Wikipedia scowiki https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.21 first-letter Media Special Collogue Uiser Uiser collogue Wikipedia Wikipedia collogue File File collogue MediaWiki MediaWiki collogue Template Template collogue Help Help collogue Category Category collogue Portal Portal talk Define Define talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Lunnon 0 1563 914602 909602 2026-03-30T13:05:02Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 914602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=December 2020}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Lunnon | image_skyline = London collage.jpg | imagesize = 270px | image_caption = Frae upper left: [[Ceety o Lunnon]], [[Tower Bridge]] an [[Lunnon Eye]], [[Palace o Wastmeenster]] | image_map = London (European Parliament constituency).svg | mapsize = 180px | map_caption = [[Greater Lunnon|Lunnon region]] in the Unitit Kinrick |settlement_type = | subdivision_type = [[Leet o sovereign states|Sovereign state]] | subdivision_name = [[Unitit Kinrick]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Kintras o the Unitit Kinrick|Kintra]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Ingland]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Regions o Ingland|Region]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Greater Lunnon|Lunnon]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Ceremonial coonties o Ingland|Ceremonial coonties]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Ceety o Lunnon|Ceety]] an [[Greater Lunnon]] | subdivision_type4 = [[Destricts o England|Destricts]] | subdivision_name4 = [[Ceety o Lunnon|Ceety]] an [[Lunnon burgh|32 burghs]] | seat_type = Heidquairters | seat = [[City Hall (Lunnon)|City Hall]] | leader_title = Regional authority | leader_name = [[Greater Lunnon Authority]] | leader_title1 = [[Regional assembly (Ingland)|Regional assembly]] | leader_name1 = [[Lunnon Assembly]] | leader_title2 = [[Mayor o Lunnon]] | leader_name2 = [[Sadiq Khan]] | leader_title3 = [[Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick|UK Pairlament]]<br />*Lunnon&nbsp;Assembly<br />*[[European Pairlament]] | leader_name3 = [[Leet o Pairlamentary constituencies in Lunnon|74 constituencies]]<br />[[Lunnon Assembly constituencies|14 constituencies]]<br />[[Lunnon (European Parliament constituency)|Lunnon constituency]] | established_title = Settled bi [[Roman Empire|Romans]] | established_date = as [[Roman Lunnon|Londinium]], c. 43 AD | aurie_magnitude = | aurie_total_sq_mi = 607 | population_as_of = | population_footnotes =<ref>http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/mro/news-release/census-result-shows-increase-in-population-of-london-as-it-tops-8-million/censuslondonnr0712.html</ref> | total_type = Lunnon | population_as_o = 2015 | population_footnotes = <ref name=gla-pop-2015>{{cite web|title=Population Growth in London, 1939–2015|url=http://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/population-change-1939-2015/resource/0a026346-960e-49e6-b968-a386d2cfe55f|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219160246/http://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/population-change-1939-2015/resource/0a026346-960e-49e6-b968-a386d2cfe55f|archive-date=2015-02-19|website=London Datastore|publisher=Greater London Authority|accessdate=7 July 2015|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> | population_total = 8,630,000 | population_density_km2 = 5,490 | population_blank1_title = [[Greater Lunnon Biggit-up Area|Urban]] | population_blank1 = 9,787,426 | population_blank2_title = [[Lunnon metropolitan area|Metro]] | population_blank2 = 13,879,757 | population_demonym = Lunnoner {{Collapsible list | title = Ethnic groups | frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; <!--NOTICE: This will hide the borders and make rows closer (padding)--> | list_style = text-align:left;display:none; | 1 = '''59.8% [[White fowk|White]]''' | 2 = 44.9% [[White Breetish]] | 3 = 2.2% [[Erse migration tae Great Breetain|White Erse]] | 4 = 12.7% [[Ither White]] | 5 = &nbsp; | 6 = '''5% [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)|Mixed]]''' | 7 = 1.5% [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)#Mixed Black Caribbean an White|Black Caribbean & White]] | 8 = 0.8% [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)#Mixed Black Caribbean an White|Black African & White]] | 9 = 1.2% [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)#Mixed South Asian an White|Sooth Asie & White]] | 10 = 1.5% [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)|Ither mixed]] | 11 = &nbsp; | 12 = '''16.9% [[Breetish Asie|Sooth Asie]]''' | 13 = 6.6% [[Breetish Indie|Indie]] | 14 = 2.7% [[Breetish Pakistanis|Pakistani]] | 15 = 2.7% [[Breetish Bangladeshi|Bangladeshi]] | 16 = 4.9% [[Breetish Asiae|Ither Sooth Asie]] | 17 = &nbsp; | 18 = '''13.3% [[Black Breetish|Black]]''' | 19 = 7% [[Black Breetish|Black African]] | 20 = 4.2% [[Breetish African-Caribbean commonty|Black Caribbean]] | 21 = 2.1% [[Ither Black (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)|Ither Black]] | 22 = &nbsp; | 23 = '''4.9% [[East Asies in the Unitit Kinrick|East Asie]] [[Classification o ethnicity in the Unitit Kinrick|or Ither]]''' | 24 = 1.5% [[Breetish Cheenese|Chinese]] | 25 = 3.4% [[Classification o ethnicity in the Unitit Kinrick|Ither]] | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5yo0HaAk7 |archivedate = 19 May 2011}} | timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | utc_offset = ±0 | timezone_DST = [[Bretish Simmer Time|BST]] | utc_offset_DST = +1 | coordinates = {{coord|51|30|26|N|0|7|39|W|region:GB|display=inline,title}} | elevation_footnotes =<ref name = Elevation>{{Cite journal |url = http://www.wunderground.com/global/stations/03772.html |title = London, United Kingdom Forecast : Weather Underground (weather and elevation at Heathrow Airport) |publisher = The Weather Underground, Inc. |accessdate = 6 June 2008 |format = online |ref = harv |archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0HaAk7?url=http://www.wunderground.com/global/stations/03772.html |archivedate = 2011-05-19 |journal = |url-status = live }}</ref> | elevation_m = 24 | postcode_type = [[Postcodes in the Unitit Kinrick|Postcode areas]] | postcode = {{postcode|E}}, {{postcode|EC}}, {{postcode|N}}, {{postcode|NW}}, {{postcode|SE}}, {{postcode|SW}}, {{postcode|W}}, {{postcode|WC}}, {{postcode|BR}}, {{postcode|CM}}, {{postcode|CR}}, {{postcode|DA}}, {{postcode|EN}}, {{postcode|HA}}, {{postcode|IG}}, {{postcode|KT}}, {{postcode|RM}}, {{postcode|SM}}, {{postcode|TN}}, {{postcode|TW}}, {{postcode|UB}}, {{postcode|WD}} | aurie_code = [[Leet o telephone exchynges in Lunnon|020, 01322, 01689, 01708, 01737, 01895, 01923, 01959, 01992]] | wabsteid = [http://www.london.gov.uk/ london.gov.uk] }} '''Lunnon''' ({{IPA-sco|ˈlʌnən|}}; {{lang-en|London}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/london?showCookiePolicy=true|title=London|accessdate=23 September 2014|publisher=Collins Dictionary|date=n.d.}}</ref>, {{IPA-endia|ˈlʌndən|}}) is the caipital an maist populous ceety o [[Ingland]] an the [[Unitit Kinrick]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html|title=The World Factbook|date=1 February 2014|work=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|accessdate=23 February 2014|archive-date=2019-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107065049/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>. Staunin on the [[River Thames]], Lunnon haes been a major dounset for twa millennia, [[History o Lunnon|its history]] that gangs back tae its foundin bi the [[Roman Empire|Romans]], wha named it ''[[Londinium]]''.<ref name=Lunnon_001>{{cite web |url= http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Permanent/RomanLondon.htm |date= n.d. |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080622181424/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Permanent/RomanLondon.htm |title= Roman London |publisher= [[Museum o Lunnon]] |archivedate= 2008-06-22 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}</ref> Lunnon's auncient core, the [[Ceety o Lunnon]], lairgely retains its {{convert|1.12|sqmi|adj=on}} [[Middle Ages|medieval]] boundaries an in 2011 haed a resident population o 7,375, makin it the smawest [[Ceety status in the Unitit Kinrick|ceety]] in Ingland. Syne the 19t century or mair, the term ''Lunnon'' haes referred tae the metropolis developed aroond this core an aa.<ref name="mills_140">{{Harvnb|Mills|2001|p=140}}</ref> The bulk o this [[conurbation]] forms the [[Greater Lunnon]] [[Metropolitan an non-metropolitan coonties o Ingland|admeenistrative area]] (coterminous wi the Lunnon [[regions o England|region]]),<ref name="region">{{cite web|url=http://www.gos.gov.uk/gol/factgol/London/?a=42496|title=Government Offices for the English Regions, Fact Files: London|publisher=Office for National Statistics|accessdate=4 May 2008|archive-date=2008-01-24|archive-url=https://archive.today/20080124102915/http://www.gos.gov.uk/gol/factgol/London/?a=42496|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref name="elcock">{{Cite book |last= Elcock |first=Howard |title=Local Government: Policy and Management in Local Authorities |url= https://archive.org/details/localgovernmentp0000elco |publisher=Routledge |location= Lunnon |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-415-10167-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/localgovernmentp0000elco/page/n368 368]|ref=harv}}</ref><ref group="note">See an aa: [[Independent ceety#National capitals|Independent ceety § National capitals]].</ref> govrened bi the [[Mayor o Lunnon]] an the [[Lunnon Assembly]].<ref name="politics_uk">{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Bill |author2=Kavanagh, Dennis|author3=Moran, Michael|author4=Norton, Philip |title=Politics UK |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsuk0000unse |publisher=Pearson Education |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4058-2411-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/politicsuk0000unse/page/868 868] |ref=harv |location=Harlow}}</ref><ref group="note">The Lunnon Mayor isnae tae be confused wi the [[Lord Mayor o Lunnon]] wha heids the [[City o Lunnon Corporation]], that administers the ceety o Lunnon.</ref> Lunnon is a leadin [[global ceety]],<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/shortcuts/2013/mar/10/london-capital-of-world-divorce-breakfast |title= London: the everything capital of the world |work=[[The Guardian]] |author= Adewunmi, Bim |date=10 March 2013 |location =Lunnon}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://moreintelligentlife.co.uk/content/ideas/john-parker/what-capital-world?page=full |title= What's The Capital Of The World? |publisher= More Intelligent Life |accessdate= 4 July 2013 |archive-date= 2013-09-22 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130922132807/http://moreintelligentlife.co.uk/content/ideas/john-parker/what-capital-world?page=full |url-status= dead }}</ref> wi strenths in the arts, commerce, eddication, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research an development, tourism, an transport aw contributing tae its prominence.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.forbes.com/pictures/edgl45ghmd/no-1-london |title= The World's Most Influential Cities 2014 |accessdate= 2 March 2015 |publisher= Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/gpci/index_e.html |title= Global Power City Index 2014 |accessdate= 2 March 2015 |publisher= Institute for Urban Strategies&nbsp;– The Mori Memorial Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/london-is-the-most-desirable-city-in-the-world-to-work-in-study-finds-9779868.html |title= London is 'the most desirable city in the world tae work in', study finds |accessdate= 2 March 2015 |publisher= The Independent}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.londonandpartners.com/media-centre/press-releases/2014/20141218london-leads-the-uk-for-worldclass-research |title= London leads the UK for world-class research |accessdate= 2 March 2015 |publisher= Lunnon & Partners |archive-date= 2019-04-01 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190401181841/https://www.londonandpartners.com/media-centre/press-releases/2014/20141218london-leads-the-uk-for-worldclass-research |url-status= dead }}</ref> It is ane o the warld's leadin [[financial centre]]s<ref name="Mastercard">{{cite web |url= http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/insights/pdfs/2008/MCWW_WCoC-Report_2008.pdf |title= Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index 2008 |publisher=Mastercard}}</ref><ref name="Global Financial Centres 10">{{cite web |url=http://zyen.com/PDF/GFCI%2010.pdf |title=Global Financial Centres 9 |publisher=[[Z/Yen]] |year=2011 |access-date=2015-06-04 |archive-date=2011-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008222617/http://zyen.com/PDF/GFCI%2010.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="forbes.com">{{cite news |url= http://www.forbes.com/2008/07/15/economic-growth-gdp-biz-cx_jz_0715powercities.html |title= World's Most Economically Powerful Cities |work= Forbes |location= New York |date= 15 July 2008 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0LhcwS?url=http://www.forbes.com/2008/07/15/economic-growth-gdp-biz-cx_jz_0715powercities.html |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}</ref> an haes the [[Leet o ceeties by GDP|fift-or saxt-lairgest metropolitan area GDP in the warld]] dependin on measurement.<ref group="note">Rankings o ceeties by metropolitan area GDP can vary as a result o differences in the definition o the boundaries an population sizes o the areas compared, exchange rate fluctuations an the method uised tae calculate throu-pit. Lunnon an [[Paris]] are o about similar size in terms o total economic throu-pit that can result in third party sources varyin as tae whit ane o thaim is defined as haein the fifth- an sixth-lairgest ceety GDP in the warld. A report by the McKinsey Global Institute published in 2012 estimatit that Lunnon had a ceety GDP o US$751.8 billion in 2010, compared tae US$764.2 billion for Paris, makkin thaim respectively the saxt- an fift-mucklemaist in the warld. A report by PricewaterhouseCoopers published in November 2009 estimatit that Lunnon haed a ceety GDP measured in purchasing power parity o US$565 billion in 2008, compared tae US$564 billion for Paris, makkin thaim respectively the fift- an saxt-mucklemaist in the warld. The McKinsey Global Institute study uised a metropolitan area wi a population o 14.9 million for Lunnon compared tae 11.8 million for Paris, while the PricewaterhouseCoopers study uised a metropolitan area wi a population o 8.59 million for Lunnon compared tae 9.92 million for Paris.</ref><ref name=forpolgdp>{{cite news |url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/08/13/the_most_dynamic_cities_of_2025 |title=The Most Dynamic Cities of 2025 |accessdate=28 September 2012 |work=Foreign Policy |date=September–October 2012 |archive-date=2012-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104144609/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/08/13/the_most_dynamic_cities_of_2025 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Global ceety GDP rankings 2008-2025">{{cite web |url=http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/Media-Library/Global-city-GDP-rankings-2008-2025-61a.aspx |title=Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025 |publisher=PricewaterhouseCoopers |accessdate=16 November 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0M2ast?url=http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/Media-Library/Global-city-GDP-rankings-2008-2025-61a.aspx |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lunnon is a warld cultural caipital.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/london-capital-of-the-world-766661.html |location=Lunnon |work=The Independent |first=Simon |last=Calder |date=22 December 2007 |title=London, capital of the world}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23389580-london-is-the-world-capital-of-the-21st-century-says-new-york.do |author= Teodorczuk, Tom |title= London is the world capital of the 21st century&nbsp;... says New York |work= Lunnon Evening Standard |date= 20 March 2007 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |archive-date= 2009-11-25 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091125151618/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23389580-london-is-the-world-capital-of-the-21st-century-says-new-york.do |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www2.lse.ac.uk/newsAndMedia/news/archives/2008/culturecapital.aspx |title=London is world capital of culture says LSE expert |publisher=Lunnon School o Economics |date=11 March 2008 |access-date=2015-06-04 |archive-date=2011-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118132607/http://www2.lse.ac.uk/newsAndMedia/news/archives/2008/culturecapital.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/get-involved/consultations/current-consultations/cultural-strategy |title=Cultural Strategy |publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority |date=6 September 2010 |accessdate=10 February 2012 |archive-date=2012-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209210256/http://www.london.gov.uk/get-involved/consultations/current-consultations/cultural-strategy |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is the warld's maist-visitit ceety as measured by international arrivals<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/london-tops-ranking-of-destination-cities-2291794.html |title= London tops ranking of destination cities |accessdate=12 June 2012 |newspaper =The Independent |location =Lunnon |date=1 June 2011}}</ref> an haes the [[World's busiest ceety airport systems by passenger traffic|warld's lairgest ceety airport system]] measured bi passenger traffic.<ref name=capa1>{{cite web |url= http://www.centreforaviation.com/analysis/beijing-to-overtake-london-as-worlds-largest-aviation-hub-massive-new-airport-planned-58776 |title= Beijing tae overtake london as world's largest aviation hub |accessdate=12 June 2012 |publisher=Centre for Aviation}}</ref> Lunnon's 43 varsities form the lairgest concentration o higher education institutes in Europe.<ref name="Lunnon2">{{cite press release |date=20 August 2008 |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/media/press_releases_mayoral/number-international-students-london-continues-grow |title=Number of international students in London continues tae grow |publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0OvJq8?url=http://www.london.gov.uk/media/press_releases_mayoral/number-international-students-london-continues-grow |archivedate=2011-05-19 |access-date=2015-06-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In [[2012 Simmer Olympics|2012]], Lunnon became the first ceety tae host the modren [[Simmer Olympic Gemmes]] three times.<ref name=IOC>{{cite web |url= http://www.olympic.org/media?calendartab=1&articleid=52922 |title=IOC elects London as the Host City of the Games of the XXX Olympiad in 2012 |date=6 July 2005 |publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]] |accessdate=3 June 2006}}</ref> Lunnon haes a diverse range o fowk an culturs, an mair nor 300 leids is spoken wiin Greater Lunnon.<ref name=Lunnon_006>{{cite web |url= http://www.cilt.org.uk/faqs/langspoken.htm |title= Languages spoken in the UK population |publisher= National Centre for Language |accessdate= 6 June 2008 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0PFX8H?url=http://www.cilt.org.uk/faqs/langspoken.htm |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= dead }}</ref> The [[Greater Lunnon Authority]] estimatit its population tae be 8.63 million in 2015,<ref name=gla-pop-2015/> the lairgest o ony [[lairgest ceeties o the European Union by population wiin ceety limits|municipality in the European Union]],<ref name="lairgest_city_eu">{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=384 |title=Largest EU City. Over 7&nbsp;million residents in 2001 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |accessdate=28 June 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5Qd8V9JhM?url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=384 |archivedate=2007-07-26 |url-status=live }}</ref> an accoonting for 12.5 percent o the UK population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.london.gov.uk/datastore/applications/focus-london-population-and-migration |title=Focus on London&nbsp;– Population and Migration &#124; London DataStore |publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority |accessdate=10 February 2012 |archive-date=2010-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101016225915/http://data.london.gov.uk/datastore/applications/focus-london-population-and-migration |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Greater Lunnon Urban area|Lunnon's urban area]] is the seicont [[lairgest urban areas o the European Union|maist populous in the EU]], efter [[Paris]], wi 9,787,426 indwallers accordin tae the 2011 census.<ref name="urbanpopulation">{{cite web | url=http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/articles/747.aspx|title=2011 Census – Built-up areas| publisher=[[Office for National Statistics|ONS]] | accessdate=29 June 2013}}</ref> The [[Lunnon metropolitan area|ceety's metropolitan area]] is the ane o the [[Leet o metropolitan areas in Europe|maist populous in Europe]] wi 13,614,409 indwallers,{{refn|According tae the [[Eurostat|European Statistical Agency]], Lunnon has the lairgest [[lairger Urban Zones|lairger Urban Zone]] that uises [[conurbation]]s an areas o heich population as its definition. A [[lairgest ceeties o the European Union by population wiin ceety limits|ranking o population]] wiin municipal boundaries places Lunnon first. Houaniver, the [[University o Avignon]] in France claims that Paris is first an Lunnon second whan includin the hale urban areaan [[hinterland]], that is the [[lairgest urban areas o the European Union|outlying ceeties as well]].|group=note}}<ref name="appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu show">{{cite web |url= http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=met_pjanaggr3&lang=en |title= Metropolitan Area Populations |publisher=Eurostat |date=30 August 2012 |accessdate=4 May 2013}}</ref> while the [[Greater Lunnon Authority]] pits the population o Lunnon metropolitan region at 21 million.<ref>[http://www.london.gov.uk/thelondonplan/introduction/positioning.jsp The London Plan – Introduction – Positioning London] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407025007/http://www.london.gov.uk/thelondonplan/introduction/positioning.jsp |date=2014-04-07 }}. Greater Lunnon Authority. Retrieved 12 July 2013.</ref> Lunnon wis the [[warld's lairgest ceeties|warld's maist populous ceety]] frae aroond 1831 tae 1925.<ref name=Lunnon_030>{{cite web |url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/i-m/london4.html |title=London: The greatest city |publisher=Channel 4 |accessdate=12 October 2008 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0g3KOn?url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/i-m/london4.html |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> Lunnon conteens fower [[Warld Heritage Steid]]s: the [[Touer o Lunnon]]; [[Kew Gardens]]; the site comprisin the [[Pailace o Wastmeenster]], [[Westminster Abbey]], an [[St Margaret's, Westminster|St Margaret's Kirk]]; an the historic dounset o [[Greenwich]] (in whilk the [[Royal Observatory, Greenwich]] marks the [[Prime Meridian]], 0° [[langitude]], an [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]]).<ref name=Lunnon_005>{{cite web |url= http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/gb|title=Lists: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |accessdate=26 November 2008}}</ref> Ither famous laundmerks include [[Buckingham Palace]], the [[Lunnon Ee]], [[Piccadilly Circus]], [[St Paul's Cathedral]], [[Tower Bridge]], [[Trafalgar squerr]], an [[The Shard]]. Lunnon is home tae numerous [[Leet o museums in Lunnon|museums]], galleries, libraries, [[Sport in Lunnon|sporting events]] an ither cultural institutions, includin the [[British Museum]], [[National Gallery]], [[Tate Modern]], [[British Library]] an 40 [[West End theatre|West End]] theatres.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.whatsonstage.com/index.php?pg=207&story=E8821201275286&title=West+End+Must+Innovate+to+Renovate%2C+Says+Report |title=West End Must Innovate tae Renovate, Says Report |accessdate=15 November 2010 |work=What's On Stage |date=25 January 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0S4x3M?url=http://www.whatsonstage.com/index.php?pg=207 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |location=Lunnon |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Lunnon Unnergrund]] is the auldest unnerground railway network in the warld.<ref name=Metro150>{{cite news |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-20641351 |title=Oyster card celebrates 150th Tube anniversary |work=BBC News |date=10 December 2012 |accessdate=10 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="railwaygazette.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/shanghai-now-the-worlds-longest-metro.html |title=Shanghai now the world's longest metro |date=4 May 2010 |work=[[Railway Gazette International]] |accessdate=4 May 2010 |location=Lunnon |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0Tj3yO?url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/shanghai-now-the-worlds-longest-metro.html |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> == History == ===Toponymy=== [[File:London Thames Sunset panorama - Feb 2008.jpg|thumb|300px|The name ''Lunnon'' mey derive frae the [[River Thames]]]] The [[etymology o Lunnon|etymology o ''Lunnon'']] is uncertain.<ref name="mills_139">{{Harvnb|Mills|2001|p=139}}</ref> It is an auncient name, foond in soorces frae the 2nt century. It is recorded c. 121 as ''[[Londinium]]'', that pynts tae [[Romano-British]] origin.<ref name="mills_139"/> The earliest attemptit explanation, nou disregarded, is attributit tae [[Geoffrey o Monmouth]] in ''[[Historia Regum Britanniae]]''.<ref name="mills_139"/> This haed it that the name originatit frae a supposed [[Lud son o Heli|Keeng Lud]], wha haed allegedly takken ower the ceety an named it ''Kaerlud''.<ref name=Lunnon_009>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/02/books/chapters/02-1st-ackro.html?ex=1225339200&en=b9c2c11ad6e1f435&ei=5070&pagewanted=3|title=London|last=Ackroyd|first=Peter|work=The New York Times |accessdate=28 October 2008 | date=2 December 2001|isbn=978-0-7011-7279-4}}</ref> Frae 1898, it wis commonly acceptit that the name wis o [[Celts|Celtic]] origin an meant ''place belangin tae a man cawed *Londinos''; this explication haes syne been rejeckit.<ref name="mills_139"/> [[Richard Coates]] pit forrit an explication in 1998 that it is derived frae the pre-Celtic [[Auld European hydronymy|Auld European]] ''*(p)lowonida'', meanin 'burn ower wide for tae ford', an suggestit that this wis a name gien tae the pairt o the [[River Thames]] that rins throu Lunnon; frae this, the dounset gained the Celtic form o its name, ''*Lowonidonjon'';<ref name=coates>{{Cite journal|last=Coates|first=Richard|year=1998|title=A new explanation of the name of London|journal=Transactions o the Philological Society|volume=96|issue=2|pages=203–229|url=http://www.doi.org/10.1111/1467-968X.00027|doi=10.1111/1467-968X.00027|ref=harv|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0UqnAy?url=http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1467-968X.00027|archivedate=2011-05-19|access-date=2019-10-24|url-status=live}}</ref> this requires quite a serious amendment houiver. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form ''Londinium'' wi the modren Welsh ''Llundain'', that should demand a form ''*(h)lōndinion'' (as opposed tae *londīnion), frae earlier ''*loundiniom''. The possibility canna be ruled oot that the Welsh name wis borrowed back in frae Inglis at a later date, an for that raison canna be uised as a basis frae that tae reconstruct the oreeginal name. Til 1889, the name "Lunnon" offeecially anerly applee'd tae the [[Ceety o Lunnon]] but syne then it haes referred tae the [[Coonty o Lunnon]], an nou [[Greater Lunnon]] an aa.<ref name="mills_140"/> ===Prehistory=== Twa recent discoveries indicate probable vera auld settlements near the Thames in the Lunnon area. In 1999, the remains o a [[Bronze Age]] bridge war foond on the foreshore north o [[Vauxhall Bridge]].<ref name="Denison">{{cite journal|last=Denison|first=Simon|title=First 'London Bridge' in River Thames at Vauxhall|journal=British Archaeology|date=July 1999|issue=46|url=http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba46/ba46news.html|accessdate=15 April 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0WdLQ0?url=http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba46/ba46news.html|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> This brig aither gaed athort the Thames, or gaed tae a nou lost island in the burn. Dendrology datit the timbers tae 1500 BC.<ref name="Denison"/> In 2010 the foundations o a lairge timmer structur, datit tae 4500 BC, war foond on the Thames foreshore, sooth o Vauxhall Bridge.<ref name="Milne">{{cite web|last=Milne|first=Gustav|title=London's Oldest Foreshore Structure!|url=http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/frog-blog/london-s-oldest-find-discovered-at-vauxhall|work=Frog Blog|publisher=Thames Discovery Programme|accessdate=15 April 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0WtZpl?url=http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/frog-blog/london-s-oldest-find-discovered-at-vauxhall|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> The function o the mesolithic structur is nae kent. Baith structures are on South Bank, at a naitural crossin pynt whaur the [[River Effra]] flows intae the River Thames.<ref name="Milne"/> ===Roman Lunnon=== [[File:Map of London, 1300.svg|thumb|In 1300, the [[Ceety o Lunnon|Ceety]] wis still confined wiin the [[Lunnon Waw|Roman walls]].]] Tho thare is evidence o scattered [[Britons (historical)|Brythonic]] settlements in the area, the first major dounset wis foondit bi the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] efter the invasion o 43&nbsp;AD.<ref name="roman">{{Cite book |title=Roman London |last=Perring |first=Dominic |year=1991 |publisher=Routledge |location=Lunnon |isbn=978-0-203-23133-3|page=1 |ref=harv }}</ref> This anerly lastit til aroond 61, whan the [[Iceni]] tribe led bi [[Boudica|Queen Boudica]] stormed it, burning it tae the grund.<ref name=Lunnon_010>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/timeline/romanbritain_timeline_noflash.shtml|title=British History Timeline&nbsp;—Roman Britain|publisher=BBC|accessdate=7 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0V1GXn?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/timeline/romanbritain_timeline_noflash.shtml|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> The next, heivy planned, incarnation o Londinium prospered an superseded [[Colchester]] as the caipital o the [[Roman Britain|Roman province]] o [[Britannia]] in 100. At its hicht in the 2nt century, Roman Lunnon haed a population o aroond 60,000. ===Anglo-Saxon Lunnon (an Viking period)=== Wi the collapse o Roman rule in the early 5t century, Lunnon ceased tae be a caipital an the walled ceety o Londinium wis effectively abandoned, awtho Roman civilisation continued in the [[St Martin-in-the-Fields]] area until aroond 450.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Past/MissingLink/Themes/TML_themes_Londinium.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108092449/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Past/MissingLink/Themes/TML_themes_Londinium.htm|archivedate=2009-01-08|publisher=Museum o Lunnon|title=The last days of Londinium|accessdate=31 March 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Frae aroond 500, an [[Anglo-Saxon]] dounset kent as [[Anglo-Saxon Lunnon|Lundenwic]] developed in the same area, slichtly tae the wast o the auld Roman ceety.<ref name=Lunnon_011>{{cite web |url= http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Past/MissingLink/Themes/TML_themes_Lundenwic.htm |title= The early years of Lundenwic |publisher= The [[Museum o Lunnon]] |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080610043903/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Past/MissingLink/Themes/TML_themes_Lundenwic.htm |archivedate= 2008-06-10 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}</ref> By aboot 680, it haed revived sufficiently tae become a major port, awtho thare is little evidence o lairge-scale production o goods. Frae the 820s the toun declined acause o repeatit [[Viking]] invasions. Thare three recordit Viking assaults on Lunnon; twa o whilk wis wun tae in 851 an 886 AD, tho thay war defeatit in the attack o 994 AD.<ref name="Viking Attacks">{{cite web|url=https://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/viking_attacklist.html?showall=1|title=Viking Attacks|publisher=web.cn.edu/kwheeler/|accessdate=24 August 2014}}</ref> [[File:Siege of London (MS 1168).jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Hoose o Lancaster|Lancastrian]] siege o Lunnon in 1471 is attacked by a [[Hoose o York|Yorkist]] sally.]] The Vikings established [[Denlaw]] ower a fair feck o the eastren an northren pairt o Ingland wi its mairch gaun frae aboot Lunnon tae [[Chester]]. It wis an area o political an geographical control imposed bi the Viking incursions that wis formally agreed tae bi the [[Dens fowk|Dens]] [[warlord]], [[Guthrum]] an wast-[[Saxon]] [[keeng]], [[Alfred the Great]] in 886 AD. Denlaw lastit in mony pairts o Ingland for centuries tae come. The ''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]'' recordit that Lunnon wis "refounded" by [[Alfred the Great]] in 886. Archaeological research shows that this involved abandonment o Lundenwic an a revival o life an tred wiin the auld Roman walls. Lunnon then grew slowly until aboot 950, efter whilk activity increased dramatically.<ref name="blackwell">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Vince|first= Alan|year=2001|title=London|encyclopedia=The Blackwell Encyclopedia o Anglo-Saxon England |publisher= Blackwell |isbn=978-0-631-22492-1}}</ref> Bi the 11t century, Lunnon wis ayont aw comparison the lairgest toun in Ingland. [[Wastmeenster Abbey]], rebiggit in the [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] style by King [[Edward the Confessor]], wis ane o the grandest kirks in Europe. [[Winchester]] haed aforehaun been the caipital o Anglo-Saxon Ingland, but frae this time on, Lunnon becam the main forum for furren traders an the base for defence in time o war. In the view o [[Frank Stenton]]: "It had the resources, an it was rapidly developing the dignity an the political self-consciousness appropriate tae a national capital."<ref>{{cite book|authorlink=Frank Stenton|last=Stenton|first= Frank|year=1971|title=Anglo-Saxon England|url=https://archive.org/details/anglosaxonenglan0000sten|pages=[https://archive.org/details/anglosaxonenglan0000sten/page/538 538]–539|publisher= Oxford University Press|edition=3rd|isbn=978-0-19-280139-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Blair |first= John |year=2001|title=Westminster|encyclopedia=The Blackwell Encyclopedia o Anglo-Saxon England|publisher= Blackwell |isbn=978-0-631-22492-1}}</ref> ===Middle Ages=== [[File:Westminster Abbey by Canaletto, 1749.jpg|thumb|left|[[Wastmeenster Abbey]], as seen in this pentin (Canaletto, 1749), is a [[World Heritage Site]] an ane o Lunnon's auldest an maist important biggins]] Follaein his victory in the [[Battle o Hastings]], [[William the Conqueror|William, Duke o Normandy]], wis crowned [[Keeng o Ingland]] in the newly finished Wastmeenster Abbey on Christmas Day 1066.<ref name=Lunnon_015>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/normans/1066_06.shtml|title=History&nbsp;– 1066&nbsp;– King William|publisher=BBC|accessdate=5 May 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0Yen4R?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/normans/1066_06.shtml|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> William biggit the [[Touer o Lunnon]], the first o the mony Norman castles in Ingland tae be rebuilt in stone, in the sootheastren corner o the ceety, tae intimidate the native indwallers.<ref name=Lunnon_016>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/architecture_02.shtml|title=A History of British Architecture&nbsp;— White Tower|last=Tinniswood|first=Adrian|authorlink=Adrian Tinniswood|publisher=BBC|accessdate=5 May 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0ZWxtH?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/architecture_02.shtml|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1097, [[William II o Ingland|William II]] began the biggin o [[Wastmeenster Hall]], close bi the abbey o the same name. The hall becam the basis o a new [[Pailace o Wastmeenster]].<ref name=Lunnon_017>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/history/building.cfm|title=UK Parliament&nbsp;— Parliament: The building|date=9 November 2007|publisher=UK Parliament|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311032051/http://www.parliament.uk/about/history/building.cfm|archivedate=2008-03-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_018>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/parliament/guide/palace.htm|title=Palace of Westminster|publisher=UK Parliament|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404171249/http://www.parliament.uk/parliament/guide/palace.htm|archivedate=2008-04-04|url-status=live}}</ref> During the 12t century, the institutions o central government, whilk haed hitherto accompanied the ryal Inglis court as it moved aroond the kintra, grew in size an sophistication an becam increasingly fixed in ane place. In maist cases this wis Wastmeenster, awtho the ryal treasury, haein been moved frae Winchester, came tae rest in the Tower. While the [[Ceety o Wastmeenster]] developed intae a true caipital in governmental terms, its distinct neighbour, the ceety o Lunnon, remained Ingland's lairgest ceety an principal commercial centre, an it flourished unner its ain unique admeenistration, the [[Ceety o Lunnonn Corporation|Corporation o Lunnon]]. In 1100, its population wis aroond 18,000; by 1300 it haed grown tae nearly 100,000.<ref name=Lunnon_019>{{Cite book|last=Schofield|first=John|last2=Vince|first2=Alan|author2-link=Alan Vince|title=Medieval Towns: The Archaeology of British Towns in Their European Setting|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|year=2003|isbn=978-0-8264-6002-8|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Qu7QLC7g7VgC&pg=PA26&lpg=PA26&dq=london+population+1100+-+1300|page=26|ref=harv}}</ref> Disaster struck during the [[Black Death]] in the mid-14t century, when Lunnon lost nearly a third o its population.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/black_01.shtml |title=Black Death |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0ZmE6P?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/black_01.shtml |archivedate=2011-05-19 |publisher=BBC History |accessdate=3 November 2008 |ref=harv |journal= |url-status=live }}</ref> Lunnon wis the focus o the [[Peasants' Revolt]] in 1381.<ref name=Lunnon_020>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/richard_ii_king.shtml|title=Richard II (1367–1400)|publisher=BBC|accessdate=12 October 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0aYnXz?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/richard_ii_king.shtml|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Air modren=== [[File:Great Fire London.jpg|thumb|The [[Great Fire o Lunnon]] destroyed mony pairts o the ceety in 1666.]] [[File:London - John Norden's map of 1593.jpg|thumb|Cairt o Lunnon in 1593. Thare is anly ane bridge athort the Thames, but pairts o Southwark on the sooth bank o the river hae been developed.]] During the [[Tudor period]] the [[Inglis Reformation|Reformation]] produced a gradual shift tae Protestantism, wi much o Lunnon passin frae kirk tae private ainership.<ref name=pevsner>[[Nikolaus Pevsner|Pevsner, Nikolaus]]. ''Lunnon I: The ceeties o Lunnon an Westminster'' rev. edition, 1962. Introduction p. 48.</ref> The traffic in [[woollen]] cloths shipped undyed an undressed frae Lunnon tae the nearby shores o the [[Law Kintras]] whaur it wis considered indispensable.<ref>J. G. Pounds (1976). "An Historical Geography o Europe 450 B.C.-A.D. 1330, Part 1330". p. 430. CUP Archive,</ref> But the tentacles o English maritime enterprise hardly extendit beyond the seas o north-wast Europe. The commercial route tae [[Italy]] an the [[Mediterranean Sea]] normally lay throu [[Antwerp]] an ower the [[Alps]]; ony ships passing throu the [[Strait o Gibraltar]] tae or frae England war likely tae be Italian or [[Dubrovnik|Ragusan]]. Upon the re-openin o the [[Netherlands]] tae English shipping in Januar 1565 thare at ance ensued a strang outburst o commercial activity.<ref>Ramsay, George Daniel (1986). The Queen's Merchants an the Revolt o the Netherlands: The End o the Antwerp Mart. Volume 2, pp. 1 an 62–63. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-1849-7</ref> The [[Royal Exchange, Lunnon|Royal Exchange]] wis foondit.<ref>The life an times o Sir Thomas Gresham, founner o the Royal Exchange: including notices o many o his contemporaries. wi illustrations, Volume 2, pages&nbsp;80–81, John William Burgon, E. Wilson, 1839.</ref> [[Mercantilism]] grew an monopoly trading companies sic as the [[East Indie Company]] war established, wi tred expanding tae the [[New World]]. Lunnon becam the principal [[North Sea]] port, wi migrants arrivin frae England an abroad. The population rose frae an estimatit 50,000 in 1530 tae aboot 225,000 in 1605.<ref name=pevsner/> In the 16t century, [[William Shakespeare]] an his contemporaries lived in Lunnon at a time o hostility tae the development o the [[Elizabethan theatre|theatre]]. By the end o the Tudor period in 1603, Lunnon wis still vera compact. Thare wis an assassination attempt on [[James I o England|James I]] in Westminster, throu the [[Gunpowder Plot]] on 5 November 1605.<ref name=Lunnon_023>{{Cite book |title=James I |url=https://archive.org/details/jamesi0000durs |last=Durston |first=Christopher|year=1993 |publisher=Routledge |location=Lunnon |isbn=978-0-415-07779-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/jamesi0000durs/page/59 59] |ref=harv }}</ref> Lunnon wis [[Bubonic plague|plagued]] by disease in the early 17t century,<ref name=Lunnon_024>{{cite web |url=http://urbanrim.org.uk/plague%20list.htm |title=A List of National Epidemics of Plague in England 1348–1665 |publisher=Urban Rim |date=4 December 2009 |accessdate=3 May 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5gVUqcycW?url=http://urbanrim.org.uk/plague%20list.htm |archivedate=2009-05-04 |url-status=live }}</ref> culminatin in the [[Great Plague o Lunnon|Great Plague]] o 1665–1666, whilk killt up tae 100,000 bodies, or a fift o the population.<ref name=Lunnon_025>{{cite web |url= http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/plague/story.html |title= Story of the plague |publisher= Channel 4 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0bPVKk?url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/plague/story.html |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}</ref> The [[Great Fire o Lunnon]] broke oot in 1666 in Pudding Lane in the ceety an quickly swept throu the widden biggins.<ref name="Samuel Pepys' Diary">{{Cite book | last = Pepys | first = Samuel | authorlink = Samuel Pepys | title = The Diary of Samuel Pepys | volume = 45: August/September 1666 | date = 2 September 1666 | origyear = 1893 | editor = [[Mynors Bright]] (decipherer) | editor2 = [[Henry B. Wheatley]] | url = http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4167/pg4167.html | ref = harv | isbn = 978-0-520-22167-3 | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0bzHYi?url=http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4167/pg4167.html | archivedate = 2011-05-19 | access-date = 2015-06-04 | url-status = live }}</ref> Rebiggin teuk ower ten year an wis supervised by [[Robert Hooke]]<ref name=Lunnon_026>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/after_fire_02.shtml |title=London After the Great Fire: Civil War and Revolution |author=Schofield, John |date=17 February 2011 |publisher=BBC History |accessdate=4 July 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0ckJxq?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/after_fire_02.shtml |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_027>{{cite web |url= http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Special/LondonsBurning/Themes/1405/ |title= Rebuilding after the fire |publisher= Museum o Lunnon |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080201204641/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Special/LondonsBurning/Themes/1405/ |archivedate= 2008-02-01 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_028>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=jX8ZAAAAIAAJ&q=rebuilding+of+london&dq=rebuilding+of+london|title=The Rebuilding of London After the Great Fire|publisher=Thomas Fiddian|year=1940|accessdate=27 April 2008}}</ref> as Surveyor o Lunnon.<ref name=Lunnon_029>The curious life o Robert Hooke, the man who measured Lunnon by Lisa Jardine</ref> In 1708 [[Christopher Wren]]'s masterpiece, [[St Paul's Cathedral]] wis completit. During the [[Georgian era]] new destricts sic as [[Mayfair]] war formed in the wast; an new brigs ower the Thames encouraged development in [[South Lunnon]]. In the east, the [[Port o Lunnon]] expanded downstream. In 1762, [[George III o Great Britain|George III]] acquired [[Buckingham Palace|Buckingham House]] an it wis enlairged ower the next 75 year. During the 18t century, Lunnon wis dogged by crime an the [[Bow Street Runners]] war established in 1750 as a professional police force.<ref>"[http://www.pbs.org/kqed/demonbarber/madding/thieftaker.html Thief Taker, Constable, Police]". Public Broadcasting Service (PBS).</ref> In tot, mair nor 200 offences war punishable by death,<ref>{{cite news |last=Jackson |first=Peter |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8181192.stm |title=Rough justice&nbsp;– Victorian style |work=BBC News |date=3 August 2009 |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> includin petty theft.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,894775,00.html |title=National Affairs: Capital punishment: a fading practice |work=Time |location=New York |date=21 March 1960 |accessdate=13 December 2011 |archive-date=2011-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011174652/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,894775,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Most childer born in the ceety died afore reakin thair third birthday.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/foundling_01.shtml |title=The Foundling Hospital |publisher=BBC History |date=17 February 2011 |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> The [[coffeehouse]] became a popular place tae debate ideas, wi growin [[literacy]] an the development o the [[prentin press]] makkin news widely available; an [[Fleet Street]] became the centre o the British press. Accordin tae Samuel Johnson: {{quote|Ye cannae fin a man, at aw intellectual, wha is willin tae leave Lunnon. Naw, Sir, whan a man is fauchelt Lunnon, he is tired o life; for there in Lunnon aw that life can afford.|[[Samuel Johnson]], 1777<ref name=Lunnon_022>{{cite web |url= http://www.samueljohnson.com/tiredlon.html |title= When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life: Samuel Johnson |ref= harv |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150522151652/http://www.samueljohnson.com/tiredlon.html |archivedate= 2015-05-22 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= dead }}</ref>}} ===Late modren an contemporary=== [[File:British recruits August 1914 Q53234.jpg|thumb|British volunteer recruits in Lunnon, August 1914]] [[File:LondonBombedWWII full.jpg|thumb|A bombed-oot Lunnon street during [[the Blitz]] o the Seicont World War]] Lunnon wis the warld's [[Leet o lairgest ceeties throughout history|lairgest ceety frae aboot 1831 tae 1925]].<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/i-m/london4.html |title=London: The greatest city |publisher=Channel 4 |accessdate=12 October 2008 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0g3KOn?url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/i-m/london4.html |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> Lunnon's overcrowded conditions led tae [[cholera]] epidemics,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/themes/publichealth/cholera.aspx |title=Hidden extras: cholera comes tae Victorian London |publisher=The Science Museum |location=Lunnon |accessdate=13 December 2011 |archive-date=2011-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213064834/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/themes/publichealth/cholera.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> claimin 14,000 lifes in 1848, an 6,000 in 1866.