Wikipedia scowiki https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.24 first-letter Media Special Collogue Uiser Uiser collogue Wikipedia Wikipedia collogue File File collogue MediaWiki MediaWiki collogue Template Template collogue Help Help collogue Category Category collogue Portal Portal talk Define Define talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1690 915427 911933 2026-04-20T22:12:08Z ~2026-24334-63 130098 /* History */ 915427 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fix Scots|date=Januar 2021}} {{hatnote|For the landmass comprisin North an Sooth Americae, see [[America]]. For ither uisses, see [[America (disambiguation)]].}} {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Unitit States o Americae |common_name = Unitit States |native_name = {{lang-en|United States of America}}</br>{{lang-es|Estados Unidos de América|label=[[Spainish leid|Spainish]]}}</br>{{lang-chr|ᏌᏊᎢᏳᎾᎵᏍᏔᏅᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎺᏰᏟ}}</br>{{lang-nv|Wááshindoon Bikéyah Ałhidadiidzooígíí}} |image_flag = Flag of the United States.svg |image_coat = Great Seal of the United States (obverse).svg |symbol_type = Great Seal |national_motto = <div style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">"[[In God we trust]]" {{small|(offeecial)}}<ref>{{USC|36|302}} ''National motto''</ref><ref>[[#Simonson|Simonson, 2010]]</ref><ref>[[#God|Dept. of Treasury, 2011]]</ref></div> <div style="line-height:1.15em;">{{native phrase|la|"[[E pluribus unum]]"|italics=off}} {{small|(tradeetional)}} <br />{{small|"Oot o mony, ane"}} </div> |national_anthem = "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]"<br /><center>[[File:Star Spangled Banner instrumental.ogg]]</center> |image_map = USA orthographic.svg |alt_map = Projection o North Americae wi the Unitit States in green |map_width = 220px |capital = [[Washington, D.C.]] |coordinates = {{Coord|38|53|N|77|01|W|type:city}} |largest_city = [[New York Ceety]] |official_languages = {{nowrap|None at [[Federal govrenment o the Unitit States|federal level]]{{ref label|engoffbox|a|}}}} |languages_type = [[Naitional leid]] |languages = [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]{{ref label|engfactobox|b|}}<!---NOTE: Just English, don't add "American English"---> |official_religion = none |demonym = [[America]]n |government_type = [[Federalism|Federal]] [[Presidential seestem|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]] |leader_title1 = [[Preses o the Unitit States|Preses]] |leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Donald Trump]] ([[Republican Pairty (Unitit States)|R]])}} |leader_title2 = [[Vice Preses o the Unitit States|Vice Preses]] |leader_name2 = {{nowrap|[[J.D. Vance]] (R)}} |leader_title3 = {{nowrap|[[Speaker o the Unitit States Hoose o Representatives|Speaker o the Hoose]]}} |leader_name3 = {{nowrap|[[Mike Johnson]] (R)}} |leader_title4 = [[Chief Juistice o the Unitit States|Chief Juistice]] |leader_name4 = [[John Roberts]] |legislature = [[Unitit States Congress|Congress]] |upper_house = [[Senate (Unitit States)|Senate]] |lower_house = [[Hoose o Representatives (Unitit States)|Hoose o Representatives]] |sovereignty_type = [[American Revolution|Unthirldom]] |sovereignty_note = from [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]] |established_event1 = [[Unitit States Declaration o Unthirldom|Declared]] |established_date1 = 4 Julie 1776 |established_event2 = [[Treaty o Paris (1783)|Recognized]] |established_date2 = 3 September 1783 |established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Unitit States Constitution|Constitution]]}} |established_date3 = 21 Juin 1788 |area_magnitude = 1 E12 |area_sq_mi = 3794101 |area_km2 = 9826675 |area_rank = 3rd/4th |area_footnote = <ref name="WF">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html |title=United States |publisher=CIA |work=The World Factbook |date=September 30, 2009 |accessdate=January 5, 2010 (area given in square kilometers) |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135647/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{ref label|areabox|c|}} |percent_water = 6.76 | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 331,449,281<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/2020-census-apportionment-results.htmlpid=2020CENSUS&src=pt |url-status=dead |title=Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=April 26, 2021}} The 2020 census is as of April 1, 2020.</ref> | population_census_year = 2020 | population_census_rank = 3rd | population_density_sq_mi = 87<!-- Figure uses (population/land + water area) as of July 2019. --> | population_density_rank = 146t | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} {{nowrap|$22.940 trillion}}<ref name="IMFWEOUS"/> | GDP_PPP_year = 2021 | GDP_PPP_rank = 2nt | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $69,375<ref name="IMFWEOUS">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October/weo-report?c=111,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2021&ey=2021&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2021|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=October 13, 2021}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 8t | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} {{nowrap|$22.940 trillion}}<ref name="IMFWEOUS"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2021 | GDP_nominal_rank = 1st | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $69,375<ref name="IMFWEOUS"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 5t | Gini = 48.5<!-- Number only. --> | Gini_year = 2020 | Gini_change = increase | Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/09/26/income-inequality-america-highest-its-been-since-census-started-tracking-it-data-show/ |title=Income inequality in America is the highest it's been since Census Bureau started tracking it, data shows |work=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=July 27, 2020}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.926<!-- Number only. --> | HDI_year = 2019<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. --> | HDI_change = increase<!-- Increase/decrease/steady. --> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2020: The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=December 15, 2020|access-date=December 15, 2020}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 17t |EF_year = 2007 |EF = {{decrease}} 8.0 gha<ref name="EF">{{cite web |url=http://www.footprintnetwork.org/images/uploads/Ecological_Footprint_Atlas_2010.pdf |title=Ecological Footprint Atlas 2010 |publisher=Global Footprint Network |accessdate=July 11, 2011 |archive-date=2011-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709224423/http://www.footprintnetwork.org/images/uploads/Ecological_Footprint_Atlas_2010.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |EF_rank = 6t |currency = [[{{#property:p38}}]] ($) |currency_code = USD |country_code = USA |utc_offset = −5 to −10 |utc_offset_DST = −4 to −10{{ref label|UTCbox|e|}} |calling_code = [[North American Nummerin Plan|+1]] |iso3166code = US |drives_on = richt{{ref label|driving|g|}} |cctld = {{nowrap|[[.us]]{{nbsp|3}}[[.gov]]{{nbsp|3}}[[.mil]]{{nbsp|3}}[[.edu]]}} |footnote_a = {{note|engoffbox}} Inglish is the [[Offeecial leid o the Unitit States|offeecial leid]] o at least 28 states; some soorces gie heicher figurs, based on differin defineetions o "offeecial".{{big|<ref name=ILW>{{cite web |author=Feder, Jody |url= http://www.ilw.com/immigrationdaily/news/2007,0515-crs.pdf |title= English as the Official Language of the United States: Legal Background and Analysis of Legislation in the 110th Congress |date=January 25, 2007 |publisher= Ilw.com (Congressional Research Service) |accessdate= June 19, 2007}}</ref>}} Inglish an [[Hawaiian leid|Hawaiian]] are baith offeecial leids in the state o [[Hawaii]]. |footnote_b = {{note|engfactobox}} Inglis is the ''[[de facto]]'' leid o American govrenment an the sole leid spoken at home bi 80 percent o Americans aged five an aulder. [[Spainyie leid in the Unitit States|Spainyie is the seicont maist commonly spoken leid]]. |footnote_c = {{note|areabox}} Whether the Unitit States or [[Cheenae]] is lairger haes been [[Leet o kintras bi aurie|disputit]]. The figur gien is frae the U.S. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]'s ''[[The Warld Factbeuk]]''. Ither soorces gie smawer figurs. Aw authoritative calculations o the kintra's size include anly the 50 states an the Destrict o Columbia, nae the [[Territories o the Unitit States|territories]]. |footnote_d = {{note|popbox}} The population estimate is o fowk whose uisual residence is within the 50 states an the Destrict o Columbia, regardless o naitionality. It daes nae include those livin in the territories (ower 4&nbsp;million fowk, maistly in [[Puerto Rico]]). |footnote_e = {{note|UTCbox}} See [[Time in the Unitit States]] for details aboot laws govrenin time zones in the Unitit States. |footnote_f = {{note|ISO3166box}} Daes nae include [[insular aurie]]s an [[Unitit States Minor Ootlyin Islands]], which hae thair ain [[ISO 3166]] codes. |footnote_g = {{note|driving}} Except [[Unitit States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]. }} [[File:ReliefUSA map.gif|thumb|right|280px|A pictur o the lawer 48 states Americae.]] The '''Unitit States o Americae''' ({{lang-en|United States of America|link=yes}}, '''USA'''), commonly referred tae as the '''Unitit States''' ({{lang-en|United States|link=no}}, '''US''', '''U.S.''') or '''Americae''' ({{lang-en|America|link=no}}), is a state in Europe, this is the most powerful state in Europe. This country borders Switzerland and Connecticut. The capital of this state is Montgomery. The President of this state is Barack Obama. He has been president since 800 B.C.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nwf.org/wildlife.aspx|title=Wildlife Library|publisher=National Wildlife Federation|accessdate= December 23, 2014}}</ref> At 3.8&nbsp;million squerr miles (9.8&nbsp;million km²)<ref name="State and other areas">"[https://www.census.gov/geo/reference/state-area.html State and other areas]", U.S. Census Bureau, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120620155719/http://www.govcomm.harris.com/solutions/products/census/maf-tiger.asp MAF/TIGER] database as of August 2010, excluding the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands. viewed October 22, 2014.</ref> an wi ower 2 million fowk, the Unitit States is the warld's [[Leet o sovereign states an dependencies bi aurie|fowert-lairgest kintra bi tot aurie]] (an fowerth-mucklest bi laund aurie){{refn|group=fn|The follaein twa primary soorces (non-mirrored) represent the range (min./max.) o tot aurie for Cheenae an the Unitit States. Baith soorces ''exclude'' Taiwan frae the aurie o Cheenae. {{ordered list |1= The Encyclopædia Britannica lets Cheenae as warld's third-lairgest kintra (efter Roushie an Canadae) wi a tot aurie o 9,572,900 sq km,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/111803/China-quick-facts|title=China|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|accessdate=January 31, 2010}}</ref> an the Unitit States as fowert-lairgest at 9,526,468 sq km. The figur for the Unitit States is less nor in the CIA Factbook acause it ''excludes'' coastal an territorial watters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/616563/United-States-quick-facts|title=United States|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|accessdate=January 31, 2010}}</ref> |2= The CIA World Factbook leets the Unitit States as the third-lairgest kintra (efter Roushie an Canadae) wi tot aurie o 9,833,517 sq km,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html|title=United States|publisher=CIA|accessdate=June 10, 2016|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135647/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an Cheenae as fowert-lairgest at 9,596,960 sq km.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html|title=China|publisher=CIA|accessdate=June 10, 2016|archive-date=2016-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013030611/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> This figur for the Unitit States is greater nor in the Encyclopædia Britannica acause it ''includes'' coastal an territorial watters.}}}} an the [[Leet o kintras an dependencies bi population|third-maist populous]]. It is ane o the warld's maist ethnically diverse an [[Multiculturalism|multicultural]] naitions, an is hame tae the warld's mucklest nummer o immigrant fowk.<ref name="DD">Adams, J.Q.; Strother-Adams, Pearlie (2001). ''Dealing with Diversity''. Chicago: Kendall/Hunt. ISBN 0-7872-8145-X.</ref> Urbanisation climbed tae oweer 80% in 2010 an leads tae growin megaregions. The kintra's caipital is [[Washington, D.C.]] an its mucklest ceety is [[New York Ceety]]; the ither major metropolitan auries, aw wi aroond five million or mair indwallers, are [[Los Angeles]], [[Chicago]], [[San Francisco]], [[Boston]], [[Dallas]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Houston]], [[Miami]], an [[Atlanta]]. Paleo-Indians migrated frae Asie tae the North American mainland at least 15,000 year ago.<ref name=earliest>{{cite news|title=Who was first? New info on North America's earliest residents|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jul/12/science/la-sci-sn-paisley-caves-20120712|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|location=Los Angeles County, California|publisher=Los Angeles Times|date=July 12, 2012|first=Thomas H.|last=Maugh II|accessdate=February 25, 2015}}<br />{{cite web |url= http://anthropology.si.edu/HumanOrigins/faq/americas.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128083459/http://anthropology.si.edu/HumanOrigins/faq/americas.htm |archivedate=November 28, 2007 |ref=HumanOrigins |title=What is the earliest evidence of the peopling of North and South America? |publisher=Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History |date=June 2004 |accessdate=June 19, 2007}}<br />{{cite web |first=Nicolas |last=Kudeba |url=http://www.thehistoryofcanadapodcast.com/chapter-1-first-big-steppe/ |title=Chapter 1&nbsp;– The First Big Steppe&nbsp;– Aboriginal Canadian History |website=The History of Canada Podcast |date=February 28, 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301013552/http://www.thehistoryofcanadapodcast.com/chapter-1-first-big-steppe/ |archivedate=March 1, 2014 |deadurl=no}}<br />{{cite journal |author=Guy Gugliotta |title=When Did Humans Come to the Americas? |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/when-did-humans-come-to-the-americas-4209273/?all |journal=Smithsonian Magazine |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |date=February 2013 |access-date=June 25, 2015 }}</ref> [[European colonisation o the Americas|European colonisation]] began in the 16t century. The Unitit States emerged frae [[Thirteen Colonies|13 Breetish colonies]] alang the [[East Coast o the Unitit States|East Coast]]. Mony disputes atween [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]] an the colonies in the eftermath o the [[Seiven Years' War]] led tae the [[American Revolution]], whilk began in 1775. On Julie 4, 1776, as the colonies war fichtin Great Breetain in the [[American Revolutionary War]], delegates frae the 13 colonies unanimously adoptit the [[Unitit States Declaration o Unthirldom|Declaration o Unthirldom]]. The war endit in 1783 wi [[Treaty o Paris (1783)|recogneetion o the unthirldom o the Unitit States]] bi [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]], an wis the first successfu war o unthirldom against a European colonial empire.<ref>Greene, Jack P.; Pole, J.R., eds. (2008). ''A Companion to the American Revolution''. pp. 352–361.<br />{{cite book |author=Bender, Thomas |title=A Nation Among Nations: America's Place in World History |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wQHlrIz4gpYC&pg=PA61 |year=2006 |publisher=Hill & Wang |location=New York |page=61 |isbn=978-0-8090-7235-4}}<br />{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/era.cfm?eraid=4&smtid=1 |title=Overview of the Early National Period |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2014 |website=Digital History |publisher=University of Houston |access-date=February 25, 2015}}</ref> The [[Unitit States Constitution|current constitution]] wis adoptit in 1788, efter the [[Airticles o Confederation]], adoptit in 1781, war felt tae hae providit inadequate federal pouers. The first ten amendments, collectively named the [[Unitit States Bill o Richts|Bill o Richts]], war ratified in 1791 an designed tae guarantee mony fundamental ceevil liberties. The Unitit States gaed on a vigorous expansion athort North Americae throuoot the 19t century,<ref name="MD2007" /> displacin American Indian tribes, acquirin new territories, an gradually admittin new states till it spanned the continent in 1848.<ref name="MD2007">{{cite book |last=Carlisle |first=Rodney P. |first2=J. Geoffrey |last2=Golson |title=Manifest Destiny and the Expansion of America |series=Turning Points in History Series |url=https://books.google.com/?id=ka6LxulZaEwC&vq=annexation&dq=territorial+expansion+United+States+%22manifest+destiny%22 |year=2007 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-833-0 |page=238}}</ref> During the seicont hauf o the 19t century, the [[American Ceevil War]] led tae the end o legal slavery in the kintra.