
| 13
| [[Shan State]]
| 11
| 54
| 54
| 336
| 1626
| 15513
|-
| 14
| [[Ayeyarwady Region]]
|6
| 26
| 29
| 219
| 1912
| 11651
|-
|
| '''Tot'''
| '''63'''
| '''324'''
| '''312'''
| '''2548'''
| '''13742'''
| '''65148'''
|}
[[File:Innwa monastery.jpg|thumb|Abeddel n Birmanya
]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Freemit airtins ==
{{Sister project links}}
{{Wikinews}}
; Govrenment
* [http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/ myanmar.gov.mm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051220003223/http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/ |date=2005-12-20 }}
* [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-b/burma.html Chief o State an Cabinet Members] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207173243/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-b/burma.html |date=2012-02-07 }}
; General information
* [http://www.mizzima.com/ Burma Relatit-News]
* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/myanmar.htm Burma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091205161122/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/myanmar.htm |date=2009-12-05 }} frae ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
* {{wikiatlas|Myanmar}}
* {{Wikivoyage|Myanmar}}
* [http://www.burmalibrary.org/ Online Burma/Myanmar Library: Classified and annotated links to more than 17,000 full-text documents on Burma/Myanmar]
* [http://www.myanma.com/ Burmese/Myanmar Myanma Search Ingine Wab steid]
* [http://my.wikipedia.org/ Offeecial Burmese Leid Wikipedia Wab steid]
* [http://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/eyes-of-the-storm/turning-points-in-burmese-history/5363/ Interactive timeline o turnin points in Burmese history]
{{Commonscat|Myanmar}}

[[Category:Myanmar| ]]
[[Category:Member states o the Association o Sootheast Asian Naitions]]
[[Category:Kintras o the Indie Ocean]]
[[Category:Umwhile Breetish colonies]]
[[Category:Least Developed Kintras]]
[[Category:Sootheast Asie kintras]]
[[Category:States an territories established in 1948]]
[[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]]</text>
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[[File:MyanmarEthnolinguisticMap1972.jpg|thumb|The ethnolinguistic divisions in Burma]]
'''Burma''', kent forby as '''Myanmar''' an offeecially the '''Republic o the Union o Myanmar''', is the lairgest kintra bi geographical aurie in mainland [[Sootheast Asie]]. The kintra is bordered bi [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]] on the north-east, [[Laos]] on the aest, [[Thailand]] on the sooth-east, [[Bangladesh]] on the wast, [[Indie]] on the north-wast an the [[Bay o Bengal]] tae the sooth-wast wi the [[Andaman Sea]] defining its soothern periphery. Ane-third o Burma's tot perimeter, 1,930 kilometers (1,199&amp;nbsp;mi), forms an uninterrupted coastline.

== Etymology ==
{{Main|Names o Burma}}

&quot;Burma&quot; is derived frae the Burmese wird &quot;Bamar&quot; ([[File:Bama.svg|ဗမာ|30px]]), which in turn is the colloquial form o Myanmar ([[File:Myanma.svg|မြန်မာ|30px]]) (or Mranma in auld [[Burmese leid|Burmese]]), baith o which historically referred tae the majority [[Bamar|Burmans]] (or the Bamar). Dependin on the [[register (linguistics)|register]] uised the pronunciation wad be &quot;Bama&quot; ({{IPA-my|bəmà|pron}}), or &quot;Myanmah&quot; ({{IPA-my|mjəmà|pron}}). The name &quot;Burma&quot; haes been in uise in Inglis syne the time o [[Breetish Burma|Breetish colonial rule]].

== Regions an states ==
{{Main|Admeenistrative diveesions o Burma}}
[[File:Burma en.png|thumb|The 14 states an regions o Burma]]

The kintra is dividit intae seiven states ({{my|ပြည်နယ်}}) an seiven regions ({{my|တိုင်းဒေသကြီး}}), umwhile cawed diveesions.&lt;ref name=&quot;2008constbur&quot;&gt;{{my|ပြည်ထောင်စုသမ္မတမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော် ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေ (၂၀၀၈ ခုနှစ်)|}} (in Burmese) [http://www.irrawaddy.org/election/component/filecabinet/?task=download&amp;cid[0&amp;#93;=1|2008 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501121420/http://www.irrawaddy.org/election/component/filecabinet/?task=download&amp;cid |date=2011-05-01 }} Constitution PDF]&lt;/ref&gt; The annooncement on the renamin o diveesion tae regions wis made on 20 August 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=တိုင်းခုနစ်တိုင်းကို တိုင်းဒေသကြီးများအဖြစ် လည်းကောင်း၊ ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရ တိုင်းနှင့် ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရ ဒေသများ ရုံးစိုက်ရာ မြို့များကို လည်းကောင်း ပြည်ထောင်စုနယ်မြေတွင် ခရိုင်နှင့်မြို့နယ်များကို လည်းကောင်း သတ်မှတ်ကြေညာ |newspaper=[[Weekly Eleven|Weekly Eleven News]] |date=2010-08-20 |url=http://www.news-eleven.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=4375:2010-08-20-12-39-51&amp;catid=42:2009-11-10-07-36-59&amp;Itemid=112 |accessdate=2010-08-23 |language=Burmese}}&lt;/ref&gt; Regions are predominantly [[Bamar]] (that is, mainly inhabitit bi the dominant ethnic group). States, in essence, are regions which are hame tae parteecular ethnic minorities. The administrative diveesions are further subdividit intae [[Destricts o Burma|destricts]], which are further subdividit intae [[tounship]]s, [[ward (sub-naitional entity)|wards]], an veelages.

Belaw are the nummer o destricts, tounships, ceeties/touns, wards, veelage Groups an veelages in each diveesions an states o Burma.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! No.
! [[Kintra subdiveesion|State/Region]]
! [[Destricts]]
! [[Tounships]]
! [[Ceeties]]/[[Toun]]s
! [[Ward (kintra subdiveesion)|Wards]]
! [[Veelage groups]]
! [[Veelages]]
|-
| 1
| [[Kachin State]]
| 3
| 18
| 20
| 116
| 606
| 2630
|-
| 2
| [[Kayah State]]
| 2
| 7
| 7
| 29
| 79
| 624
|-
| 3
| [[Kayin State]]
| 3
| 7
| 10
| 46
| 376
| 2092
|-
| 4
| [[Chin State]]
| 2
| 9
| 9
| 29
| 475
| 1355
|-
| 5
| [[Sagaing Region]]
| 8
| 37
| 37
| 171
| 1769
| 6095
|-
| 6
| [[Tanintharyi Region]]
| 3
| 10
| 10
| 63
| 265
| 1255
|-
| 7
| [[Bago Region]]
| 4
| 28
| 33
| 246
| 1424
| 6498
|-
| 8
| [[Magway Region]]
| 5
| 25
| 26
| 160
| 1543
| 4774
|-
| 9
| [[Mandalay Region]]
| 7
| 31
| 29
| 259
| 1611
| 5472
|-
| 10
| [[Mon State]]
| 2
| 10
| 11
| 69
| 381
| 1199
|-
| 11
| [[Rakhine State]]
| 4
| 17
| 17
| 120
| 1041
| 3871
|-
| 12
| [[Yangon Region]]
| 4
| 45
| 20
| 685
| 634
| 2119
|-
| 13
| [[Shan State]]
| 11
| 54
| 54
| 336
| 1626
| 15513
|-
| 14
| [[Ayeyarwady Region]]
|6
| 26
| 29
| 219
| 1912
| 11651
|-
|
| '''Tot'''
| '''63'''
| '''324'''
| '''312'''
| '''2548'''
| '''13742'''
| '''65148'''
|}
[[File:Innwa monastery.jpg|thumb|Abeddel n Birmanya
]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Freemit airtins ==
{{Sister project links}}
{{Wikinews}}
; Govrenment
* [http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/ myanmar.gov.mm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051220003223/http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/ |date=2005-12-20 }}
* [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-b/burma.html Chief o State an Cabinet Members] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207173243/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-b/burma.html |date=2012-02-07 }}
; General information
* [http://www.mizzima.com/ Burma Relatit-News]
* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/myanmar.htm Burma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091205161122/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/myanmar.htm |date=2009-12-05 }} frae ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
* {{wikiatlas|Myanmar}}
* {{Wikivoyage|Myanmar}}
* [http://www.burmalibrary.org/ Online Burma/Myanmar Library: Classified and annotated links to more than 17,000 full-text documents on Burma/Myanmar]
* [http://www.myanma.com/ Burmese/Myanmar Myanma Search Ingine Wab steid]
* [http://my.wikipedia.org/ Offeecial Burmese Leid Wikipedia Wab steid]
* [http://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/eyes-of-the-storm/turning-points-in-burmese-history/5363/ Interactive timeline o turnin points in Burmese history]
{{Commonscat|Myanmar}}

[[Category:Myanmar| ]]
[[Category:Member states o the Association o Sootheast Asian Naitions]]
[[Category:Kintras o the Indie Ocean]]
[[Category:Umwhile Breetish colonies]]
[[Category:Least Developed Kintras]]
[[Category:Sootheast Asie kintras]]
[[Category:States an territories established in 1948]]
[[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Clan Douglas</title>
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{{Infobox Clan
|clan name      = Douglas
|image badge    = Clan member crest badge - Clan Douglas.svg
|chiefs crest   =
|chiefs motto   = Jamais Arriere
|chiefs slogan  =
|region         = [[Scots Lawlands|Lawlands]]
|district       =
|gaelic names   =
|patron saint   = [[St. Bride]]
|image arms     = Douglas Arms 3.svg
|plant badge    =
|pipe music     =
|seat           =
|historic seat  = [[Douglas Castle]]
|septs          =
|branches       = Morton, Angus, Hardy, Sandlin, Sterrett
&lt;!-- the following information is for clans without a current chief --&gt;
|last chiefs name=[[Archibald Douglas, 1st Duke o Douglas|His Grace Archibald Douglas]]&lt;br /&gt;The 1st [[Duke o Douglas]]
|date of death of last chief=21 Julie 1761
|commander      =
}}

'''Clan Douglas''', referred tae as '''''The Hoose o Douglas''''' an aw, is an auncient [[Scots clan]] frae the [[Scots Lawlands]] takin its name frae [[Douglas, Sooth Lanrikshire]], an thence spreidin oottthrou the [[The Mairches|Scots Borderland]], [[Angus]], Lothian an ayont. The clan disnae currently hae a chief, an is considert tae be ae airmigerous clan.

The Douglases wur ance the maist pouerful faimily in [[Scotland]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Way, George and Squire, Romily. (1994). ''Collins Scottish Clan &amp; Family Encyclopedia''. (Foreword bi The Rt Hon. The Earl o Elgin KT, Convenor, The Standing Council of Scottish Chiefs). pp. 384–385.&lt;/ref&gt; The pouerful Douglas chiefs haudit the titles o the Earl o Douglas (Black Douglas), Earl o Angus (Red Douglas) an at ae pynt the Earl o Morton.

Mony Douglases mairit intae Scots an ither European royal an noble hooses, therebi ensurin Douglas pouer athin Scotland, as a result o thair accumulatit wealth.

The faimily's oreeginal seat wis Douglas Castle in [[Lanrikshire]], but thay spread tae mony properties ootthrou Scotland.

Thare ar mony members o the Douglas Clan buiriet throuoot the warld, sic as the Abbey o Saint-Germain-des-Prés in Paris, an at Melrose Abbey.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Oxford companion to Scottish history|date=2007|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-19-923482-0|editor-last=Lynch|editor-first=Michael|series=Oxford reference online premium|location=Oxford|pages=172-176}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aiblins maist notable o aw is at St Bride's Kirk in Douglas. Dedicatit tae St Bride, the patron saunt o the Douglas, it haulds the mausolea o mony distinguished Douglases, includin that o the Good Sir James Douglas.

==History==
===Oreegins o the clan===

Accordin tae tradeetion the Douglases teuk thair name frae the [[Scots Gaelic|Gaelic]] placename &quot;Dubh glas&quot; meanin &quot;black-blue/green&quot; (stream).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of American family names|date=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-508137-4|editor-last=Hanks|editor-first=Patrick|location=Oxford, UK ; New York}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ae auld tradeetion is that the first chief o Clan Douglas wis Sholto Douglas that helpt the king o [[Scotland]] win a battle in the year 767. This is unsubstantiatit.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Maxwell |first=Herbert |year=1902 |title=A history of the house of Douglas from the earliest times down to the legislative union of England and Scotland |publisher=Freemantle |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofhouseof01maxw/page/n7/mode/1up}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The true progenitor o Clan Douglas wis amsist certainly &quot;Theobaldus Flammatius&quot; (Theobald the Flemming), that wis gien in 1147 the launds near Douglas Water in Lanrikshire in return fur services fur the Abbot o Kelso.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hewitson|first=Jim|title=Douglas: The Origins of the Clan Douglas and Their Place in History (Scottish Clan Mini-book)|publisher=Lang Syne Publishers Ltd|year=1997|isbn=978-1852170660}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Awtho the Douglases wur first recordit in the 1170s, the Douglas faimily names consistit o Arkenbald an Freskin, an wur undoubtedly relatit tae the Clan Murray, an tae be o Flemish oreegin. The Clan Murray wur descendit frae a Flemish knight cried Freskin. Tho the Flemish oreegin o the Douglases isnae undisputit, it is aften claimt that the Douglases wur descendit frae a Flemish knight that wis grantit launds on the Douglas Water bi the Abbot o Kelso, that held the barony an lordship o Holydean. Housomeivver this is disputie, it haes been claimed that the launds that wis grantit tae this knight wisnae the launds that the Douglas faimily came frae.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Maxwell|first=Herbert Eustace|url=http://archive.org/details/historyofhouseof01maxw|title=A history of the house of Douglas from the earliest times down to the legislative union of England and Scotland|date=1902|publisher=London, Freemantle|others=Allen County Public Library Genealogy Center}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1179 William Douglas wis Lord o Douglas an it seems likely that he wis Theobald the Flemming's son an the first tae tak the surname Douglas.

===Wars o Scots Unthirldom===
[[Image:William le hardi seal.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Seal o [[William Douglas the Hardy]]]]
Durin the [[Wars o Scots Unthirldom]], Sir William Douglas the Hardy, Lord o Douglas wis govrenor o [[Berwick-upon-Tweed]] whan the toun an Berwick Castle wur besieged bi the forces o [[Edward I o Ingland]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Douglas wis captured an wis released efter he haed agreed tae accept the claim o the Inglis king tae be owerlaird o Scotland.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; He subsequently jynt [[William Wallace]] in fechtin for Scots unthirldom, but wis captured an taken tae [[Ingland]], whaur he dee'd in 1298, a preesoner in the Touer o Lunnon.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

====The &quot;Good&quot; Sir James Douglas or &quot;Black Douglas&quot;====
William Le Hardi's son, James Douglas, &quot;The Good Sir James&quot;, wis the first tae tak the epithet &quot;Black&quot;. Douglas wis set tae share in Bruce's early misfortunes, bein present at the defeats at Methven an Dalrigh. But for baith men thir setbacks wur tae provide a valuable lesson in tactics: limitations in baith resoorces an equipment meant that the Scots wad aye be at a disadvantage in conventional Medieval warfare. 

Bi the time the war wis renewed in the ware o 1307 thay haed learnt the value o guerrilla warfare – kent at the time as 'secret war' – uisin fast movin, lichtly equipped an agile forces tae maximum effect against an enemy aften locked in tae static defensive poseetions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Sir James Douglas recaptured Roxburgh Castle frae the Inglis in 1313. Sir James Douglas wis made a knight banneret, a heich honour, on the field an commandit a wing o the airmy at the [[Battle o Bannockburn]] in 1314.

James wis cried &quot;The Black Douglas&quot; bi the Inglis for his daurk deeds in Inglis een,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Michael|title=The Black Douglases: War and Lordship in Medieval Scotland 1300-1455|publisher=Barnes &amp; Noble|year=2004|isbn=978-0760756751|pages=19}}&lt;/ref&gt; becomin the Bogeyman o a Northren Inglis lullaby ''&quot;Hush ye, hush ye, little pet ye. Hush ye, hush ye, do no fret ye. The Black Douglas shall no get ye.&quot;''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Scott|first=Sir Walter|title=The Tales of a Grandfather|year=1828|volume=1|pages=19}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Thare ar forby unsubstantiated theories that this wis acause o his colourin an complexion, this is tenuous, Douglas ae appears in Inglis record as &quot;The Black&quot;, in Scots' chronicles he is amaist aye referred tae as &quot;The Guid&quot; or &quot;The Good&quot;. Later Douglas Lords teuk the moniker o thair revered forebear in the same wey that thay attached Bruce's Hert tae thair [[Coat o Airms]], tae strike fear intae the hearts o thair enemies an exhibit the prowess o thair race.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

====Crusader====
[[Image:Morton Castle - Landscape.jpg|thumb|right|Morton Castle The day]]
King [[Robert the Bruce]] haed requestit that Douglas, latterly his maist esteemed companion in arms, should cairy his hert tae the Holy Land, as atonement for the murder o John III Comyn.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Douglas an his knights haed been invitit tae jyne the forces o Alfonso XI o Castile, [[Edward III o Ingland]]'s cousin bi his mither Queen Isabella, tae fecht against the [[Moors]] in 1330 at the siege o Teba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Douglas wis killed as he led a cavalry charge against the enemy while outnumbered an cut off frae the main [[Christian]] force; Alfonso kept his airmy back frae the attack; likely in some arrangement wi his cousin Edward who coud niver beat the Douglas in combat. The casket containin the hert o the Bruce wis recovered an returned tae Scotland, tae be interred at Melrose Abbey.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Douglas' bones wur boiled an returned tae Scotland; his embalmed hert wis recently recovered in the Douglas vaults at the Kirk o St Bride but his bones ar no in the stane vault lyin unner his effigy an thay hae yet tae be locatit.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

====Sir Archibald Douglas, Guardian o the Realm====
[[Image:Lennoxlove House.jpg|thumb|right|Lennoxlove House, a seat o the Marquess o Douglas]]
The Scots airmy that focht an lost the Battle o Halidon Hill in 1333 wis led bi James' yungest brither who haed been electit Regent o Scotland in late Mairch o 1333. Sir Archibald Douglas haes been badly treatit bi some historians; frequently misidentifyin this Douglas warrior as the Tyneman or loser when the moniker wis intendit for a later less fortunate but equally warlike Archibald. He wis mentioned in Barbour's ''The Brus'' for his great victory durin the Weardale Campaign; leadin the Scots airmy further sooth intae Coonty Durham he devastatit the lands an teuk muckle booty frae Darlington an ither nearby touns an veelages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Sir James 'The Good' Douglas' naitural son William succeedit tae the title as Lord o Douglas but mey no hae completit his title tae the estates, possibly acause he might hae been unnerage. He dee'd at Battle o Halidon Hill wi his uncle, Sir Archibald Douglas. James' younger brither, Hugh the Dull, Lord o Douglas, a Canon servin the See o Glasgae an held a Prebendary at [[Roxburgh]] became Lord Douglas in 1342; Hugh o Douglas resigned his title tae his nephew, the yungest survivin son o the Regent Archibald, William Lord o Douglas who wis tae become the first Earl. The First Earl's legitimate son James Douglas, 2nt Earl o Douglas succeedit him. His illegitimate son bi Margaret Stewart, 4t Coontess o Angus wis George Douglas, 1st Earl o Angus, who wis the progenitor o the Earls o Angus kent as the &quot;Red Douglases&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

The prestige o the faimily wis greatly increased when James Douglas's great nephew, James Douglas, 2nt Earl o Douglas mairit a House o Stuart princess. In 1388 at the Battle o Otterburn he wis instrumental tae the Scots' victory, but wis killed durin the feghtin. Leavin nae legitimate heir, his titles passed tae the illegitimate son o his great uncle.

===15t Century===
[[Image:DalkeithPalace Morris edited.jpg|thumb|right|Dalkeith ane o the Douglas seats]]
====Wars with Ingland====
Archibald Douglas, 3rd Earl o Douglas did muckle tae consolidate the faimily's pouer an influence. He successfully defendit [[Edinburgh Castle]] against Henry IV o Ingland in 1400 but dee'd the follaein year.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

His son, Archibald Douglas, 4t Earl o Douglas, marriet the dochter o Robert III o Scotland. The fowert Earl focht against King Henry IV o Ingland at the Battle o Shrewsbury in 1403, whaur he wis taken preesoner. He became a general in [[Joan o Arc]]'s airmy an continued the fecht against the Inglis. He wis rewardit for his efforts wi the Duchy o Touraine.