<ref>{{cite web |author= Brown, Robert W. |url= http://www.uncp.edu/home/rwb/london_19c.html |title= London in the Nineteenth Century |publisher= University o North Carolina at Pembroke |accessdate= 13 December 2011 |archive-date= 2011-12-30 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111230164544/http://www.uncp.edu/home/rwb/london_19c.html |url-status= dead }}</ref> risin [[traffic congestion]] led tae the creation o the warld's first local urban rail network. The [[Metropolitan Board o Works]] oversaw infrastructure expansion in the caipital an some surroondin counties; it wis abolished in 1889 when the [[Lunnon County cooncil]] wis creatit oot o those areas o the counties surroondin the caipital. [[German strategic bombin during World War I|Lunnon wis bombed bi the Germans during the First World War]] while during the Seicont World War [[the Blitz]] an ither bombin bi the German ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' killed ower 30,000 Lunnoners an destroyed lairge tracts o housing an ither biggins athort the ceety. Immediately efter the war, the [[1948 Simmer Olympics]] war held at the oreeginal [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley Stadium]], at a time when Lunnon haed barely recovered frae the war. In 1951, the [[Festeeval o Britain]] wis held on the [[Sooth Bank]]. The [[Great Smog]] o 1952 led tae the [[Clean Air Act 1956]], that endit the "[[pea soup fog]]s" for whilk Lunnon haed been notorious. Frae the 1940s onwart, Lunnon became hame tae numerous [[immigrants]], lairgely frae [[Commonweel o Nations|Commonweel]] countries lik [[Jamaica]], Indie, [[Bangladesh]] an [[Pakistan]], makkin Lunnon ane o the maist diverse ceeties in Europe. [[File:London Thames (1930).jpg|thumb|left|A view frae Victoria Touer, in late 1920s.]] Primarily stairtin in the mid-1960s, Lunnon becam a centre for the warldwide [[youth cultur]], exemplified bi the [[Swinging Lunnon]] subculture associatit wi the [[Keeng's Road]], [[Chelsea, Lunnon|Chelsea]] an [[Carnaby Street]]. The role o trendsetter wis revived in the [[punk rock|punk]] era. In 1965 Lunnon's political boundaries wis expandit tae tak intae accoont the growthe o the urban area an a new [[Greater Lunnon cooncil]] wis creatit. Throu [[The Troubles]] in Northren Ireland, Lunnon wis subjectit tae bombin attacks bi the [[Provisional IRA]]. Racial inequality wis hielichtit bi the [[1981 Brixton riot]]. Greater Lunnon's population declined steadily in the decades efter the Seicont World War, frae an estimatit peak o 8.6&nbsp;million in 1939 tae aroond 6.8&nbsp;million in the 1980s. The principal ports for Lunnon moved downstream tae [[Port o Felixstowe|Felixstowe]] an [[Port o Tilbury|Tilbury]], wi the [[Lunnon Docklands]] area becomin a focus for regeneration, includin the [[Canary Wharf]] development. This wis borne oot o Lunnon's ever-increasin role as a major international financial centre during the 1980s. The [[Thames Barrier]] wis completit in the 1980s tae pertect Lunnon against tidal surges frae the [[North Sea]]. The Greater Lunnon cooncil wis abolished in 1986, whilk left Lunnon as the anerly lairge metropolis in the warld wioot a central admeenistration. In 2000, Lunnon-wide govrenment wis restored, wi the creation o the [[Greater Lunnon Authority]]. tae celebrate the stairt o the 21st century, the [[Millennium Dome]], [[Lunnon Eye]] an [[Millennium Bridge (Lunnon)|Millennium Bridge]] war biggit. On 6 Julie 2005 Lunnon wis awairdit the [[2012 Simmer Olympics]], makkin Lunnon the first ceety tae stage the [[Olympic Gemmes]] three times.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/front_page/4655555.stm |title= London beats Paris tae 2012 Games |publisher=BBC Sport |date=6 July 2005 |accessdate=28 September 2012}}</ref> The naxt day (7 Julie 2005) Lunnon's tube network wis hit bi major bomb attacks. In Februar 2015, Greater Lunnon's population wis estimatit tae be 8.6 million, the heichest level syne 1939.<ref>{{cite web|title = London's population hits 8.6m record high|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-31082941|website = BBC News|accessdate = 2015-05-21}}</ref> ==Government== {{Politics o Lunnon}} ===Local government=== {{Main|Local government in Lunnon|History o local government in Lunnon|Leet o heads o Lunnon government}} The admeenistration o Lunnon is formed o twa tiers—a ceety-wide, strategic tier an a local tier. ceety-wide admeenistration is coordinatit bi the [[Greater Lunnon Authority]] (GLA), while local admeenistration is carried oot by 33 smawer authorities.<ref name=Lunnon_032>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/gla/|title=About the Greater London Authority|publisher=Lunnon Government|accessdate=27 September 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0hYGdz?url=http://www.london.gov.uk/gla/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> The GLA consists o twa electit components; the [[Mayor o Lunnon]], wha haes executive powers, an the [[Lunnon Assembly]], whilk scrutinises the mayor's decisions an can accept or reject the mayor's budget proposals ilka year. The headquarters o the GLA is [[City Hall (Lunnon)|City Hall]], [[Southwark]]; the mayor is [[Sadiq Khan]]. The mayor's [[statutory planning]] strategy is published as the [[Lunnon Plan]], whilk daed it's maist recent revision in 2011.<ref name=Lunnon_plan>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/planning/londonplan|title=The London Plan|publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority|accessdate=25 May 2012|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/67vG4jMg5?url=http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/planning/londonplan|archivedate=2012-05-25|url-status=live}}</ref> The local authorities are the cooncils o the 32 [[Lunnon borough]]s an the [[City o Lunnon Corporation]].<ref name=Lunnon_035>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/london/links.jsp|title=Links tae other websites&nbsp;— London boroughs|publisher=Lunnon Government|accessdate=27 September 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019055428/http://www.london.gov.uk/london/links.jsp|archivedate=2007-10-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thay are responsible for maist local services, sic as local planning, schuils, [[social work|social services]], local roads an refuse collection. Certaint functions, sic as [[Waste disposal authorities in Lunnon|waste management]], are providit throu jynt arrangements. In 2009–2010 the combined revenue expenditure by Lunnon cooncils an the GLA amountit tae juist ower £22 billion (£14.7 billion for the boroughs an £7.4 billion for the GLA).<ref>http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/statistics/pdf/1911067.pdf</ref> Policing in Greater Lunnon, except the [[City o Lunnon]], is providit bi the [[Metropolitan Police Service|Metropolitan Police Force]], overseen bi the Mayor throu the [[Mayor's Office for Policing an Crime]] (MOPAC).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/policing-crime/about-mopac |title= About MOPAC |publisher= Greater Lunnon Authority |accessdate= 4 May 2013 |archive-date= 2013-04-11 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130411075040/http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/policing-crime/about-mopac |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://policeauthority.org/Metropolitan/ |title=MPA: Metropolitan Police Authority |publisher= Metropolitan Police Authority |date=22 May 2012 |accessdate=4 May 2013}}</ref> The ceety o Lunnon haes its ain police force&nbsp;– the [[City o Lunnon Police]].<ref name="Policing">{{cite web |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/gla/policing.jsp |title=Policing |publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority |accessdate=25 August 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121173357/http://www.london.gov.uk/gla/policing.jsp |archivedate=2008-01-21 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[British Transport Police]] are responsible for police services on [[National Rail]] an [[Lunnon Unnergrund]] services.<ref name="BTP">{{cite web |url= http://www.btp.police.uk/about_us/areas.aspx |title= Areas |publisher= British Transport Police |accessdate= 25 August 2009 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0hdc31?url=http://www.btp.police.uk/about_us/areas.aspx |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= live }}</ref> The [[Lunnon Fire Brigade]] is the [[statute|statutory]] [[Fire service in the UK|fire an rescue service]] for Greater Lunnon. It is run bi the [[Lunnon Fire an Emergency Planning Authority]] an is the third lairgest fire service in the warld.<ref name="LFB">{{cite web |url=http://www.london-fire.gov.uk/WhoWeAre.asp |title=Who we are |publisher=Lunnon Fire Brigade |accessdate=25 August 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0hzveR?url=http://www.london-fire.gov.uk/WhoWeAre.asp |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[National Health Service]] [[Emergency medical services|ambulance services]] are providit bi the [[Lunnon Ambulance Service|Lunnon Ambulance Service (LAS) NHS Trust]], the lairgest free-at-the-pynt-o-uise emergency ambulance service in the warld.<ref name="LAS">{{cite web |url= http://www.londonambulance.nhs.uk/about_us.aspx |title= About us |publisher= Lunnon Ambulance Service NHS Trust |accessdate= 25 August 2009 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0iCW89?url=http://www.londonambulance.nhs.uk/about_us.aspx |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= live }}</ref> The [[Lunnon Air Ambulance]] charity operates in conjunction wi the LAS whaur required. [[Her Majesty's Coastguard]] an the [[Royal National Lifeboat Institution]] operate on the [[River Thames]],<ref name="Coastguard">{{cite web |url= http://www.mcga.gov.uk/c4mca/mcga07-home/aboutus/mcga-online/mcga-sailing-cg66/dops_-_all-cg66-stationlist.htm |title= Station list |year= 2007 |publisher= Maritime an Coastguard Agency |accessdate= 25 August 2009 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0jzXE7?url=http://www.mcga.gov.uk/c4mca/mcga07-home/aboutus/mcga-online/mcga-sailing-cg66/dops_-_all-cg66-stationlist.htm |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="Lifeboat">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1739401.stm |title=Thames lifeboat service launched |date=2 January 2002 |work=BBC News |accessdate=25 August 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0kXnz9?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1739401.stm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> whilk is unner the jurisdiction o the [[Port o Lunnon Authority]] frae [[Teddington Lock]] tae the sea.<ref name="portLunnonauthority">{{cite web |url=http://www.pla.co.uk/assets/Port_of_London_Act_1968__revised_.pdf |title=Port of London Act 1968 |accessdate=30 November 2013 |archive-date=2013-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005959/http://www.pla.co.uk/assets/Port_of_London_Act_1968__revised_.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===National government=== Lunnon is the seat o the [[Govrenment o the Unitit Kinrick]]. Mony govrenment departments are based close tae the [[Pailace o Wastmeenster]], parteecularly alang [[Whitehall]], includin the [[Prime Minister o the Unitit Kinrick|Prime Minister's]] residence at [[10 Downing Street]].<ref name=Lunnon_036>{{cite web |url= http://www.number10.gov.uk/output/Page1.asp |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080510193022/http://www.number10.gov.uk/output/Page1.asp |archivedate= 2008-05-10 |title= 10 Downing Street&nbsp;— Official Website |accessdate= 26 April 2008 |url-status= live }}</ref> The British Parliament is eften referred tae as the "Mother o Parliaments" (awtho this ''[[sobriquet]]'' wis first applied tae England itself by [[John Bright]])<ref name="Lunnon_037">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/talking_politics/96021.stm |publisher=BBC |accessdate=6 June 2008 |date=3 June 1998 |title=UK Politics: Talking Politics&nbsp;— The 'Mother of Parliaments' |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0l5vww?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/talking_politics/96021.stm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> acause it haes been the model for maist ither [[parliamentary system]]s.<ref name="Lunnon_037"/> Thare are 73 Members o Parliament (MPs) frae Lunnon, who correspond tae local parliamentary [[Leet o Parliamentary constituencies in Greater Lunnon|constituencies]] in the national [[British House o Commons|Parliament]]. As o Juin 2017, 49 are frae the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]], 21 are [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservatives]], an 3 are [[Leeberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrat]].<ref>{{cite web|title = General Election Results 2015|url = http://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/general-election-results-2015|website = Lunnon DataStore|accessdate = 2015-05-10|publisher = [[Greater Lunnon Authority]]|date = 2015-05-08}}</ref> ==Geography== {{Main|Geography o Lunnon}} ===Scope=== [[File:London, United Kingdom.JPG|thumb|Satellite view o inner Lunnon]] [[Greater Lunnon]] is the tap-level administrative subdiveesion coverin Lunnon.<ref group="note">Greater Lunnon isnae a ceety in the sense that the word applies in the Unitit Kinrick, that o havin [[Ceety status in the Unitit Kinrick|ceety status]] grantit by the Crown.</ref> The wee, ancient [[City o Lunnon]] at its core ance contained the hale dounset, but as the urban area grew the [[City o Lunnon Corporation|City Corporation]] resistit attemps tae amalgamate it wi its suburbs, causin "Lunnon" tae be defined in a nummer weys for different purposes.<ref name="chancery">{{Cite journal|author=Beavan,Charles|author2=Bickersteth, Harry|title=Reports of Cases in Chancery, Argued and Determined in the Rolls Court|publisher=Saunners an Benning|year=1865|url=http://books.google.com/?id=YFYDAAAAQAAJ|ref=harv}}</ref> Forty per cent o Greater Lunnon is covered bi the [[Lunnon postal destrict|Lunnon]] post toun, wiin whilk 'Lunnon' forms pairt o postal addresses.<ref name=Lunnon_042>{{Cite book|last=Stationery Office|title=The Inner London Letter Post|publisher=H.M.S.O|year=1980|isbn=978-0-10-251580-0|page=128|ref=harv}}</ref><ref name=map_post>{{Cite book|title=London Postcode and Administrative Boundaries|publisher=Geographers' A-Z Map Company|author=Geographers' A-Z Map Company|year=2008|edition=6|isbn=978-1-84348-592-6|ref=harv}}</ref> The Lunnon telephone [[area code]] (020) covers a lairger area, seemilar in size tae Greater Lunnon, awtho some outer destricts are omeetit an some places juist ootside are included. The Greater Lunnon boundary haes been [[Leet o Greater Lunnon boundary changes|aligned tae the M25 motorway]] in places.<ref name=Lunnon_044>{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/SI/si1993/Uksi_19930441_en_1.htm|title=The Essex, Greater London and Hertfordshire (County and London Borough Boundaries) Order|year=1993|publisher=Office o Public Sector Information|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0lyLLA?url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/SI/si1993/Uksi_19930441_en_1.htm|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> Outward urban expansion is nou preventit bi the [[Metropolitan Green Belt]],<ref name=Lunnon_040>{{Cite book|last=Dilys|first=M Hill|title=Urban Policy and Politics in Britain|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-312-22745-6|page=268|ref=harv}}</ref> awtho the biggit-up area extends beyond the boundary in places, resultin in a separately defined [[Greater Lunnon Urban area]]. Beyond this is the vast [[Lunnon commuter belt]].<ref name=Lunnon_041>{{cite web |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/assembly/reports/plansd/london_regional_200104.pdf |title=London in its Regional Setting |publisher=Lunnon Assembly |accessdate=6 June 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527193714/http://www.london.gov.uk/assembly/reports/plansd/london_regional_200104.pdf |archivedate=2008-05-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Greater Lunnon is split for some purposes intae [[Inner Lunnon]] an [[Outer Lunnon]].<ref name=Lunnon_045>{{cite book |url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1963/cukpga_19630033_en_1 |title=London Government Act 1963 |publisher=Office o Public Sector Information |accessdate=6 May 2008 |isbn=978-0-16-053895-7 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0mVCtM?url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1963/cukpga_19630033_en_1 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> The ceety is split bi the River Thames intae [[North Lunnon|North]] an [[South Lunnon|South]], wi an informal [[central Lunnon]] area in its interior. The coordinates o the nominal centre o Lunnon, tradeetionally considered tae be the oreeginal [[Eleanor Cross]] at [[Charing Cross]] near the junction o [[Trafalgar squerr]] an [[Whitehall]], are approximately {{Coord|51|30|26|N|00|07|39|W|type:city(7,000,000)_region:GB}}.<ref name=Lunnon_039>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2005/08/15/charingcross_feature.shtml|title=London&nbsp;— Features&nbsp;— Where is the Centre of London?|publisher=BBC|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5msV6aAO0?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2005/08/15/charingcross_feature.shtml|archivedate=2010-01-18|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Status=== Athin Lunnon, baith the [[City o Lunnon]] an the [[City o Westminster]] hae [[City status in the Unitit Kinrick|ceety status]] an baith the ceety o Lunnon an the remainder o Greater Lunnon is the [[Ceremonial counties o England|ceremonial counties]].<ref name=Lunnon_049>{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1997/ukpga_19970023_en_1|title=Lieutenancies Act 1997|publisher=OPSI|accessdate=7 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0mpHnm?url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1997/ukpga_19970023_en_1|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> The area o [[Metropolitan an non-metropolitan counties o England#Greater Lunnon|Greater Lunnon]] haes incorporatit area that war ance pairt o the [[Historic counties o England|historic counties]] o [[Middlesex]], [[Kent]], [[Surrey]], [[Essex]] an [[Hertfordshire]].<ref name=Lunnon_050>{{Cite book|last=Barlow|first=I. M. |title=Metropolitan Government|url=https://archive.org/details/metropolitangove0000barl|year=1991|publisher=Routledge|page=[https://archive.org/details/metropolitangove0000barl/page/n363 346]|ref=harv}}</ref> Lunnon's status as the caipital o England, an later the Unitit Kinrick, haes never been grantit or confirmed offeecially—by [[statute]] or in written form.{{refn|According tae the ''Collins English Dictionary'' definition o 'the seat o government',<ref name=Lunnon_061>(1994) ''Collins English Dictionary'', Collins Education plc.</ref> Lunnon isnae the offeecial capital o England, as England disnae hae its ain government. Accordin tae the ''Oxford English Reference Dictionary'' definition o 'the maist important toun'<ref name=Lunnon_062>''Oxford English Reference Dictionary'', Oxford English.</ref> an mony ither authorities.<ref name=Lunnon_063>"HC 501 0304.PDF" (PDF). Parliament Publications</ref>|group=note}} Its poseetion wis formed throu [[constitutional convention (political custom)|constitutional convention]], makkin its status as ''de facto'' caipital a pairt o the [[Constitution o the Unitit Kinrick|UK's unwritten constitution]]. The caipital o Ingland wis moved tae Lunnon frae [[Winchester]] as the [[Pailace o Wastmeenster]] developed in the 12t an 13t centuries tae become the permanent location o the [[Noble court|royal court]], an sicweys the political caipital o the naition.<ref name=Lunnon_060>{{Cite journal |last=Schofield |first=John |date=June 1999 |title=British Archaeology |publisher=British Archaeology |issue=45 |issn=1357-4442 |url=http://www.britarch.ac.uk/BA/ba45/ba45regs.html |accessdate=6 May 2008 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0mw1Sn?url=http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba45/ba45regs.html |archivedate=2011-05-19 |journal= |url-status=live }}</ref> Mair recently, Greater Lunnon haes been defined as a [[Regions o England|region o England]] an in this context is kent as ''Lunnon''.<ref name=region/> ===Topography=== [[File:London in snow 2 February 2009 387.jpg|thumb|The [[Victoria Memorial, Lunnon|Victoria Memorial]] in the snow in 2009]] Greater Lunnon encompasses a tot area o {{convert|1583|km2|sqmi}}, an area that haed a population o 7,172,036 in 2001 an a population density o {{convert|4542|PD/km2|PD/sqmi}}. The extendit area kent as the Lunnon Metropolitan Region or the Lunnon Metropolitan Agglomeration, comprises a tot area o {{convert|8382|km2|sqmi}} haes a population o 13,709,000 an a population density o {{convert|1510|PD/km2|PD/sqmi}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dgcl.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/lu_pour_vous/les_grandes_metropol/downloadFile/attachedFile/metropolislondres.pdf?nocache=1254397828.63 |title=Metropolis: 027 London, World Association of the Major Metropolises |accessdate=3 May 2010 |archive-date=2011-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427084411/http://www.dgcl.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/lu_pour_vous/les_grandes_metropol/downloadFile/attachedFile/metropolislondres.pdf?nocache=1254397828.63 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Modern Lunnon stauns on the [[The burn the Thames|Thames]], its primary geographical featur, a [[Navigability|navigable]] river whilk crosses the ceety frae the sooth-wast tae the east. The [[Thames Valley]] is a [[floodplain]] surroondit by gently rolling hills includin [[Parliament Hill, Lunnon|Parliament Hill]], [[Addington Hills]], an [[Primrose Hill]]. The Thames wis ance a fair bit broader, shallaer burn wi extensive [[marsh]]lands; at heich tide, its shores reakit five times thair present width.<ref name=Lunnon_065>{{cite book |url= http://books.google.com/?id=M9qvtYYhRtAC&pg=PR11&dq=thames+%22iron+age%22+london+wide+geography+shallow+marsh |title=London: A History |first=Francis|last= Sheppard | page=10 |publisher= Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-285369-1 |accessdate=6 June 2008}}</ref> Syne the [[Victorian era]] the Thames haes been extensively [[Thames Embankment|embanked]], an mony o its Lunnon [[Tributaries o the River Thames|tributaries]] nou flow [[Subterranean rivers o Lunnon|unnerground]]. The Thames is a tidal river, an Lunnon is vulnerable tae flooding.<ref name=Lunnon_066>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/yourenv/eff/1190084/natural_forces/flooding/?version=1&lang=_e|title=Flooding|publisher=UK [[Environment Agency]]|accessdate=19 June 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060215080725/http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/yourenv/eff/1190084/natural_forces/flooding/?version=1&lang=_e|archivedate=2006-02-15|url-status=live}}</ref> The threat haes increased ower time acause o a slaw but continuous rise in [[Tide|heich watter]] level bi the slow 'tilting' o Britain (up in the north an doun in the sooth) caused by [[post-glacial rebound]].<ref name=Lunnon_067>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/yourenv/eff/1190084/natural_forces/sealevels/?version=1&lang=_e|title="Sea Levels"&nbsp;– UK Environment Agency|publisher=[[Environment Agency]]|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523225152/http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/yourenv/eff/1190084/natural_forces/sealevels/?version=1&lang=_e|archivedate=2008-05-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1974, a decade o work began on the construction o the [[Thames Barrier]] athort the Thames at [[Woolwich]] tae deal wi this threat. While the barrier is expectit tae function as designed til aboot 2070, concepts for its future enlairgement or redesign is awready bein discussed.<ref>{{cite news|first=David|last=Adam|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/mar/31/thames-flood-barrier-london|title=Thames Barrier gets extra time as London's main flood defence|work=The Guardian|location=UK|date=31 March 2009|accessdate=7 November 2009|ref=harv|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0n91QT?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/mar/31/thames-flood-barrier-london|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Climate=== [[File:Summer Love of Russell Square.jpg|thumb|Average simmertime day temperatures range atween 22°C an 28°C. Awbesit uncommon, temperatures as heich as 40°C hae been recordit]] Lunnon haes a temperate [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfb&#x202f;''), seemilar tae aw o soothren Britain. Maugre its reputation as bein a rainy ceety, Lunnon receives less precipitation ({{convert|601|mm|0|abbr=on}} in a year), than [[Roum]], [[Bordeaux]], [[Toulouse]], [[Naples]] an even [[Sydney]] in Australie.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_066062_All.shtml|title=Climate statistics for Australian locations|work=bom.gov.au}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldweather.org/176/c00604.htm |title=Weather Information for Naples |publisher=Worldweather.org |date=5 October 2006 |accessdate=4 May 2013 |archive-date=2012-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105145214/http://www.worldweather.org/176/c00604.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.meteoam.it/modules.php?name=viewClinoFile&station=289&name_station=Napoli%20CapodichinoVisualizzazione tabella CLINO della stazione / CLINO Averages Listed for the station Napoli Capodichino]{{dead link|date=May 2013}}</ref><ref>[http://www.theweathernetwork.com/ The Weather Network] 18 November 2011</ref><ref>[http://france.meteofrance.com/france/climat_france?CLIMAT_PORTLET.path=climatstationn%2F31069001 Prévisions météo de Météo-France – Climat en France] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160517203416/http://france.meteofrance.com/france/climat_france?CLIMAT_PORTLET.path=climatstationn%2F31069001 |date=2016-05-17 }} 18 November 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.worldweather.org/062/c01058.htm World Weather Information Service – Toulouse] 18 November 2011</ref> Temperature extremes for aw sites in the Lunnon area range frae {{convert|40.2|°C|°F|1}} at [[Heathrow Airport]] during 19 Julie 2022 doun tae {{convert|-17.4|°C|°F|1}} at Northolt during 13 December 1981.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.personal.dundee.ac.uk/~taharley/british_weather_in_january.htm|title=January 1962 weather|accessdate=18 September 2012|archive-date=2015-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903235843/https://www.personal.dundee.ac.uk/~taharley/british_weather_in_january.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1549448971676012546|user=metoffice|title=Here are the highest temperatures across the country today 👇 At least 34 sites have exceeded the UK's previous na…|date=19 Julie 2022}}</ref> Simmers are generally warm an whiles het, Lunnon's average Julie heich is {{convert|24|°C|°F|1}}. On average, Lunnon will see 31 days abuin {{convert|25|°C|°F|1}} ilka year, an 4.2 days abuin {{convert|30.0|°C|°F|1}} ilka year. Throu the [[2003 European heat wave]] thare war 14 consecutive days abuin {{convert|30|°C|°F|1}} an 2 consecutive days whaur temperatures reakit {{convert|38|°C|°F|1}}, leadin tae hunners o heat relatit daiths.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The impact of the 2003 heat wave on daily mortality in England and Wales and the use of rapid weekly mortality estimates|journal=Eurosurveillance|volume=10|issue=7|date=1 July 2005|first1=H|last1=Johnson|first2=RS|last2=Kovats|first3=G|last3=McGregor|first4=J|last4=Stedman|first5=M|last5=Gibbs|first6=H|last6=Walton6|url=http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=558}}</ref> Winters are generally cuil an damp wi little temperature variation. Snowfall daes occur frae time tae time, an can cause traivel disruption whan this happens. Spring an hairst are mixed seasons an can be leesome. As a lairge ceety, Lunnon haes a considerable [[urban heat island]] effect,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://legacy.london.gov.uk/mayor/environment/climate-change/docs/UHI_summary_report.pdf|title=London's Urban Heat Island: A Summary for Decision Makers|publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority|date=October 2006|accessdate=29 April 2015|archive-date=2012-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816015955/http://legacy.london.gov.uk/mayor/environment/climate-change/docs/UHI_summary_report.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> makkin the centre o Lunnon at times {{convert|5|C-change|0|}} warmer than the suburbs an outskirts. The effect o this can be seen ablo whan comparin Lunnon Heathrow that is locatit {{convert|24|km}} wast o Lunnon wi the Lunnon Weather Centre that is locatit in the centre o Lunnon.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ever warmer as temperatures rival France|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1463994/Ever-warmer-as-temperatures-rival-France.html|publisher=Telegraph|date=16 May 2015}}</ref> {{Weather box |location = Lunnon Heathrow 1981-2010 |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan record high C = 17 |Feb record high C = 20 |Mar record high C = 24 |Apr record high C = 29 |May record high C = 33 |Jun record high C = 36 |Jul record high C = 37 |Aug record high C = 38 |Sep record high C = 35 |Oct record high C = 30 |Nov record high C = 21 |Dec record high C = 17 |year record high C = 38.1 |Jan high C = 8 |Feb high C = 8 |Mar high C = 11 |Apr high C = 14 |May high C = 18 |Jun high C = 21 |Jul high C = 24 |Aug high C = 23 |Sep high C = 20 |Oct high C = 16 |Nov high C = 11 |Dec high C = 8 |year high C = 15 |Jan low C = 2 |Feb low C = 2 |Mar low C = 4 |Apr low C = 6 |May low C = 9 |Jun low C = 12 |Jul low C = 14 |Aug low C = 14 |Sep low C = 11 |Oct low C = 8 |Nov low C = 5 |Dec low C = 3 |year low C = 8 |Jan record low C = -22 |Feb record low C = -10 |Mar record low C = -7 |Apr record low C = -4 |May record low C = 0 |Jun record low C = 3 |Jul record low C = 7 |Aug record low C = 7 |Sep record low C = 3 |Oct record low C = -5 |Nov record low C = -6 |Dec record low C = -12 |year record low C= -22 |Jan precipitation mm = 55.2 |Feb precipitation mm = 40.9 |Mar precipitation mm = 41.6 |Apr precipitation mm = 43.7 |May precipitation mm = 49.4 |Jun precipitation mm = 45.1 |Jul precipitation mm = 44.5 |Aug precipitation mm = 49.5 |Sep precipitation mm = 49.1 |Oct precipitation mm = 68.5 |Nov precipitation mm = 59.0 |Dec precipitation mm = 55.2 |year precipitation mm = 601.7 |Jan sun = 61.5 |Feb sun = 77.9 |Mar sun = 114.6 |Apr sun = 168.7 |May sun = 198.5 |Jun sun = 204.3 |Jul sun = 212.0 |Aug sun = 204.7 |Sep sun = 149.3 |Oct sun = 116.5 |Nov sun = 72.6 |Dec sun = 52.0 |year sun = 1632.6 |source 1= <ref name="UK Met Office" >{{cite web |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gcpsvf37b |title=London Heathrow Airport |publisher=Met Office |accessdate=17 September 2014 }}</ref> |source 2= <ref name="Britain's highest recorded temperatures for each day o the year">{{cite web |url=http://www.torro.org.uk/site/hightempsyear.php |title=British Weather Extremes: Daily Maximum Temperatures |publisher=Torro |accessdate=17 September 2014 |archive-date=2015-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824032720/http://www.torro.org.uk/site/hightempsyear.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> }} {{Weather box |location = Lunnon Weather Centre UHI |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan high C = 8.5 |Feb high C = 8.9 |Mar high C = 11.7 |Apr high C = 15.7 |May high C = 18.6 |Jun high C = 22.4 |Jul high C = 23.6 |Aug high C = 23.2 |Sep high C = 20.8 |Oct high C = 16.1 |Nov high C = 11.9 |Dec high C = 8.6 |year high C = 15.8 |Jan mean C = 6.8 |Feb mean C = 6.8 |Mar mean C = 8.8 |Apr mean C = 12.0 |May mean C = 14.8 |Jun mean C = 18.3 |Jul mean C = 19.6 |Aug mean C = 19.4 |Sep mean C = 17.3 |Oct mean C = 13.5 |Nov mean C = 10.0 |Dec mean C = 7.0 |year mean C = 12.8 |Jan low C = 5.0 |Feb low C = 4.7 |Mar low C = 5.8 |Apr low C = 8.2 |May low C = 10.9 |Jun low C = 14.1 |Jul low C = 15.5 |Aug low C = 15.5 |Sep low C = 13.7 |Oct low C = 10.9 |Nov low C = 8.0 |Dec low C = 5.4 |year low C = 9.8 |source 1= <ref name="Lunnon Weather Centre climate data" >{{cite web |url=http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?LANG=en&PLZ=_____&PLZN=_____&WMO=03779&CONT=ukuk&R=0&LEVEL=162&REGION=0003&LAND=UK&MOD=tab&ART=TMX&NOREGION=1&FMM=1&FYY=2001&LMM=12&LYY=2014 |title=London Weather Centre analysis |publisher=weatheronline.co.uk |accessdate=17 November 2014 }}</ref> |source 2= <ref name="Climate Lunnon Weather Centre" >{{cite web |url=http://www.tutiempo.net/en/Climate/London_Weather_Centre/37790.htm |title=climate: Climate London Weather Centre |publisher=Tutiempo |accessdate=17 November 2014 }}</ref> }} ===destricts=== {{Main|Leet o destricts o Lunnon}} Lunnon's vast urban area is aften descrievit uisin a set o destrict names, lik [[Bloomsbury]], [[Mayfair]], [[Wembley]] an [[Whitechapel]]. Thay are aither informal designations, reflect the names o villages that hae been absorbed by sprawl, or are superseded administrative units sic as parishes or [[Metropolitan boroughs o the County o Lunnon|umwhile boroughs]]. Siclike names hae remained in uise throu tradeetion, ilk o thaim referrin tae a local area wi its ain distinctive character, but wioot official boundaries. Syne 1965 Greater Lunnon haes been dividit intae 32 [[Lunnon borough]]s in addition tae the ancient ceety o Lunnon.<ref name=Lunnon_071>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/london-life/city-government/boroughs.jsp|title=London boroughs&nbsp;— London Life, GLA|publisher=Lunnon Government|accessdate=3 November 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213025156/http://www.london.gov.uk/london-life/city-government/boroughs.jsp|archivedate=2007-12-13|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_072>{{Cite book |last1=Dogan |first1=Mattei |first2=John D. |last2=Kasarda |title=The Metropolis Era |publisher=Sage |year=1988 |page=99 |isbn=978-0-8039-2603-5 |url= http://books.google.com/?id=_GFPAAAAMAAJ&q=1965,+32+boroughs+of+london&dq=1965,+32+boroughs+of+london |ref=harv}}</ref> The ceety o Lunnon is the main financial destrict,<ref name=Lunnon_073>{{cite web |url= http://www.london.gov.uk/london-life/business-and-jobs/financial-centre.jsp |title= London as a financial centre |publisher= Mayor o Lunnon |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080106051217/http://www.london.gov.uk/london-life/business-and-jobs/financial-centre.jsp |archivedate= 2008-01-06 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= dead }}</ref> an [[Canary Wharf]] haes recently developed intae a new financial an commercial hub in the [[Lunnon Docklands|Docklands]] tae the east. The [[West End o Lunnon|West End]] is Lunnon's main entertainment an shoppin destrict, attracting tourists.<ref name=Lunnon_075>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1608619.stm |title=West End still drawing crowds |work=BBC News |accessdate=6 June 2008 |date=22 October 2001 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0o6fkv?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1608619.stm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[West (Lunnon sub region)|West Lunnon]] includes expensive residential areas whaur properties can sell for tens o millions o pounds.<ref name=Lunnon_076>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/money/2006/apr/17/tax.g2 |title=Super Rich |date=17 April 2006 |newspaper=The Guardian |accessdate=7 June 2008 |location=Lunnon |first=James |last=Meek |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0ofbib?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/money/2006/apr/17/tax.g2 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> The average price for properties in [[Royal Borough o Kensington an Chelsea|Kensington an Chelsea]] is ower £2 million wi a seimilarly heich outlay in maist o [[central Lunnon]].<ref name="Lunnon's Properties">{{cite web|url=http://www.rbkc.gov.uk/planningandconservation/planningpolicy/idoc.ashx%3Fdocid%3Dbf56bda1-575c-435b-92ac-9a71625c1746%26version%3D-1|archivedate=2016-12-30|title=Information on latest house prices in the Royal Borough|publisher=Royal Borough o Kensington an Chelsea|access-date=2022-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230190409/https://www.rbkc.gov.uk/planningandconservation/planningpolicy/idoc.ashx?docid=bf56bda1-575c-435b-92ac-9a71625c1746&version=-1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=GuardAug14>{{cite news |url= http://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/aug/08/housing-london-jump-19-per-cent-year |title= Average house prices in London jump 19 percent in a year |author=Rupert Jones |newspaper=The Guardian |location= Lunnon |date=8 August 2014 |accessdate=24 September 2014}}</ref> The [[East End o Lunnon|East End]] is the area closest tae the oreeginal [[Port o Lunnon]], kent for its heich immigrant population, as weel as for bein ane o the puirest areas in Lunnon.<ref name="East End">{{cite news |url=http://msnbc.msn.com/id/8487518/site/newsweek/ |date=6 July 2005 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060829024354/http://msnbc.msn.com/id/8487518/site/newsweek/ |archivedate=2006-08-29 |title=Tomorrow's East End |newspaper=Newsweek |author=Flynn, Emily |location=New York |access-date=2015-06-04 |url-status=live }}</ref> The surroondin [[North East (Lunnon sub region)|East Lunnon]] area saw a fair bit o Lunnon's early industrial development; nou, [[brownfield land|brownfield]] sites throughout the area are bein redeveloped as pairt o the [[Thames Gateway]] includin the [[Lunnon Riverside]] an [[Lower Lea Valley]], that wis developed intae the [[Olympic Park, Lunnon|Olympic Park]] for the [[Lunnon 2012 Olympic bid|2012 Olympics an Paralympics]].<ref name="East End" /> ===Architecture=== {{Main|Architecture o Lunnon|Leet o tallest biggins an structures in Lunnon}} [[File:Aerial Tower of London.jpg|thumb|right|The Tower of London]] Lunnon's biggins are ower diverse tae be characterised by ony parteecular [[architectural]] style, partly acause o thair varyin ages. Mony grand houses an public biggins, sic as the [[National Gallery]], are biggit frae [[Portland stone]]. Some areas o the ceety, parteecularly those juist wast o the centre, are characterised by white [[stucco]] or whitewashed biggins. Few structures in central Lunnon pre-date the [[Great Fire o Lunnon|Great Fire]] o 1666, thir bein a few trace [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] remains, the [[Tower o Lunnon]] an a few scattered [[Tudor architecture|Tudor]] survivors in the ceety. Faur oot is, for insample, the [[Tudor period]] [[Hampton Court Palace]], England's auldest surviving Tudor palace, biggit by Cardinal [[Thomas Wolsey]] c. 1515.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/hampton_court_01.shtml |title=Hampton Court: The Lost Palace |publisher=BBC History |date=29 March 2011 |author=Foyle, Jonathan |accessdate=16 June 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0pDL3i?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/hampton_court_01.shtml |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}}</ref> [[Christopher Wren|Wren]]'s late 17t-century kirks an the financial institutions o the 18t an 19t centuries lik the [[Royal Exchange, Lunnon|Royal Exchange]] an the [[Bank o England]], tae the early 20t century [[Old Bailey]] an the 1960s [[Barbican Estate]] form pairt o the varied architectural heritage. [[File:30 St Mary Axe from Leadenhall Street.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[30 St Mary Axe]], forby kent as "the Gherkin", touers ower [[St Andrew Undershaft]]]] The disuised, but suin tae be rejuvenated, 1939 [[Battersea Power Station]] bi the burn in the sooth-wast is a local laundmerk, while some railway termini are excellent insamples o [[Victorian architecture]], maist notably [[St Pancras railway station|St. Pancras]] an [[Paddington railway station|Paddington]].<ref name=Lunnon_078>{{cite web |url=http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Paddington_Station.html |title=Paddington Station |publisher=Great biggins |accessdate=6 June 2008 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0pwi86?url=http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Paddington_Station.html |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> The density o Lunnon varies, wi heich employment density in the [[Central Lunnon|central area]], heich residential densities in [[inner Lunnon]] an laicher densities in [[Outer Lunnon]]. [[The Monument]] in the ceety o Lunnon provides views o the surroondin areas while commemoratin the [[Great Fire o Lunnon]], whilk originatit fae a biggin naurhaun. [[Marble Arch]] an [[Wellington Arch]], at the north an sooth ends o [[Park Lane (road)|Park Lane]] respectively, hae royal connections, as dae the [[Albert Memorial]] an [[Royal Albert Hall]] in [[Kensington]]. [[Nelson's Column]] is a nationally recognised monument in [[Trafalgar squerr]], ane o the focal pynts o the ceety centre. Older biggins are mainly brick biggit, maist commonly the yellae [[Lunnon stock brick]] or a warm orange-red variety, eften decoratit wi carvings an white plaster [[moulding (decorative)|mouldings]].<ref name=Lunnon_077>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=A1&xml=/property/2008/03/27/lpgreen127.xml |title=Eco homes: Wooden it be lovely... ? |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |accessdate=12 October 2008 |location=Lunnon |first=Sarah |last=Lonsdale |date=27 March 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0rvzUL?url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> <!-- [[File:Buckingham Palace frae gardens, London, UK - Diliff.jpg|left|thumb|[[Buckingham Palace]] is the official residence o the British monarch]] --> In the dense airts, maist o the concentration is via medium- an heich-rise biggins. Lunnon's skyscrapers lik [[30 St Mary Axe]], [[Tower 42]], the [[Broadgate Tower]] an [[One Canada squerr]] are maistly in the twa financial destricts, the [[City o Lunnon]] an [[Canary Wharf]]. High-rise development is restrictit at certaint sites if it wad obstruct pertectit views o [[St Paul's Cathedral]] an ither historic biggins. Housomeiver, thare a nummer o verra heich skyscrapers in central Lunnon ''(see [[Tall biggins in Lunnon]])'', includin the 72-storey [[Shard Lunnon Bridge]], the [[Leet o heichest biggins in the European Union|heichest biggin in the European Union]]. Other notable modern biggins include [[City Hall (Lunnon)|City Hall]] in [[Southwark]] wi its distinctive oval shape,<ref name=Lunnon_079>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2129199.stm |title=Inside London's new 'glass egg' |date=16 July 2002 |work=BBC News |accessdate=26 April 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0sZ57q?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2129199.stm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> an the [[British Library]] in [[Somers Town, Lunnon|Somers Town]]/[[Keengs Cross, Lunnon|Kings Cross]]. What wis formerly the [[Millennium Dome]], bi the Thames tae the east o Canary Wharf, is nou an entertainment venue cried [[The O2 (Lunnon)|The O2 Arena]]. {{wide image|Horniman London skyline 2013.jpg|1000px|[[The Shard]] dominating the [[City o Lunnon]] skyline, as seen frae [[Forest Hill, Lunnon|Forest Hill]] in July 2013}} ===Natural history=== The Lunnon Natural History Society suggest that Lunnon is "one o the World's Greenest ceeties" wi mair nor 40 percent green space or open watter. Thay indicate that 2000 species o flowering plant hae been foond growin thare an that the [[Tideway|tidal Thames]] supports 120 species o fish.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lnhs.org.uk/index.htm|title=Wildlife in London, England: LNHS Home page|work=lnhs.org.uk|access-date=2015-06-04|archive-date=2007-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212143739/http://www.lnhs.org.uk/Index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thay forby state that ower 60 species o bird nest in [[central Lunnon]] an that thair members hae recordit 47 species o butterflee, 1173 moths an mair nor 270 kinds o speeder aroond Lunnon. Lunnon's [[wetland]] airts support nationally important populations o mony watter birds. Lunnon haes 38 [[Sites o Special Scientific Interest]] (SSSIs), twa [[National Nature Reserves]] an 76 [[Local Nature Reserves]].<ref>Lunnon Natural History Society.</ref> [[Amphibians]] are common in the caipital, includin [[smooth newt]]s livin bi the [[Tate Modern]], an common [[frog]]s, common [[toad]]s, [[palmate newt]]s an [[great crestit newt]]s, housamiver, native reptiles lik [[slow-worm]]s, [[common lizard]]s, [[grass snake]]s an [[Vipera berus|adder]]s, are maistly anly seen in [[outer Lunnon]].<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/jul/27/london-amphibian-reptile-map "London's amphibians and reptile populations mapped". Laurie Tuffrey, ''The Guardian'', Friday 27 July 2012]</ref> [[File:Flickr - Duncan~ - Fox Trot.jpg|thumb|left|Fox on Ayres Street, [[Southwark]], [[South Lunnon]] ]] Amang ither indwallers o Lunnon are 10,000 tods, sae that thare are nou 16 tods for every squerr mile (2.6 squerr kilometres) o Lunnon. Thir urban tods are noticeably bolder than thair kintra cousins, sharin the pavement (sidewalk) wi pedestrians an raisin cubs in people's backyards. Tods hae even sneaked intae the [[Houses o Parliament]], whaur ane wis foond asleep on a filing cabinet. Anither broke intae the grunds o [[Buckingham Palace]], reportedly killin some o Queen Elizabeth II's prized [[pink flamingo]]s. Generally, housamiver, tods an ceety folk appear tae get alang. A survey in 2001 bi the Lunnon-based [[Mammal Society]] foond that 80 percent o Lunnoners liked haein them aroond.<ref>[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/05/foxes-london_2.html "10,000 Foxes Roam London". James Owen in London for ''National Geographic'' News, May 15, 2006]</ref> Other mammals foond in [[Greater Lunnon]] are [[hedgehog]]s, rats, mice, rabbit, shrew, vole, an squirrels,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/richmond-park/richmond-park-attractions/wildlife/mammals|title=Mammals|work=The Royal Parks|access-date=2015-06-04|archive-date=2020-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307135419/https://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/richmond-park/richmond-park-attractions/wildlife/mammals|url-status=dead}}</ref> In wilder areas o [[Outer Lunnon]], sic as [[Epping Forest]], a wide variety o mammals are foond includin [[hare]], [[brock]], field, bank an watter [[laund-moose]], [[wid moose]], [[yellae-neck moose]], [[mowdiwarp]], [[shrew]], an [[wheasel]], in addition tae tod, squirrel an hurcheon. A deid otter wis foond at The Highway, in [[Wapping]], aboot {{convert|1|mi|adj=on}} frae the [[Tower Bridge]], that wad suggest that thay hae begun tae muive back efter bein absence a hunner year frae the ceety.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thisislocallondon.co.uk/news/topstories/946018.londons_first_wild_otter_found/|title=London's first wild otter found|author=Peter Law|work=This Is Local Lunnon}}</ref> Ten o England's eighteen species o [[bat]]s hae been recorded in Epping Forest: soprano, nathusius an common pipistrelles, noctule, serotine, barbastelle, daubenton's, brown Long-eared, natterer's an leisler's.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/green-spaces/epping-forest/wildlife-and-nature/Pages/Mammals.aspx|title=Mammals|work=cityofLunnon.gov.uk|access-date=2015-06-04|archive-date=2015-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318070552/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/green-spaces/epping-forest/wildlife-and-nature/Pages/Mammals.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Amang the strange sights seen in Lunnon hae been a whale in the Thames,<ref>Liam O'Brien, (24 March 2013). [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/dead-whale-found-floating-in-the-thames-estuary-will-be-examined-8547350.html "Dead whale found floating in the Thames Estuary 'will be examined'"]. ''The Independent on Sunday'' (Lunnon).</ref> while The BBC Twa programme "Natural World: Unnatural History o Lunnon", shaws pigeons uisin the [[Lunnon Unnergrund]] tae get aroond the ceety, a [[Pinniped|seal]] that taks fish frae [[fishmonger]]s athoot [[Billingsgate Fish Market]], an tods that will "sit" gif thay're gien sausages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/18428378?print=true|title=BBC Nature - A Question of Nature: How hidden is the UK's wild side?|work=BBC Nature}}</ref> Herds o [[red deer|red]] an [[fallow deer]] roam freely wiin hantle o [[Richmond Park|Richmond]] an [[Bushy Park]]. A cull takes place ilk November an Februar tae ensure nummers can be sustained.<ref name="Deer cull begins">{{cite news | url=http://www.yourlocalguardian.co.uk/news/local/wandsworthnews/10026864.Richmond_Park_deer_cull_begins/ | title=Richmond Park deer cull begins | work=Wandsworth Guardian | date=5 November 2012 | accessdate=9 November 2012 | author=Rachel Bishop | location=Lunnon}}</ref> Epping Forest is kent for its [[fallow deer]] an aa, whilk can frequently be seen in herds tae the north o the Forest. A rare population o [[melanistic]], black fallow deer is forby maintained at the Deer Sanctuary near [[Theydon Bois]]. [[Muntjac deer]], that escaped frae deer parks at the turn o the twentieth century, are foond in the wid. While Lunnoners are accustomed tae wildlife sic as birds an tods sharin the ceety, mair recently urban deer hae becomin a regular featur, an hale herds o [[fallow deer|fallow]] an [[white tailed deer]] come intae residential airts at nicht tae tak advantage o the Lunnon's green spaces.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/in-pictures-londons-urban-deer-9149902.html|title=In pictures: London's urban deer|work=The Evening Standard}}</ref> Thare are in Lunnon mony [[muntjak]] deer an aa, but acause thay are shy it is less common tae see them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.times-series.co.uk/news/9761337.Photographer_snaps_Muntjac_deer_in_Mill_Hill_garden/|title=Photographer snaps Muntjac deer in Mill Hill garden|author=Emma Innes|work=Times Series}}</ref> ==Demography== {{Main|Demographics o Lunnon}} {{Table Lunnon tap 28 birth kintras}}<!--- Ref name=Pop2001 ---> Wi increasin industrialisation, Lunnon's population grew rapidly outthrou the 19t an early 20t centuries, an it wis for some time in the late 19t an early 20t centuries the maist populous ceety in the warld. Its population peaked at 8,615,245 in 1939 immediately afore the outbreak o the Seicont World War, but haed declined tae 7,192,091 at the 2001 Census. Housamiver, the population then grew by juist ower a million atween the 2001 an 2011 Censuses, tae reak 8,173,941 in the latter enumeration.<ref>[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-unitary-authorities-in-wales/chd-we-figure-1.xls "2011 Census. London population"]. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 27 May 2015</ref> Houiver, Lunnon's continuous urban area extends ayont the borders o Greater Lunnon an wis home tae 9,787,426 people in 2011,<ref name="urbanpopulation"/> while its wider [[Lunnon metropolitan area|metropolitan area]] haes a population o atween 12 an 14&nbsp;million dependin on the definition uised.