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2967.html|title=The Civil War and emancipation 1861–1865 |work=Africans in America |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation|location=Boston, Massachusetts|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991012054217/http://pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2967.html |archivedate=October 12, 1999 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Jeffrey H. |editor1-last=Wallenfeldt |author=Britannica Educational Publishing |series=America at War |title=The American Civil War and Reconstruction: People, Politics, and Power |url=https://books.google.com/?id=T_0TrXXiDbUC&dq=slavery+%22American+Civil+War%22 |year=2009 |publisher=Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-61530-045-7 |page=264}}</ref> Bi the end o that century, the Unitit States extendit intae the Pacific Ocean,<ref name="AmCentNYT">{{cite book |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/w/white-century.html |title=The American Century |author=White, Donald W. |year=1996 |isbn=0-300-05721-0 |publisher=Yale University Press |chapter=1: The Frontiers |accessdate=March 26, 2013}}</ref> an its economy, driven in muckle pairt bi the [[Industrial Revolution]], began tae growe a lot.<ref>{{cite web|title=Work in the Late 19th Century|url=http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/work/|website=Library of Congress|accessdate=January 16, 2015}}</ref> The [[Spaingie–American War]] an {{nowrap|[[Warld War I]]}} confirmed the kintra's status as a global militar pouer. The Unitit States emerged frae {{nowrap|[[Warld War II]]}} as a global [[superpouer]], the first kintra tae develop nuclear wappens, the anly kintra tae [[Atomic bombins o Hiroshima an Nagasaki|uise them]] in warfare, an a permanent member o the [[Unitit Naitions Security Cooncil]]. It is a foondin member o the [[Organisation o American States]] (OAS) an various ither [[Pan-Americanism|Pan-American]] an internaitional organisations. The end o the [[Cauld War]] an the [[dissolution o the Soviet Union|end o the Soviet Union]] in 1991 left the Unitit States as the warld's sole superpouer.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Tony Judt|author2=Denis Lacorne|title=With Us Or Against Us: Studies in Global Anti-Americanism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nVDHAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|date=June 4, 2005|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4039-8085-4|page=61}}<br />{{cite book|author=Richard J. Samuels|title=Encyclopedia of United States National Security|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K751AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT666|date=December 21, 2005|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4522-6535-3|page=666}}<br />{{cite book|author=Paul R. Pillar|title=Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_GYklwy6booC&pg=PA57|date=January 1, 2001|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=0-8157-0004-0|page=57}}<br />{{cite book|author=Gabe T. Wang|title=China and the Taiwan Issue: Impending War at Taiwan Strait|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CbPJ7KZ9FvIC&pg=PA179|date=January 1, 2006|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-7618-3434-2|page=179}}<br />{{cite book|title=Understanding the "Victory Disease," From the Little Bighorn to Mogadishu and Beyond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qgdmiw4VUHsC&pg=PA1|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-1-4289-1052-2|page=1}}<br />{{cite book|author1=Akis Kalaitzidis|author2=Gregory W. Streich|title=U.S. Foreign Policy: A Documentary and Reference Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzwYzL9KcwEC&pg=PA313|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-38375-5|page=313}}</ref> The Unitit States is a heichly developed kintra, wi the warld's mucklest [[Leet o kintras bi GDP (nominal)|economy bi nominal GDP]]. It ranks heichly in several meisurs o socioeconomic performance, includin average wage,<ref>{{cite web|title=Average annual wages, 2013 USD PPPs and 2013 constant prices|url=http://stats.oecd.org//Index.aspx?QueryId=64115|website=OECD|accessdate=April 30, 2016}}</ref> [[Human Development Index|human development]], per capita GDP, an productivity per person.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-500395_162-3228735.html |title=U.S. Workers World's Most Productive |publisher=CBS News |date=February 11, 2009 |accessdate=April 23, 2013}}</ref> While the U.S. economy is considered post-industrial, chairacterised bi the dominance o [[Service (economics)|services]] an knawledge economy, the manufacturin sector remains the seicont-mucklest in the warld.<ref>{{cite web|title=Manufacturing, value added (current US$)|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD|website=World Bank Open Data|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=11 February 2017}}</ref> Tho its population is anly 4.3% o the warld tot,<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. and World Population Clock|url=http://www.census.gov/popclock/|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=July 11, 2016}}</ref> the Unitit States accoonts for nearly a quarter o warld GDP<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=23&pr.y=9&sy=2014&ey=2014&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPD&grp=0&a=|title = World Economic Outlook Database, April 2015|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = }}</ref> an ower a third o global militar spendin,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=476 |title=Trends in world military expenditure, 2013 |publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |date=April 2014 |accessdate=April 14, 2014 |archive-date=2015-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104033821/http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=476 |url-status=dead }}</ref> makkin it the warld's foremaist economic an [[Unitit States Airmed Forces|militar]] pouer. The Unitit States is a prominent poleetical an cultural force internaitionally, an a leader in scienteefic resairch an technological innovations.<ref>[[#Cohen|Cohen, 2004: History and the Hyperpower]]<br />[[#BBC18may|BBC, April 2008: Country Profile: United States of America]]<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.researchtrends.com/issue8-november-2008/geographical-trends-of-research-output/|title=Geographical trends of research output|publisher=Research Trends|accessdate=March 16, 2014|archive-date=2014-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317092424/http://www.researchtrends.com/issue8-november-2008/geographical-trends-of-research-output/|url-status=dead}}<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.openaccessweek.org/profiles/blogs/the-top-20-countries-for-scientific-output|title=The top 20 countries for scientific output|publisher=Open Access Week|accessdate=March 16, 2014|archive-date=2014-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317105014/http://www.openaccessweek.org/profiles/blogs/the-top-20-countries-for-scientific-output|url-status=dead}}<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.epo.org/about-us/annual-reports-statistics/annual-report/2012/statistics-trends/granted-patents.html|title=Granted patents|publisher=European Patent Office|accessdate=March 16, 2014}}</ref> == History == Follaein the European colonisation o the Americaes, aw thirteen o [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]]'s American colonies spleet frae the mither kintra an formit the Unitit States, the warld's first [[constitution]]al an [[democracy|democratic]] [[federation|federal]] [[republic]], efter thair [[American Declaration o Unthirldom|declaration o unthirldom]] in [[1776]] an the [[American Weir o Unthirldom|Weir o Unthirldom]] ([[1775]]–[[1783]]). Great Breetain made peace wi the rebols an wi the [[Treaty o Pairis (1783)|Treaty o Pairis]] in 1783. For tae mak a stoot colonol govrenment, the [[Philadelphia Convention]] wis foondit in 1787 an raitifeet a [[Constitution o the Unitit States|constitution]] in 1788, an the farst Unitit States Senate, Hoose o Representatives, an preses tak office in 1789. [[George Washington]] wis the first preses. Differences o opinion an social order atween northren an soothern states in early Unitit States society, pairteecularly regairdin Black sclavery, ultimately led tae the American Ceevil War.<ref>{{cite book|author=Stuart Murray|title=Atlas of American Military History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJ_sy7mmmxQC&pg=PA76|year=2004|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-3025-5|page=76|accessdate=October 25, 2015}}<br />{{cite book|author=Harold T. Lewis|title=Christian Social Witness|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kr-xNru5vZkC&pg=PA53|date=January 1, 2001|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-56101-188-9|page=53}}</ref> Follaein the Union victory in 1865, three amendments war addit tae the U.S. Constitution: the [[Thirteent Amendment tae the Unitit States Constitution|Thirteent Amendment]] prohibitit sclavery, the [[Fowerteent Amendment tae the Unitit States Constitution|Fowerteent Amendment]] providit ceetizenship tae the nearly fower million [[African American]]s wha haed been sclaves,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1860a-02.pdf |title=1860 Census |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |accessdate=June 10, 2007}} Page 7 leets a tot sclave population o 3,953,760.</ref> an the [[Fifteent Amendment tae the Unitit States Constitution|Fifteent Amendment]] ensured that thay haed the richt tae vote. The Unitit States remained neutral frae the ootbreak o [[Warld War I]], in 1914, till 1917 whan it jyned the war as an "associatit pouer", alangside the formal [[Allies o Warld War I]], helpin tae turn the tide against the [[Central Pouers]]. In 1920, the weemen's richts muivement wan passage o a constitutional amendment grantin weemen's suffrage.<ref name="voris">{{cite book |last1=Voris |first1=Jacqueline Van |title=Carrie Chapman Catt: A Public Life |url=https://archive.org/details/carriechapmancat0000vanv |series=Women and Peace Series |year=1996 |publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY |location=New York City |isbn=1-55861-139-8 |page=vii|quote=Carrie Chapmann Catt led an army of voteless women in 1919 to pressure Congress to pass the constitutional amendment giving them the right to vote and convinced state legislatures to ratify it in 1920.&nbsp;... Catt was one of the best-known women in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century and was on all lists of famous American women.}}</ref> The 1920s an 1930s saw the rise o [[radio]] for mass communication an the invention o early [[televeesion]].<ref>Winchester pp. 410–411</ref> The prosperity o the Roaring Twenties endit wi the [[Wall Street Crash o 1929]] an the onset o the [[Great Depression]]. Efter his election as preses in 1932, [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]] respondit wi the [[New Deal]], whit included the establishment o the [[Social Security (Unitit States)|Social Security]] seestem.<ref>{{cite book |title=Social Welfare: A History of the American Response to Need |first1=June |last1=Axinn |first2=Mark J. |last2=Stern |isbn=978-0-205-52215-6 |edition=7th |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |location=Boston |year=2007}}</ref> At first effectively neutral during [[Warld War II]] while Germany conquered much o continental Europe, the Unitit States began supplyin material tae the [[Allies o Warld War II|Allies]] in Mairch 1941 throu the Lend-Lease programme. On December 7, 1941, the [[Empire o Japan]] launched a surprise [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], promptin the Unitit States tae jyn the Allies against the [[Axis pouers]].<ref name="Pearl Harbor">{{cite web|last1=Yamasaki|first1=Mitch|title=Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History|url=http://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf|publisher=World War II Internment in Hawaii|accessdate=January 14, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/http://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf|archivedate=December 13, 2014 }}</ref> The Unitit States developed the [[Manhattan Project|first nuclear wappens]] an uised them on Japan [[Atomic bombins o Hiroshima an Nagasaki|in the ceeties o Hiroshima an Nagasaki]]; causin the Japanese tae surrender on September 2, endin Warld War II.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/08/06/commentary/japan-surrender-world-war-ii/|title=Why did Japan surrender in World War II? {{!}} The Japan Times|newspaper=The Japan Times|access-date=2017-02-08|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>Pacific War Research Society (2006). ''Japan's Longest Day''. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 4-7700-2887-3.</ref> Efter Warld War II the Unitit States an the [[Soviet Union]] jockeyed for pouer during whit acame kent as the [[Cauld War]], driven bi an ideological divide atween [[caipitalism]] an [[communism]]<ref name="WaggAndrews2012">{{cite book|last1=Wagg|first1=Stephen|last2=Andrews|first2=David|title=East Plays West: Sport and the Cold War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qmjLR5YyUhEC&pg=PR11|date=September 10, 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-24167-5|page=11}}</ref> an, accordin tae the schuil o [[geopolitics]], a divide atween the maritime Atlantic an the continental Eurasian camps. American truips focht communist [[Fowk's Liberation Airmy|Cheenese]] an [[North Korea]]n forces in the [[Korean War]] o 1950–53.<ref name="Proxy" /> The Soviet Union's 1957 launch o the [[Sputnik 1|first airtifeecial satellite]] an its 1961 launch o the [[Vostok 1|first manned spaceflicht]] ineetiatit a "[[Space Race]]" in whit the Unitit States acame the first naition tae [[Apollo 11|laund a man on the muin]] in 1969.<ref name="Proxy">{{cite book |last=Collins |first=Michael |authorlink=Michael Collins (astronaut) |title=Liftoff: The Story of America's Adventure in Space |url=https://archive.org/details/liftoff00coll |location=New York |publisher=Grove Press |year=1988}}</ref> A proxy war in Sootheast Asie eventually evolved intae full American pairteecipation, as the [[Vietnam War]]. At hame in the 1960s, the growin [[African-American Ceevil Richts Muivement (1954–68)|Ceevil Richts Muivement]] uised nonviolence tae confront segregation an discrimination, wi [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] acomin a prominent leader an figurheid. The late 1980s, unner the presidency o [[Ronald Reagan]], brocht a "thowe" in relations wi the USSR, an [[Dissolution o the Soviet Union|its collapse]] in 1991 finally endit the Cauld War.<ref>{{cite book |last=Howell |first=Buddy Wayne |title=The Rhetoric of Presidential Summit Diplomacy: Ronald Reagan and the U.S.-Soviet Summits, 1985–1988 |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Rhetoric_of_Presidential_Summit_Dipl.html?id=LctvjhxJ-bsC |year=2006 |publisher=Texas A&M University |isbn=978-0-549-41658-6 |page=352 |accessdate=October 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kissinger |first=Henry |authorlink=Henry Kissinger |title=Diplomacy |url=https://books.google.com/?id=0IZboamhb5EC&lpg=PA731 |year=2011 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-1-4391-2631-8 |pages=781–784 |accessdate=October 25, 2015}}<br />{{cite book |last=Mann |first=James |title=The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan: A History of the End of the Cold War |url=https://books.google.com/?id=BgZyXNIrvB4C&pg=PT12|year=2009 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-4406-8639-9 |page=432}}<br /></ref><ref>[[#Hayes|Hayes, 2009]]</ref><ref>[[#ushistory13|US History.org, 2013]]</ref> On [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001]], [[Al-Qaeda]] terrorists struck the [[Warld Trade Center (1973–2001)|Warld Trade Center]] in New York Ceety an [[the Pentagon]] near Washington, D.C., killin nearly 3,000 fowk.<ref>{{cite AV media |date=September 9, 2011 |title=Flashback 9/11: As It Happened |url=http://video.foxnews.com/v/1151859712001/flashback-911-as-it-happened/ |accessdate=March 6, 2013 |publisher=Fox News}}<br />{{cite news |title=America remembers Sept. 11 attacks 11 years later |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57510234/america-remembers-sept-11-attacks-11-years-later/ |publisher=CBS News |date=September 11, 2012 |accessdate=March 6, 2013 |archive-date=2013-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017215138/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57510234/america-remembers-sept-11-attacks-11-years-later/ |url-status=dead }}<br />{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/trade.center/multimedia.day.html |title=Day of Terror Video Archive |year=2005 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=March 6, 2013 }}</ref> In response, the Unitit States launched the [[War on Terror]], whilk included [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|war in Afghanistan]] an the 2003–11 [[Iraq War]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy |author=Walsh, Kenneth T. |url=http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/12/09/the-war-on-terror-is-critical-to-president-george-w-bushs-legacy |newspaper=U.S. News & World Report |date=December 9, 2008 |accessdate=March 6, 2013}}<br />{{cite book |last=Atkins |first=Stephen E. |title=The 9/11 Encyclopedia: Second Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PDDIgWRN_HQC&pg=PA210 |year=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-921-9 |page=872 |accessdate=October 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Overview: The Iraq War |last=Wong |first=Edward |url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_iraq.