In 1406, wi the daith o the king, the 4t Earl o Douglas became ane o the cooncil o regents tae rule Scotland durin the childhood o [[James I o Scotland]]. In 1412 the 4t Earl haed visitit [[Paris]], when he entered intae a personal alliance wi John the Fearless, Duke o Burgundy, an in 1423 he commandit a contingent f 10,000 Scots sent tae the aid o Charles VII o Fraunce against the Inglis. He wis made lieutenant-general in the French airmy, an received the title Duke o Touraine, wi remainder tae his heirs-male, on 19 Aprile 1424. The newly creatit French duke wis defeatit an slain at Battle o Verneuil on 17 August 1424, alang wi his seicont son, James, an son-in-law John Stewart, 2nt Earl o Buchan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

====Murder o the Douglas chiefs at Edinburgh Castle====

The Douglases became sae pouerful that bi the early fifteent century thay wur seen as a threat tae the stability o the naition. In 1440 the young William Douglas, 6t Earl o Douglas an his brither wur invitit tae dine wi the ten year-auld King [[James II o Scotland]]. The dinner wis organised bi Sir William Crichton o Clan Crichton. Kent as the '''Black Bull Dinner''', a black bull's heid, the seembol o daith, wis brocht in. Efter the dinner the Douglas chiefs wur dragged oot tae Castle Hill, gien a mock trial an beheadit. The Clan Douglas then laid siege tae [[Edinburgh Castle]]. Crichton perceivin the danger surrendered the castle tae the King an wis raised tae the title o Lord Crichton. It is still unclear exactly who else wis ultimately responsible, tho it is thocht Crichton, Livingstone an Buchan as likely candidates.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

====Clan Conflicts====
[[Image:Douglastartan.jpg|thumb|right|210px|The tartan o Clan Douglas (no the Black Douglases)]]
In 1448 Hugh Douglas, Earl o Ormond held command alang wi John Wallace o Clan Wallace when he led a Scots force tae victory against an Inglis airmy at the Battle o Sark in 1448.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

The king gae the Earl o Atholl's confiscatit lands o Strathbogie tae [[Clan Gordon]]. The castle thare became kent as Huntly, a reminder o the Gordons' Berwickshire lands. Sir Alexander Gordon wis creatit Earl o Huntly in 1449. At this time the king wis at enmity wi the pouerful Clan Douglas. The Gordons stood on the king's side, an wi thair men involved in the sooth o the kintra. The [[Earl o Moray]] wis a relation an ally o the Douglases. He an the Douglases teuk the opportunity tae sack the Gordon lands, settin Huntly Castle ablaze. Housomeivver the Gordons returned an quickly destroyed thair enemies. Awtho the castle wis burned tae the grund, a grander castle wis biggit in its place.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

The Douglases haed a lang feud wi Clan Colville. Sir Richard Colville haed killed the Laird o Auchinleck who wis an ally o the Douglases. Tae avenge this murther the Douglases attacked the Colvilles in thair castle, whaur mony wur killed. The Douglases levelled the Colville's castle an put thair men tae the swuird. William Douglas, 8t Earl o Douglas personally executit Richard Colville.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

====Murder o the Douglas chiefs at Stirling Castle====

The strength o the Douglases made it impossible for [[James II o Scotland]] tae rule freely.  Efter fruitless feudin wi the Douglases the King invitit William Douglas, 8t Earl o Douglas tae Stirling Castle in 1452 unner the promise o safe conduct, but then the King accused the Earl o conspiracy in his dealings wi the Yorkists in Ingland an throu a pact made atween Douglas, the Earl o Crawford an the Lord o the Isles. Upon Douglas' refusal tae repudiate the pact an reaffirm his lealtie tae James II, the King drew his dagger an stabbed Douglas in the throat. The story goes that the King's Captain o the Guard then finished off the Earl wi a pole axe. The body wis thrown frae the windae intae a gairden belaw, whaur it wis later gien burial. A stained gless windae bearin the Douglas Arms nou owerluiks &quot;Douglas Garden&quot;, the spot whaur the Earl is said tae hae fallen.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

====Feud wi the Stewart royal family====

In 1455 James Douglas, 9t Earl o Douglas rebelled against the king but his forces wur defeatit at the Battle o Arkinholm bi the king's forces who wur commandit bi the Reid Douglas, Earl o Angus. This brocht an end tae the Black Douglases. Efter the battle an act o parliament gae the Earl o Angus the lordship o Douglas wi the oreeginal possessions o his ancestors in Douglasdale. The 9t earl wis later defeatit bi the forces o King [[James III o Scotland]] at the Battle o Lochmaben Fair in 1484.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Initiative|first=The Langholm|title=Langholm Online A History of the Border Reivers|url=http://www.langholm-online.co.uk/pages/content.asp?PageID=272|access-date=2025-05-28|website=www.langholm-online.co.uk|archive-date=2009-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523160444/http://www.langholm-online.co.uk/pages/content.asp?PageID=272|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Drysdale/Douglas Family History|url=http://charm.www5.50megs.com/drysdale/drysdale.html|access-date=2025-05-28|website=charm.www5.50megs.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

===16t Century Conflicts===
[[Image:Drumlanrig Castle.jpg|thumb|right|Drumlanrig Palace ane o the Douglas seats]]
In 1513, thare wis a strang Douglas contingent at the Battle o Flodden Field, whaur twa o Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl o Angus's (Red Douglas's) sons wur killed alang wi 200 men o the Clan Douglas.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

A dispute occurred in 1530, when Sir Robert Charteris, the 8t Laird an chief o Clan Charteris focht a duel wi Sir James Douglas o Drumlanrig in what wis said tae hae been ane o the last great chivalric contests. It wis focht wi aw the observance o a medieval tournament wi heralds an the king himsel watchin frae the castle walls. The joust wis apparently focht wi sic fury that Charteris' swurd wis brakken an the king haed tae send his men-at-arms tae pairt the combatants.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Archibald Douglas, 6t Earl o Angus held the post o Lord Chancellor an became guardian o [[James V o Scotland]] bi marryin his widowed mither, Margaret Tudor, wi whom he haed a dochter, Margaret Douglas, mither o [[Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley]]. In 1545, Angus led his forces tae victory at the Battle o Ancrum Moor whaur thay defeatit the Inglis airmy durin the Rough Wooing, an he wis present at the defeat in 1547 at the [[Battle o Pinkie Cleugh|Battle o Pinkie Cleugh.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

James Douglas, 4t Earl o Morton, nephew o the 6t Earl o Angus, wis a bitter enemy o [[Mary, Queen o Scots]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; He wis ane o the murderers o the queen's secretary David Rizzio an wis hivily implicatit in the murther o her seicont husband Lord Darnley.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; As regent, he wis brutal in crushin factions still lyal tae Mary, housomeivver, he wis accused o complicity in the murther o Darnley an wis executit in 1581.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

===17t century &amp; the Bishops' War===
[[Image:Hermitage Castle.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Hermitage Castle]]]]
Durin the Wars o the Three Kinricks, William Douglas, 11t Earl o Angus, a [[Catholic]], wis a supporter o Charles I o Scotland.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; In 1633, he wis creatit Marquess o Douglas.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Followin the Battle o Kilsyth in 1645, he jynt James Graham, 1st Marquess o Montrose, an wis present when Royalist forces focht Covenanter cavalry at the Battle o Philiphaugh whaur he barely escaped wi his life.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Follaein Cromwell's victory, he wis able tae mak peace an wis fined £1,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

In 1660, William Douglas, the brither o the seicont Marquess o Douglas became, throu marriage, the Duke o Hamilton.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Eventually, the titles o Marquess o Douglas, Earl o Angus, an several others devolved tae the Dukes o Hamilton an the heir o that hoose is aaways styled 'Marquess o Douglas an Clydesdale'.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The Douglas an Hamilton lines became Douglas-Hamilton an, unner [[Scots law]], ar barred frae inheritin the title o chief o Clan Douglas due tae the hyphenatit surname.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; This similarly applies tae the Douglas-Home faimily who jynt thair surnames in the aichteent century.

In 1689, James Douglas, Earl o Angus raised the Cameronian regiment (Earl o Angus's regiment) Awtho greatly outnumbered, the regiment managed tae defeat a lairger Jacobite force at the Battle o Dunkeld. The regiment wis victorious unner the command o Captain George Munro o Auchinbowie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Inglis|first=John Alexander|url=http://archive.org/details/monrosofauchinbo00ingl|title=Monros of Auchinbowie and cognate families|date=1911|publisher=Edinburgh : T. &amp; A. Constable|others=Allen County Public Library Genealogy Center}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

===18t century &amp; the Jacobite risins===

In 1703 the Marquisate o Douglas wis elevatit tae a Dukedom, housomeivver, in the late 17t century, mair politeecal pouer wis wieldit bi the Douglases o Drumlanrig, in Dumfriesshire who ar descendit frae the Black Douglases an aw. The Douglases o Drumlanrig haed become Earl o Queensberry in 1633, Marquises in 1682 an [[Duke o Queensberry|Duke]]s in 1684. The manoeuvres o James Douglas, 2nt Duke o Queensberry, contributit tae the [[Union o 1707]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Later, in the 18t century, durin the Jacobite Uprisings, the Douglases continued thair support for the Breetish govrenment. The Duke o Douglas led the volunteer horse durin the Battle o Sheriffmuir in 1715. At that fecht wis the Duke's young cousin an aw, Archibald Douglas, 2nt Earl o Forfar, colonel o the 3rd Regiment o fit, an who dee'd o wounds taken thare shortly efterwards. Douglas Castle wis burnt bi the Hieland armies o Bonnie Prince Charlie in the 1745 uprisin. Douglas Castle wis again burnt doun in 1755, an the Duke commenced wirk on a new edifice designed bi Robert Adam. Biggin wirk ceased on the Duke's daith in 1761, an wi it his Dukedom became extinct. The Marquisate o Douglas, an Earldom o Angus devolved tae James Hamilton, 7t Duke o Hamilton, the senior male line descendant o the 2nt Marquis o Douglas, his great-great-great grandfaither.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Freemit airtins ==
* [http://www.clandouglassociety.org/ Clan Douglas Society o North Americae]
* [http://www.douglas.ca/ancestry/index.html Douglas Family Site, Brief Historical Account] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030034302/http://www.douglas.ca/ancestry/index.html |date=2008-10-30 }}
* [http://www.douglashistory.co.uk Douglas History] The Douglas Archives - a compendium o historical notes an biographies.
{{Commonscat|Clans of Scotland}}

{{Scots clans}}

[[Category:Scots clans|Douglas]]
[[Category:Hoose o Douglas an Angus| ]]</text>
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    <title>Svalbard</title>
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|conventional_long_name = Svalbard
|common_name = Svalbard
|image_flag = 
|flag_caption = 
|image_coat =  &lt;!-- Please DO NOT add the &quot;Logo of the Governor of Svalbard.svg&quot;, as Svalbard does not have its own coat of arms. --&gt;
|image_map = Norway-Svalbard.svg
|map_caption = {{map caption |country={{nobold|Svalbard}} |location_color=dark green |region=Europe |region_color=dark grey |subregion=Norway |subregion_color=green}}
|image_map2 = Norway on the globe (Svalbard special) (Europe centered).svg
|map2_width = 220px
|ethnic_groups = 
 {{unbulleted list
  | 56.9% [[Norse fowk|Norse]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/print_sv.html|title=World Factbook: Svalbard|website=www.cia.gov|access-date=17 April 2019|archive-date=2019-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109040427/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/print_sv.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  | {{nowrap|43.1% Ither &lt;br/&gt;{{small|(incl. [[Roushies|Roushie]], [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]], etc.)}} &lt;!-- Only include these two former Soviet countries, as they are the most prominent populations historically and today, within settlements and workforce on Svalbard. --&gt;}}
}}
|status = [[Svalbard an Jan Mayen|Unincorporatit aurie o Norawa]]
|capital_type = Admeenistrative centre
|capital = [[Longyearbyen]]
|largest_settlement = caipital
|membership_type = Sovereign state
|membership = [[Kinrick o Norawa]]
|leader_title1 = [[Govrenor o Svalbard|Govrenor]]
|leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Kjerstin Askholt]] {{small|(2015–)}}}}
|coordinates = {{coord|78|40|N|16|20|E|type:isle_region:NO-21_scale:2500000|display=title}}
|area_km2 = 61,022
|area_sq_mi = 23,560
|population_estimate = 2,667
|population_estimate_year = 2016&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/befsvalbard/halvaar/2016-09-26 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2018-02-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124050332/http://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/befsvalbard/halvaar/2016-09-26 |archivedate=24 November 2017 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_density_km2 = 0.044
|population_density_sq_mi = 0.11
|population_density_rank = 248t
|currency = [[Norse krone]]
|currency_code = NOK
|time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
|utc_offset = +1
|time_zone_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]]
|utc_offset_DST = +2
|cctld = [[.no]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;a&lt;/sup&gt;
|calling_code = [[Telephone nummers in Norawa|+47]]
|footnote_a = [[.sj]] allocatit but nae uised.&lt;big&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.norid.no/domenenavnbaser/bv-sj.html |title=The .bv and .sj top level domains |publisher=[[Norid]] |accessdate=24 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170452/https://www.norid.no/domenenavnbaser/bv-sj.html%20 |archivedate=2018-12-25 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/big&gt;
}}
[[File:Adventtoppen Hiorthfjellet from SE side of Adventfjorden Longyearbyen Svalbard on May 23 2025.jpg|thumb|Svalbard]]
'''Svalbard''' ({{IPA-no|ˈsʋɑlbɑɖ}}) is an [[archipelago]] in the [[Airctic]], constitutin the northrenmaist pairt o [[Norawa]]. It is locatit aboot 400 mile north o mainland [[Europe]], midwey atween mainland Norawa an the [[Nor' Powl]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Svalbard| ]]
[[Category:Laundforms o the Barents Sea]]
[[Category:Subdiveesions o Norawa]]
[[Category:Regions o the Arctic]]
[[Category:Airchipelagoes o the Arctic Ocean]]
[[Category:Integral owerseas territories]]


{{Stub/Norawa}}</text>
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|conventional_long_name = Svalbard
|common_name = Svalbard
|image_flag = 
|flag_caption = 
|image_coat =  &lt;!-- Please DO NOT add the &quot;Logo of the Governor of Svalbard.svg&quot;, as Svalbard does not have its own coat of arms. --&gt;
|image_map = Norway-Svalbard.svg
|map_caption = {{map caption |country={{nobold|Svalbard}} |location_color=dark green |region=Europe |region_color=dark grey |subregion=Norway |subregion_color=green}}
|image_map2 = Norway on the globe (Svalbard special) (Europe centered).svg
|map2_width = 220px
|ethnic_groups = 
 {{unbulleted list
  | 56.9% [[Norse fowk|Norse]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/print_sv.html|title=World Factbook: Svalbard|website=www.cia.gov|access-date=17 April 2019|archive-date=2019-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109040427/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/print_sv.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  | {{nowrap|43.1% Ither &lt;br/&gt;{{small|(incl. [[Roushies|Roushie]], [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]], etc.)}} &lt;!-- Only include these two former Soviet countries, as they are the most prominent populations historically and today, within settlements and workforce on Svalbard. --&gt;}}
}}
|status = [[Svalbard an Jan Mayen|Unincorporatit aurie o Norawa]]
|capital_type = Admeenistrative centre
|capital = [[Longyearbyen]]
|largest_settlement = caipital
|membership_type = Sovereign state
|membership = [[Kinrick o Norawa]]
|leader_title1 = [[Govrenor o Svalbard|Govrenor]]
|leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Kjerstin Askholt]] {{small|(2015–)}}}}
|coordinates = {{coord|78|40|N|16|20|E|type:isle_region:NO-21_scale:2500000|display=title}}
|area_km2 = 61,022
|area_sq_mi = 23,560
|population_estimate = 2,667
|population_estimate_year = 2016&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/befsvalbard/halvaar/2016-09-26 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2018-02-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124050332/http://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/befsvalbard/halvaar/2016-09-26 |archivedate=24 November 2017 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_density_km2 = 0.044
|population_density_sq_mi = 0.11
|population_density_rank = 248t
|currency = [[Norse krone]]
|currency_code = NOK
|time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
|utc_offset = +1
|time_zone_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]]
|utc_offset_DST = +2
|cctld = [[.no]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;a&lt;/sup&gt;
|calling_code = [[Telephone nummers in Norawa|+47]]
|footnote_a = [[.sj]] allocatit but nae uised.&lt;big&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.norid.no/domenenavnbaser/bv-sj.html |title=The .bv and .sj top level domains |publisher=[[Norid]] |accessdate=24 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20021002122909/https://www.norid.no/domenenavnbaser/bv-sj.html|archivedate=2018-12-25 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/big&gt;
}}
[[File:Adventtoppen Hiorthfjellet from SE side of Adventfjorden Longyearbyen Svalbard on May 23 2025.jpg|thumb|Svalbard]]
'''Svalbard''' ({{IPA-no|ˈsʋɑlbɑɖ}}) is an [[archipelago]] in the [[Airctic]], constitutin the northrenmaist pairt o [[Norawa]]. It is locatit aboot 400 mile north o mainland [[Europe]], midwey atween mainland Norawa an the [[Nor' Powl]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Svalbard| ]]
[[Category:Laundforms o the Barents Sea]]
[[Category:Subdiveesions o Norawa]]
[[Category:Regions o the Arctic]]
[[Category:Airchipelagoes o the Arctic Ocean]]
[[Category:Integral owerseas territories]]


{{Stub/Norawa}}</text>
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|conventional_long_name = Svalbard
|common_name = Svalbard
|image_flag = 
|flag_caption = 
|image_coat =  &lt;!-- Please DO NOT add the &quot;Logo of the Governor of Svalbard.svg&quot;, as Svalbard does not have its own coat of arms. --&gt;
|image_map = Norway-Svalbard.svg
|map_caption = {{map caption |country={{nobold|Svalbard}} |location_color=dark green |region=Europe |region_color=dark grey |subregion=Norway |subregion_color=green}}
|image_map2 = Norway on the globe (Svalbard special) (Europe centered).svg
|map2_width = 220px
|ethnic_groups = 
 {{unbulleted list
  | 56.9% [[Norse fowk|Norse]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/print_sv.html|title=World Factbook: Svalbard|website=www.cia.gov|access-date=17 April 2019|archive-date=2019-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109040427/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/print_sv.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  | {{nowrap|43.1% Ither &lt;br/&gt;{{small|(incl. [[Roushies|Roushie]], [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]], etc.)}} &lt;!-- Only include these two former Soviet countries, as they are the most prominent populations historically and today, within settlements and workforce on Svalbard. --&gt;}}
}}
|status = [[Svalbard an Jan Mayen|Unincorporatit aurie o Norawa]]
|capital_type = Admeenistrative centre
|capital = [[Longyearbyen]]
|largest_settlement = caipital
|membership_type = Sovereign state
|membership = [[Kinrick o Norawa]]
|leader_title1 = [[Govrenor o Svalbard|Govrenor]]
|leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Kjerstin Askholt]] {{small|(2015–)}}}}
|coordinates = {{coord|78|40|N|16|20|E|type:isle_region:NO-21_scale:2500000|display=title}}
|area_km2 = 61,022
|area_sq_mi = 23,560
|population_estimate = 2,667
|population_estimate_year = 2016&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/befsvalbard/halvaar/2016-09-26 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2018-02-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124050332/http://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/befsvalbard/halvaar/2016-09-26 |archivedate=24 November 2017 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_density_km2 = 0.044
|population_density_sq_mi = 0.11
|population_density_rank = 248t
|currency = [[Norse krone]]
|currency_code = NOK
|time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
|utc_offset = +1
|time_zone_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]]
|utc_offset_DST = +2
|cctld = [[.no]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;a&lt;/sup&gt;
|calling_code = [[Telephone nummers in Norawa|+47]]
|footnote_a = [[.sj]] allocatit but nae uised.&lt;big&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.norid.no/domenenavnbaser/bv-sj.html |title=The .bv and .sj top level domains |publisher=[[Norid]] |accessdate=24 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20021002122909/https://www.norid.no/domenenavnbaser/bv-sj.html|archivedate=2018-12-25 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/big&gt;
}}
[[File:Adventtoppen Hiorthfjellet from SE side of Adventfjorden Longyearbyen Svalbard on May 23 2025.jpg|thumb|Svalbard]]
'''Svalbard''' ({{IPA-no|ˈsʋɑlbɑɖ}}) is an [[archipelago]] in the [[Airctic]], constitutin the northrenmaist pairt o [[Norawa]]. It is locatit aboot 400 mile north o mainland [[Europe]], midwey atween mainland Norawa an the [[Nor' Powl]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}


[[Category:Subdiveesions o Norawa]]
[[Category:Airchipelagoes o the Arctic Ocean]]
[[Category:Integral owerseas territories]]


{{Stub/Norawa}}</text>
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    <title>Juistice Commandos o the Armenie Genocide</title>
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'''Juistice Commandos o the Armenie Genocide''' ('''JCAG''') ({{lang-hy|Հայկական Ցեղասպանութեան Արդարութեան Մարտիկներ, ՀՑԱՄ}}) wis a militant Armenie organisation that operatit in various kintras frae 1975 tae 1987.  It socht the recognition o the [[Armenie Genocide]] bi the Republic o [[Turkey]] an the establishment o an unthirlt [[Armenie]] (includin the eastren pairt o Turkey), tae which end it conductit a campaign o terrorist attacks that targetit representatives o the Turkis Republic (mainly Turkis diplomats) aroond the warld.&lt;ref&gt;Starving Armenians: America and the Armenian Genocide, 1915-1930 and After - Page 166 by Merrill D. Peterson&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=RIwBFpBi5noC&amp;pg=PA68&amp;dq=%C4%B0smail+Erez+JCAG&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=mN6kTLKPM9Ol4QaAjqTvDQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=3&amp;ved=0CC4Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&amp;q=%C4%B0smail%20Erez%20JCAG&amp;f=false Barry Rubin, Barry M. Rubin, Judith Colp Rubin, ''&quot;Chronologies of modern terrorism''], M.E. Sharpe, 2008, p. 68&lt;/ref&gt;

==Affiliation wi Armenie Revolutionar Federation==
The JCAG wis the militar branch o [[Armenie Revolutionar Federation]].&lt;ref&gt;Francis P. Hyland, ''Armenian Terrorism: the Past, the Present, the Prospects'', Boulder-San Francisco-Oxford: Westview Press, 1991, pp. 61-62; Yves Ternon, ''La Cause arménienne'', Paris: Le Seuil, 1983, p. 218; ''The Armenian Reporter'', January 19, 1984, p. 1.&lt;/ref&gt; The fact wis established as early as Mey 1976, when a member o JCAG wis killed bi his proper bomb in the heidquarter o ARF in [[Paris]].&lt;ref&gt;Yves Ternon, p. 221&lt;/ref&gt; It wis confirmit when French poleetical scientist Gaïdz Minassian wis alloued tae consult the archives o ARF for his doctoral thesis.&lt;ref&gt;Gaïdz Minassian, ''Guerre et terrorisme arméniens'', Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 2002, pp. 32-34 and 106-109.&lt;/ref&gt; In several occasions, the offeecial newspapers o ARF, in USA, Fraunce an Lebanon juistifee'd the &quot;airmit struggle&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Asbarez'', April 24, May 1st and 22, 1973;  ''Haïastan'', July 1981 and special issue on Sassounian affair, February 1984; ''The Armenian Weekly'', August 21, September 17, December 10 and 24, 1983, January 14 and 28, 1984 and December 31, 1986.&lt;/ref&gt; an publisht offeecial communiqués o JCAG.&lt;ref&gt;''Haïastan'', February and April–May, 1983&lt;/ref&gt;