<ref name=metro_area_1>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html|title=The Principal Agglomerations o the World|work=City Population|accessdate=3 March 2009|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5rRuMtUmh?url=http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html|archivedate=2010-07-24|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=metro2>{{cite web |url=http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/ESPON2006Projects/StudiesScientificSupportProjects/UrbanFunctions/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf#page=119 |title=British urban pattern: population data |accessdate=22 February 2010 |date=March 2007 |work=ESPON project 1.4.3 Study on Urban Functions |publisher=[[European Spatial Planning Observation Network]] |page=119 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924002318/http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/ESPON2006Projects/StudiesScientificSupportProjects/UrbanFunctions/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf#page=119 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Accordin tae [[Eurostat]], Lunnon is the [[mucklemaist ceeties an metropolitan areas in the European Union (Eurostat)|maist populous ceety an metropolitan area o the European Union]] an the seicont [[Leet o metropolitan areas in Europe|maist populous in Europe]] (or third if [[Istanbul]] is included). in the period 1991–2001 a net 726,000&nbsp;immigrants arrived in Lunnon.<ref name="Immigration">{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article379434.ece |title=Immigration rise increases segregation in British cities |last=Leppard |first=David |date=10 April 2005 |work=The Times |accessdate=8 August 2009 |location=Lunnon |archive-date=2008-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211185641/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article379434.ece |url-status=dead }}{{subscription required}}</ref> The region covers an area o {{convert|1579|km2|sqmi}}. The population density is {{convert|5177|PD/km2|PD/sqmi}},<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.dgcl.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/lu_pour_vous/les_grandes_metropol/downloadFile/attachedFile/metropolislondres.pdf?nocache=1254397828.63 |title=Metropolis World Association o the Major Metropolises |accessdate=3 May 2010 |isbn=978-0-7306-2020-4 |archive-date=2011-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427084411/http://www.dgcl.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/lu_pour_vous/les_grandes_metropol/downloadFile/attachedFile/metropolislondres.pdf?nocache=1254397828.63 |url-status=dead }}</ref> mair nor ten times that o ony ither [[NUTS:UK|British region]].<ref name=Lunnon_087>{{cite web |url= http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/regional_snapshot/RS_Lon.pdf |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080624195152/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/regional_snapshot/RS_Lon.pdf |archivedate= 2008-06-24 |title= Population density o London: by London borough, 2006 |publisher= UK Statistics Authority |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}</ref> In terms o population, Lunnon is the 19t [[World's mucklemaist ceeties|mucklemaist ceety]] an the 18t [[Leet o metropolitan areas by population|mucklemaist metropolitan]] region in the warld. As o 2014, Lunnon haes the mucklemaist nummer o billionaires (British Pound Sterling) in the warld, wi 72 residing in the ceety.<ref name=Billionaires>{{cite news|title='Rich List' counts more than 100 UK billionaires|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-27360032|accessdate=11 May 2014|newspaper=BBC News Online|date=11 May 2014}}</ref> Lunnon ranks as ane o the maist expensive ceeties in the warld, alongside Tokyo an Moscow.<ref name=Lunnon_089>{{cite news |url=http://money.cnn.com/2004/06/11/pf/costofliving/ |title=World's Most Expensive Cities 2004 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=16 August 2007 |date=11 June 2004 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0ygZWg?url=http://money.cnn.com/2004/06/11/pf/costofliving/ |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Ethnic groups=== {{Main|Ethnic groups in Lunnon}} {{Pie chart |thumb = left |caption = Ethnic groups in the 2011 census <ref name=2011censusdemo>[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls "2011 Census: Key Statistics for Local Authorities in England and Wales"]. [[Office for National Statistics|ONS]]. Retrieved 3 July 2014</ref> |label1 = White |value1 = 59.8 |color1 = Red |label2 = Asian |value2 = 18.4 |color2 = Orange |label3 = Black |value3 = 13.3 |color3 = Yellow |label4 = Mixed |value4 = 5 |color4 = Green |label5 = Arab |value5 = 1.3 |color5 = Blue |label6 = Other |value6 = 2.1 |color6 = Purple }} Accordin tae the [[Office for National Statistics]], based on the [[Unitit Kinrick Census 2011|2011 Census]] estimates, 59.8 per cent o the 8,173,941 indwallers o Lunnon war [[White people|White]], wi 44.9 per cent [[White British]], 2.2 per cent [[Irish migration tae Great Britain|White Irish]], 0.1 per cent [[Gypsy (term)|gypsy]]/[[Irish traveller]] an 12.1 per cent classifee'd as [[Other White]]. 20.9 per cent o Lunnoners are o [[British Asian|Asian]] an mixed-Asian strynd. 19.7 per cent are o full Asian strynd, wi those o mixed-Asian heritage comprisin 1.2 o the population. [[British Indien|Indiens]] accoont for 6.6 per cent o the population, followed by [[British Pakistanis|Pakistanis]] an [[British Bangladeshi|Bangladeshis]] at 2.7 per cent for ilk o thaim. [[British Chinese|Chinese]] fowks accoont for 1.5 per cent o the population, wi [[British Arabs|Arabs]] comprisin 1.3 per cent. A faur 4.9 per cent are classifee'd as "Other Asian". 15.6 per cent o Lunnon's population are o [[Black British|Black]] an mixed-Black strynd. 13.3 per cent are o fou Black strynd, wi thaim that's o mixed-Black heritage comprisin 2.3 per cent. [[Black British|Black Africans]] accoont for 7.0 per cent o Lunnon's population, wi 4.2 per cent as [[British African-Caribbean community|Black Caribbean]] an 2.1 per cent as "Other Black". 5.0 per cent are o [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)|mixed race]]. athort Lunnon, [[Black British|Black]] an [[British Asian|Asian]] childer outnumber [[White British]] childer by aboot sax tae fower in state schuils.<ref name=Lunnon_094>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1564365/One-fifth-o-children-from-ethnic-minorities.html |title=One fifth o children frae ethnic minorities |author=Paton, Graeme |date=1 October 2007 |work=The Daily Telegraph |accessdate=7 June 2008 |location=Lunnon |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5hYR0tUao?url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1564365/One-fifth-of-children-from-ethnic-minorities.html |archivedate=2009-06-15 |url-status=live }}</ref> Altogether at the 2011 census, o Lunnon's 1,624,768 population aged 0 tae 15, 46.4 per cent war White, 19.8 per cent war Asian, 19 per cent war Black, 10.8 per cent war Mixed an 4 per cent representit anither ethnic group.<ref>{{cite web |author= ONS |url= https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/livelinks/12297.xlsx |title=LC2109EWls - Ethnic group by age |publisher=www.nomisweb.co.uk |accessdate=26 March 2015}}</ref> In Januar 2005, a survey o Lunnon's ethnic an religious diversity claimed that thare war mair nor 300 leids spoken in Lunnon an mair nor 50 non-indigenous communities wi a population o mair nor 10,000.<ref name=Lunnon_090>{{cite news |url= http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jan/21/britishidentity1 |title= Every race, colour, nation and religion on earth |work= The Guardian |location= Lunnon |accessdate= 6 May 2008 |first= Leo |last= Benedictus |date= 21 January 2005 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0zlxGl?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/jan/21/britishidentity1 |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= live }}</ref> figurs frae the [[Office for National Statistics]] shaw that, {{as o|2010|alt=in 2010}}, Lunnon's furren-born population wis 2,650,000 (33 per cent), up frae 1,630,000 in 1997. The 2011 census shawed that 36.7 per cent o [[Greater Lunnon]]'s population war born athoot the UK.<ref name=Lunnon_092>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/H-A.asp |title=Census 2001: London |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] |accessdate=3 June 2006 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo11Wpqv?url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/H-A.asp |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> The table tae the right shows the 30 maist common countries o birth o Lunnon residents in 2011, the date o the last published [[UK Census]].<ref name=Pop2011/> A portion o the German-born population are as lik as tae be British nationals born tae parents servin in the [[British Armed Forces]] in Germany.<ref name=Lunnon_095>{{cite book |url=http://www.ippr.org.uk/publicationsandreports/publication.asp?id=308 |title=Beyond Black and White: Mapping new immigrant communities |last=Kyambi |first=Sarah |date=7 September 2005 |accessdate=20 January 2007 |isbn=978-1-86030-284-8 |publisher=Institute for Public Policy Research |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo11tc6i?url=http://www.ippr.org.uk/publicationsandreports/publication.asp?id=308 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Estimates produced bi the [[Office for National Statistics]] indicate that the five mucklemaist furren-born groups bidin in Lunnon in the period Julie 2009 tae Juin 2010 war those born in [[Indie]], Poland, the Republic o Ireland, Bangladesh an [[Nigerie]].<ref name=Estimates>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/population-by-country-o-birth-and-nationality-jul09-jun10.zip |title=Table 1.4: Estimated population resident in the United Kingdom, by foreign country o birth, July 2009 tae June 2010 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |accessdate=7 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo12D272?url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/population-by-country-of-birth-and-nationality-jul09-jun10.zip |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=dead }} figur given is the central estimate. See the source for 95 per cent [[confidence interval]]s.</ref> ===Releegion=== {{Main|Releegion in Lunnon}} {{bar box |title=[[Releegion in Lunnon|Releegion in Lunnon (2011 census)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-286262 |title=2011 Census, Key Statistics for Local Authorities in England and Wales |publisher=Ons.gov.uk |date=11 December 2012 |accessdate=4 May 2013}}</ref> |titlebar=#ddd |left1=Religion |right1=Percent(%) |float=left |bars= {{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|purple|48.4}} {{bar percent|[[Irreleegion|No releegion]]|violet|20.7}} {{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|12.4}} {{bar percent|Undeclared|black|8.5}} {{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|Orange|5.0}} {{bar percent|[[Jewish]]|Blue|1.8}} {{bar percent|[[Sikhism|Sikh]]|yellow|1.5}} {{bar percent|[[Buddhism|Buddhist]]|Gold|1.0}} {{bar percent|Ither|grey|0.6}} }} Accordin tae the [[2011 UK Census|2011 Census]], the mucklemaist releegious groupins are [[Christianity|Christians]] (48.4 per cent), follaed bi those o [[Irreleegion|no releegion]] (20.7 per cent), [[Islam|Muslims]] (12.4 per cent), nae reponse (8.5 per cent), [[Hinduism|Hindus]] (5.0 per cent), [[Judaism|Jews]] (1.8 per cent), [[Sikhism|Sikhs]] (1.5 per cent), [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] (1.0 per cent) an ither (0.6 per cent). Lunnon haes tradeetionally been Christian, an haes a [[Leet o kirks in Lunnon|hantle o kirks]], parteecularly in the Ceety o Lunnon. The well-kent [[St Paul's Cathedral]] in the Ceety an [[Southwark Cathedral]] sooth o the river are [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] admeenistrative centres,<ref name=Lunnon_096>{{cite web|url=http://www.stpauls.co.uk/page.aspx?theLang=001lngdef&pointerid=97320F44yHMK9hndcXZBD5sVH4m52Yc0|title=About Saint Paul's Cathedral|publisher=Dean an Chapter St Paul's|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407082352/http://www.stpauls.co.uk/page.aspx?theLang=001lngdef&pointerid=97320F44yHMK9hndcXZBD5sVH4m52Yc0|archivedate=2008-04-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> while the [[Archbishop o Canterbury]], principal bishop o the [[Krik o Ingland]] an warldwide [[Anglican Communion]], haes his main residence at [[Lambeth Palace]] in the [[Lunnon Borough o Lambeth]].<ref name=Lunnon_097>{{cite web|url=http://www.lambethpalacelibrary.org/|title=Lambeth Palace Library|publisher=Lambeth Palace Library|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo12b6iD?url=http://www.lambethpalacelibrary.org/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> Important national an royal ceremonies are shared atween [[St Paul's Cathedral|St Paul's]] an [[Westminster Abbey]].<ref name=Lunnon_098>{{cite web|url=http://www.westminster-abbey.org/|title=Westminster Abbey|publisher=Dean an Chapter o Westminster|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo12pvY3?url=http://www.westminster-abbey.org/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> The Abbey is nae tae be confused wi nearby [[Westminster Cathedral]], that is the mucklemaist [[Roman Catholic]] cathedral in [[England an Wales]].<ref name=Lunnon_099>{{cite web|url=http://www.westminstercathedral.org.uk/home.html|title=West Minster Cathedral|publisher=Westminster Cathedral|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327041736/http://www.westminstercathedral.org.uk/home.html|archivedate=2008-03-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Despite the prevalence o Anglican kirks, observance is verra laich wiin the Anglican denomination. Kirk attendance continues on a lang, slaw, steady decline, accordin tae Kirk o Ingland statistics.<ref name=Lunnon_100>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.cofe.anglican.org/info/statistics/2007provisionalattendance.pdf |title=Church o England Statistics |publisher=Church o England |accessdate=6 June 2008 |ref=harv |journal= |archive-date=2014-07-09 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20140709133529/http://www.churchofengland.org/about-us/facts-stats.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:St Paul's Cathedral, 26 August 2012 (2).jpg|thumb|right|[[St Paul's Cathedral]]]] Lunnon is hame tae sizeable [[Muslim]], [[Hindu]], [[Sikh]], an [[Jewish]] commonties an aw. Notable mosques include the [[East Lunnon Mosque]] in Touer Hamlets, [[Lunnon Central Mosque]] on the edge o [[Regent's Park]] an the [[Baitul Futuh]] Mosque o the [[Ahmadiyya Muslim Community]]. Follaein the ile boom, increasin nummers o wealthy Hindus an [[Middle-East]]ren Muslims hae based themselves aroond [[Mayfair]] an [[Knightsbridge]] in Wast Lunnon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sikhchic.com/history/sikhbritons_second_wealthiest_government_report|title=sikhchic.com - The Art and Culture o the Diaspora - Sikh-Britons Second Wealthiest: Government Report|work=sikhchic.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politics.co.uk/comment-analysis/2013/03/14/comment-british-sikhs-are-the-best-example-o-cultural-integ|title=Comment: British Sikhs are the best insample o cultural integration|work=politics.co.uk}}{{Dead link|date=February 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_102>{{cite web |url= http://www.standard.co.uk/news/the-300-billion-arabs-are-coming-6890813.html |author= Bill, Peter |title= The $300&nbsp;billion Arabs are coming |work= Lunnon Evening Standard |date= 29 May 2008 |accessdate= 3 July 2013 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo15MyJm?url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23488244-the-300-billion-arabs-are-coming.do |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= live }}</ref> Thare muckle Muslim commonties in the eastren boroughs o [[Lunnon Borough o Touer Hamlets|Touer Hamlets]] an [[Lunnon Borough o Newham|Newham]].<ref>[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-211026 Census 2001 Key Statistics, Local Authorities in England and Wales] Office for National Statistics</ref> lairge Hindu communities are in the north-wastren boroughs o [[Lunnon Borough o Harrow|Harrow]] an [[Lunnon Borough o Brent|Brent]]; the latter is hame tae Europe's mucklemaist [[Hindu temple]], [[Neasden Temple]].<ref name=Lunnon_103>{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2005/05/19/hindu_london_feature.shtml |title= Hindu London |date= 6 June 2005 |publisher= BBC Lunnon |accessdate= 3 June 2006 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060218161357/http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2005/05/19/hindu_london_feature.shtml |archivedate= 2006-02-18 |url-status= live }}</ref> Lunnon is hame tae 42 Hindu temples. Thare are Sikh communities in East an West Lunnon, parteecularly in Southall, hame tae ane o the mucklemaist Sikh populations an the mucklemaist Sikh temple ootside Indie.<ref name=Lunnon_104>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2898761.stm |title=£17&nbsp;m Sikh temple opens |date=30 March 2003 |work=BBC News |accessdate=7 June 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo18FMYP?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2898761.stm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> The majority o [[Breetish Jews]] live in Lunnon, wi signeeficant Jewish commonties in [[Stamford Hill]], [[Stanmore]], [[Golders Green]], [[Finchley]], [[Hampstead]], [[Hendon]] an [[Edgware]] in [[North Lunnon]]. [[Bevis Marks Synagogue]] in the [[Ceety o Lunnon]] is affiliatit tae Lunnon's heestoric [[Sephardic]] Jewish commonty. It is the anly synagogue in Europe that haes held regular services continuously for ower 300 year. [[Stanmore an Canons Pairk Synagogue]] haes the mucklemaist membership o ony single Orthodox synagogue in the whole o Europe, owertakin [[Ilford]] synagogue (in Lunnon an aa) in 1998.<ref name=Lunnon_106>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Israel/Partnerships/Regions/Kavimut/Britain+Communities/Stanmore+11.htm |publisher=The Jewish Agency for Israel |title=Stanmore |accessdate=12 October 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo18Qcmw?url=http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Israel/Partnerships/Regions/Kavimut/Britain+Communities/Stanmore+11.htm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> The commonity set up the [[unnon Jewish Forum]] in 2006 in response tae the growin signeeficance o devolved Lunnon Govrenment.<ref name=Lunnon_107>{{cite news |last=Paul |first=Jonny |date=10 December 2006 |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/1178443551.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Dec+10%2C+2006&author=JONNY+PAUL%2C+Jerusalem+Post+correspondent&pub=Jerusalem+Post&edition=&startpage=05&desc=Livingstone+apologizes+to+UK+Jews |title=Livingstone apologizes tae UK's Jews |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |accessdate=5 February 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo19jSJq?url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1164881856232 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Accent=== Thare are mony accents that are tradeetionally thocht on as Lunnon accents. The maist weel kent o the Lunnon accents lang syne acquired the [[Cockney]] label, that is haurd baith in Lunnon itself, an athort the wider [[South East England]] region mair generally.<ref>"Cracking Up!". p. 178. Lulu.com</ref> The accent o a 21st-century 'Lunnoner' varies widely; what is becomin mair an mair common amongst the unner-30s houiver is some fusion o Cockney wi a whole array o 'ethnic' accents, in parteecular [[Caribbean]], that form an accent labelled [[Multicultural Lunnon English]] (MLE).<ref name="MCLE">{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/jafaican-and-tikkiny-drown-out-the-east-ends-cockney-twang-473688.html|title=Jafaican and Tikkiny drown out the East End's Cockney twang|first=Jonathan|last=Brown|work=[[The Independent]]|location=Lunnon|date=11 April 2006|accessdate=22 August 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK682mq?url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/jafaican-and-tikkiny-drown-out-the-east-ends-cockney-twang-473688.html|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref> The ither widely heard an spoken accent is RP ([[Received Pronunciation]]) in various forms, that can aften be haurd in the media an mony o ither traditional professions an ayont this area, tho this accent isnae leemitit tae Lunnon an South East England, an can be haurd selectively atouer the hale UK amang certaint social groupins. ==Economy== {{Main|Economy o Lunnon|Media in Lunnon}} [[File:The City London.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The [[City o Lunnon]] is ane o the lairgest financial centres in the warld.<ref name="Mastercard" /><ref name="forbes.com" />]] Lunnon generates aboot 20 per cent o [[Economy o the Unitit Kinrick|the UK's GDP]]<ref name="Lunnon's place in economy">{{cite web |url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/2CAE66FB-2DD5-41A5-B916-8FFC37276059/0/BC_RS_lpuk_0511_FR.pdf |title=London's place in the UK economy, 2005–06 |publisher=City o Lunnon |accessdate=11 March 2008 |archive-date=2006-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060525075622/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/2CAE66FB-2DD5-41A5-B916-8FFC37276059/0/BC_RS_lpuk_0511_FR.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> (or $446&nbsp;billion in 2005); while the economy o the [[Lunnon metropolitan area]]—[[Leet o ceeties by GDP#Europe, Western|the lairgest in Europe]]—generates aboot 30 per cent o the UK's GDP (or an estimatit $669&nbsp;billion in 2005).<ref name=Lunnon_109>{{cite web|url=http://www.iaurif.org/en/doc/studies/cahiers/cahier_135/pdf/073-85.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624195153/http://www.iaurif.org/en/doc/studies/cahiers/cahier_135/pdf/073-85.pdf|archivedate=2008-06-24|title=The Economic Positioning of Metropolitan Areas in North Western Europe|date=December 2002|publisher=The Institute for Urban Planning an Development o the Paris Île-de-France Region|accessdate=27 August 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lunnon is ane o the pre-eminent financial centres o the warld an vies wi New York ceety as the maist important location for international finance.<ref name="economist1">{{Cite news |title=After the fall |work=[[The Economist]] |date=29 November 2007 |location=Lunnon |url=http://www.economist.com/finance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_TDNDRPTT |accessdate=15 May 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1CAPd8?url=http://www.economist.com/finance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_TDNDRPTT |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="economist2">{{Cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9753240 |title=Financial Centres&nbsp;— Magnets for money |date=13 September 2007 |work=The Economist |location=Lunnon |accessdate=15 May 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1CVVgP?url=http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9753240 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> Lunnon's lairgest industry is finance, an its [[financial export]]s mak it a lairge contributor tae the UK's [[balance o payments]]. Aroond 325,000 fowk wis employed in financial services in Lunnon til mid-2007. Lunnon haes ower 480 owerseas banks, mair nor ony ither ceety in the warld. Ower 85 percent (3.2&nbsp;million) o the employed population o greater Lunnon works in the services industries. Acause o its prominent global role, Lunnon's economy haed been affectit bi the [[Late-2000s financial crisis]]. Housamiver, by 2010 the ceety haes recovered; pit in place new regulatory powers, proceedit tae regain lost ground an re-established Lunnon's economic parity wi New York.<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/21/business/global/21rglofinuk.html?_r=0</ref> The [[City o Lunnon]] is home tae the [[Bank o England]], [[Lunnon Stock Exchange]], an [[Lloyd's o Lunnon]] insurance mercat. Ower hauf o the UK's tap 100 listit companies (the [[FTSE 100]]) an ower 100 o Europe's 500 lairgest companies hae thair headquarters in central Lunnon. Ower 70 per cent o the FTSE 100 are athin Lunnon's metropolitan area, an 75 per cent o [[Fortune 500]] companies hae offices in Lunnon.<ref name=Lunnon_113>{{cite web|url=http://www.londonstockexchange.com/en-gb/|title=London Stock Exchange|year=2008|publisher=Lunnon Stock Exchange plc.|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1FWjWx?url=http://www.londonstockexchange.com/en-gb/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Canary-wharf-one.jpg|thumb|right|[[Canary Wharf]] is ane o the biggest financial centres in Europe an is hame tae some o the [[Leet o tallest biggins in the Unitit Kinrick|UK's tallest biggins]].]] Alang wi [[professional services]], media companies are [[Media in Lunnon|concentratit in Lunnon]] an the media distribution industry is Lunnon's seicont maist competitive sector.<ref name=Lunnon_114>{{cite web |url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/2CAE66FB-2DD5-41A5-B916-8FFC37276059/0/BC_RS_lpuk_0511_FR.pdf |title=London's Place in the UK Economy, 2005–6 |date=November 2005 |work=Oxford Economic Forecasting on behalf o the Corporation o Lunnon |page=19 |accessdate=19 June 2006 |archive-date=2006-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060525075622/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/2CAE66FB-2DD5-41A5-B916-8FFC37276059/0/BC_RS_lpuk_0511_FR.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[BBC]] is a significant employer, while ither broadcasters hae heidquarters aroond the ceety an aa. Mony [[Leet o newspapers in the Unitit Kinrick|naitional newspapers]] are editit in Lunnon. Lunnon is a major retail centre an in 2010 haed the heichest non-food retail sales o ony ceety in the warld, wi a tot spend o aroond £64.2&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/02/17/uk-retail-major-cities-idUKLNE71G00420110217|title=London tops world cities spending league|accessdate=29 April 2011|agency=Reuters|date=17 February 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1FVjQo?url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/02/17/uk-retail-major-cities-idUKLNE71G00420110217|archivedate=2011-05-19|first=Mark|last=Potter|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Port o Lunnon]] is the seicont-lairgest in the Unitit Kinrick, handlin 45&nbsp;million [[tonne]]s o cargo ilka year.<ref name=handling/> Lunnon haes five major business destricts: the ceety, Westminster, Canary Wharf, Camden & Islington an Lambeth & Southwark. One wey tae get an idea o thair relative importance is tae leuk at relative amounts o office space: Greater Lunnon haed 27&nbsp;million m<sup>2</sup> o office space in 2001, an the ceety conteens the maist space, wi 8&nbsp;million m<sup>2</sup> o office space. Lunnon haes some o the heichest real estate prices in the warld.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/constructionandproperty/2784634/Highgate-trumps-Chelsea-as-priciest-postcode.html | location=Lunnon | work=The Daily Telegraph | first=Felix | last=Lowe | title=Highgate trumps Chelsea as priciest postcode | date=19 February 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.forbes.com/2007/12/11/postcodes-uk-expensive-forbeslife-cx_po_1212realestate.html | work=Forbes | title=U.K.'s Most Expensive Postcodes | date=12 December 2007}}</ref> A growin nummer o technology companies are based in Lunnon notably in [[East Lunnon Tech ceety]], forby kent as Silicon Roundabout. In Aprile 2014, the ceety wis amang the first tae receive a [[geoTLD]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mydotlondon.com/domain-availability/|title=Availability|work=mydotLunnon.com|access-date=2015-06-04|archive-date=2014-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202113544/http://mydotlondon.com/domain-availability/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Februar 2014 Lunnon wis ranked as the European ceety o the Future <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.londonandpartners.com/media-centre/press-releases/2014/london-named-as-european-city-of-the-future | location=Lunnon | work=Lunnon&Partners | title=London named as European City of the Future | date=17 February 2014 | access-date=2015-06-04 | archive-date=2018-06-25 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625162127/http://www.londonandpartners.com/media-centre/press-releases/2014/london-named-as-european-city-of-the-future | url-status=dead }}</ref> in the 2014/15 leet by [[FDi Magazine]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Europe/European-Cities-and-Regions-of-the-Future-2014-15 | location=Lunnon | work=fDiIntelligence.com | title=European Cities and Regions of the Future 2014/15 | date=17 February 2014 | access-date=2015-06-04 | archive-date=2014-11-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112110111/http://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Europe/European-Cities-and-Regions-of-the-Future-2014-15 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Lunnon haes the heichest property prices o ony European ceety accordin tae the Office for National Statistics an the European Office o Statistics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/uk-european-cities.html|title=City Mayors: UK and European cities compared|work=citymayors.com}}</ref> On average the price per squerr metre in central Lunnon is €24,252 (Aprile 2014). This is higher than the property prices in ither G8 European caipital ceeties; Berlin €3,306, Rome €6,188 an Paris €11,229.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Europe/United-Kingdom/square-meter-prices|title=Price per Square Meter United Kingdom - British Cost per Square Meter|author=Global Property Guide|work=Global Property Guide}}</ref> The gas an electricity distribution networks that manage an operate the touers, cables an pressure systems that deliver energy tae consumers athort the ceety are managed by [[National Grid plc]], [[SGN (company)|SGN]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Gas distributors|url=https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/gas/distribution-networks/gb-gas-distribution-network|website=www.ofgem.gov.uk/|accessdate=15 September 2014}}</ref> an [[UK Power Networks]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Electricity distributor|url=http://www2.nationalgrid.com/uk/Our-company/electricity/Distribution-Network-Operator-Companies/|website=www2.nationalgrid.com/|accessdate=15 September 2014|archive-date=2014-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914184550/http://www2.nationalgrid.com/uk/Our-company/electricity/Distribution-Network-Operator-Companies/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Tourism=== {{Main|Tourism in Lunnon}} [[File:British Museum from NE 2 (cropped).JPG|thumb|250pg|The British Museum]] Lunnon is a popular centre for [[Tourism in Lunnon|tourism]], ane o its prime industries, employin the equivalent o 350,000 fou-time workers in 2003,<ref name=Lunnon_117>{{cite web|url=http://www.personneltoday.com/articles/2005/02/15/27958/london-is-the-hr-centre-of-opportunity-in-the-uk.html|title=London is the HR centre of opportunity in the UK|date=15 February 2005|publisher=PersonnelToday.com|accessdate=3 June 2006|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1GNS8r?url=http://www.personneltoday.com/articles/2005/02/15/27958/london-is-the-hr-centre-of-opportunity-in-the-uk.html|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> while annual expenditure by tourists is aroond £15&nbsp;billion.<ref name=Lunnon_118>"{{cite web |url= http://www.visitlondon.com/uploads/8551importanceoflondon_2004jun.pdf |title= The Importance of Tourism in London |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070628053808/http://www.visitlondon.com/uploads/8551importanceoflondon_2004jun.pdf |archivedate= 2007-06-28 |ref= harv |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}", Visit Lunnon. Retrieved 3 June 2006.</ref> Lunnon attracks ower 14&nbsp;million international visitors a year; that gars it Europe's maist visitit ceety.<ref name=EuromonitorCityRanking>{{cite web|url=http://blog.euromonitor.com/2012/01/euromonitor-internationals-top-city-destinations-ranking1-.html|title=Euromonitor International's Top 100 City Destinations Ranking |publisher=Euromonitor International|date=10 January 2012|accessdate=25 February 2012}}</ref> Lunnon attracts 27&nbsp;million overnicht-stay visitors every year.<ref name="Lunnon 101">"{{cite web |url= http://corporate.visitlondon.com/ems/downloads/8112london101.pdf |title= London 101: One Hundred and One Amazing Facts About London |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070628053808/http://corporate.visitlondon.com/ems/downloads/8112london101.pdf |archivedate= 2007-06-28 |ref= harv |publisher= Visit Lunnon |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= dead }}</ref> In 2010 the ten maist-visitit attractions in Lunnon war:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visitlondon.com/attractions/culture/top-ten-attractions |title=Top 10 London Attractions |publisher=Visit Lunnon |date=1 April 2011 |accessdate=26 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1Gbp7Y?url=http://www.visitlondon.com/attractions/culture/top-ten-attractions |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> # [[British Museum]] # [[Tate Modern]] # [[National Gallery]] # [[Natural History Museum, Lunnon|Natural History Museum]] # [[Imperial War Museum]] # [[Science Museum (Lunnon)|Science Museum]] # [[Victoria an Albert Museum]] # [[Madame Tussauds]] # [[National Maritime Museum]] # [[Tower o Lunnon]] ===Housing crisis=== {{Main|Affordability o housing in the Unitit Kinrick}} Thousans o faimlies athoot hames fin thairsels stuck in emergency accommodation for at least twa year.<ref>{{cite news |title=Housing shortage leaves homeless families 'stuck' in hostels for two years |url= http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/housing-shortage-leaves-homeless-families-stuck-in-hostels-for-two-years-9652684.html |newspaper=The Independent |location= Lunnon |date= 6 August 2014 |author= Emily Dugan |accessdate=11 August 2014}}</ref> A growthe in the nummer o UK households haes led tae the homeless charity [[Shelter (charity)|Shelter]] statin: "This growth is a result o people livin langer, mair fowk livin on thair lanesomes or in weeer hoosehauds, an net migration."<ref>{{cite web |title= Immigration and housing |url= http://england.shelter.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/132030/Factsheet_Immigration_and_housing.pdf |publisher= Shelter |page= 9 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |archive-date= 2014-11-28 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141128122805/http://england.shelter.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/132030/Factsheet_Immigration_and_housing.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref> ==Transport== {{Main|Transport in Lunnon|Infrastructure in Lunnon}} [[File:Black London Cab.jpg|right|thumb|A black Lunnon taxi, forbye kent as a [[hackney carriage]].]] Transport is ane o the fower main area o policy administered bi the Mayor o Lunnon,<ref name=Lunnon_121>{{cite web|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/|title=Transport for London|publisher=Transport for Lunnon|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5msa508h4?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/|archivedate=2010-01-18|url-status=live}}</ref> houiver the mayor's financial control disnae extend tae the langer distance rail network that enters Lunnon. In 2007 he assumed responsibility for some local lines, that nou form the [[Lunnon Overground]] network, adding tae the existin responsibility for the Lunnon Unnergrund, trams an buses. The public transport network is administered by [[Transport for Lunnon]] (TfL) an is ane o the priceymaist in the warld. The lines that formed the Lunnon Unnergrund, as weel as trams an buses, became pairt o an integratit transport system in 1933 when the [[Lunnon Passenger Transport Board]] or ''[[Lunnon Transport (brand)|Lunnon Transport]]'' wis creatit. Transport for Lunnon is nou the statutory corporation responsible for maist aspects o the transport system in Greater Lunnon, an is run by a board an a commissioner appyntit bi the [[Mayor o Lunnon]].<ref name=stat_tfl>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/help/faq.jsp#transport|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019055413/http://www.london.gov.uk/help/faq.jsp#transport|archivedate=2007-10-19|title=How do I find out about transport in London?|publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority|accessdate=5 June 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Aviation=== {{Main|Airports o Lunnon}} [[File:Heathrow Terminal 5C Iwelumo-1.jpg|thumb|[[Lunnon Heathrow Airport]] is the busiest airport in the UK an Europe as well as the seicont busiest in the warld for international passenger traffic. ([[Lunnon Heathrow Terminal 5|Terminal 5]]C is pictured]] Lunnon is a major international air transport hub wi the lairgest ceety airspace in the warld.{{Citation needed|date=November 2014}} Aicht airports uise the wird ''Lunnon'' in thair name, but maist traffic passes throu sax o thir. [[Lunnon Heathrow Airport]], in [[Lunnon Borough o Hillingdon|Hillingdon]], West Lunnon, is the [[World's busiest airport|busiest airport in the warld]] for international traffic, an is the major hub o the naition's banner carrier, [[British Airways]].<ref name=Lunnon_135>{{cite web|url=http://www.heathrowairport.com/|title=BAA Heathrow: Official Website|publisher=BAA|accessdate=27 April 2008|archive-date=2011-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221195656/http://www.heathrowairport.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Mairch 2008 its fift terminal wis opened.<ref name=Lunnon_137>{{cite web|url=http://www.heathrow-airport-uk.info/heathrow-airport-terminal-5.htm|title=Heathrow Airport Terminal 5|publisher=TMC Ltd|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1I83JE?url=http://www.heathrow-airport-uk.info/heathrow-airport-terminal-5.htm|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> Thare war plans for a third runway an a sixth terminal houiver thir war cancelled bi the [[Unitit Kinrick coalition government (2010–present)|Coalition Government]] on 12 Mey 2010.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8678282.stm |title=Heathrow runway plans scrapped by new government |work=BBC News |date=12 May 2010 |accessdate=30 January 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1J2Xuu?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8678282.stm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> Similar traffic, wi some [[Low-cost carrier|cheap]] [[short-haul]] flights, is forbye handled at [[Gatwick Airport]], sooth o Lunnon in [[West Sussex]].<ref name=Lunnon_139>{{cite web|url=http://www.gatwickairport.com/|title=BAA Gatwick: Gatwick Airport|publisher=BAA|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1JBGRX?url=http://www.gatwickairport.com/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Lunnon Stanstit Airport|Stanstit Airport]], north east o Lunnon in [[Essex]], is a local UK hub an [[Lunnon Luton Airport|Luton Airport]] tae the north o Lunnon in [[Bedfordshire]], caters maistly for cheap short-haul flights.<ref name=Lunnon_140>{{cite book|url=http://www.stanstedairport.com/|title=BAA Stansted : Stansted Airport|year=2008|publisher=BAA|accessdate=27 April 2008|isbn=978-0-86039-476-1|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1JkALo?url=http://www.stanstedairport.com/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_141>{{cite book|url=http://www.london-luton.co.uk/en/|title=London Luton Airport|publisher=Lunnon Luton Airport|accessdate=27 April 2008|isbn=978-0-11-510256-1|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1KGPZQ?url=http://www.london-luton.co.uk/en/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Lunnon ceety Airport]], the weeest an maist central airport, in [[Lunnon Borough o Newham|Newham]], East Lunnon, is focused on business travellers, wi a mixtur o fou service short-haul schedult flichts an considerable [[business jet]] traffic.<ref name=Lunnon_142>{{cite web|url=http://www.londoncityairport.com/Default.aspx|title=London City Airport&nbsp;— Corporate Information|publisher=Lunnon ceety Airport Ltd.|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1Kyrhl?url=http://www.londoncityairport.com/Default.aspx|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Lunnon Southend Airport]], east o Lunnon in [[Essex]], is a smawer, regional airport that mainly caters for cheap short-haul flights. The [[Airports Commission]] is due tae report in Summer 2015 on future expansion o airport capacity. ===Rail=== ====Underground an DLR==== [[File:Baker Street tube station MMB 19 S Stock.jpg|thumb|The [[Lunnon Unnergrund]] is the warld's auldest an seicont-langest [[rapid transit]] system]] The [[Lunnon Unnergrund]], commonly referred tae as the Tube, is the auldest<ref name="Metro">{{Cite book |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/londonunderground/1604.aspx |title=London Underground: History|author=Transport for Lunnon |accessdate=30 December 2012|isbn=978-0-904711-30-1 |ref=harv }}</ref> an seicont langest<ref name="railwaygazette.com"/> [[rapid transit|metro]] system in the warld. The system serves 270 [[metro station|stations]]<ref name="facts">{{Cite journal |title=Key facts |publisher=Transport for Lunnon |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/londonunderground/1608.aspx |accessdate=15 October 2009 |ref=harv }}</ref> an wis formed frae several private companies, includin the warld's first unnerground electric line, the [[City an South Lunnon Railway]].<ref name="UrbanRail">{{cite book|url=http://de.geocities.com/u_london/london.htm|title=London Underground|last=Schwandl|first=Robert|year=2001|publisher=UrbanRail.net|accessdate=24 September 2006|isbn=978-3-936573-01-5|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006013919/http://de.geocities.com/u_london/london.htm|archivedate=2006-10-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> It dates frae 1863. Ower three million journeys is made ilk a day on the Underground network, ower 1&nbsp;billion ilk a year.<ref name=Lunnon_124>{{cite press release |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/static/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/7103.html |title=Tube breaks record for passenger numbers |publisher=Transport for Lunnon |date=27 December 2007 |accessdate=5 February 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoJy1HWj?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/static/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/7103.html |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> An investment programme is attemptin tae reduce congestion an impruive reliability, includin £6.5&nbsp;billion (€7.7&nbsp;billion) spent afore the [[2012 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The London 2012 legacy |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/projectsandschemes/25869.aspx|publisher=Transport for Lunnon |accessdate= 11 August 2013}}</ref> The [[Docklands Light Railway]], that opened in 1987, is a seicont, mair local metro system uisin smawer an lighter tram-teep vehicles that serve [[Lunnon Docklands|Docklands]] an [[Greenwich]]. ====Suburban==== [[File:King's Cross Western Concourse.jpg|thumb|[[Keeng's Cross railway station]] Western Concourse]] Thare are 366 [[railway stations]] in the [[Lunnon fare zones|Lunnon Travelcard Zones]] on an extensive abuin-ground suburban railway network. South Lunnon, parteecularly, haes a heich concentration o railways as it haes fewer Underground lines. Maist rail lines terminate aroond the centre o Lunnon, running intae [[Lunnon station group|eighteen terminal stations]], cep for the [[Thameslink]] trains connecting [[Bedford]] in the north an [[Brighton]] in the sooth via [[Lunnon Luton Airport|Luton]] an [[Gatwick Airport|Gatwick]] airports.<ref name="Lunnon_127">{{cite web |url=http://www.firstcapitalconnect.co.uk/Main.php?sEvent=HomePage |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5nDd2BCwh?url=http://www.firstcapitalconnect.co.uk/Main.php?sEvent=HomePage |archivedate=2010-02-01 |title=First Capital Connect |publisher=First Capital Connect |accessdate=27 April 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lunnon haes Britain's busiest station&nbsp;by nummer o passengers – [[Lunnon Waterloo station|Waterloo]], wi ower 184&nbsp;million people uisin the interchange station complex (whilk includes [[Lunnon Waterloo East railway station|Waterloo East]] station) ilka year.<ref name="National Rail Station Usage">{{cite web |url= http://www.rail-reg.gov.uk/server/show/nav.1529 |title= Rail Station Usage |publisher= Office o Rail Regulation |accessdate= 24 October 2009 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5QO6kHRpk?url=http://www.rail-reg.gov.uk/server/show/nav.1529 |archivedate= 2007-07-17 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="Tube exits">{{cite web |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/corporate/modesoftransport/tube/performance/default.asp?onload=entryexit |title=Tube exits |publisher=Transport for Lunnon |accessdate=24 October 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5QW719FI3?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/corporate/modesoftransport/tube/performance/default.asp?onload=entryexit |archivedate=2007-07-22 |url-status=live }}</ref> {{rws|Clapham Junction}} is the busiest station in Europe bi the nummer o trains passing. Wi the need for mair rail capacity in Lunnon, [[Crossrail]] is due tae open in 2018. It will be a new railway line runnin east tae wast throu Lunnon an intae the [[Home Counties]] wi a branch tae [[Heathrow Airport]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.crossrail.co.uk/route/maps/regional-map |title=Crossrail Regional Map |publisher= Crossrail |accessdate=8 September 2013}}</ref> It is Europe's biggest construction project, wi a £15 billion projectit cost.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16289051 |work=BBC News |title= Crossrail's giant tunnelling machines unveiled |date=2 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/crossrail-delayed-to-save-1631bn-2064629.html |newspaper=The Independent on Sunday |location= Lunnon |title= Crossrail delayed tae save £1bn |date=29 August 2010 |first= Mark |last= Leftly}}</ref> ====Inter-city an international==== [[File:St Pancras railway station MMB B9 373213.jpg|thumb|[[St Pancras railway station]] is the main terminal for heich speed [[Eurostar]] an [[HS1]] services, as well as suburban [[Thameslink]] an [[East Midlands Trains]] services.]] Lunnon is the centre o the [[National Rail]] network, wi 70 percent o rail journeys stairtin or endin in Lunnon.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rail|url=http://londonfirst.co.uk/our-focus/londons-transport-infrastructure/rail/|work=Lunnon First|publisher=Lunnon First|accessdate=5 April 2014|archive-date=2014-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407083946/http://londonfirst.co.uk/our-focus/londons-transport-infrastructure/rail/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lik suburban rail services, regional an inter-ceety trains depart frae several termini aroon the ceety centre, linkin Lunnon wi the rest o Britain includin [[Cambridge]], [[Bristol]], [[Cardiff]], [[Exeter]], [[Birmingham]], [[Holyhead]], [[Sheffield]], [[Southampton]], [[Leeds]], [[Manchester]], [[Newcastle-upon-Tyne]], [[Edinburgh]] an [[Glasgow]]. Some international railway services tae [[Continental Europe]] wis operatit during the 20t century as [[boat train]]s, lik the ''[[Admiraal de Ruijter (train)|Admiraal de Ruijter]]'' tae [[Amsterdam]] an the ''[[Night Ferry]]'' tae Paris an Brussels. The openin o the [[Channel Tunnel]] in 1994 connectit Lunnon directly tae the continental rail network, allouin [[Eurostar]] services tae begin. Syne 2007, heich-speed trains link [[St Pancras railway station|St. Pancras International]] wi [[Lille]], [[Paris]], [[Brussels]] an European tourist destinations via the [[High Speed 1]] rail link an the [[Channel Tunnel]].<ref name=Lunnon_128>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurostar.com/dynamic/index.jsp;ERSPRDSession=LJqZB7nyKlW9lVLvZzK534LvMjL519fPDS4R0QGn51CprylVmjH8!685848002 |title=Eurostar |publisher=Eurostar |accessdate=6 June 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoJz4xiY?url=http://www.eurostar.com/dynamic/index.jsp;ERSPRDSession=LJqZB7nyKlW9lVLvZzK534LvMjL519fPDS4R0QGn51CprylVmjH8!685848002 |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The first [[Southeastern (train operating company)|heich-speed domestic]] trains stairtit in Juin 2009 linking [[Kent]] tae Lunnon.<ref name="Southeastern Highspeed">{{cite web |url=http://www.southeasternrailway.co.uk/highspeed/ |title=Highspeed |publisher=Southeastern |accessdate=5 February 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoJzQVXK?url=http://www.southeasternrailway.co.uk/highspeed/ |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thare plans for a [[High Speed 2|seicont heich speed line]] linkin Lunnon tae the Midlands, North West England, an Yorkshire. ====Freight==== Awtho [[rail freight]] levels are far doun compared tae thair heicht, significant quantities o cargo are forby carried intae an oot o Lunnon by rail; chiefly biggin materials an [[landfill]] waste.<ref name="Freight Plan">August 2007, [https://www.tfl.gov.uk/cdn/static/cms/documents/rail-freight-strategy-aug-2007.pdf Rail Freight Strategy], [[Lunnon Rail]]</ref> As a major hub o the British railway network, Lunnon's tracks forby cairy lairge amounts o freight for the ither regions, sic as [[containerisation|container freight]] frae the Channel Tunnel an [[English Channel]] ports, an [[nuclear waste]] for [[nuclear reprocessing|reprocessing]] at [[Sellafield]].<ref name="Freight Plan"/> ===Buses an trams=== [[File:Arriva London bus DW262 (LJ59 GUA), 18 September 2010.jpg|thumb|The [[Lunnon buses|red double decker bus]] is an iconic seembol o Lunnon]] Lunnon's [[Lunnon Buses|bus network]] is ane o the lairgest in the warld, runnin 24 oor a day, wi aboot 8,500 buses, mair nor 700 bus routes an aroond 19,500 bus stops.<ref name="Buses">{{cite web|title=What we do – Buses|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/what-we-do/buses|work=Transport for Lunnon|publisher=Transport for Lunnon|accessdate=5 April 2014}}</ref> In 2013, the network haed mair nor 2 billion commuter trips per annum, mair nor the Underground.