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 15, 2008 |accessdate=March 7, 2013 }}<br />{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=James Turner |title=The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/?id=SF7U27JsLC4C&dq=iraq+invasion+removes+hussein |year=2005 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-4956-2 |page=159 |accessdate=October 25, 2015 }}<br />{{cite news |title=Timeline: Key moments in the Iraq War |author=Durando, Jessica |author2=Green, Shannon Rae |agency=Associated Press |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/story/2011-12-21/iraq-war-timeline/52147680/1 |newspaper=USA Today |date=December 21, 2011 |accessdate=March 7, 2013 |archive-date=2020-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904084312/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/story/2011-12-21/iraq-war-timeline/52147680/1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Unner Preses [[Barack Obama]], American forces in Iraq war widrawn in muckle nummers in 2009 an 2010, an the war in the region wis declared formally ower in December 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/16/world/middleeast/panetta-in-baghdad-for-iraq-military-handover-ceremony.html | work=The New York Times | first1=Thom | last1=Shanker | first2=Michael S. | last2=Schmidt | first3=Robert F. | last3=Worth | title=In Baghdad, Panetta Leads Uneasy Closure to Conflict | date=December 15, 2011}}</ref> The widrawal caused [[Iraqi insurgency (2011–13)|an escalation o sectarian insurgency]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq%E2%80%99s-next-insurgency |title=The JRTN Movement and Iraq's Next Insurgency &#124; Combating Terrorism Center at West Point |publisher=[[United States Military Academy]] |accessdate=January 26, 2017 |archive-date=2011-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826043422/http://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq%E2%80%99s-next-insurgency |url-status=dead }}</ref> leadin tae the rise o the [[Islamic State o Iraq an the Levant]], the successor o al-Qaeda in the region.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.state.gov/p/nea/rls/rm/221274.htm|title=Al-Qaeda's Resurgence in Iraq: A Threat to U.S. Interests|publisher=U.S Department of State|accessdate=November 26, 2010|date=January 26, 2017|archive-date=2018-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141714/https://www.state.gov/p/nea/rls/rm/221274.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Geografie, climate, an environs == The laund aurie o the [[contiguous Unitit States]] is {{convert|2959064|sqmi|km2|1}}. Alaska, separatit frae the contiguous Unitit States bi Canadae, is the mucklest state at {{convert|663268|sqmi|km2|1}}. [[Hawaii]], occupyin an airchipelago in the central [[Paceefic Ocean|Paceefic]], soothwast o North Americae, is {{convert|10931|sqmi|km2|0}} in aurie. The populatit territories o [[Puerto Rico]], [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Northren Mariana Islands]], an [[Unitit States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]] thegither civer {{convert|9185|sqmi|km2|0}}.<ref name="Land Area of US and states">{{cite web|title=2010 Census Area|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-1.pdf|website=census.gov|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|page=41|accessdate=January 18, 2015}}</ref> The Unitit States, wi its muckle size an geografic variety, includes maist climate teepes. Tae the east o the 100t meridian, the climate ranges frae humid continental in the north tae humid subtropical in the sooth.<ref>{{cite web|last=Boyden|first=Jennifer|title=Climate Regions of the United States|url=http://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html|website=Travel Tips|publisher=USA Today|accessdate=December 24, 2014|archive-date=2014-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225073246/http://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Great Plains wast o the 100t meridian are semi-arid. Much o the Wastren moontains hae an alpine climate. The climate is arid in the Great Basin, desert in the Soothwast, [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] in coastal Californie, an [[oceanic climate|oceanic]] in coastal [[Oregon]] an [[Washington (state)|Washington]] an soothren Alaska. Maist o Alaska is subarctic or polar. Hawaii an the soothren tip o [[Florida]] are tropical, as are the populatit territories in the Caribbean an the Paceefic.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification|url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf|accessdate=August 19, 2015}}</ref> === Wildlife === The U.S. ecology is megadiverse: aboot 17,000 species o [[vascular plant]]s occur in the contiguous Unitit States an Alaska, an ower 1,800 species o flouering plants are foond in Hawaii, few o whit occur on the mainland.<ref>{{cite web |author=Morin, Nancy |url=http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |title=Vascular Plants of the United States |publisher=National Biological Service |work=Plants |accessdate=October 27, 2008 |archivedate=July 24, 2013 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |date=2013-07-24 }}</ref> The Unitit States is hame tae 428 mammal species, 784 bird species, 311 reptile species, an 295 amphibian species.<ref name="Current Results # of native species in the US">{{cite web|last1=Osborn|first1=Liz|title=Number of Native Species in United States|url=http://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-of-native-species-in-united-states.php|publisher=Current Results Nexus|accessdate=January 15, 2015}}</ref> Aboot 91,000 insect species hae been describit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm |title=Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals) |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |accessdate=January 20, 2009}}</ref> The [[bauld eagle]] is baith the naitional bird an naitional ainimal o the Unitit States, an is an endurin seembol o the kintra itsel.<ref name=j23>{{cite journal |last1=Lawrence |first1=E.A. |year=1990 |title=Symbol of a Nation: The Bald Eagle in American Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-american-culture_spring-1990_13_1/page/63 |journal=The Journal of American Culture |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=63–69|doi=10.1111/j.1542-734X.1990.1301_63.x }}</ref> == Cultur == The Unitit States is hame tae [[Multiculturalism|mony culturs]] an a wide variety o ethnic groups, tradeetions, an values.<ref name="DD" /><ref name="Society in Focus">Thompson, William; Hickey, Joseph (2005). ''Society in Focus''. Boston: Pearson. ISBN 0-205-41365-X.</ref> Aside frae the [[Hamespun Americans in the Unitit States|Hamespun American]], [[Hamespun Hawaiians|Hamespun Hawaiian]], an [[Alaska Hamespuns|Hamespun Alaskan]] populations, nearly aw Americans or thair ancestors settled or emigratit within the past five centuries.<ref>Fiorina, Morris P.; Peterson, Paul E. (2000). ''The New American Democracy''. London: Longman, p. 97. ISBN 0-321-07058-5.</ref> Mainstream American cultur is a Wastren cultur mucklely derived frae the tradeetions o European emigrants wi influences frae mony ither soorces, sic as tradeetions brocht bi slaves frae Africae.<ref name="DD" /><ref>Holloway, Joseph E. (2005). ''Africanisms in American Culture'', 2d ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 18–38. ISBN 0-253-34479-4. Johnson, Fern L. (1999). ''Speaking Culturally: Language Diversity in the United States''. Thousand Oaks, Calif., London, and New Delhi: Sage, p. 116. ISBN 0-8039-5912-5.</ref> ===Cuisine=== Mainstream American cuisine is seemilar tae that in ither Wastren kintras. Chairactereestic dishes sic as aiple pie, fried chicken, pizza, hamburgers, an het dogs derive frae the recipes o various emigrants. French fries, [[Mexican cuisine|Mexican]] dishes sic as burritos an tacos, an pasta dishes freely adaptit frae Italian soorces are widely consumed.<ref name="IFT">{{cite web |url=http://www.newswise.com/articles/what-when-and-where-americans-eat-in-2003|author=Klapthor, James N. |title=What, When, and Where Americans Eat in 2003 |publisher=Newswise/Institute of Food Technologists |date=August 23, 2003|accessdate=June 19, 2007}}</ref> Americans drink three times as much coffee as tea.<ref name=coffeeandtea>{{cite news|last1=H|first1=D|title=The coffee insurgency|url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2013/12/daily-chart-17|website=The Economist|accessdate=January 15, 2015}}</ref> Mercatin bi U.S. industries is mucklely responsible for makkin orange juice an milk ubiquitous breakfast beverages.<ref>[[#Smith2004|Smith, 2004]], pp. 131–132</ref><ref>[[#Levenstein|Levenstein, 2003]], pp. 154–55</ref> ===Airts=== In leeturatur, [[Edgar Allen Poe]], [[Emily Dickenson]], [[Mark Twain]], [[William Faulkner]], [[Ernest Hemingway]], [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]], [[Herman Melville]], an [[John Steinbeck]] are amang the maist weel kent Americans, while [[Jackson Pollock]], [[Georgia O'Keefe]], an [[Andy Warhol]] are some o the maist weel kent American painters. [[Hollywood]], a northren destrict o [[Los Angeles]], Californie, is ane o the leaders in motion pictur production.<ref>{{cite press release |url= http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=30707 |title=Nigeria surpasses Hollywood as world's second largest film producer |publisher=United Nations |date=May 5, 2009 |accessdate=February 17, 2013}}</ref> Syne the early 20t century, the U.S. film industry haes mucklely been based in an aroond Hollywood, awtho in the 21st century an increasin nummer o films are nae made thare, an film companies hae been subject tae the forces o globalisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/john-landis-rails-studios-theyre-659222|title=John Landis Rails Against Studios: 'They're Not in the Movie Business Anymore'|publisher=''The Hollywood Reporter''|accessdate=January 24, 2015}}</ref> Muisic in Americae haes been influenced bi [[African-American]] cultur, wi [[Duke Ellington]] an [[Louis Armstrong]] pioneerin the [[Jazz]] genre. [[Elvis Presley]] an [[Buddy Holly]] war leadin airtists in pioneerin popular muisic in the 1950s. Syne then, the Unitit States haes produced mony popular airtists, includin [[Michael Jackson]], [[Whitney Houston]], [[Madonna]], [[Katy Perry]], [[Taylor Swift]], an [[Beyoncé]], amang mony ithers. ==Sport== [[American fitba]] is the maist popular sport in the Unitit States.<ref>{{cite web |author=Krane, David K. |title=Professional Football Widens Its Lead Over Baseball as Nation's Favorite Sport |url=http://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337 |publisher=Harris Interactive |date=October 30, 2002 |accessdate=September 14, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709111448/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337 |archivedate=July 9, 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709111448/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337 |date=2010-07-09 }} MacCambridge, Michael (2004). ''America's Game: The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation''. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-375-50454-0.</ref> The [[National Football League]] (NFL) haes the heichest average attendance o ony sports league in the warld, an the [[Super Bowl]] is watched bi millions globally. [[Basebaw]] haes been regairdit as the U.S. [[naitional sport]] syne the late 19t century, wi [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) bein the tap league. [[Basketbaw]] an [[ice hockey]] are the kintra's next twa [[Major professional sports leagues in the Unitit States an Canadae|leadin professional team sports]], wi the tap leagues bein the [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA) an the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL). Aight [[Olympic Gemmes]] hae taken place in the Unitit States. As o 2014, the Unitit States haes wan 2,400 medals at the [[Simmer Olympic Gemmes]], mair nor ony ither kintra, an 281 in the [[Winter Olympic Gemmes]], the seicont maist behind Norawa.<ref>{{cite news |title= The 10 most fascinating facts about the all-time Winter Olympics medal standings |first= Chris |last= Chase |date= February 7, 2014 |work= [[USA Today]] |url= http://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/02/winter-olympics-medal-count-sochi-all-time-facts/ |accessdate= February 28, 2014 |archive-date= 2019-12-15 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191215084716/https://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/02/winter-olympics-medal-count-sochi-all-time-facts |url-status= dead }} {{cite news |title= With Sochi Olympics approaching, a history of Winter Olympic medals |date= February 6, 2014 |first= Dan |last= Loumena |work= [[Los Angeles Times]] |url= http://articles.latimes.com/2014/feb/06/sports/la-sp-a-history-of-the-winter-olympic-medals-20140206 |accessdate= February 28, 2014 }}</ref> == States o the Unitit States == {{main|U.S. state}} {| border="0" |----- | valign="top" | * [[Alabama]] * [[Alaska]] * [[Arizona]] * [[Arkansas]] * [[Californie]] * [[Colorado]] * [[Connecticut]] * [[Delaware]] * [[Florida]] * [[Georgie (U.S. state)|Georgie]] | valign="top" | * [[Hawaii]] * [[Idaho]] * [[Illinois]] * [[Indiana]] * [[Iowa]] * [[Kansas]] * [[Kentucky]] * [[Louisiana]] * [[Maine]] * [[Maryland]] | valign="top" | * [[Massachusetts]] * [[Michigan]] * [[Minnesota]] * [[Mississippi]] * [[Missouri]] * [[Montana]] * [[Nebraska]] * [[Nevada]] * [[New Hampshire]] * [[New Jersey]] | valign="top" | * [[New Mexico]] * [[New York]] * [[North Carolina]] * [[North Dakota]] * [[Ohio]] * [[Oklahoma]] * [[Oregon]] * [[Pennsylvanie]] * [[Rhode Island]] * [[Sooth Carolina]] | valign="top" | * [[Sooth Dakota]] * [[Tennessee]] * [[Texas]] * [[Utah]] * [[Vermont]] * [[Wast Virginie]] * [[Virginie]] * [[Washington (state)|Washington]] * [[Wisconsin]] * [[Wyoming]] |} ==Notes== <references group="fn"/> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ===Soorces=== {{Commonscat|United States}} * {{cite book |last=Simonson |first=Peter |title=Refiguring Mass Communication: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/refiguringmassco0000simo |ref=Simonson |year=2010 |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]]|quote=He held high the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the nation's unofficial motto, ''e pluribus unum'', even as he was recoiling from the party system in which he had long participated. |location=Urbana |isbn=978-0-252-07705-0}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=N6lrAmPlbvIC&pg=PA79&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false Book] * {{cite web |url= http://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/in-god-we-trust.aspx |title=History of "In God We Trust" |ref=God |publisher=U.S. Department of the Treasury |date=March 8, 2011 |accessdate=February 23, 2013}} * {{cite news |title=Looking back 20 years: Who deserves credit for ending the Cold War? |author=Nick Hayes |ref=Hayes |url=http://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2009/11/looking-back-20-years-who-deserves-credit-ending-cold-war |newspaper=MinnPost |date=November 6, 2009 |accessdate=March 11, 2013}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.ushistory.org/us/59e.asp |title=59e. The End of the Cold War |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |work=U.S. History.org |ref=ushistory13|publisher=Independence Hall Association |accessdate=March 10, 2013}} * {{cite book |last=Smith |first= Andrew F. |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America'' |ref=Smith2004 |publisher=New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 131–32. ISBN 0-19-515437-1}} * {{cite book |last=Levenstein |first=Harvey |title=Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet |url=https://archive.org/details/revolutionattabl0000leve_d6o6 |ref=Levenstein |publisher=University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles |year=2003 |isbn=0-520-23439-1}} {{Unitit States topics}} [[Category:Unitit States| ]] [[Category:1776 establishments in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Umwhile Breetish colonies]] [[Category:Umwhile confederations]] [[Category:G8 naitions]] [[Category:G20 naitions]] [[Category:Leeberal democracies]] [[Category:Member states o NATO]] [[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1776]] 2j0cnhfuy6fl4a5nh9d5kbx1eylnp9d 915429 915427 2026-04-20T22:16:44Z Atlantic306 30244 vandalism Undae revision [[Special:Diff/915427|915427]] bi [[Special:Contributions/~2026-24334-63|~2026-24334-63]] ([[User talk:~2026-24334-63|Tauk]]) 915429 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fix Scots|date=Januar 2021}} {{hatnote|For the landmass comprisin North an Sooth Americae, see [[America]]. For ither uisses, see [[America (disambiguation)]].