The legal branches o ARF fundraised tae pey the lawyer costs o arrestit JCAG members. The maist famous case is [[Harry Sassounian]], sentencit tae life for the assassination o Turkis general consul in [[Los Angeles]].&lt;ref&gt;Michael M. Gunter, ''&quot;Pursuing the Just Cause of their People&quot;. A Study of Contemporary Armenian Terrorism'', Westport-New York-London, Greenwood Press, 1986, pp. 70 and 74; [http://asbarez.com/46446/more-than-70-000-raised-for-hampig-sassounian-defense-effort/ &quot;More Than $70 000 Raised for Hampig Sassounian Defense Effort&quot;], ''Asbarez'', 25 février 2002.&lt;/ref&gt; Accordin tae Dashnak newspaper ''Asbarez'' (15 October 1983), several dozens o thoosans o Armenies (ARF sympathisers an militants) pairticipatit tae the Sassounian solidarity groups. French ARF organisit a demonstration in front o US consulate in [[Lyon]], in protestation against Sassounian's arrest.&lt;ref&gt;« Soutien à Sassounian (Lyon) », ''Haïastan'' ([[Paris]]), juin 1982, p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt; ARF supportit Harutyun Krikor Levonian an Alexander Elbekyan an aw, sentencit tae twinty years in preeson for the [[:en:assassination of Galip Balkar|assassination o Galip Balkar]], Turkis ambassador in [[Belgrade]], baith bi money an statements o support;&lt;ref&gt;''Haïastan'', June 1983, p. 6 (editorial); ''The Armenian Weekly'', October 1st, 1983, p. 1; &quot;ANC east branches send protest telegrams to Belgrad&quot;, ''The Armenian Weekly'', January 14, 1984, p. 1.&lt;/ref&gt; an Max Hraïr Kilndjian, sentencit tae twa years o jyle as an accessory in the attempt o murther against Turkis ambassador in [[Swisserland]].&lt;ref&gt;Yves Ternon, pp. 223-224.&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1982, an attempt tae bomb the biggin o Turkis consulate in Philadelphia wis stoppit juist in richt time bi the [[FBI]]; the leader o the group, Vicken Hovsepian, is sentencit tae 6 years o jyle, a sentence confirmit in appeal.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court Finds Four Armenian Youth Guifly of '82 Attempt on Consulate&quot;, ''The Armenian Reporter'', October 18, 1984; [http://ftp.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F2/841/841.F2d.959.85-5037-5039.html Verdict of appeal court] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310145241/http://ftp.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F2/841/841.F2d.959.85-5037-5039.html |date=2012-03-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hovsepian is nou the main leader o ARF in USA. In Januar 2001, anither leader o American ARF, Mourad Topalian, wis sentencit tae 37 month o jyle for illegal storin o war wappens an explosives, in the benefice o JCAG.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-a1c_5APvto Armenian Terrorists at Work in USA], NBC, 2005 ; http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/010205/archive_005996.htm&lt;/ref&gt;

JCAG's activities wur concentratit in [[Europe]]an an [[North Americae|North American]] kintras targetin [[Turkey|Turkis]] interests.&lt;ref&gt;Geopolitical and -Economic Changes in the Balkan Countries - Page 75
by Nicholas V. Gianaris&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ither names ==
In 1983, the JCAG teuk the name of &quot;[[Armenie Revolutionar Airmy]] (ARA)&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Michael M. Gunter, pp. 56-61; Francis P. Hyland, p. 62; Gaïdz Minassian, p. 92; [http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?perpetrator=3292 Global Terrorism Database].&lt;/ref&gt; Lik afore, ARF-affiliatit press published ARA communiqués &lt;ref&gt;''The Armenian Weekly'', July 14, October 12 and November 19, 1984.&lt;/ref&gt; as well as airticles supportin its aims.&lt;ref&gt;Aram Khaligian, “The Necessities of Violence and National Culture in the Liberation Struggle,” ''The Armenian Weekly'', 31 December 1986, p. 15; ''Haïastan'', April and December 1985, December 1986.&lt;/ref&gt;

The ARF organises ivery year ceremonies in honour o the five ARA members who attacked the Turkis embassy in Portugal,&lt;ref&gt;Gaïdz Minassian, op. cit., p. 93.&lt;/ref&gt; especially in [[Glendale Californie|Glendale]], [[Los Angeles]], in [[New Jersey]], [[Beirut]], [[Paris]] an [[Décines-Charpieu]].&lt;ref&gt;''The Armenian Weekly'', February 6, 1984, pp. 6-7 ; [http://asbarez.com/50530/lisbon-5-commemoration-and-ceremony-for-the-repose-of-souls-held-in-lebanon/ &quot;Lisbon 5 Commemoration and Ceremony for the Repose of Souls Held in Lebanon&quot;], ''Asbarez'', July 27, 2004 ; [http://asbarez.com/57885/sacrifice-of-lisbon-5-remembered-at-glendales-saint-mary-church/ &quot;Sacrifice of Lisbon 5 Remembered at Glendale’s Saint Mary Church&quot;], ''Asbarez'', July 27, 2008 ; [http://asbarez.com/57935/community-remembers-sacrifice-of-lisbon-5/ &quot;Community Remembers Sacrifice of Lisbon 5&quot;], ''Asbarez'', August 1st, 2008 ; http://www.fra-france.com/index.php?page=article&amp;id=55 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165802/http://www.fra-france.com/index.php?page=article&amp;id=55 |date=2016-03-03 }} ; http://www.fra-france.com/index.php?page=article&amp;id=36 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402162205/http://www.fra-france.com/index.php?page=article&amp;id=36 |date=2015-04-02 }} ; http://www.france-armenie.fr/agenda/agenda07b-2008.pdf {{Webarchive|url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110217053541/http://www.france-armenie.fr/agenda/agenda07b-2008.pdf |date=2011-02-17 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Efter the three ARA perpetrators o [[:en:1985 Turkish embassy attack in Ottawa|attack against Turkis embassy in Ottawa]] wur sentencit tae life wi nae possibility o parole for 25 years, ARF slammit the verdict.&lt;ref&gt;''Haïastan'', December 1986.&lt;/ref&gt;

Unner the name o &quot;Greek-Bulgarie-Armenie Front&quot;, the JCAG perpetratit the [[:en:Melbourne Turkish consulate bombing|bombin o Melbourne's Turkis consulate]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=198611230005 |title=Global Terrorism Database |access-date=2013-01-17 |archive-date=2014-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217222632/http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=198611230005 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (the Dashnak Levon Demirian wis sentenced for this crime an served 10 years in prison&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.police.vic.gov.au/retrievemedia.asp?Media_ID=13483 ''Police Life Magazine''], December 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;) an the bombin o Brisbane's mail sortin facility, on 19 Januar 1987.

== Attacks ==
This is a leet o attacks bi the Juistice Commandos o the Armenie Genocide.

* 22 October 1975, [[Vienna]]: Turkis Ambassador tae [[Austrick]], [[Daniş Tunalıgil]], wis assassinatit in his office.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=197510220001 Global Terrorism Database]; Gaïdz Minassian, ''Guerre et terrorisme arméniens'', Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 2002, p. 44; Michael M. Gunter, ''&quot;Pursuing the Just Cause of their People. A Study of Contemporary Armenian Terrorism'', Westport-New York-London, Greenwood Press, 1986, p. 68.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 24 October 1975, [[Paris]]: Turkis Ambassador tae [[Fraunce]], [[İsmail Erez]], wis assassinatit in [[Paris]], Fraunce. His caur's driver Talip Yener wis killed in the attack an aw.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=197510220001 Global Terrorism Database]; Gaïdz Minassian, ibid.; Michael M. Gunter, ibid.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 28 Mey 1976, [[Zurich]], [[Swisserland]]: Twa bombs caused extensive damage tae the office o Garanti Bank an o Labor Attaché o Turkis embassy.&lt;ref&gt;''Armenian Terrorism: the Past, the Present, the Prospects'', Boulder-San Francisco-Oxford: Westview Press, 1991, p. 111; [[Assembly of Turkish American Associations]], ''[http://www.ataa.org/reference/Supporting_Documents_Hampig_Sassounian.pdf Report on Armenian Terrorism and JCAG terrorist Hampig Sassounian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514003311/http://www.ataa.org/reference/Supporting_Documents_Hampig_Sassounian.pdf |date=2013-05-14 }}'', 2010, pp. 36-37.&lt;/ref&gt;
*29 Mey 1977, [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]]: a dooble bombin in railwey station an airport killed five bodies an woondit 64.&lt;ref&gt;Yves Ternon, ''La Cause arménienne'', Paris: Le Seuil, 1983, p. 221 ; Armand Gaspard, ''Le Combat arménien'', Lausanne: L’Âge d’homme, 1984, p. 75.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 9 Juin 1977, [[Roum|Roma]]: Turkey's [[Holy See|Vatican]] Ambassador, [[Taha Carım]], wis assassinatit in [[Roum]], [[Italy]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=197706090001 Global Terrorism Database]; Michael M. Gunter, ibid.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2 Juin 1978, [[Madrid]]: Turkis Ambassador tae [[Spain]] [[Zeki Kuneralp]]'s caur wis attacked in [[Madrid]], Spain. His wife Necla, retired Turkis Ambassador [[Beşir Balcıoğlu]], an thair driver, Antonio Torres, wur killed. Kuneralp wis nae in the car.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=197806020002 Global Terrorism Database]; Michael M. Gunter, ibid.&lt;/ref&gt; Christopher Walker wrote that &quot;as with all terrorism, often murdered shockingly inappropriate people, such as the wife of Zeki Kuneralp, whose family had been instrumental in seeking rapprochement between the different nationalities of post-Ottoman Turkey&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Armenia. The Survival of a Nation'', London-New York: Routledge, 1990, p. 380&lt;/ref&gt;
* 12 October 1979, [[The Hague]]: [[Ahmet Benler]], son o the Turkis Ambassador tae the [[Netherlands]] [[Özdemir Benler]] wis assassinatit in [[the Hague]], [[Netherlands]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=197910120003 Global Terrorism Database]; Michael M. Gunter, ibid.&lt;/ref&gt; Responsibility for the attack wis an aa claimed at the same time bi the [[Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia|ASALA]].
* 22 Dizember 1979, Paris: Turkis [[attaché]] for tourism in [[Fraunce]], [[Yılmaz Çolpan]], wis assassinatit in [[Paris]], Fraunce.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=197912220006 Global Terrorism Database]; Michael M. Gunter, ibid.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Januar 20, 1980, Madrid, Spain: several bomb exploded in Madrid airport, injuring twal fowks.&lt;ref&gt;Francis P. Hyland, p. 153.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 6 Februar 1980: Turkis Ambassador tae [[Swisserland]] [[Doğan Türkmen]] wis attacked in [[Bern]], Swisserland. Türkmen escapit wi minor woonds.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=198002060004 Global Terrorism Database]&lt;/ref&gt; Max Hraïr Kilndjian wis sentenced as an accessory tae twa years of jyle bi the tribunal of [[Aix-en-Provence]].&lt;ref&gt;Comité de soutien à Max Kilndjian, ''Les Arméniens en cour d'assises. Terroristes ou résistants ?'', Marseille: Parenthèse, 1982&lt;/ref&gt;
*17 Aprile 1980, Roma, Italy: JCAG gunmen opened fire on the Turkis Ambassador tae the Holy See, Vecdi Turel, seriously woondin him, an slichtly injurin his bodyguard, Tahsin Guvenc.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=198004170023 Global Terrorism Database]&lt;/ref&gt;
*6 October 1980, USA: Harut Sassounian attemptit tae kill the Turkis general consul, Kemal Arikan. Sassounian wis sentencit tae 6 years o jyle; his brither Hampig &quot;Harry&quot; Sassounian assassinatit Kemal Arikan in 1982.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=198010060010 Global Terrorism Database]; Michael M. Gunter, p. 82&lt;/ref&gt;
*12 October 1980, [[New York]], USA: A bomb plantit unner a stolen automobile pairkit in front o the Turkish Center in [[Unitit Naitions Plaza]] explodit at 4:50 p.m., minutes afore hunders o employees an tourists exit the Unitit Naitions biggin which closes at 5 p.m. The bomb, which haes the force o nine sticks o dynamite, demolished the automobile, hurlin the pairts o the vehicle in aw directions; aw that remained o the vehicle is the rear bumper. The flyin pieces o metal an gless as well as flames frae the blast injured five Americans. The explosion destroyed a vehicle pairkit athort the street, an causes significant damage tae the 11-story Turkis Center, an blows oot the windaes o nearbi biggins, includin B'nai B'rith, Chase Manhattan Bank, the African American Center, a traivel agency an numerous apairtment complexes. Assistant New York Ceety Polis Chief, Milton Schwartz, expressed “It is absolutely lucky that more people weren’t injured.” U.S. Ambassador tae the Unitit Naitions, Donald McHenry, condemned the attacks as “savage an calculatit terrorism.” New York Ceety Mayor Edward Koch expressed that the incident “demonstrates forcefully that all terrorism, no matter what form it takes, and no matter against whom it is directed, must be condemned and punished.”&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=198010120009 Global Terrorism Database] [[Assembly of Turkish American Associations]], ''[Report on Armenian Terrorism and JCAG terrorist Hampig Sassounian http://www.ataa.org/reference/Supporting_Documents_Hampig_Sassounian.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514003311/http://www.ataa.org/reference/Supporting_Documents_Hampig_Sassounian.pdf |date=2013-05-14 }}]'', 2010, pp. 31-32.&lt;/ref&gt;
*12 October 1980, Los Angeles: the offices o Imperial Traivel, a traivel agency awned bi a Turkis American, Ali Ondemir, wur pairtially destroyed bi a bomb; a tourist wis woondit.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=198010120008 Global Terrorism Database] [[Assembly of Turkish American Associations]], ''[Report on Armenian Terrorism and JCAG terrorist Hampig Sassounian http://www.ataa.org/reference/Supporting_Documents_Hampig_Sassounian.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514003311/http://www.ataa.org/reference/Supporting_Documents_Hampig_Sassounian.pdf |date=2013-05-14 }}]'', 2010, p. 31.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 27 Dizember 1980, [[Sydney]], [[Australie]]. Twa gunmen on a motorcycle shot an killed the Turkis consul-general an his bodyguard. The consul, Sarik Ariyak, haed receivit a daith threat that day, an teuk it seriously enough tae swap caurs wi his bodyguard. The motorcyclists opened fire on the bodyguard, then realizin thay haed nae hit thair intendit target, caught up wi Mr. Ariyak's fleein caur an fired several shots throu the windshield, killin him instantly. No ane wis apprehendit. In thair phone caw tae the newspaper, the assassins said thay wad continue tae attack Turkis diplomats an Turkis institutions.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=198012170005 Global Terrorism Database]; Michael M. Gunter, p. 69.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 3 Juin 1981, [[Orange, Californie|Orange]], USA: a bomb explodit in the Orange Coonty Convention Center in Anaheim, the scheduled steid o a Turkis fowk dance an muisic shaw, causin extensive damage. Twa days afore, bomb threats provokit cancellation o anither Turkis shaw, in [[San Francisco]].&lt;ref&gt;Francis P. Hyland, pp. 164-165; [[Assembly of Turkish American Associations]], ''[Report on Armenian Terrorism and JCAG terrorist Hampig Sassounian http://www.ataa.org/reference/Supporting_Documents_Hampig_Sassounian.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514003311/http://www.ataa.org/reference/Supporting_Documents_Hampig_Sassounian.pdf |date=2013-05-14 }}]'', pp. 36-37; Michael M. Gunter, p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;
*20 November 1981, Los Angeles: a bomb caused extensive damage whaur the Turkis consulate o LA is locatit, 8730 Wilshire Blvd, [[Beverly Hills]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=198111200002 Global Terrorism Database]&lt;/ref&gt; Serge Samionian, Secretar o the Los Angeles Chapter o the [[Armenian National Committee of America]], submittit a letter tae [[Los Angeles World Affairs Council]] (LAWAC), statin “2000 Armenies are expectit tae turn oot for the demonstration against the Ambassador” o Turkey an requestin that the Ambassador's speech be canceled “in the interest o public safety.”.&lt;ref&gt;[[Assembly of Turkish American Associations]], ''[Report on Armenian Terrorism and JCAG terrorist Hampig Sassounian http://www.ataa.org/reference/Supporting_Documents_Hampig_Sassounian.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514003311/http://www.ataa.org/reference/Supporting_Documents_Hampig_Sassounian.pdf |date=2013-05-14 }}]'', p. 44.&lt;/ref&gt; In vain.
* 28 Januar 1982, USA: Turkis consul general Kemal Arıkan wis killed in his caur as he sat at a stoplicht in [[Los Angeles]].  Fower fowk wur taken intae custody; [[Harry Sassounian]], 19 at the time o the killin, wis later convictit o first degree murther.  The jury foond that Sassounian killed Arikan &quot;acause o his naitionality&quot;, leadin tae a sentencin o life in preeson athoot possibility o [[parole]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9904E0D61639F935A25755C0A962948260]; Michael M. Gunter, p. 69&lt;/ref&gt; In 2002, the sentence wis changed in life wi no possibility of parole during 25 years, but Sassounian's demand of parole war rejected in 2006 an 2010&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ataa.org/press/ATAASuccessfullyOpposesParoleforArmenianTerrorist_prl_080610.html ATAA Assures California Prison Parole Board Denies Parole to Armenian Terrorist Sassounian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917142038/http://ataa.org/press/ATAASuccessfullyOpposesParoleforArmenianTerrorist_prl_080610.html |date=2010-09-17 }}, August 6, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; An accomplice, believit tae be Krikor (Koko) Saliba, is still at lairge.&lt;ref&gt;Francis P. Hyland, pp. 61-62 pp. 68 and 154; Michael M. Gunter, p. 82.&lt;/ref&gt;
*4 Mey 1982: New England's honorary Turkis consul general in Somerville, Massachusetts, [[:en:Assassination of Orhan Gündüz|Orhan Gündüz]], whose import shop in Cambridge wis the target o a previous attack, wis shot bi a man dressed in a jogger's ootfit, as he sat in his caur.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=198205040007 Global Terrorism Database]; Michael M. Gunter, ibid.; Francis P. Hyland, p. 193.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 27 Juin 1982: Turkis admeenistrative attaché, [[Erkut Akbay]] in [[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]], [[Assassination of Erkut Akbay|wis assassinatit]] ootside his hame on the ootskirts o the ceety as he returned hame for lunch.&lt;ref&gt;[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C05E4DB1F38F93BA35755C0A964948260 Turkish Envoy in Lisbon Is Killed by Gunman]&lt;/ref&gt; His wife, Nadide Akbay, wis shot in the heid as she sat beside him. Nadide Akbay dee'd efter aicht months in coma on 11 Januar 1983.&lt;ref&gt;[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9507E6DA1338F932A25752C0A965948260 Turk Wounded in June Attack By Armenian Terrorists Dies]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 27 August 1982: [[Atilla Altıkat]], Turkis [[military attaché]] in [[Canadae]] wis assassinatit in [[Ottawa]], Canadae.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=198208270007 Global Terrorism Database]; Gaïdz Minassian, p. 77; Michael M. Gunter, ibid.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 9 September 1982, [[Bulgaria]]: Bora Süelkan, attaché tae the Turkis consulate o Burgas wis assassinatit.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=198209090006 Global Terrorism Database]; Michael M. Gunter, ibid.; Gaïdz Minassian, p. 83.&lt;/ref&gt;
*9 Mairch 1983, [[Yugoslavie]]. &quot;Turkis Ambassador [[Galip Balkar]] dee'd o woonds receivit whan twa gunmen shot him in an ambush in central [[Belgrade]]. An airmit clash atween the guerrillas an polis ensued an ane o the guerillas wis woondit. Baith guerrillas, who claim tae belang tae an Armenie paramilitar organisation, wur eventually apprehendit. A Yugoslav passerbi wis killed durin the clash, while a female student an a Yugoslav officer who wis tryin tae captur the assailants wur woondit. The Juistice Commandos o the Armenian Genocide claimed credit for the attack.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=198303090004 Global Terrorism Database]; Michael M. Gunter, pp. 69-70 and 133.&lt;/ref&gt;
*14 Julie 1983, [[Belgium]]: the admeenistrative attaché o Turkis embassy, [[Dursun Aksoy]], wis assassinatit in [[Brussels]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=198307140003 Global Terrorism Database]; Michael M. Gunter, p. 69; Gaïdz Minassian, p. 92.&lt;/ref&gt;
*27 Julie 1983, Portugal: durin the [[:en:1983 Turkish embassy attack in Lisbon|suicide attack against Turkis embassy in Lisbon]], the five perpetrators, a Portuguese polisman (Manuel Pacheco) an the wife o Turkis chargé d'affaires, Cahide Micioglu, wur killed; anither Portuguese polisman wis seriously woondit.&lt;ref&gt;Michael M. Gunter, pp. 58-59, 70 and 79; Gaïdz Minassian, pp. 90-93.&lt;/ref&gt;
*20 Juin 1984, Austrick: the tred an labor attaché tae Turkis embassy, Erdogan Ozen, wis assassinatit in the explosion o his caur&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=198406200001 Global Terrorism Database]; Michael M. Gunter, pp. 62-63 and 69; Gaïdz Minassian, p. 92.&lt;/ref&gt;
*3 September 1984, Turkey: twa ARA members are killed in front o [[Topkapi Palace]] bi thair awn bomb, due tae an error o manipulation.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=198409030001 Global Terrorism Database]; Michael M. Gunter, pp. 62-63&lt;/ref&gt;
*19 November 1984, Austrick: Enver Ergün, UN offeecial, is assassinatit in Vienna.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=198409030001 Global Terrorism Database]; Michael M. Gunter, p. 69.&lt;/ref&gt;
*12 Mairch 1985, Canadae: three ARA members [[1985 Turkish embassy attack in Ottawa|attacked the Turkis embassy in Ottawa]], killin the Pinkerton agent Claude Brunelle, who attemptit tae stap them, takkin 12 hostages an attemptin in vain tae kill the Turkis ambassador. Thay wur later sentencit tae life, includin 25 years athoot pardon.&lt;ref&gt;Francis P. Hyland, pp. 69-70 and 221.&lt;/ref&gt;
*23 November 1986, Australie: Durin the [[:en:Melbourne Turkish consulate bombing|bombin o the Turkis consulate in Melbourne]], ane attacker wis killed bi his awn bomb; the ither ane wis arrestit. An Australie wumman wis woondit.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=198611230005 Global Terrorism Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217222632/http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=198611230005 |date=2014-12-17 }}[http://www.police.vic.gov.au/retrievemedia.asp?Media_ID=13483 ''Police Life Magazine''], December 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 19 Januar 1987, Australie: a bomb explodit in a package at a mail sortin facility o [[Brisbane]] an injured sax fowk.