<ref name="Buses"/> Aroond £850&nbsp;million is taen in revenue ilk a year. Lunnon haes the lairgest wheelchair accessible network in the warld<ref name=Lunnon_131>{{cite web|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/static/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/3609.html|title=London's bus improvements get Parliamentary seal of approval|date=23 May 2006|publisher=Transport For Lunnon|accessdate=5 February 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1M9NgV?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/static/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/3609.html|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> an, frae the 3rd quarter o 2007, becam mair accessible tae hearin- an sicht- impaired passengers as audio-visual announcements wis introduced. The distinctive reid [[double-decker bus]]es is a international recognised trademark o Lunnon transport alang wi [[Hackney carriage|black cabs]] an the Tube.<ref name=Lunnon_132>{{cite web |url= http://www.londonblackcabs.co.uk/ |title= London Black Cabs |publisher= Lunnon Black Cabs |accessdate= 27 April 2008 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1MLOHV?url=http://www.londonblackcabs.co.uk/ |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_133>{{cite web |url= http://www.tfl.gov.uk/modalpages/2625.aspx |title= Tube |publisher= [[Transport for Lunnon]] |accessdate= 27 April 2008 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yoJwfagc?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/modalpages/2625.aspx |archivedate= 2011-05-20 |url-status= live }}</ref> Lunnon haes a modern tram network, kent as [[Tramlink]], centred on [[Croydon]] in [[South Lunnon]]. The network haes 39 stops an fower routes, an carried 28&nbsp;million bodies in 2013.<ref name=Trams>{{cite web|title=What we do – Trams|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/what-we-do/tramlink|work=Transport for Lunnon|publisher=Transport for Lunnon|accessdate=5 April 2014}}</ref> Syne Juin 2008 [[Transport for Lunnon]] haes completely owned Tramlink, an it plans tae spend £54m by 2015 on maintenance, renewals, upgrades an capacity enhancements.<ref name=Lunnon_134>{{cite web |url= http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/tramlink-factsheet.pdf |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5o8t78IGj?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/tramlink-factsheet.pdf |archivedate= 2010-03-11 |date= Summer 2009 |publisher= Transport for Lunnon |title= Tramlink Factsheet |accessdate= 19 February 2010 |url-status= live }}</ref> ===Cable car=== Lunnon's first an anly cable car, kent as the [[Emirates Air Line (cable car)|Emirates Air Line]], opened in Juin 2012. Crossin the [[River Thames]], linking [[Greenwich Peninsula]] an the [[Royal Docks]] in the east o the ceety, the cable car is integratit wi Lunnon's Oyster Card ticketing system. ===Cycling=== [[File:Blue, Yellow and Red Boris Bikes 2015-05-01.jpg|thumb|[[Santander Cycles|Cycle hire]] docking station|200x200px]] [[Cycling in Lunnon|Cycling]] is an increasingly popular wey tae get aroond Lunnon. The launch o [[Santander Cycles|a cycle hire scheme]] in Julie 2010 haes been successfu an generally weel received. The [[Lunnon Cycling Campaign]] lobbies for better provision.<ref name="Lunnon_122">{{cite web|url=http://www.lcc.org.uk/|title=London Cycling Campaign|date=20 November 2006|publisher=Rosanna Downes|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1Hlskj?url=http://www.lcc.org.uk/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Port an river boats=== Frae bein the lairgest port in the warld, the [[Port o Lunnon]] is nou anly the seicont-lairgest in the Unitit Kinrick, handling 45 million tonnes o cargo each year.<ref name=handling>{{cite web |url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/maritime/ports/provportstats2009 |title=ARCHIVED CONTENT&#93; Provisional Port Statistics 2009 |publisher=Department for Transport&nbsp;– Webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk |accessdate=26 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoJx5cho?url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/maritime/ports/provportstats2009 |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Most o this actually passes throu the [[Port o Tilbury]], ootside the boundary o Greater Lunnon. Lunnon haes frequent river boat services on the Thames kent as [[Thames Clippers]]. Thir run up tae every 20 minutes atween [[Embankment Pier]] an [[North Greenwich Pier]]. The [[Woolwich Ferry]], wi 2.5 million passengers every year,<ref>[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/27762.aspx Transport for London: Woolwich Ferry, 50 years on] Retrieved 8 September 2013</ref> is a frequent service linking the [[North Circular Road|North]] an [[South Circular Road|South Circular]] Roads. Other operators run baith commuter an tourist boat services in Lunnon. ===Roads=== [[File:Rush hour on the A102 - geograph.org.uk - 205323.jpg|thumb|right|The [[A102 road|A102]], near [[Greenwich]]. This wis ane o the few routes proposed in the [[Lunnon Ringways|Ringways Plan]] wiin [[Inner Lunnon]] tae be biggit.]] Awtho the majority o journeys involvin central Lunnon are made bi public transport, car traivel is common in the suburbs. The [[Lunnon Inner Ring Road|inner ring road]] (aroond the ceety centre), the [[A406 road|North]] an [[A205 road|South Circular]] roads (in the suburbs), an the outer orbital [[motorway]] (the [[M25 motorway|M25]], athoot the biggit-up area) encircle the ceety an are intersectit by a nummer o busy radial routes—but verra few motorways penetrate intae [[inner Lunnon]]. A plan for a comprehensive network o motorways atouer the ceety (the [[Lunnon Ringways|Ringways Plan]]) wis prepared in the 1960s but wis maistly cancelt in the air 1970s. The M25 is the langest ring-road motorway in the warld at {{convert|121.5|mi|km|abbr=on}} long.<ref>Campbell, Ken (2000). "Guinness World Records 2001". p. 150.</ref><ref name=Lunnon_143>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/threecounties/travel/m25/m25_facts.shtml |title=Beds, Herts and Bucks Travel&nbsp;— All you need tae know about the M25 |publisher=BBC |date=17 August 1988 |accessdate=20 February 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK0nLrV?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/threecounties/travel/m25/m25_facts.shtml |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[A1 road (Great Britain)|A1]] an [[M1 motorway|M1]] connect Lunnon tae [[Leeds]], an [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]] an [[Edinburgh]]. Lunnon is notorious for its traffic congestion, wi the M25 motorway the busiest stretch in the kintra. The average speed o a car in the rush oor is {{convert|10.6|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Lunnon_147>{{cite news |accessdate=1 September 2009 |url=http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/mar/16/boris-johnson-congestion-charge |title=Boris Johnson mulls 'intelligent' congestion charge system for London |work=The Guardian |location=Lunnon |first=Hélène |last=Mulholland |date=16 March 2009 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK1Mq9U?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/mar/16/boris-johnson-congestion-charge |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2003, a [[Lunnon congestion charge|congestion charge]] wis introduced tae reduce traffic volumes in the ceety centre. Wi a few exceptions, motorists are required tae pey £10 a day tae drive wiin a defined zone encompassing a fair bit o central Lunnon.<ref name="Lunnon_144">{{Cite journal |url= http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/roadusers/congestioncharge/whereandwhen/ |title= Charging Zone |publisher= Transport for Lunnon |accessdate= 7 June 2008 |ref= harv |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK0vSxb?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/roadusers/congestioncharge/whereandwhen/ |archivedate= 2011-05-20 |journal= |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="Lunnon_145">{{cite web |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/roadusers/congestioncharging/6741.aspx |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608124006/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/roadusers/congestioncharging/6741.aspx |archivedate=2008-06-08 |title=Who pays what |publisher=Transport for Lunnon |accessdate=7 June 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> Motorists wha is resident o the defined zone can buy a greatly reduced saison pass.<ref name="Lunnon_146">{{cite web |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/roadusers/congestioncharging/6735.aspx |title=Residents |publisher=Transport for Lunnon |accessdate=7 June 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK17mHL?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/roadusers/congestioncharging/6735.aspx |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Lunnon government initially expectit the Congestion Charge Zone tae increase daily peak period Underground an bus users by 20,000 people, reduce road traffic bi 10 tae 15 per cent, increase traffic speeds by 10 tae 15 per cent, an reduce queues by 20 tae 30 per cent.<ref>Santos, Georgina; Button, Kenneth; Noll, Roger G. "Lunnon Congestion Charging/Comments." Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs. 15287084 (2008): 177,177–234.</ref> Ower the course o several years, the average nummer o cars enterin the centre o Lunnon on a weekday wis reduced frae 195,000 tae 125,000 cars&nbsp;– a 35-per-cent reduction o vehicles driven a day.<ref>Table 3 in Santos, Georgina; Button, Kenneth; Noll, Roger G. "Lunnon Congestion Charging/Comments." Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs.15287084 (2008): 177,177–234.</ref> ==Eddication== {{Main|Eddication in Lunnon}} ===Tertiary eddication=== [[File:Strand102.jpg|thumb|[[Keeng's College Lunnon]], established by Royal Charter haein been foondit by [[Keeng George IV]] an [[Duke o Wellington]] in 1829, is ane o the foundin colleges o the [[University o Lunnon]].]] [[File:Wilkins Building 2, UCL, London - Diliff.jpg|thumb|The Wilkins biggin at [[University College Lunnon]]]] Lunnon is a major centre o heicher eddication lair an research an its 43 varsities form the lairgest concentration o heicher education institutes in Europe.<ref name="Lunnon2"/> In 2008/09 it haed a higher education student population o aroond 412,000 (aboot 17 per cent o the UK tot); oot o thaim, aroond 287,000 wis registered for unnergraduate degrees an 118,000 war studyin at postgraduate level.<ref name=Lunnonhigher>{{cite web|url=http://www.londonhigher.ac.uk/396.html?&no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=95&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=393&cHash=66a6e680d7|title=Numbers of students in London|accessdate=26 August 2010|publisher=Lunnon Higher|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK24fXt?url=http://www.londonhigher.ac.uk/396.html|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008/09 thare war aroond 97,150 international students in Lunnon, aboot 25 per cent o aw international students in the UK.<ref name=Lunnonhigher/> A nummer o warld-leadin education institutions are based in Lunnon. In the 2014/15 ''[[QS World University Rankings]]'', [[Imperial College Lunnon]] is ranked jynt 2nt in the warld (alongside [[The University o Cambridge]]), [[University College Lunnon]] (UCL) is ranked 5t, an [[Keeng's College Lunnon]] (KCL) is ranked 16t.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2014|title=QS World University Rankings – Overall for 2014|accessdate=13 November 2014}}</ref> The [[Lunnon School o Economics]] haes been describit as the warld's leadin social science institution for baith teaching an research.<ref name=Lunnon_156>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/sunday_times_university_guide/article2496158.ece |title=The Sunday Times Good University Guide 2007&nbsp;– Profile for London School of Economics |work=The Sunday Times |location=Lunnon |accessdate=6 June 2008 |date=23 September 2007 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK36cad?url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/sunday_times_university_guide/article2496158.ece |archivedate=2011-05-20 |first=Deirdre |last=Hipwell |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Lunnon Business School]] is considert ane o the warld's leadin business schuils an in 2015 its MBA programme wis ranked seicont best in the warld bi the ''[[Financial Times]]''.<ref name = "ft">{{cite news |url=http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/global-mba-rankings |title=FT Global MBA Rankings |work=Financial Times |location=Lunnon |accessdate=25 January 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK3NXwE?url=http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/global-mba-rankings |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Wi 120,000 students in Lunnon,<ref>{{cite web|title=About us|url=http://www.london.ac.uk/aboutus.html|publisher=University o Lunnon|accessdate=1 December 2014|archive-date=2016-09-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905140556/http://www.london.ac.uk/aboutus.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> the federal [[University o Lunnon]] is the lairgest contact teaching varsity in the UK.<ref>[http://www.hesa.ac.uk/dox/dataTables/studentsAndQualifiers/download/institution0506.xls HESA Statistics: United Kingdom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928044330/http://www.hesa.ac.uk/dox/dataTables/studentsAndQualifiers/download/institution0506.xls |date=2007-09-28 }}. HESA. Retrieved 6 April 2015</ref> It includes fower lairge multi-faculty varsities&nbsp;– [[Keeng's College Lunnon]], [[Queen Mary, University o Lunnon|Queen Mary]], [[Royal Holloway]] an [[University College Lunnon|UCL]]&nbsp;– an a nummer o smawer an mair specialised institutions includin [[Birkbeck College|Birkbeck]], the [[Courtauld Institute o Art]], [[Goldsmiths, University o Lunnon|Goldsmiths]], [[Guildhall School o Music an Drama]], the [[Institute o Education]], the [[Lunnon Business School]], the [[Lunnon School o Economics]], the [[Lunnon School o Hygiene & Tropical Medicine]], the [[Royal Academy o Music]], the [[Central School o Speech an Drama]], the [[Royal Veterinary College]] an the [[School o Oriental an African Studies]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.ac.uk/colleges_institutes.html|title=Colleges and Institutes|accessdate=23 September 2010|publisher=University o Lunnon|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK4QvPy?url=http://www.london.ac.uk/colleges_institutes.html|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref> Members o the University o Lunnon hae thair ain [[University an college admission|admissions]] procedures, an some awaird thair ain degrees. Thare a nummer o varsities in Lunnon that is ootwi the University o Lunnon system, includin [[Brunel University]], [[City University Lunnon]], [[Imperial College Lunnon]], [[Keengston University]], [[Lunnon Metropolitan University]], [[Middlesex University]], [[University o East Lunnon]], [[University o West Lunnon]] an [[University o Westminster]], (wi ower 34,000 students, the lairgest unitary varsity in Lunnon),<ref name=Lunnon_157>[http://www.londonmet.ac.uk/library/o90402_3.pdf About London Met] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124143209/http://www.londonmet.ac.uk/library/o90402_3.pdf |date=2009-01-24 }} Lunnon Metropolitan University, August 2008</ref> [[Lunnon South Bank University]], [[Middlesex University]], [[University o the Arts Lunnon]] (the lairgest varsity o airt, design, fashion, communication an the performin arts in Europe),<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2008/may/01/universityguide.highereducation42|title=University of the Arts London|accessdate=27 August 2010|work=The Guardian|location=Lunnon|date=1 May 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK4mSBu?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2008/may/01/universityguide.highereducation42|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref> [[University o East Lunnon]], the [[University o West Lunnon]] an the [[University o Westminster]]. In addition, thare three international varsities in Lunnon&nbsp;– [[Regent's College]], [[Richmond University]] an [[Schiller International University]]. [[File:Royal College of Music - April 2007.jpg|thumb|The front façade o the [[Royal College o Music]]]] Lunnon is home tae [[Unitit Hospitals|five major medical schools]]&nbsp;– [[Barts an The Lunnon School o Medicine an Dentistry]] (pairt o [[Queen Mary, University o Lunnon|Queen Mary]]), [[Keeng's College Lunnon School o Medicine]] (the lairgest medical schuil in Europe), [[Imperial College School o Medicine]], [[UCL Medical School]] an [[St George's, University o Lunnon]]&nbsp;– an haes numerous affiliatit teaching hospitals. Forbye, it is a major centre for biomedical research, an three o the UK's five [[academic health science centre]]s is based in the ceety&nbsp;– [[Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust|Imperial College Healthcare]], [[Keeng's Health Partners]] an [[UCL Partners]] (the lairgest sic centre in Europe).<ref>{{Cite news |work=The Guardian |location=Lunnon |title=NHS hospitals tae forge £2bn research link-up with university |accessdate=6 September 2010 |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2008/aug/07/health.highereducation |date=7 August 2008 |first=John |last=Carvel |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK5JH6x?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2008/aug/07/health.highereducation |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Thare are a nummer o business schuils in Lunnon, includin the [[Lunnon School o Business an Finance]], [[Cass Business School]] (pairt o [[City University Lunnon]]), [[Hult International Business School]], [[ESCP Europe]], [[European Business School Lunnon]], [[Imperial College Business School]] an the [[Lunnon Business School]]. Lunnon is hame tae mony specialeet arts education institutions an aa, includin the [[Lunnon College o Contemporary Arts (LCCA)]], the [[Academy o Live an Recorded Arts]], the [[Lunnon Contemporary Dance Scuil]], [[Royal Academy o Dramatic Art|RADA]], the [[Royal College o Art]], the [[Royal College o Music]] an [[Trinity Laban]]. ===Primary an secondary education=== The majority o primary an seicontar schuils an faur education colleges in Lunnon is controlt bi the [[Lunnon boroughs]] or otherwise state-funded; leadin ensaumples include [[City an Islington College]], [[Ealing, Hammersmith an West Lunnon College]], [[Leyton Sixth Form College]], [[Tower Hamlets College]] an [[Bethnal Green Academy]]. Thare a nummer o private schuils an colleges in Lunnon an aa, some auld an famous, lik [[City o Lunnon Scuil]], [[Harrow Scuil|Harrow]], [[St Paul's Scuil (Lunnon)|St Paul's Scuil]], [[University College Scuil]], [[Highgate Scuil]] an [[Westminster Scuil]]. ==Cultur== {{Main|Cultur o Lunnon}} ===Leisure an entertainment=== [[File:Open Happiness Piccadilly Circus Blue-Pink Hour 120917-1126-jikatu.jpg|thumb|right|[[Piccadilly Circus]]]] Wiin the [[City o Westminster]], the entertainment destrict o the [[West End o Lunnon|West End]] haes its focus aroond [[Leicester squerr]], whaur Lunnon an warld film [[premieres]] are held, an [[Piccadilly Circus]], wi its giant electronic advertisements.<ref name=Lunnon_160>{{cite web|url=http://www.piccadillylights.co.uk/|title=Piccadilly Lights|publisher=Land Securities|accessdate=3 November 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK7QmKt?url=http://www.piccadillylights.co.uk/|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lunnon's [[West End theatre|theatre]] destrict is here, as is mony cinemas, bars, clubs an restaurants, includin the ceety's [[Chinatown, Lunnon|Chinatown]] destrict (in [[Soho]]), an juist tae the east is [[Royal Opera House|Covent Garden]], an area hoosin speciality shops. The ceety is the hame o [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]], whase musicals hae dominate the West End theatre syne the late 20t century.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=AWaZ1LAFAZEC&dq=lloyd+webber+%22the+most+commercially+successful+composer+in+history.%22&source=gbs_navlinks_s Sondheim and Lloyd-Webber: the new musical] ''The New York Times''.. refert tae Andrew Lloyd Webber as "the maist commercially successful composer in history"</ref> The Unitit Kinrick's [[Royal Ballet]], [[English National Ballet]], [[Royal Opera, Lunnon|Royal Opera]] an [[English National Opera]] are based in Lunnon an perform at the [[Royal Opera House]], the [[Lunnon Coliseum]], [[Sadler's Wells Theatre]] an the [[Royal Albert Hall]] as weel as tourin the kintra.<ref name="Lunnon's Concerts">{{cite web|url=http://www.yourlondon.gov.uk/visiting/topic.jsp?topicid=6482&search_title=Theatres+and+concert+halls|title=Theatres and concert halls.|publisher=Your Lunnon|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080124185332/http://www.yourlondon.gov.uk/visiting/topic.jsp?topicid=6482&search_title=Theatres+and+concert+halls|archivedate=2008-01-24|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Harrods at Night, London - Nov 2012.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Harrods]] in [[Knightsbridge]]]] [[Islington]]'s {{convert|1|mi|km}} lang Upper Street, extendin northlins frae [[Angel, Lunnon|Angel]], haes mair bars an restaurants nor ony ither street in the Unitit Kinrick.<ref name=Lunnon_161>{{Cite journal|title=2001: Public houses|publisher=BBC|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/trail/local_history/city/street_03.shtml?publichouses|accessdate=4 June 2008|ref=harv|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK7ebGH?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/trail/local_history/city/street_03.shtml?publichouses|archivedate=2011-05-20|journal=|url-status=live}}</ref> Europe's busiest shoppin airt is [[Oxford Street]], a shoppin street near {{convert|1|mi|km}} lang, makin it the langest shoppin street in the Unitit Kinrick. Oxford Street is hame tae vast nummers o retailers an [[department stores]], includin the warld-famous [[Selfridges]] [[Flagship store#Retailing|flagship store]].<ref name=Lunnon_162>{{Cite journal| url=http://www.london.gov.uk/londoner/06sep/p7a.jsp| publisher=[[The Lunnoner]]| title=Oxford Street gets its own dedicated local police team| date=September 2006| accessdate=19 June 2007| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930204913/http://www.london.gov.uk/londoner/06sep/p7a.jsp| archivedate=2007-09-30| ref=harv| journal=| url-status=live}}</ref> [[Knightsbridge]], hame tae the equally renowned [[Harrods]] [[department store]], lees tae the sooth-wast. [[File:London, UK (August 2014) - 156.JPG|thumb|right|[[Shakespeare's Globe]] is a modren reconstruction o the Globe Theatre on the sooth bank o the River Thames]] Lunnon is home tae designers [[Vivienne Westwood]], [[John Galliano|Galliano]], [[Stella McCartney]], [[Manolo Blahnik]], an [[Jimmy Choo]] amang others; its renowned airt an fashion schuils mak it an international centre o fashion alang wi [[Paris]], [[Milan]], an [[New York ceety]]. Lunnon offers a great variety o cuisine as a result o its ethnically diverse population. Gastronomic centres include the [[Bangladesh]]i restaurants o [[Brick Lane]] an the [[Chinese food]] restaurants o [[Chinatown, Lunnon|Chinatown]].<ref name=Lunnon_163>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinatownlondon.org/|title=Chinatown&nbsp;— Official website|publisher=Chinatown Lunnon|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK84XXn?url=http://www.chinatownlondon.org/|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thare is a variety o [[Leet o annual events in Lunnon|annual events]], beginnin wi the relatively new [[New Year's Day Parade]], fireworks display at the [[Lunnon Eye]], the warld's seicont lairgest [[street party]], the [[Notting Hill Carnival]] is held durin the late [[August Bank Holiday]] ilka year. Traditional parades include November's [[Lord Mayor's Show]], a centuries-auld event celebrating the annual appointment o a new [[Lord Mayor o the ceety o Lunnon]] wi a procession alang the streets o the ceety, an Juin's [[Trooping the Colour]], a formal military pageant performed by regiments o the [[Commonwealth o Nations|Commonwealth]] an [[British Army|British]] armies tae celebrate the [[Queen's Official Birthday]].<ref name=Lunnon_164>{{cite web|url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page4820.asp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620233221/http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page4820.asp|archivedate=2008-06-20|title=One Queen, Two Birthdays|publisher=Royal Government|accessdate=27 September 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Literature, film an television=== {{Main|Lunnon in fiction|Lunnon in film|Leet o films set in Lunnon|Leet o television shows set in Lunnon|Lunnon Television Archive}} [[File:Keats House.jpg|thumb|[[Keats House]], whaur [[John Keats|Keats]] wrote his ''[[Ode tae a Nightingale]]''. The veelage o [[Hampstead]] haes historically been a literary centre in Lunnon.]] Lunnon haes been the setting for mony works o literature. The literary centres o Lunnon hae tradeetionally been hilly [[Hampstead]] an (syne the early 20t century) [[Bloomsbury]]. Writers closely associatit wi the ceety are the diarist [[Samuel Pepys]], notit for his eyewitness accoont o the [[Great Fire o Lunnon|Great Fire]], [[Charles Dickens]], whose representation o a foggy, snawy, grimy Lunnon o street sweepers an pickpockets haes been a major influence on people's vision o early [[Victorian era|Victorian]] Lunnon, an [[Virginia Woolf]], regarded as ane o the foremost [[modrenism|modrenist]] literary figurs o the 20t century.<ref name="Lunnon in Literature">{{cite web|url=http://www.brynmawr.edu/library/speccoll/guides/london/londoninliterature.shtml|title=London in Literature,|publisher=Bryn Mawr College|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK8S7iR?url=http://www.brynmawr.edu/library/speccoll/guides/london/londoninliterature.shtml|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Sherlock Holmes Museum.jpg|left|thumb|[[Sherlock Holmes Museum]] in [[Baker Street]], bearing the nummer 221B]] The pilgrims in [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]'s late 14t-century ''[[The Canterbury Tales|Canterbury Tales]]'' set oot for [[Canterbury]] frae Lunnon&nbsp;– specifically, frae the [[The Tabard|Tabard]] inn, [[Southwark]]. [[William Shakespeare]] spent a lairge pairt o his life livin an working in Lunnon; his contemporary [[Ben Jonson]] wis forby based thare, an some o his work—maist notably his play ''[[The Alchemist (play)|The Alchemist]]''—wis set in the ceety.<ref name="Lunnon in Literature" /> ''[[A Journal o the Plague Year]]'' (1722) bi [[Daniel Defoe]] is a fictionalisation o the events o the 1665 [[Great Plague o Lunnon|Great Plague]].<ref name="Lunnon in Literature" /> Later important depictions o Lunnon frae the 19t an early 20t centuries are Dickens' novels, an [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s [[Sherlock Holmes]] stories.<ref name="Lunnon in Literature" /> Modern writers pervasively influenced bi the ceety include [[Peter Ackroyd]], author o a "biography" o Lunnon, an [[Iain Sinclair]], wha writes in the genre o [[psychogeography]]. Lunnon haes played a significant role in the film industry, an haes major studios at [[Ealing Studios|Ealing]] an a [[special effect]]s an [[post-production]] community centred in [[Soho]]. [[Working Title Films]] haes its headquarters in Lunnon.<ref name=Lunnon_165>{{cite web|url=http://www.workingtitlefilms.com/|title=Working Title Films|publisher=Universal Studios|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK8c0bN?url=http://www.workingtitlefilms.com/|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref> Lunnon haes been the setting for films includin ''[[Oliver Twist (1948 film)|Oliver Twist]]'' (1948), ''[[Scrooge (1951 film)|Scrooge]]'' (1951), ''[[Peter Pan (1953 film)|Peter Pan]]'' (1953), ''[[101 Dalmatians (1996 film)|The 101 Dalmatians]]'' (1961), ''[[My Fair Lady (film)|My Fair Lady]]'' (1964), ''[[Mary Poppins (film)|Mary Poppins]]'' (1964), ''[[Blowup]]'' (1966), ''[[The Long Good Friday]]'' (1980), ''[[Notting Hill (film)|Notting Hill]]'' (1999), ''[[Love Actually]]'' (2003), ''[[V For Vendetta (film)|V For Vendetta]]'' (2005), ''[[Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber o Fleet Street]]'' (2008) an ''[[The King's Speech]]'' (2010). Notable actors an filmmakers frae Lunnon include; [[Charlie Chaplin]], [[Alfred Hitchcock]], [[Michael Caine]], [[Helen Mirren]], [[Gary Oldman]], [[Christopher Nolan]], [[Jude Law]], [[Tom Hardy]], [[Keira Knightley]] an [[Daniel Day-Lewis]]. As o 2008, the [[British Academy Film Awards]] haes taen place at the [[Royal Opera House]]. Lunnon is a major centre for television production, wi studios includin [[BBC Television Centre]], [[The Fountain Studios]] an [[The Lunnon Studios]]. Mony television programmes hae been set in Lunnon, includin the popular television soap opera ''[[EastEnders]]'', broadcast bi the BBC syne 1985. ===Museums an art galleries=== [[File:Galería Nacional, Londres, Inglaterra, 2014-08-07, DD 035.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[National Gallery|The National Gallery]]]] Lunnon is [[Leet o museums in Lunnon|home tae mony museums]], galleries, an ither institutions, mony o thaim free o admission charges an are major [[tourist attraction]]s as weel as playin a research role. The first o thaim tae be established wis the [[British Museum]] in [[Bloomsbury]], in 1753. oreeginally containin antiquities, naitural history specimens an the national leebrar, the museum nou haes 7&nbsp;million artefacts frae aroond the globe. In 1824 the [[National Gallery]] wis foondit tae hoose the British national collection o Western pentins; this nou occupies a prominent poseetion in [[Trafalgar squerr]]. In the latter hauf o the 19t century the locale o [[South Kensington]] wis developed as "[[Albertopolis]]", a cultural an scientific quarter. Three major national museums are thare: the [[Victoria an Albert Museum]] (for the [[applied arts]]), the [[Natural History Museum, Lunnon|Natural History Museum]] an the [[Lunnon Science Museum|Science Museum]]. The [[National Portrait Gallery, Lunnon|National Portrait Gallery]] wis foondit in 1856 tae hoose depictions o figurs frae British history; its holdings nou comprise the warld's maist extensive collection o portraits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npg.org.uk/about/organisation.php|title=Organisation|publisher=National Portrait Gallery|accessdate=18 November 2013}}</ref> The national gallery o British airt is at [[Tate Britain]], oreeginally established as an annexe o the National Gallery in 1897. The Tate Gallery, as it wis umwhile kent, became a major centre for modern airt an aa; in 2000 this collection muived tae [[Tate Modern]], a new gallery housed in the umwhile [[Bankside Power Station]]. ===Music=== [[File:Royal Albert Hall Crop, London - Nov 2012.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Royal Albert Hall]] hosts concerts an muisical events]] Lunnon is ane o the major [[Classical music|classical]] an [[popular music]] capitals o the warld an is hame tae major muisic corporations, sic as [[EMI]] an [[Warner Music Group]] as weel as countless bands, musicians an industry professionals. The ceety is home tae mony orchestras an concert halls an aa, lik the [[Barbican Arts Centre]] (principal base o the [[Lunnon Symphony Orchestra]] an the [[Lunnon Symphony Chorus]]), [[Cadogan Hall]] ([[Royal Philharmonic Orchestra]]) an the [[Royal Albert Hall]] ([[The Proms]]).<ref name="Lunnon's Concerts" /> Lunnon's twa main opera houses are the [[Royal Opera House]] an the [[Coliseum Theatre]].<ref name="Lunnon's Concerts" /> The UK's lairgest [[pipe organ]] is at the Royal Albert Hall. Other significant instruments are at the cathedrals an major kirks. Several [[conservatoire]]s are wiin the ceety: [[Royal Academy o Music]], [[Royal College o Music]], [[Guildhall School o Music an Drama]] an [[Trinity College o Music]]. [[File:Abbey Rd Studios.jpg|right|thumb|[[Abbey Road Studios]], 3 [[Abbey Road (street)|Abbey Road]], [[St John's Wood]], ceety o Westminster]] Lunnon haes numerous venues for rock an pop concerts, includin lairge arenas sic as [[Earls Court Exhibition Centre|Earls Court]], [[Wembley Arena]] an the [[The O2 Arena (Lunnon)|O<sub>2</sub> Arena]], as weel as mony mid-sized venues, sic as [[Brixton Academy]], the [[Hammersmith Apollo]] an the [[Shepherd's Bush Empire]].<ref name="Lunnon's Concerts" /> Several [[music festivals]], includin the [[Wireless Festival]], are held in Lunnon. The ceety is hame tae the first an oreeginal [[Hard Rock Cafe]] an the [[Abbey Road Studios]] whaur [[The Beatles]] recorded mony o thair hits. In the 1960s, 1970s an 1980s, musicians an groups lik [[Elton John]], [[Pink Floyd]], [[David Bowie]], [[Queen (baund)|Queen]], [[The Kinks]], [[The Rolling Stones]], [[The Who]], [[Eric Clapton]], [[Led Zeppelin]], [[The Small Faces]], [[Iron Maiden]], [[Fleetwood Mac]], [[Elvis Costello]], [[Cat Stevens]], [[The Police]], [[The Cure]], [[Madness (baund)|Madness]], [[The Jam]], [[Dusty Springfield]], [[Phil Collins]], [[Rod Stewart]] an [[Sade (baund)|Sade]], derived thair sound frae the streets an rhythms vibrating throu Lunnon.<ref name="Top40">{{cite book |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2006/04/06/garycrowley_londontop40_feature.shtml |title=London's top 40 artists |date=6 April 2006 |publisher=BBC |accessdate=9 September 2008 |isbn=978-0-89820-135-2}}</ref> Lunnon wis instrumental in the development o [[punk muisic]],<ref name=Lunnon_172>{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d204 |publisher=Allmusic |title=Punk |accessdate=19 February 2010 |archive-date=2011-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426153907/http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d204 |url-status=dead }}</ref> wi figurs sic as the [[Sex Pistols]], [[The Clash]],<ref name="Top40"/> an [[Vivienne Westwood]] aw based in the ceety. Mair recent artists tae emerge frae the Lunnon music scene include [[George Michael]], [[Kate Bush]], [[Seal (muisicker)|Seal]], [[Siouxsie an the Banshees]], [[Bush (baund)|Bush]], the [[Spice Girls]], [[Jamiroquai]], [[Blur (baund)|Blur]], [[The Prodigy]], [[Gorillaz]], [[Mumford & Sons]], [[Coldplay]], [[Amy Winehouse]] an [[Adele]].<ref name="Scene">{{cite web|url=http://www.londonbc.co.uk/history-of-music-in-london.html|title=History of music in London|publisher=The Lunnon Music Scene|accessdate=2 August 2009|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK9hhlR?url=http://www.londonbc.co.uk/history-of-music-in-london.html|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Walker, Tim (28 July 2008). [http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/mumford--sons-the-luminaire-london-878562.html "Mumford & Sons, The Luminaire, London"]. ''The Independent'' (Lunnon). Retrieved 13 October 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/musicblog/2011/dec/09/10-classic-club-nights |title=From the Dug Out and dreads tae DMZ and dubstep: 10 classic club nights |work=Guardian Music Blog |location =Lunnon |author=Warren, Emma |accessdate= 13 October 2012 |date=9 December 2011}}</ref> Lunnon is a centre for urban music an aa. In parteecular, the genres [[UK garage]], [[drum an bass]], [[dubstep]] an [[grime (music)|grime]] evolved in the ceety frae the furren genres o [[hip hop]] an [[reggae]], anent local [[drum an bass]]. Black music station [[BBC Radio 1Xtra]] wis set up tae support the rise o home-grown urban music baith in Lunnon an in the rest o the UK. ==Notable fowk== {{Main|Leet o fowk frae Lunnon}} ==Recreation== ===Parks an open spaces=== {{Main|Parks an open spaces in Lunnon|Royal Parks o Lunnon}} {{see also|Leet o Sites o Special Scientific Interest in Greater Lunnon|Leet o Local Nature Reserves in Greater Lunnon}} {{multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | image1 = Aerial view of Hyde Park.jpg | width1 = 220 | caption1 = Aerial view o [[Hyde Park, Lunnon|Hyde Park]] | alt1 = Hyde Park | image2 = St James's Park Lake – East from the Blue Bridge - 2012-10-06.jpg | width2 = 220 | caption2 = [[St. James's Park]] lake wi the Lunnon Eye in the distance | alt2 = Lake wi Lunnon Eye in the background }} The mucklest pairks in the [[Central Lunnon|central area o Lunnon]] are three o the aicht [[Royal Parks o Lunnon|Royal Parks]], namely [[Hyde Park, Lunnon|Hyde Park]] an its neebur [[Kensington Gardens]] in the wast, an [[Regent's Park]] tae the north.<ref name=Lunnon_080>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/kensington_gardens/|title=Kensington Gardens|year=2008|publisher=The Royal Parks|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0tndiN?url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/kensington_gardens/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hyde Park in parteecular is popular for [[Lunnon#Sports|sports]] an whiles hosts open-air concerts. Regent's Park conteens [[Lunnon Zoo]], the warld's auldest scientific zoo, an is near the tourist attraction o [[Madame Tussauds]] Wax Museum.<ref name=Lunnon_081>{{cite web|url=http://www.madametussauds.com/London/About.aspx|title=Madame Tussauds&nbsp;— Official website|publisher=Madame Tussauds|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0uQJ4x?url=http://www.madametussauds.com/London/About.aspx|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_082>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourist-information-uk.com/madame-tussauds.htm|title=Madame Tussauds&nbsp;— Tourist Information|publisher=Tourist Information UK|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0v6PMD?url=http://www.tourist-information-uk.com/madame-tussauds.htm|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Primrose Hill]] in the northren pairt o Regent's Park at {{convert|256|ft|0}}<ref name=mills>Mills, A., ''Dictionary o Lunnon Place Names'', (2001)</ref> is a popular spot tae view the ceety skyline. Close tae Hyde Park are smawer Royal Parks, [[Green Park]] an [[St. James's Park]].<ref name=Lunnon_083>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/green_park/|title=Green Park|year=2008|publisher=The Royal Parks|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5nE6fuYvF?url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/green_park/|archivedate=2010-02-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> A nummer o lairge parks lie ootside the ceety centre, includin the remainin Royal Parks o [[Greenwich Park]] tae the sooth-east<ref name=Lunnon_170>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/greenwich_park/|title=Greenwich Park|year=2008|publisher=The Royal Parks|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0w5wlZ?url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/greenwich_park/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> an [[Bushy Park]] an [[Richmond Park]] (the lairgest) tae the sooth-wast,<ref name=Lunnon_084>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/bushy_park/|title=Bushy Park|year=2008|publisher=The Royal Parks|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0wb1mJ?url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/bushy_park/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_085>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/richmond_park/|title=Richmond Park|year=2008|publisher=The Royal Parks|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0x5bB5?url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/richmond_park/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Hampton Court Park]] is a royal park an aa, but, acause it conteens a palace, it is administered bi the [[Historic Royal Palaces]], unlik the aicht [[Royal Parks o Lunnon|Royal Parks]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.richmond.gov.uk/home/services/leisure_and_culture/parks_and_open_spaces/park_details.htm?parkId=268 |title=Richmond Borough Council |access-date=2015-06-04 |archive-date=2015-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826172424/http://www.richmond.gov.uk/home/services/leisure_and_culture/parks_and_open_spaces/park_details.htm?parkId=268 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Close tae Richmond Park is [[Kew Gardens]] whilk haes the warld's lairgest collection o livin plants. In 2003, the gardens war pit on the [[Unitit Nations Educational, Scientific an Cultural Organization|UNESCO]] leet o [[Leet o World Heritage Sites o the Unitit Kinrick|World Heritage Sites]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.kew.org/ksheets/pdfs/k16kewhistory.pdf|title= Kew, History & Heritage|author= |work= |publisher= [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]]|accessdate= 24 January 2013|archive-date= 2008-08-29|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080829192523/http://www.kew.org/ksheets/pdfs/k16kewhistory.pdf|url-status= dead}}</ref> Thare a thrang o parks administert bi Lunnon's borough cooncils, includin [[Victoria Park, Lunnon|Victoria Park]] in the [[East End]] an [[Battersea Park]] in the centre. Some mair informal, semi-naitural open spaces exist, includin the {{convert|320|ha|acre|sing=on}} [[Hampstead Heath]] o [[North Lunnon]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/LGNL_Services/Environment_and_planning/Parks_and_open_spaces/Hampstead_Heath/|title=City of London Corporation Hampstead Heath|publisher=City o Lunnon Corporation|accessdate=19 February 2010|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0xBire?url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/LGNL_Services/Environment_and_planning/Parks_and_open_spaces/Hampstead_Heath/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> an [[Epping Forest]], whilk covers 2,476 hectares (6,118.32 acres)<ref>{{cite web |url= http://217.154.230.195/NR/rdonlyres/A3CB6563-4D0D-4C35-AC7F-818C28306E79/0/OS_EF_Dogs.pdf |title= Epping Forest You & Your Dog |work= brochure |publisher= ceety o Lunnon |accessdate= 13 March 2010 |archive-date= 2011-07-04 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110704191340/http://217.154.230.195/NR/rdonlyres/A3CB6563-4D0D-4C35-AC7F-818C28306E79/0/OS_EF_Dogs.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref> in the east. Baith is controlt bi the [[City o Lunnon Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Ramblers |url=http://www.ramblers.org.uk/info/parks/name/c/corporationoflondon.htm |title=Corporation of London Open Spaces |publisher=Ramblers.org.uk |accessdate=12 December 2011 |archive-date=2008-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029232404/http://www.ramblers.org.uk/info/parks/name/c/corporationoflondon.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/green-spaces/Pages/default.aspx|publisher=City o Lunnon|title=Green spaces|accessdate=27 July 2012|archive-date=2012-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721005003/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/green-spaces/Pages/default.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hampstead Heath incorporates [[Kenwood House]], the umwhile [[stately home]] an a popular location in the summer months whaur classical muisical concerts is held bi the lake, attracting thousans o fowk ilka weekend tae enjoy the muisic, scenery an fireworks.<ref name=Lunnon_086>{{cite web|url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.00100200800k00800f|title=Kenwood House|publisher=English Heritage|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0xs5EE?url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.00100200800k00800f|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> Epping Forest is a popular venue for various outdoor activities, includin moontain biking, walking, horse ridin, golf, anglin, an orienteerin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/green-spaces/epping-forest/Pages/default.aspx|title=Epping Forest|work=cityofLunnon.gov.uk|access-date=2015-06-04|archive-date=2012-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120811004010/https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/green-spaces/epping-forest/Pages/default.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Walking=== [[File:Carshalton 2007.jpg|thumb|[[Carshalton]] Ponds, on the [[Wandle Trail]] in the [[Lunnon Borough o Sutton]]]] [[Walking in Lunnon|Walking is a popular recreational activity in Lunnon]]. Areas that provide for walks include [[Wimbledon Common]], [[Epping Forest]], [[Hampton Court Park]], [[Hampstead Heath]], the aicht [[Royal Parks]], canals an disuised railway tracks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.innerlondonramblers.org.uk/ideasforwalks.html|title=Inner London Ramblers - Walk Ideas|author=Phil Marson|work=innerLunnonramblers.org.uk|access-date=2015-06-04|archive-date=2020-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119050940/https://www.innerlondonramblers.org.uk/ideasforwalks.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Access tae canals an rivers haes improved recently, includin the creation o the [[Thames Path]], some {{convert|28|mi|km}} o whilk is wiin [[Greater Lunnon]], an The [[Wandle Trail]]; this rins {{convert|12|mi|km}} throu [[South Lunnon]] alang the [[River Wandle]], a [[tributaries o the River Thames|tributary o the River Thames]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sustrans.org.uk/ncn/map/route/wandle-trail|title=Wandle Trail - Map|work=Sustrans}}</ref> Ither [[long distance path]]s, linkin green spaces, hae been creatit an aa, includin the [[Capital Ring]], the [[Green Chain Walk]], [[Lunnon Outer Orbital Path]] ("Loop"), [[Jubilee Walkway]], [[Lea Valley Walk]], an the [[Diana, Princess o Wales Memorial Walk]].<ref>Ideas for Lunnon walks frae the Inner Lunnon Walking Group</ref> ===Sports=== {{Main|Sport in Lunnon}} {{multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | image1 = Wembley Stadium interior.jpg | width1 = 225 | caption1 = [[Wembley Stadium]], hame o the [[Ingland fitba team]], has a 90,000 capacity. It is the UK's mucklemaist stadium | alt1 = The interior o a empy stadium as viewed frae its upper tier o seatin. The seats is a vivid red an the pick is a vivid green. The pale grey sky is visible throuch a openin in the ceilin abuin the pick. | image2 = Twickenham Stadium - May 2012.jpg | width2 = 225 | caption2 = [[Twickenham Stadium|Twickenham]], hame o the [[Ingland naitional rugby union team|Ingland rugby union team]], has an 82,000 capacity, the warld's lairgest rugby union stadium | alt2 = A rugby union stadium packed wi fans watchin a game | image3 = Centre Court, 28 March 2012.jpg | width3 = 225 | caption3 = [[Centre Court]] at [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]]. First played in 1877, the Championships is the auldest tennis tournament in the warld.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/tennis/06/14/tennis.wimbledon.125th.anniversary.museum/index.html 125 years of Wimbledon: frae birth of lawn tennis tae modren marvels] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218114004/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/tennis/06/14/tennis.wimbledon.125th.anniversary.museum/index.html |date=2020-02-18 }} CNN. Retrieved 28 September 2011</ref> | alt3 = Centre Court, Wimbledon | image4 = Lord's in 2005.jpg | width4 = 225 | caption4 = [[Lord's Cricket Ground]] is widely referred tae as the "hame o cricket".<ref>{{cite web|title=Lord's|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/england/content/ground/57129.html|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|accessdate=22 August 2009}}</ref> | alt4 = A cricket ground during a game }} Lunnon haes hostit the [[Summer Olympic Gemmes|Simmer Olympics]] three times: in [[1908 Summer Olympics|1908]], [[1948 Summer Olympics|1948]], an [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012]].<ref name=Lunnon_173>{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/london-1908-summer-olympics|title=London 1908|publisher=International Olympic Committee|accessdate=5 February 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK9wPnn?url=http://www.olympic.org/london-1908-summer-olympics|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_174>{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/london-1948-summer-olympics|title=London 1948|publisher=International Olympic Committee|accessdate=5 February 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoKBZHIo?url=http://www.olympic.org/london-1948-summer-olympics|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref> It wis chosen in Julie 2005 tae host the 2012 Olympics an [[2012 Summer Paralympics|Paralympics]], makin it the first ceety tae host the modren Gemmes three times.<ref name=IOC/> The ceety wis forby the host o the [[Commonweel Gemmes|Breetish Empire Gemmes]] in [[1934 Breetish Empire Gemmes|1934]].<ref name=Lunnon_175>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecgf.com/countries/intro.asp?loc=ENG|title=England&nbsp;— Introduction|publisher=Commonwealth Games Federation|accessdate=3 November 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoKDfTeZ?url=http://www.thecgf.com/countries/intro.asp?loc=ENG|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2017 Lunnon hostit the [[2017 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships in Athletics]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/other_news/1216135963.html |title=London Defeats Doha tae host 2017 International Athletics Championships |publisher=Gamesbids.com |accessdate=13 December 2011 |archive-date=2011-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113180038/http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/other_news/1216135963.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lunnon's [[Sport in the Unitit Kinrick#Popularity|maist popular sport]] is [[association fitbaw|fitbaw]] an it haes fourteen [[The Football League|League]] fitbaa clubs, includin sax in the [[Premier League]]: [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]], [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], [[Crystal Palace F.C.|Crystal Palace]], [[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens Park Rangers]], [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]], an [[West Ham Unitit F.C.|West Ham United]].