}} {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Unitit States o Americae |common_name = Unitit States |native_name = {{lang-en|United States of America}}</br>{{lang-es|Estados Unidos de América|label=[[Spainish leid|Spainish]]}}</br>{{lang-chr|ᏌᏊᎢᏳᎾᎵᏍᏔᏅᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎺᏰᏟ}}</br>{{lang-nv|Wááshindoon Bikéyah Ałhidadiidzooígíí}} |image_flag = Flag of the United States.svg |image_coat = Great Seal of the United States (obverse).svg |symbol_type = Great Seal |national_motto = <div style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">"[[In God we trust]]" {{small|(offeecial)}}<ref>{{USC|36|302}} ''National motto''</ref><ref>[[#Simonson|Simonson, 2010]]</ref><ref>[[#God|Dept. of Treasury, 2011]]</ref></div> <div style="line-height:1.15em;">{{native phrase|la|"[[E pluribus unum]]"|italics=off}} {{small|(tradeetional)}} <br />{{small|"Oot o mony, ane"}} </div> |national_anthem = "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]"<br /><center>[[File:Star Spangled Banner instrumental.ogg]]</center> |image_map = USA orthographic.svg |alt_map = Projection o North Americae wi the Unitit States in green |map_width = 220px |capital = [[Washington, D.C.]] |coordinates = {{Coord|38|53|N|77|01|W|type:city}} |largest_city = [[New York Ceety]] |official_languages = {{nowrap|None at [[Federal govrenment o the Unitit States|federal level]]{{ref label|engoffbox|a|}}}} |languages_type = [[Naitional leid]] |languages = [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]{{ref label|engfactobox|b|}}<!---NOTE: Just English, don't add "American English"---> |official_religion = none |demonym = [[America]]n |government_type = [[Federalism|Federal]] [[Presidential seestem|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]] |leader_title1 = [[Preses o the Unitit States|Preses]] |leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Donald Trump]] ([[Republican Pairty (Unitit States)|R]])}} |leader_title2 = [[Vice Preses o the Unitit States|Vice Preses]] |leader_name2 = {{nowrap|[[J.D. Vance]] (R)}} |leader_title3 = {{nowrap|[[Speaker o the Unitit States Hoose o Representatives|Speaker o the Hoose]]}} |leader_name3 = {{nowrap|[[Mike Johnson]] (R)}} |leader_title4 = [[Chief Juistice o the Unitit States|Chief Juistice]] |leader_name4 = [[John Roberts]] |legislature = [[Unitit States Congress|Congress]] |upper_house = [[Senate (Unitit States)|Senate]] |lower_house = [[Hoose o Representatives (Unitit States)|Hoose o Representatives]] |sovereignty_type = [[American Revolution|Unthirldom]] |sovereignty_note = from [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]] |established_event1 = [[Unitit States Declaration o Unthirldom|Declared]] |established_date1 = 4 Julie 1776 |established_event2 = [[Treaty o Paris (1783)|Recognized]] |established_date2 = 3 September 1783 |established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Unitit States Constitution|Constitution]]}} |established_date3 = 21 Juin 1788 |area_magnitude = 1 E12 |area_sq_mi = 3794101 |area_km2 = 9826675 |area_rank = 3rd/4th |area_footnote = <ref name="WF">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html |title=United States |publisher=CIA |work=The World Factbook |date=September 30, 2009 |accessdate=January 5, 2010 (area given in square kilometers) |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135647/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{ref label|areabox|c|}} |percent_water = 6.76 | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 331,449,281<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/2020-census-apportionment-results.htmlpid=2020CENSUS&src=pt |url-status=dead |title=Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=April 26, 2021}} The 2020 census is as of April 1, 2020.</ref> | population_census_year = 2020 | population_census_rank = 3rd | population_density_sq_mi = 87<!-- Figure uses (population/land + water area) as of July 2019. --> | population_density_rank = 146t | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} {{nowrap|$22.940 trillion}}<ref name="IMFWEOUS"/> | GDP_PPP_year = 2021 | GDP_PPP_rank = 2nt | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $69,375<ref name="IMFWEOUS">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October/weo-report?c=111,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2021&ey=2021&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2021|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=October 13, 2021}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 8t | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} {{nowrap|$22.940 trillion}}<ref name="IMFWEOUS"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2021 | GDP_nominal_rank = 1st | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $69,375<ref name="IMFWEOUS"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 5t | Gini = 48.5<!-- Number only. --> | Gini_year = 2020 | Gini_change = increase | Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/09/26/income-inequality-america-highest-its-been-since-census-started-tracking-it-data-show/ |title=Income inequality in America is the highest it's been since Census Bureau started tracking it, data shows |work=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=July 27, 2020}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.926<!-- Number only. --> | HDI_year = 2019<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. --> | HDI_change = increase<!-- Increase/decrease/steady. --> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2020: The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=December 15, 2020|access-date=December 15, 2020}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 17t |EF_year = 2007 |EF = {{decrease}} 8.0 gha<ref name="EF">{{cite web |url=http://www.footprintnetwork.org/images/uploads/Ecological_Footprint_Atlas_2010.pdf |title=Ecological Footprint Atlas 2010 |publisher=Global Footprint Network |accessdate=July 11, 2011 |archive-date=2011-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709224423/http://www.footprintnetwork.org/images/uploads/Ecological_Footprint_Atlas_2010.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |EF_rank = 6t |currency = [[{{#property:p38}}]] ($) |currency_code = USD |country_code = USA |utc_offset = −5 to −10 |utc_offset_DST = −4 to −10{{ref label|UTCbox|e|}} |calling_code = [[North American Nummerin Plan|+1]] |iso3166code = US |drives_on = richt{{ref label|driving|g|}} |cctld = {{nowrap|[[.us]]{{nbsp|3}}[[.gov]]{{nbsp|3}}[[.mil]]{{nbsp|3}}[[.edu]]}} |footnote_a = {{note|engoffbox}} Inglish is the [[Offeecial leid o the Unitit States|offeecial leid]] o at least 28 states; some soorces gie heicher figurs, based on differin defineetions o "offeecial".{{big|<ref name=ILW>{{cite web |author=Feder, Jody |url= http://www.ilw.com/immigrationdaily/news/2007,0515-crs.pdf |title= English as the Official Language of the United States: Legal Background and Analysis of Legislation in the 110th Congress |date=January 25, 2007 |publisher= Ilw.com (Congressional Research Service) |accessdate= June 19, 2007}}</ref>}} Inglish an [[Hawaiian leid|Hawaiian]] are baith offeecial leids in the state o [[Hawaii]]. |footnote_b = {{note|engfactobox}} Inglis is the ''[[de facto]]'' leid o American govrenment an the sole leid spoken at home bi 80 percent o Americans aged five an aulder. [[Spainyie leid in the Unitit States|Spainyie is the seicont maist commonly spoken leid]]. |footnote_c = {{note|areabox}} Whether the Unitit States or [[Cheenae]] is lairger haes been [[Leet o kintras bi aurie|disputit]]. The figur gien is frae the U.S. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]'s ''[[The Warld Factbeuk]]''. Ither soorces gie smawer figurs. Aw authoritative calculations o the kintra's size include anly the 50 states an the Destrict o Columbia, nae the [[Territories o the Unitit States|territories]]. |footnote_d = {{note|popbox}} The population estimate is o fowk whose uisual residence is within the 50 states an the Destrict o Columbia, regardless o naitionality. It daes nae include those livin in the territories (ower 4&nbsp;million fowk, maistly in [[Puerto Rico]]). |footnote_e = {{note|UTCbox}} See [[Time in the Unitit States]] for details aboot laws govrenin time zones in the Unitit States. |footnote_f = {{note|ISO3166box}} Daes nae include [[insular aurie]]s an [[Unitit States Minor Ootlyin Islands]], which hae thair ain [[ISO 3166]] codes. |footnote_g = {{note|driving}} Except [[Unitit States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]. }} [[File:ReliefUSA map.gif|thumb|right|280px|A pictur o the lawer 48 states Americae.]] The '''Unitit States o Americae''' ({{lang-en|United States of America|link=yes}}, '''USA'''), commonly referred tae as the '''Unitit States''' ({{lang-en|United States|link=no}}, '''US''', '''U.S.''') or '''Americae''' ({{lang-en|America|link=no}}), is a [[Constitution|constitutional]] [[federal republic]] componed o 50 [[state o the Unitit States|federatit states]], the federal destrict [[Washington, D.C.|Washington D.C.]], five main sel-govrening territories, an ither possessions.{{refn|group=fn|The five major territories are [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], the [[Northren Mariana Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], an the [[Unitit States Virgin Islands]]. Thare are eleven smawer island auries withoot permanent populations: [[Baker Island]], [[Howland Island]], [[Jarvis Island]], [[Johnston Atoll]], [[Kingman Reef]], [[Midway Atoll]], an [[Palmyra Atoll]]. U.S. sovereignty ower [[Bajo Nuevo Bank]], [[Navassa Island]], [[Serranilla Bank]], an [[Wake Island]] is disputit.<ref>U.S. State Department, [http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights], December 30, 2011, Item 22, 27, 80.— an U.S. General Accounting Office Report, [http://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229153648/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |date=2020-02-29 }}, November 1997, p. 1, 6, 39n. Both viewed April 6, 2016.</ref>}} Forty-aicht o the fifty states an the federal destrict border each ither an locatit in [[North Americae]] atween [[Canadae]] an [[Mexico]]. The [[Alaska|state o Alaska]] is in the northwast neuk o North Americae, bordered bi Canadae tae the east an athort the [[Bering Strait]] frae [[Roushie]] tae the wast. The [[Hawaii|state o Hawaii]] is an [[airchipelago]] in the mid-[[Pacific Ocean]]. The U.S. territories are scattered aboot the Paceefic Ocean an the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Nine time zones are covered. The geografie, climate an wildlife o the kintra are extremely diverse.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nwf.org/wildlife.aspx|title=Wildlife Library|publisher=National Wildlife Federation|accessdate= December 23, 2014}}</ref> At 3.8&nbsp;million squerr miles (9.8&nbsp;million km²)<ref name="State and other areas">"[https://www.census.gov/geo/reference/state-area.html State and other areas]", U.S. Census Bureau, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120620155719/http://www.govcomm.harris.com/solutions/products/census/maf-tiger.asp MAF/TIGER] database as of August 2010, excluding the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands. viewed October 22, 2014.</ref> an wi ower 324 million fowk, the Unitit States is the warld's [[Leet o sovereign states an dependencies bi aurie|fowert-lairgest kintra bi tot aurie]] (an fowerth-mucklest bi laund aurie){{refn|group=fn|The follaein twa primary soorces (non-mirrored) represent the range (min./max.) o tot aurie for Cheenae an the Unitit States. Baith soorces ''exclude'' Taiwan frae the aurie o Cheenae. {{ordered list |1= The Encyclopædia Britannica lets Cheenae as warld's third-lairgest kintra (efter Roushie an Canadae) wi a tot aurie o 9,572,900 sq km,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/111803/China-quick-facts|title=China|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|accessdate=January 31, 2010}}</ref> an the Unitit States as fowert-lairgest at 9,526,468 sq km. The figur for the Unitit States is less nor in the CIA Factbook acause it ''excludes'' coastal an territorial watters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/616563/United-States-quick-facts|title=United States|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|accessdate=January 31, 2010}}</ref> |2= The CIA World Factbook leets the Unitit States as the third-lairgest kintra (efter Roushie an Canadae) wi tot aurie o 9,833,517 sq km,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html|title=United States|publisher=CIA|accessdate=June 10, 2016|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135647/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an Cheenae as fowert-lairgest at 9,596,960 sq km.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html|title=China|publisher=CIA|accessdate=June 10, 2016|archive-date=2016-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013030611/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> This figur for the Unitit States is greater nor in the Encyclopædia Britannica acause it ''includes'' coastal an territorial watters.}}}} an the [[Leet o kintras an dependencies bi population|third-maist populous]]. It is ane o the warld's maist ethnically diverse an [[Multiculturalism|multicultural]] naitions, an is hame tae the warld's mucklest nummer o immigrant fowk.<ref name="DD">Adams, J.Q.; Strother-Adams, Pearlie (2001). ''Dealing with Diversity''. Chicago: Kendall/Hunt. ISBN 0-7872-8145-X.</ref> Urbanisation climbed tae oweer 80% in 2010 an leads tae growin megaregions. The kintra's caipital is [[Washington, D.C.]] an its mucklest ceety is [[New York Ceety]]; the ither major metropolitan auries, aw wi aroond five million or mair indwallers, are [[Los Angeles]], [[Chicago]], [[San Francisco]], [[Boston]], [[Dallas]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Houston]], [[Miami]], an [[Atlanta]]. Paleo-Indians migrated frae Asie tae the North American mainland at least 15,000 year ago.<ref name=earliest>{{cite news|title=Who was first? New info on North America's earliest residents|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jul/12/science/la-sci-sn-paisley-caves-20120712|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|location=Los Angeles County, California|publisher=Los Angeles Times|date=July 12, 2012|first=Thomas H.|last=Maugh II|accessdate=February 25, 2015}}<br />{{cite web |url= http://anthropology.si.edu/HumanOrigins/faq/americas.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128083459/http://anthropology.si.edu/HumanOrigins/faq/americas.htm |archivedate=November 28, 2007 |ref=HumanOrigins |title=What is the earliest evidence of the peopling of North and South America? |publisher=Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History |date=June 2004 |accessdate=June 19, 2007}}<br />{{cite web |first=Nicolas |last=Kudeba |url=http://www.thehistoryofcanadapodcast.com/chapter-1-first-big-steppe/ |title=Chapter 1&nbsp;– The First Big Steppe&nbsp;– Aboriginal Canadian History |website=The History of Canada Podcast |date=February 28, 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301013552/http://www.thehistoryofcanadapodcast.com/chapter-1-first-big-steppe/ |archivedate=March 1, 2014 |deadurl=no}}<br />{{cite journal |author=Guy Gugliotta |title=When Did Humans Come to the Americas? |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/when-did-humans-come-to-the-americas-4209273/?all |journal=Smithsonian Magazine |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |date=February 2013 |access-date=June 25, 2015 }}</ref> [[European colonisation o the Americas|European colonisation]] began in the 16t century. The Unitit States emerged frae [[Thirteen Colonies|13 Breetish colonies]] alang the [[East Coast o the Unitit States|East Coast]]. Mony disputes atween [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]] an the colonies in the eftermath o the [[Seiven Years' War]] led tae the [[American Revolution]], whilk began in 1775. On Julie 4, 1776, as the colonies war fichtin Great Breetain in the [[American Revolutionary War]], delegates frae the 13 colonies unanimously adoptit the [[Unitit States Declaration o Unthirldom|Declaration o Unthirldom]]. The war endit in 1783 wi [[Treaty o Paris (1783)|recogneetion o the unthirldom o the Unitit States]] bi [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]], an wis the first successfu war o unthirldom against a European colonial empire.<ref>Greene, Jack P.; Pole, J.R., eds. (2008). ''A Companion to the American Revolution''. pp. 352–361.<br />{{cite book |author=Bender, Thomas |title=A Nation Among Nations: America's Place in World History |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wQHlrIz4gpYC&pg=PA61 |year=2006 |publisher=Hill & Wang |location=New York |page=61 |isbn=978-0-8090-7235-4}}<br />{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/era.cfm?eraid=4&smtid=1 |title=Overview of the Early National Period |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2014 |website=Digital History |publisher=University of Houston |access-date=February 25, 2015}}</ref> The [[Unitit States Constitution|current constitution]] wis adoptit in 1788, efter the [[Airticles o Confederation]], adoptit in 1781, war felt tae hae providit inadequate federal pouers. The first ten amendments, collectively named the [[Unitit States Bill o Richts|Bill o Richts]], war ratified in 1791 an designed tae guarantee mony fundamental ceevil liberties. The Unitit States gaed on a vigorous expansion athort North Americae throuoot the 19t century,<ref name="MD2007" /> displacin American Indian tribes, acquirin new territories, an gradually admittin new states till it spanned the continent in 1848.