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Defunct Airmit Armenie Organisations}}

[[Category:Defunct Armenie paramilitar organisations]]
[[Category:Armenie Genocide]]
[[Category:Guerrilla organisations]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in the 1970s]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in the 1980s]]
[[Category:Terrorist attacks attributit tae Armenie militant groups]]
[[Category:Juistice Commandos o the Armenie Genocide]]</text>
      <sha1>3u9s0h8y5z0ed01z8i0i0wbensh7ugc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gloria Estefan</title>
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      <text bytes="17990" sha1="mec37znn9rcimsy568n0ihb232wi7mu" xml:space="preserve">{{Spanish name|Fajardo|García}}
{{Infobox musical artist&lt;!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --&gt;
| name                = Gloria Estefan
| image               = Gloria Estefan 2009.jpg
| caption             =
| image_size          = 
| background          = solo_singer
| birth_name          = Gloria María Milagrosa Fajardo García
| birth_date          = {{Birth date and age|1957|09|01|df=yes}}
| birth_place         = [[Havana]], Cuba
| origin              = [[Miami]], Florida, Unitit States
| death_place         =  
| instrument          = Vocals, guitar, [[percussion]]
| genre               = [[Laitin pop]], [[dance-pop]], [[Pop muisic|pop]], [[Dance muisic|dance]], [[Electronic dance music|EDM]]
| occupation          = [[Sangster-sangwriter]], [[actress]], [[hotel manager|hotelier]], [[restauranteur]], [[writer]]
| years_active        = 1977–present
| label               = [[Epic Records|Epic]]&lt;small&gt; (1977&amp;ndash;2006)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;[[Burgundy Records|Burgundy]]&lt;small&gt; (2007&amp;ndash;2010)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;[[Crescent Moon Records|Crescent Moon]] / [[Verve Forecast Records|Verve Forecast]]&lt;small&gt; (2011&amp;ndash;present)&lt;/small&gt;
| associated_acts     = [[Emilio Estefan]]&lt;br /&gt;Miami Sound Machine
| url                 = {{URL|gloriaestefan.com}}
}}
'''Gloria María Milagrosa Fajardo García de Estefan''', kent profeesionally as '''Gloria Estefan''' (born 1 September 1957) is a [[Cuban American]] sangster, sangwriter, actress an entrepreneur. Kent as the &quot;Queen o Laitin Pop&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://latinmusic.about.com/b/2007/08/24/gloria-estefan-latin-pop-superstar.htm |title=Gloria Estefan - Latin Pop Superstar |publisher=Latinmusic.about.com |date=2007-08-24 |accessdate=2011-12-30 |archive-date=2011-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024211908/http://latinmusic.about.com/b/2007/08/24/gloria-estefan-latin-pop-superstar.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wowmiami.com/queen_of_latin_pop_gloria_estefan.html |title=Gloria Estefan - Queen of Latin Pop |publisher=Wow! Miami |date= |accessdate=2011-12-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://launch.groups.yahoo.com/group/everlastinggloriaestefan/ |title=everlastinggloriaestefan : Gloria Estefan: The Queen of Latin / Pop |publisher=Launch.groups.yahoo.com |date=2000-08-20 |accessdate=2011-12-30 |archive-date=2011-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629082306/http://launch.groups.yahoo.com/group/everlastinggloriaestefan/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; she is in the tap 100 [[:en:List of best-selling music artists|best sellin muisic airtists]] wi an estimatit 90 million records sauld warldwide,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.latingrammy.com/en/press-release/gloria-estefan-be-honored-2008-latin-recording-academy-person-year {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130216091134/http://www.latingrammy.com/en/press-release/gloria-estefan-be-honored-2008-latin-recording-academy-person-year |date=2013-02-16 }} Gloria Estefan to be Honored as 2008 Latin Recording Academy® Person of the Year Latin Grammy Award ([[Latin Academy of Recording Arts &amp; Sciences]])&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gibson.com/MiamiGuitarTownWebsite/News/Gloria-Estefan-Autographs-317/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309234125/http://www.gibson.com/MiamiGuitarTownWebsite/News/Gloria-Estefan-Autographs-317/ |date=2012-03-09 }}, ''Miami GuitarTown'', [[Gibson Guitar Corporation]], March 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; 31.5 million o those in the Unitit States alane.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=2&amp;table=tblTopArt&amp;action= |title=&quot;Top Selling Artists&quot; list at RIAA site |publisher=Riaa.com |date= |accessdate=2011-12-30 |archive-date=2013-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725020825/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=2&amp;table=tblTopArt&amp;action= |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; She haes wan three [[Grammy Awards]] an fower [[Latin Grammy]]s, an is the maist successfu [[crossover (muisic)|crossover]] performer in Latin music tae date.

==Early life==
Gloria María Milagrosa Fajardo wis born September 1,1957,in [[Havana]], Cuba, tae Jose an Gloria Fajardo. Her maternal grandfather, Leonardo García, [[Immigration|immigrated]] tae Cuba frae [[Pola de Siero]], [[Asturias]], Spain, whaur he mairit Gloria's maternal grandmother, oreeginally frae [[Logroño]], Spain.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.lne.es/secciones/noticia.jsp?pRef=2008082400_54_669086__Centro-Gloria-Estefan-olvida-Siero |title=Gloria Estefan Biography on Family Roots (Spanish) |publisher=Lne.es |date= |accessdate=2011-12-30 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929115541/http://www.lne.es/secciones/noticia.jsp?pRef=2008082400_54_669086__Centro-Gloria-Estefan-olvida-Siero |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ar-revista.com/index.php/ar/ocio/consejos_ocio/gloria_estefan |title=Gloria Estefan Interview.(Spanish) |language={{es icon}} |publisher=Ar-revista.com |date= |accessdate=2011-12-30 |archive-date=2016-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207050449/http://www.ar-revista.com/index.php/ar/ocio/consejos_ocio/gloria_estefan |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Prior tae the [[Cuban Revolution]], her faither wis a Cuban soldier an a bodyguard tae Cuban dictator [[Fulgencio Batista]]. The Fajardo faimily fled tae [[Miami]], [[Florida]] as a result of the Cuban Revolution an settled doun thare. Shortly efter thay moved tae the United States, Gloria's faither joined the US military an focht in the [[Vietnam War]] an moved tae [[Houston]], [[Texas]], haein participated in the failed [[Bay of Pigs invasion]].  
Gloria attended St. Michael-Archangel School&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ihmsisters.org/www/media/about_us_autogen/Charron_AC_ThenandNowJan10.pdf &quot;Sister Ann Christine Charron, Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary|IHM&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401062037/http://www.ihmsisters.org/www/media/about_us_autogen/Charron_AC_ThenandNowJan10.pdf |date=2012-04-01 }}, ''IHM Sisters – Then and Now'', January 2010, Sister Ann Christine Charron, IHM., who had mentored Gloria Estefan at St. Michael-Archangel School.&lt;/ref&gt; an [[Our Lady of Lourdes Academy]] in Miami. Her faither became ill efter returning frae Vietnam an Gloria helped her mither, Gloria Fajardo, care for him. Her mither worked as a schuilteacher for the [[Miami-Dade County Public Schools|Dade County Public School seestem]].  Gloria Estefan graduated frae college in 1979 wi a [[Bachelor o Airts|B.A.]] in psychology, wi a minor in French, frae the [[University of Miami]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sun-sentinel.com/topic/entertainment/music/gloria-estefan-PECLB004167.topic &quot;Gloria Estefan&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927094238/http://www.sun-sentinel.com/topic/entertainment/music/gloria-estefan-PECLB004167.topic |date=2013-09-27 }}, ''[[South Florida Sun-Sentinel]]'', Florida&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.biography.com/search/article.do?id=9542436 |title=Gloria Estefan Biography on |publisher=Biography.com |date=1957-09-01 |accessdate=2011-12-30 |archive-date=2009-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126225353/http://www.biography.com/search/article.do?id=9542436 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Whan she wis studyin at the varsity, she worked as an Inglis/Spaingie/French translator at [[Miami International Airport]] Customs Department an, acause of her d abilities, wis ance approached bi the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] as a possible employee.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20262951,00.html &quot;Gloria Estefan Could Have Been a Spy&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914032627/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20262951,00.html |date=2012-09-14 }}, ''People'' magazine, March 4, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.peopleenespanol.com/pespanol/articles/0,22490,1882902,00.html &quot;Gloria Estefan: 'La CIA me propuso ser espía{{'&quot;}}], ''People en Español'', March 3, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Estefan wis raised [[Catholic Kirk|Catholic]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http:///~fcf/gloria53198.html|title=Golden Girl|date=May 30, 1998|work=Miami Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marriage==
[[File:Gloriaestefan ahoy.jpg|right|thumb|Gloria Estefan receivin flouers for her birthday at her shaw in the [[Ahoy Rotterdam]], 1 September 2008]]
Gloria became romantically involvit wi the Miami Sound Machine's baund leader, [[Emilio Estefan]], in 1976. As she later revealed, &quot;he wis ma first an anerlie boyfriend.&quot; She an Emilio marriet on 1 September 1978.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.gloriaestefan.com/cms/index.php/about-gloria/89-biography/161-glorias-biography.html |title=Gloria Estefan biography |access-date=2013-02-27 |archive-date=2011-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711101741/http://www.gloriaestefan.com/cms/index.php/about-gloria/89-biography/161-glorias-biography.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=a&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.superiorpics.com/emilio_estefan_jr_/ |title=Emilio Estefan biography |publisher=Superiorpics.com |date= |accessdate=2011-12-30 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Thay hae a son, Nayib (born 2 September 1980) an a dochter, Emily Marie Consuelo (born 5 Dizember 1994).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://celebritybabies.people.com/2008/09/07/gloria-estefan/ |title=Emily My Miracle Baby |access-date=2013-02-27 |archive-date=2013-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021090006/http://celebritybabies.people.com/2008/09/07/gloria-estefan/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The faimily lives in the [[Star Island (Florida)|Star Island]] section of [[Miami Beach, Florida]].,&lt;ref name=a/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.celebritydetective.com/Celebrity_Homes_Gloria-Estefan-house.html &quot;Gloria Estefan's Miami Beach, Florida home&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119045545/http://www.celebritydetective.com/Celebrity_Homes_Gloria-Estefan-house.html |date=2013-01-19 }}, ''Celebrity Detective''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://latinmusic.about.com/od/artistsen/p/PROGESTEFAN.htm |title=Gloria Estefan - Biography of a Latin Superstar |publisher=Latinmusic.about.com |date=1957-09-01 |accessdate=2011-12-30 |archive-date=2011-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024231955/http://latinmusic.about.com/od/artistsen/p/PROGESTEFAN.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 5 Juin 2010 Nayib marriet [[Miami]] [[nichtclub]] [[Promoter (entertainment)|promoter]] Lara Diamante Coppola&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.430145056119.208163.207223821119&amp;type=1#!/media/set/?set=a.430145056119.208163.207223821119&amp;type=1 ''Selecta'' Magazine: Nayib Estefan's Wedding]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://oceandrive.com/style/articles/lara-diamante-coppola-estefan Q&amp;A: Lara Diamante Coppola Estefan :: Articles :: Ocean Drive Magazine]. Oceandrive.com. Retrieved on 2012-12-17.&lt;/ref&gt; in the backyard of his parents mega mansion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.everaftermiami.com/storyline/2010/06/oscardelarentaweekend |title=Lara Coppola Dock Marriage |access-date=2013-02-27 |archive-date=2013-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014212952/http://www.everaftermiami.com/storyline/2010/06/oscardelarentaweekend/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  On 21 Juin 2012 the first Estefan grandbairn wis born: grandson Sasha Argento Estefan Coppola.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/entertainment/2012/06/25/gloria-estefan-is-first-time-grandmother/ |title=Gloria Estefan Is First Time Grandmother |access-date=2013-02-27 |archive-date=2012-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006054525/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/entertainment/2012/06/25/gloria-estefan-is-first-time-grandmother/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraaf.nl/prive/12401967/__Eerste_kleinkind_Gloria_Estefan__.html|title=Eerste kleinkind Gloria Estefan|publisher=[[De Telegraaf]]|date=2012-06-21|accessdate=2012-06-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Discografie==

===Albums discografie===
{{Main|Gloria Estefan albums discografie}}

'''Studio albums'''
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Release date
! Title
|-
|&lt;center&gt;1984&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;''[[Eyes of Innocence (Miami Sound Machine album)|Eyes of Innocence]]''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;1985&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;''[[Primitive Love]] ''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;1987&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;''[[Let It Loose (album)|Let It Loose]]'' / ''[[Anything for You (album)|Anything for You]]''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;1989&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;''[[Cuts Both Ways]]''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;1991&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;''[[Into the Light (Gloria Estefan album)|Into The Light]]''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;1993&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;''[[Mi Tierra]]''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;1994&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;''[[Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me (album)|Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me]]''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;1995&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;''[[Abriendo Puertas (Gloria Estefan album)|Abriendo Puertas]]''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;1996&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;''[[Destiny (Gloria Estefan album)|Destiny]]''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;1998&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;''[[gloria!]]''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;2000&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;''[[Alma Caribeña]]''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;2003&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;''[[Unwrapped (Gloria Estefan album)|Unwrapped]]''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;2007&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;''[[90 Millas]]''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;2011&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;''[[Miss Little Havana]]''&lt;/center&gt;
|}

===Singles discografie===
{{Main|Gloria Estefan singles discografie}}

==Filmografie==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%&quot;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! colspan=4 style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot; | Film
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;| Year
! style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;| Film
! style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;| Role
! style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;| Notes
|-
|[[:en:1999 in film|1999]]
|''[[Music of the Heart]]''
|Isabel Vazquez
|Debut actin performance
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[:en:2000 in film|2000]]
|''Little Angelita''
|Voice Narrator
|Animatit Short Film
|-
|''[[For Love or Country: The Arturo Sandoval Story]]''
|Emilia
|Televeesion film
|-
|[[:en:2003 in film|2003]]
|''[[Unwrapped (Gloria Estefan album)|Famous: The Making of Unwrapped]]''
|Hersel
|Album documentar
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[:en:2007 in film|2007]]
|''[[90 Millas|90 Millas Documentary]]''
|Hersel
|Album documentar
|-
|''[[Your Mommy Kills Animals]]''
|Hersel
|Documentar
|-
|[[:en:2008 in film|2008]]
|''[[Marley &amp; Me (film)|Marley &amp; Me]]''
|Hersel
|Cameo appearance
|-
|[[:en:2009 in film|2009]]
|''[[G-Force (film)|G-Force]]''
|Juárez
|Voice in the Laitin-American version o the film&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gloriaestefanmexico.com/trayectoria/peliculas.html G-Force review. &quot;GLORIA ESTEFAN MÉXICO&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725033718/http://www.gloriaestefanmexico.com/trayectoria/peliculas.html |date=2012-07-25 }} Gloria Estefan Mexico web site (in Spanish)&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[:en:2010 in film|2010]]
|''Recording: The History Of Recorded Music''
|Hersel
|Documentar
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! colspan=4 style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot; | Televeesion
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;| Year
! style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;| Title
! style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;| Role
! style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;| Notes
|-
|[[:en:1986 in television|1986]]
|''Club Med''
| -
| Ane episode
|-
|[[:en:1989 in television|1989]]
|''Postcard From Miami with Clive James''
|Hersel
| Ane episode
|-
|[[:en:1993 in television|1993]]
|''[[Paul McKenna|The Hypnotic World of Paul McKenna]]''
|Hersel
|-
|[[:en:2000 in television|2000]]
|''[[Frasier]]''
|Maria
|Ane episode: &quot;Something About Dr. Mary&quot;
|-
|[[:en:2005 in television|2005]]
|''[[A Capitol Fourth]]''
|Hersel
|-
|[[:en:2009 in American television|2009]]
|''[[Kathy Griffin: My Life on the D-List]]''
|Hersel
|Ane episode: &quot;Rosie and Gloria and Griffin... Oh My!&quot;
|-
|[[:en:2010 in American television|2010]]
|''[[The Marriage Ref (U.S. TV series)|The Marriage Ref]]''
|Hersel
|Ane episode
|-
|[[:en:2011 in American television|2011]]
|''[[The X Factor (US)|The X Factor]]''
|Hersel
|Cameo Miami Auditions
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[:en:2012 in American television|2012]]
|''[[Glee (series)|Glee]]''
|Mrs. Maribel Lopez
|Episode: &quot;[[Goodbye (Glee)|Goodbye]]&quot;
|-
|''[[The Next: Fame Is at Your Doorstep]]''
| Hersel
|}

==Videografie==
* ''Video Éxitos'' (1986) L.D.L Enterprises
* ''Homecoming Concert'' (1989) CMV
* ''Evolution'' (1990) CMV
* ''Coming Out Of The Dark'' (1991) SMV
* ''Into The Light World Tour'' (1992) SMV
* ''Everlasting Gloria!'' (1995) EMV
* ''The Evolution Tour Live In Miami'' (1996) EMV
* ''Don't Stop'' (1998) EMV
* ''Que siga la tradición'' (2001) EMV
* ''Live In Atlantis'' (2002) EMV
* ''Famous'' (2003) (Video journal about making-of ''Unwrapped'' LP; included in CD package)
* ''Live &amp; Unwrapped'' (2004) EMV

==Beuks==
* ''The Magically Mysterious Adventures of Noelle the Bulldog'' (2005) ISBN 0-06-082623-1.
* ''Noelle's Treasure Tale: A New Magically Mysterious Adventure'' (2006)
* ''Estefan's Kitchen'' (2008)

==Tours==
{{Main|Leet o Gloria Estefan concert tours}}

==See also==
{{Wikipedia books|Gloria Estefan}}
* [[:en:List of best-selling music artists|Best sellin muisic airtists]]
* [[Latin pop]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Freemit airtins==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons|Gloria Estefan}}
* [http://www.gloriaestefan.com/ Gloria Estefan Official Web Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725090618/http://www.gloriaestefan.com/ |date=2011-07-25 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Estefan, Gloria}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:American dance muisickers]]
[[Category:American fowk o Asturian strynd]]
[[Category:American female pop sangster-sangwriters]]
[[Category:Cuban emigrants tae the Unitit States]]
[[Category:Spaingie-leid sangsters o the Unitit States]]
[[Category:Grammy Awaird winners]]
[[Category:Latin Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:Latin pop sangsters]]
[[Category:LGBT richts activists frae the Unitit States]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Havana]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Miami]]
[[Category:Cuban fowk o Asturian strynd]]
[[Category:Varsity o Miami alumni]]</text>
      <sha1>mec37znn9rcimsy568n0ihb232wi7mu</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ice</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>59259</id>
    <revision>
      <id>905828</id>
      <parentid>746025</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-11T10:08:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>2402:800:6273:7459:A630:7AFF:FE50:6AEA</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>More o</comment>
      <origin>905828</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="107" sha1="jfk3spgfshr2u5q22nc72mhyx04p5ss" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Watter ice| ]]
[[Category:Glaciology]]
[[Category:Meenerals]]
[[Category:Transparent materials]]</text>
      <sha1>jfk3spgfshr2u5q22nc72mhyx04p5ss</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>905829</id>
      <parentid>905828</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-11T10:23:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CiphriusKane</username>
        <id>74958</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Revertit edit o 2402:800:6273:7459:A630:7AFF:FE50:6AEA, chynged back tae last version bi TheWikipedian1250</comment>
      <origin>746025</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1655" sha1="nj07u8mzetj6fadp95gfjryljalf7xy" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Franz Josef glacier.JPG|thumb|A [[glacier]] is made frae ice, itself resultin frae [[snaw]] accumulation.]]

'''Ice''' is [[watter]] frozen intae a [[solit]] state. It can appear transparent or opaque bluish-white [[colour]], dependin on the presence o [[Impurity|impurities]] or [[air]] inclusions. The addeetion o ither materials sic as [[syle]] mey further alter its appearance.

Ice appears naiturally in furms o [[snawflaucht]]s, [[hail]], [[iceshoggle]]s, [[Ice spike|ice spikes an candles]], [[glacier]]s, [[pack ice]], [[frost]], an polar [[ice cap]]s. It is an important component o the [[global climate]] an plays an important role in the [[watter cycle]]. Furthermair, ice haes numerous cultural applications, frae ice cuiling o drinks tae [[winter sports]] tae the airt o [[ice sculptur|ice sculptin]].

The molecules in solit ice mey be arranged in numerous different ways, cried [[Phase (matter)|phase]]s, dependin on the temperatur an pressur. teepically, ice is the phase kent as [[ice Ih|ice I&lt;sub&gt;h&lt;/sub&gt;]], which is the maist abundant o the varyin solit phases on Yird's surface. The maist common [[phase transeetion]] tae ice I&lt;sub&gt;h&lt;/sub&gt; occurs when [[liquid]] watter is cuiled belaw {{gaps|0|°C}} ({{gaps|273.15|[[Kelvin|K]]}}, {{gaps|32|°F}}) at [[staundart atmospheric pressur]]. It can an aa [[Deposeetion (pheesics)|deposit]] frae vapour wi na intervenin liquid phase, sic as in the furmation o frost.

The wird is derived frae [[Auld Inglis]] ''īs'', which in turn stems frae [[Proto-Germanic]] ''[[isaz]]''.