<ref name=Lunnon_176>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefa.com/TheFA/ContactUs/Postings/2004/03/premier_league_contacts.htm|title=TheFA.com&nbsp;— Premier League|date=17 January 2004|work=The FA.com|publisher=The Football Association|accessdate=29 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041027030131/http://www.thefa.com/TheFA/ContactUs/Postings/2004/03/premier_league_contacts.htm|archivedate=2004-10-27|url-status=live}}</ref> In Mey 2012, Chelsea becam the first Lunnon club tae win the [[UEFA Champions League]]. Frae 1924, the oreeginal [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley Stadium]] wis the hame o the [[Inglish naitional fitba team]]. It hostit the [[1966 FIFA World Cup Final]], wi Ingland defeatin Wast Germany, an serd as the venue for the [[FA Cup Final]] as weel as [[rugby league]]'s [[Challenge Cup]] final.<ref name=Lunnon_178>{{cite web|url=http://www.wembleystadium.com/GloriousPast/greatmoments/1steverwembleyFACupFinal.htm|title=Wembley Stadium History&nbsp;— Official Website|publisher=Wembley National Stadium Limited.|accessdate=29 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403102710/http://www.wembleystadium.com/GloriousPast/greatmoments/1steverwembleyFACupFinal.htm|archivedate=2008-04-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> The new [[Wembley Stadium]] sers exactly the same purposes an haes a capacity o 90,000.<ref name="Wembley Stadium Facts an figurs">{{Cite journal | url=http://www.wembleystadium.com/pressbox/presspack/factsandFigures.htm | title=Wembley Stadium&nbsp;— Presspack&nbsp;— Facts and Figures | publisher=Wembley National Stadium Limitit | accessdate=6 June 2008 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516051636/http://www.wembleystadium.com/pressbox/presspack/factsandFigures.htm | archivedate=2008-05-16 | journal= | url-status=live }}</ref> Five [[English Premiership (rugby union)|Aviva Premiership]] rugby union teams is based in Lunnon, ([[Lunnon Irish]], [[Saracens F.C.|Saracens]], [[Lunnon Wasps|Wasps]], [[Lunnon Welsh]] an [[Harlequin F.C.|Harlequins]]), awbesit currently anly Harlequins an Saracens play thair hame gemmes wiin Greater Lunnon.<ref name=Lunnon_177>{{cite web |url=http://www.premiershiprugby.com/clubs/index.php |title=Premiership Rugby: Clubs |publisher=Premier Rugby |accessdate=5 August 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoKEiEV8?url=http://www.premiershiprugby.com/clubs/index.php |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Lunnon Scottish F.C.|Lunnon Scottish]] play in the [[RFU Championship]] club an ither rugby union clubs in the ceety include [[Richmond F.C.]], [[Rosslyn Park F.C.]], [[Westcombe Park R.F.C.]] an [[Blackheath F.C.]]. [[Twickenham Stadium]] in sooth-wast Lunnon is the naitional [[rugby union]] stadium, an haes a capacity o 82,000 nou that the new sooth staund haes been completit.<ref name="musiccap">{{Cite press release |publisher=Twickenham Rugby Stadium |title=RFU apply for two additional concerts at Twickenham Stadium in 2007 |url=http://www.rfu.com/microsites/twickenham/index.cfm?StoryID=14822 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625050620/http://www.rfu.com/microsites/twickenham/index.cfm?StoryID=14822 |archivedate=2008-06-25 |date=3 October 2006 |ref=harv |access-date=2015-06-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> While [[rugby league]] is mair popular in the north o England, thare are twa professional rugby league clubs in Lunnon&nbsp;– the seicont tier [[Rugby League National Championship 1|Championship One]] team the [[Lunnon Broncos]] wha play at [[The Hive Stadium|The Hive]] in [[Edgware]] an the third tier [[League 1 (rugby league)|League 1]] team the [[Lunnon Skolars]] frae [[Wood Green]], [[Lunnon Borough o Haringey|Haringey]]; in addition, [[Hemel Stags]] frae [[Hemel Hempstead]] north o Lunnon play in League 1 an aa. Ane o Lunnon's best-kent annual sports competitions is the [[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon Tennis Championships]], held at the [[All England Lawn Tennis an Croquet Club|All England Club]] in the sooth-wastren suburb o [[Wimbledon, Lunnon|Wimbledon]].<ref name=Lunnon_181>{{cite web|url=http://www.wimbledon.org/en_GB/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423182334/http://www.wimbledon.org/en_GB/index.html|archivedate=2008-04-23|title=Wimbledon&nbsp;— official website|publisher=The aw England Tennis an Croquet Club (AELTC)|accessdate=29 April 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> Played in late Juin tae early Julie, it is the auldest tennis tournament in the warld, an widely considered the maist prestigious.<ref>{{cite news|title=Traditional Final: It's Nadal and Federer|work=The New York Times | date=7 May 2008| first=Christopher| last = Clarey| quote = Federer said[:] 'I love playing wi him, especially here at Wimbledon, the most prestigious tournament we have.'| url = http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/05/sports/tennis/05wimbledon.html?ref=tennis|accessdate = 17 July 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia| editor = Will Kaufman & Heidi Slettedahl Macpherson| encyclopedia = Britain an the Americas| title = Tennis|year = 2005 | publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]| volume=1 : Culture, Politics, an History| isbn = 1-85109-431-8| page=958 |quote = this first tennis championship, whilk later evolved intae the Wimbledon Tournament ... continues as the warld's maist prestigious event.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=What Is The Most Prestigious Grand Slam Tennis Tournament?|url= http://www.forbes.com/sites/monteburke/2012/05/30/what-is-the-most-prestigious-grand-slam-tennis-tournament/ |work=Forbes |location= New York |date= 30 May 2012 |accessdate=25 June 2013 |author=Burke, Monte}}</ref> [[Cricket]] in Lunnon is served by twa [[Test cricket]] grunds [[Lord's Cricket Ground|Lord's]] (hame o [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex C.C.C.]]) in [[St John's Wood]]<ref name=Lunnon_179>{{cite web|url=http://www.lords.org/lords-ground/about-lords/|title=About Lord's—the home of cricket&nbsp;— official website|year=2008|publisher=MCC|accessdate=29 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoKGCiA3?url=http://www.lords.org/lords-ground/about-lords/|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> an [[the Oval]] (home o [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey C.C.C.]]) in [[Kennington]].<ref name=Lunnon_180>{{cite web|url=http://www.surreycricket.com/the-brit-oval|title=The Brit Oval&nbsp;— Official Website|year=2008|publisher=Surrey CCC|accessdate=29 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoKH3JOW?url=http://www.surreycricket.com/the-brit-oval|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lord's haes hostit fower finals o the [[Cricket World Cup]]. Ither key events is the annual mass-participation [[Lunnon Marathon]], in whilk some 35,000 runners attemp a {{convert|26.2|mi|km}} course aroond the ceety,<ref name=Lunnon_182>{{cite web |url=http://www.london-marathon.co.uk/site/ |title=Flora London Marathon 2008 |publisher=Lunnon Marathon Ltd |accessdate=29 April 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080426224024/http://www.london-marathon.co.uk/site/ |archivedate=2008-04-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref> an the [[The Boat Race|Oxford an Cambridge Boat Race]] on the [[River Thames]] atween [[Putney]] an [[Mortlake]].<ref name=Lunnon_183>{{cite web |url=http://www.theboatrace.org/ |title=The Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race&nbsp;— Official Website |publisher=The Oxford an Cambridge Boat Race |accessdate=29 April 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoKHGidM?url=http://www.theboatrace.org/ |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Sister ceities == == Twin ceeties == {{Main|Leet o twin touns in the Unitit Kinrick#Lunnon|l1=Leet o touns an ceeties twinned wi Lunnon}} Thare 46 ither places on sax continents namit efter Lunnon. As weel as Lunnon's twinnin, the [[Lunnon burgh]]s hae [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinnins]] wi pairts o ither ceeties the warld ower. Shawn ablo is the leet o ceeties that the [[Greater Lunnon Authority]] haes twinnin arrangements wi: {| |- |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|Peru}} [[Arequipa]], Peru * {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Berlin]], Germany * {{Flagicon|Indie}} [[Delhi]], Indie * {{Flagicon|Colombia}} [[Bogotá]], Colombie |width="80"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|South Africa}} [[Johannesburg]], Sooth Africae * {{Flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysie * {{Flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait Ceety]], Kuwait * {{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Moscow]], Roushie |width="80"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|Unitit States}} [[New York Ceety]], Unitit States * {{Flagicon|Norway}} [[Oslo]], Norawa * {{Flagicon|China}} [[Shanghai]], Cheenae * {{Flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]], Iran |} The follaein ceeties hiv a freendship greement wi Lunnon: {| |- |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|Algeria}} [[Algiers]], Algerie * {{Flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Baku]], Azerbaijan * {{Flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]], Cheenae * {{Flagicon|Romania}} [[Bucharest]], Romanie * {{Flagicon|Argentina}} [[Buenos Aires]], Argentinae |width="80"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|Indie}} [[Delhi]], Indie * {{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh * {{Flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]], Turkey * {{Flagicon|Unitit States}} [[Los Angeles]], Unitit States * {{Flagicon|Indie}} [[Mumbai]], Indie |width="80"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|France}} [[Paris]], Fraunce * {{Flagicon|Montenegro}} [[Podgorica]], Montenegro * {{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Roum]], Italy * {{Flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Sofia]], Bulgarie * {{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Tokyo]], Japan * {{Flagicon|Croatia}} [[Zagreb]], Croatie |} ==Notes== <references group="note"/> == References == {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} {{Commonscat|Lunnon}} [[Category:Lunnon| ]] [[Category:Caipitals in Europe]] [[Category:Ceeties in Ingland]] [[Category:Host ceeties o the Simmer Olympic Gemmes]] [[Category:Populatit places established in the 1st century]] n1t6x9qbhenwey0srckg7c3gzycdg76 Christopher Columbus 0 1616 914625 877174 2026-03-31T07:30:51Z ~2026-19931-13 129114 w cp 914625 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | order =1st|office =Govrenor o the Indies | term_start =1492 | term_end =1499 | appointed = [[Isabella I o Castile]]| predecessor = | successor =[[Francisco de Bobadilla]] | image = Portrait of a Man, Said to be Christopher Columbus.jpg | occupation = [[Leet o maritime explorers|Maritime explorer]] | rank = [[Admiral]] o the [[Ocean Sea]] | caption = Posthumous portrait o Christopher Columbus bi [[Sebastiano del Piombo]], 1519. Thare are na kent authentic portraits o Columbus.<ref>[http://www.vanderkrogt.net/columbus/texts/portrait.html Portraits of Christopher Columbus] – COLUMBUS MONUMENTS PAGES. Vanderkrogt.</ref> | birth_date = Afore 31 October 1451 | birth_place = [[Genoa]], [[Republic o Genoa]] | death_date = 20 Mey 1506 (aged {{circa|54}}) | death_place = [[Valladolid]], [[Croun o Castile]] | other_names = {{plain list| *{{lang-it|Cristoforo Colombo}} {{IPA-it|krisˈtɔːforo koˈlombo|}} *{{lang-ca|Cristòfor Colom}} {{IPA-ca|kɾisˈtɔfur kuˈlom|}} *{{lang-es|Cristóbal Colón}} {{IPA-es|kɾisˈtoβal koˈlon|}} *{{lang-pt|Cristóvão Colombo}} {{IPA-pt|kɾisˈtɔvɐ̃w kuˈlõbu|}} *{{lang-la|Christophorus Columbus}} *{{lang-lij|Christoffa Corombo}} *{{lang-fr|Christophe Colomb}} {{IPA-fr|kʁistɔf kɔlɔ̃|}} }} | religion = [[Roman Catholic]] | spouse = [[Filipa Moniz Perestrelo]] | partner = [[Beatriz Enríquez de Arana]] | children = [[Diego Columbus|Diego]]<br>[[Ferdinand Columbus|Fernando]] | relatives = Brithers:<br>Giovanni Pellegrino<br>Giacomo (cried Diego an aw)<ref>{{Cite NIE| wstitle=Columbus, Diego (brother) |display=Columbus, Diego. The youngest brother of Christopher Columbus}} — The names [[Giacomo (disambiguation)|Giacomo]] an [[Diego]] are [[cognates]], alang wi [[James (name)|James]], aw sharin a common origin. See ''Behind the Name'', Mike Campbell, pages [http://www.behindthename.com/name/Giacomo Giacomo], [http://www.behindthename.com/name/diego Diego], an [http://www.behindthename.com/name/james James]. Aw retrieved 2017-02-03.</ref><br>[[Bartholomew Columbus|Bartholomew]]<br>Sister:<br>Bianchinetta Columbus | signature = Columbus Signature.svg }} '''W cp''' ({{lang-it|Cristoforo Colombo}};{{efn|In ither relevant leids: *{{lang-lij|Cristoffa Combo}} *{{lang-es|link=no|Cristóbal Colón}} *{{lang-pt|Cristóvão Colombo}} *{{lang-la|Christophorus Columbus}}}} {{circa|1451}} &ndash; 20 Mey 1506) wis an [[Italians|Italian]] explorer, navigator, coloniser, an ceetizen o the [[Republic o Genoa]].<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Columbus, Christopher |volume=6 |pages=741–746}}</ref> Unner the auspices o the Catholic Monarchs o [[Spainish Empire|Spain]], he haed duin fower voyages throu the Atlantic Ocean. Thae voyages an his efforts tae estaiblish permanent settlements on the island o [[Hispaniola]] ineetiatit the [[European colonisation o the Americas|European colonisation]] o the [[New Warld]]. Wastren [[imperialism]] an economic competeetion war emergin amang European kinricks throu the estaiblishment o trade routes an colonies. Columbus proponed tae reach the East Indies bi sailin wastwird, an this eventually received the support o the Spainish Croun, as thay saw a chance tae enter the spice trade wi Asie throu a new wastwaird route. During his first voyage in 1492, he reached the [[Americas|New Warld]] insteid o arrivin at [[Japan]] as he haed intendit, laundin on an island in the [[The Bahamas|Bahamas airchipelago]] that he named "San Salvador". Ower the coorse o three mair voyages, he veesitit the [[Greater Antilles|Greater]] an [[Lesser Antilles]], as weel as the [[Caribbean Sea|Caribbean]] coast o [[Venezuela]] an [[Central Americae]], claimin aw o it for the Croun o Castile. Columbus wisna the first European explorer tae rax the Americas, haein been precedit bi the [[Vikings|Viking]] expedeetion led bi [[Leif Erikson]] in the 11t yearhunner,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/erikson_leif.shtml |title=History – Leif Erikson (11th century) |publisher=BBC |date= |accessdate=12 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/10/151011-columbus-day-leif-erikson-italian-americans-holiday-history/ |title=Why Do We Celebrate Columbus Day and Not Leif Erikson Day? |publisher=[[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] |date=11 October 2015 |accessdate=12 October 2015}}</ref> but his voyages led tae the first lastin European contact wi the Americas, inauguratin a period o European exploration, conquest, an colonisation that lastit several yearhunners. As a result, the voyages haed an enormous impact in the historical development o the modren Wastren warld. He spearheidit the transatlantic slave trade an haes been accuised bi twa-three historian o stairtin the genocide o the Hispaniola natives. Columbus hissel saw his accomplishments primarily in the licht o spreadin the Christian releegion.<ref name="EB-online">"[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/127070/Christopher-Columbus Christopher Columbus (Italian explorer)]". Encyclopædia Britannica Online.</ref> Columbus niver admittit that he haed raxed a continent thit afore wis unkent tae Europeans, raither nor the East Indies whaur he haed set coorse tae. He cried the indwallers o the launds that he veesitit ''indios'' (Spainish for "Indies").<ref name="Hoxie 1996 p. ">{{cite book |last=Hoxie |first=Frederick |title=Encyclopedia of North American Indians |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofno00hoxi |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Co |location=Boston |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-395-66921-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofno00hoxi/page/568 568]}}</ref><ref name="Herbst1997">{{cite book |first=Philip | last=Herbst |title=The Color of Words: An Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Ethnic Bias in the United States |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=UiZQH5gHuggC&pg=PA116 |year=1997 |publisher=Intercultural Press |isbn=978-1-877864-97-1 |page=116 |accessdate=2016-02-28}}</ref><ref name="Wilton2004">{{cite book |first=David |last=Wilton |title=Word Myths: Debunking Linguistic Urban Legends |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=cp0r3aa8EM8C&pg=PA164 |date=2 December 2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-517284-3 |pages=164–165}}</ref> His strained relationship wi the Spainish croun an its appyntit colonial admeenistrators in Americae led tae his reest an dismissal as govrenor o the settlements on the island o Hispaniola in 1500, an later tae protractit litigation ower the benefits that he an his heirs claimed war awed tae them bi the croun. ==Notes== <references group="lower-alpha"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Columbus, Christopher}} [[Category:Christopher Columbus]] [[Category:1451 births]] [[Category:1506 daiths]] [[Category:15t-century explorers]] [[Category:15t-century Italian fowk]] [[Category:15t-century Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Age o Diskivery]] [[Category:Apocalypticists]] [[Category:Buirials at Seville Cathedral]] [[Category:Colonial govrenors o Santo Domingo]] [[Category:Columbus faimily|Christopher]] [[Category:Explorers o Central Americae]] [[Category:Italian expatriates in Spain]] [[Category:Italian explorers]] [[Category:Italian explorers o North Americae]] [[Category:Italian Roman Catholics]] [[Category:History o Hispaniola]] [[Category:History o the Caribbean]] [[Category:1492 in North Americae]] [[Category:1490s in Cuba]] [[Category:1490s in the Caribbean]] [[Category:Fowk frae Genoa]] [[Category:Fowk o the Republic o Genoa]] {{Stub/Europe}} drlgsth0uv2zjef2df0cu5p04a5dzr7 914626 914625 2026-03-31T07:32:16Z ~2026-19931-13 129114 914626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | order =1st|office =Govrenor o the Indies | term_start =1492 | term_end =1499 | appointed = [[Isabella I o Castile]]| predecessor = | successor =[[Francisco de Bobadilla]] | image = Portrait of a Man, Said to be Christopher Columbus.jpg | occupation = [[Leet o maritime explorers|Maritime explorer]] | rank = [[Admiral]] o the [[Ocean Sea]] | caption = Posthumous portrait o Christopher Columbus bi [[Sebastiano del Piombo]], 1519. Thare are na kent authentic portraits o Columbus.<ref>[http://www.vanderkrogt.net/columbus/texts/portrait.html Portraits of Christopher Columbus] – COLUMBUS MONUMENTS PAGES. Vanderkrogt.</ref> | birth_date = Afore 31 October 1451 | birth_place = [[Genoa]], [[Republic o Genoa]] | death_date = 20 Mey 1506 (aged {{circa|54}}) | death_place = [[Valladolid]], [[Croun o Castile]] | other_names = {{plain list| *{{lang-it|Cristoforo Colombo}} {{IPA-it|krisˈtɔːforo koˈlombo|}} *{{lang-ca|Cristòfor Colom}} {{IPA-ca|kɾisˈtɔfur kuˈlom|}} *{{lang-es|Cristóbal Colón}} {{IPA-es|kɾisˈtoβal koˈlon|}} *{{lang-pt|Cristóvão Colombo}} {{IPA-pt|kɾisˈtɔvɐ̃w kuˈlõbu|}} *{{lang-la|Christophorus Columbus}} *{{lang-lij|Christoffa Corombo}} *{{lang-fr|Christophe Colomb}} {{IPA-fr|kʁistɔf kɔlɔ̃|}} }} | religion = [[Roman Catholic]] | spouse = [[Filipa Moniz Perestrelo]] | partner = [[Beatriz Enríquez de Arana]] | children = [[Diego Columbus|Diego]]<br>[[Ferdinand Columbus|Fernando]] | relatives = Brithers:<br>Giovanni Pellegrino<br>Giacomo (cried Diego an aw)<ref>{{Cite NIE| wstitle=Columbus, Diego (brother) |display=Columbus, Diego. The youngest brother of Christopher Columbus}} — The names [[Giacomo (disambiguation)|Giacomo]] an [[Diego]] are [[cognates]], alang wi [[James (name)|James]], aw sharin a common origin. See ''Behind the Name'', Mike Campbell, pages [http://www.behindthename.com/name/Giacomo Giacomo], [http://www.behindthename.com/name/diego Diego], an [http://www.behindthename.com/name/james James]. Aw retrieved 2017-02-03.</ref><br>[[Bartholomew Columbus|Bartholomew]]<br>Sister:<br>Bianchinetta Columbus | signature = Columbus Signature.svg }} '''Christopher Columbus''' ({{lang-it|Cristoforo Colombo}};{{efn|In ither relevant leids: *{{lang-lij|Cristoffa Combo}} *{{lang-es|link=no|Cristóbal Colón}} *{{lang-pt|Cristóvão Colombo}} *{{lang-la|Christophorus Columbus}}}} {{circa|1451}} &ndash; 20 Mey 1506) wis an [[Italians|Italian]] explorer, navigator, coloniser, an ceetizen o the [[Republic o Genoa]].<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Columbus, Christopher |volume=6 |pages=741–746}}</ref> Unner the auspices o the Catholic Monarchs o [[Spainish Empire|Spain]], he haed duin fower voyages throu the Atlantic Ocean. Thae voyages an his efforts tae estaiblish permanent settlements on the island o [[Hispaniola]] ineetiatit the [[European colonisation o the Americas|European colonisation]] o the [[New Warld]]. Wastren [[imperialism]] an economic competeetion war emergin amang European kinricks throu the estaiblishment o trade routes an colonies. Columbus proponed tae reach the East Indies bi sailin wastwird, an this eventually received the support o the Spainish Croun, as thay saw a chance tae enter the spice trade wi Asie throu a new wastwaird route. During his first voyage in 1492, he reached the [[Americas|New Warld]] insteid o arrivin at [[Japan]] as he haed intendit, laundin on an island in the [[The Bahamas|Bahamas airchipelago]] that he named "San Salvador". Ower the coorse o three mair voyages, he veesitit the [[Greater Antilles|Greater]] an [[Lesser Antilles]], as weel as the [[Caribbean Sea|Caribbean]] coast o [[Venezuela]] an [[Central Americae]], claimin aw o it for the Croun o Castile. Columbus wisna the first European explorer tae rax the Americas, haein been precedit bi the [[Vikings|Viking]] expedeetion led bi [[Leif Erikson]] in the 11t yearhunner,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/erikson_leif.shtml |title=History – Leif Erikson (11th century) |publisher=BBC |date= |accessdate=12 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/10/151011-columbus-day-leif-erikson-italian-americans-holiday-history/ |title=Why Do We Celebrate Columbus Day and Not Leif Erikson Day? |publisher=[[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] |date=11 October 2015 |accessdate=12 October 2015}}</ref> but his voyages led tae the first lastin European contact wi the Americas, inauguratin a period o European exploration, conquest, an colonisation that lastit several yearhunners. As a result, the voyages haed an enormous impact in the historical development o the modren Wastren warld. He spearheidit the transatlantic slave trade an haes been accuised bi twa-three historian o stairtin the genocide o the Hispaniola natives. Columbus hissel saw his accomplishments primarily in the licht o spreadin the Christian releegion.<ref name="EB-online">"[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/127070/Christopher-Columbus Christopher Columbus (Italian explorer)]". Encyclopædia Britannica Online.</ref> Columbus niver admittit that he haed raxed a continent thit afore wis unkent tae Europeans, raither nor the East Indies whaur he haed set coorse tae. He cried the indwallers o the launds that he veesitit ''indios'' (Spainish for "Indies").<ref name="Hoxie 1996 p. ">{{cite book |last=Hoxie |first=Frederick |title=Encyclopedia of North American Indians |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofno00hoxi |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Co |location=Boston |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-395-66921-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofno00hoxi/page/568 568]}}</ref><ref name="Herbst1997">{{cite book |first=Philip | last=Herbst |title=The Color of Words: An Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Ethnic Bias in the United States |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=UiZQH5gHuggC&pg=PA116 |year=1997 |publisher=Intercultural Press |isbn=978-1-877864-97-1 |page=116 |accessdate=2016-02-28}}</ref><ref name="Wilton2004">{{cite book |first=David |last=Wilton |title=Word Myths: Debunking Linguistic Urban Legends |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=cp0r3aa8EM8C&pg=PA164 |date=2 December 2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-517284-3 |pages=164–165}}</ref> His strained relationship wi the Spainish croun an its appyntit colonial admeenistrators in Americae led tae his reest an dismissal as govrenor o the settlements on the island o Hispaniola in 1500, an later tae protractit litigation ower the benefits that he an his heirs claimed war awed tae them bi the croun. ==Notes== <references group="lower-alpha"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Columbus, Christopher}} [[Category:Christopher Columbus]] [[Category:1451 births]] [[Category:1506 daiths]] [[Category:15t-century explorers]] [[Category:15t-century Italian fowk]] [[Category:15t-century Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Age o Diskivery]] [[Category:Apocalypticists]] [[Category:Buirials at Seville Cathedral]] [[Category:Colonial govrenors o Santo Domingo]] [[Category:Columbus faimily|Christopher]] [[Category:Explorers o Central Americae]] [[Category:Italian expatriates in Spain]] [[Category:Italian explorers]] [[Category:Italian explorers o North Americae]] [[Category:Italian Roman Catholics]] [[Category:History o Hispaniola]] [[Category:History o the Caribbean]] [[Category:1492 in North Americae]] [[Category:1490s in Cuba]] [[Category:1490s in the Caribbean]] [[Category:Fowk frae Genoa]] [[Category:Fowk o the Republic o Genoa]] {{Stub/Europe}} 8gvlki2e5bes916js7eche5g6h9cnwo Paris 0 1713 914624 904066 2026-03-31T07:03:14Z Luke Skywaxter 129112 Emmanuel Grégoire 914624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox French commune |name = Paris |commune status = [[Communes o France|Commune]] an [[Departments o Fraunce|depairtment]] |image = <center>{{Photomontage |border=0 |size=275 |spacing=2 |color=none |photo1a=Seine and Eiffel Tower from Tour Saint Jacques 2013-08.JPG |photo2a=Arc Triomphe (square).jpg |photo2b=Notre Dame dalla Senna.jpg |photo3a=Louvre Museum Wikimedia Commons.jpg}}</center> |caption = Clockwise frae tap: skyline o Paris on the [[Seine]] wi the [[Eiffel Tower]], [[Notre-Dame de Paris]], the [[Louvre]] an its [[Louvre Pyramid|large pyramid]], an the [[Arc de Triomphe]] |image flag = Flag of Paris.svg |image flag size = x95px |image coat of arms = Grandes_Armes_de_Paris.svg |image coat of arms size = x95px |city motto = {{lang|fr|''[[Fluctuat nec mergitur]]''}}<br /> {{smaller|"Tossed but niver sunk"}} |coordinates = {{coord|48.8567|2.3508|type:city(2200000)_region:FR|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |mayor = [[Emmanuel Grégoire]] |party = [[Socialist Pairty (Fraunce)|PS]] |term = {{nowrap|2026–2032}} |subdivisions entry = [[Admeenistrative diveesion|Subdiveesions]] |subdivisions = [[Arrondissements o Paris|20 arrondissements]] |total type = Ceety |area km2 = 105.4 |area footnotes = <ref name="area">[http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches%5CRS%5CDEP%5C75%5CCOM%5CRS_COM75056.pdf INSEE local statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229230237/http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches/RS/DEP/75/COM/RS_COM75056.pdf |date=2009-12-29 }}, including [[Bois de Boulogne]] and [[Bois de Vincennes]].</ref> |INSEE=75056 | population_total = 2,148,271 | population_footnotes = <ref name="INSEE-1893198">{{cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1893198|title=INSEE official estimated population by department and region as of 1 January 2019|date=22 January 2019|access-date=4 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421215403/http://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1893198|archive-date=21 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | population_metro = 12,532,901 | population_metro_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Dossier complet − Aire urbaine de Paris (001) |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2011101?geo=AU2010-001 |website=www.insee.fr |access-date=20 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724110512/http://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2011101?geo=AU2010-001 |archive-date=24 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_as_of = 1 Januar 2020 (est) | population_density_km2 = auto |urban area km2 = 2845 |urban area date = <!--Note: Unneeded as same as adjacent to "Population" heading (2013).--> |urban pop = 10601122 |metro area km2 = 17174.4 |metro area date = <!--Note: Unneeded as same as adjacent to "Population" heading (2013).--> |metro area pop = 12,405,426 |metro area pop date = <!--Note: Unneeded as same as adjacent to "Population" heading (2013).--> | population_demonym = Parisian(s) (or ''Parisien'', ''Parisienne'' ([[French leid|fr]]) |postal code= 75001–75020, 75116 |website = [http://www.paris.fr/ www.paris.fr] }} '''Paris''' is the caipital an maist muckle city o [[Fraunce]]. It is situatit on the river [[Seine]], in northren Fraunce, at the hert o the [[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]] [[Regions o Fraunce|region]] (or Paris Region, {{Lang-fr|Région parisienne}}). The city o Paris, athin its admeenistrative limits (the 20 [[arrondissements o Paris|arrondissements]]), maistlins unchynged syne 1860, haes an estimatit population o 2,211,297 (Januar 2008), but the [[Paris aire urbaine|Paris metropolitan area]] haes a population o 12,089,098 (Januar 2008), an is ane o the [[Lairgest population centres in the European Union|maist populatit metropolitan areas]] in [[Europe]]. Paris wis the maistmuckle city in the Wastren warld for aboot 1,000 year, prior tae the 19t century, an the maistmuckle in the entire warld atween the 16t an 19t centuries. Kent warldwide as the Ceity o Licht (la Ville Lumière), Paris haes been a major tourist destination for centuries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paris Luxury Travel Guide|url=https://www.prfire.co.uk/paris-luxury-travel-guide/|access-date=2020-12-17|website=FREE UK Press Release Distribution|language=en-GB|archive-date=2020-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029231822/https://www.prfire.co.uk/paris-luxury-travel-guide/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The ceity is weel-kent fae the beauty o its airchitectur, its urban perspectives an avenues, an the walth o its museums an aw. Biggit on an airc o the Watter Seine, it is dividit intil twa pairts: the Richt Baunk tae the north and the smawer Left Baunk tae the sooth. Formerly the caipital o a colonial empire raxin ower five continents, Paris is yit regairdit as the hert o the [[French leid|French-speakin]] warld an haes hauden a strang international poseetion, hostin the heidquarters o the OECD an the UNESCO amang ithers. This, combined wi its financial, business, poleetical, and tourism acteevities, haes turned Paris intil ane o the major transportation hubs in the warld. New York, [[Lunnon]], Tokyo, an Paris is aften listit as the fower major global ceeties. The Sooth Bay airt o Paris is cried Paris-Saclay. == See an aw == * [[Disneyland Resort Paris]] * [[Paris in the 20th Century]] * [[Conservatoire national des arts et métiers|Musée des Arts et Métiers]] == References == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} {{Commonscat}} {{Depairtments o Fraunce}} [[Category:Paris| ]] [[Category:Caipitals in Europe]] [[Category:Ceeties in Fraunce]] [[Category:Depairtments o Fraunce]] [[Category:Host ceeties o the Simmer Olympic Gemmes]] [[Category:Warld Heritage Steids in Fraunce]] bhrjklhykvj0x3czp2tugazkawbp10b Hurlin 0 8507 914623 382301 2026-03-31T04:46:07Z ~2026-19909-23 129105 914623 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:ClubIomana.JPG|thumb|A gemme o hurlin]] '''Hurlin''' ([[Erse leid|Erse Gaelic]] ''iománaíocht'' or ''iomáint'' ) is a sport played in [[Ireland]]. It is gey auld, gaun back tae afore Jesus Christ. The gemme is played uisin a widden stick, kent as a hurley (''camán'' in Erse) an a wee baw cried a ''sliotar''. The aim o the gemme is tae pit the baw in the opponent's dale for tae win pynts. == See an aw == * [[Gaelic Fitbaa|Gaelic Fitbaw]] * [[Shinty]] {{Commonscat|Hurling}} [[Category:Hurlin| ]] [[Category:Gaelic gemmes]] [[Category:Sports oreeginatin in Ireland]] [[Category:Team sports]] {{Stub/Ireland}} {{Stub/Sport}} at4o8su37qot31aurd2jf6zg9hks7eq Rotterdam 0 16319 914606 910293 2026-03-30T20:38:25Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 914606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> <!-- Name and transliteration --> | name = Rotterdam | settlement_type = [[Ceeties o the Netherlands|Ceety]] an [[Leet o municipalities o the Netherlands|Municipality]] <!-- Images, nickname, motto --> | image_skyline = Erasmusbrug seen from Euromast.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = Rotterdam skyline bi nicht wi the [[Erasmus Brig]] (left) athort the [[Nieuwe Maas]] in 2012 | image_flag =Flag_of_Rotterdam.svg | flag_size = 100x67px | flag_alt = | image_shield = Rotterdam wapen.svg | shield_size = 100x80px | shield_alt = | nickname = Rotown, Roffa, Rotjeknor | motto = Sterker door strijd ''(Stranger through struggle)'' <!-- Maps, coordinates --> | image_map = LocatieRotterdam-2010.png | map_alt = Heichlichtit poseetion o Rotterdam in a municipal cairt o Sooth Holland | map_caption = Location in Sooth Holland | coordinates = {{coord|51|55|N|4|30|E|region:NL|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = [[Leet o sovereign states|Kintra]] | subdivision_name = [[Netherlands]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces o the Netherlands|Province]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Sooth Holland]] | parts_type = <!-- defaults to: Boroughs --> | parts_style = coll | parts = 14 [[Govrenment o Rotterdam#Boroughs|Destricts]] |p1=[[Rotterdam Centrum|Centrum]] |p2=[[Charlois]] |p3=[[Delfshaven]] |p4=[[Feijenoord district|Feijenoord]] |p5=[[Hillegersberg-Schiebroek]] |p6=[[Hoogvliet]] |p7=[[Huik o Holland]] |p8=[[IJsselmonde, Rotterdam|IJsselmonde]] |p9=[[Kralingen-Crooswijk]] |p10=[[Noord, Rotterdam|Noord]] |p11=[[Overschie]] |p12=[[Pernis, Netherlands|Pernis]] |p13=[[Prins Alexander]] |p14=[[Rozenburg]] | government_footnotes = <ref name="mayor_now">{{cite web |url = http://www.rotterdam.nl/collegebenw |title = College van b en w |trans_title = Board of mayor and aldermen |language = Dutch |author = |date = |work = |publisher = Gemeente Rotterdam |accessdate = 21 August 2013 |archive-date = 2015-01-01 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150101172852/http://www.rotterdam.nl/collegebenw |url-status = dead }}</ref> | governing_body = [[Municipal council (Netherlands)|Municipal council]] | leader_party = [[Labour Pairty (Netherlands)|PvdA]] | leader_title = [[Burgemeester|Mayor]] | leader_name = [[Ahmed Aboutaleb]] | leader_title1 = [[Wethouder|Aldermen]] | leader_name1 = {{Collapsible list |title=List of aldermen |1= [[Jeannette Baljeu]] |2= [[Alexandra van Huffelen]] |3= [[Hugo de Jonge]] |4= [[Antoinette Laan]] |5= [[Korrie Louwes]] |6= [[Marco Florijn]] |7= [[Hamit Karakus]] |8= [[Richard Moti]] }} <!-- Geographic information --> | total_type = Municipality<!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | unit_pref = Metric <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --> <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_footnotes = <ref>{{Dutch municipality total area|dataref}}</ref><ref name="tno_randstad">{{cite techreport |author1=Anita Bouman–Eijs |author2=Thijmen van Bree |author3=Wouter Jonkhoff |author4=Olaf Koops |author5=Walter Manshanden |author6=Elmer Rietveld |url=http://www.zuidvleugel.nl/sites/www.zuidvleugel.nl/files/article/downloads/top_20_europese_grootstedelijke_regios_1995_2011_tno_2012_r11155.pdf |title=De Top 20 van Europese grootstedelijke regio's 1995–2011; Randstad Holland in internationaal perspectief |language=Dutch |trans_title=Top 20 of European metropolitan regions 1995–2011; Randstad Holland compared internationally |date=17 December 2012 |publisher=[[Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research|TNO]] |place=Delft |accessdate=25 July 2013 |archive-date=2014-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303212054/http://www.zuidvleugel.nl/sites/www.zuidvleugel.nl/files/article/downloads/top_20_europese_grootstedelijke_regios_1995_2011_tno_2012_r11155.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <!-- square kilometers --> | area_total_km2 = {{Dutch municipality total area|Rotterdam}} | area_land_km2 = {{Dutch municipality land area|Rotterdam}} | area_water_km2 = {{Dutch municipality water area|Rotterdam}} | area_blank1_title = [[Randstad]] | area_blank1_km2 = 3043 | elevation_footnotes = <ref name="AHN">{{cite web |url = http://www.ahn.nl/postcodetool |title = Postcodetool for 3011AD |trans_title = |language = Dutch |author = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date = |work = Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland |publisher = Het Waterschapshuis |accessdate = 20 August 2013 |archive-date = 2013-09-21 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053543/http://www.ahn.nl/postcodetool |url-status = dead }}</ref> | elevation_m = 0 | elevation_max_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_max_m = | elevation_min_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_min_m = <!-- Population, demographics --> | population_footnotes = <ref name="tno_randstad"/><ref>{{Dutch municipality population|dataref}}</ref><ref>{{Dutch municipality population urbanmetro|dataref}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Over de Metropoolregio Rotterdam Den Haag|url=http://mrdh.nl/over-mrdh|publisher=MRDH.nl|quote=De Metropoolregio Rotterdam Den Haag is het gebied dat nu de huidige stadregio’s Rotterdam en Haaglanden omvat. Binnen dat gebied gaan de 24 gemeenten hun krachten bundelen in het samenwerkingsverband Metropoolregio Rotterdam Den Haag om de internationale concurrentiepositie van de regio te versterken. De Metropoolregio regio heeft 2,2 miljoen inwoners.|date=2014|accessdate=7 October 2014}}</ref> | population_total = {{Dutch municipality population|Rotterdam}} | population_as_of = Municipality, {{MONTHNAME|{{Dutch municipality population|popbasemonth}}}} {{YEAR|{{Dutch municipality population|popbaseyear}}}}; Urban an Metro, {{MONTHNAME|{{Dutch municipality population urbanmetro|popbasemonth}}}} {{YEAR|{{Dutch municipality population urbanmetro|popbaseyear}}}}; Randstad, 2011 | population_density_km2 = {{Dutch municipality population density|Rotterdam}} <!-- For automatic calculation: auto--> | population_urban = {{Dutch municipality population urbanmetro|Rotterdam Urban}} | population_metro = {{Dutch municipality population urbanmetro|Rotterdam Metro}} | population_blank1_title = {{nobreak|[[:nl:Metropoolregio Rotterdam-Den Haag|Metropolitan region]]}} | population_blank1 = 2261844 | population_blank2_title = [[Randstad]] | population_blank2 = 6979500 | population_demonym = Rotterdammer <!-- Other information --> | timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset1 = +1 | timezone1_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset1_DST = +2 | postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in the Netherlands|Postcode]] | postal_code = 3000–3099 | area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in the Netherlands|Aurie code]] | area_code = 010 | website = {{URL|1=http://www.rotterdam.nl}} | footnotes = }} '''Rotterdam''' ({{pron-en|ˈrɒtərdæm}}; Dutch {{IPA-nl|ˌrɔtərˈdɑm||Nl-Rotterdam.ogg}}) is the [[Leet o ceeties in the Netherlands wi ower 100,000 fowk|seicont-lairgest]] ceety in the [[Netherlands]] an the lairgest port in [[Europe]]. Stairtin as a [[dam]] on the [[Rotte (river)|Rotte]] river, Rotterdam haes grown intae a major internaitional commercial centre. Its strategic location at the [[Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta]] on the [[North Sea]] an at the hert o a massive rail, road, air an inland watterwey distribution seestem extendin throughoot Europe means that Rotterdam can richtly be cried the gatewey tae Europe. == Internaitional relations == Rotterdam haes the follaein ceety an port connections throughoot the warld: * 14 sister ceeties * 13 pairtner ceeties * 4 sister ports The [[Unitit Kinrick|Breetish]] baund [[The Beautiful South]] recordit a sang named efter this region. === Twin touns – sister ceeties === Rotterdam is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: {| cellpadding="10" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | * {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Cologne]], [[Germany]] 1958 * {{flagicon|Luxembourg}} [[Esch-sur-Alzette]], [[Luxembourg]] 1958 * {{flagicon|France}} [[Lille]], [[Fraunce]] 1958<ref name=Lille.fr>{{cite web|url=http://www.mairie-lille.fr/sections/site-en/Menu_horizontal_haut/discovering-lille/lille-facts-figures/lille-facts-figures|title=Lile Facts & Figures|work=Mairie-Lille.fr|accessdate=2007-12-17|archive-date=2009-02-10|archive-url=https://archive.today/20090210192016/http://www.mairie-lille.fr/sections/site-en/Menu_horizontal_haut/discovering-lille/lille-facts-figures/lille-facts-figures|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Turin]], [[Italy]] 1958 <ref name="ct-tc">[http://www.comune.torino.it/relint/inglese/index.shtml Turin City Hall – International Affairs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226083647/http://www.comune.torino.it/relint/inglese/index.shtml |date=2009-02-26 }} {{en icon}} Retrieved on 2008-01-26.</ref> || * {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Liège]], [[Belgium]] 1958 * {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Burgas]], [[Bulgarie]] 1976 * {{flagicon|Romania}} [[Constanţa|Constanta]], [[Romanie]] 1976 * {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Gdańsk]], [[Poland]] 1977<ref name="Gdańsk">{{cite web|url=http://www.gdansk.pl/samorzad,62,733.html|title=Gdańsk Official Website: 'Miasta partnerskie'|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2009 [http://www.gdansk.pl/ Urząd Miejski w Gdańsku]|language=Polish & English|accessdate=2009-07-11|archive-date=2013-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723091807/http://www.gdansk.pl/samorzad%2C62%2C733.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> || * {{flagicon|China}} [[Shanghai]], [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Cheenae]] 1979 * {{flagicon|Cuba}} [[Havana]], [[Cuba]] 1983<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090115072746/http://www.granma.cu/espanol/2008/marzo/mar11/rotterdam.html Granma – En La Habana vicealcalde de la ciudad de Rotterdam] -La delegación visitante hará la entrega oficial de una donación de implementos deportivos, en momentos en que se celebra el aniversario 25 de las relaciones entre ambas urbes</ref> * {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Saunt Petersburg]], [[Roushie]] 1966<ref name="saint_petersburg">{{cite web |url=http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures/ities |title=Saint Petersburg in figures – International and Interregional Ties |publisher=Saint Petersburg City Government |accessdate=2008-03-23 |archive-date=2009-02-24 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20090224073839/http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures/ities |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{flagicon|USA}} [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]] [[Unitit States|USA]] 1985<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baltimorecity.gov/government/intl/sistercities.php|title=Baltimore City Mayor's Office of International and Immigrant Affairs – Sister Cities Program|accessdate=2008-10-16|archive-date=2008-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080807173931/http://www.baltimorecity.gov/government/intl/sistercities.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> || * {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]], [[Spain]] * {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Dresden]], [[Germany]] 1988 <ref name="Dresden">{{cite web|url=http://www.dresden.de/en/02/11/c_03.php|title=''Dresden – Partner Cities''|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2008 Landeshauptstadt Dresden|accessdate=2008-12-29|archive-date=2008-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016001550/http://www.dresden.de/en/02/11/c_03.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]] 2005<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greatistanbul.com/sister_cities.htm|title=Sister Cities of Istanbul|accessdate=2007-09-08|archive-date=2010-01-17|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mq0Igk9U?url=http://www.greatistanbul.com/sister_cities.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=94185|publisher=Radikal|language=Turkish|date=2003-11-03|quote=49 sister cities in 2003|title=İstanbul'a 49 kardeş|last=Erdem|first=Selim Efe}}</ref> * {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Surabaya]], [[Indonesie]] * {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Szeged]], [[Hungary]] * {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Kuching]], [[Malaysie]] |} === Pairtner ceeties === {| cellpadding="10" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | * {{flagicon|UK}} [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]], [[Unitit Kinrick]] 1936<ref name="Hull">{{cite web|url = http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/hullinprint/archive/dec2006/christmas_around_the_world.php|title = Christmas around the world|work = Hull in print|accessdate = 2007-09-30|year = 2003|publisher = Kingston upon Hull City Council}}</ref> * {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Antwerp]], [[Belgium]] 1940 * {{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Basel]], [[Swisserland]] 1945 * {{flagicon|Norway}} [[Oslo]], [[Norawa]] 1945<ref name="int_coop">[http://www.oslo.kommune.no/the_city_of_oslo/international_cooperation/ Partners – Oslo kommune] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090102135652/http://www.oslo.kommune.no/the_city_of_oslo/international_cooperation/ |date=2009-01-02 }}</ref> || * {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Duisburg]], [[Germany]] 1950 * {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Nuremberg]], [[Germany]] 1961 * {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesie]] 1983 * {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Osaka]], [[Japan]] 1984 || * {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Budapest]], [[Hungary]] 1991 * {{flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Bratislava]], [[Slovakie]] 1991 <ref name="Bratislava">{{cite web|url=http://www.bratislava-city.sk/bratislava-twin-towns|title=''Bratislava City – Twin Towns''|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2003–2008 Bratislava-City.sk|accessdate=2008-10-26}}</ref> * {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[Durban]], [[Sooth Africae]] 1991 * {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Prague]], [[Czech Republic]] 1991<ref name="Prague">{{cite web| author =www.praha-mesto.cz| title =Partner cities| url =http://magistrat.praha-mesto.cz/72647_Partnerska-mesta| accessdate = 2008-10-09}}</ref> || * {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentinae]] 1990 |} === Sister ports === {| cellpadding="10" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | * {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Kobe]], [[Japan]] 1967<ref>[http://www.city.kobe.jp/cityoffice/17/020/en/international/worldmap.htm City of Kobe] – "Sister City, Friendly City, Friendship & Cooperation City". Retrieved February 15, 2007.</ref> * {{flagicon|USA}} [[Seattle]], [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]] [[Unitit States|USA]] 1969 <sup>[[Leet o Seattle sister ceeties#Sister Ports|Seattle Leet]]</sup> * {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Busan]], [[Republic o Korea|Sooth Korea]] 1987<ref>[http://www.busanport.com/service?id=en_sister_01 Port of Busan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203230001/http://www.busanport.com/service?id=en_sister_01 |date=2010-12-03 }}, Sister Ports, Busan</ref> * {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]] 1989 |} == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Rotterdam| ]] [[Category:Ceeties in the Netherlands]] [[Category:Municipalities o Sooth Holland]] [[Category:Populatit places in Sooth Holland]] [[Category:Port ceeties an touns in the Netherlands]] [[Category:Port ceeties an touns o the North Sea]] {{Stub/LawK}} {{Stub/Ceety}} 0fpmupj6mv539ybguppxu6qicovblr2 Karakalpakstan 0 18598 914629 891370 2026-03-31T10:22:52Z Zucaulmaues 129119 914629 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|43|10|N|58|45|E|display=title}} {{Infobox country | latd = | latm = | latNS = | longd = | longm = | longEW = | conventional_long_name = Republic o Karakalpakstan | native_name = <hr/>''{{lang|uz|Qoraqalpogʻiston Respublikasi}}<hr/>{{lang|kaa|Qaraqalpaqstan Respublikası}}''<br/>{{lang|kaa|Қарақалпақстан Республикасы}} | image_flag = Flag of Karakalpakstan.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Karakalpakstan.svg | common_name = Karakalpakstan | national_motto = | national_anthem = "[[State Anthem o the Republic o Karakalpakstan|Qaraqalpaqstan Respublikasınıń Mámleketlik Gimni]]"<br />({{Lang-sco|"State Anthem o the Republic o Karakalpakstan"}})<br /><center>[[File:Anthem of Karakalpakstan.ogg]]</center> | membership_type = Autonomous region o Uzbekistan | membership = {{flag|Uzbekistan}} | image_map = Qaraqalpaqstan Respublikasi in Uzbekistan.svg | map_caption = Karakalpakstan in Uzbekistan | capital = [[Nukus]]<ref name="Batalden"/> | official_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Karakalpak leid|Karakalpak]]}}, {{unbulleted list |[[Uzbek leid|Uzbek]]}} | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | demonym = [[Uzbek fowk|Uzbek]] an [[Karakalpak fowk|Karakalpak]] | government_type = [[Autonomous republic or region]] o [[Uzbekistan]]<ref name="Roeder"/> | leader_title1 = The Chairman o Jokargy Kenes | leader_name1 = Musa Yerniyazov | established_event1 = | sovereignty_type = Autonomous region o Uzbekistan | established_event2 = | established_event3 = [[Karakalpak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Karakalpak ASSR]] | established_event4 = | established_event5 = | established_date1 = | established_date2 = | established_date3 = | established_date4 = | established_date5 = | area_km2 = 161358 | area_rank = | area_sq_mi = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 2 000 000 | population_census = | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = | population_census_year = | population_density_km2 = | population_density_rank = | population_density_sq_mi = | GDP_PPP = | GDP_PPP_year = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = | Gini = <!