<ref name="MD2007">{{cite book |last=Carlisle |first=Rodney P. |first2=J. Geoffrey |last2=Golson |title=Manifest Destiny and the Expansion of America |series=Turning Points in History Series |url=https://books.google.com/?id=ka6LxulZaEwC&vq=annexation&dq=territorial+expansion+United+States+%22manifest+destiny%22 |year=2007 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-833-0 |page=238}}</ref> During the seicont hauf o the 19t century, the [[American Ceevil War]] led tae the end o legal slavery in the kintra.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2967.html|title=The Civil War and emancipation 1861–1865 |work=Africans in America |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation|location=Boston, Massachusetts|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991012054217/http://pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2967.html |archivedate=October 12, 1999 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Jeffrey H. |editor1-last=Wallenfeldt |author=Britannica Educational Publishing |series=America at War |title=The American Civil War and Reconstruction: People, Politics, and Power |url=https://books.google.com/?id=T_0TrXXiDbUC&dq=slavery+%22American+Civil+War%22 |year=2009 |publisher=Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-61530-045-7 |page=264}}</ref> Bi the end o that century, the Unitit States extendit intae the Pacific Ocean,<ref name="AmCentNYT">{{cite book |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/w/white-century.html |title=The American Century |author=White, Donald W. |year=1996 |isbn=0-300-05721-0 |publisher=Yale University Press |chapter=1: The Frontiers |accessdate=March 26, 2013}}</ref> an its economy, driven in muckle pairt bi the [[Industrial Revolution]], began tae growe a lot.<ref>{{cite web|title=Work in the Late 19th Century|url=http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/work/|website=Library of Congress|accessdate=January 16, 2015}}</ref> The [[Spaingie–American War]] an {{nowrap|[[Warld War I]]}} confirmed the kintra's status as a global militar pouer. The Unitit States emerged frae {{nowrap|[[Warld War II]]}} as a global [[superpouer]], the first kintra tae develop nuclear wappens, the anly kintra tae [[Atomic bombins o Hiroshima an Nagasaki|uise them]] in warfare, an a permanent member o the [[Unitit Naitions Security Cooncil]]. It is a foondin member o the [[Organisation o American States]] (OAS) an various ither [[Pan-Americanism|Pan-American]] an internaitional organisations. The end o the [[Cauld War]] an the [[dissolution o the Soviet Union|end o the Soviet Union]] in 1991 left the Unitit States as the warld's sole superpouer.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Tony Judt|author2=Denis Lacorne|title=With Us Or Against Us: Studies in Global Anti-Americanism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nVDHAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|date=June 4, 2005|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4039-8085-4|page=61}}<br />{{cite book|author=Richard J. Samuels|title=Encyclopedia of United States National Security|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K751AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT666|date=December 21, 2005|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4522-6535-3|page=666}}<br />{{cite book|author=Paul R. Pillar|title=Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_GYklwy6booC&pg=PA57|date=January 1, 2001|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=0-8157-0004-0|page=57}}<br />{{cite book|author=Gabe T. Wang|title=China and the Taiwan Issue: Impending War at Taiwan Strait|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CbPJ7KZ9FvIC&pg=PA179|date=January 1, 2006|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-7618-3434-2|page=179}}<br />{{cite book|title=Understanding the "Victory Disease," From the Little Bighorn to Mogadishu and Beyond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qgdmiw4VUHsC&pg=PA1|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-1-4289-1052-2|page=1}}<br />{{cite book|author1=Akis Kalaitzidis|author2=Gregory W. Streich|title=U.S. Foreign Policy: A Documentary and Reference Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzwYzL9KcwEC&pg=PA313|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-38375-5|page=313}}</ref> The Unitit States is a heichly developed kintra, wi the warld's mucklest [[Leet o kintras bi GDP (nominal)|economy bi nominal GDP]]. It ranks heichly in several meisurs o socioeconomic performance, includin average wage,<ref>{{cite web|title=Average annual wages, 2013 USD PPPs and 2013 constant prices|url=http://stats.oecd.org//Index.aspx?QueryId=64115|website=OECD|accessdate=April 30, 2016}}</ref> [[Human Development Index|human development]], per capita GDP, an productivity per person.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-500395_162-3228735.html |title=U.S. Workers World's Most Productive |publisher=CBS News |date=February 11, 2009 |accessdate=April 23, 2013}}</ref> While the U.S. economy is considered post-industrial, chairacterised bi the dominance o [[Service (economics)|services]] an knawledge economy, the manufacturin sector remains the seicont-mucklest in the warld.<ref>{{cite web|title=Manufacturing, value added (current US$)|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD|website=World Bank Open Data|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=11 February 2017}}</ref> Tho its population is anly 4.3% o the warld tot,<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. and World Population Clock|url=http://www.census.gov/popclock/|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=July 11, 2016}}</ref> the Unitit States accoonts for nearly a quarter o warld GDP<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=23&pr.y=9&sy=2014&ey=2014&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPD&grp=0&a=|title = World Economic Outlook Database, April 2015|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = }}</ref> an ower a third o global militar spendin,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=476 |title=Trends in world military expenditure, 2013 |publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |date=April 2014 |accessdate=April 14, 2014 |archive-date=2015-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104033821/http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=476 |url-status=dead }}</ref> makkin it the warld's foremaist economic an [[Unitit States Airmed Forces|militar]] pouer. The Unitit States is a prominent poleetical an cultural force internaitionally, an a leader in scienteefic resairch an technological innovations.<ref>[[#Cohen|Cohen, 2004: History and the Hyperpower]]<br />[[#BBC18may|BBC, April 2008: Country Profile: United States of America]]<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.researchtrends.com/issue8-november-2008/geographical-trends-of-research-output/|title=Geographical trends of research output|publisher=Research Trends|accessdate=March 16, 2014|archive-date=2014-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317092424/http://www.researchtrends.com/issue8-november-2008/geographical-trends-of-research-output/|url-status=dead}}<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.openaccessweek.org/profiles/blogs/the-top-20-countries-for-scientific-output|title=The top 20 countries for scientific output|publisher=Open Access Week|accessdate=March 16, 2014|archive-date=2014-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317105014/http://www.openaccessweek.org/profiles/blogs/the-top-20-countries-for-scientific-output|url-status=dead}}<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.epo.org/about-us/annual-reports-statistics/annual-report/2012/statistics-trends/granted-patents.html|title=Granted patents|publisher=European Patent Office|accessdate=March 16, 2014}}</ref> == History == Follaein the European colonisation o the Americaes, aw thirteen o [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]]'s American colonies spleet frae the mither kintra an formit the Unitit States, the warld's first [[constitution]]al an [[democracy|democratic]] [[federation|federal]] [[republic]], efter thair [[American Declaration o Unthirldom|declaration o unthirldom]] in [[1776]] an the [[American Weir o Unthirldom|Weir o Unthirldom]] ([[1775]]–[[1783]]). Great Breetain made peace wi the rebols an wi the [[Treaty o Pairis (1783)|Treaty o Pairis]] in 1783. For tae mak a stoot colonol govrenment, the [[Philadelphia Convention]] wis foondit in 1787 an raitifeet a [[Constitution o the Unitit States|constitution]] in 1788, an the farst Unitit States Senate, Hoose o Representatives, an preses tak office in 1789. [[George Washington]] wis the first preses. Differences o opinion an social order atween northren an soothern states in early Unitit States society, pairteecularly regairdin Black sclavery, ultimately led tae the American Ceevil War.<ref>{{cite book|author=Stuart Murray|title=Atlas of American Military History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJ_sy7mmmxQC&pg=PA76|year=2004|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-3025-5|page=76|accessdate=October 25, 2015}}<br />{{cite book|author=Harold T. Lewis|title=Christian Social Witness|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kr-xNru5vZkC&pg=PA53|date=January 1, 2001|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-56101-188-9|page=53}}</ref> Follaein the Union victory in 1865, three amendments war addit tae the U.S. Constitution: the [[Thirteent Amendment tae the Unitit States Constitution|Thirteent Amendment]] prohibitit sclavery, the [[Fowerteent Amendment tae the Unitit States Constitution|Fowerteent Amendment]] providit ceetizenship tae the nearly fower million [[African American]]s wha haed been sclaves,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1860a-02.pdf |title=1860 Census |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |accessdate=June 10, 2007}} Page 7 leets a tot sclave population o 3,953,760.</ref> an the [[Fifteent Amendment tae the Unitit States Constitution|Fifteent Amendment]] ensured that thay haed the richt tae vote. The Unitit States remained neutral frae the ootbreak o [[Warld War I]], in 1914, till 1917 whan it jyned the war as an "associatit pouer", alangside the formal [[Allies o Warld War I]], helpin tae turn the tide against the [[Central Pouers]]. In 1920, the weemen's richts muivement wan passage o a constitutional amendment grantin weemen's suffrage.<ref name="voris">{{cite book |last1=Voris |first1=Jacqueline Van |title=Carrie Chapman Catt: A Public Life |url=https://archive.org/details/carriechapmancat0000vanv |series=Women and Peace Series |year=1996 |publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY |location=New York City |isbn=1-55861-139-8 |page=vii|quote=Carrie Chapmann Catt led an army of voteless women in 1919 to pressure Congress to pass the constitutional amendment giving them the right to vote and convinced state legislatures to ratify it in 1920.&nbsp;... Catt was one of the best-known women in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century and was on all lists of famous American women.}}</ref> The 1920s an 1930s saw the rise o [[radio]] for mass communication an the invention o early [[televeesion]].<ref>Winchester pp. 410–411</ref> The prosperity o the Roaring Twenties endit wi the [[Wall Street Crash o 1929]] an the onset o the [[Great Depression]]. Efter his election as preses in 1932, [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]] respondit wi the [[New Deal]], whit included the establishment o the [[Social Security (Unitit States)|Social Security]] seestem.<ref>{{cite book |title=Social Welfare: A History of the American Response to Need |first1=June |last1=Axinn |first2=Mark J. |last2=Stern |isbn=978-0-205-52215-6 |edition=7th |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |location=Boston |year=2007}}</ref> At first effectively neutral during [[Warld War II]] while Germany conquered much o continental Europe, the Unitit States began supplyin material tae the [[Allies o Warld War II|Allies]] in Mairch 1941 throu the Lend-Lease programme. On December 7, 1941, the [[Empire o Japan]] launched a surprise [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], promptin the Unitit States tae jyn the Allies against the [[Axis pouers]].<ref name="Pearl Harbor">{{cite web|last1=Yamasaki|first1=Mitch|title=Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History|url=http://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf|publisher=World War II Internment in Hawaii|accessdate=January 14, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/http://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf|archivedate=December 13, 2014 }}</ref> The Unitit States developed the [[Manhattan Project|first nuclear wappens]] an uised them on Japan [[Atomic bombins o Hiroshima an Nagasaki|in the ceeties o Hiroshima an Nagasaki]]; causin the Japanese tae surrender on September 2, endin Warld War II.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/08/06/commentary/japan-surrender-world-war-ii/|title=Why did Japan surrender in World War II? {{!}} The Japan Times|newspaper=The Japan Times|access-date=2017-02-08|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>Pacific War Research Society (2006). ''Japan's Longest Day''. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 4-7700-2887-3.</ref> Efter Warld War II the Unitit States an the [[Soviet Union]] jockeyed for pouer during whit acame kent as the [[Cauld War]], driven bi an ideological divide atween [[caipitalism]] an [[communism]]<ref name="WaggAndrews2012">{{cite book|last1=Wagg|first1=Stephen|last2=Andrews|first2=David|title=East Plays West: Sport and the Cold War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qmjLR5YyUhEC&pg=PR11|date=September 10, 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-24167-5|page=11}}</ref> an, accordin tae the schuil o [[geopolitics]], a divide atween the maritime Atlantic an the continental Eurasian camps. American truips focht communist [[Fowk's Liberation Airmy|Cheenese]] an [[North Korea]]n forces in the [[Korean War]] o 1950–53.<ref name="Proxy" /> The Soviet Union's 1957 launch o the [[Sputnik 1|first airtifeecial satellite]] an its 1961 launch o the [[Vostok 1|first manned spaceflicht]] ineetiatit a "[[Space Race]]" in whit the Unitit States acame the first naition tae [[Apollo 11|laund a man on the muin]] in 1969.<ref name="Proxy">{{cite book |last=Collins |first=Michael |authorlink=Michael Collins (astronaut) |title=Liftoff: The Story of America's Adventure in Space |url=https://archive.org/details/liftoff00coll |location=New York |publisher=Grove Press |year=1988}}</ref> A proxy war in Sootheast Asie eventually evolved intae full American pairteecipation, as the [[Vietnam War]]. At hame in the 1960s, the growin [[African-American Ceevil Richts Muivement (1954–68)|Ceevil Richts Muivement]] uised nonviolence tae confront segregation an discrimination, wi [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] acomin a prominent leader an figurheid. The late 1980s, unner the presidency o [[Ronald Reagan]], brocht a "thowe" in relations wi the USSR, an [[Dissolution o the Soviet Union|its collapse]] in 1991 finally endit the Cauld War.<ref>{{cite book |last=Howell |first=Buddy Wayne |title=The Rhetoric of Presidential Summit Diplomacy: Ronald Reagan and the U.S.-Soviet Summits, 1985–1988 |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Rhetoric_of_Presidential_Summit_Dipl.html?id=LctvjhxJ-bsC |year=2006 |publisher=Texas A&M University |isbn=978-0-549-41658-6 |page=352 |accessdate=October 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kissinger |first=Henry |authorlink=Henry Kissinger |title=Diplomacy |url=https://books.google.com/?id=0IZboamhb5EC&lpg=PA731 |year=2011 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-1-4391-2631-8 |pages=781–784 |accessdate=October 25, 2015}}<br />{{cite book |last=Mann |first=James |title=The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan: A History of the End of the Cold War |url=https://books.google.com/?id=BgZyXNIrvB4C&pg=PT12|year=2009 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-4406-8639-9 |page=432}}<br /></ref><ref>[[#Hayes|Hayes, 2009]]</ref><ref>[[#ushistory13|US History.org, 2013]]</ref> On [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001]], [[Al-Qaeda]] terrorists struck the [[Warld Trade Center (1973–2001)|Warld Trade Center]] in New York Ceety an [[the Pentagon]] near Washington, D.C., killin nearly 3,000 fowk.