[[Category:Watter ice| ]]
[[Category:Glaciology]]
[[Category:Meenerals]]
[[Category:Transparent materials]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pythagoras</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>68129</id>
    <revision>
      <id>905831</id>
      <parentid>905800</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-11T10:40:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lakanter123</username>
        <id>109792</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Undae revision [[Special:Diff/905800|905800]] bi [[Special:Contributions/2601:189:427C:5E30:E80B:A6BE:FF33:91B6|2601:189:427C:5E30:E80B:A6BE:FF33:91B6]] ([[User talk:2601:189:427C:5E30:E80B:A6BE:FF33:91B6|Tauk]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="3301" sha1="f7n47ftmf2zb4nbbwl1qnt0atie7yva" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox philosopher
|region           = Wastren filosofie
|era              = [[Auncient filosofie]]
|image = Kapitolinischer Pythagoras adjusted.jpg
|caption = Bust o Pythagoras o Samos in the [[Capitoline Museums]], [[Roum]]
|name             = Pythagoras (Πυθαγόρας)
|birth_date       = c. 570 BC
|birth_place      = [[Samos]]
|death_date       = c. 495 BC (aged aroond 75)&lt;!--PLEASE SEE TALK BEFORE CHANGING DATE--&gt;
|death_place      = [[Metapontum]]
|school_tradition = [[Pythagoreanism]]
|main_interests   = [[Metapheesics]], [[Muisic]], [[Mathematics]], [[Ethics]], [[Politics]]
|influences       = [[Thales o Miletus|Thales]], [[Anaximander]], [[Pherecydes o Syros|Pherecydes]]
|influenced      = [[Philolaus]], [[Alcmaeon o Croton|Alcmaeon]], [[Parmenides]], [[Plato]], [[Euclid]], [[Empedocles]], [[Hippasus]], [[Johannes Kepler|Kepler]]
|notable_ideas    = [[Musica universalis]], [[Pythagorean tunin]], [[Pythagorean theorem]]
}}
'''Pythagoras o Samos''' ({{IPAc-en|p|ɪ|ˈ|θ|æ|g|ə|r|ə|s}}; {{lang-grc|Πυθαγόρας ὁ Σάμιος|Pythagóras ho Sámios|Pythagoras the [[Samos|Samian]]}}, or simply {{lang|grc|Πυθαγόρας}}; Πυθαγόρης in [[Ionian Greek]]; c. 570 BC – c. 495 BC)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The dates of his life cannot be fixed exactly, but assuming the approximate correctness of the statement of Aristoxenus (ap. Porph. ''V.P.'' 9) that he left Samos to escape the tyranny of Polycrates at the age of forty, we may put his birth round about 570 BC, or a few years earlier. The length of his life was variously estimated in antiquity, but it is agreed that he lived to a fairly ripe old age, and most probably he died at about seventy-five or eighty.&quot; [[William Keith Chambers Guthrie]], (1978), ''A history of Greek philosophy, Volume 1: The earlier Presocratics and the Pythagoreans'', page 173. Cambridge University Press&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Pythagoras.html |title=Biographies |access-date=2014-02-05 |archive-date=2012-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730155649/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Pythagoras.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  was an [[Ionians|Ionian]] [[Auncient Greeks|Greek]] philosopher of possible [[Sirie|Syrian]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.ae/books?id=mM7N_v0xcmQC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;pg=PA271#v=onepage&amp;q=Pythagoras%20was%20a%20Syrian&amp;f=false]&lt;/ref&gt;origin,  [[mathematician|cult leader(honestly i would defenetly join bc it sounds fun)]], an foonder o the releegious movement cried [[Pythagoreanism]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Pythagoras| ]]
[[Category:6t-century BC births]]
[[Category:5t-century BC daiths]]
[[Category:6t-century BC Greek fowk]]
[[Category:6t-century BC filosofers]]
[[Category:Auncient Greek mathematicians]]
[[Category:Auncient Greek muisic theorists]]
[[Category:Auncient Greek filosofers]]
[[Category:Auncient Greek poleetical refugees]]
[[Category:Auncient Greek shamans]]
[[Category:Auncient Samians]]
[[Category:Ascetics]]
[[Category:Esotericists]]
[[Category:Foonders o releegions]]
[[Category:Geodesists]]
[[Category:Geometers]]
[[Category:Meestics]]
[[Category:Numerology]]
[[Category:Filosofie o mathematics]]
[[Category:Filosofie o muisic]]
[[Category:Physiognomists]]
[[Category:Pythagoreans| ]]</text>
      <sha1>f7n47ftmf2zb4nbbwl1qnt0atie7yva</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>905832</id>
      <parentid>905831</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-11T10:41:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lakanter123</username>
        <id>109792</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>wanted to see the vandalism</comment>
      <origin>905832</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3093" sha1="gxr8rnqt07d7m2oy7ye8ylppih9kbfg" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox philosopher
|region           = Wastren filosofie
|era              = [[Auncient filosofie]]
|image = Kapitolinischer Pythagoras adjusted.jpg
|caption = Bust o Pythagoras o Samos in the [[Capitoline Museums]], [[Roum]]
|name             = Pythagoras (Πυθαγόρας)
|birth_date       = c. 570 BC
|birth_place      = [[Samos]]
|death_date       = c. 495 BC (aged aroond 75)&lt;!--PLEASE SEE TALK BEFORE CHANGING DATE--&gt;
|death_place      = [[Metapontum]]
|school_tradition = [[Pythagoreanism]]
|main_interests   = [[Metapheesics]], [[Muisic]], [[Mathematics]], [[Ethics]], [[Politics]]
|influences       = [[Thales o Miletus|Thales]], [[Anaximander]], [[Pherecydes o Syros|Pherecydes]]
|influenced      = [[Philolaus]], [[Alcmaeon o Croton|Alcmaeon]], [[Parmenides]], [[Plato]], [[Euclid]], [[Empedocles]], [[Hippasus]], [[Johannes Kepler|Kepler]]
|notable_ideas    = [[Musica universalis]], [[Pythagorean tunin]], [[Pythagorean theorem]]
}}
'''Pythagoras o Samos''' ({{IPAc-en|p|ɪ|ˈ|θ|æ|g|ə|r|ə|s}}; {{lang-grc|Πυθαγόρας ὁ Σάμιος|Pythagóras ho Sámios|Pythagoras the [[Samos|Samian]]}}, or simply {{lang|grc|Πυθαγόρας}}; Πυθαγόρης in [[Ionian Greek]]; c. 570 BC – c. 495 BC)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The dates of his life cannot be fixed exactly, but assuming the approximate correctness of the statement of Aristoxenus (ap. Porph. ''V.P.'' 9) that he left Samos to escape the tyranny of Polycrates at the age of forty, we may put his birth round about 570 BC, or a few years earlier. The length of his life was variously estimated in antiquity, but it is agreed that he lived to a fairly ripe old age, and most probably he died at about seventy-five or eighty.&quot; [[William Keith Chambers Guthrie]], (1978), ''A history of Greek philosophy, Volume 1: The earlier Presocratics and the Pythagoreans'', page 173. Cambridge University Press&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Pythagoras.html |title=Biographies |access-date=2014-02-05 |archive-date=2012-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730155649/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Pythagoras.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  was an [[Ionians|Ionian]] [[Auncient Greeks|Greek]] [[Philosophy|philosopher]], [[mathematician]], an foonder o the releegious movement cried [[Pythagoreanism]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Pythagoras| ]]
[[Category:6t-century BC births]]
[[Category:5t-century BC daiths]]
[[Category:6t-century BC Greek fowk]]
[[Category:6t-century BC filosofers]]
[[Category:Auncient Greek mathematicians]]
[[Category:Auncient Greek muisic theorists]]
[[Category:Auncient Greek filosofers]]
[[Category:Auncient Greek poleetical refugees]]
[[Category:Auncient Greek shamans]]
[[Category:Auncient Samians]]
[[Category:Ascetics]]
[[Category:Esotericists]]
[[Category:Foonders o releegions]]
[[Category:Geodesists]]
[[Category:Geometers]]
[[Category:Meestics]]
[[Category:Numerology]]
[[Category:Filosofie o mathematics]]
[[Category:Filosofie o muisic]]
[[Category:Physiognomists]]
[[Category:Pythagoreans| ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Morales, Cauca</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>69219</id>
    <revision>
      <id>905801</id>
      <parentid>645055</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-10T14:35:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>107.77.213.99</ip>
      </contributor>
      <origin>905801</origin>
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      <text bytes="2095" sha1="rg9uyla5qvu0kkq6wzsybmwkf6mky0u" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Settlement
|name          = Morales
|native_name             =
|nickname               = 
|motto                  = 
|settlement_type        = [[Municipalities o Colombie|Municipality]] an toun
|image_skyline          = 
|imagesize              = 
|image_caption          = 
|image_flag             = 
|image_seal             = 
|image_map              = Colombia - Cauca - Morales.svg
|mapsize                = 250px
|map_caption            = Location o the municipality an toun o Morales in the Cauca Depairtment o Colombie.
|pushpin_map            = 
|pushpin_mapsize        =300
|pushpin_map_caption        =Location in Colombie
|subdivision_type       = Kintra
|subdivision_name       = {{flag|Colombie}}
|subdivision_type1       =[[Depairtments o Colombie|Depairtment]]
|subdivision_name1       = [[Cauca, Colombie|Cauca Depairtment]]
|subdivision_type2      = 
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|leader_title           = 
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|website                = 
|footnotes              = 
}}

'''Morales''' is a town a municipality in the [[Cauca, Colombie|Cauca Depairtment]], [[Colombie]].

{{Municipalities cauca depairtment}}

[[Category:Municipalities o Cauca, Colombie]]
[[Category:Populatit places in Cauca, Colombie]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>905802</id>
      <parentid>905801</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-10T18:04:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CiphriusKane</username>
        <id>74958</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Revertit edit o 107.77.213.99, chynged back tae last version bi JJMC89 bot</comment>
      <origin>645055</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2096" sha1="go0gko7hjbatg563e63s8aatxzkbmmf" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Settlement
|name          = Morales
|native_name             =
|nickname               = 
|motto                  = 
|settlement_type        = [[Municipalities o Colombie|Municipality]] an toun
|image_skyline          = 
|imagesize              = 
|image_caption          = 
|image_flag             = 
|image_seal             = 
|image_map              = Colombia - Cauca - Morales.svg
|mapsize                = 250px
|map_caption            = Location o the municipality an toun o Morales in the Cauca Depairtment o Colombie.
|pushpin_map            = 
|pushpin_mapsize        =300
|pushpin_map_caption        =Location in Colombie
|subdivision_type       = Kintra
|subdivision_name       = {{flag|Colombie}}
|subdivision_type1       =[[Depairtments o Colombie|Depairtment]]
|subdivision_name1       = [[Cauca, Colombie|Cauca Depairtment]]
|subdivision_type2      = 
|subdivision_name2      = 
|leader_title           = 
|leader_name            = 
|established_title      = 
|established_date       = 
|area_magnitude         = 
|area_total_km2         = 
|area_total_sq_mi       = 
|area_land_km2          = 
|area_land_sq_mi        = 
|area_water_km2         = 
|area_water_sq_mi       = 
|area_water_percent     = 
|area_urban_km2         = 
|area_urban_sq_mi       = 
|area_metro_km2         = 
|area_metro_sq_mi       = 
|population_as_of       =
|population_note        = 
|population_total       = 
|population_density_km2 = 
|population_density_sq_mi = 
|population_metro       =
|population_density_metro_km2 =
|population_density_metro_sq_mi =
|population_urban       = 
|coordinates            = 
|timezone               = Colombie Staundart Time
|utc_offset             = -5
|timezone_DST           = 
|utc_offset_DST         = 
|elevation_m            =
|elevation_ft           = 
|website                = 
|footnotes              = 
}}

'''Morales''' is a toun an municipality in the [[Cauca, Colombie|Cauca Depairtment]], [[Colombie]].

{{Municipalities cauca depairtment}}

[[Category:Municipalities o Cauca, Colombie]]
[[Category:Populatit places in Cauca, Colombie]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Al Ahly SC</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80467</id>
    <revision>
      <id>905806</id>
      <parentid>905797</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-10T20:21:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Atlantic306</username>
        <id>30244</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Freemit airtins */ removed red linked categories</comment>
      <origin>905806</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6047" sha1="4n2fzu99lcjv20m3w7um4t1qnqh8xan" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football club
| club name = Al-Ahly SC 
| image     = 
| fullname  = Al Ahly Sporting Club &lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Ahly official site&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Naming and colors of Al-Ahly|url=http://ahlyegypt.com/ahly/node/55|access-date=2014-08-27|archive-date=2013-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515042225/http://www.ahlyegypt.com/ahly/node/55|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
| nickname  = ''Patriotism Club'' &lt;br&gt; ''Club of the Century'' &lt;br&gt; ''Red Devils''
| founded   = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|1907|4|24}}
| ground    = [[Cairo International Stadium|Cairo Stadium]]
| capacity  = 74,000 (record 120,000)
| training field = [[Al-Ahly|Mokhtar El Tetsh Stadium]]
| chairman  = ‏Mahmoud Taher‏
| manager   = [[Juan Carlos Garrido]]
| league    = [[Egyptian Premier League]]
| season    = 2024–25
| position  = 1st 
| website   = http://www.ahlyegypt.com
| pattern_la1 = _alahly2324h
| pattern_b1 = _alahly2324h
| pattern_ra1 = _alahly2324h
| pattern_sh1 = _alahly2324h
| pattern_so1 = _3 stripes white
| leftarm1 = F20000
| body1 = F20000
| rightarm1 = F20000
| shorts1 = FFFFFF
| socks1 = F20000
| pattern_la2 = _alahly2324a
| pattern_b2 = _alahly2324a
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| pattern_so2 = _alahly2324a
| leftarm2 = 000000
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| current = 2023–24 Al Ahly SC saison
| Current season
}}
'''Al Ahly Sporting Club''' (&lt;small&gt;[[Egyptian Arabic|Egyptian]] pronunciation:&lt;/small&gt; {{IPA-ar|elˈahly|}}) ,&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Ahly official site&quot;/&gt; commonly kent as '''Al Ahly''' ({{lang-en|The National}}) is an [[Egyp]]tian sportin club. Foondit in Apryle 1907, they wur namit in 2000 bi the [[Confederation of African Football]] as the &quot;African Club of the Century&quot;.

Al Ahly haes 127 offeecial trophies (108 domestic an 19 internaitional). This maks thaim the maist successful fitbaw club in the warld.&lt;ref name=&quot;most successful club&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cafonline.com/football/news/19528-ahly-tops-clubs-with-most-titles.html|title=Ahly tops clubs with most titles|publisher=[[Confederation of African Football|CAF]]|date=24 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Titles==
[[File:AFC ULtras.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Al-Ahly fans celebratin efter winnin the [[African Champions League]] in 2005.]]

'''Total nummer o trophies: 127&lt;!-- 2006 FIFA Club World Cup Bronze medal does not count as a trophy --&gt;.'''
&lt;ref&gt;http://ahlyegypt.com/ahly/node/59 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026202051/http://ahlyegypt.com/ahly/node/59 |date=2011-10-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Warldwide / Intercontinental===
* '''[[FIFA Club Warld Cup]]'''
** Bronze Medalist, 2006
** Fourth Place, 2012
** Sixth Place, 2005, 2008, 2013
* '''[[Afro-Asian Cup]]'''
** [[File:Cup Winner.png]] : '''Winners (1) :''' 1988

===African===
* '''[[CAF Champions League]]'''
** [[File:Cup Winner.png]] : '''Winners (8) :''' 1982, 1987, 2001, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2012, 2013 '''(record)'''
** [[File:Cup Finalist.png]] : '''Runners up (2) :'''1983, 2007
* '''[[African Cup Winners' Cup]]'''
** [[File:Cup Winner.png]] : '''Winners (4) :''' 1984, 1985, 1986, 1993  '''(record)'''
* '''[[CAF Super Cup]]'''
** [[File:Cup Winner.png]] : '''Winners (7) :''' 2002, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2013, 2014, 2021 '''(record)'''
** [[File:Cup Finalist.png]] : '''Runners up (1) :''' 1994

===UAFA competitions===
* '''[[Arab Champions Cup]]'''
** [[File:Cup Winner.png]] : '''Winners (1) :''' 1996
** [[File:Cup Finalist.png]] : '''Runners up (1) :''' 1997
* '''[[Arab Cup Winners' Cup]]'''
** [[File:Cup Winner.png]] : '''Winners (1):''' 1994
* '''[[Arab Super Cup]]'''
** [[File:Cup Winner.png]] : '''Winners (2) :''' 1997, 1998 '''(record)'''

===Domestic===

====League====
* '''[[Egyptian Premier League]]'''
** [[File:Cup Winner.png]] : '''Winners (45)''' 1948–49, 1949–50, 1950–51, 1952–53, 1953–54, 1955–56, 1956–57, 1957–58, 1958–59, 1960–61, 1961–62, 1974–75, 1975–76, 1976–77, 1978–79, 1979–80, 1980–81, 1981–82, 1984–85, 1985–86, 1986–87, 1988–89, 1993–94, 1994–95, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1997–98, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2013-14, 2015/16, 2016/17, 2017-18, 2018-19, 2019-20, 2022-23, 2023-24, 2024–25 '''(record)'''
** [[File:Cup Finalist.png]] : '''Runners up (10)''' 1966-67, 1977–78, 1983–84, 1987–88, 1990–91, 1992–93, 2000–01, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2003–04
* '''[[Cairo League]]'''
** [[File:Cup Winner.png]] : '''Winners (16)''' 1924–25, 1926–27, 1927–28, 1928–29, 1930–31, 1933–34, 1934–35, 1935–36, 1936–37, 1937–38, 1938–39, 1941–42, 1942–43, 1947–48, 1949–50, 1957–58 '''(record)'''

====Cup====
* '''[[Egypt Cup]]''' (33 solo titles)
** [[File:Cup Winner.png]] : '''Winners (35) :''' 1924, 1925, 1927, 1928, 1930, 1931, 1937, 1940, 1942, 1943, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1953, 1956, 1958, 1961, 1966, 1978, 1981, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 2001, 2003, 2006, 2007 '''(record)'''
** [[File:Cup Finalist.png]] : '''Runners up (11) :''' 1926, 1935, 1941, 1944, 1952, 1959, 1973, 1976, 1997, 2004, 2010
* '''[[Egyptian Super Cup]]'''
** [[File:Cup Winner.png]] : '''Winners (7):''' 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011 '''(record)'''
** [[File:Cup Finalist.png]] : '''Runners up (1) :''' 2009
* '''[[Sultan Hussein Cup]]'''
** [[File:Cup Winner.png]] : '''Winners (7):''' 1923, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1929, 1931, 1938 '''(record)'''
** [[File:Cup Finalist.png]] : '''Runners up (4) :''' 1928, 1934, 1935, 1936 
* '''[[United Arab Republic Cup]]''' (during the [[United Arab Republic|UAR]] era)
** [[File:Cup Winner.png]] : '''Winners (1):''' 1961 '''(record)'''
* '''[[Egyptian Federation Cup]]'''
** [[File:Cup Winner.png]] : '''Winners (1):''' 1989 '''(Shared record)'''

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Freemit airtins==
* {{Official website|http://www.ahlyegypt.com/}}

[[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Egyp]]
[[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1907]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>IPhone</title>
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      <id>905827</id>
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      <text bytes="13589" sha1="lmnhmy29l3bsxi4hpexcwr41wksdg22" xml:space="preserve">{{Lowercase title}}
{{Infobox information appliance
| name = iPhone
| image = [[File:Smartphone.png|250px]][[File:IPhones.png|250px]]
| caption = The iPhone 15
| developer = [[Apple Inc.]]
| manufacturer = [[Foxconn]], [[Pegatron]]&lt;br&gt;([[contract manufacturer]]s)
| type = [[Smairtphone]]
| releasedate={{plainlist|
*'''[[iPhone (1st generation)|1st gen]]''': {{Start date|2007|06|29}}
*'''[[iPhone 3G|3G]]:''' {{Start date|2008|07|11}}
*'''[[iPhone 3GS|3GS]]''': {{Start date|2009|06|19}}
*'''[[iPhone 4|4]]''': {{Start date|2010|06|24}}
*'''[[iPhone 4S|4S]]''': {{Start date|2011|10|14}}
*'''[[iPhone 5|5]]''': {{Start date|2012|09|21}}
*'''[[iPhone 5C|5C]]''', '''[[iPhone 5S|5S]]''': {{Start date|2013|09|20}}
*'''[[iPhone 6|6 / 6 Plus]]''': {{Start date|2014|09|19}}
}}
| connectivity={{flatlist|
'''1st gen''', '''3G''', an '''3GS:'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wi-Fi]] ([[IEEE 802.11|802.11]] [[IEEE 802.11b-1999|b]]/[[IEEE 802.11g-2003|g]])&lt;br&gt;
'''4''', and '''4S:'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wi-Fi]] ([[IEEE 802.11|802.11]] [[IEEE 802.11b-1999|b]]/[[IEEE 802.11g-2003|g]]/[[IEEE 802.11n-2009|n]])&lt;br&gt;
'''5''', '''5C''', and '''5S:'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wi-Fi]] ([[IEEE 802.11|802.11]] [[IEEE 802.11a-1999|a]]/[[IEEE 802.11b-1999|b]]/[[IEEE 802.11g-2003|g]]/[[IEEE 802.11n-2009|n]])&lt;br&gt;
'''6''', and '''6 Plus:'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wi-Fi]] ([[IEEE 802.11|802.11]] [[IEEE 802.11a-1999|a]]/[[IEEE 802.11b-1999|b]]/[[IEEE 802.11g-2003|g]]/[[IEEE 802.11n-2009|n]]/[[IEEE 802.11ac|ac]])

'''1st gen''', '''3G''', '''3GS''', and '''4:'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Bluetooth v2.1+EDR|Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR]]&lt;br&gt;
'''4S''', '''5''', '''5C''', '''5S''', '''6''', and '''6 Plus:'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Bluetooth v4.0|Bluetooth 4.0]]

;[[GSM]] models an aa include:
: {{allow wrap|[[Universal Mobile Telecommunications System|UMTS]] / [[High-Speed Downlink Packet Access|HSDPA]] }}
:: [[UMTS frequency baunds|850, 1900, 2100]]&amp;nbsp;[[Hertz|MHz]]
: {{allow wrap|[[GSM]] / [[Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution|EDGE]]}}
:: [[GSM frequency baunds|850, 900, 1800, 1900]]&amp;nbsp;MHz