--number only--> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!--number only--> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = | currency_code = UZS | time_zone = [[Time in Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan Staundart Time]] | utc_offset = +5 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | DST_note = | calling_code = | cctld = | area_magnitude = }} '''Karakalpakstan''' ({{lang-kaa|'''Qaraqalpaqstan Respublikası'''}} or ''Қарақалпақстан Республикасы''; {{lang-uz|'''Qoraqalpog‘iston Respublikasi'''}}) is an autonomous republic o [[Uzbekistan]]. It occupies the whole wastren end o Uzbekistan. The caipital is [[Nukus]] (Karakalpak: No'kis or Нөкис). The Republic o Karakalpakstan haes an area o 166,000 square kilometres (62,000 sq mi). Its territory covers the classical land o [[Khwarezm]], tho in classical [[Persie literatur]] the aurie wis kent as "Kāt کات". == Demographics == The population o Karakalpakstan is estimatit at 1,200,000, o whom 500,000 are o the [[Karakalpaks|Karakalpak]] ethnic group, 400,000 are [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]] an 300,000 are [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]]. The Karakalpak wur umwhile nomadic herders an fishers, an wur first mentioned in the 16t century. Thair name means "Black Hat", but Karakalpak cultur wis sae lost throu [[Sovietization]] that the oreeginal meanin o the black hat is nou unkent. The [[Karakalpak leid]] is considered closer tae [[Kazakh leid|Kazakh]] than tae [[Uzbek leid|Uzbek]]. Indeed thare are accusations that the ethnic group wis an invention o the Soviet govrenment tae divide the Kazakh population. The leid wis written in a modifee'd [[Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]] in Soviet times an in the [[Laitin alphabet]] syne 1996. Ither than the caipital Nukus, lairge ceeties include [[Xo‘jayli|Xojeli]] (Uzbek: Xo'jayli; Roushie: Ходжейли), Shimbai (Шымбай), Konirat (Қоңырат) an [[Moynaq]] (Uzbek: Mo'ynoq; Roushie: Муйнак), a umwhile [[Aral Sea]] port nou some 85 kilometres (53&nbsp;mi) inland. == Economy == The economy o the region, umwhile hivily dependent on [[fisheries]], is nou supportit bi [[cotton]], [[rice]] an [[melons]]. [[Hydroelectric pouer]] frae a lairge [[Soviet]]-biggit station on the [[Amu Darya]] is an aa important. The Amu Darya delta wis ance hivily populatit, an supportit extensive [[irrigation]] based agricultur for thoosans o years. Unner the Khorezm, the aurie attained considerable pouer an prosperity. Housomeivver, the gradual climate chynge ower the centuries, acceleratit bi human induced evaporation o the [[Aral Sea]] in the late 20t century haes creatit an apocalyptic scene in the region. The auncient oasis o rivers, lakes, reed mairshes, forests an ferms are dryin up an bein pushiont bi wind-borne [[salt]] as well as fertilizer an pesticide residues frae the dree'd bed o the Aral Sea. Simmer temperaturs hae risen 10 degrees Celsius an winter temperatures hae decreased bi 10 degrees Celsius. The rate o anemia, respiratory diseases, an ither heal problems haes risen dramatically. == Admeenistrative diveesions == [[File:Karakalpakstan districts numbered2.png|right|thumb|350px|Destricts o Karakalpakstan]] [[File:Karakalpakstan map.png|right|thumb|250px]] {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! || Destrict name || Destrict caipital |- | 1 ||[[Amudaryo Destrict|Amiwdarya Destrict]] || [[Mang‘it|Mañgit]] |- | 2 ||[[Beruniy Destrict]] || [[Beruniy]] |- | 3 ||[[Chimboy Destrict|Shimbay Destrict]] || [[Chimboy|Shimbay]] |- | 4 ||[[Ellikqala Destrict]] || [[Bo‘ston|Bostan]] |- | 5 ||[[Kegeyli Destrict]] || [[Kegeyli]] |- | 6 ||[[Mo‘ynoq Destrict|Moynaq Destrict]] || [[Mo‘ynoq|Moynaq]] |- | 7 ||[[Nukus Destrict]]|| [[Oqmang‘it|Aqmañgit]] |- | 8 ||[[Qonliko‘l Destrict|Qanlikõl Destrict]] || [[Qanliko‘l|Qanlikõl]] |- | 9 ||[[Qo‘ng‘irot Destrict|Qoñirat Destrict]] || [[Qo‘ng‘irot|Qoñirat]] |- | 10 ||[[Qorao‘zak Destrict|Qzraõzek Destrict]] || [[Qorao‘zak|Qaraõzek]] |- | 11 ||[[Shumanay Destrict|Shomanay Destrict]] || [[Shumanay|Shomanay]] |- | 12 ||[[Taxtako‘pir Destrict|Taxtakõpir Destrict]] || [[Taxtako‘pir|Taxtakõpir]] |- | 13 ||[[To‘rtko‘l Destrict|Tõrtkõl Destrict]]|| [[To‘rtko‘l|Tõrtkõl]] |- | 14 ||[[Xo‘jayli Destrict|Xojeli Destrict]] || [[Xo‘jayli|Xojeli]] |} == Unthirldom muivement == Recently the wabsteid o [[Radio Free Europe]] broadcast a report on the beginnins o an unthirldom muivement in Karakalpakstan due tae the bad environmental an social conditions o the republic, tho ither residents an [[Politics o Uzbekistan|politeecians]] frae the region strangly deny the existence or desire for a genuine unthirldom muivement. == Technology == === Radio === In 2009, the first radio station o Karakalpakstan wis opened. The station is cried Nukus FM, which broadcasts on radiowave 100.4 MHz an anerlie in [[Nukus]]. The radio doesna broadcast online, but ane can listen tae the samples online on the muisic wabsteid o Karakalpakstan. == See an aw == * [[Karakalpak Autonomous Oblast]] * [[Karakalpak leid]] * [[Provinces o Uzbekistan]] * [[Aral Sea]] * [[Delta Blues (documentary film)]] * [[Human richts in Uzbekistan]] == Freemit airtins == {{commonscat}} *Offeecial wabsteid o the Cooncil o Meenisters o the Republic o Karakalpakstan – http://sovminrk.gov.uz/lang/en/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827163043/http://sovminrk.gov.uz/lang/en/ |date=2011-08-27 }} {{en icon}} {{Geographic location |Centre = Karakalpakstan |North = [[Kyzylorda Province]]<br/>{{smaller|{{flagcountry|Kazakhstan}}}} |Northeast = |East = [[Navoiy Province]]<br/>[[Buxoro Province]] |Southeast = [[Lebap Province]]<br/>{{smaller|{{flagcountry|Turkmenistan}}}}<br/>[[Xorazm Province]] |South = [[Daşoguz Province]]<br/>{{smaller|{{flagcountry|Turkmenistan}}}} |Southwest = [[Balkan Province]]<br/>{{smaller|{{flagcountry|Turkmenistan}}}} |West = [[Mangystau Province]]<br/>{{smaller|{{flagcountry|Kazakhstan}}}} |Northwest = [[Aktobe Province]]<br/>{{smaller|{{flagcountry|Kazakhstan}}}} }} {{Provinces o Uzbekistan}} {{Turkic States}} [[Category:Karakalpakstan| ]] [[Category:Provinces o Uzbekistan]] [[Category:Autonomous republics]] gdkomn8k7tbdu7cgi4napcg82t284wt Ta'izz 0 21202 914617 855227 2026-03-30T23:58:55Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 914617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |name =Ta'izz |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline =Taizz flicr02.jpg |imagesize = 300px |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |pushpin_map = Yemen<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_mapsize =300 |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Yemen <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Yemen}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Yemen|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Ta'izz Govrenorate|Ta'izz]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |<!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of =2003 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = 460000 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone =Yemen Staundart Time |utc_offset = +3 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|13|34|44|N|44|01|19|E|region:YE|display=inline,title}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} [[File:Taizz.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Aerial view o the ceety]] [[File:Cairo Castle GardenTaiz,Yemen.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Cairo Castle's garden]] '''Ta'izz''' ({{lang-ar|تعز}}), or '''Taiz''', is a ceety in the [[Yemen]]i [[:en:Highland (geography)|Heichlands]], near the famous [[Mocha, Yemen|Mocha]] port on the [[Reid Sea]], lyin at an elevation o aboot 1,400 metres abuin sea level. It is the caipital o [[Ta'izz Govrenorate]]. Wi a population o ower 600,000 in 2005, it is the third lairgest ceety in Yemen efter the caipital [[Sana'a]] an the soothren port o [[Aden]]. Ta'izz haes a dramatic settin whaur the roads run up an doun the muntain sides. Abuin the ceety rises the 3,006 metres heich Sabir Muntain. The ceety is famous for the auncient [[Jewish Sharab]]. ==History== ===Owerview=== The name o the ceety appeared first at the 6t century o [[Hijri year|Hijra]], 12t CE, when CEO Mahdi, the brither o [[Saladin|Salah ad-Din]], arrived in Yemen in the year 1173 CE. Ta'izz wis refortified bi Salah ad-Din’s brither, Taktakeen, the [[Ayyubid]]. The seicont [[Rasulid]] King, Almaddhafar (1288 CE), established Ta'izz as the seicont caipital o the Rasulid Dynasty efter Zabid. [[Ibn Battutah]] visitit Taiz in the fowerteent century an describit it as ane o the lairgest an maist bonnie ceeties o Yemen. Ta'izz remained a wawwed ceety till 1948 when Imam Ahmed made it the seicont caipital o Yemen, allouing for expansion ayont its fortifeed waw. Durin the [[2011 Yemeni uprisin]] [[:en:Battle of Ta'izz|fechtin]] in Ta'izz resultit in anti-govrenment forces seizin control o the ceety. ===Chronology=== '''1175''': Ta'izz is made caipital o Yemen as it wis incorporatit intae dominions o the [[Ayyubid dynasty]] bi [[Turan-Shah]]. '''1500''' (approximately): The caipital is muivit tae [[Sana'a]] bi the ruler o the Taharid dynasty. '''1516''': Ta'izz comes unner [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] control. '''1918''': The Ottomans lose Ta'izz tae the new independent Yemen. '''1948''': Ta'izz becomes the admeenistrative caipital o Yemen, as it is made the residence o the [[imam]]. '''1962''': State admeenistrations muive back tae Sana'a. '''1960s''': The first purifeed water seestem o Yemen is opened in Ta'izz ==Geography== ===Climate=== The wather in Taizz is fair and beautiful maist o the time. The average daily temperature heich durin August is 30&nbsp;°C. Annual rainfaw o Ta'izz mey reach 760&nbsp;mm tae ower 1,000 on Jabal Sabir per year. <div style="width:75%;"> {{Weather box |location= Ta'izz |single line = yes |metric first = yes |temperature colour = pastel |Jan high C = 27.3 |Feb high C = 28.4 |Mar high C = 29.9 |Apr high C = 31.3 |May high C = 32.9 |Jun high C = 33.3 |Jul high C = 32.5 |Aug high C = 32.0 |Sep high C = 31.3 |Oct high C = 31.1 |Nov high C = 29.6 |Dec high C = 28.1 |year high C = 30.7 |Jan low C = 14.1 |Feb low C = 15.3 |Mar low C = 17.3 |Apr low C = 18.8 |May low C = 19.5 |Jun low C = 19.9 |Jul low C = 20.2 |Aug low C = 19.1 |Sep low C = 17.8 |Oct low C = 16.9 |Nov low C = 15.7 |Dec low C = 14.9 |year low C = 17.5 |rain colour=green |Jan rain mm = 9 |Feb rain mm = 12 |Mar rain mm = 37 |Apr rain mm = 68 |May rain mm = 89 |Jun rain mm = 73 |Jul rain mm = 60 |Aug rain mm = 89 |Sep rain mm = 110 |Oct rain mm = 91 |Nov rain mm = 17 |Dec rain mm = 5 |source 1 = Hydrological Sciences<ref name="hydrological">{{cite web|url=http://www.iahs.info/hsj/410/hysj_41_05_0797.pdf|title=Rainfall and Runoff in Yemen|publisher=Hydrological Sciences|accessdate=2013-03-18|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225064201/https://iahs.info/hsj/410/hysj_41_05_0797.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |source 2 = Journal of Environmental Protection<ref name="journal">Al-Buhairi, Mahyoub H.; “Analysis of Monthly, Seasonal and Annual Air Temperature Variability and Trends in Taiz City - Republic of Yemen”; in Journal of Environmental Protection, 2010 (1) ; pp. 401-409</ref> |date= Mairch 2012 }} </div> ==Main sichts== The ceety haes mony auld an bonnie quairters, wi hooses that are typically built wi broun bricks, an [[mosque]]s are uisually white. Maist famous amang the mosques are the [[Ashrafiya]], the [[Muctabiya]] an the [[Mudhaffar Mosque|Mudhaffar]]. An aw memorable are the auld citadel an the govrenor's palace that rests on top o a muntain spur 450 metres abuin the ceety centre. It an aw haes ane o the maist famous muntains in Yemen, the Saber muntain (amaist 3000m abuin sea level), which affords panoramic views ower the ceety. The ceety haes a Muslim [[madrasa]] that has [[university]] status. ==Economy== Syne Ta'izz receives a lot o rain, its economy is mainly based on agricultur. The economic base o Ta'izz is [[coffee]],<ref name=Prothero83>{{cite book|last=Prothero|first=G.W.|title=Arabia|year=1920|publisher=H.M. Stationary Office|location=London|page=83|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/83/|access-date=2013-09-09|archive-date=2016-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227051942/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/83/|url-status=dead}}</ref> grown in the surroondin landscape thegither wi the mild narcotic [[khat|qat]] an ither vegetables. Amang the ceety's awn industries are [[cotton]]-weavin, tannin an production o jewellery. Ta'izz cheese is an aw renouned throughoot Yemen. Ta'izz the day is the lairgest industrial base in Yemen. ==Transport== Ta'izz haes mony road connections wi the rest o the kintra. The ceety is servit bi [[Ta'izz Internaitional Airport]]. ==Sport== The ceety haes 3 fitbaa clubs pairticipatin tae the [[Yemeni League]]: The maist important is [[Al-Saqr]], winner o 2 championships, the ither are [[Al-Ahli (Taizz)|Al-Ahli]] an [[Al Rasheed Ta'izz|Al Rasheed]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commonscat-inline}} [[Category:Ta'izz| ]] [[Category:Populatit places in Ta'izz Govrenorate]] e2fbuwokdivfy2ac1623z2xwdc89jqf Rhode Island 0 37975 914604 888833 2026-03-30T20:25:47Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 914604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|41.7|N|71.5|W|region:US-RI_type:adm1st_scale:1000000|display=title}} {{Infobox U.S. state | name = Rhode Island | official_name = State of Rhode Island | image_flag = Flag of Rhode Island.svg | flag_link = Flag of Rhode Island | image_seal = Seal of Rhode Island (pre 2022).svg | image_map = Rhode Island in United States (zoom).svg | nickname = The Ocean State<br />Little Rhody<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ri.gov/facts/history.php |title=Rhode Island Government: Government|publisher=RI.gov|accessdate=July 31, 2010}}</ref> | motto = Hope | anthem = "[[Rhode Island's It for Me]]" | Former = [[Colony o Rhode Island an Providence Plantations]] | population_demonym = Rhode Islander | seat = [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]] | LargestCity = caipital | LargestMetro = [[Providence metropolitan aurie|Greater Providence]] | Governor = {{nowrap|[[Gina Raimondo]] ([[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|D]])}} | Lieutenant Governor = {{nowrap|[[Daniel McKee]] (D)}} | Legislature = [[Rhode Island General Assemmly]] | Upperhouse = [[Rhode Island Senate|Senate]] | Lowerhouse = [[Rhode Island Hoose o Representatives|Hoose o Representatives]] | Judiciary = [[Rhode Island Supreme Coort]] | Senators = {{nowrap|[[Jack Reed (Rhode Island politeecian)|Jack Reed]] (D)}}<br />{{nowrap|[[Sheldon Whitehouse]] (D)}} | Representative = {{nowrap|1: [[David Cicilline]] (D)}}<br/>{{nowrap|2: [[James Langevin]] (D)}} | postal_code = RI | TradAbbreviation = R.I. | BorderingStates = Connecticut, Massachusetts | OfficialLang = '''De jure''': Nane<br />'''De facto''': Inglis | area_rank = 50t | area_total_sq_mi = 1,214{{efn|{{nowrap|approximately 776,957 acres}}}}<ref name=area>[http://sos.ri.gov/library/history/facts/ Office of the Secretary of State: A. Ralph Mollis: State Library]. Sos.ri.gov. Retrieved on July 12, 2013.</ref> | area_total_km2 = {{convert|1214|sqmi|km2|0|disp=output number only}} | area_land_sq_mi = 1,045 | area_land_km2 = {{convert|1045|sqmi|km2|0|disp=output number only}} | area_water_sq_mi = 169 | area_water_km2 = {{convert|169|sqmi|km2|0|disp=output number only}} | Shoreline = {{convert|400|sqmi|km2|0|disp=output number only}} | area_water_percent = {{#expr:169/1214*100 round 1}} | population_as_of = 2019 | population_rank = 44t | 2010Pop = 1,059,361 | population_density_rank = 2nt | 2000DensityUS = 1006 | 2000Density = 388 | State Symbol = | MedianHouseholdIncome = $63,870<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0|website=The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation|title=Median Annual Household Income|accessdate=December 9, 2016}}</ref> | IncomeRank = 16t | AdmittanceOrder = 13t | AdmittanceDate = 29 Mey 1790 | timezone1 = Eastren | utc_offset1 = -05:00 | timezone1_DST = EDT | utc_offset1_DST = -04:00 | Longitude = 71° 07′ W tae 71° 53′ W | Latitude = 41° 09′ N tae 42° 01′ N | width_mi = 37 | width_km = 60 | length_mi = 48 | length_km = 77 | elevation_max_point = [[Jerimoth Hill]]<ref name=USGS>{{cite web|url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States|publisher=United States Geological Survey|year=2001|accessdate=October 24, 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015012701/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archivedate=October 15, 2011}}</ref><ref name=NAVD88>Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988</ref> | elevation_max_ft = 812 | elevation_max_m = 247 | elevation_ft = 200 | elevation_m = 60 | elevation_min_point = Atlantic Ocean<ref name=USGS/> | elevation_min_ft = 0 | elevation_min_m = 0 | iso_code = US-RI | website = www.ri.gov | footnotes = {{notelist}} | Capital = | Representatives = }} '''Rhode Island''' is a state in the [[New Ingland]] region o the Unitit States. It is the smawest state in aurie, the seivent least populous, an is the seicont maist densely populatit. It haes the langest offeecial name o ony state. Rhode Island is mairchit bi [[Connecticut]] tae the west, [[Massachusetts]] tae the north an east, an the Atlantic Ocean tae the sooth via [[Rhode Island Soond]] an [[Block Island Soond]]. It an aw shares a smaw maritime border wi [[New York (state)|New York]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sos.ri.gov/archon/index.php?p=collections/controlcard&id=867|title=Office of the Secretary of State: Nellie M. Gorbea:|publisher=}}</ref> [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]] is the state caipital an maist populous ceety in Rhode Island. On 4 Mey 1776, the [[Colony o Rhode Island an Providence Plantations|Colony o Rhode Island]] wis the first o the [[Thirteen Colonies]] tae renoonce its allegiance tae the Breetish Croun,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://sos.ri.gov/library/history/renunciation/ | title=The May 4, 1776, Act of Renunciation | publisher=State of Rhode Island | accessdate=May 3, 2014}}</ref> an it wis the fowert amang the newly independent states tae ratifee the [[Airticles o Confederation]] on 9 Februar 1778.<ref>{{cite book| last = Jensen| first = Merrill| title = The Articles of Confederation: An Interpretation of the Social-Constitutional History of the American Revolution, 1774–1781| year = 1959| publisher = University of Wisconsin Press| isbn = 978-0-299-00204-6| pages = xi, 184 }}</ref> The state boycottit the [[Constitutional Convention (Unitit States)|1787 convention]] that drew up the [[Unitit States Constitution]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Letter from Certain Citizens of Rhode Island to the Federal Convention|url=http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/letter-from-certain-citizens-of-rhode-island-to-the-federal-convention/|publisher=TeachingAmericanHistory.org|accessdate=October 21, 2015|location=Ashland, Ohio}}</ref> an ineetially refuised tae ratifee it;<ref>{{cite book |last =Flexner |first =James Thomas |title =Washington, ''The Indispensable Man'' |publisher=Signet |year =1984 |location =New York |pages =[https://archive.org/details/washingtonindisp00flex/page/208 208] |url =https://archive.org/details/washingtonindisp00flex|id = |isbn =978-0-451-12890-4 }}</ref> it wis the last o the states tae dae sae on Mey 29, 1790.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Vile|first1=John R.|title=The Constitutional Convention of 1787: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America's Founding (Volume 1: A-M)|date=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-669-5|page=658|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oyFpDS8p33sC&q=Rhode+Island#v=snippet&q=Rhode%20Island&f=false|accessdate=October 21, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usconstitution.net/rat_ri.html|title=US constitution Ratification: RI|publisher=Usconstitution.net|date=January 8, 2010|accessdate=January 26, 2013|archive-date=2018-09-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906161642/https://www.usconstitution.net/rat_ri.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Rhode Island's offeecial nickname is "The Ocean State", a reference tae the lairge bays an inlets that amoont tae aboot 14 percent o its tot aurie.<ref name=area /> == References == {{reflist|30em}} == Freemit airtins == ;State govrenment * [http://www.ri.gov/ {{PAGENAME}} state govrenment wabsteid] == Relatit information == <gallery perrow="5"> Image:West Greenwich Baptist Church in West Greenwich RI Rhode Island USA.jpg Image:Chateau-sur-Mer.jpg Image:Misquamicut Beach, RI 2009-08-03.JPG </gallery> {{Navboxes |title= [[File:Nuvola apps kpdf2.png|25px]] Topics relatit tae {{PAGENAME}} |state=off |list1=</span> {{{{PAGENAME}}|expanded}} {{Unitit States poleetical diveesions}} {{Unitit States topics}} }} {{Stub/USA}} [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}| ]] [[Category:States o the Unitit States]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1663]] 0hksz0ljdn7s34cmscmfsa6yc5omhak Viola arvensis 0 48475 914622 874703 2026-03-31T02:06:41Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 914622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italic title}} {{taxobox |name = Viola arvensis |image = (MHNT) Viola arvensis - flower.jpg |regnum = [[Plant]]ae |unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] |unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] |unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]] |ordo = [[Malpighiales]] |familia = [[Violaceae]] |subfamilia = [[Violoideae]] |genus = ''[[Viola (plant)|Viola]]'' |species = '''''V. arvensis''''' |binomial = ''Viola arvensis'' |binomial_authority = [[Johan Andreas Murray|Murray]] |}} '''''Viola arvensis''''' is a speshies o [[Viola (plant)|viole]] kent bi the common name '''field pansy'''. It is native tae Europe, wastren Asie, an North Africae, an it is kent on ether continents as an [[introduced species]] an a [[weed]] o disturbed an cultivatit auries. ''Viola arvensis'' wis shown tae contain [[cyclotides]], a class o [[peptides]] foond in plants. The peptide cycloviolacin O2 in particular haes shown tae possess [[cytotoxic]] activity against human cancer cells an is therefore leuked at as a potential drug lead.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://mct.aacrjournals.org/content/1/6/365.full.pdf | title=Lindholm, et al. (2002). ''Cyclotides: A Novel Type of Cytotoxic Agents''. ''Mol Cancer Ther'' 1: 365-369 | accessdate=May 20, 2012}}</ref> {{commons|Viola arvensis}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?7799,7800,7802 Jepson Manual Treatment] *[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=VIAR USDA Plants Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426123616/http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=VIAR |date=2013-04-26 }} *[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?41691 GRIN Species Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120213552/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?41691 |date=2011-11-20 }} *[http://www.agroatlas.ru/en/content/weeds/Viola_arvensis/ AgroAtlas Economic Plants] *[http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php?Genus=Viola&Species=arvensis Washington Burke Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124060252/http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php?Genus=Viola&Species=arvensis |date=2011-11-24 }} *[http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Viola+arvensis Photo gallery] {{DEFAULTSORT:Viola Arvensis}} [[Category:Viola|arvensis]] [[Category:Flora o Europe]] 6pjqo3oko7ggmi036tvzo9z2xuex0da Mercur (planet) 0 53352 914603 899453 2026-03-30T14:01:24Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 914603 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mercury Globe-MESSENGER mosaic centered at 0degN-0degE.jpg|right|thumb]] '''Mercur''' (seembol: [[File:Mercury symbol (fixed width).svg|16px|☿]]) is the smawest an closest tae the [[Sun]] o the aicht [[planet]]s in the [[Solar Seestem]],{{efn| name = dwarf planet | [[Pluto]] was considered a [[planet]] from its discovery in 1930 to 2006, but after that it has been classified as a [[dwarf planet]]. Pluto's orbital eccentricity is greater than that of Mercury. Pluto is also smaller than Mercury, but was assumed to be larger until 1976.}} wi an [[orbital period]] o aboot 88 [[Yird]] days. Seen frae the Yird, it appears tae muive aroond its [[orbit]] in aboot 116 days, which is much faster than ony ither planet. This rapid motion mey hae led tae it bein named efter the [[Roman meethologie|Roman deity]] [[Mercur (meethologie)|Mercur]], the fast-flyin messenger tae the gods. Acause it haes almaist na atmosphere tae retain heat, Mercur's surface experiences the greatest temperatur variation o aw the planets, rangin frae {{convert|100|K}} at nicht tae {{convert|700|K}} durin the day at some equatorial regions. The poles are constantly belaw {{convert|180|K}}. Mercur's axis haes the smawest [[axial tilt|tilt]] o ony o the Solar Seestem's planets (aboot {{frac|30}} o a degree), but it haes the lairgest [[orbital eccentricity]].{{efn|name=dwarf planet}} At [[aphelion]], Mercur is aboot 1.5 times as far frae the Sun as it is at [[perihelion]]. Mercur's surface is hivily cratered an seemilar in appearance tae the [[Muin]], indicatin that it haes been geologically inactive for billions o years. Mercur daes nae experience saisons in the same wey as maist ither planets, sic as the Yird. It is locked sae it rotates in a wey that is unique in the Solar Seestem. As seen relative tae the [[fixed starn]]s, it rotates exactly three times for every twa revolutions{{efn| name = rotation/revolution| In astronomy, the words "rotation" and "revolution" have different meanings. "Rotation" is the turning of a body about an axis which passes through the body, as in "The Earth rotates once a day.". "Revolution" is motion around a centre which is external to the body, usually in orbit, as in "The Earth takes a year for each revolution around the Sun.". The verbs "rotate" and "revolve" mean doing rotation and revolution, respectively.}} it maks aroond its orbit. As seen frae the Sun, in a [[frame o reference]] that rotates wi the orbital motion, it appears tae rotate anly ance every twa Mercurian years. An observer on Mercur wad tharefore see anly ane day every twa year. Acause Mercur's orbit lies within Yird's orbit (as daes [[Venus]]'s), it can appear in Yird's sky in the mornin or the evenin, but nae in the middle o the nicht. An aa, lik Venus an the Muin, it displays a complete range o [[Planetar phase|phases]] as it moves aroond its orbit relative tae the Yird. Awtho Mercur can appear as a very bricht object whan viewed frae Yird, its proximity tae the Sun maks it mair difficult tae see than Venus. ==Notes== <references group="lower-alpha"/> ==Freemit airtins== * [http://history.nasa.gov/SP-423/sp423.htm Mariner 10 Atlas o Mercury – NASA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309045046/http://history.nasa.gov/SP-423/sp423.htm |date=2011-03-09 }} * [http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/MERCURY/target Mercury nomenclature] an [http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/mercuryQuadMap cairt wi feature names] frae the USGS planetary nomenclature page * [http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/ MESSENGER Mission wab steid] * [http://messenger-act.actgate.com/msgr_public_released/react_quickmap.html Mercur QuickMap frae MESSENGER wab steid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520025929/http://messenger-act.actgate.com/msgr_public_released/react_quickmap.html |date=2016-05-20 }} * [http://www.solarviews.com/eng/mercury.htm SolarViews.com – Mercury] * [http://www.astronomycast.com/2007/08/episode-49-mercury/ Astronomy Cast: Mercury] * [http://www.geody.com/?world=mercury Geody Mercur] Warld's sairch ingine that supports [[NASA Warld Wind]], [[Celestia]], an ither applications. * [http://www.messenger-education.org/Interactives/ANIMATIONS/Day_On_Mercury/day_on_mercury_full.htm A Day On Mercury] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416170459/http://www.messenger-education.org/Interactives/ANIMATIONS/Day_On_Mercury/day_on_mercury_full.htm |date=2016-04-16 }} flash animation * [http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Archive/Archive-Mercury.html Mercur airticles in Planetary Science Research Discoveries] * [http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/BepiColombo_overview2 'BepiColombo', ESA's Mercury Mission] 5 Juin 2013 * {{cite web|last=Bauer|first=Amanda|title=Mercury|url=http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/mercury.htm|work=Sixty Symbols|publisher=[[Brady Haran]] for the [[University of Nottingham]]|coauthors=Merrifield, Michael|year=2009|access-date=2013-06-30|archive-date=2016-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309214114/http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/mercury.htm|url-status=dead}} * [http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap130612.html MESSENGER False Color Mercur Globe Spin] - [[Astronomy Picture o the Day|APOD]] {{Solar Seestem}} {{Mercur (planet)}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mercur (Planet)}} [[Category:Mercur (planet)| ]] [[Category:Terrestrial planets]] [[Category:Planets o the Solar Seestem]] 30b4be7h6h73cecs49qdmk928png8ey Tokelau 0 69755 914620 868176 2026-03-31T00:48:53Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 914620 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|09|10|S|171|50|W|region:TK_type:adm1st|display=title}} {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = |native_name = Tokelau |common_name = Tokelau |image_flag = Flag of Tokelau.svg |image_coat = Badge of Tokelau.svg |symbol_type = Seembol |image_map = Tokelau on the globe (Polynesia centered).svg |national_motto = {{lang|tkl|"Tokelau mo te Atua"}} {{small|([[Tokelauan leid|Tokelauan]])<br/>"Tokelau for the Almichty"}} |national_anthem = ''[[God Save the Queen]]'' |demonym = Tokelauan |capital = [[Atafu]] {{small|(unoffeecial)}}&nbsp;<sup>a</sup> |largest_city = [[Fakaofo]] {{small|(offeecial)}} |languages_type = [[Offeecial leid|Offeecial<br/>leid]]s<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tokelau-info.tk/ |title=Tokelau Info |publisher=Tokelau-info.tk |date= |accessdate=2011-12-30}}</ref> |official_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Tokelauan leid|Tokelauan]] |[[Inglis leid|Inglis]] |[[Samoan leid|Samoan]]}}{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} |government_type = {{nowrap|[[Constitutional monarchy]]}} |leader_title1 = [[Monarchy in the Cook Islands|Monarch]] |leader_name1 = [[Elizabeth II o New Zealand|Elizabeth II]] |leader_title2 = [[Admeenistrators o Tokelau|Admeenistrator]] |leader_name2 = [[Jonathan Kings]]<sup>b</sup> |leader_title3 = {{nowrap|[[Heids o Govrenment o Tokelau|Heid o Govrenment]]}} |leader_name3 = [[Keli Hiano Kalolo]]<sup>c</sup> |sovereignty_type = {{nowrap|[[New Zealand]] territory}} |established_event1 = [[#Govrenment|Tokelau Act]] |established_date1 = 1948 |area_rank = 233rd |area_magnitude = 1 E7 |area_km2 = 10 |area_sq_mi = 3.86 |percent_water = negligible |population_census = 1,411<sup>d</sup> |population_census_year = October 2011 |population_census_rank = 237t |population_density_km2 = 115 |population_density_sq_mi = 298 |population_density_rank = 86t |GDP_PPP_year = 1993 |GDP_PPP = $1.5 million |GDP_PPP_rank = 227t |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,035 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = {{small|nae ranked}} |Gini_year = |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = |HDI_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI = <!--number only--> |HDI_ref = |HDI_rank = |currency = [[New Zealand dollar]] |currency_code = NZD |time_zone = |utc_offset = +13<ref>[http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/tokelau-wrong-time.html Tokelau: Wrong local time for over 100 years]</ref> |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |drives_on = left |calling_code = [[+690]] |cctld = [[.tk]] |footnote_a = Each atoll haes its ain admeenistrative centre, but Atafu will host the [[General Fono]] in 2012.<!--ITS2013NOW..--> |footnote_b = Syne Februar 2011. |footnote_c = Syne 2012. |footnote_d = [http://stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/people_and_communities/pacific_peoples/2011-tokelau-census-landing-page/final-count-2011-tokelau-census.aspx Final count for 2011 Tokelau Census of Population and Dwellings], Statistics New Zealand. The Census population figure of 1,411 includes 268 usual residents of Tokelau who were absent on census night. |footnotes = Some data frae the [[Warld Factbeuk]] (2004). }} '''Tokelau''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|oʊ|k|ə|l|aʊ}} is a territory o [[New Zealand]] in the Sooth [[Paceefic Ocean]] that consists o three tropical coral [[atolls]] (frae the northwast [[Atafu]], [[Nukunonu]] an [[Fakaofo]]) wi a combined [[land aurie]] o {{convert|10|km²|0|abbr=on}} an a [[population]] o approximately 1,400. Its [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] rotates yearly atween the three atolls.<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to sunny Tokelau, an untouched Pacific Paradise. |url=http://www.tokelau.org.nz/ |access-date=2014-03-05 |archive-date=2012-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209180502/http://www.tokelau.org.nz/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}}{{Stub/Oceanie}}{{authority control}} [[Category:Tokelau| ]] [[Category:Inglis-speakin kintras an territories]] [[Category:Umwhile Breetish colonies]] [[Category:Polynesie]] [[Category:Atolls o New Zealand]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1948]] [[Category:Islands claimed unner the Guano Islands Act]] [[Category:Dependent territories o New Zealand]] 5i3yp3j3489yefpk7awodwhrdnlgu00 Rigveda 0 89098 914605 703808 2026-03-30T20:27:12Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 914605 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Rigveda MS2097.jpg|thumb|300px|''Rigveda'']] The '''Rigveda''' ([[Sanskrit]]: {{lang|sa|[[wikt:ऋग्वेद#Sanskrit|ऋग्वेद]]}} ''{{IAST|ṛgveda}}'', a [[tatpurusha|compoond]] o ''{{IAST|[[wikt:ऋच्#Sanskrit|ṛc]]}}'' "praise, verse"<ref>derived frae the root ''{{IAST|ṛc}}'' "tae praise", cf. Dhātupātha 28.19. [[Monier-Williams]] translates "a Veda o Praise or Hymn-Veda"</ref> an ''{{IAST|[[wikt:वेद#Sanskrit|veda]]}}'' "knawledge") is an auncient [[Indian subcontinent|Indian]] saucrit collection o [[Vedic Sanskrit]] [[hymns]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Rig Veda|url=http://www.hindunet.org/vedas/rigveda/|access-date=2015-02-09|archive-date=2011-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809122840/http://www.hindunet.org/vedas/rigveda/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Rig Veda| ]] [[Category:Memory o the Warld Register]] 9l9mh3zizkdyz83fpbpdichjmhxn570 Valtteri Bottas 0 174668 914607 914599 2026-03-30T22:34:47Z Atlantic306 30244 stub tag added 914607 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox F1 driver | name = Valtteri Bottas | image = File:2019 Formula One tests Barcelona, Bottas (47200028912).jpg | image size = | caption = Bottas in 2019 | nationality = {{flagicon|FIN}} Finnish | birth_name = Valtteri Viktor Bottas | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1989|8|28}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Valtteri Bottas |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/drivers/valtteri-bottas.html |website=formula1.com |access-date=29 October 2020 |archive-date=2019-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224033649/https://www.formula1.com/en/drivers/valtteri-bottas.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | birth_place = [[Nastola]], Finland | 2017 Team = [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula Ane|Mercedes]]<ref name="mercedes">{{cite web|last1=Barretto|first1=Lawrence|title=Valtteri Bottas joins Mercedes for F1 2017, Felipe Massa to Williams|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/127757/bottas-to-mercedes-massa-returns-to-williams|website=Autosport.com|accessdate=16 January 2017|date=16 January 2017}}</ref> | Car number = 77 | Races = {{F1stat|BOT|entries}} ({{F1stat|BOT|starts}} starts) | Championships = 0 | Wins = {{F1stat|BOT|wins}} | Podiums = {{F1stat|BOT|podiums}} | Points = {{F1stat|BOT|careerpoints}} | Poles = {{F1stat|BOT|poles}} | Fastest laps = {{F1stat|BOT|fastestlaps}} | First race = [[2013 Australian Grand Prix]] | First win = [[2017 Roushie Grand Prix]] | Last win = [[2019 Unitit States Grand Prix]] | Last race = {{Latest F1GP}} | Last season = 2018 | Last position = 5t (247 pts) | career template1= {{Infobox racing driver|embed=yes | prev series = [[Formula Ane]] testin<br>[[GP3 Series]]<br>[[Formula 3 Euro Series]]<br>[[British Formula 3 Championship|British Formula 3]]<br>[[Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0|Formula Renault Eurocup]]<br>[[Formula Renault 2.0 Northern European Cup|Formula Renault NEC]]<br>[[British Formula Renault Championship|FRUK Winter Series]] | prev series years = {{F1|2012}}<br>[[2011 GP3 Series saison|2011]]<br>[[2009 Formula 3 Euro Series saison|2009]]–[[2010 Formula 3 Euro Series saison|10]]<br>[[2009 British Formula 3 saison|2009]], [[2009 British Formula 3 saison|2011]]<br>[[2008 Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 saison|2008]]<br>[[2007 Formula Renault 2.0 NEC saison|2007]]–[[2008 Formula Renault 2.0 NEC saison|08]]<br>[[2007 Formula Renault saisons#2007 Formula Renault 2.0 UK Winter Cup|2007]] | titles = [[GP3 Series]]<br>[[Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0|Formula Renault Eurocup]]<br>[[Formula Renault 2.0 Northern European Cup|Formula Renault 2.0 NEC]] | title years = [[2011 GP3 Series saison|2011]]<br>[[2008 Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 saison|2008]]<br>[[2008 Formula Renault 2.0 NEC saison|2008]] | awards = | award years = }} }} '''Valtteri Viktor Bottas'''<ref>[http://docplayer.fi/34927925-Nastolan-kunnantalo-kunnanhallituksen-kokoushuone.html Nastola municipal board minutes 19 Jan 2015]</ref> ({{IPA-fi|ˈʋɑltːeɾi ˈbotːɑs}}; born 28 August 1989) is a [[Finns|Finnish]] racin driver currently competin in [[Formula Ane]] wi [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bottas, Valtteri}} [[Category:1989 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Breetish Formula Renault 2.0 drivers]] [[Category:Breetish Formula Three Championship drivers]] [[Category:Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 drivers]] [[Category:Finnish expatriates in Monaco]] [[Category:Finnish Formula Ane drivers]] [[Category:Finnish racin drivers]] [[Category:Formula 3 Euro Series drivers]] [[Category:Formula Renault 2.0 NEC drivers]] [[Category:GP3 Series Champions]] [[Category:GP3 Series drivers]] [[Category:Fowk frae Nastola]] [[Category:Williams Formula Ane drivers]] [[Category:Mercedes-Benz Formula Ane drivers]] {{Stub/F1}} fu8ovm162ncx79b91sib7rdrekb1qhu Christophe Maé 0 233267 914608 2026-03-30T22:36:58Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 New airticle aboot a French sangster 914608 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Christophe Martichon''' ({{IPA-fr|kʁistɔf maʁtiʃɔ̃}}; born 16 October 1975), kent professionally as '''Christophe Maé''', is a French pop sansgter. == Career == Maé lairnt tae pley the violin at age five, an later begound pleyin the guitar an harmonica at age 16 efter he wis immobilised frae chronic polyarthritis. He haes statit that this wis the time whan he diskivert Stevie Wonder's muisic whilk inspirt him tae tak up pleyin the harmonica. He forby diskivert Bob Marley's muisic tae wham, yeirs later, he dedicates a sang: "Mon père spirituel". It is at the same period that he stairtit pleyin the guitar. In 2005 he rase tae fame bi pleyin the role o Monsieur, brither o Keeng Louis XIV in the muisical "Le Roi Soleil", fur whilk he wan the NRJ Muisic Awaird fur revelation o the yeir 2006. fmimmrqs9s154r80ssdatuai0r7eqzm 914610 914608 2026-03-30T22:50:09Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 914610 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Christophe Martichon''' ({{IPA-fr|kʁistɔf maʁtiʃɔ̃}}; born 16 October 1975), kent professionally as '''Christophe Maé''', is a French pop sansgter. == Career == Maé lairnt tae pley the violin at age five, an later begound pleyin the guitar an harmonica at age 16 efter he wis immobilised frae chronic polyarthritis. He haes statit that this wis the time whan he diskivert Stevie Wonder's muisic whilk inspirt him tae tak up pleyin the harmonica. He forby diskivert Bob Marley's muisic tae wham, yeirs later, he dedicates a sang: "Mon père spirituel". It is at the same period that he stairtit pleyin the guitar. In 2005 he rase tae fame bi pleyin the role o Monsieur, brither o Keeng Louis XIV in the muisical "Le Roi Soleil", fur whilk he wan the NRJ Muisic Awaird fur revelation o the yeir 2006. === Lowses === Maé's furst album wis enteetled ''Sa Danse Donne'', an lowsed in 2002–2003. This album is nae considert his furst studio album. He lowsed his furst studio album, ''Mon paradis'' on 19 Mairch 2007, wi the singles "On s'attache", "Parce qu'on sait jamais" an "Ça fait mal". His fowert single is "Belle Demoiselle". ''Mon Paradis'' wis Fraunce's seicont best-sellin album o 2007 efter ''Life in Cartoon Motion'' bi Mika, sellin mair nor 1 600 000 album tae date. In 2010, Maé's seicont studio album, ''On trace la route'', wis lowsed. It haes sauld mair nor 600,000 unit tae date. In 2013, Maé's thrid studio album "Je veux du bonheur ", wis lowsed. It rankit nummer ane o the tap French album durin its furst week o lowse wi 103,680 unit tae date. The album wis sauld mair nor 500,000 unit tae date in Julie 2014. In 2016, Maé's fowert studio album "L'attrape-rêves ", wis lowsed. It rankit nummer ane o the tap French album fur 5 week. Until the end o 2016, it haes sauld 300,000 unit tae date. p2ug5bie5lxyu08o6uc6o7i65uf49vx 914611 914610 2026-03-30T23:04:58Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 914611 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Christophe Martichon''' ({{IPA-fr|kʁistɔf maʁtiʃɔ̃}}; born 16 October 1975), kent professionally as '''Christophe Maé''', is a French pop sansgter. == Career == Maé lairnt tae pley the violin at age five, an later begound pleyin the guitar an harmonica at age 16 efter he wis immobilised frae chronic polyarthritis. He haes statit that this wis the time whan he diskivert Stevie Wonder's muisic whilk inspirt him tae tak up pleyin the harmonica. He forby diskivert Bob Marley's muisic tae wham, yeirs later, he dedicates a sang: "Mon père spirituel". It is at the same period that he stairtit pleyin the guitar. In 2005 he rase tae fame bi pleyin the role o Monsieur, brither o Keeng Louis XIV in the muisical "Le Roi Soleil", fur whilk he wan the NRJ Muisic Awaird fur revelation o the yeir 2006. === Lowses === Maé's furst album wis enteetled ''Sa Danse Donne'', an lowsed in 2002–2003. This album is nae considert his furst studio album. He lowsed his furst studio album, ''Mon paradis'' on 19 Mairch 2007, wi the singles "On s'attache", "Parce qu'on sait jamais" an "Ça fait mal". His fowert single is "Belle Demoiselle". ''Mon Paradis'' wis Fraunce's seicont best-sellin album o 2007 efter ''Life in Cartoon Motion'' bi Mika, sellin mair nor 1 600 000 album tae date. In 2010, Maé's seicont studio album, ''On trace la route'', wis lowsed. It haes sauld mair nor 600,000 unit tae date. In 2013, Maé's thrid studio album "Je veux du bonheur ", wis lowsed. It rankit nummer ane o the tap French album durin its furst week o lowse wi 103,680 unit tae date. The album wis sauld mair nor 500,000 unit tae date in Julie 2014. In 2016, Maé's fowert studio album "L'attrape-rêves ", wis lowsed. It rankit nummer ane o the tap French album fur 5 week. Until the end o 2016, it haes sauld 300,000 unit tae date. == Muisical style == Maé's muisic is maistly acoustic. He haes citit Bob Marley, Ben Harper, Tracy Chapman, an Jack Johnson as weel as French sangster-sangwriters Francis Cabrel an Gérald De Palmas as muisical influences. As a coonter-tenor his vyce haes a range frae A2 tae F6. He allegedly begound tae lairn harmonica as a tribute tae Stevie Wonder, wha is commonly citit as his maistly influence muisically. == Personal life == Christophe Maé haes twa sons, Jules (born Mairch 2008) an Marcel (born August 2013), wi his then-langtime lassfreind Nadège Sarron. Sarron operates a dance schuil whilk she foondit in Aix-en-Provence, whaur she bides wi her sons. Maé warks half the week in Paris, an reunitit wi his faimily the rest o the time in the Sooth. He finally proposed tae Nadège in 2016 throu his sang "Ballerine", an the couple marriet in Porto-Vecchio on 29 Juin 2017. q63peiv269gvyo4whktw6v4e8o9jm5d 914612 914611 2026-03-30T23:33:05Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 914612 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Christophe Martichon''' ({{IPA-fr|kʁistɔf maʁtiʃɔ̃}}; born 16 October 1975), kent professionally as '''Christophe Maé''', is a French pop sansgter. == Career == Maé lairnt tae pley the violin at age five, an later begound pleyin the guitar an harmonica at age 16 efter he wis immobilised frae chronic polyarthritis. He haes statit that this wis the time whan he diskivert Stevie Wonder's muisic whilk inspirt him tae tak up pleyin the harmonica. He forby diskivert Bob Marley's muisic tae wham, yeirs later, he dedicates a sang: "Mon père spirituel". It is at the same period that he stairtit pleyin the guitar. In 2005 he rase tae fame bi pleyin the role o Monsieur, brither o Keeng Louis XIV in the muisical "Le Roi Soleil", fur whilk he wan the NRJ Music Award fur revelation o the yeir 2006. === Lowses === Maé's furst album wis enteetled ''Sa Danse Donne'', an lowsed in 2002–2003. This album is nae considert his furst studio album. He lowsed his furst studio album, ''Mon paradis'' on 19 Mairch 2007, wi the singles "On s'attache", "Parce qu'on sait jamais" an "Ça fait mal". His fowert single is "Belle Demoiselle". ''Mon Paradis'' wis Fraunce's seicont best-sellin album o 2007 efter ''Life in Cartoon Motion'' bi Mika, sellin mair nor 1 600 000 album tae date. In 2010, Maé's seicont studio album, ''On trace la route'', wis lowsed. It haes sauld mair nor 600,000 unit tae date. In 2013, Maé's thrid studio album "Je veux du bonheur ", wis lowsed. It rankit nummer ane o the tap French album durin its furst week o lowse wi 103,680 unit tae date. The album wis sauld mair nor 500,000 unit tae date in Julie 2014. In 2016, Maé's fowert studio album "L'attrape-rêves ", wis lowsed. It rankit nummer ane o the tap French album fur 5 week. Until the end o 2016, it haes sauld 300,000 unit tae date. == Muisical style == Maé's muisic is maistly acoustic. He haes citit Bob Marley, Ben Harper, Tracy Chapman, an Jack Johnson as weel as French sangster-sangwriters Francis Cabrel an Gérald De Palmas as muisical influences. As a coonter-tenor his vyce haes a range frae A2 tae F6. He allegedly begound tae lairn harmonica as a tribute tae Stevie Wonder, wha is commonly citit as his maistly influence muisically. == Personal life == Christophe Maé haes twa sons, Jules (born Mairch 2008) an Marcel (born August 2013), wi his then-langtime lassfreind Nadège Sarron. Sarron operates a dance schuil whilk she foondit in Aix-en-Provence, whaur she bides wi her sons. Maé warks half the week in Paris, an reunitit wi his faimily the rest o the time in the Sooth. He finally proposed tae Nadège in 2016 throu his sang "Ballerine", an the couple marriet in Porto-Vecchio on 29 Juin 2017. ==Philanthropy== Maé haes been a memmer o the Les Enfoirés chairity ensemble syne 2008. ==Discography== [[Image:Christoph Mae.jpg|thumb|right|235px|Christophe Maé (2011)]] ===Studio albums=== {| class="wikitable" !align="center" rowspan="2"|Yeir !align="center" rowspan="2"|Information !align="center" colspan="6"|Chairts !align="center" rowspan="2"|Certification |- !width="40"|<small>[[SNEP|FR]]<br><ref name=lescharts>{{Cite web|url=http://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Christophe+Ma%EF%BF%BD|title=lescharts.com - Discographie Christophe Ma�|website=Lescharts.com|access-date=16 October 2025}}</ref></small> !width="60"|<small>[[Fraunce|FR]]<br>(DL)</small> !width="40"|<small>[[Ultratop|BEL<br>(Fl)]]</small> !width="40"|<small>[[Ultratop|BEL<br>(Wa)]]</small><br><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ultratop.be/fr/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Christophe+Ma%E9|title=Discographie Christophe Maé|website=Ultratop.be|access-date=2 November 2019}}</ref> !width="40"|<small>[[Canadian Albums Chart|CAN]]<br><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/christophe-mae/chart-history/canadian-albums|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515093533/https://www.billboard.com/music/christophe-mae/chart-history/canadian-albums|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 May 2018|title=Christophe Maé Chart History: Canadian Albums|magazine=Billboard|access-date=20 March 2018}}</ref></small> !width="40"|<small>[[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]</small><br><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hitparade.ch/album/Christophe-Mae/La-vie-d'artiste-391083|title=Christophe Maé – La vie d'artiste|website=Hitparade.ch|access-date=6 November 2019}}</ref> |- |2008 |''[[Mon paradis]]'' |{{center|1}} |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|18}} |<small>Fraunce: Diamond<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.disqueenfrance.com/certifications/album.asp?forme_certif=15&annee=25 |title=Musique sur Disque en France (SNEP) : Top 50, telechargement legal, droit d'auteur |access-date=8 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204183631/http://www.disqueenfrance.com/certifications/album.asp?forme_certif=15&annee=25 |archive-date=4 December 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref></small> |- |2008 |''[[Comme à la maison]]'' <small>(Acoustic album)</small> |{{center|1}} |{{center|8}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|13}} |<small>Fraunce: 2× Platinum</small> |- |2010 |''On trace la route'' |{{center|1}} |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|3}} |<small>Fraunce: Diamond<ref name="nrjmusicawards.nrj.fr"/></small> |- |2013 |''Je veux du bonheur'' |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|32}} |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|4}} | |- |2016 |''L'attrape-rêves'' |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|49}} |{{center|1}} |{{center|9}} |{{center|2}} |<small>Fraunce: 2× Platinum</small> |- |2019 |''La vie d'artiste''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/la-vie-dartiste/1478613593|title=La vie d'artiste by Christophe Maé on Apple Music|website=[[iTunes]]|access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref> |{{center|2}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|2}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|6}} | |- |2023 |''C'est drôle la vie'' |{{center|3<br /><ref>{{cite tweet|user=snep|number=1639251134522224640|title=En exclusivité, voici les 10 premiers du Top Albums de la semaine ! 