<ref>{{cite AV media |date=September 9, 2011 |title=Flashback 9/11: As It Happened |url=http://video.foxnews.com/v/1151859712001/flashback-911-as-it-happened/ |accessdate=March 6, 2013 |publisher=Fox News}}<br />{{cite news |title=America remembers Sept. 11 attacks 11 years later |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57510234/america-remembers-sept-11-attacks-11-years-later/ |publisher=CBS News |date=September 11, 2012 |accessdate=March 6, 2013 |archive-date=2013-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017215138/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57510234/america-remembers-sept-11-attacks-11-years-later/ |url-status=dead }}<br />{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/trade.center/multimedia.day.html |title=Day of Terror Video Archive |year=2005 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=March 6, 2013 }}</ref> In response, the Unitit States launched the [[War on Terror]], whilk included [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|war in Afghanistan]] an the 2003–11 [[Iraq War]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy |author=Walsh, Kenneth T. |url=http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/12/09/the-war-on-terror-is-critical-to-president-george-w-bushs-legacy |newspaper=U.S. News & World Report |date=December 9, 2008 |accessdate=March 6, 2013}}<br />{{cite book |last=Atkins |first=Stephen E. |title=The 9/11 Encyclopedia: Second Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PDDIgWRN_HQC&pg=PA210 |year=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-921-9 |page=872 |accessdate=October 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Overview: The Iraq War |last=Wong |first=Edward |url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_iraq.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 15, 2008 |accessdate=March 7, 2013 }}<br />{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=James Turner |title=The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/?id=SF7U27JsLC4C&dq=iraq+invasion+removes+hussein |year=2005 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-4956-2 |page=159 |accessdate=October 25, 2015 }}<br />{{cite news |title=Timeline: Key moments in the Iraq War |author=Durando, Jessica |author2=Green, Shannon Rae |agency=Associated Press |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/story/2011-12-21/iraq-war-timeline/52147680/1 |newspaper=USA Today |date=December 21, 2011 |accessdate=March 7, 2013 |archive-date=2020-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904084312/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/story/2011-12-21/iraq-war-timeline/52147680/1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Unner Preses [[Barack Obama]], American forces in Iraq war widrawn in muckle nummers in 2009 an 2010, an the war in the region wis declared formally ower in December 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/16/world/middleeast/panetta-in-baghdad-for-iraq-military-handover-ceremony.html | work=The New York Times | first1=Thom | last1=Shanker | first2=Michael S. | last2=Schmidt | first3=Robert F. | last3=Worth | title=In Baghdad, Panetta Leads Uneasy Closure to Conflict | date=December 15, 2011}}</ref> The widrawal caused [[Iraqi insurgency (2011–13)|an escalation o sectarian insurgency]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq%E2%80%99s-next-insurgency |title=The JRTN Movement and Iraq's Next Insurgency &#124; Combating Terrorism Center at West Point |publisher=[[United States Military Academy]] |accessdate=January 26, 2017 |archive-date=2011-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826043422/http://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq%E2%80%99s-next-insurgency |url-status=dead }}</ref> leadin tae the rise o the [[Islamic State o Iraq an the Levant]], the successor o al-Qaeda in the region.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.state.gov/p/nea/rls/rm/221274.htm|title=Al-Qaeda's Resurgence in Iraq: A Threat to U.S. Interests|publisher=U.S Department of State|accessdate=November 26, 2010|date=January 26, 2017|archive-date=2018-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141714/https://www.state.gov/p/nea/rls/rm/221274.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Geografie, climate, an environs == The laund aurie o the [[contiguous Unitit States]] is {{convert|2959064|sqmi|km2|1}}. Alaska, separatit frae the contiguous Unitit States bi Canadae, is the mucklest state at {{convert|663268|sqmi|km2|1}}. [[Hawaii]], occupyin an airchipelago in the central [[Paceefic Ocean|Paceefic]], soothwast o North Americae, is {{convert|10931|sqmi|km2|0}} in aurie. The populatit territories o [[Puerto Rico]], [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Northren Mariana Islands]], an [[Unitit States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]] thegither civer {{convert|9185|sqmi|km2|0}}.<ref name="Land Area of US and states">{{cite web|title=2010 Census Area|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-1.pdf|website=census.gov|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|page=41|accessdate=January 18, 2015}}</ref> The Unitit States, wi its muckle size an geografic variety, includes maist climate teepes. Tae the east o the 100t meridian, the climate ranges frae humid continental in the north tae humid subtropical in the sooth.<ref>{{cite web|last=Boyden|first=Jennifer|title=Climate Regions of the United States|url=http://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html|website=Travel Tips|publisher=USA Today|accessdate=December 24, 2014|archive-date=2014-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225073246/http://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Great Plains wast o the 100t meridian are semi-arid. Much o the Wastren moontains hae an alpine climate. The climate is arid in the Great Basin, desert in the Soothwast, [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] in coastal Californie, an [[oceanic climate|oceanic]] in coastal [[Oregon]] an [[Washington (state)|Washington]] an soothren Alaska. Maist o Alaska is subarctic or polar. Hawaii an the soothren tip o [[Florida]] are tropical, as are the populatit territories in the Caribbean an the Paceefic.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification|url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf|accessdate=August 19, 2015}}</ref> === Wildlife === The U.S. ecology is megadiverse: aboot 17,000 species o [[vascular plant]]s occur in the contiguous Unitit States an Alaska, an ower 1,800 species o flouering plants are foond in Hawaii, few o whit occur on the mainland.<ref>{{cite web |author=Morin, Nancy |url=http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |title=Vascular Plants of the United States |publisher=National Biological Service |work=Plants |accessdate=October 27, 2008 |archivedate=July 24, 2013 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |date=2013-07-24 }}</ref> The Unitit States is hame tae 428 mammal species, 784 bird species, 311 reptile species, an 295 amphibian species.<ref name="Current Results # of native species in the US">{{cite web|last1=Osborn|first1=Liz|title=Number of Native Species in United States|url=http://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-of-native-species-in-united-states.php|publisher=Current Results Nexus|accessdate=January 15, 2015}}</ref> Aboot 91,000 insect species hae been describit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm |title=Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals) |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |accessdate=January 20, 2009}}</ref> The [[bauld eagle]] is baith the naitional bird an naitional ainimal o the Unitit States, an is an endurin seembol o the kintra itsel.<ref name=j23>{{cite journal |last1=Lawrence |first1=E.A. |year=1990 |title=Symbol of a Nation: The Bald Eagle in American Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-american-culture_spring-1990_13_1/page/63 |journal=The Journal of American Culture |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=63–69|doi=10.1111/j.1542-734X.1990.1301_63.x }}</ref> == Cultur == The Unitit States is hame tae [[Multiculturalism|mony culturs]] an a wide variety o ethnic groups, tradeetions, an values.<ref name="DD" /><ref name="Society in Focus">Thompson, William; Hickey, Joseph (2005). ''Society in Focus''. Boston: Pearson. ISBN 0-205-41365-X.</ref> Aside frae the [[Hamespun Americans in the Unitit States|Hamespun American]], [[Hamespun Hawaiians|Hamespun Hawaiian]], an [[Alaska Hamespuns|Hamespun Alaskan]] populations, nearly aw Americans or thair ancestors settled or emigratit within the past five centuries.<ref>Fiorina, Morris P.; Peterson, Paul E. (2000). ''The New American Democracy''. London: Longman, p. 97. ISBN 0-321-07058-5.</ref> Mainstream American cultur is a Wastren cultur mucklely derived frae the tradeetions o European emigrants wi influences frae mony ither soorces, sic as tradeetions brocht bi slaves frae Africae.<ref name="DD" /><ref>Holloway, Joseph E. (2005). ''Africanisms in American Culture'', 2d ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 18–38. ISBN 0-253-34479-4. Johnson, Fern L. (1999). ''Speaking Culturally: Language Diversity in the United States''. Thousand Oaks, Calif., London, and New Delhi: Sage, p. 116. ISBN 0-8039-5912-5.</ref> ===Cuisine=== Mainstream American cuisine is seemilar tae that in ither Wastren kintras. Chairactereestic dishes sic as aiple pie, fried chicken, pizza, hamburgers, an het dogs derive frae the recipes o various emigrants. French fries, [[Mexican cuisine|Mexican]] dishes sic as burritos an tacos, an pasta dishes freely adaptit frae Italian soorces are widely consumed.<ref name="IFT">{{cite web |url=http://www.newswise.com/articles/what-when-and-where-americans-eat-in-2003|author=Klapthor, James N. |title=What, When, and Where Americans Eat in 2003 |publisher=Newswise/Institute of Food Technologists |date=August 23, 2003|accessdate=June 19, 2007}}</ref> Americans drink three times as much coffee as tea.<ref name=coffeeandtea>{{cite news|last1=H|first1=D|title=The coffee insurgency|url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2013/12/daily-chart-17|website=The Economist|accessdate=January 15, 2015}}</ref> Mercatin bi U.S. industries is mucklely responsible for makkin orange juice an milk ubiquitous breakfast beverages.<ref>[[#Smith2004|Smith, 2004]], pp. 131–132</ref><ref>[[#Levenstein|Levenstein, 2003]], pp. 154–55</ref> ===Airts=== In leeturatur, [[Edgar Allen Poe]], [[Emily Dickenson]], [[Mark Twain]], [[William Faulkner]], [[Ernest Hemingway]], [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]], [[Herman Melville]], an [[John Steinbeck]] are amang the maist weel kent Americans, while [[Jackson Pollock]], [[Georgia O'Keefe]], an [[Andy Warhol]] are some o the maist weel kent American painters. [[Hollywood]], a northren destrict o [[Los Angeles]], Californie, is ane o the leaders in motion pictur production.<ref>{{cite press release |url= http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=30707 |title=Nigeria surpasses Hollywood as world's second largest film producer |publisher=United Nations |date=May 5, 2009 |accessdate=February 17, 2013}}</ref> Syne the early 20t century, the U.S. film industry haes mucklely been based in an aroond Hollywood, awtho in the 21st century an increasin nummer o films are nae made thare, an film companies hae been subject tae the forces o globalisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/john-landis-rails-studios-theyre-659222|title=John Landis Rails Against Studios: 'They're Not in the Movie Business Anymore'|publisher=''The Hollywood Reporter''|accessdate=January 24, 2015}}</ref> Muisic in Americae haes been influenced bi [[African-American]] cultur, wi [[Duke Ellington]] an [[Louis Armstrong]] pioneerin the [[Jazz]] genre. [[Elvis Presley]] an [[Buddy Holly]] war leadin airtists in pioneerin popular muisic in the 1950s. Syne then, the Unitit States haes produced mony popular airtists, includin [[Michael Jackson]], [[Whitney Houston]], [[Madonna]], [[Katy Perry]], [[Taylor Swift]], an [[Beyoncé]], amang mony ithers. ==Sport== [[American fitba]] is the maist popular sport in the Unitit States.<ref>{{cite web |author=Krane, David K. |title=Professional Football Widens Its Lead Over Baseball as Nation's Favorite Sport |url=http://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337 |publisher=Harris Interactive |date=October 30, 2002 |accessdate=September 14, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709111448/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337 |archivedate=July 9, 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709111448/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337 |date=2010-07-09 }} MacCambridge, Michael (2004). ''America's Game: The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation''. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-375-50454-0.</ref> The [[National Football League]] (NFL) haes the heichest average attendance o ony sports league in the warld, an the [[Super Bowl]] is watched bi millions globally. [[Basebaw]] haes been regairdit as the U.S. [[naitional sport]] syne the late 19t century, wi [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) bein the tap league. [[Basketbaw]] an [[ice hockey]] are the kintra's next twa [[Major professional sports leagues in the Unitit States an Canadae|leadin professional team sports]], wi the tap leagues bein the [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA) an the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL). Aight [[Olympic Gemmes]] hae taken place in the Unitit States. As o 2014, the Unitit States haes wan 2,400 medals at the [[Simmer Olympic Gemmes]], mair nor ony ither kintra, an 281 in the [[Winter Olympic Gemmes]], the seicont maist behind Norawa.<ref>{{cite news |title= The 10 most fascinating facts about the all-time Winter Olympics medal standings |first= Chris |last= Chase |date= February 7, 2014 |work= [[USA Today]] |url= http://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/02/winter-olympics-medal-count-sochi-all-time-facts/ |accessdate= February 28, 2014 |archive-date= 2019-12-15 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191215084716/https://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/02/winter-olympics-medal-count-sochi-all-time-facts |url-status= dead }} {{cite news |title= With Sochi Olympics approaching, a history of Winter Olympic medals |date= February 6, 2014 |first= Dan |last= Loumena |work= [[Los Angeles Times]] |url= http://articles.latimes.com/2014/feb/06/sports/la-sp-a-history-of-the-winter-olympic-medals-20140206 |accessdate= February 28, 2014 }}</ref> == States o the Unitit States == {{main|U.S. state}} {| border="0" |----- | valign="top" | * [[Alabama]] * [[Alaska]] * [[Arizona]] * [[Arkansas]] * [[Californie]] * [[Colorado]] * [[Connecticut]] * [[Delaware]] * [[Florida]] * [[Georgie (U.S. state)|Georgie]] | valign="top" | * [[Hawaii]] * [[Idaho]] * [[Illinois]] * [[Indiana]] * [[Iowa]] * [[Kansas]] * [[Kentucky]] * [[Louisiana]] * [[Maine]] * [[Maryland]] | valign="top" | * [[Massachusetts]] * [[Michigan]] * [[Minnesota]] * [[Mississippi]] * [[Missouri]] * [[Montana]] * [[Nebraska]] * [[Nevada]] * [[New Hampshire]] * [[New Jersey]] | valign="top" | * [[New Mexico]] * [[New York]] * [[North Carolina]] * [[North Dakota]] * [[Ohio]] * [[Oklahoma]] * [[Oregon]] * [[Pennsylvanie]] * [[Rhode Island]] * [[Sooth Carolina]] | valign="top" | * [[Sooth Dakota]] * [[Tennessee]] * [[Texas]] * [[Utah]] * [[Vermont]] * [[Wast Virginie]] * [[Virginie]] * [[Washington (state)|Washington]] * [[Wisconsin]] * [[Wyoming]] |} ==Notes== <references group="fn"/> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ===Soorces=== {{Commonscat|United States}} * {{cite book |last=Simonson |first=Peter |title=Refiguring Mass Communication: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/refiguringmassco0000simo |ref=Simonson |year=2010 |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]]|quote=He held high the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the nation's unofficial motto, ''e pluribus unum'', even as he was recoiling from the party system in which he had long participated. |location=Urbana |isbn=978-0-252-07705-0}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=N6lrAmPlbvIC&pg=PA79&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false Book] * {{cite web |url= http://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/in-god-we-trust.aspx |title=History of "In God We Trust" |ref=God |publisher=U.S. Department of the Treasury |date=March 8, 2011 |accessdate=February 23, 2013}} * {{cite news |title=Looking back 20 years: Who deserves credit for ending the Cold War? |author=Nick Hayes |ref=Hayes |url=http://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2009/11/looking-back-20-years-who-deserves-credit-ending-cold-war |newspaper=MinnPost |date=November 6, 2009 |accessdate=March 11, 2013}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.ushistory.org/us/59e.asp |title=59e. The End of the Cold War |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |work=U.S. History.org |ref=ushistory13|publisher=Independence Hall Association |accessdate=March 10, 2013}} * {{cite book |last=Smith |first= Andrew F. |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America'' |ref=Smith2004 |publisher=New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 131–32. ISBN 0-19-515437-1}} * {{cite book |last=Levenstein |first=Harvey |title=Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet |url=https://archive.org/details/revolutionattabl0000leve_d6o6 |ref=Levenstein |publisher=University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles |year=2003 |isbn=0-520-23439-1}} {{Unitit States topics}} [[Category:Unitit States| ]] [[Category:1776 establishments in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Umwhile Breetish colonies]] [[Category:Umwhile confederations]] [[Category:G8 naitions]] [[Category:G20 naitions]] [[Category:Leeberal democracies]] [[Category:Member states o NATO]] [[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1776]] cy6by7uwywljtvui6fq4k6fsckgn191 0 7074 915439 906824 2026-04-21T06:47:42Z ~2026-24401-63 130113 Horses horses nieghs 915439 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=Dizember 2020}} {{subspeciesbox | name = Horse | status = DOM | image = Nokota Horses cropped.jpg | image_caption = <!