;[[Code division multiple access|CDMA]] model an aa includes:
: [[Code division multiple access|CDMA]]/[[Evolution-Data Optimized|EV-DO Rev. A]]
:: [[Multi-baund|800, 1900]]&amp;nbsp;MHz
'''5:'''
;[[GSM]] models an aa include:
: [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]]
:: [[LTE frequency baunds|700, 2100]]&amp;nbsp;MHz
: {{allow wrap|[[Universal Mobile Telecommunications System|UMTS]] / [[High-Speed Downlink Packet Access|HSDPA]]/[[Evolved HSPA|HSPA+]] / [[Dual-Cell HSDPA|DC-HSDPA]]}}
:: [[UMTS frequency baunds|850, 900, 1900, 2100]]&amp;nbsp;MHz
: {{allow wrap|[[GSM]] / [[Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution|EDGE]]}}
:: [[GSM frequency baunds|850, 900, 1800, 1900]]&amp;nbsp;MHz

;[[Code division multiple access|CDMA]] model an aa includes:
: [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]]
:: [[LTE frequency baunds|700]]&amp;nbsp;MHz
: [[Code division multiple access|CDMA]]/[[Evolution-Data Optimized|EV-DO Rev. A]]
:: [[Multi-baund device|800, 1900]]&amp;nbsp;MHz
: {{allow wrap|[[Universal Mobile Telecommunications System|UMTS]] / [[High-Speed Downlink Packet Access|HSDPA]]/[[Evolved HSPA|HSPA+]]/[[Dual-Cell HSDPA|DC-HSDPA]]}}
:: [[UMTS frequency baunds|850, 900, 1900, 2100]]&amp;nbsp;MHz
: {{allow wrap|[[GSM]] / [[Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution|EDGE]]}}
:: [[GSM frequency baunds|850, 900, 1800, 1900]]&amp;nbsp;MHz
}}
| unitssold = 700 million&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://gigaom.com/2015/03/08/apple-watch-launch-live-blog-spring-forward/ |title=Live blog: The Apple Watch |deadurl=no |accessdate=March 9, 2015 |archive-date=2015-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150309231725/https://gigaom.com/2015/03/08/apple-watch-launch-live-blog-spring-forward/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

| os= [[iOS]]
| power = {{plainlist|
*Biggit-in rechargeable [[Lithium polymer battery|Li-Po battery]]
*'''1st gen:''' {{nowrap|3.7 [[Volt|V]] 5.18&amp;nbsp;[[Kilowatt hour|W·h]] (1400}}&amp;nbsp;[[Ampere-oor|mA·h]])
*'''3G:''' {{nowrap|3.7 V}} {{nowrap|4.12 W·h}} (1150&amp;nbsp;mA·h)
*'''3GS''' {{nowrap|3.7 V}} {{nowrap|4.51 W·h}} (1219&amp;nbsp;mA·h)
*'''4:''' {{nowrap|3.7 V}} {{nowrap|5.25 W·h}} (1420&amp;nbsp;mA·h)
*'''4S:''' {{nowrap|3.7 V}} {{nowrap|5.3 W·h}} (1432&amp;nbsp;mA·h)
*'''5:''' {{nowrap|3.8 V}} {{nowrap|5.45 W·h}} (1440&amp;nbsp;mA·h)
*'''5C:''' {{nowrap|3.8 V}} {{nowrap|5.73 W·h}} (1510&amp;nbsp;mA·h)
*'''5S:''' {{nowrap|3.8 V}} {{nowrap|5.92 W·h}} (1560&amp;nbsp;mA·h)
*'''6:''' {{nowrap|3.82 V}} {{nowrap|6.91 W·h}} (1810&amp;nbsp;mA·h)
*'''6 Plus:''' {{nowrap|3.82 V}} {{nowrap|11.1 W·h}} (2915&amp;nbsp;mA·h)
}}
| soc = {{plainlist|
*'''1st gen''' an '''3G:''' [[Leet o Samsung Seestem on Chips|S5L8900]]
*'''3GS:''' [[Leet o Samsung Seestem on Chips|S5PC100]]
*'''4:''' [[Apple A4]]
*'''4S:''' [[Apple A5]]
*'''5''' / '''5C:''' [[Apple A6]]
*'''5S:''' [[Apple A7]]
*'''6''' / '''6 Plus:''' [[Apple A8]]
}}
| cpu = {{plainlist|
*'''1st gen''' an '''3G:'''
*[[Samsung]] [[32-bit]] [[Reduced instruction set computing|RISC]] [[ARM architecture|ARM]] 1176JZ(F)-S v1.0&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://toucharcade.com/2008/07/07/under-the-hood-the-iphones-gaming-mettle |title=Under the Hood: The iPhone's Gaming Mettle |publisher=Touch Arcade |date=June 14, 2008 |accessdate=June 13, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''3GS:''' 600&amp;nbsp;MHz [[ARM Cortex-A8]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/2782/2 |title=The iPhone 3GS Hardware Exposed &amp; Analyzed |publisher=AnandTech |accessdate=June 13, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''4:''' 800&amp;nbsp;MHz [[ARM Cortex-A8]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/iPhone-4-Teardown/3130/2 |title=iPhone 4 Teardown - Page 2 |publisher=iFixit |accessdate=June 13, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''4S:''' 800&amp;nbsp;MHz [[multi-core processor|dual-core]] [[ARM Cortex-A9]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Toor |first=Amar |url=http://www.engadget.com/2011/10/11/benchmarks-clock-iphone-4s-a5-cpu-at-800mhz-show-major-gpu-upg |title=Benchmarks clock iPhone 4S' A5 CPU at 800MHz, show major GPU upgrade over iPhone 4 |publisher=Engadget.com |date=October 11, 2011 |accessdate=June 13, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''5 / 5C:''' 1.3&amp;nbsp;GHz dual-core Apple A6
*'''5S:''' 1.3&amp;nbsp;GHz 64-bit dual-core Apple A7
*'''6 / 6 Plus:''' 1.4&amp;nbsp;GHz 64-bit dual-core Apple A8
}}
| graphics = {{plainlist|
*'''1st gen''' an '''3G:'''
*[[PowerVR]] [[PowerVR#MBX|MBX]] Lite 3D [[graphics processin unit|GPU]]&lt;ref name=&quot;GPU&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.eetimes.com/news/semi/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=200900740|title=Update: UK graphics specialist confirms that iPhone design win|publisher=[[EE Times]]|access-date=2015-06-18|archive-date=2012-06-06|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68DyboxOh?url=http://eetimes.com/electronics-news/4188648/IPhone-code-trail-points-to-MBX-graphics-core|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; (103&amp;nbsp;MHz)
*'''3GS:''' PowerVR [[PowerVR#Series 5 (SGX)|SGX535]] GPU
*(150&amp;nbsp;MHz)&lt;ref name=&quot;3G_S_Processor&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.anandtech.com/gadgets/showdoc.aspx?i=3579&amp;p=2|title=The iPhone 3GS Hardware Exposed &amp; Analyzed|last=Shimpi|first=Anand|date=June 10, 2009|publisher=AnandTech|accessdate=June 10, 2009}}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2009/06/t-mobile-accidentally-posts-secret-iphone-3g-s-specs|title=Gadget Lab Hardware News and Reviews T-Mobile Accidentally Posts Secret iPhone 3G S Specs|last=Sorrel|first=Charlie|date=June 10, 2009|publisher=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired.com]]|accessdate=June 14, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;4_Processor&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/Apple-A4-Teardown/2204/3|title=Apple A4 Teardown|date=June 10, 2009|publisher=ifixit.com|accessdate=September 9, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''4:''' PowerVR [[PowerVR#Series 5 (SGX)|SGX535]] GPU (200&amp;nbsp;MHz)&lt;ref name=&quot;3G_S_Processor&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;4_Processor&quot; /&gt;
*'''4S:''' PowerVR [[PowerVR#Series 5 (SGX)|SGX543MP2]] (2-core) GPU
*'''5 / 5C:''' PowerVR SGX543MP3 (3-core) GPU
*'''5S:''' PowerVR G6430 (4-core) GPU
*'''6 / 6 Plus:''' PowerVR GX6450 (4-core) GPU
}}
| storage = 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, or 128&amp;nbsp;GB [[flash memory]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.apple.com/iphone/specs.html |title=iPhone 5 - View all the technical specifications |publisher=Apple |accessdate=June 13, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| memory = {{plainlist|
*'''1st gen''' and '''3G:'''
*128&amp;nbsp;[[megabyte|MB]] [[LPDDR]] [[Dynamic random-access memory|DRAM]] (137&amp;nbsp;MHz)
*'''3GS:''' {{nowrap|256 MB}} LPDDR DRAM (200&amp;nbsp;MHz)
*'''4:''' {{nowrap|512 MB}} LPDDR2 DRAM (200&amp;nbsp;MHz)
*'''4S:''' {{nowrap|512 MB}} LPDDR2 DRAM
*'''5 / 5C:''' 1&amp;nbsp;GB LPDDR2 DRAM
*'''5S''' and '''6 / 6 Plus:''' 1&amp;nbsp;GB LPDDR3 DRAM
}}
| display = {{plainlist|
*'''1st gen''' and '''3G:'''
*{{convert|3.5|in|mm|abbr=on}}
*3:2 [[display aspect ratio|aspect ratio]], scratch-resistant&lt;ref name=&quot;jun18PressRelease&quot;&gt;{{cite press release|publisher=Apple Inc.|date=June 18, 2007|url=http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/06/18iphone.html|title=iPhone Delivers Up to Eight Hours of Talk Time}}&lt;/ref&gt; glossy glass covered screen, 262,144-color ([[Color depth|18-bit]]) [[Liquid crystal display#Twisted nematic (TN)|TN]] LCD, 480 × 320&amp;nbsp;[[pixel|px]] ([[HVGA]]) at 163&amp;nbsp;[[pixel density|ppi]], 200:1 [[contrast ratio]]
*'''3GS:'''
*In addeetion tae prior, featurs a fingerprint-resistant [[lipophobicity|oleophobic]] coatin,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first=Eric|last=Slivka|url=http://www.macrumors.com/2009/06/10/more-wwdc-tidbits-iphone-3g-s-oleophobic-screen-find-my-iphone-live|title=More WWDC Tidbits: iPhone 3G S Oleophobic Screen, &quot;Find My iPhone&quot; Live lLP|publisher=Mac Rumors|date=June 10, 2009|accessdate=July 3, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 262,144-color (18-bit) TN LCD with hardware spatial dithering&lt;ref name=edepot&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.edepot.com/iphone.html|title=iPhone Secrets and iPad Secrets and iPod Touch Secrets|author=Po-Han Lin|work=Technology Depot|accessdate=December 8, 2011|archive-date=2012-12-08|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208182655/http://www.edepot.com/iphone.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''4''' an '''4S:'''
*{{convert|3.5|in|mm|abbr=on}}, 3:2 aspect ratio, [[aluminosilicate]] glass covered 16,777,216-colour (24-bit) [[In-plane switching|IPS]] LCD screen, 960 × 640&amp;nbsp;px at 326&amp;nbsp;[[pixels per inch|ppi]], 800:1 contrast ratio, 500 [[luminance|{{frac|cd|m²}}]] max brightness
*'''5 / 5C / 5S:'''
*{{convert|4.0|in|mm|abbr=on}}; 16:9 [[display aspect ratio|aspect ratio]]; 1136 × 640&amp;nbsp;px screen resolution at 326&amp;nbsp;[[pixel density|ppi]]
*'''6:'''
*{{convert|4.7|in|mm|abbr=on}}; 16:9 [[display aspect ratio|aspect ratio]]; 1334 × 750&amp;nbsp;px screen resolution at 326&amp;nbsp;[[pixel density|ppi]]
*'''6 Plus:'''
*{{convert|5.5|in|mm|abbr=on}}; 16:9 [[display aspect ratio|aspect ratio]]; 1920 × 1080&amp;nbsp;px screen resolution at 401&amp;nbsp;[[pixel density|ppi]]
}}
| audio = {{flatlist|
*[[Bluetooth]]
*stereo speaker
*microphone
*3.5mm [[Phone connector (audio)|stereo audio jack]]
}}
| service = {{flatlist|
*[[iTunes Store]]
*[[App Store (iOS)|App Store]]
*[[iCloud]]
*[[iBooks]]
*[[Passbook (application)|Passbook]]
}}
| dimensions = {{plainlist|
*'''1st gen:'''
*{{convert|115|mm|in|abbr=on}} H
*{{convert|61|mm|in|abbr=on}} W
*{{convert|11.6|mm|in|abbr=on}} D
*'''3G''' and '''3GS:'''
*{{convert|115.5|mm|in|abbr=on}} H
*{{convert|62.1|mm|in|abbr=on}} W
*{{convert|12.3|mm|in|abbr=on}} D
*'''4''' and '''4S:'''
*{{convert|115.2|mm|in|abbr=on}} H
*{{convert|58.6|mm|in|abbr=on}} W
*{{convert|9.3|mm|in|abbr=on}} D
*'''5''' and '''5S:'''
*{{convert|123.8|mm|in|abbr=on}} H
*{{convert|58.6|mm|in|abbr=on}} W
*{{convert|7.6|mm|in|abbr=on}} D
*'''5C:'''
*{{convert|124.4|mm|in|abbr=on}} H
*{{convert|59.2|mm|in|abbr=on}} W
*{{convert|8.97|mm|in|abbr=on}} D
*'''6:'''
*{{convert|138.1|mm|in|abbr=on}} H
*{{convert|67|mm|in|abbr=on}} W
*{{convert|6.9|mm|in|abbr=on}} D
*'''6 Plus:'''
*{{convert|158.1|mm|in|abbr=on}} H
*{{convert|77.8|mm|in|abbr=on}} W
*{{convert|7.1|mm|in|abbr=on}} D
}}
| weight = {{plainlist|
*'''1st gen''' and '''3GS:'''
*{{convert|135|g|oz|abbr=on}}
*'''3G:''' {{convert|133|g|oz|abbr=on}}
*'''4:''' {{convert|137|g|oz|abbr=on}}
*'''4S:''' {{convert|140|g|oz|abbr=on}}
*'''5''' and '''5S:'''
*{{convert|112|g|oz|abbr=on}}
*'''5C:''' {{convert|132|g|oz|abbr=on}}
*'''6:''' {{convert|129|g|oz|abbr=on}}
*'''6 Plus:''' {{convert|172|g|oz|abbr=on}}
}}
| related = {{flatlist|
*[[iPad]]
*[[iPod Touch]]
*([[Leet o iOS devices|Comparison]])
}}
| website = [http://www.apple.com/iphone/ www.apple.com/iphone]
}}
'''iPhone''' ({{IPA-en|ˈaɪfəʊn}}) is a line o [[smairtphone|smairtphones]] designit an mercatit bi [[Apple Inc.|Apple Inc]]. Thay run Apple's [[iOS]] mobile operatin seestem.&lt;ref name=Engadget1&gt;{{cite web|last=Patel|first=Nilay|title=iPhone OS 4 renamed iOS 4, launching June 21 with 1500 new features|url=http://www.engadget.com/2010/06/07/iphone-os-4-renamed-ios-gets-1500-new-features/|publisher=[[Engadget]]|accessdate=April 26, 2013|date=June 7, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[iPhone (1st generation)|first generation iPhone]] wis released on Juin 29, 2007; the maist recent iPhone models are the [[iPhone 6|iPhone 6 an iPhone 6 Plus]], which war unveiled at a special event on September 9, 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://gizmodo.com/iphone-6-a-little-bit-bigger-a-whole-lot-better-1632406881|title=iPhone 6: A Little Bit Bigger, A Whole Lot Better|work=Gizmodo|publisher=Gawker Media|first=Adam Clark|last=Estes|date=September 9, 2014|accessdate=September 9, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:IPhone| ]]
[[Category:Apple Inc. mobile phones]]
[[Category:Deegital audio players]]
[[Category:IOS (Apple)]]
[[Category:ITunes]]
[[Category:Mobile phones introduced in 2007]]
[[Category:Multi-touch mobile phones]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 2007]]
[[Category:Smartphones]]
[[Category:Touchscreen mobile phones]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kristin Armstrong</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>155119</id>
    <revision>
      <id>905833</id>
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      <timestamp>2025-06-11T11:30:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>79721</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="23493" sha1="8iyu1g5t6fjz8h4w7ymb4gy14del86d" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox cyclist
| name           = Kristin Armstrong
| image          = Kristin Armstrong, London 2012 Time Trial - Aug 2012.jpg
| image_size     = 220px
| caption        = Winnin the [[:en:Cycling at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's road time trial|2012 Olympics time trial]]
| fullname       = Kristin Armstrong
| nickname       =
| birth_date     = {{birth date and age|1973|8|11}}
| birth_place    = [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]], [[Tennessee]], [[Unitit States|U.S.]]
| height         = {{height|ft=5|in=8}}
| weight         = {{convert|128|lb|abbr=on}}
| currentteam    = Exergy TWENTY12
| discipline     = Road
| role           =
| ridertype      = All-rounder
| amateuryears1  =
| amateurteam1   =
| proyears1      = 2001&amp;ndash;2005
| proteam1       = T-Mobile Women
| proyears2      = 2006&amp;ndash;2007
| proteam2       = Team Lipton
| proyears3      = 2008&amp;ndash;2009
| proteam3       = {{ct|CWT|2008}}
| proyears4      = 2011
| proteam4       = [[Peanut Butter &amp; Co.]] Team TWENTY12
| proyears5      = 2012
| proteam5       = Exergy TWENTY12
| proyears6      = 2015
| proteam6       = Twenty16 presented by Sho-Air
| majorwins      = 
'''One-day races'''
:Olympic individual time trial (2008, 2012, 2016)
:World Time Trial Champion (2006, 2009)
:Pan American Continental Time Trial Champion ([[:en:2005 Pan American Cycling Championships|2005]])
:National Road Race Champion (2004)
:National Time Trial Champion (2005, 2006, 2007, 2015)
:Nature Valley Grand Prix (2006, 2007, 2008)
:USA Pro Challenge (2015)
| show-medals    = yes
| updated        = August 1, 2012
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport | [[Road bicycle racin]]}}
{{MedalCountry|the {{USA}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|Olympic Games}}
{{MedalGold| [[2008 Summer Olympics|2008 Beijing]] | [[:en:Cycling at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's road time trial|Time trial]]}} 
{{MedalGold| [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012 London]] | [[:en:Cycling at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's road time trial|Time trial]]}} 
{{MedalGold| [[2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Rio de Janeiro]] | [[:en:Cycling at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's road time trial|Time trial]]}} 
{{MedalCompetition|[[UCI Road Warld Championships|Warld Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold |[[:en:2006 UCI Road World Championships|2006 Salzburg]]|Time trial}}
{{MedalGold |[[:en:2009 UCI Road World Championships|2009 Mendrisio]]|Time trial}}
{{MedalSilver |[[:en:2007 UCI Road World Championships|2007 Stuttgart]]|Time trial}}
{{MedalBronze |[[:en:2005 UCI Road World Championships|2005 Madrid]]|Time trial}}
}}
'''Kristin Armstrong''' (born August 11, 1973) is a profeesional [[road bicycle racer]] an three-time [[Simmer Olympic Gemmes|Olympic]] gowd medallist, the winner o the weemen's [[individual time trial]] in [[:en:Cycling at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's road time trial|2008]], [[:en:Cycling at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's road time trial|2012]] an [[:en:Cycling at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's road time trial|2016]]. Afore temporarily retiring tae stairt a faimily in 2009, she rode for {{ct|CWT|2009}} in weemen's elite profeesional events on the National Racing Calendar (NRC) an [[:en:World Cup of Road Cycling (women)|UCI Women's World Cup]]. She annooncit a return tae competitive cyclin beginnin in the 2011 season, competin for [[Peanut Butter &amp; Co.]] TWENTY12 at the Redlands Classic.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.theroaddiaries.com/2011/04/07/a-day-in-images-with-kristin-armstrong-champion-mentor-mom/|publisher=The Road Diaries|last=Zellmann|first=Michael|title=A day in images with Kristin Armstrong – champion, mentor, mom|date=April 27, 2011|accessdate=August 15, 2012|archive-date=2012-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723152120/http://www.theroaddiaries.com/2011/04/07/a-day-in-images-with-kristin-armstrong-champion-mentor-mom/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Backgrund==
Prior tae her profeesional cyclin career, Armstrong haed been a junior Olympian in soummin, a distance runner in college, an then became a [[triathlon|triathlete]].&lt;ref name=&quot;family&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=envis09&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.uidaho.edu/~/media/Files/orgs/ED/News%20and%20Events/Envision-Winter_09.ashx|publisher=University of Idaho College of Education, ''Envision''|title=After the gold: Kristin Armstrong's life before|date=Winter 2009|accessdate=August 15, 2012|page=3|archive-date=2019-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106164423/https://www.uidaho.edu/~/media/Files/orgs/ED/News%20and%20Events/Envision-Winter_09.ashx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; She spent mony oors perfectin her strokes in the puil at the Boise Faimily [[YMCA]], whaur she servit as Director o Aquatics an aw, managin mair nor 50 lifegairds, soum instructors, an ithers.  She wis diagnosit wi [[osteoarthritis]] in baith hips in 2001 at age 27, an tauld that she coud nae langer run at an elite level, sicweys endin her triathlon career an leadin her tae focus exclusively on cyclin.&lt;ref name=&quot;family&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.elpasotimes.com/ci_17937090 |title=Tour of the Gila: Armstrong's comeback includes family time |last=Bloomquist |first=Bret |date=April 4, 2011 |newspaper=[[El Paso Times]] |accessdate=May 19, 2011 |archive-date=2013-01-22 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130122012140/http://www.elpasotimes.com/ci_17937090 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=usat09&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/sports/cycling/2009-10-30-kristin-armstrong_N.htm|newspaper=USA Today|agency=Associated Press|title=Retired Kristin Armstrong ponders future on and off the bike |date=October 30, 2009|accessdate=August 15, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The three-time naitional champion feenished 8t (tap U.S. feenisher) in the [[:en:Cycling at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's road race|weemen's road race]] at the [[Unitit States at the 2004 Simmer Olympics|2004 Simmer Olympics]] in Athens.

At the [[2008 Simmer Olympics]] in Cheenae, Armstrong completit the biggest achievement o her career bi winnin the gowd medal in the [[:en:Cycling at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's road time trial|weemen's road time trial]] competeetion on August 13.  Feenishin in unner 35 minutes, Armstrong wis 25 seiconts aheid o siller medallist [[Emma Pooley]] frae [[Great Breetain]], wi [[Karin Thürig]] frae [[Swisserland]] takkin the bronze.