💿 Classement complet lundi|access-date=25 March 2023}}</ref>}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|4}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|11}} | |- |2026 |''Fete Foraine'' |{{center|3}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://snepmusique.com/les-tops/le-top-de-la-semaine/top-albums/?semaine=13?&annee=2026&categorie=Top%20Albums|title=Top Albums (Week 13, 2026)|publisher=Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|language=French|access-date=30 March 2026}}</ref> |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |} ===Live album=== {| class="wikitable" !align="center" rowspan="2"|Yeir !align="center" rowspan="2"|Information !align="center" colspan="4"|Chairts |- !width="40"|<small>[[SNEP|FR]]<br><ref name="lescharts"/></small> !width="60"|<small>[[Fraunce|FR]] <br>(DL)</small> !width="40"|<small>[[Ultratop|BEL <br>(Fl)]]</small> !width="40"|<small>[[Ultratop|BEL <br>(Wa)]]</small> |- |2009 |''Comme à la maison'' (Live) <br>(2-CD set wi ''[[Mon paradis]]'') |{{center|181}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |- |2011 |''On trace la route – Le live'' |{{center|1}} |{{center|6}} |{{center|99}} |{{center|1}} |} ===Singles=== {| class="wikitable" ! width="50" rowspan="2"| Yeir ! width="190" rowspan="2"| Teetle ! colspan="5"|Chairt poseetions ! width="170" rowspan="2"| Album |- bgcolor="#DDDDDD" ! width="20"| <small>[[SNEP|FR]]<br><ref name=lescharts/></small> ! width="20"| <small>[[Fraunce|FR]] (DL)</small> ! width="20"| <small>[[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]</small> ! width="20"| <small>[[Ultratop|BEL<br>(Fl)]]</small> ! width="20"| <small>[[Ultratop|BEL<br>(Wa)]]</small><br /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ultratop.be/fr/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Christophe+Ma%E9|title=Discographie Christophe Maé|publisher=[[Ultratop]]|access-date=29 March 2026}}</ref> |- |align="center" rowspan="3"|2007 |align="left"|"[[On s'attache]]" |align="center"|1 |align="center"|2 |align="center"|27 |align="center"|- |align="center"|4 |align="center" rowspan="4"|''Mon paradis'' |- |align="left"|"Parce qu'on ne sait jamais" |align="center"|6 |align="center"|12 |align="center"|52 |align="center"|- |align="center"|10 |- |align="left"|"Ça fait mal" |align="center"|138 |align="center"|3 |align="center"|85 |align="center"|- |align="center"|16 |- |align="center" rowspan="3"|2008 |align="left"|"Belle Demoiselle" |align="center"|13 |align="center"|13 |align="center"|74 |align="center"|- |align="center"|10 |- |align="left"|"C'est ma terre" |align="center"|- |align="center"|11 |align="center"|91 |align="center"|- |align="center"|18 |align="center" rowspan="2"|''Comme à la maison'' |- |align="left"|"Mon p'tit gars" |align="center"|2 |align="center"|18 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|33 |- |align="center" rowspan=2|2009 |align="left"|"[[Je n'attendais que vous]]" <br><small>(Maé, [[Catherine Lara|Lara]], [[Maurane]], [[Patrick Bruel|Bruel]], La Chorale des Voisins du Dessus)</small> |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|38 |align="center" rowspan="1"| |- |align="left"|"[[Dingue, dingue, dingue]]" |align="center"|1 |align="center"|3 |align="center"|30 |align="center"|- |align="center"|4 |align="center" rowspan="5"|''On trace la route'' |- |align="center" rowspan="3"|2010 |align="left"|"J'ai laissé" |align="center"|- |align="center"|2 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|16 |- |align="left"|"Je me lâche" |align="center"|- |align="center"|16 |align="center"|47 |align="center"|- |align="center"|12 |- |align="left"|"Pourquoi c'est beau" |align="center"|- |align="center"|33 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |- |align="center" rowspan=2|2011 |align="left"|"La rumeur" |align="center"|53 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|4<br><small>(Ultratip)</small> |- |align="left"|"Un peu de blues" |align="center"|29 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|24 | |- |align="center" rowspan=4|2013 |align="left"|"Tombé sous le charme" |align="center"|11 |align="center"|- |align="center"|38 |align="center"|82 <br><small>(Ultratip)</small> |align="center"|7 |align="center" rowspan=5|''Je veux du bonheur'' |- |align="left"|"Je veux du bonheur" |align="center"|90 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|4<br><small>(Ultratip)</small> |- | align="left" |"La poupée" |align="center"|40 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|2<br><small>(Ultratip)</small> |- |align="left"|"Ne t'en fais pas" |align="center"|200 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |- |align="center"|2014 |align="left"|"Ma douleur, ma peine" |align="center"|144 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |- |align="center" rowspan="3"|2016 |align="left"|"Il est oú le bonheur" |align="center"|4 |align="center"|- |align="center"|70 |align="center"|- |align="center"|14 |align="center" rowspan="4"|''L'attrape-rêves'' |- |align="left"|"La vallée des larmes" |align="center"|199 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |- |align="left"|"La Parisienne" |align="center"|111<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-telecharges/?ye=2016&we=51|title=Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés - SNEP (Week 51, 2016)|publisher=[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]]|language=fr|access-date=24 December 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20161226220721/http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-telecharges/?ye=2016&we=51|archive-date=26 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|30 |- |align="center"|2017 |align="left"|"Marcel" |align="center"|95<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-telecharges/?ye=2017&we=22|title=Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés – SNEP (Week 22, 2017)|publisher=Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|language=fr|access-date=3 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610054200/http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-telecharges/?ye=2017&we=22|archive-date=10 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |- |align="center"|2019 |align="left"|"Les gens" |align="center"|160<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-megafusion/?ye=2019&we=44|title=Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles (téléchargement + streaming) – SNEP (Week 44, 2019)|publisher=[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]]|language=fr|access-date=5 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105234548/http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-megafusion/?ye=2019&we=44|archive-date=5 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|11 |align="center"| ''La vie d'artiste'' |- |align="center"|2021 |align="left"|"Y'a du soleil" |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|23 |align="center"| |- |align="center"|2022 |align="left"|"Pays des merveilles"<br />{{small|(wi Ceuzany)}} |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|20 |align="center"| |- |align="center"|2026 |align="left"|"La lune" |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|16 |align="center"| |} ==Awairds== *[[NRJ Music Award]] ** 2007: French revelation o the yeir ** 2008: French male airtist o the yeir ** 2008: French sang o the yeir fur "[[On s'attache]]" ** 2009: French male airtist o the yeir ** 2009: French sang o the yeir fur "Belle demoiselle" ** 2013: NRJ Awaird o Honor ** 2016: Video o the yeir fur "Il est où le bonheur" *[[Victoires de la Musique]] ** 2008: Public revelation o the yeir *[[World Music Awards]] ** 2008: French airtist o the yeir *Ithers ** 2008: Winner o sang o the yeir on [[TF1]] ** 2014: Winner o sang o the yeir on [[TF1]] ==References== {{Reflist}} == Fremmit airtins == * [http://www.christophe-mae.fr/ Offeecial Wabsteid] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mae, Christophe}} [[Category:1975 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Carpentras]] [[Category:French-leid sangsters]] [[Category:French male pop sangsters]] [[Category:World Music Awards winners]] [[Category:21st-century French male sangsters]] [[Category:21st-century French sangsters]] ir25tmsrxoy7wjujvfro2agxyl9uckw 914613 914612 2026-03-30T23:36:41Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 914613 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Christophe Martichon''' ({{IPA-fr|kʁistɔf maʁtiʃɔ̃}}; born 16 October 1975), kent professionally as '''Christophe Maé''', is a French pop sansgter. == Career == Maé lairnt tae pley the violin at age five, an later begound pleyin the guitar an harmonica at age 16 efter he wis immobilised frae chronic polyarthritis. He haes statit that this wis the time whan he diskivert Stevie Wonder's muisic whilk inspirt him tae tak up pleyin the harmonica. He forby diskivert Bob Marley's muisic tae wham, yeirs later, he dedicates a sang: "Mon père spirituel". It is at the same period that he stairtit pleyin the guitar. In 2005 he rase tae fame bi pleyin the role o Monsieur, brither o Keeng Louis XIV in the muisical "Le Roi Soleil", fur whilk he wan the NRJ Music Award fur revelation o the yeir 2006. === Lowses === Maé's furst album wis enteetled ''Sa Danse Donne'', an lowsed in 2002–2003. This album is nae considert his furst studio album. He lowsed his furst studio album, ''Mon paradis'' on 19 Mairch 2007, wi the singles "On s'attache", "Parce qu'on sait jamais" an "Ça fait mal". His fowert single is "Belle Demoiselle". ''Mon Paradis'' wis Fraunce's seicont best-sellin album o 2007 efter ''Life in Cartoon Motion'' bi Mika, sellin mair nor 1 600 000 album tae date. In 2010, Maé's seicont studio album, ''On trace la route'', wis lowsed. It haes sauld mair nor 600,000 unit tae date. In 2013, Maé's thrid studio album "Je veux du bonheur ", wis lowsed. It rankit nummer ane o the tap French album durin its furst week o lowse wi 103,680 unit tae date. The album wis sauld mair nor 500,000 unit tae date in Julie 2014. In 2016, Maé's fowert studio album "L'attrape-rêves ", wis lowsed. It rankit nummer ane o the tap French album fur 5 week. Until the end o 2016, it haes sauld 300,000 unit tae date. == Muisical style == Maé's muisic is maistly acoustic. He haes citit Bob Marley, Ben Harper, Tracy Chapman, an Jack Johnson as weel as French sangster-sangwriters Francis Cabrel an Gérald De Palmas as muisical influences. As a coonter-tenor his vyce haes a range frae A2 tae F6. He allegedly begound tae lairn harmonica as a tribute tae Stevie Wonder, wha is commonly citit as his maistly influence muisically. == Personal life == Christophe Maé haes twa sons, Jules (born Mairch 2008) an Marcel (born August 2013), wi his then-langtime lassfreind Nadège Sarron. Sarron operates a dance schuil whilk she foondit in Aix-en-Provence, whaur she bides wi her sons. Maé warks half the week in Paris, an reunitit wi his faimily the rest o the time in the Sooth. He finally proposed tae Nadège in 2016 throu his sang "Ballerine", an the couple marriet in Porto-Vecchio on 29 Juin 2017. ==Philanthropy== Maé haes been a memmer o the Les Enfoirés chairity ensemble syne 2008. ==Discography== [[Image:Christoph Mae.jpg|thumb|right|235px|Christophe Maé (2011)]] ===Studio albums=== {| class="wikitable" !align="center" rowspan="2"|Yeir !align="center" rowspan="2"|Information !align="center" colspan="6"|Chairts !align="center" rowspan="2"|Certification |- !width="40"|<small>[[SNEP|FR]]<br><ref name=lescharts>{{Cite web|url=http://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Christophe+Ma%EF%BF%BD|title=lescharts.com - Discographie Christophe Ma�|website=Lescharts.com|access-date=16 October 2025}}</ref></small> !width="60"|<small>[[Fraunce|FR]]<br>(DL)</small> !width="40"|<small>[[Ultratop|BEL<br>(Fl)]]</small> !width="40"|<small>[[Ultratop|BEL<br>(Wa)]]</small><br><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ultratop.be/fr/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Christophe+Ma%E9|title=Discographie Christophe Maé|website=Ultratop.be|access-date=2 November 2019}}</ref> !width="40"|<small>[[Canadian Albums Chart|CAN]]<br><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/christophe-mae/chart-history/canadian-albums|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515093533/https://www.billboard.com/music/christophe-mae/chart-history/canadian-albums|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 May 2018|title=Christophe Maé Chart History: Canadian Albums|magazine=Billboard|access-date=20 March 2018}}</ref></small> !width="40"|<small>[[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]</small><br><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hitparade.ch/album/Christophe-Mae/La-vie-d'artiste-391083|title=Christophe Maé – La vie d'artiste|website=Hitparade.ch|access-date=6 November 2019}}</ref> |- |2008 |''[[Mon paradis]]'' |{{center|1}} |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|18}} |<small>Fraunce: Diamond<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.disqueenfrance.com/certifications/album.asp?forme_certif=15&annee=25 |title=Musique sur Disque en France (SNEP) : Top 50, telechargement legal, droit d'auteur |access-date=8 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204183631/http://www.disqueenfrance.com/certifications/album.asp?forme_certif=15&annee=25 |archive-date=4 December 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref></small> |- |2008 |''[[Comme à la maison]]'' <small>(Acoustic album)</small> |{{center|1}} |{{center|8}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|13}} |<small>Fraunce: 2× Platinum</small> |- |2010 |''On trace la route'' |{{center|1}} |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|3}} |<small>Fraunce: Diamond<ref name="nrjmusicawards.nrj.fr"/></small> |- |2013 |''Je veux du bonheur'' |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|32}} |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|4}} | |- |2016 |''L'attrape-rêves'' |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|49}} |{{center|1}} |{{center|9}} |{{center|2}} |<small>Fraunce: 2× Platinum</small> |- |2019 |''La vie d'artiste''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/la-vie-dartiste/1478613593|title=La vie d'artiste by Christophe Maé on Apple Music|website=[[iTunes]]|access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref> |{{center|2}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|2}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|6}} | |- |2023 |''C'est drôle la vie'' |{{center|3<br /><ref>{{cite tweet|user=snep|number=1639251134522224640|title=En exclusivité, voici les 10 premiers du Top Albums de la semaine ! 💿 Classement complet lundi|access-date=25 March 2023}}</ref>}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|4}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|11}} | |- |2026 |''Fete Foraine'' |{{center|3}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://snepmusique.com/les-tops/le-top-de-la-semaine/top-albums/?semaine=13?&annee=2026&categorie=Top%20Albums|title=Top Albums (Week 13, 2026)|publisher=Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|language=French|access-date=30 March 2026}}</ref> |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |} ===Live album=== {| class="wikitable" !align="center" rowspan="2"|Yeir !align="center" rowspan="2"|Information !align="center" colspan="4"|Chairts |- !width="40"|<small>[[SNEP|FR]]<br><ref name="lescharts"/></small> !width="60"|<small>[[Fraunce|FR]] <br>(DL)</small> !width="40"|<small>[[Ultratop|BEL <br>(Fl)]]</small> !width="40"|<small>[[Ultratop|BEL <br>(Wa)]]</small> |- |2009 |''Comme à la maison'' (Live) <br>(2-CD set wi ''[[Mon paradis]]'') |{{center|181}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |- |2011 |''On trace la route – Le live'' |{{center|1}} |{{center|6}} |{{center|99}} |{{center|1}} |} ===Singles=== {| class="wikitable" ! width="50" rowspan="2"| Yeir ! width="190" rowspan="2"| Teetle ! colspan="5"|Chairt poseetions ! width="170" rowspan="2"| Album |- bgcolor="#DDDDDD" ! width="20"| <small>[[SNEP|FR]]<br><ref name=lescharts/></small> ! width="20"| <small>[[Fraunce|FR]] (DL)</small> ! width="20"| <small>[[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]</small> ! width="20"| <small>[[Ultratop|BEL<br>(Fl)]]</small> ! width="20"| <small>[[Ultratop|BEL<br>(Wa)]]</small><br /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ultratop.be/fr/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Christophe+Ma%E9|title=Discographie Christophe Maé|publisher=[[Ultratop]]|access-date=29 March 2026}}</ref> |- |align="center" rowspan="3"|2007 |align="left"|"[[On s'attache]]" |align="center"|1 |align="center"|2 |align="center"|27 |align="center"|- |align="center"|4 |align="center" rowspan="4"|''Mon paradis'' |- |align="left"|"Parce qu'on ne sait jamais" |align="center"|6 |align="center"|12 |align="center"|52 |align="center"|- |align="center"|10 |- |align="left"|"Ça fait mal" |align="center"|138 |align="center"|3 |align="center"|85 |align="center"|- |align="center"|16 |- |align="center" rowspan="3"|2008 |align="left"|"Belle Demoiselle" |align="center"|13 |align="center"|13 |align="center"|74 |align="center"|- |align="center"|10 |- |align="left"|"C'est ma terre" |align="center"|- |align="center"|11 |align="center"|91 |align="center"|- |align="center"|18 |align="center" rowspan="2"|''Comme à la maison'' |- |align="left"|"Mon p'tit gars" |align="center"|2 |align="center"|18 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|33 |- |align="center" rowspan=2|2009 |align="left"|"[[Je n'attendais que vous]]" <br><small>(Maé, [[Catherine Lara|Lara]], [[Maurane]], [[Patrick Bruel|Bruel]], La Chorale des Voisins du Dessus)</small> |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|38 |align="center" rowspan="1"| |- |align="left"|"[[Dingue, dingue, dingue]]" |align="center"|1 |align="center"|3 |align="center"|30 |align="center"|- |align="center"|4 |align="center" rowspan="5"|''On trace la route'' |- |align="center" rowspan="3"|2010 |align="left"|"J'ai laissé" |align="center"|- |align="center"|2 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|16 |- |align="left"|"Je me lâche" |align="center"|- |align="center"|16 |align="center"|47 |align="center"|- |align="center"|12 |- |align="left"|"Pourquoi c'est beau" |align="center"|- |align="center"|33 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |- |align="center" rowspan=2|2011 |align="left"|"La rumeur" |align="center"|53 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|4<br><small>(Ultratip)</small> |- |align="left"|"Un peu de blues" |align="center"|29 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|24 | |- |align="center" rowspan=4|2013 |align="left"|"Tombé sous le charme" |align="center"|11 |align="center"|- |align="center"|38 |align="center"|82 <br><small>(Ultratip)</small> |align="center"|7 |align="center" rowspan=5|''Je veux du bonheur'' |- |align="left"|"Je veux du bonheur" |align="center"|90 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|4<br><small>(Ultratip)</small> |- | align="left" |"La poupée" |align="center"|40 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|2<br><small>(Ultratip)</small> |- |align="left"|"Ne t'en fais pas" |align="center"|200 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |- |align="center"|2014 |align="left"|"Ma douleur, ma peine" |align="center"|144 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |- |align="center" rowspan="3"|2016 |align="left"|"Il est oú le bonheur" |align="center"|4 |align="center"|- |align="center"|70 |align="center"|- |align="center"|14 |align="center" rowspan="4"|''L'attrape-rêves'' |- |align="left"|"La vallée des larmes" |align="center"|199 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |- |align="left"|"La Parisienne" |align="center"|111<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-telecharges/?ye=2016&we=51|title=Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés - SNEP (Week 51, 2016)|publisher=[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]]|language=fr|access-date=24 December 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20161226220721/http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-telecharges/?ye=2016&we=51|archive-date=26 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|30 |- |align="center"|2017 |align="left"|"Marcel" |align="center"|95<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-telecharges/?ye=2017&we=22|title=Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés – SNEP (Week 22, 2017)|publisher=Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|language=fr|access-date=3 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610054200/http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-telecharges/?ye=2017&we=22|archive-date=10 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |- |align="center"|2019 |align="left"|"Les gens" |align="center"|160<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-megafusion/?ye=2019&we=44|title=Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles (téléchargement + streaming) – SNEP (Week 44, 2019)|publisher=[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]]|language=fr|access-date=5 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105234548/http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-megafusion/?ye=2019&we=44|archive-date=5 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|11 |align="center"| ''La vie d'artiste'' |- |align="center"|2021 |align="left"|"Y'a du soleil" |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|23 |align="center"| |- |align="center"|2022 |align="left"|"Pays des merveilles"<br />{{small|(wi Ceuzany)}} |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|20 |align="center"| |- |align="center"|2026 |align="left"|"La lune" |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|16 |align="center"| |} ==Awairds== *[[NRJ Music Award]] ** 2007: French revelation o the yeir ** 2008: French male airtist o the yeir ** 2008: French sang o the yeir fur "[[On s'attache]]" ** 2009: French male airtist o the yeir ** 2009: French sang o the yeir fur "Belle demoiselle" ** 2013: NRJ Awaird o Honor ** 2016: Video o the yeir fur "Il est où le bonheur" *[[Victoires de la Musique]] ** 2008: Public revelation o the yeir *[[World Music Awards]] ** 2008: French airtist o the yeir *Ithers ** 2008: Winner o sang o the yeir on [[TF1]] ** 2014: Winner o sang o the yeir on [[TF1]] ==References== {{Reflist}} == Fremmit airtins == {{sister project links|d=Q1086377|q=no|c=category:Christophe Maé|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|s=no|species=no}} * [http://www.christophe-mae.fr/ Offeecial Wabsteid] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mae, Christophe}} [[Category:1975 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Carpentras]] [[Category:French-leid sangsters]] [[Category:French male pop sangsters]] [[Category:World Music Awards winners]] [[Category:21st-century French male sangsters]] [[Category:21st-century French sangsters]] jd38myg2tdfi8nhkhka0s7q4tsy8pbf 914614 914613 2026-03-30T23:37:52Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 914614 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Christophe Martichon''' ({{IPA-fr|kʁistɔf maʁtiʃɔ̃}}; born 16 October 1975), kent professionally as '''Christophe Maé''', is a French pop sansgter. == Career == Maé lairnt tae pley the violin at age five, an later begound pleyin the guitar an harmonica at age 16 efter he wis immobilised frae chronic polyarthritis. He haes statit that this wis the time whan he diskivert Stevie Wonder's muisic whilk inspirt him tae tak up pleyin the harmonica. He forby diskivert Bob Marley's muisic tae wham, yeirs later, he dedicates a sang: "Mon père spirituel". It is at the same period that he stairtit pleyin the guitar. In 2005 he rase tae fame bi pleyin the role o Monsieur, brither o Keeng Louis XIV in the muisical "Le Roi Soleil", fur whilk he wan the NRJ Music Award fur revelation o the yeir 2006. === Lowses === Maé's furst album wis enteetled ''Sa Danse Donne'', an lowsed in 2002–2003. This album is nae considert his furst studio album. He lowsed his furst studio album, ''Mon paradis'' on 19 Mairch 2007, wi the singles "On s'attache", "Parce qu'on sait jamais" an "Ça fait mal". His fowert single is "Belle Demoiselle". ''Mon Paradis'' wis Fraunce's seicont best-sellin album o 2007 efter ''Life in Cartoon Motion'' bi Mika, sellin mair nor 1 600 000 album tae date. In 2010, Maé's seicont studio album, ''On trace la route'', wis lowsed. It haes sauld mair nor 600,000 unit tae date. In 2013, Maé's thrid studio album "Je veux du bonheur ", wis lowsed. It rankit nummer ane o the tap French album durin its furst week o lowse wi 103,680 unit tae date. The album wis sauld mair nor 500,000 unit tae date in Julie 2014. In 2016, Maé's fowert studio album "L'attrape-rêves ", wis lowsed. It rankit nummer ane o the tap French album fur 5 week. Until the end o 2016, it haes sauld 300,000 unit tae date. == Muisical style == Maé's muisic is maistly acoustic. He haes citit Bob Marley, Ben Harper, Tracy Chapman, an Jack Johnson as weel as French sangster-sangwriters Francis Cabrel an Gérald De Palmas as muisical influences. As a coonter-tenor his vyce haes a range frae A2 tae F6. He allegedly begound tae lairn harmonica as a tribute tae Stevie Wonder, wha is commonly citit as his maistly influence muisically. == Personal life == Christophe Maé haes twa sons, Jules (born Mairch 2008) an Marcel (born August 2013), wi his then-langtime lassfreind Nadège Sarron. Sarron operates a dance schuil whilk she foondit in Aix-en-Provence, whaur she bides wi her sons. Maé warks half the week in Paris, an reunitit wi his faimily the rest o the time in the Sooth. He finally proposed tae Nadège in 2016 throu his sang "Ballerine", an the couple marriet in Porto-Vecchio on 29 Juin 2017. ==Philanthropy== Maé haes been a memmer o the Les Enfoirés chairity ensemble syne 2008. ==Discography== [[Image:Christoph Mae.jpg|thumb|right|235px|Christophe Maé (2011)]] ===Studio albums=== {| class="wikitable" !align="center" rowspan="2"|Yeir !align="center" rowspan="2"|Information !align="center" colspan="6"|Chairts !align="center" rowspan="2"|Certification |- !width="40"|<small>[[SNEP|FR]]<br><ref name=lescharts>{{Cite web|url=http://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Christophe+Ma%EF%BF%BD|title=lescharts.com - Discographie Christophe Ma�|website=Lescharts.com|access-date=16 October 2025}}</ref></small> !width="60"|<small>[[Fraunce|FR]]<br>(DL)</small> !width="40"|<small>[[Ultratop|BEL<br>(Fl)]]</small> !width="40"|<small>[[Ultratop|BEL<br>(Wa)]]</small><br><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ultratop.be/fr/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Christophe+Ma%E9|title=Discographie Christophe Maé|website=Ultratop.be|access-date=2 November 2019}}</ref> !width="40"|<small>[[Canadian Albums Chart|CAN]]<br><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/christophe-mae/chart-history/canadian-albums|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515093533/https://www.billboard.com/music/christophe-mae/chart-history/canadian-albums|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 May 2018|title=Christophe Maé Chart History: Canadian Albums|magazine=Billboard|access-date=20 March 2018}}</ref></small> !width="40"|<small>[[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]</small><br><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hitparade.ch/album/Christophe-Mae/La-vie-d'artiste-391083|title=Christophe Maé – La vie d'artiste|website=Hitparade.ch|access-date=6 November 2019}}</ref> |- |2008 |''[[Mon paradis]]'' |{{center|1}} |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|18}} |<small>Fraunce: Diamond<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.disqueenfrance.com/certifications/album.asp?forme_certif=15&annee=25 |title=Musique sur Disque en France (SNEP) : Top 50, telechargement legal, droit d'auteur |access-date=8 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204183631/http://www.disqueenfrance.com/certifications/album.asp?forme_certif=15&annee=25 |archive-date=4 December 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref></small> |- |2008 |''[[Comme à la maison]]'' <small>(Acoustic album)</small> |{{center|1}} |{{center|8}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|13}} |<small>Fraunce: 2× Platinum</small> |- |2010 |''On trace la route'' |{{center|1}} |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|3}} |<small>Fraunce: Diamond</small> |- |2013 |''Je veux du bonheur'' |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|32}} |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|4}} | |- |2016 |''L'attrape-rêves'' |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|49}} |{{center|1}} |{{center|9}} |{{center|2}} |<small>Fraunce: 2× Platinum</small> |- |2019 |''La vie d'artiste''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/la-vie-dartiste/1478613593|title=La vie d'artiste by Christophe Maé on Apple Music|website=[[iTunes]]|access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref> |{{center|2}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|2}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|6}} | |- |2023 |''C'est drôle la vie'' |{{center|3<br /><ref>{{cite tweet|user=snep|number=1639251134522224640|title=En exclusivité, voici les 10 premiers du Top Albums de la semaine ! 💿 Classement complet lundi|access-date=25 March 2023}}</ref>}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|4}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|11}} | |- |2026 |''Fete Foraine'' |{{center|3}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://snepmusique.com/les-tops/le-top-de-la-semaine/top-albums/?semaine=13?&annee=2026&categorie=Top%20Albums|title=Top Albums (Week 13, 2026)|publisher=Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|language=French|access-date=30 March 2026}}</ref> |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |} ===Live album=== {| class="wikitable" !align="center" rowspan="2"|Yeir !align="center" rowspan="2"|Information !align="center" colspan="4"|Chairts |- !width="40"|<small>[[SNEP|FR]]<br><ref name="lescharts"/></small> !width="60"|<small>[[Fraunce|FR]] <br>(DL)</small> !width="40"|<small>[[Ultratop|BEL <br>(Fl)]]</small> !width="40"|<small>[[Ultratop|BEL <br>(Wa)]]</small> |- |2009 |''Comme à la maison'' (Live) <br>(2-CD set wi ''[[Mon paradis]]'') |{{center|181}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |- |2011 |''On trace la route – Le live'' |{{center|1}} |{{center|6}} |{{center|99}} |{{center|1}} |} ===Singles=== {| class="wikitable" ! width="50" rowspan="2"| Yeir ! width="190" rowspan="2"| Teetle ! colspan="5"|Chairt poseetions ! width="170" rowspan="2"| Album |- bgcolor="#DDDDDD" ! width="20"| <small>[[SNEP|FR]]<br><ref name=lescharts/></small> ! width="20"| <small>[[Fraunce|FR]] (DL)</small> ! width="20"| <small>[[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]</small> ! width="20"| <small>[[Ultratop|BEL<br>(Fl)]]</small> ! width="20"| <small>[[Ultratop|BEL<br>(Wa)]]</small><br /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ultratop.be/fr/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Christophe+Ma%E9|title=Discographie Christophe Maé|publisher=[[Ultratop]]|access-date=29 March 2026}}</ref> |- |align="center" rowspan="3"|2007 |align="left"|"[[On s'attache]]" |align="center"|1 |align="center"|2 |align="center"|27 |align="center"|- |align="center"|4 |align="center" rowspan="4"|''Mon paradis'' |- |align="left"|"Parce qu'on ne sait jamais" |align="center"|6 |align="center"|12 |align="center"|52 |align="center"|- |align="center"|10 |- |align="left"|"Ça fait mal" |align="center"|138 |align="center"|3 |align="center"|85 |align="center"|- |align="center"|16 |- |align="center" rowspan="3"|2008 |align="left"|"Belle Demoiselle" |align="center"|13 |align="center"|13 |align="center"|74 |align="center"|- |align="center"|10 |- |align="left"|"C'est ma terre" |align="center"|- |align="center"|11 |align="center"|91 |align="center"|- |align="center"|18 |align="center" rowspan="2"|''Comme à la maison'' |- |align="left"|"Mon p'tit gars" |align="center"|2 |align="center"|18 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|33 |- |align="center" rowspan=2|2009 |align="left"|"[[Je n'attendais que vous]]" <br><small>(Maé, [[Catherine Lara|Lara]], [[Maurane]], [[Patrick Bruel|Bruel]], La Chorale des Voisins du Dessus)</small> |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|38 |align="center" rowspan="1"| |- |align="left"|"[[Dingue, dingue, dingue]]" |align="center"|1 |align="center"|3 |align="center"|30 |align="center"|- |align="center"|4 |align="center" rowspan="5"|''On trace la route'' |- |align="center" rowspan="3"|2010 |align="left"|"J'ai laissé" |align="center"|- |align="center"|2 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|16 |- |align="left"|"Je me lâche" |align="center"|- |align="center"|16 |align="center"|47 |align="center"|- |align="center"|12 |- |align="left"|"Pourquoi c'est beau" |align="center"|- |align="center"|33 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |- |align="center" rowspan=2|2011 |align="left"|"La rumeur" |align="center"|53 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|4<br><small>(Ultratip)</small> |- |align="left"|"Un peu de blues" |align="center"|29 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|24 | |- |align="center" rowspan=4|2013 |align="left"|"Tombé sous le charme" |align="center"|11 |align="center"|- |align="center"|38 |align="center"|82 <br><small>(Ultratip)</small> |align="center"|7 |align="center" rowspan=5|''Je veux du bonheur'' |- |align="left"|"Je veux du bonheur" |align="center"|90 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|4<br><small>(Ultratip)</small> |- | align="left" |"La poupée" |align="center"|40 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|2<br><small>(Ultratip)</small> |- |align="left"|"Ne t'en fais pas" |align="center"|200 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |- |align="center"|2014 |align="left"|"Ma douleur, ma peine" |align="center"|144 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |- |align="center" rowspan="3"|2016 |align="left"|"Il est oú le bonheur" |align="center"|4 |align="center"|- |align="center"|70 |align="center"|- |align="center"|14 |align="center" rowspan="4"|''L'attrape-rêves'' |- |align="left"|"La vallée des larmes" |align="center"|199 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |- |align="left"|"La Parisienne" |align="center"|111<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-telecharges/?ye=2016&we=51|title=Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés - SNEP (Week 51, 2016)|publisher=[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]]|language=fr|access-date=24 December 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20161226220721/http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-telecharges/?ye=2016&we=51|archive-date=26 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|30 |- |align="center"|2017 |align="left"|"Marcel" |align="center"|95<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-telecharges/?ye=2017&we=22|title=Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés – SNEP (Week 22, 2017)|publisher=Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|language=fr|access-date=3 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610054200/http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-telecharges/?ye=2017&we=22|archive-date=10 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |- |align="center"|2019 |align="left"|"Les gens" |align="center"|160<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-megafusion/?ye=2019&we=44|title=Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles (téléchargement + streaming) – SNEP (Week 44, 2019)|publisher=[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]]|language=fr|access-date=5 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105234548/http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-megafusion/?ye=2019&we=44|archive-date=5 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|11 |align="center"| ''La vie d'artiste'' |- |align="center"|2021 |align="left"|"Y'a du soleil" |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|23 |align="center"| |- |align="center"|2022 |align="left"|"Pays des merveilles"<br />{{small|(wi Ceuzany)}} |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|20 |align="center"| |- |align="center"|2026 |align="left"|"La lune" |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|16 |align="center"| |} ==Awairds== *[[NRJ Music Award]] ** 2007: French revelation o the yeir ** 2008: French male airtist o the yeir ** 2008: French sang o the yeir fur "[[On s'attache]]" ** 2009: French male airtist o the yeir ** 2009: French sang o the yeir fur "Belle demoiselle" ** 2013: NRJ Awaird o Honor ** 2016: Video o the yeir fur "Il est où le bonheur" *[[Victoires de la Musique]] ** 2008: Public revelation o the yeir *[[World Music Awards]] ** 2008: French airtist o the yeir *Ithers ** 2008: Winner o sang o the yeir on [[TF1]] ** 2014: Winner o sang o the yeir on [[TF1]] ==References== {{Reflist}} == Fremmit airtins == {{sister project links|d=Q1086377|q=no|c=category:Christophe Maé|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|s=no|species=no}} * [http://www.christophe-mae.fr/ Offeecial Wabsteid] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mae, Christophe}} [[Category:1975 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Carpentras]] [[Category:French-leid sangsters]] [[Category:French male pop sangsters]] [[Category:World Music Awards winners]] [[Category:21st-century French male sangsters]] [[Category:21st-century French sangsters]] n2d6q4tj05ksip0v0uovkqkwwnuufw3 914615 914614 2026-03-30T23:46:29Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 914615 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Christophe Martichon''' ({{IPA-fr|kʁistɔf maʁtiʃɔ̃}}; born 16 October 1975), kent professionally as '''Christophe Maé''', is a French pop sansgter. == Career == Maé lairnt tae pley the violin at age five, an later begound pleyin the guitar an harmonica at age 16 efter he wis immobilised frae chronic polyarthritis. He haes statit that this wis the time whan he diskivert Stevie Wonder's muisic whilk inspirt him tae tak up pleyin the harmonica. He forby diskivert Bob Marley's muisic tae wham, yeirs later, he dedicates a sang: "Mon père spirituel". It is at the same period that he stairtit pleyin the guitar. In 2005 he rase tae fame bi pleyin the role o Monsieur, brither o Keeng Louis XIV in the muisical "Le Roi Soleil", fur whilk he wan the NRJ Music Award fur revelation o the yeir 2006. === Lowses === Maé's furst album wis enteetled ''Sa Danse Donne'', an lowsed in 2002–2003. This album is nae considert his furst studio album. He lowsed his furst studio album, ''Mon paradis'' on 19 Mairch 2007, wi the singles "On s'attache", "Parce qu'on sait jamais" an "Ça fait mal". His fowert single is "Belle Demoiselle". ''Mon Paradis'' wis Fraunce's seicont best-sellin album o 2007 efter ''Life in Cartoon Motion'' bi Mika, sellin mair nor 1 600 000 album tae date. In 2010, Maé's seicont studio album, ''On trace la route'', wis lowsed. It haes sauld mair nor 600,000 unit tae date.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Du diamant pour Christophe Maé - Nrj Music Awards.fr|url=http://nrjmusicawards.nrj.fr/news-3383/article/252775-du-diamant-pour-christophe-mae.html|access-date=2026-03-30|website=nrjmusicawards.nrj.fr|language=fr}}</ref> In 2013, Maé's thrid studio album "Je veux du bonheur ", wis lowsed. It rankit nummer ane o the tap French album durin its furst week o lowse wi 103,680 unit tae date.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-06-20|title=Christophe Maé enchaîne avec le titre "Je veux du bonheur", son nouveau single|url=https://www.chartsinfrance.net/Christophe-Mae/news-86399.html|access-date=2026-03-30|website=chartsinfrance.net}}</ref> The album wis sauld mair nor 500,000 unit tae date in Julie 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-07-12|title=Christophe Maé: "Je tweete une photo à la fin de chaque concert"|url=https://www.lexpress.fr/culture/musique/christophe-mae-je-tweete-une-photo-a-la-fin-de-chaque-concert_1559045.html|access-date=2026-03-30|website=L'Express|language=fr}}</ref> In 2016, Maé's fowert studio album "L'attrape-rêves ", wis lowsed. It rankit nummer ane o the tap French album fur 5 week. Until the end o 2016, it haes sauld 300,000 unit tae date.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-31|title=Les albums 2016 : Christophe Maé cherche le bonheur sur "L'attrape-rêves"|url=https://www.chartsinfrance.net/Christophe-Mae/news-103279.html|access-date=2026-03-30|website=chartsinfrance.net}}</ref> == Muisical style == Maé's muisic is maistly acoustic. He haes citit Bob Marley, Ben Harper, Tracy Chapman, an Jack Johnson as weel as French sangster-sangwriters Francis Cabrel an Gérald De Palmas as muisical influences. As a coonter-tenor his vyce haes a range frae A2 tae F6. He allegedly begound tae lairn harmonica as a tribute tae Stevie Wonder, wha is commonly citit as his maistly influence muisically. == Personal life == Christophe Maé haes twa sons, Jules (born Mairch 2008) an Marcel (born August 2013), wi his then-langtime lassfreind Nadège Sarron.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Christophe Maé est papa !|url=https://www.paperblog.fr/541194/christophe-mae-est-papa/|access-date=2026-03-30|website=Paperblog|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Purepeople|date=2013-08-23|title=Christophe Maé et Nadège : Parents d'un petit Marcel !|url=https://www.purepeople.com/article/christophe-mae-et-nadege-parents-d-un-petit-marcel_a126792/1|access-date=2026-03-30|website=www.purepeople.com}}</ref> Sarron operates a dance schuil whilk she foondit in Aix-en-Provence, whaur she bides wi her sons. Maé warks half the week in Paris, an reunitit wi his faimily the rest o the time in the Sooth.<ref>{{Cite web|last=magictr|date=2017-07-07|title=PHOTOS – Christophe Maé husband filled : that is Nadège Sarron his wife ? – Gala {{!}} The Siver Times|url=https://sivertimes.com/photos-christophe-mae-husband-filled-that-is-nadege-sarron-his-wife-gala/48666|access-date=2026-03-30|language=en-US}}</ref> He finally proposed tae Nadège in 2016 throu his sang "Ballerine", an the couple marriet in Porto-Vecchio on 29 Juin 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Purepeople|date=2017-07-06|title=Christophe Maé et Nadège ont célébré leur mariage en Corse, au bord de l'eau|url=https://www.purepeople.com/article/christophe-mae-et-nadege-ont-celebre-leur-mariage-en-corse-au-bord-de-l-eau_a242608/1|access-date=2026-03-30|website=www.purepeople.com}}</ref> ==Philanthropy== Maé haes been a memmer o the Les Enfoirés chairity ensemble syne 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Enfoirés : Enfoiréthèque|url=http://www.enfoires.com/enfoiretheque/enfoires/enfoires.php?nom=mae&lg=fr|access-date=2026-03-30|website=www.enfoires.com}}</ref> ==Discography== [[Image:Christoph Mae.jpg|thumb|right|235px|Christophe Maé (2011)]] ===Studio albums=== {| class="wikitable" !align="center" rowspan="2"|Yeir !align="center" rowspan="2"|Information !align="center" colspan="6"|Chairts !align="center" rowspan="2"|Certification |- !width="40"|<small>[[SNEP|FR]]<br><ref name=lescharts>{{Cite web|url=http://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Christophe+Ma%EF%BF%BD|title=lescharts.com - Discographie Christophe Ma�|website=Lescharts.com|access-date=16 October 2025}}</ref></small> !width="60"|<small>[[Fraunce|FR]]<br>(DL)</small> !width="40"|<small>[[Ultratop|BEL<br>(Fl)]]</small> !width="40"|<small>[[Ultratop|BEL<br>(Wa)]]</small><br><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ultratop.be/fr/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Christophe+Ma%E9|title=Discographie Christophe Maé|website=Ultratop.be|access-date=2 November 2019}}</ref> !width="40"|<small>[[Canadian Albums Chart|CAN]]<br><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/christophe-mae/chart-history/canadian-albums|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515093533/https://www.billboard.com/music/christophe-mae/chart-history/canadian-albums|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 May 2018|title=Christophe Maé Chart History: Canadian Albums|magazine=Billboard|access-date=20 March 2018}}</ref></small> !width="40"|<small>[[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]</small><br><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hitparade.ch/album/Christophe-Mae/La-vie-d'artiste-391083|title=Christophe Maé – La vie d'artiste|website=Hitparade.ch|access-date=6 November 2019}}</ref> |- |2008 |''[[Mon paradis]]'' |{{center|1}} |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|18}} |<small>Fraunce: Diamond<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.disqueenfrance.com/certifications/album.asp?forme_certif=15&annee=25 |title=Musique sur Disque en France (SNEP) : Top 50, telechargement legal, droit d'auteur |access-date=8 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204183631/http://www.disqueenfrance.com/certifications/album.asp?forme_certif=15&annee=25 |archive-date=4 December 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref></small> |- |2008 |''[[Comme à la maison]]'' <small>(Acoustic album)</small> |{{center|1}} |{{center|8}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|13}} |<small>Fraunce: 2× Platinum</small> |- |2010 |''On trace la route'' |{{center|1}} |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|3}} |<small>Fraunce: Diamond</small><ref name=":0" /> |- |2013 |''Je veux du bonheur'' |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|32}} |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|4}} | |- |2016 |''L'attrape-rêves'' |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|49}} |{{center|1}} |{{center|9}} |{{center|2}} |<small>Fraunce: 2× Platinum</small> |- |2019 |''La vie d'artiste''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/la-vie-dartiste/1478613593|title=La vie d'artiste by Christophe Maé on Apple Music|website=[[iTunes]]|access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref> |{{center|2}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|2}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|6}} | |- |2023 |''C'est drôle la vie'' |{{center|3<br /><ref>{{cite tweet|user=snep|number=1639251134522224640|title=En exclusivité, voici les 10 premiers du Top Albums de la semaine ! 💿 Classement complet lundi|access-date=25 March 2023}}</ref>}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|4}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|11}} | |- |2026 |''Fete Foraine'' |{{center|3}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://snepmusique.com/les-tops/le-top-de-la-semaine/top-albums/?semaine=13?