-- Caption intentionally left blank per consensus to avoid promoting one breed. --> | image_alt = Twa Nokota horse staundin in open gressland wi rowin hills an trees veesible in the backgrund. | genus = Equus | species = ferus | species_link = Wild horse | subspecies = caballus | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10t edeetion o Systema Naturae|1758]]<ref name="Linn1758"> {{cite book | last = Linnaeus | first = Carolus | authorlink = Carl Linnaeus | title = Systema naturae per regna tria naturae :secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. | publisher = Holmiae (Laurentii Salvii) | year = 1758 | page = 73 | url = http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/726976 | accessdate = 2008-09-08 | volume = 1 | edition = 10th }}</ref> | synonyms = at least 48 published | synonyms_ref = <ref name=MSW3/> }} [[File:Wiehern.ogg|thumb|Horses horses nieghs ]] The '''horse''' (''Equus ferus caballus'')<ref name=MSW3>{{MSW3 Perissodactyla | id = 14100016 | pages = 630–631}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature|year=2003|title=Usage of 17 specific names based on wild species which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals (Lepidoptera, Osteichthyes, Mammalia): conserved. Opinion 2027 (Case 3010)|journal=Bull. Zool. Nomencl.|volume=60|issue=1|pages=81–84|url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/iczn/BZNMar2003opinions.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821235959/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/iczn/BZNMar2003opinions.htm|archivedate=2007-08-21}}</ref> is ane o twa [[Extant taxon|extant]] [[subspecies]] o [[wild horse|''Equus ferus'']]. It is an [[odd-taed ungulate]] [[mammal]] belangin tae the taxonomic faimily [[Equidae]]. Accordin tae scienteefic consensus, the horse hae [[evolution|evolvit]] ower the past 45 tae 55&nbsp;million years fae a wee multi-taed craitur, ''[[Eohippus]]'', intae the muckle single-taed ainimal o the day. Humans begane tae [[Domestication|domesticate]] the horse aroond 4000 BC, an thair domestication is believed tae hae been widespread bi 3000 BC. Horse in the subspecies ''caballus'' are domesticatit, awtho some domesticatit populations leeve in the wild as [[feral horse]]. Thir feral populations are no true [[wild horse]], as this term is uised tae descrive horse that hae niver been domesticatit, sic as the endangered [[Przewalski's horse]], a separate subspecies, an the anerly remeenin true [[wild horse]]. Thare is an extensive, specializit vocabulary uised tae descrive equine-relatit concepts, cowerin iverything fae [[anatomy]] tae life stages, size, [[equine coat colour|colours]], [[horse merkins|merkins]], [[horse breed|breeds]], [[ainimal locomotion|locomotion]], an behaviour. Horse anatomy enables them tae mak uise o speed tae escape predators an thay hae a well-developit [[Equilibrioception|sense o balance]] an a strang [[fecht-or-flicht response]]. Relatit tae this need tae flee frae predators in the wild is an unuisual trait: horse are able tae sleep baith staundin up an leein doun. Female horse, cried [[meir]]s, cairy thair young for approximately 11&nbsp;months, an a young horse, cried a [[foal]], can staund an run shortly follaein birth. Maist domesticatit horse begin trainin unner [[saidle]] or in [[Horse harnish|harnish]] atween the ages o twa an fower. Thay reach full adult development bi age five, an hae an average lifespan o atween 25 an 30&nbsp;years. Horse breeds are lowsely dividit intae three categories based on general temperament: speeritit "het bluids" wi speed an endurement; "cauld bluids", sic as [[draucht horse]] an some [[pownie]]s, suitable for slaw, hivy wirk; an "[[wairmbluid]]s", developed frae crosses atween het bluids an cauld bluids, eften focusin on creautin breeds for speceefic ridin purposes, pairteecularly in Europe. Thare are mair nor 300&nbsp;breeds o horse in the warld the day, developed for mony different uises. Horse an humans interact in a wide variety o sport competeetions an non-competitive recreautional pursuits, as well as in wirkin activities sic as [[Moontit polis|polis wirk]], [[wirkin ainimal|agricultur]], enterteenment, an [[hippotherapy|therapy]]. Horse war historically uised in warfare, frae which a wide variety o [[equestrianism|ridin]] an [[drivin (horse)|drivin]] techniques developed, uisin mony different styles o [[Horse tack|equipment]] an methods o control. Mony products are derived frae horse, includin meat, milk, hide, hair, bane, an pharmaceuticals extractit frae the urine o pregnant mares. Humans provide domesticatit horse wi fuid, watter an shelter, as well as attention frae specialists sic as [[veterinarian]]s an [[ferrier]]s. ==Biology== [[File:Points of a horse.jpg|thumb|Pynts o a horse<ref>{{cite book|last=Goody|first=John|title=Horse Anatomy|edition=2nd|publisher=J A Allen|isbn=0-85131-769-3|year=2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Pavord|first1=Tony|last2=Pavord|first2=Marcy|title=Complete Equine Veterinary Manual|publisher=David & Charles|isbn=0-7153-1883-7|year=2007}}</ref>|upright=1.5|alt=Diagram o a horse wi some pairts labeled.]] Specific terms an specialised leid are uised tae descrive [[equine anatomy]], different life stages, colours an breeds. ===Lifespan an life stages=== Dependin on breed, [[horse management|management]] an environment, the modren domestic horse haws a life expectancy o 25 tae 30&nbsp;years.<ref name=Ensminger46/> Uncommonly, a few ainimals live intae thair 40s an, occasionally, ayont.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/livestock/horses/facts/info_age.htm|title=The Age of a Horse|publisher=Government of Ontario|work=Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs|author=Wright, B.|date=March 29, 1999|accessdate=2009-10-21|archive-date=2010-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100120031232/http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/livestock/horses/facts/info_age.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The auldest verifiable record wis "[[Old Billy]]", a 19t-century horse that lived tae the age o 62.<ref name=Ensminger46/> In modren times, Sugar Puff, wha haed been leetit in ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' as the warld's auldest leevin pownie, dee'd in 2007 at age 56.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.thehorse.com/viewarticle.aspx?ID=9708|title= World's Oldest Living Pony Dies at 56|accessdate=2007-05-31 |author= Ryder, Erin |work= The Horse}}</ref> Regairdless o a horse or pownie's actual birth date, for maist competeetion purposes a year is addit tae its age ilk Januar&nbsp;1 o ilk year in the Northren Hemisphere<ref name=Ensminger46/><ref>{{cite book |title= The Manual of Horsemanship of the British Horse Society and the Pony Club |url= https://archive.org/details/manualofhorseman00pony |author=British Horse Society |year=1966|edition=6th edition, reprinted 1970 |publisher= British Horse Society |location= Kenilworth, UK |isbn= 0-9548863-1-3|page= [https://archive.org/details/manualofhorseman00pony/page/255 255]}}</ref> an ilk August&nbsp;1 in the Soothren Hemisphere.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.studbook.org.au/DisplayPDF.aspx?ty=RULES |format=PDF |title= Rules of the Australian Stud Book |accessdate=2008-07-09 |year= 2007 |publisher=Australian Jockey Club |page=7}}</ref> The exception is in [[endurement ridin]], whaur the meenimum age tae compete is based on the ainimal's actual calendar age.<ref name=Endurance>{{cite web|url= http://www.aerc.org/HorseAge.aspx|title= Equine Age Requirements for AERC Rides|accessdate= 2011-07-25|publisher= American Endurance Riding Conference|archive-date= 2011-08-11|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110811110201/http://aerc.org/HorseAge.aspx|url-status= dead}}</ref> The follaein terminology is uised tae descrive horse o various ages: * [[Cowt (horse)|Cowt]]: A male horse unner the age o fower.<ref>[[#Ensminger|Ensminger]], p. 415</ref> A common terminology error is tae caw ony young horse a "cowt", whan the term actually anerly refers tae young male horse.<ref>{{cite book|author=Becker, Marty, Audrey Pavia, Gina Spadafori, Teresa Becker|title=Why Do Horses Sleep Standing Up?: 101 of the Most Perplexing Questions Answered About Equine Enigmas, Medical Mysteries, and Befuddling Behaviors|publisher=HCI|year=2007|isbn=0-7573-0608-X|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Qvz62nMkQLYC&pg=PA23|page= 23}}</ref> * [[Filly]]: A female horse unner the age o fower.<ref name=Ensminger418/> * [[Foal]]: A horse o aither sex less nor ane year auld. A nursin foal is while cried a ''soukie'' an a foal that haes been weaned is cried a ''weanlin''.<ref name=Ensminger418>[[#Ensminger|Ensminger]], p. 418</ref> Maist domesticatit foals are weaned at five tae seeven month o age, awtho foals can be weaned at fower month wi na adverse pheesical effects.<ref>[[#Giffin|Giffin]], p. 431</ref> * [[Libbin (horse)|Libbin]]: A [[libbed]] male horse o ony age.<ref name=Ensminger418/> * [[Meir]]: A female horse fower year auld an aulder.<ref>[[#Ensminger|Ensminger]], p. 422</ref> * [[Couser]]: A non-libbit male horse fower year auld an aulder.<ref>[[#Ensminger|Ensminger]], p. 427</ref> The term "horse" is whiles uised colloquially tae refer specifically tae a stallion.<ref name=Ensminger420>[[#Ensminger|Ensminger]], p. 420</ref> * [[Yearauld (horse)|Yearauld]]: A horse o aither sex that is atween ane an twa year auld.<ref>[[#Ensminger|Ensminger]], p. 430</ref> In [[horse racin]], thir defineetions mey differ: For example, in the Breetish Isles, [[Thoraebred]] horse racin defines cowts an fillies as less nor five year auld.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.equibase.com/newfan/glossary-full.cfm|title= Glossary of Horse Racing Terms|accessdate=2008-04-03 |work= Equibase.com|publisher= Equibase Company, LLC}}</ref> Houiver, Australie Thoraebred racin defines cowts an fillies as less nor fower year auld.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.studbook.org.au/DisplayPDF.aspx?ty=RULES|title=Rules of the Australian Stud Book|accessdate=2010-02-05|page=9|date=July 2008|publisher=Australian Jockey Club Ltd and Victoria Racing Club Ltd}}</ref> ===Size an meisurment=== The hicht o horse is uisually meisurt at the heichest pynt o the [[withers]], whaur the neck meets the [[back (horse)|back]].<ref name=Whitaker77>[[#Whitaker|Whitaker]], p. 77</ref> This pynt is uised acause it is a stable pynt o the anatomy, unlik the heid or neck, that muive up an doun in relation tae the bouk o the horse. [[File:Horse-and-pony.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.4|Size varies greatly amang horse breeds, as wi this full-sized horse an smaw powniey.]] The size o horse varies bi breed, but is influenced bi [[equine nutreetion|nutreetion]] an aw. Licht ridin horse uisually range in hicht frae {{hands|14|to|16|lk=off}} an can wecht frae {{convert|380|to|550|kg}}.<ref>[[#Bongianni|Bongianni]], entries 1, 68, 69</ref> Lairger ridin horse uisually stairt at aboot {{hands|15.2|lk=off}} an eften are as taw as {{hands|17|lk=off}}, wechtin frae {{convert|500|to|600|kg|sigfig=3}}.<ref>[[#Bongianni|Bongianni]], entries 12, 30, 31, 32, 75</ref> Hivy or [[draucht horse]] are uisually at least {{hands|16|lk=off}} heich an can be as taw as {{hands|18|lk=off}} heich. Thay can wecht frae aboot {{convert|700|to|1000|kg|sigfig=3}}.<ref>[[#Bongianni|Bongianni]], entries 86, 96, 97</ref> The lairgest horse in recordit history wis probably a [[Shire horse]] named [[Sampson (horse)|Mammoth]], wha wis born in 1848. He stuid {{hands|21.2+1/4|lk=off}} heich an his peak wecht wis estimatit at {{convert|1524|kg}}.<ref name=Whitaker60>[[#Whitaker|Whitaker]], p. 60</ref> The current record hauder for the warld's smawest horse is [[Thumbelina (horse)|Thumbelina]], a fully matur [[miniature horse]] affectit bi [[dwarfism]]. She is {{convert|17|in|cm|abbr=on}} taw an wechts {{convert|57|lb|kg|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=409317&in_page_id=1770|title=Meet Thumbelina, the World's Smallest Horse |accessdate=2006-10-08 |author= Martin, Arthur |work= Daily Mail | location=London | date=2006-10-08}}</ref> ====Pownies==== {{Main|Pownie}} Pownies are [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomically]] the same ainimals as horse. The distinction atween a horse an pownie is commonly drawn on the basis o hicht, especially for competeetion purposes. Houiver, hicht alone is nae dispositive; the difference atween horse an pownies mey include aspects o [[phenoteep]] an aw, includin conformation an temperament. The tradeetional staundart for hicht o a horse or a [[pownie]] at maturity is {{hands|14.2|lk=off}}. An ainimal 14.2&nbsp;h or ower is uisually conseedert tae be a horse an ane less nor 14.2&nbsp;h a pownie,<ref name=EnsmingerHT11>{{cite book |author= Ensminger, M.E.|title= Horses and Tack|url= https://archive.org/details/horsestack0000ensm|edition= Revised|publisher= Houghton Mifflin Company|location= Boston, MA|year= 1991|isbn= 0-395-54413-0 |oclc= 21561287|pages=[https://archive.org/details/horsestack0000ensm/page/11 11]–12}}</ref> but thare are mony exceptions tae the tradeetional staundart. In Australie, pownies are conseedert tae be thae unner {{hands|14|lk=off}}.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Howlett, Lorna |author2=Philip Mathews|title=Ponies in Australia|publisher=Philip Mathews Publishers|location=Milson's Point, NSW|isbn=0-908001-13-4|year=1979|page= 14}}</ref> For competeetion in the [[wastren ridin|Wastren]] diveesion o the [[United States Equestrian Federation]], the cutaff is {{hands|14.1|lk=off}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usef.org/_IFrames/RuleBook/rulebooks.aspx |title=2012 United States Equestrian Federation, Inc. Rule Book |publisher=United States Equestrian Federation |page=Rule WS 101 |access-date=2017-10-20 |archive-date=2017-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200000/http://www.usef.org/_IFrames/RuleBook/rulebooks.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Internaitional Federation for Equestrian Sport]], the warld govrenin bouk for horse sport, uises [[metric seestem|metric]] meisurments an defines a pownie as bein ony horse measurin less nor {{convert|148|cm|in|2}} at the withers withoot shaes, that is juist ower 14.2 h, an {{convert|149|cm|in|2}}, or juist ower 14.2½ h, wi shaes.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fei.org/sites/default/files/Annex%20XVII%20-%20Extracts%20Ponies.pdf | title=Annex XVII: Extracts from Rules for Pony Riders and Children, 9th edition | publisher=Fédération Equestre Internationale | year=2009 | accessdate=2010-03-07 | archive-date=2013-01-28 | archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6E0dISRzn?url=http://www.fei.org/sites/default/files/Annex%20XVII%20-%20Extracts%20Ponies.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> Hicht is nae the sole criterion for distinguishin horse frae pownies. [[Breed registry|Breed registries]] for horse that teepically produce individuals baith unner an ower 14.2&nbsp;h conseeder aw ainimals o that breed tae be horse regairdless o thair hicht.<ref>For ensaumple, the [[Missouri Fox Trotter]], or the [[Arabian horse]]. See [[#McBane|McBane]], pp. 192, 218</ref> Conversely, some pownie breeds mey hae featurs in common wi horse, an individual ainimals mey occasionally matur at ower 14.2&nbsp;h, but are still conseedert tae be pownies.<ref>For ensaumple, the [[Welsh Pownie]]. See [[#McBane|McBane]], pp. 52–63</ref> Pownies eften exhibit thicker manes, tails, an oweraw coat. Thay forby hae proportionally shorter legs, wider baurels, hivier bane, shorter an thicker necks, an short heids wi braid foreheids. Thay mey hae caumer temperaments nor horse an a heich level o intelligence that mey or mey nae be uised tae cooperate wi human haundlers an aw.<ref name=EnsmingerHT11/> Smaw size, bi itsel, is nae an exclusive determinant. For ensaumple, the [[Shetland pownie]] that averages {{hands|10|lk=off}}, is conseedert a pownie.<ref name=EnsmingerHT11/> Conversely, breeds sic as the [[Falabella]] an ither [[miniatur horse]], that can be na tawer nor {{convert|30|in|cm}}, are clessifee'd bi thair [[breed registry|registries]] as verra smaw horse, nae pownies.<ref>[[#McBane|McBane]], p. 200</ref> ===Genetics=== Horse hae 64 [[chromosomes]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/genetics/medgen/chromo/species.html |title=Chromosome Numbers in Different Species |publisher=Vivo.colostate.edu |date=1998-01-30 |accessdate=2013-04-17 |archive-date=2013-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511210119/http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/genetics/medgen/chromo/species.