O Armstrong, Velonews wrote: &quot;Kristin Armstrong is famous for both her success in bicycle racing, and the 'type-A' attention to detail that keeps her climbing the podium at critical races every season.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.velonews.com/article/90511/born-for-beijing-the-k-edge-chain-catcher-goes-into|publisher=Velonews|last=Vestal|first=Zack|title=Born for Beijing, the K-Edge chain catcher goes into production|date=April 14, 2009|accessdate=August 15, 2012|archive-date=2009-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604153503/http://www.velonews.com/article/90511/born-for-beijing-the-k-edge-chain-catcher-goes-into|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Armstrong annooncit at the end o 2010 that she wad return tae competitive cyclin, wi the goal o competin in the [[2012 Simmer Olympics]] in [[London]].  In a written statement, she statit that her retirement wis merely temporar in order tae stairt a faimily.  &quot;I love cycling and I love competing.  I stopped racing after the 2009 World Championships not because I was burned out, but because my husband and I wanted to start a family,” said Kristin Armstrong. &quot;I told myself from the beginning if everything went smoothly with the birth of our son, Lucas William, I would consider racing again.&quot;  Armstrong will be competin on a team she is a pairt awner o, Peanut Butter &amp; Co. Team TWENTY12.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ktvb.com/home/Olympic-gold-medalist-Kristin-Armstrong-will-race-again-105563968.html|publisher=KTVB|title=Olympic gold medalist Kristin Armstrong will race again|date=October 22, 2010|accessdate=August 15, 2012|archive-date=2012-03-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315224325/http://www.ktvb.com/home/Olympic-gold-medalist-Kristin-Armstrong-will-race-again-105563968.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2011, Armstrong did indeed return wi Peanut Butter &amp; Co. Team TWENTY12.  She wan three o the fower stages (criterium, road race an time trial) an the oweraw title during the [[Sea Otter Classic]] in Apryle.&lt;ref name=&quot;family&quot; /&gt;  Housomeivver, durin the first stage o the [[Tour of the Gila]], which she haed wan twice previously, Armstrong came doun wi fuid poisonin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://velonews.competitor.com/2011/04/news/abbott-mancebo-take-mountain-top-wins-at-sram-tour-of-the-gila_170211 |title=Abbott, Mancebo, take mountain-top wins at SRAM Tour of the Gila |author=Steve Frothingham |publisher=VeloNews |date=April 27, 2011 |accessdate=May 19, 2011 |archive-date=2016-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422042627/http://velonews.competitor.com/2011/04/news/abbott-mancebo-take-mountain-top-wins-at-sram-tour-of-the-gila_170211 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  She endit up athdrawin frae the race an returnin hame tae recover.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dailypeloton.com/displayarticle.asp?pk=18603 |title=Taylor Wiles takes third place at Giro |publisher=DailyPeloton.com |date=April 29, 2011 |accessdate=May 19, 2011 |archive-date=2012-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322062931/http://www.dailypeloton.com/displayarticle.asp?pk=18603 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

She successfully defendit her Olympic title in the [[Cycling at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's road time trial|individual time trial]] at the 2012 Olympics in London and became the auldest rider tae win an Olympic time trial, an finished 35th in the [[:en:Cycling at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's road race|Women's road race]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nbcolympics.com/news-blogs/cycling/armstrong-wins-the-time-trial.html |title=Armstrong becomes oldest rider to win time trial |publisher=NBC Olympics |date=August 1, 2012 |accessdate=August 2, 2012 |archive-date=2018-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221040548/http://www.nbcolympics.com/news-blogs/cycling/armstrong-wins-the-time-trial.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  She annooncit her retirement efter the 2012 Olympics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/armstrong-goes-out-on-top-with-olympic-gold|title=Armstrong goes out on top with Olympic gold |publisher=CyclingNews |date=August 1, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In September 2012, Armstrong's Olympic gowd medal winnin time trial bike wis stolen whilk in transit atween Germany an the USA.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&amp;objectid=10833771 |title=Cycling: Gold medalist's bikes stolen  |publisher=New Zealand Herald |date=September 13, 2012 |accessdate=September 13, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Apryle 2015 Armstrong annooncit that she wad be comin oot o retirement tae race at the 2015 [[Pan American Road and Track Championships|Pan American Road Championships]] in [[León, Guanajuato|Leon, Mexico]] haein been selectit bi USA Cycling for the individual time trial.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/womens-news-shorts-armstrong-comes-out-of-retirement-for-pan-am-championships |title=Women's news shorts: Armstrong comes out of retirement for Pan Am Championships |last1=Frattini |first1=Kirsten |date=17 April 2015 |website=[[cyclingnews.com]] |access-date=17 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Housomeivver twa days efter announcin Armstrong's selection the USA Cycling Selection Committee reconvenit, decidin that the new selection process unner which Armstrong haed been chosen haed no been published in a timely manner, that as a result the federation's aulder Principles o Athlete Selection, which haed been issued in 2008, shoud be uised for selection tae the Pan American Championships, an that Armstrong's place wad be taken bi [[Tayler Wiles]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/usa-cycling-replaces-armstrong-with-wiles-for-2015-pan-am-championships |title=USA Cycling replaces Armstrong with Wiles for 2015 Pan Am Championships |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |date=18 April 2015 |website=[[cyclingnews.com]] |access-date=18 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The follaein month Armstrong wan the [[United States National Time Trial Championships]] in [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]], beatin [[Carmen Small]] bi 13 seiconts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/usa-cycling-professional-road-championships-2016/womens-time-trial/results |title=Kristin Armsthong wins women's US pro time trial |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |date=23 May 2015 |website=[[cyclingnews.com]] |access-date=23 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Personal life==
[[File:Kristin Armstrong.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Armstrong in Juin 2009]]
Armstrong's faither wis an [[Officer (armit forces)#Unitit States|officer]] in the [[Unitit States Marine Corps|US Marines]].&lt;ref name=vetad12&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.veteransadvantage.com/cms/content/military-olympians-world-class-performance-london|publisher=Veterans Advantage|title=Military Olympians: World class performance in London 2012|date=August 14, 2012|accessdate=August 15, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Born in [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]], [[Tennessee]], she livit in Tennessee an [[Californie]] an attendit heich schuil in [[Havelock, North Carolina]], an abroad in [[Okinawa]], [[Japan]], whaur she graduatit frae [[Kubasaki High School]] in 1991.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.havenews.com/news/havelock-9995-gold-armstrong.html|newspaper=Havelock News|last=Wilson|first=Drew C.|title=Former Havelock resident wins Olympic gold medal|date=August 2, 2012|accessdate=August 15, 2012}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=usoc12&gt;{{cite web|url=http://london2012.visionbox.com/team-usa/athlete-roster/cycling.aspx?id=12&amp;did=5&amp;aid=547&amp;show=True|publisher=U.S. Olympic Committee|title=Team USA media guide, Kristin Armstrong|date=2012|accessdate=August 15, 2012|archive-date=2014-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227101717/http://london2012.visionbox.com/team-usa/athlete-roster/cycling.aspx?id=12&amp;did=5&amp;aid=547&amp;show=True|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; She enrolled at the [[Varsity o Idaho]] in [[Moscow, Idaho|Moscow]], whaur she ran track for the [[Idaho Vandals|Vandals]] for a saison as a [[Walk-on (sports)|walk-on]] an wis a member o the [[Kappa Kappa Gamma]] [[:en:Fraternities and sororities in North America|sorority]].&lt;ref name=envis09/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://issuu.com/uidahodigital/docs/gem1993/165|publisher=''Gem of the Mountains,'' University of Idaho yearbook|title=Gamma|date=1993|page=161|accessdate=August 15, 2012|archive-date=2014-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303063207/http://issuu.com/uidahodigital/docs/gem1993/165|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Armstrong earnt a [[bachelor's degree]] frae UI in sports physiologie in 1995, an currently lives in [[Boise, Idaho|Boise]], [[Idaho]].&lt;ref name=envis09/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://cycling.teamusa.org/athletes/kristin-armstrong|publisher=USA Cycling|title=Profile: Kristin Armstrong|accessdate=June 23, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She is aften ramfeeselt wi the ex-wife o fellae cyclist [[Lance Armstrong]], whase name is forbye Kristin. Kristin Armstrong the cyclist an Lance Armstrong are no relatit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.elpasotimes.com/ci_17918309 |title=Cycling: Tour of Gila still attracts top teams |last=Bloomquist |first=Bret |date=April 24, 2011 |newspaper=[[El Paso Times]] |accessdate=May 19, 2011 |archive-date=2013-01-22 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130122093101/http://www.elpasotimes.com/ci_17918309 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Armstrong is marriet tae Joe Savola; thair son Lucas William Savola wis born on 15 September 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;family&quot; /&gt; Fower month afore his birth, she gae the commencement address at her [[alma mater]] in Mey 2010.&lt;ref name=klew10&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.klewtv.com/news/local/93883289.html|publisher=KLEW TV/UI News|title=Olympian Armstrong urges Idaho grads to embrace a &quot;get to&quot; attitude|agency=UI News|date=May 16, 2010|accessdate=August 15, 2012|archive-date=2013-01-27|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130127141215/http://www.klewtv.com/news/local/93883289.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Palmarès==
{{colbegin|2}}
;2002 &amp;ndash; USA National-T Mobile
: 7th overall &amp;ndash; [[Women's Challenge|HP Women's Challenge]]

;2003 &amp;ndash; T-Mobile Professional Women's Team
: 3rd (Bronze) &amp;ndash; Women's Time Trial, [[Pan American Games]]
: 5th &amp;ndash; Geelong World Cup
: 13th &amp;ndash; [[World Championship of Road Cycling (women)|World Time Trial Championships]]

;2004 &amp;ndash; T-Mobile Professional Women's Team
: [[File:MaillotUSA.PNG|20px]] USA National Women's Road Race Champion
: 8th &amp;ndash; [[Cycling at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's road race|Women's Road Race]], [[2004 Summer Olympics]] in [[Athens, Greece|Athens]]
: 1st, Stage 3, [[Redlands Bicycle Classic]]
: 1st, Prologue, [[Sea Otter Classic]], [[Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca]]
: 2nd, General Classification, [[Sea Otter Classic]]

;2005 &amp;ndash; T-Mobile Professional Women's Team
: 3rd (Bronze) &amp;ndash; [[UCI Road World Championships - Women's Time Trial|UCI Road World Championships Time Trial]]
: 1st, [[2005 Pan American Cycling Championships|Pan American]] Continental Women's Time Trial
: [[File:MaillotUSA.PNG|20px]] USA National Women's Time Trial Champion
: 3rd, National Championship, Track, Pursuit
: 1st overall and 2 stages (Prologue and Stage 2) win &amp;ndash; [[Sea Otter Classic]]
: 2nd (Silver) &amp;ndash; Women's 3km Individual Pursuit, [[2005 Pan American Cycling Championships|Pan American Championships]]
: 3rd overall &amp;ndash; [[Tour de l'Aude Cycliste Féminin]]
: 3rd, Stage 1 &amp;ndash; [[Thüringen-Rundfahrt der Frauen]]
: 1st, General Classification, Valley of the Sun Stage Race, 1st Stage 1
: 2nd, General Classification, San Dimas Stage Race
:: 1st, Stage 1
: 1st, Stage 1, [[Tour de Toona]]
: 2nd, General Classification, [[Tour de l'Ardèche]]

;2006 &amp;ndash; [[Team Lipton]]
:  1st (Gold) &amp;ndash; [[UCI Road World Championships - Women's Time Trial|UCI Road World Championship Women's Time Trial]]
: [[File:MaillotUSA.PNG|20px]] [[2006 National Cycling Championships|USA National Championship Women's Time Trial]]
: [[File:MaillotUSA.PNG|20px]] [[2006 National Cycling Championships|USA National Championship Women's Road Race]]
: 1st overall &amp;ndash; [[Nature Valley Grand Prix]]
:: 1st, Stage 1 &amp;ndash; [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]] Waterfront [[Individual time trial|Time Trial]]
:: 1st, Stage 4 &amp;ndash; [[Mankato]] Road Race
: [[Cascade Cycling Classic]]
:: 1st, Stage 2 &amp;ndash; Cascade Lakes Road Race
:: 1st, Stage 3 &amp;ndash; Arnold Market Time Trial
: 3rd overall &amp;ndash; [[La Coupe du Monde Cycliste Féminine de Montréal]]
: 1st, General Classification, [[Tour de Toona]], [[Altoona, Pennsylvania|Altoona]]
:: 1st, Stage 3
: 3rd, World Cup, Track, Pursuit, [[Sydney]]
: 1st overall [[Tour of the Gila]], [[Mogollon culture|Mogollon]]
:: 1st Stage 2
: 1st, General Classification, Euregio Ladies Tour, [[Leende]], 1st Stage 1

;2007 &amp;ndash; [[Team Lipton]]
: [[File:MaillotUSA.PNG|20px]] [[2007 National Cycling Championships|USA National Championship Women's Time Trial]]
: 2nd, [[2007 National Cycling Championships|National Championship Women's Road Race]]
: 1st overall and 3 stage wins &amp;ndash; [[Nature Valley Grand Prix]]
: 1st overall, mountains and 1 stage win (ITT) &amp;ndash; [[2007 Holland Ladies Tour|Holland Ladies Tour]]
: 2nd (Silver) &amp;ndash; [[UCI Road World Championships - Women's Time Trial|UCI Road World Championships Time Trial]]
: 1st, Souvenir Magali Pache
: 1st, General Classification, [[Tour de Toona]]
:: 1st, Stage 6

;2008 &amp;ndash; [[Cervélo TestTeam (women)|Cervélo Lifeforce Pro Cycling Team]]
: 1st, General Classification, NZCT [[Women's Tour of New Zealand]]
: 3rd, World Cup, Track, Team Pursuit, [[Los Angeles]]
: 1st overall and 4 stage wins &amp;ndash; [[Nature Valley Grand Prix]]
: 1st overall and 3 stage wins &amp;ndash; [[Cascade Cycling Classic]]
: 1st &amp;ndash; Boise Twilight Criterium
: {{Gold medal}}, Time Trial; [[2008 Summer Olympics|Beijing 2008 Olympic Games]]

;2009 &amp;ndash; [[2009 Cervélo TestTeam (women) season|Cervélo TestTeam 2009 season]]
:  1st (Gold) &amp;ndash; [[UCI Road World Championships - Women's Time Trial|UCI Road World Championship Women's Time Trial]]
: 1st, General Classification and 3 stage wins &amp;ndash; [[Tour of the Gila]]

;2011 &amp;ndash; [[Peanut Butter &amp; Co.]] Team TWENTY12
: 1st overall and 3 stage wins &amp;ndash; [[Sea Otter Classic]]
: 1st, Women's Time Trial &amp;ndash; [[Tour of California]]

;2012 &amp;ndash; [[Peanut Butter &amp; Co.]] Team TWENTY12
: {{Gold medal}}, Time Trial; [[London 2012 Olympic Games]]

;2015 Annoonced return tae the sport. 
: [[File:MaillotUSA.PNG|20px]] 1st, [[United States National Time Trial Championships]]
: 1st Overall Women's USA Pro Challenge
:: 1st, Stage 1 (ITT)
: 2nd Overall [[Cascade Cycling Classic]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/cascade-cycling-classic-2015/stage-5/results/ |title=Smith, Dvorak win Cascade overall titles |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |date=25 September 2015 |website=[[cyclingnews.com]] |access-date=4 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
: 3rd Tour of California Women's Time Trial&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/tour-of-california-womens-time-trial-2015/results |title=Stevens wins Tour of California time trial |last1=Burns |first1=Ted |date=16 May 2015 |website=[[cyclingnews.com]] |access-date=23 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
: 1st, Stage 3 (ITT) Redlands Bicycle Classics
;2016
: {{Gold medal}}, Time Trial; [[2016 Summer Olympics|Rio 2016 Olympic Games]]
: 2nd Overall [[2016 Tour of California (women)|Tour of California]]
: 3rd [[United States National Time Trial Championships]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== Freemit airtins ==
{{commons category|Kristin Armstrong}}
*{{Cycling archives|10212}}
* [http://www.kristinarmstrongusa.com Kristin Armstrong USA] - offeecial site
* [http://www.teamusa.org/Athletes/AR/Kristin-Armstrong.aspx U.S. Olympic Team biography]
* [http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/riders/2003/interviews/?id=kristinarmstrong03 Cycling News.com] - The ither Armstrong: mair nor a watter-carrier - 29-Oct-2003
* [http://www.mbsef.org/_files/file/2008CCCResults/Stg06r00Rpt02RacerGC%20women.pdf Cascade Cycling Classic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911143507/http://www.mbsef.org/_files/file/2008CCCResults/Stg06r00Rpt02RacerGC%20women.pdf |date=2008-09-11 }} - 2008 results

{{DEFAULTSORT:Armstrong, Kristin}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
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[[Category:American female cyclists]]
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[[Category:Olympic cyclists o the Unitit States]]
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[[Category:Cyclists at the 2008 Simmer Olympics]]
[[Category:Cyclists at the 2012 Simmer Olympics]]
[[Category:Cyclists at the 2016 Simmer Olympics]]
[[Category:American cyclin road race champions]]
[[Category:Varsity o Idaho alumni]]
[[Category:Sportsfowk frae Memphis, Tennessee]]
[[Category:Sportsfowk frae Boise, Idaho]]
[[Category:Militar brats]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2008 Simmer Olympics]]
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    <title>Angela Crawley</title>
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      <text bytes="2147" sha1="lu35upr4jbrwumlwarch5esfqwip05b" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox MP
|name             = Angela Crawley
|honorific-suffix = [[Member o Pairlament|MP]]
|image            = Angela Crawley.jpg
|office           = [[Member o Pairlament]]&lt;br&gt;for [[Lanrik an Hamiltoun East (UK Pairlament constituency)|Lanrik an Hamiltoun East]]
|term_start       = 8 Mey 2015
|term_end         = 4 Julie 2024
|predecessor      = [[Jimmy Hood]]
|successor        = 
|majority         = 266 (0.5%)
|birth_date       = {{birth date and age|1987|6|3|df=y}}
|birth_place      = [[Hamiltoun, Sooth Lanrikshire|Hamiltoun]], [[Scotland]]
|death_date       = 
|death_place      = 
|party            = [[Scots Naitional Pairty]]
|alma_mater       = [[University o Stirling]]&lt;br&gt;[[University o Glesga]]
|website          = {{url|angelacrawley.scot|Offeecial wabsteid}}
}}
'''Angela Crawley''' (born 3 Juin 1987 in [[Hamiltoun, Sooth Lanrikshire|Hamiltoun]], [[Sooth Lanrikshire]]) is a [[Scots Naitional Pairty]] politeecian. She wis the [[Member o Pairlament (UK)|Member o Pairlament]] (MP) for [[Lanrik an Hamiltoun East (UK Pairlament constituency)|Lanrik an Hamiltoun East]] syne the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 2015|2015 general election]], whan she won a majority o 10,100 votes (18.3%); she retained the seat in [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 2017|2017]] wi a nairae majority o 266 (0.5%). She demittit at the 2024 Unitit Kinrick general walin.