&annee=2026&categorie=Top%20Albums|title=Top Albums (Week 13, 2026)|publisher=Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|language=French|access-date=30 March 2026}}</ref> |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |} ===Live album=== {| class="wikitable" !align="center" rowspan="2"|Yeir !align="center" rowspan="2"|Information !align="center" colspan="4"|Chairts |- !width="40"|<small>[[SNEP|FR]]<br><ref name="lescharts"/></small> !width="60"|<small>[[Fraunce|FR]] <br>(DL)</small> !width="40"|<small>[[Ultratop|BEL <br>(Fl)]]</small> !width="40"|<small>[[Ultratop|BEL <br>(Wa)]]</small> |- |2009 |''Comme à la maison'' (Live) <br>(2-CD set wi ''[[Mon paradis]]'') |{{center|181}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |- |2011 |''On trace la route – Le live'' |{{center|1}} |{{center|6}} |{{center|99}} |{{center|1}} |} ===Singles=== {| class="wikitable" ! width="50" rowspan="2"| Yeir ! width="190" rowspan="2"| Teetle ! colspan="5"|Chairt poseetions ! width="170" rowspan="2"| Album |- bgcolor="#DDDDDD" ! width="20"| <small>[[SNEP|FR]]<br><ref name=lescharts/></small> ! width="20"| <small>[[Fraunce|FR]] (DL)</small> ! width="20"| <small>[[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]</small> ! width="20"| <small>[[Ultratop|BEL<br>(Fl)]]</small> ! width="20"| <small>[[Ultratop|BEL<br>(Wa)]]</small><br /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ultratop.be/fr/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Christophe+Ma%E9|title=Discographie Christophe Maé|publisher=[[Ultratop]]|access-date=29 March 2026}}</ref> |- |align="center" rowspan="3"|2007 |align="left"|"[[On s'attache]]" |align="center"|1 |align="center"|2 |align="center"|27 |align="center"|- |align="center"|4 |align="center" rowspan="4"|''Mon paradis'' |- |align="left"|"Parce qu'on ne sait jamais" |align="center"|6 |align="center"|12 |align="center"|52 |align="center"|- |align="center"|10 |- |align="left"|"Ça fait mal" |align="center"|138 |align="center"|3 |align="center"|85 |align="center"|- |align="center"|16 |- |align="center" rowspan="3"|2008 |align="left"|"Belle Demoiselle" |align="center"|13 |align="center"|13 |align="center"|74 |align="center"|- |align="center"|10 |- |align="left"|"C'est ma terre" |align="center"|- |align="center"|11 |align="center"|91 |align="center"|- |align="center"|18 |align="center" rowspan="2"|''Comme à la maison'' |- |align="left"|"Mon p'tit gars" |align="center"|2 |align="center"|18 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|33 |- |align="center" rowspan=2|2009 |align="left"|"[[Je n'attendais que vous]]" <br><small>(Maé, [[Catherine Lara|Lara]], [[Maurane]], [[Patrick Bruel|Bruel]], La Chorale des Voisins du Dessus)</small> |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|38 |align="center" rowspan="1"| |- |align="left"|"[[Dingue, dingue, dingue]]" |align="center"|1 |align="center"|3 |align="center"|30 |align="center"|- |align="center"|4 |align="center" rowspan="5"|''On trace la route'' |- |align="center" rowspan="3"|2010 |align="left"|"J'ai laissé" |align="center"|- |align="center"|2 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|16 |- |align="left"|"Je me lâche" |align="center"|- |align="center"|16 |align="center"|47 |align="center"|- |align="center"|12 |- |align="left"|"Pourquoi c'est beau" |align="center"|- |align="center"|33 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |- |align="center" rowspan=2|2011 |align="left"|"La rumeur" |align="center"|53 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|4<br><small>(Ultratip)</small> |- |align="left"|"Un peu de blues" |align="center"|29 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|24 | |- |align="center" rowspan=4|2013 |align="left"|"Tombé sous le charme" |align="center"|11 |align="center"|- |align="center"|38 |align="center"|82 <br><small>(Ultratip)</small> |align="center"|7 |align="center" rowspan=5|''Je veux du bonheur'' |- |align="left"|"Je veux du bonheur" |align="center"|90 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|4<br><small>(Ultratip)</small> |- | align="left" |"La poupée" |align="center"|40 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|2<br><small>(Ultratip)</small> |- |align="left"|"Ne t'en fais pas" |align="center"|200 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |- |align="center"|2014 |align="left"|"Ma douleur, ma peine" |align="center"|144 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |- |align="center" rowspan="3"|2016 |align="left"|"Il est oú le bonheur" |align="center"|4 |align="center"|- |align="center"|70 |align="center"|- |align="center"|14 |align="center" rowspan="4"|''L'attrape-rêves'' |- |align="left"|"La vallée des larmes" |align="center"|199 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |- |align="left"|"La Parisienne" |align="center"|111<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-telecharges/?ye=2016&we=51|title=Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés - SNEP (Week 51, 2016)|publisher=[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]]|language=fr|access-date=24 December 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20161226220721/http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-telecharges/?ye=2016&we=51|archive-date=26 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|30 |- |align="center"|2017 |align="left"|"Marcel" |align="center"|95<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-telecharges/?ye=2017&we=22|title=Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés – SNEP (Week 22, 2017)|publisher=Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|language=fr|access-date=3 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610054200/http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-telecharges/?ye=2017&we=22|archive-date=10 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |- |align="center"|2019 |align="left"|"Les gens" |align="center"|160<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-megafusion/?ye=2019&we=44|title=Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles (téléchargement + streaming) – SNEP (Week 44, 2019)|publisher=[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]]|language=fr|access-date=5 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105234548/http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-megafusion/?ye=2019&we=44|archive-date=5 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|11 |align="center"| ''La vie d'artiste'' |- |align="center"|2021 |align="left"|"Y'a du soleil" |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|23 |align="center"| |- |align="center"|2022 |align="left"|"Pays des merveilles"<br />{{small|(wi Ceuzany)}} |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|20 |align="center"| |- |align="center"|2026 |align="left"|"La lune" |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|16 |align="center"| |} ==Awairds== *[[NRJ Music Award]] ** 2007: French revelation o the yeir ** 2008: French male airtist o the yeir ** 2008: French sang o the yeir fur "[[On s'attache]]" ** 2009: French male airtist o the yeir ** 2009: French sang o the yeir fur "Belle demoiselle" ** 2013: NRJ Awaird o Honor ** 2016: Video o the yeir fur "Il est où le bonheur" *[[Victoires de la Musique]] ** 2008: Public revelation o the yeir *[[World Music Awards]] ** 2008: French airtist o the yeir *Ithers ** 2008: Winner o sang o the yeir on [[TF1]] ** 2014: Winner o sang o the yeir on [[TF1]] ==References== {{Reflist}} == Fremmit airtins == {{sister project links|d=Q1086377|q=no|c=category:Christophe Maé|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|s=no|species=no}} * [http://www.christophe-mae.fr/ Offeecial Wabsteid] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mae, Christophe}} [[Category:1975 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Carpentras]] [[Category:French-leid sangsters]] [[Category:French male pop sangsters]] [[Category:World Music Awards winners]] [[Category:21st-century French male sangsters]] [[Category:21st-century French sangsters]] 1591x1awsvp1b5iuodwb521dzauwtp1 914616 914615 2026-03-30T23:53:23Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 914616 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Christophe Martichon''' ({{IPA-fr|kʁistɔf maʁtiʃɔ̃}}; born 16 October 1975), kent professionally as '''Christophe Maé''', is a [[Pop muisic|French pop]] sansgter. == Career == Maé lairnt tae pley the violin at age five, an later begound pleyin the guitar an [[harmonica]] at age 16 efter he wis immobilised frae chronic [[polyarthritis]]. He haes statit that this wis the time whan he diskivert [[Stevie Wonder]]'s muisic whilk inspirt him tae tak up pleyin the harmonica. He forby diskivert [[Bob Marley]]'s muisic tae wham, yeirs later, he dedicates a sang: "Mon père spirituel". It is at the same period that he stairtit pleyin the [[guitar]]. In 2005 he rase tae fame bi pleyin the role o Monsieur, brither o Keeng [[Louis XIV o Fraunce|Louis XIV]] in the muisical "[[Le Roi Soleil (muisical)|Le Roi Soleil]]", fur whilk he wan the [[NRJ Music Award]] fur revelation o the yeir 2006. === Lowses === Maé's furst album wis enteetled ''Sa Danse Donne'', an lowsed in 2002–2003. This album is nae considert his furst studio album. He lowsed his furst studio album, ''Mon paradis'' on 19 Mairch 2007, wi the singles "On s'attache", "Parce qu'on sait jamais" an "Ça fait mal". His fowert single is "Belle Demoiselle". ''[[Mon Paradis]]'' wis Fraunce's seicont best-sellin album o 2007 efter ''[[Life in Cartoon Motion]]'' bi [[Mika (sangster)|Mika]], sellin mair nor 1 600 000 album tae date. In 2010, Maé's seicont studio album, ''On trace la route'', wis lowsed. It haes sauld mair nor 600,000 unit tae date.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Du diamant pour Christophe Maé - Nrj Music Awards.fr|url=http://nrjmusicawards.nrj.fr/news-3383/article/252775-du-diamant-pour-christophe-mae.html|access-date=2026-03-30|website=nrjmusicawards.nrj.fr|language=fr}}</ref> In 2013, Maé's thrid studio album "Je veux du bonheur ", wis lowsed. It rankit nummer ane o the tap French album durin its furst week o lowse wi 103,680 unit tae date.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-06-20|title=Christophe Maé enchaîne avec le titre "Je veux du bonheur", son nouveau single|url=https://www.chartsinfrance.net/Christophe-Mae/news-86399.html|access-date=2026-03-30|website=chartsinfrance.net}}</ref> The album wis sauld mair nor 500,000 unit tae date in Julie 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-07-12|title=Christophe Maé: "Je tweete une photo à la fin de chaque concert"|url=https://www.lexpress.fr/culture/musique/christophe-mae-je-tweete-une-photo-a-la-fin-de-chaque-concert_1559045.html|access-date=2026-03-30|website=L'Express|language=fr}}</ref> In 2016, Maé's fowert studio album "L'attrape-rêves ", wis lowsed. It rankit nummer ane o the tap French album fur 5 week. Until the end o 2016, it haes sauld 300,000 unit tae date.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-31|title=Les albums 2016 : Christophe Maé cherche le bonheur sur "L'attrape-rêves"|url=https://www.chartsinfrance.net/Christophe-Mae/news-103279.html|access-date=2026-03-30|website=chartsinfrance.net}}</ref> == Muisical style == Maé's muisic is maistly acoustic. He haes citit [[Bob Marley]], [[Ben Harper]], [[Tracy Chapman]], an [[Jack Johnson (muisicker)|Jack Johnson]] as weel as French sangster-sangwriters [[Francis Cabrel]] an [[Gérald de Palmas]] as muisical influences. As a [[Coontertenor|coonter-tenor]] his vyce haes a range frae A2 tae F6. He allegedly begound tae lairn harmonica as a tribute tae [[Stevie Wonder]], wha is commonly citit as his maistly influence muisically. == Personal life == Christophe Maé haes twa sons, Jules (born Mairch 2008) an Marcel (born August 2013), wi his then-langtime lassfreind Nadège Sarron.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Christophe Maé est papa !|url=https://www.paperblog.fr/541194/christophe-mae-est-papa/|access-date=2026-03-30|website=Paperblog|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Purepeople|date=2013-08-23|title=Christophe Maé et Nadège : Parents d'un petit Marcel !|url=https://www.purepeople.com/article/christophe-mae-et-nadege-parents-d-un-petit-marcel_a126792/1|access-date=2026-03-30|website=www.purepeople.com}}</ref> Sarron operates a dance schuil whilk she foondit in [[Aix-en-Provence]], whaur she bides wi her sons. Maé warks half the week in Paris, an reunitit wi his faimily the rest o the time in the Sooth.<ref>{{Cite web|last=magictr|date=2017-07-07|title=PHOTOS – Christophe Maé husband filled : that is Nadège Sarron his wife ? – Gala {{!}} The Siver Times|url=https://sivertimes.com/photos-christophe-mae-husband-filled-that-is-nadege-sarron-his-wife-gala/48666|access-date=2026-03-30|language=en-US}}</ref> He finally proposed tae Nadège in 2016 throu his sang "Ballerine", an the couple marriet in [[Porto-Vecchio]] on 29 Juin 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Purepeople|date=2017-07-06|title=Christophe Maé et Nadège ont célébré leur mariage en Corse, au bord de l'eau|url=https://www.purepeople.com/article/christophe-mae-et-nadege-ont-celebre-leur-mariage-en-corse-au-bord-de-l-eau_a242608/1|access-date=2026-03-30|website=www.purepeople.com}}</ref> ==Philanthropy== Maé haes been a memmer o the [[Les Enfoirés]] chairity ensemble syne 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Enfoirés : Enfoiréthèque|url=http://www.enfoires.com/enfoiretheque/enfoires/enfoires.php?nom=mae&lg=fr|access-date=2026-03-30|website=www.enfoires.com}}</ref> ==Discography== [[Image:Christoph Mae.jpg|thumb|right|235px|Christophe Maé (2011)]] ===Studio albums=== {| class="wikitable" !align="center" rowspan="2"|Yeir !align="center" rowspan="2"|Information !align="center" colspan="6"|Chairts !align="center" rowspan="2"|Certification |- !width="40"|<small>[[SNEP|FR]]<br><ref name=lescharts>{{Cite web|url=http://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Christophe+Ma%EF%BF%BD|title=lescharts.com - Discographie Christophe Ma�|website=Lescharts.com|access-date=16 October 2025}}</ref></small> !width="60"|<small>[[Fraunce|FR]]<br>(DL)</small> !width="40"|<small>[[Ultratop|BEL<br>(Fl)]]</small> !width="40"|<small>[[Ultratop|BEL<br>(Wa)]]</small><br><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ultratop.be/fr/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Christophe+Ma%E9|title=Discographie Christophe Maé|website=Ultratop.be|access-date=2 November 2019}}</ref> !width="40"|<small>[[Canadian Albums Chart|CAN]]<br><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/christophe-mae/chart-history/canadian-albums|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515093533/https://www.billboard.com/music/christophe-mae/chart-history/canadian-albums|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 May 2018|title=Christophe Maé Chart History: Canadian Albums|magazine=Billboard|access-date=20 March 2018}}</ref></small> !width="40"|<small>[[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]</small><br><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hitparade.ch/album/Christophe-Mae/La-vie-d'artiste-391083|title=Christophe Maé – La vie d'artiste|website=Hitparade.ch|access-date=6 November 2019}}</ref> |- |2008 |''[[Mon paradis]]'' |{{center|1}} |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|18}} |<small>Fraunce: Diamond<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.disqueenfrance.com/certifications/album.asp?forme_certif=15&annee=25 |title=Musique sur Disque en France (SNEP) : Top 50, telechargement legal, droit d'auteur |access-date=8 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204183631/http://www.disqueenfrance.com/certifications/album.asp?forme_certif=15&annee=25 |archive-date=4 December 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref></small> |- |2008 |''[[Comme à la maison]]'' <small>(Acoustic album)</small> |{{center|1}} |{{center|8}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|13}} |<small>Fraunce: 2× Platinum</small> |- |2010 |''On trace la route'' |{{center|1}} |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|3}} |<small>Fraunce: Diamond</small><ref name=":0" /> |- |2013 |''Je veux du bonheur'' |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|32}} |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|4}} | |- |2016 |''L'attrape-rêves'' |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|49}} |{{center|1}} |{{center|9}} |{{center|2}} |<small>Fraunce: 2× Platinum</small> |- |2019 |''La vie d'artiste''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/la-vie-dartiste/1478613593|title=La vie d'artiste by Christophe Maé on Apple Music|website=[[iTunes]]|access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref> |{{center|2}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|2}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|6}} | |- |2023 |''C'est drôle la vie'' |{{center|3<br /><ref>{{cite tweet|user=snep|number=1639251134522224640|title=En exclusivité, voici les 10 premiers du Top Albums de la semaine ! 💿 Classement complet lundi|access-date=25 March 2023}}</ref>}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|4}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|11}} | |- |2026 |''Fete Foraine'' |{{center|3}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://snepmusique.com/les-tops/le-top-de-la-semaine/top-albums/?semaine=13?&annee=2026&categorie=Top%20Albums|title=Top Albums (Week 13, 2026)|publisher=Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|language=French|access-date=30 March 2026}}</ref> |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |} ===Live album=== {| class="wikitable" !align="center" rowspan="2"|Yeir !align="center" rowspan="2"|Information !align="center" colspan="4"|Chairts |- !width="40"|<small>[[SNEP|FR]]<br><ref name="lescharts"/></small> !width="60"|<small>[[Fraunce|FR]] <br>(DL)</small> !width="40"|<small>[[Ultratop|BEL <br>(Fl)]]</small> !width="40"|<small>[[Ultratop|BEL <br>(Wa)]]</small> |- |2009 |''Comme à la maison'' (Live) <br>(2-CD set wi ''[[Mon paradis]]'') |{{center|181}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |- |2011 |''On trace la route – Le live'' |{{center|1}} |{{center|6}} |{{center|99}} |{{center|1}} |} ===Singles=== {| class="wikitable" ! width="50" rowspan="2"| Yeir ! width="190" rowspan="2"| Teetle ! colspan="5"|Chairt poseetions ! width="170" rowspan="2"| Album |- bgcolor="#DDDDDD" ! width="20"| <small>[[SNEP|FR]]<br><ref name=lescharts/></small> ! width="20"| <small>[[Fraunce|FR]] (DL)</small> ! width="20"| <small>[[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]</small> ! width="20"| <small>[[Ultratop|BEL<br>(Fl)]]</small> ! width="20"| <small>[[Ultratop|BEL<br>(Wa)]]</small><br /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ultratop.be/fr/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Christophe+Ma%E9|title=Discographie Christophe Maé|publisher=[[Ultratop]]|access-date=29 March 2026}}</ref> |- |align="center" rowspan="3"|2007 |align="left"|"[[On s'attache]]" |align="center"|1 |align="center"|2 |align="center"|27 |align="center"|- |align="center"|4 |align="center" rowspan="4"|''Mon paradis'' |- |align="left"|"Parce qu'on ne sait jamais" |align="center"|6 |align="center"|12 |align="center"|52 |align="center"|- |align="center"|10 |- |align="left"|"Ça fait mal" |align="center"|138 |align="center"|3 |align="center"|85 |align="center"|- |align="center"|16 |- |align="center" rowspan="3"|2008 |align="left"|"Belle Demoiselle" |align="center"|13 |align="center"|13 |align="center"|74 |align="center"|- |align="center"|10 |- |align="left"|"C'est ma terre" |align="center"|- |align="center"|11 |align="center"|91 |align="center"|- |align="center"|18 |align="center" rowspan="2"|''Comme à la maison'' |- |align="left"|"Mon p'tit gars" |align="center"|2 |align="center"|18 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|33 |- |align="center" rowspan=2|2009 |align="left"|"[[Je n'attendais que vous]]" <br><small>(Maé, [[Catherine Lara|Lara]], [[Maurane]], [[Patrick Bruel|Bruel]], La Chorale des Voisins du Dessus)</small> |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|38 |align="center" rowspan="1"| |- |align="left"|"[[Dingue, dingue, dingue]]" |align="center"|1 |align="center"|3 |align="center"|30 |align="center"|- |align="center"|4 |align="center" rowspan="5"|''On trace la route'' |- |align="center" rowspan="3"|2010 |align="left"|"J'ai laissé" |align="center"|- |align="center"|2 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|16 |- |align="left"|"Je me lâche" |align="center"|- |align="center"|16 |align="center"|47 |align="center"|- |align="center"|12 |- |align="left"|"Pourquoi c'est beau" |align="center"|- |align="center"|33 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |- |align="center" rowspan=2|2011 |align="left"|"La rumeur" |align="center"|53 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|4<br><small>(Ultratip)</small> |- |align="left"|"Un peu de blues" |align="center"|29 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|24 | |- |align="center" rowspan=4|2013 |align="left"|"Tombé sous le charme" |align="center"|11 |align="center"|- |align="center"|38 |align="center"|82 <br><small>(Ultratip)</small> |align="center"|7 |align="center" rowspan=5|''Je veux du bonheur'' |- |align="left"|"Je veux du bonheur" |align="center"|90 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|4<br><small>(Ultratip)</small> |- | align="left" |"La poupée" |align="center"|40 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|2<br><small>(Ultratip)</small> |- |align="left"|"Ne t'en fais pas" |align="center"|200 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |- |align="center"|2014 |align="left"|"Ma douleur, ma peine" |align="center"|144 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |- |align="center" rowspan="3"|2016 |align="left"|"Il est oú le bonheur" |align="center"|4 |align="center"|- |align="center"|70 |align="center"|- |align="center"|14 |align="center" rowspan="4"|''L'attrape-rêves'' |- |align="left"|"La vallée des larmes" |align="center"|199 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |- |align="left"|"La Parisienne" |align="center"|111<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-telecharges/?ye=2016&we=51|title=Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés - SNEP (Week 51, 2016)|publisher=[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]]|language=fr|access-date=24 December 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20161226220721/http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-telecharges/?ye=2016&we=51|archive-date=26 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|30 |- |align="center"|2017 |align="left"|"Marcel" |align="center"|95<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-telecharges/?ye=2017&we=22|title=Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés – SNEP (Week 22, 2017)|publisher=Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|language=fr|access-date=3 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610054200/http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-telecharges/?ye=2017&we=22|archive-date=10 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |- |align="center"|2019 |align="left"|"Les gens" |align="center"|160<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-megafusion/?ye=2019&we=44|title=Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles (téléchargement + streaming) – SNEP (Week 44, 2019)|publisher=[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]]|language=fr|access-date=5 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105234548/http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-megafusion/?ye=2019&we=44|archive-date=5 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|11 |align="center"| ''La vie d'artiste'' |- |align="center"|2021 |align="left"|"Y'a du soleil" |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|23 |align="center"| |- |align="center"|2022 |align="left"|"Pays des merveilles"<br />{{small|(wi Ceuzany)}} |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|20 |align="center"| |- |align="center"|2026 |align="left"|"La lune" |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|16 |align="center"| |} ==Awairds== *[[NRJ Music Award]] ** 2007: French revelation o the yeir ** 2008: French male airtist o the yeir ** 2008: French sang o the yeir fur "[[On s'attache]]" ** 2009: French male airtist o the yeir ** 2009: French sang o the yeir fur "Belle demoiselle" ** 2013: NRJ Awaird o Honor ** 2016: Video o the yeir fur "Il est où le bonheur" *[[Victoires de la Musique]] ** 2008: Public revelation o the yeir *[[World Music Awards]] ** 2008: French airtist o the yeir *Ithers ** 2008: Winner o sang o the yeir on [[TF1]] ** 2014: Winner o sang o the yeir on [[TF1]] ==References== {{Reflist}} == Fremmit airtins == {{sister project links|d=Q1086377|q=no|c=category:Christophe Maé|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|s=no|species=no}} * [http://www.christophe-mae.fr/ Offeecial Wabsteid] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mae, Christophe}} [[Category:1975 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Carpentras]] [[Category:French-leid sangsters]] [[Category:French male pop sangsters]] [[Category:World Music Awards winners]] [[Category:21st-century French male sangsters]] [[Category:21st-century French sangsters]] mkvw6z5tz4he9sc0onpr57g020roywh 914618 914616 2026-03-31T00:10:03Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 914618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie |name= Christophe Maé |image= Christophe Maé NRJ Music Awards 2012.jpg |caption= Maé at the [[NRJ Music Awards]] 2012 |birth_name= Christophe Martichon |birth_date= {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1975|10|16}} |birth_place= [[Carpentras]], [[Vaucluse]], Fraunce |occupation= Sangster |years active= 2005–present |module= {{Infobox muisical airtist|embed=yes | background = solo_singer | instrument = {{hlist|Guitar|violin|harmonica|drums}} | Genre = {{hlist|[[Pop muisic|Pop]]|[[reggae]]|[[Soul muisic|soul]]|[[Jazz|jazz]]|[[blues]]|[[funk]]|[[Rhythm and blues|R&B]]|[[Country muisic|country]]}} | associated_acts = | label = Warner Music France }} |website= {{Offeecial wabsteid|https://www.christophe-mae.fr/}} }} '''Christophe Martichon''' ({{IPA-fr|kʁistɔf maʁtiʃɔ̃}}; born 16 October 1975), kent professionally as '''Christophe Maé''', is a [[Pop muisic|French pop]] sansgter. == Career == Maé lairnt tae pley the violin at age five, an later begound pleyin the guitar an [[harmonica]] at age 16 efter he wis immobilised frae chronic [[polyarthritis]]. He haes statit that this wis the time whan he diskivert [[Stevie Wonder]]'s muisic whilk inspirt him tae tak up pleyin the harmonica. He forby diskivert [[Bob Marley]]'s muisic tae wham, yeirs later, he dedicates a sang: "Mon père spirituel". It is at the same period that he stairtit pleyin the [[guitar]]. In 2005 he rase tae fame bi pleyin the role o Monsieur, brither o Keeng [[Louis XIV o Fraunce|Louis XIV]] in the muisical "[[Le Roi Soleil (muisical)|Le Roi Soleil]]", fur whilk he wan the [[NRJ Music Award]] fur revelation o the yeir 2006. === Lowses === Maé's furst album wis enteetled ''Sa Danse Donne'', an lowsed in 2002–2003. This album is nae considert his furst studio album. He lowsed his furst studio album, ''Mon paradis'' on 19 Mairch 2007, wi the singles "On s'attache", "Parce qu'on sait jamais" an "Ça fait mal". His fowert single is "Belle Demoiselle". ''[[Mon Paradis]]'' wis Fraunce's seicont best-sellin album o 2007 efter ''[[Life in Cartoon Motion]]'' bi [[Mika (sangster)|Mika]], sellin mair nor 1 600 000 album tae date. In 2010, Maé's seicont studio album, ''On trace la route'', wis lowsed. It haes sauld mair nor 600,000 unit tae date.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Du diamant pour Christophe Maé - Nrj Music Awards.fr|url=http://nrjmusicawards.nrj.fr/news-3383/article/252775-du-diamant-pour-christophe-mae.html|access-date=2026-03-30|website=nrjmusicawards.nrj.fr|language=fr}}</ref> In 2013, Maé's thrid studio album "Je veux du bonheur ", wis lowsed. It rankit nummer ane o the tap French album durin its furst week o lowse wi 103,680 unit tae date.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-06-20|title=Christophe Maé enchaîne avec le titre "Je veux du bonheur", son nouveau single|url=https://www.chartsinfrance.net/Christophe-Mae/news-86399.html|access-date=2026-03-30|website=chartsinfrance.net}}</ref> The album wis sauld mair nor 500,000 unit tae date in Julie 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-07-12|title=Christophe Maé: "Je tweete une photo à la fin de chaque concert"|url=https://www.lexpress.fr/culture/musique/christophe-mae-je-tweete-une-photo-a-la-fin-de-chaque-concert_1559045.html|access-date=2026-03-30|website=L'Express|language=fr}}</ref> In 2016, Maé's fowert studio album "L'attrape-rêves ", wis lowsed. It rankit nummer ane o the tap French album fur 5 week. Until the end o 2016, it haes sauld 300,000 unit tae date.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-31|title=Les albums 2016 : Christophe Maé cherche le bonheur sur "L'attrape-rêves"|url=https://www.chartsinfrance.net/Christophe-Mae/news-103279.html|access-date=2026-03-30|website=chartsinfrance.net}}</ref> == Muisical style == Maé's muisic is maistly acoustic. He haes citit [[Bob Marley]], [[Ben Harper]], [[Tracy Chapman]], an [[Jack Johnson (muisicker)|Jack Johnson]] as weel as French sangster-sangwriters [[Francis Cabrel]] an [[Gérald de Palmas]] as muisical influences. As a [[Coontertenor|coonter-tenor]] his vyce haes a range frae A2 tae F6. He allegedly begound tae lairn harmonica as a tribute tae [[Stevie Wonder]], wha is commonly citit as his maistly influence muisically. == Personal life == Christophe Maé haes twa sons, Jules (born Mairch 2008) an Marcel (born August 2013), wi his then-langtime lassfreind Nadège Sarron.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Christophe Maé est papa !|url=https://www.paperblog.fr/541194/christophe-mae-est-papa/|access-date=2026-03-30|website=Paperblog|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Purepeople|date=2013-08-23|title=Christophe Maé et Nadège : Parents d'un petit Marcel !|url=https://www.purepeople.com/article/christophe-mae-et-nadege-parents-d-un-petit-marcel_a126792/1|access-date=2026-03-30|website=www.purepeople.com}}</ref> Sarron operates a dance schuil whilk she foondit in [[Aix-en-Provence]], whaur she bides wi her sons. Maé warks half the week in Paris, an reunitit wi his faimily the rest o the time in the Sooth.<ref>{{Cite web|last=magictr|date=2017-07-07|title=PHOTOS – Christophe Maé husband filled : that is Nadège Sarron his wife ? – Gala {{!}} The Siver Times|url=https://sivertimes.com/photos-christophe-mae-husband-filled-that-is-nadege-sarron-his-wife-gala/48666|access-date=2026-03-30|language=en-US}}</ref> He finally proposed tae Nadège in 2016 throu his sang "Ballerine", an the couple marriet in [[Porto-Vecchio]] on 29 Juin 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Purepeople|date=2017-07-06|title=Christophe Maé et Nadège ont célébré leur mariage en Corse, au bord de l'eau|url=https://www.purepeople.com/article/christophe-mae-et-nadege-ont-celebre-leur-mariage-en-corse-au-bord-de-l-eau_a242608/1|access-date=2026-03-30|website=www.purepeople.com}}</ref> ==Philanthropy== Maé haes been a memmer o the [[Les Enfoirés]] chairity ensemble syne 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Enfoirés : Enfoiréthèque|url=http://www.enfoires.com/enfoiretheque/enfoires/enfoires.php?nom=mae&lg=fr|access-date=2026-03-30|website=www.enfoires.com}}</ref> ==Discography== [[Image:Christoph Mae.jpg|thumb|right|235px|Christophe Maé (2011)]] ===Studio albums=== {| class="wikitable" !align="center" rowspan="2"|Yeir !align="center" rowspan="2"|Information !align="center" colspan="6"|Chairts !align="center" rowspan="2"|Certification |- !width="40"|<small>[[SNEP|FR]]<br><ref name=lescharts>{{Cite web|url=http://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Christophe+Ma%EF%BF%BD|title=lescharts.com - Discographie Christophe Ma�|website=Lescharts.com|access-date=16 October 2025}}</ref></small> !width="60"|<small>[[Fraunce|FR]]<br>(DL)</small> !width="40"|<small>[[Ultratop|BEL<br>(Fl)]]</small> !width="40"|<small>[[Ultratop|BEL<br>(Wa)]]</small><br><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ultratop.be/fr/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Christophe+Ma%E9|title=Discographie Christophe Maé|website=Ultratop.be|access-date=2 November 2019}}</ref> !width="40"|<small>[[Canadian Albums Chart|CAN]]<br><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/christophe-mae/chart-history/canadian-albums|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515093533/https://www.billboard.com/music/christophe-mae/chart-history/canadian-albums|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 May 2018|title=Christophe Maé Chart History: Canadian Albums|magazine=Billboard|access-date=20 March 2018}}</ref></small> !width="40"|<small>[[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]</small><br><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hitparade.ch/album/Christophe-Mae/La-vie-d'artiste-391083|title=Christophe Maé – La vie d'artiste|website=Hitparade.ch|access-date=6 November 2019}}</ref> |- |2008 |''[[Mon paradis]]'' |{{center|1}} |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|18}} |<small>Fraunce: Diamond<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.disqueenfrance.com/certifications/album.asp?forme_certif=15&annee=25 |title=Musique sur Disque en France (SNEP) : Top 50, telechargement legal, droit d'auteur |access-date=8 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204183631/http://www.disqueenfrance.com/certifications/album.asp?forme_certif=15&annee=25 |archive-date=4 December 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref></small> |- |2008 |''[[Comme à la maison]]'' <small>(Acoustic album)</small> |{{center|1}} |{{center|8}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|13}} |<small>Fraunce: 2× Platinum</small> |- |2010 |''On trace la route'' |{{center|1}} |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|3}} |<small>Fraunce: Diamond</small><ref name=":0" /> |- |2013 |''Je veux du bonheur'' |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|32}} |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|4}} | |- |2016 |''L'attrape-rêves'' |{{center|1}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|49}} |{{center|1}} |{{center|9}} |{{center|2}} |<small>Fraunce: 2× Platinum</small> |- |2019 |''La vie d'artiste''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/la-vie-dartiste/1478613593|title=La vie d'artiste by Christophe Maé on Apple Music|website=[[iTunes]]|access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref> |{{center|2}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|2}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|6}} | |- |2023 |''C'est drôle la vie'' |{{center|3<br /><ref>{{cite tweet|user=snep|number=1639251134522224640|title=En exclusivité, voici les 10 premiers du Top Albums de la semaine ! 💿 Classement complet lundi|access-date=25 March 2023}}</ref>}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|4}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|11}} | |- |2026 |''Fete Foraine'' |{{center|3}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://snepmusique.com/les-tops/le-top-de-la-semaine/top-albums/?semaine=13?&annee=2026&categorie=Top%20Albums|title=Top Albums (Week 13, 2026)|publisher=Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|language=French|access-date=30 March 2026}}</ref> |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |} ===Live album=== {| class="wikitable" !align="center" rowspan="2"|Yeir !align="center" rowspan="2"|Information !align="center" colspan="4"|Chairts |- !width="40"|<small>[[SNEP|FR]]<br><ref name="lescharts"/></small> !width="60"|<small>[[Fraunce|FR]] <br>(DL)</small> !width="40"|<small>[[Ultratop|BEL <br>(Fl)]]</small> !width="40"|<small>[[Ultratop|BEL <br>(Wa)]]</small> |- |2009 |''Comme à la maison'' (Live) <br>(2-CD set wi ''[[Mon paradis]]'') |{{center|181}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |{{center|-}} |- |2011 |''On trace la route – Le live'' |{{center|1}} |{{center|6}} |{{center|99}} |{{center|1}} |} ===Singles=== {| class="wikitable" ! width="50" rowspan="2"| Yeir ! width="190" rowspan="2"| Teetle ! colspan="5"|Chairt poseetions ! width="170" rowspan="2"| Album |- bgcolor="#DDDDDD" ! width="20"| <small>[[SNEP|FR]]<br><ref name=lescharts/></small> ! width="20"| <small>[[Fraunce|FR]] (DL)</small> ! width="20"| <small>[[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]</small> ! width="20"| <small>[[Ultratop|BEL<br>(Fl)]]</small> ! width="20"| <small>[[Ultratop|BEL<br>(Wa)]]</small><br /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ultratop.be/fr/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Christophe+Ma%E9|title=Discographie Christophe Maé|publisher=[[Ultratop]]|access-date=29 March 2026}}</ref> |- |align="center" rowspan="3"|2007 |align="left"|"[[On s'attache]]" |align="center"|1 |align="center"|2 |align="center"|27 |align="center"|- |align="center"|4 |align="center" rowspan="4"|''Mon paradis'' |- |align="left"|"Parce qu'on ne sait jamais" |align="center"|6 |align="center"|12 |align="center"|52 |align="center"|- |align="center"|10 |- |align="left"|"Ça fait mal" |align="center"|138 |align="center"|3 |align="center"|85 |align="center"|- |align="center"|16 |- |align="center" rowspan="3"|2008 |align="left"|"Belle Demoiselle" |align="center"|13 |align="center"|13 |align="center"|74 |align="center"|- |align="center"|10 |- |align="left"|"C'est ma terre" |align="center"|- |align="center"|11 |align="center"|91 |align="center"|- |align="center"|18 |align="center" rowspan="2"|''Comme à la maison'' |- |align="left"|"Mon p'tit gars" |align="center"|2 |align="center"|18 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|33 |- |align="center" rowspan=2|2009 |align="left"|"[[Je n'attendais que vous]]" <br><small>(Maé, [[Catherine Lara|Lara]], [[Maurane]], [[Patrick Bruel|Bruel]], La Chorale des Voisins du Dessus)</small> |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|38 |align="center" rowspan="1"| |- |align="left"|"[[Dingue, dingue, dingue]]" |align="center"|1 |align="center"|3 |align="center"|30 |align="center"|- |align="center"|4 |align="center" rowspan="5"|''On trace la route'' |- |align="center" rowspan="3"|2010 |align="left"|"J'ai laissé" |align="center"|- |align="center"|2 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|16 |- |align="left"|"Je me lâche" |align="center"|- |align="center"|16 |align="center"|47 |align="center"|- |align="center"|12 |- |align="left"|"Pourquoi c'est beau" |align="center"|- |align="center"|33 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |- |align="center" rowspan=2|2011 |align="left"|"La rumeur" |align="center"|53 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|4<br><small>(Ultratip)</small> |- |align="left"|"Un peu de blues" |align="center"|29 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|24 | |- |align="center" rowspan=4|2013 |align="left"|"Tombé sous le charme" |align="center"|11 |align="center"|- |align="center"|38 |align="center"|82 <br><small>(Ultratip)</small> |align="center"|7 |align="center" rowspan=5|''Je veux du bonheur'' |- |align="left"|"Je veux du bonheur" |align="center"|90 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|4<br><small>(Ultratip)</small> |- | align="left" |"La poupée" |align="center"|40 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|2<br><small>(Ultratip)</small> |- |align="left"|"Ne t'en fais pas" |align="center"|200 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |- |align="center"|2014 |align="left"|"Ma douleur, ma peine" |align="center"|144 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |- |align="center" rowspan="3"|2016 |align="left"|"Il est oú le bonheur" |align="center"|4 |align="center"|- |align="center"|70 |align="center"|- |align="center"|14 |align="center" rowspan="4"|''L'attrape-rêves'' |- |align="left"|"La vallée des larmes" |align="center"|199 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |- |align="left"|"La Parisienne" |align="center"|111<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-telecharges/?ye=2016&we=51|title=Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés - SNEP (Week 51, 2016)|publisher=[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]]|language=fr|access-date=24 December 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20161226220721/http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-telecharges/?ye=2016&we=51|archive-date=26 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|30 |- |align="center"|2017 |align="left"|"Marcel" |align="center"|95<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-telecharges/?ye=2017&we=22|title=Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés – SNEP (Week 22, 2017)|publisher=Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|language=fr|access-date=3 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610054200/http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-telecharges/?ye=2017&we=22|archive-date=10 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |- |align="center"|2019 |align="left"|"Les gens" |align="center"|160<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-megafusion/?ye=2019&we=44|title=Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles (téléchargement + streaming) – SNEP (Week 44, 2019)|publisher=[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]]|language=fr|access-date=5 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105234548/http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-megafusion/?ye=2019&we=44|archive-date=5 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|11 |align="center"| ''La vie d'artiste'' |- |align="center"|2021 |align="left"|"Y'a du soleil" |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|23 |align="center"| |- |align="center"|2022 |align="left"|"Pays des merveilles"<br />{{small|(wi Ceuzany)}} |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|20 |align="center"| |- |align="center"|2026 |align="left"|"La lune" |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|16 |align="center"| |} ==Awairds== *[[NRJ Music Award]] ** 2007: French revelation o the yeir ** 2008: French male airtist o the yeir ** 2008: French sang o the yeir fur "[[On s'attache]]" ** 2009: French male airtist o the yeir ** 2009: French sang o the yeir fur "Belle demoiselle" ** 2013: NRJ Awaird o Honor ** 2016: Video o the yeir fur "Il est où le bonheur" *[[Victoires de la Musique]] ** 2008: Public revelation o the yeir *[[World Music Awards]] ** 2008: French airtist o the yeir *Ithers ** 2008: Winner o sang o the yeir on [[TF1]] ** 2014: Winner o sang o the yeir on [[TF1]] ==References== {{Reflist}} == Fremmit airtins == {{sister project links|d=Q1086377|q=no|c=category:Christophe Maé|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|s=no|species=no}} * [http://www.christophe-mae.fr/ Offeecial Wabsteid] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mae, Christophe}} [[Category:1975 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Carpentras]] [[Category:French-leid sangsters]] [[Category:French male pop sangsters]] [[Category:World Music Awards winners]] [[Category:21st-century French male sangsters]] [[Category:21st-century French sangsters]] rc41gr8ifqxtelduakbp9ajqgza81fb Christophe Martichon 0 233268 914609 2026-03-30T22:37:38Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Reguidin tae [[Christophe Maé]] 914609 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Christophe Maé]] 55v7bmlmr8c9mhv9e36q3qr8oaxzi3w Amir Haddad 0 233269 914619 2026-03-31T00:30:51Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Made page wi "'''Laurent Amir Khalifa Khedider Haddad''' ({{Lang-he|לורן עמיר חליפה חדידר חדד}}; born 20 Juin 1984), professionally kent as '''Amir Haddad''' ({{Lang-he|עמיר חדד}}) or simply as '''Amir''', is a French-Israeli sangster-sangwriter an actor. He teuk pairt in 2006 in the Israeli muisic competeetion ''Kokhav Nolad'', lowsed his album ''Vayehi'' in 2011 an wis a finalist in French competeetion ''The Voice: la plus belle voix'' as pairt o Team Jenifer..." 914619 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Laurent Amir Khalifa Khedider Haddad''' ({{Lang-he|לורן עמיר חליפה חדידר חדד}}; born 20 Juin 1984), professionally kent as '''Amir Haddad''' ({{Lang-he|עמיר חדד}}) or simply as '''Amir''', is a French-Israeli sangster-sangwriter an actor. He teuk pairt in 2006 in the Israeli muisic competeetion ''Kokhav Nolad'', lowsed his album ''Vayehi'' in 2011 an wis a finalist in French competeetion ''The Voice: la plus belle voix'' as pairt o Team Jenifer finishin thrid in the competeetion. He representit Fraunce in the Eurovision Sang Contest 2016 wi the sang "J'ai cherché", whilk finisht in saxt place. == Early life == Haddad wis born in Paris tae Maghrebi Jewish parents frae Tunisie an Morocco. He brocht up in Sarcelles (Val-d'Oise) an immigratit tae Israel in 1992 at the age o aicht as pairt o Aliyah; the faimily settled in Herzliya, north o Tel Aviv. He sang as a yung bairn in the synagogue an in mony social events. Amir wis born deif in his richt lug. == Career == l3dvxlu2l38pxeh5mmer3ymqys15hbd 914621 914619 2026-03-31T00:51:51Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 914621 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Laurent Amir Khalifa Khedider Haddad''' ({{Lang-he|לורן עמיר חליפה חדידר חדד}}; born 20 Juin 1984), professionally kent as '''Amir Haddad''' ({{Lang-he|עמיר חדד}}) or simply as '''Amir''', is a French-Israeli sangster-sangwriter an actor. He teuk pairt in 2006 in the Israeli muisic competeetion ''Kokhav Nolad'', lowsed his album ''Vayehi'' in 2011 an wis a finalist in French competeetion ''The Voice: la plus belle voix'' as pairt o Team Jenifer finishin thrid in the competeetion. He representit Fraunce in the Eurovision Sang Contest 2016 wi the sang "J'ai cherché", whilk finisht in saxt place. == Early life == Haddad wis born in Paris tae Maghrebi Jewish parents frae Tunisie an Morocco. He brocht up in Sarcelles (Val-d'Oise) an immigratit tae Israel in 1992 at the age o aicht as pairt o Aliyah; the faimily settled in Herzliya, north o Tel Aviv. He sang as a yung bairn in the synagogue an in mony social events. Amir wis born deif in his richt lug. == Career == == Personal life == Whilst attendin varsity, he wis diagnosed wi attention-deficit hyperactivity ail. On 7 Julie 2014, Amir marriet Lital, his langtime companion in Israel. Thair furst bairn, a son cried Mikhaël, wis born on 8 Februar 2019. Thay walcomit thair seicont son cried Or ("Licht" in Hebrew) in Julie 2022. On 1 November 2024, Amir an his wifie revealt thay wur expectin thair thrid bairn durin the NRJ Music Awards 2024 whan Lital appeared wi a roondit belly on the reid cairpet. Amir later confirmit that the bairn woud be a lad. Thair thrid son, Nuri, wis born in Februar 2025. Amir pairticipates in triathlon an aa. pnz6evu4uf2upribn5p9uyxsyxqrzn4 914627 914621 2026-03-31T10:08:13Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 914627 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Laurent Amir Khalifa Khedider Haddad''' ({{Lang-he|לורן עמיר חליפה חדידר חדד}}; born 20 Juin 1984), professionally kent as '''Amir Haddad''' ({{Lang-he|עמיר חדד}}) or simply as '''Amir''', is a French-Israeli sangster-sangwriter an actor. He teuk pairt in 2006 in the Israeli muisic competeetion ''Kokhav Nolad'', lowsed his album ''Vayehi'' in 2011 an wis a finalist in French competeetion ''The Voice: la plus belle voix'' as pairt o Team Jenifer finishin thrid in the competeetion. He representit Fraunce in the Eurovision Sang Contest 2016 wi the sang "J'ai cherché", whilk finisht in saxt place. == Early life == Haddad wis born in Paris tae Maghrebi Jewish parents frae Tunisie an Morocco. He brocht up in Sarcelles (Val-d'Oise) an immigratit tae Israel in 1992 at the age o aicht as pairt o Aliyah; the faimily settled in Herzliya, north o Tel Aviv. He sang as a yung bairn in the synagogue an in mony social events. Amir wis born deif in his richt lug. == Career == ===2006–2013: ''Kokhav Nolad'' an ''Vayehi''=== [[File:Amir Haddad 2016.jpg|right|thumb|Amir in 2016]] He cam tae fame in 2006 wi his parteecipation in the fowert saison o the Israeli sang competeetion ''Kokhav Nolad'' (Hebrew: כוכב נולד; A Starn is Born), the Israeli equivalent o the ''Pop Idol'' held Mey tae September 2006. He wis the furst candidate tae sing maistly French leid sangs durin the audeetion. He advancit fur 4 stages afore bein eliminatit. The series wis wan bi Jacko Eisenberg. Nae winnin in the saison, he finisht his obligatory military service in the Israeli Defence Forces an continued his studies in dentistry in Hebrew Varsity o Jerusalem graduatin in 2012. His sang "Kache limtso milim", the Hebrew version o Patrick Bruel's French hit "J'te l'dis quand même", cam alangside a muisic video. Bruel luved Amir's rendeetion sae much he invitit him tae sing it wi him in a grand event in Ra'anana Pairk on 23 Mey 2008 in front o 8000 spectators. He sang it yet agin much later in 2013, durin the gala in tribute o Anaelle Ledoroth in Paris on 27 Mey 2013. == Personal life == Whilst attendin varsity, he wis diagnosed wi attention-deficit hyperactivity ail. On 7 Julie 2014, Amir marriet Lital, his langtime companion in Israel. Thair furst bairn, a son cried Mikhaël, wis born on 8 Februar 2019. Thay walcomit thair seicont son cried Or ("Licht" in Hebrew) in Julie 2022. On 1 November 2024, Amir an his wifie revealt thay wur expectin thair thrid bairn durin the NRJ Music Awards 2024 whan Lital appeared wi a roondit belly on the reid cairpet. Amir later confirmit that the bairn woud be a lad. Thair thrid son, Nuri, wis born in Februar 2025. Amir pairticipates in triathlon an aa. q9158wi74gcphxbinjd7o79vchveb3w 914628 914627 2026-03-31T10:22:07Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 914628 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Laurent Amir Khalifa Khedider Haddad''' ({{Lang-he|לורן עמיר חליפה חדידר חדד}}; born 20 Juin 1984), professionally kent as '''Amir Haddad''' ({{Lang-he|עמיר חדד}}) or simply as '''Amir''', is a French-Israeli sangster-sangwriter an actor. He teuk pairt in 2006 in the Israeli muisic competeetion ''Kokhav Nolad'', lowsed his album ''Vayehi'' in 2011 an wis a finalist in French competeetion ''The Voice: la plus belle voix'' as pairt o Team Jenifer finishin thrid in the competeetion. He representit Fraunce in the Eurovision Sang Contest 2016 wi the sang "J'ai cherché", whilk finisht in saxt place. == Early life == Haddad wis born in Paris tae Maghrebi Jewish parents frae Tunisie an Morocco. He brocht up in Sarcelles (Val-d'Oise) an immigratit tae Israel in 1992 at the age o aicht as pairt o Aliyah; the faimily settled in Herzliya, north o Tel Aviv. He sang as a yung bairn in the synagogue an in mony social events. Amir wis born deif in his richt lug. == Career == ===2006–2013: ''Kokhav Nolad'' an ''Vayehi''=== [[File:Amir Haddad 2016.jpg|right|thumb|Amir in 2016]] He cam tae fame in 2006 wi his parteecipation in the fowert saison o the Israeli sang competeetion ''Kokhav Nolad'' (Hebrew: כוכב נולד; A Starn is Born), the Israeli equivalent o the ''Pop Idol'' held Mey tae September 2006. He wis the furst candidate tae sing maistly French leid sangs durin the audeetion. He advancit fur 4 stages afore bein eliminatit. The series wis wan bi Jacko Eisenberg. Nae winnin in the saison, he finisht his obligatory military service in the Israeli Defence Forces an continued his studies in dentistry in Hebrew Varsity o Jerusalem graduatin in 2012. His sang "Kache limtso milim", the Hebrew version o Patrick Bruel's French hit "J'te l'dis quand même", cam alangside a muisic video. Bruel luved Amir's rendeetion sae much he invitit him tae sing it wi him in a grand event in Ra'anana Pairk on 23 Mey 2008 in front o 8000 spectators. He sang it yet agin much later in 2013, durin the gala in tribute o Anaelle Ledoroth in Paris on 27 Mey 2013. In 2011, Amir Haddad lowsed his debut studio album ''Vayehi'' co-written bi himsel an Omri Dagan durin the yeirs whan Amir wis a varsity student. The album includit his popular version o "Kache limtso milim". He forby revivit a 1990s hit "Désenchantée" bi French airtist Mylène Farmer. Haddad's version wis producit bi the kenspeckle Israeli producer Offer Nissim. Meanwhiles, he pursued his passion in muisic. At the end o the competeetion, Haddad wis signt tae a French label, creatin a follaein in Fraunce, Swisserland, the Unitit States an Brazil in addeetion tae Israel. He cooperatit wi a nummer o airtists, merkitly Shlomi Shabat, Haim Moshe, Dudu Aharon, Gad Elbaz an Eyal Golan. === 2014–2015: ''The Voice: la plus belle voix'' === In 2014, he teuk pairt in saison 3 o the French telly series ''The Voice: la plus belle voix'' broadcast on TF1 frae 11 Januar 2014 tae 10 Mey 2014. In the blind audeetions, Haddad sang "Candle in the Wind" frae Elton John wi aw fower coaches, Garou, Mika, Jenifer an Florent Pagny turnin thair chairs. Haddad chuise tae be pairt o Team Jenifer. He mak it tae the Final whaur he finisht thrid. == Personal life == Whilst attendin varsity, he wis diagnosed wi attention-deficit hyperactivity ail. On 7 Julie 2014, Amir marriet Lital, his langtime companion in Israel. Thair furst bairn, a son cried Mikhaël, wis born on 8 Februar 2019. Thay walcomit thair seicont son cried Or ("Licht" in Hebrew) in Julie 2022. On 1 November 2024, Amir an his wifie revealt thay wur expectin thair thrid bairn durin the NRJ Music Awards 2024 whan Lital appeared wi a roondit belly on the reid cairpet. Amir later confirmit that the bairn woud be a lad. Thair thrid son, Nuri, wis born in Februar 2025. Amir pairticipates in triathlon an aa. lac08apahhes90ydeczjlyk39gpf1sd