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[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:Fowk eddicatit at John Ogilvie High School]]
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[[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Stirlin]]
[[Category:Female members o the Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick for Scots constituencies]]
[[Category:Lesbian politeecians]]
[[Category:LGBT politeecians frae Scotland]]
[[Category:Members o the Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick for Scots constituencies]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Hamiltoun, Sooth Lanrikshire]]
[[Category:Scots National Pairty cooncillors]]
[[Category:Scots National Pairty MPs]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2015–2017]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2017–2019]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2019–]]
[[Category:21st-century weemen politeecians]]

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      <text bytes="2057" sha1="08i53861jja7u9tuhkpidzjen758pdh" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox MP
|name             = Angela Crawley
|honorific-suffix = [[Member o Pairlament|MP]]
|image            = Angela Crawley.jpg
|office           = [[Member o Pairlament]]&lt;br&gt;for [[Lanrik an Hamiltoun East (UK Pairlament constituency)|Lanrik an Hamiltoun East]]
|term_start       = 8 Mey 2015
|term_end         = 4 Julie 2024
|predecessor      = [[Jimmy Hood]]
|successor        = 
|majority         = 266 (0.5%)
|birth_date       = {{birth date and age|1987|6|3|df=y}}
|birth_place      = [[Hamiltoun, Sooth Lanrikshire|Hamiltoun]], [[Scotland]]
|death_date       = 
|death_place      = 
|party            = [[Scots Naitional Pairty]]
|alma_mater       = [[University o Stirling]]&lt;br&gt;[[University o Glesga]]
|website          = {{url|angelacrawley.scot|Offeecial wabsteid}}
}}
'''Angela Crawley''' (born 3 Juin 1987 in [[Hamiltoun, Sooth Lanrikshire|Hamiltoun]], [[Sooth Lanrikshire]]) is a [[Scots Naitional Pairty]] politeecian. She wis the [[Member o Pairlament (UK)|Member o Pairlament]] (MP) for [[Lanrik an Hamiltoun East (UK Pairlament constituency)|Lanrik an Hamiltoun East]] syne the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 2015|2015 general election]], whan she won a majority o 10,100 votes (18.3%); she retained the seat in [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 2017|2017]] wi a nairae majority o 266 (0.5%). She demittit at the 2024 Unitit Kinrick general walin.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Crawley, Angela}}
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[[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Glesga]]
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[[Category:Female members o the Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick for Scots constituencies]]
[[Category:LGBT politeecians frae Scotland]]
[[Category:Members o the Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick for Scots constituencies]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Hamiltoun, Sooth Lanrikshire]]
[[Category:Scots National Pairty cooncillors]]
[[Category:Scots National Pairty MPs]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2015–2017]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2017–2019]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2019–]]
[[Category:21st-century weemen politeecians]]

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{{Infobox MP
|name             = Angela Crawley
|honorific-suffix = [[Member o Pairlament|MP]]
|image            = Angela Crawley.jpg
|office           = [[Member o Pairlament]]&lt;br&gt;for [[Lanrik an Hamiltoun East (UK Pairlament constituency)|Lanrik an Hamiltoun East]]
|term_start       = 8 Mey 2015
|term_end         = 4 Julie 2024
|predecessor      = [[Jimmy Hood]]
|successor        = 
|majority         = 266 (0.5%)
|birth_date       = {{birth date and age|1987|6|3|df=y}}
|birth_place      = [[Hamiltoun, Sooth Lanrikshire|Hamiltoun]], [[Scotland]]
|death_date       = 
|death_place      = 
|party            = [[Scots Naitional Pairty]]
|alma_mater       = [[University o Stirling]]&lt;br&gt;[[University o Glesga]]
|website          = {{url|angelacrawley.scot|Offeecial wabsteid}}
}}
'''Angela Crawley''' (born 3 Juin 1987 in [[Hamiltoun, Sooth Lanrikshire|Hamiltoun]], [[Sooth Lanrikshire]]) is a [[Scots Naitional Pairty]] politeecian. She wis the [[Member o Pairlament (UK)|Member o Pairlament]] (MP) for [[Lanrik an Hamiltoun East (UK Pairlament constituency)|Lanrik an Hamiltoun East]] syne the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 2015|2015 general election]], whan she won a majority o 10,100 votes (18.3%); she retained the seat in [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 2017|2017]] wi a nairae majority o 266 (0.5%). She demittit at the 2024 Unitit Kinrick general walin.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Crawley, Angela}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Glesga]]
[[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Stirlin]]
[[Category:Female members o the Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick for Scots constituencies]]
[[Category:LGBT politeecians frae Scotland]]
[[Category:Members o the Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick for Scots constituencies]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Hamiltoun, Sooth Lanrikshire]]
[[Category:Scots National Pairty cooncillors]]
[[Category:Scots National Pairty MPs]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2015–2017]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2017–2019]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2019–]]
[[Category:21st-century weemen politeecians]]

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  <page>
    <title>Marion Fellows</title>
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{{Infobox officeholder
|name             = Marion Fellows
|honorific-suffix = [[Member o Pairlament|MP]]
|image            = Marion Fellows.jpg
|office           = [[Member o Pairlament]]&lt;br&gt;for [[Mitherwall an Wishae (UK Pairlament constituency)|Mitherwall an Wishae]]
|term_start       = 8 Mey 2015
|term_end         = 4 Julie 2024
|predecessor      = [[Frank Roy]]
|successor        = 
|majority         = 318 (0.7%)
|birth_date       = {{birth date and age|1949|5|5|df=y}}
|birth_place      = 
|death_date       = 
|death_place      = 
|party            = [[Scots Naitional Pairty]]
|alma_mater       = [[Heriot-Watt Varsity]]
}}
'''Marion Fellows''' (born 5 Mey 1949) is a [[Scots Naitional Pairty]] (SNP) politeecian. At the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 2015|2015 general election]], she won the [[Mitherwall]] an [[Wishae]] seat wi a majority o 11,898 (24.6%). She retained her seat at the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 2017|2017 election]] wi a reduced majority. She wis defeatit at the 2024 Unitit Kinrick general walin.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fellows, Marion}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Female members o the Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick for Scots constituencies]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:Members o the Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick for Scots constituencies]]
[[Category:Fowk eddicatit at the Mary Erskine School]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Wishae]]
[[Category:Place o birth missin (livin fowk)]]
[[Category:Scots National Pairty cooncillors]]
[[Category:Scots National Pairty MPs]]
[[Category:Scots tred unionists]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2015–2017]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2017–2019]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2019–]]
[[Category:21st-century weemen politeecians]]</text>
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{{Infobox officeholder
|name             = Marion Fellows
|honorific-suffix = [[Member o Pairlament|MP]]
|image            = Marion Fellows.jpg
|office           = [[Member o Pairlament]]&lt;br&gt;for [[Mitherwall an Wishae (UK Pairlament constituency)|Mitherwall an Wishae]]
|term_start       = 8 Mey 2015
|term_end         = 4 Julie 2024
|predecessor      = [[Frank Roy]]
|successor        = 
|majority         = 318 (0.7%)
|birth_date       = {{birth date and age|1949|5|5|df=y}}
|birth_place      = 
|death_date       = 
|death_place      = 
|party            = [[Scots Naitional Pairty]]
|alma_mater       = [[Heriot-Watt Varsity]]
}}
'''Marion Fellows''' (born 5 Mey 1949) is a [[Scots Naitional Pairty]] (SNP) politeecian. At the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 2015|2015 general election]], she won the [[Mitherwall]] an [[Wishae]] seat wi a majority o 11,898 (24.6%). She retained her seat at the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 2017|2017 election]] wi a reduced majority. She wis defeatit at the 2024 Unitit Kinrick general walin.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fellows, Marion}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Female members o the Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick for Scots constituencies]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:Members o the Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick for Scots constituencies]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Wishae]]
[[Category:Place o birth missin (livin fowk)]]
[[Category:Scots National Pairty cooncillors]]
[[Category:Scots National Pairty MPs]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2015–2017]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2017–2019]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2019–]]
[[Category:21st-century weemen politeecians]]</text>
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{{Infobox officeholder
|name             = Marion Fellows
|honorific-suffix = [[Member o Pairlament|MP]]
|image            = Marion Fellows.jpg
|office           = [[Member o Pairlament]]&lt;br&gt;for [[Mitherwall an Wishae (UK Pairlament constituency)|Mitherwall an Wishae]]
|term_start       = 8 Mey 2015
|term_end         = 4 Julie 2024
|predecessor      = [[Frank Roy]]
|successor        = 
|majority         = 318 (0.7%)
|birth_date       = {{birth date and age|1949|5|5|df=y}}
|birth_place      = 
|death_date       = 
|death_place      = 
|party            = [[Scots Naitional Pairty]]
|alma_mater       = [[Heriot-Watt Varsity]]
}}
'''Marion Fellows''' (born 5 Mey 1949) is a [[Scots Naitional Pairty]] (SNP) politeecian. At the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 2015|2015 general election]], she won the [[Mitherwall]] an [[Wishae]] seat wi a majority o 11,898 (24.6%). She retained her seat at the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 2017|2017 election]] wi a reduced majority. She wis defeatit at the 2024 Unitit Kinrick general walin.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fellows, Marion}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Female members o the Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick for Scots constituencies]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:Members o the Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick for Scots constituencies]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Wishae]]
[[Category:Place o birth missin (livin fowk)]]
[[Category:Scots National Pairty cooncillors]]
[[Category:Scots National Pairty MPs]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2015–2017]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2017–2019]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2019–]]
[[Category:21st-century weemen politeecians]]

{{stub/scotpol}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Annabelle Ewing</title>
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        <username>Atlantic306</username>
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      <text bytes="3863" sha1="39ijrpe2n6xo6hrx7zjn0eayb1jfq5e" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox MP
|honorific-prefix = 
|name         = Annabelle Ewing
|honorific-suffix = [[Member o the Scots Pairlament|MSP]]
|image        = AnnabelleEwingMSP20110510.JPG
| office1 = Meenister for Community Sauftie an Legal Affairs
| term_start1 = 18 Mey 2016
| term_end1 = 26 Juie 2018
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 = 
| office2 = Meenister for Youth an Weemen's Employment
| term_start2 = 21 November 2014
| term_end2 = 18 Mey 2016
| predecessor2 = [[Angela Constance]] (as Meenister for Youth Employment till 22 Apryle 2014)
| successor2 = [[Jamie Hepburn]] (as Meenister for Employability an Trainin)
| office3 = Depute Convener o the &lt;br&gt;[[Scots Pairlament]]&lt;br&gt; [[Committees o the Scots Pairlament|Rural Affairs, Climate Chynge an Environment Committee]]
| term_start3 = 15 Juin 2011
| term_end3 = 21 November 2014
| convener3 = [[Rob Gibson]]
| predecessor3 = [[John Scott (Scots politeecian)|John Scott]] &lt;small&gt; (as Depute Convener o the Rural Affairs an Environment Committee)&lt;/small&gt;
| successor3 = 
| office4 = [[Member o the Scots Pairlament]]&lt;br&gt;for [[Coudenbeith (Scots Pairlament constituency)|Coudenbeith]]
| parliament4 = Scots
| majority4 = 3,041
| term_start4 = 6 Mey 2016
| term_end4 = 
| predecessor4 = [[Alex Rowley]]
| successor4 = 
| office5 = [[Member o the Scots Pairlament]]&lt;br&gt;for [[Mid Scotland an Fife (Scots Pairlament electoral region)|Mid Scotland an Fife]]
| parliament5 = Scots
| majority5 = 
| term_start5 = 5 Mey 2011
| term_end5 = 23 Mairch 2016
| predecessor5 = 
| successor5 = 
|office6 = [[Member o Pairlament (Unitit Kinrick)|Member o Pairlament]]&lt;br&gt;for [[Perth (UK Pairlament constituency)|Perth]]
|parliament6   = 
|majority6     = 
|term_start6   = 7 June 2001
|term_end6    = 11 April 2005
|predecessor6  = [[Roseanna Cunningham]]
|successor6    = [[Boundary Commissions (Unitit Kinrick)|Constituency abolished]]
|birth_date   = {{birth date and age|1960|08|20|df=yes}}
|birth_place  = 
|death_date   = 
|death_place  = 
|restingplace = 
|birthname    = 
|nationality  =[[Unitit Kinrick|Scots]] 
|party        = [[Scots Naitional Pairty]]
|otherparty   = 
|spouse       = 
|children     = 
|parents      = [[Winnie Ewing]]&lt;br/&gt;Stewart Ewing
|relatives    = [[Fergus Ewing]] (brither)
|residence    = 
|alma_mater   = [[Varsity o Glesga]]
|occupation   = 
|profession   = [[Soleecitor]]
|cabinet      = 
|committees   = 
|portfolio    = 
|signature    = 
|signature_alt= 
|website      = [http://www.snp-annabelle-ewing.org/ Official website]
|footnotes    = 
}}
'''Annabelle Janet Ewing'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Ewing, Annabelle Janet, (born 20 Aug. 1960), solicitor; Member (SNP) Cowdenbeath, Scottish Parliament, since 2016 (Scotland Mid and Fife, 2011–16); Minister for Community Safety and Legal Affairs, since 2016|date=2007-12-01|url=http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U42274/|work=Who's Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U42274|access-date=2018-07-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; (born 20 August 1960) is a Scots politeecian.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ewing, Annabelle}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:Politeecians frae Glesga]]
[[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Glesga]]
[[Category:Scots weemen lawers]]
[[Category:Scots lawers]]
[[Category:Members o the Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick for Scots constituencies]]
[[Category:Scots National Pairty MPs]]
[[Category:Female members o the Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick for Scots constituencies]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2001–2005]]
[[Category:Scots National Pairty MSPs]]
[[Category:Members o the Scots Pairlament 2011–16]]
[[Category:Members o the Scots Pairlament 2016–]]
[[Category:Female members o the Scots Pairlament]]
[[Category:Meenisters o the Scots Govrenment]]
[[Category:Weemen members o the Scots Govrenment]]
[[Category:21st-century weemen politeecians]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3881" sha1="kvpebjsztoowxs7hbtfrdt5dhjtnaq4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox MP
|honorific-prefix = 
|name         = Annabelle Ewing
|honorific-suffix = [[Member o the Scots Pairlament|MSP]]
|image        = AnnabelleEwingMSP20110510.JPG
| office1 = Meenister for Community Sauftie an Legal Affairs
| term_start1 = 18 Mey 2016
| term_end1 = 26 Juie 2018
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 = 
| office2 = Meenister for Youth an Weemen's Employment
| term_start2 = 21 November 2014
| term_end2 = 18 Mey 2016
| predecessor2 = [[Angela Constance]] (as Meenister for Youth Employment till 22 Apryle 2014)
| successor2 = [[Jamie Hepburn]] (as Meenister for Employability an Trainin)
| office3 = Depute Convener o the &lt;br&gt;[[Scots Pairlament]]&lt;br&gt; [[Committees o the Scots Pairlament|Rural Affairs, Climate Chynge an Environment Committee]]
| term_start3 = 15 Juin 2011
| term_end3 = 21 November 2014
| convener3 = [[Rob Gibson]]
| predecessor3 = [[John Scott (Scots politeecian)|John Scott]] &lt;small&gt; (as Depute Convener o the Rural Affairs an Environment Committee)&lt;/small&gt;
| successor3 = 
| office4 = [[Member o the Scots Pairlament]]&lt;br&gt;for [[Coudenbeith (Scots Pairlament constituency)|Coudenbeith]]
| parliament4 = Scots
| majority4 = 3,041
| term_start4 = 6 Mey 2016
| term_end4 = 
| predecessor4 = [[Alex Rowley]]
| successor4 = 
| office5 = [[Member o the Scots Pairlament]]&lt;br&gt;for [[Mid Scotland an Fife (Scots Pairlament electoral region)|Mid Scotland an Fife]]
| parliament5 = Scots
| majority5 = 
| term_start5 = 5 Mey 2011
| term_end5 = 23 Mairch 2016
| predecessor5 = 
| successor5 = 
|office6 = [[Member o Pairlament (Unitit Kinrick)|Member o Pairlament]]&lt;br&gt;for [[Perth (UK Pairlament constituency)|Perth]]
|parliament6   = 
|majority6     = 
|term_start6   = 7 June 2001
|term_end6    = 11 April 2005
|predecessor6  = [[Roseanna Cunningham]]
|successor6    = [[Boundary Commissions (Unitit Kinrick)|Constituency abolished]]
|birth_date   = {{birth date and age|1960|08|20|df=yes}}
|birth_place  = 
|death_date   = 
|death_place  = 
|restingplace = 
|birthname    = 
|nationality  =[[Unitit Kinrick|Scots]] 
|party        = [[Scots Naitional Pairty]]
|otherparty   = 
|spouse       = 
|children     = 
|parents      = [[Winnie Ewing]]&lt;br/&gt;Stewart Ewing
|relatives    = [[Fergus Ewing]] (brither)
|residence    = 
|alma_mater   = [[Varsity o Glesga]]
|occupation   = 
|profession   = [[Soleecitor]]
|cabinet      = 
|committees   = 
|portfolio    = 
|signature    = 
|signature_alt= 
|website      = [http://www.snp-annabelle-ewing.org/ Official website]
|footnotes    = 
}}
'''Annabelle Janet Ewing'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Ewing, Annabelle Janet, (born 20 Aug. 1960), solicitor; Member (SNP) Cowdenbeath, Scottish Parliament, since 2016 (Scotland Mid and Fife, 2011–16); Minister for Community Safety and Legal Affairs, since 2016|date=2007-12-01|url=http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U42274/|work=Who's Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U42274|access-date=2018-07-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; (born 20 August 1960) is a Scots politeecian.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ewing, Annabelle}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:Politeecians frae Glesga]]
[[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Glesga]]
[[Category:Scots weemen lawers]]
[[Category:Scots lawers]]
[[Category:Members o the Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick for Scots constituencies]]
[[Category:Scots National Pairty MPs]]
[[Category:Female members o the Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick for Scots constituencies]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2001–2005]]
[[Category:Scots National Pairty MSPs]]
[[Category:Members o the Scots Pairlament 2011–16]]
[[Category:Members o the Scots Pairlament 2016–]]
[[Category:Female members o the Scots Pairlament]]
[[Category:Meenisters o the Scots Govrenment]]
[[Category:Weemen members o the Scots Govrenment]]
[[Category:21st-century weemen politeecians]]

{{stub/scotpol}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Margaret Ferrier</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>211687</id>
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      <timestamp>2025-06-10T20:48:20Z</timestamp>
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        <id>30244</id>
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      <text bytes="2230" sha1="gxibrieq27o5nhlpqh5m4hy2l1duhqy" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
|name        = Margaret Ferrier
|image=Paul Maskey with Guillermo Parera Lambert and Jorge Garcia from the Cuban Embassy and with Margaret Ferrier SNP MP (25826482333).jpg
|office      = [[Member o Pairlament (Unitit Kinrick)|Member o Pairlament]]&lt;br /&gt;for [[Ruglen an Hamiltoun Wast (UK Pairlament constituency)|Ruglen an Hamiltoun Wast]]
|term_start  = 12 December 2019
|term_end    = 2023
|predecessor = [[Gerard Killen|Ged Killen]]
|term_start2  = 8 Mey 2015
|term_end2    = 3 Mey 2017
|predecessor2 = [[Tom Greatrex]]
|successor2   = [[Gerard Killen|Ged Killen]]
|birth_date  = {{birth date and age|1960|9|10|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Glesga]], [[Scotland]]
|death_date  = 
|death_place = 
|party       = [[Scots Naitional Pairty]]
}}
'''Margaret Ferrier'''&lt;ref name=&quot;daily-record-2015-selection&quot;&gt;{{cite news | title = SNP select Margaret Ferrier as candidate for Rutherglen and Hamilton West seat in the General Election | url = http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/local-news/snp-select-margaret-ferrier-candidate-5106410 | newspaper = [[Daily Record (Scotland)|Daily Record]] / [[Rutherglen Reformer]] | first = William | last = Henshaw | date = 5 February 2015| accessdate = 1 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; (born 10 September 1960)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= Margaret Ferrier |url= http://myparliament.info/Member/4386 |website= myparliament.info |publisher= MyParliament |access-date= 11 August 2017 |archive-date= 2016-05-24 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160524030924/http://myparliament.info/Member/4386 |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; is a [[Scots Naitional Pairty]] politeecian. She wis defeatit in a 2023 by-election.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ferrier, Margaret}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Breetish weemen politeecians]]
[[Category:Female members o the Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick for Scots constituencies]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:Members o the Pairlament of the Unitit Kinrick for Scots constituencies]]
[[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Holyrood Secondary School]]
[[Category:Scots expatriates in Spain]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Glesga]]
[[Category:Scots National Pairty MPs]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2015–2017]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2019–]]

{{stub/scotpol}}</text>
      <sha1>gxibrieq27o5nhlpqh5m4hy2l1duhqy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>905819</id>
      <parentid>905818</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-10T20:49:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Atlantic306</username>
        <id>30244</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>removed red linked categories</comment>
      <origin>905819</origin>
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      <text bytes="2088" sha1="57cby23kfwnw3n2g0qzjyjcqd1ppcrw" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
|name        = Margaret Ferrier
|image=Paul Maskey with Guillermo Parera Lambert and Jorge Garcia from the Cuban Embassy and with Margaret Ferrier SNP MP (25826482333).jpg
|office      = [[Member o Pairlament (Unitit Kinrick)|Member o Pairlament]]&lt;br /&gt;for [[Ruglen an Hamiltoun Wast (UK Pairlament constituency)|Ruglen an Hamiltoun Wast]]
|term_start  = 12 December 2019
|term_end    = 2023
|predecessor = [[Gerard Killen|Ged Killen]]
|term_start2  = 8 Mey 2015
|term_end2    = 3 Mey 2017
|predecessor2 = [[Tom Greatrex]]
|successor2   = [[Gerard Killen|Ged Killen]]
|birth_date  = {{birth date and age|1960|9|10|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Glesga]], [[Scotland]]
|death_date  = 
|death_place = 
|party       = [[Scots Naitional Pairty]]
}}
'''Margaret Ferrier'''&lt;ref name=&quot;daily-record-2015-selection&quot;&gt;{{cite news | title = SNP select Margaret Ferrier as candidate for Rutherglen and Hamilton West seat in the General Election | url = http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/local-news/snp-select-margaret-ferrier-candidate-5106410 | newspaper = [[Daily Record (Scotland)|Daily Record]] / [[Rutherglen Reformer]] | first = William | last = Henshaw | date = 5 February 2015| accessdate = 1 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; (born 10 September 1960)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= Margaret Ferrier |url= http://myparliament.info/Member/4386 |website= myparliament.info |publisher= MyParliament |access-date= 11 August 2017 |archive-date= 2016-05-24 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160524030924/http://myparliament.info/Member/4386 |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; is a [[Scots Naitional Pairty]] politeecian. She wis defeatit in a 2023 by-election.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ferrier, Margaret}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Breetish weemen politeecians]]
[[Category:Female members o the Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick for Scots constituencies]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:Scots expatriates in Spain]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Glesga]]
[[Category:Scots National Pairty MPs]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2015–2017]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2019–]]

{{stub/scotpol}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Scott Morrison</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232334</id>
    <revision>
      <id>905808</id>
      <parentid>905788</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-10T20:28:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Atlantic306</username>
        <id>30244</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>ref section</comment>
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      <text bytes="685" sha1="qw511yzlmngzr74ds5zuuvw306glhou" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Scott Morrison portrait.jpg|thumb|Morrison i 2021]]
'''Scott John Morrison''' (born 13 May 1968) is an Australian former politician wha servit as the 30th prime minister o [[Austrailie]] from 2018 tae 2022. He held office as leader o the liberal party o Australie an wis the member o parliament for the New South Wales division from 2007 until 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2019-05-18|title=Morrison declares 'miracle' victory as Shorten steps down as Labor leader|language=en-AU|work=ABC News|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-05-19/federal-election-result-2019-antony-green-calls-shock-victory/11126536?future=true&amp;|access-date=2025-01-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Collogue:2 Pallas</title>
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      <timestamp>2025-06-11T07:28:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>136.60.153.235</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* is this page in Scots for anyone else? */ new section</comment>
      <origin>905824</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="219" sha1="n4gr8lp6v8frmds9iavbz1ccgbnwxko" xml:space="preserve">== is this page in Scots for anyone else? ==

this page is showing up in Scots for me for some reason [[Special:Contributions/136.60.153.235|136.60.153.235]] ([[User talk:136.60.153.235|talk]]) 07:28, 11 Juin 2025 (UTC)</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>CiphriusKane</username>
        <id>74958</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* is this page in Scots for anyone else? */</comment>
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      <text bytes="381" sha1="1dag7o30fdn4jx8xcboeqntmlsrlcj5" xml:space="preserve">== is this page in Scots for anyone else? ==

this page is showing up in Scots for me for some reason [[Special:Contributions/136.60.153.235|136.60.153.235]] ([[User talk:136.60.153.235|talk]]) 07:28, 11 Juin 2025 (UTC)
:Gien foo iss is the Scots Wikipedia, it shid be in Scots... [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 08:16, 11 Juin 2025 (UTC)</text>
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