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[horse genome]] wis [[DNA sequencin|sequenced]] in 2007. It conteens 2.7 billion DNA [[base pairs]],<ref name=Cornell>{{cite web|url=http://www.vet.cornell.edu/news/articles/09antczakscience.cfm |title=Sequenced horse genome expands understanding of equine, human diseases |publisher=Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine |date=2012-08-21 |accessdate=2013-04-01}}</ref> that is lairger nor the [[dug genome]], but smawer nor the [[human genome]] or the [[bovine genome]].<ref name=ScienceDaily>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/11/091105143708.htm |title=Domestic Horse Genome Sequenced |doi=10.1126/science.1178158 |publisher=ScienceDaily, LLC |date=2009-11-05 |accessdate=2013-04-01}}</ref> The cairt is available tae resairchers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uswest.ensembl.org/Equus_caballus/Info/Index |title=Ensembl genome browser 71: Equus caballus - Description |publisher=Uswest.ensembl.org |accessdate=2013-04-17 |archive-date=2017-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200000/http://uswest.ensembl.org/Equus_caballus/Info/Index |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Colours an merkins=== [[File:Horsescd1l-095.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|[[Bay (horse)|Bay]] (left) an [[chestane (coat)|chestane]] (whiles cried "sorrel") are twa o the maist common coat colours, seen in awmaist aw breeds.]] Horse exhibit a diverse array o [[Equine coat colour|coat colours]] an distinctive [[horse merkins|merkins]], descrived bi a specialised vocabulary. Eften, a horse is clessifee'd first bi its coat colour, afore breed or sex.<ref>{{cite book |author=Vogel, Colin B.V.M|title=The Complete Horse Care Manual|url=https://archive.org/details/completehorsecar0000voge|publisher=Dorling Kindersley Publishing, Inc.|location=New York, NY|year=1995 |isbn=0-7894-0170-3 |oclc=32168476|page=[https://archive.org/details/completehorsecar0000voge/page/14 14]}}</ref> Horse o the same colour mey be distinguished frae ane anither bi white [[horse merkins|merkins]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A Basic Guide to Horse Care and Management|url=https://archive.org/details/basicguidetohors0000mill|author1=Mills, Bruce |author2=Barbara Carne |year=1988 |publisher=Howell Book House |location=New York, NY|isbn=0-87605-871-3 |oclc=17507227|pages= [https://archive.org/details/basicguidetohors0000mill/page/72 72]–73}}</ref> that, alang wi various spottin patterns, are inheritit separately frae coat colour.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=4354|title=A Horse of a Different Color|journal=The Horse|registration=yes|accessdate=2010-02-11|author=Corum, Stephanie J.|date=May 1, 2003}}</ref> Mony [[Equine coat colour genetics|genes]] that creaut horse coat colours an patterns hae been identifee'd. Current genetic tests can identify at least 13 different [[allele]]s influencin coat colour,<ref name=UCVGL/> an resairch conteenas tae discover new genes airtit tae speceefic traits. The basic coat colours o [[chestane (coat)|chestane]] an [[black (horse)|black]] are determined bi the [[gene]] controlled bi the [[Melanocortin 1 receptor]],<ref name=Marklund1996>{{cite journal |last=Marklund |first=L. |author2=M. Johansson Moller |author3=K. Sandberg |author4=L. Andersson |title=A missense mutation in the gene for melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor (MC1R) is associated with the chestnut coat color in horses |journal=Mammalian Genome |volume=7 |pages=895–899 |year=1996 |doi=10.1007/s003359900264 |pmid=8995760 |issue=12}}</ref> forby kent as the "extension gene" or "reid factor",<ref name=UCVGL/> as its recessive form is "reid" (chestane) an its dominant form is black.<ref name=UCDIntro/> Addeetional [[gene]]s control suppression o black colour tae [[pynt colouration]] that results in a [[bay (horse)|bay]], spottin patterns sic as [[pinto horse|pinto]] or [[leopard complex|leopard]], [[dilution gene]]s sic as [[palomino]] or [[dun gene|dun]], as well as [[gray (horse)|graying]], an aw the ither factors that creaut the mony possible coat colours foond in horse.<ref name=UCVGL>{{cite web |url= http://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/services/coatcolorhorse.php|title= Horse Coat Color Tests|accessdate=2008-05-01 |work= Veterinary Genetics Laboratory |publisher= University of California}}</ref> Horse that hae a white coat colour are eften mislabeled; a horse that looks "white" is uisually a middle-aged or aulder [[gray (horse)|gray]]. Grays are born a daurker shade, get lichter as thay age, but uisually keep black skin aneath thair white hair coat (wi the exception o pink skin unner white [[horse merkins|merkins]]). The anerly horse properly cried [[white (horse)|white]] are born wi a predominantly white hair coat an pink skin, a fairly rare occurrence.<ref name=UCDIntro>{{cite web |url= http://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/services/coatcolor.php|title= Introduction to Coat Color Genetics|accessdate=2008-05-01|work= Veterinary Genetics Laboratory |publisher= University of California}}</ref> Different an unrelatit [[Genetics|genetic]] factors can produce white coat colours in horse, includin several different alleles o [[dominant white]] an the [[sabino horse|sabino-1 gene]].<ref name=haase2009-similar>{{cite journal |author=Haase B |title=Allelic Heterogeneity at the Equine KIT Locus in Dominant White (W) Horses |journal=PLoS Genetics |volume=3 |issue=11 |pages=e195 |year=2007 |pmid=17997609 |pmc=2065884 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.0030195 |author2=Brooks SA |author3=Schlumbaum A |display-authors=3 |last4=Azor |first4=Pedro J. |last5=Bailey |first5=Ernest |last6=Alaeddine |first6=Ferial |last7=Mevissen |first7=Meike |last8=Burger |first8=Dominik |last9=Poncet |first9=Pierre-André}}</ref> Houever, thare are na "[[Albinism|albino]]" horse, defined as haein baith pink skin an reid een.<ref name=Duplicatetest>{{cite journal |title= Genetic mapping of dominant white (W), a homozygous lethal condition in the horse (''Equus caballus'') |author= Mau, C., Poncet, P. A., Bucher, B., Stranzinger, G. & Rieder, S. |journal= Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics|volume= 121|doi= 10.1111/j.1439-0388.2004.00481.x |year= 2004 |pages= 374–383 |issue= 6}}</ref> ===Reproduction an development=== [[Gestation]] lasts approximately 340&nbsp;days, wi an average range 320–370 days,<ref name=Ensminger156>[[#Ensminger|Ensminger]], p. 156</ref> an uisually results in ane [[foal]]; twins are rare.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www2.okstate.edu/pio/twinfoals.html|accessdate= 2008-09-23|title= Rare Twin Foals Born at Vet Hospital: Twin Birth Occurrences Number One in Ten Thousand|author= Johnson, Tom|work= Communications Services, Oklahoma State University|publisher= Oklahoma State University|archive-date= 2012-10-12|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121012052136/http://www2.okstate.edu/pio/twinfoals.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> Horse are a [[precocial]] species, an foals are capable o staundin an runnin within a short time follaein birth.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Miller, Robert M. |author2=Rick Lamb|title=Revolution in Horsemanship and What it Means to Mankind |url=https://archive.org/details/revolutioninhors0000mill |publisher= Lyons Press|location=Guilford, Connecticut|year=2005|isbn=1-59228-387-X |oclc=57005594|pages=[https://archive.org/details/revolutioninhors0000mill/page/102 102]–103}}</ref> Foals are uisually born in the ware. The [[oestrus cycle]] o a mare occurs aboot ivery 19–22 days an occurs frae early ware intae hairst. Maist mares enter an ''anoestrus'' period in the winter an sicweys dae nae cycle in this period.<ref name=Ensminger150>[[#Ensminger|Ensminger]], p. 150</ref> Foals are generally [[weanin|weaned]] frae thair mithers atween fower an sax month o age.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.extension.org/pages/29352/reducing-weaning-stress-in-foals|author=Kline, Kevin H.|title=Reducing weaning stress in foals|publisher=Montana State University eXtension|date=2010-10-07|accessdate=2012-04-03|archive-date=2012-03-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322182958/http://www.extension.org/pages/29352/reducing-weaning-stress-in-foals|url-status=dead}}</ref> Horse, pairticularly cowts, whiles are pheesically capable o reproduction at aboot 18&nbsp;months, but domesticatit horse are rarely alloued tae breed afore the age o three, especially females.<ref name=HorseTack129>{{cite book |author= Ensminger, M.E.|title= Horses and Tack|url= https://archive.org/details/horsestack0000ensm|edition= Revised|publisher= Houghton Mifflin Company|location= Boston, MA|year= 1991|isbn= 0-395-54413-0 |oclc= 21561287|page=[https://archive.org/details/horsestack0000ensm/page/129 129]}}</ref> Horse fower year auld are conseedert matur, awtho the skelet normally conteenas tae develop till the age o sax; maturation depends on the horse's size, breed, sex, an quality o care an aw. Lairger horse hae lairger banes; tharefore, nae anerly dae the banes tak langer tae form [[Osseous tishie|bane tishie]], but the [[epiphyseal plate]]s are lairger an tak langer tae convert frae [[cartilage]] tae bane. Thir plates convert efter the ither pairts o the banes, an are crucial tae development.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.equineortho.colostate.edu/questions/dod.htm |title=Developmental Orthopaedic Disease: Problems of Limbs in young Horses|accessdate=2008-04-20|author= McIlwraith, C.W.|publisher=Colorado State University|work=Orthopaedic Research Center}}</ref> Dependin on maturity, breed, an wirk expectit, horse are uisually put unner saidle an [[horse trainin|trained]] tae be ridden atween the ages o twa an fower.<ref name=Train163>{{cite book |author=Thomas, Heather Smith |title=Storey's Guide to Training Horses: Ground Work, Driving, Riding |publisher=Storey Publishing |location=North Adams, MA |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-58017-467-1|page=163}}</ref> Awtho [[Thoraebred]] [[Horse racin|race horse]] are put on the track as young as the age o twa in some kintras,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.jockeyclub.com/factbook.asp?section=11|title= 2-Year-Old Racing (US and Canada)|accessdate=2008-04-28 |work= Online Fact Book|publisher= Jockey Club}}</ref> horse speceefically bred for sports sic as [[dressage]] are generally nae pit unner saidle till thay are three or fower year auld, acause thair banes an muscles are nae solitly developed.<ref>{{cite book|title=The USDF Guide to Dressage|url=https://books.google.com/?id=9NNobNYAiroC&pg=PA272|author1=Bryant, Jennifer Olson |author2=George Williams|publisher=Storey Publishing|year=2006|isbn=1-58017-529-5|pages=271–272}}</ref> For [[endurement ridin]] competeetion, horse are nae deemed matur enough tae compete till thay are a full 60&nbsp;calendar months (five years) auld.<ref name=Endurance/> ===Anatomy=== ====Skeletal seestem==== [[File:Horse anatomy.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|The skeletal seestem o a modren horse]] The horse skelet averages 205 banes.<ref name=Evans90>{{cite book |author= Evans, J.|title= The Horse|url= https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780716718116|edition= Second|publisher= Freeman|location= New York, NY|year= 1990|isbn=0-7167-1811-1 |oclc= 20132967|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780716718116/page/90 90]}}</ref> A signeeficant difference atween the horse skelet an that o a human is the lack o a [[Clavicle|hausebane]]—the horse's [[Equine forelimb anatomy|forelimms]] are attached tae the [[Vertebral column|spinal column]] bi a pouerfu set o muscles, tenons, an ligaments that attach the [[Scapula|shoulder blade]] tae the torso. The horse's legs an huifs are unique structurs an aw. Thair leg banes are proportioned differently frae thae o a human. For ensaumple, the bouk pairt that is cried a horse's "knee" is actually made up o the [[Carpus|carpal]] banes that correspond tae the human [[wrist]]. Similarly, the [[hock (zoology)|hock]] contens banes equivalent tae thae in the human [[ankle]] an [[heel]]. The lawer leg banes o a horse correspond tae the banes o the human haund or fit, an the [[Equine anatomy|fetlock]] (incorrectly cried the "anklet") is actually the proximal [[sesamoid bane]]s atween the [[Equine anatomy|cannon]] banes (a single equivalent tae the human [[Metacarpus|metacarpal]] or [[Metatarsus|metatarsal]] banes) an the [[proximal phalanges]], locatit whaur ane finds the "knuckles" o a human. A horse haes na muscles in its legs ablo the knees an hocks, anerly skin, hair, bane, [[tenon]]s, [[ligament]]s, [[cartilage]], an the assortit specialised tishies that mak up the [[horse huif|huif]].<ref name=Ensminger21>[[#Ensminger|Ensminger]], pp. 21–25</ref> ====Huifs==== {{Main|Horse huif|Horseshae|Ferrier}} The creetical importance o the feet an legs is summed up bi the tradeetional adage, "na fit, na horse".<ref name=Ensminger367>[[#Ensminger|Ensminger]], p. 367</ref> The [[horse huif]] begins wi the [[distal phalanges]], the equivalent o the human fingertip or tip o the tae, surroondit bi [[cartilage]] an ither specialised, bluid-rich saft tishies sic as the [[Horse huif#Internal structurs|laminae]]. The exterior huif waw an horn o the sole is made o [[keratin]], the same material as a human [[Nail (anatomy)|fingernail]].<ref>[[#Giffin|Giffin]], p. 304</ref> The end result is that a horse, wechtin on average {{convert|500|kg}},<ref>[[#Giffin|Giffin]], p. 457</ref> traivels on the same banes as wad a human on tiptoe.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cvm.uiuc.edu/petcolumns/showarticle_pf.cfm?id=118|title= Yes, The Shin Bone Is Connected to the Ankle Bone|accessdate=2008-04-05 |author= Fuess, Theresa A.|work= Pet Column|publisher= University of Illinois |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060909161307/http://www.cvm.uiuc.edu/petcolumns/showarticle_pf.cfm?id=118 |archivedate = September 9, 2006}}</ref> For the pertection o the huif unner certain condeetions, some horse hae [[horseshae]]s placed on thair feet bi a perfaisional [[ferrier]]. The huif conteenually growes, an in maist domesticatit horse needs tae be trimmed (an horseshaes reset, if uised) ivery five tae aicht weeks,<ref>[[#Giffin|Giffin]], pp. 310–312</ref> tho the huifs o horse in the wild wear doun an regroweat a rate suitable for thair terrain. ====Teeth==== {{Main|Horse teeth}} Horse are adaptit tae [[grazin]]. In an adult horse, thare are 12&nbsp;[[incisor]]s at the front o the mooth, adaptit tae bitin aff the gress or ither vegetation. Thare are 24&nbsp;teeth adaptit for chewin, the [[premolar]]s an [[Molar (tuith)|molars]], at the back o the mooth. Cousers an libbins hae fower addeetional teeth juist ahint the incisors, a teep o [[Canine tuith|canine teeth]] cried "tushes". Some horse, baith male an female, will develop ane tae fower verra smaw [[Vestigiality|vestigial]] teeth in front o the molars, kent as "wouf" teeth, that are generally remuived acause thay can interfere wi the [[bit (horse)|bit]]. Thare is an emptie interdental space atween the incisors an the molars whaur the bit rests directly on the gums, or "bars" o the horse's mooth whan the horse is [[bridle]]d.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kreling |first=Kai |title=Horses' Teeth and Their Problems: Prevention, Recognition, and Treatment |url=https://books.google.com/?id=3q1LINmOkOIC&pg=PA117-IA1 |year=2005 |publisher=Globe Pequot |location=Guilford, CT |isbn=1-59228-696-8 |chapter=The Horse's Teeth |oclc=59163221|pages= 12–13}}</ref> An estimate o a horse's age can be made frae leukin at its teeth. The teeth conteeina tae erupt ootthrou life an are worn doun bi grazing. Tharefore, the incisors shaw cheenges as the horse ages; thay develop a distinct wear pattern, cheeanges in tuith shape, an cheenges in the angle at that the chewin surfaces meet. This allous an estimate o a horse's age, awtho diet an veterinary care can affect the rate o tuith wear an aw.<ref name=Ensminger46>[[#Ensminger|Ensminger]], pp. 46–50</ref> ====Digeestion==== Horse are [[yerbivore]]s wi a digeestive seestem adaptit tae a [[forage]] diet o gresses an ither plant material, consumed steadily ootthrou the day. Tharefore, compared tae humans, thay hae a relatively smaw painch but verra lang thairms tae facilitate a steidy flow o nutrients. A {{convert|450|kg|adj=on}} horse will eat {{convert|7|to|11|kg}} o fuid per day an, unner normal uise, drink {{convert|38|to|45|L}} o [[watter]]. Horse are nae [[ruminant]]s, thay hae anerly oane painch, lik humans, but unlik humans, thay can utilize [[cellulose]], a major component o gress. Horse are [[hindgut fermentation|hindgut fermenters]]. Cellulose fermentation bi symbiotic bacteria occurs in the [[cecum]], or "watter gut", that fuid gaes throu afore reachin the [[lairge intestine]]. Horse canna [[Vomitin|vomit]], sae digeestion problems can quickly cause [[horse colic|colic]], a leadin cause o daith.<ref>[[#Giffin|Giffin]], p. 175</ref> ====Senses==== [[File:Pferdeauge.jpg|thumb|A horse's ee|alt=Close up o a horse ee, wi is dark broun wi lashes on the tap eelid]] The horse' senses are based on thair status as [[predation|prey ainimals]], whaur thay maun be awaur o thair surroondins at aw times.<ref name=Ensminger309>[[#Ensminger|Ensminger]], pp. 309–310</ref> Thay hae the lairgest een o ony laund mammal,<ref name=Sellnow>{{cite book|author=Sellnow, Les|title=Happy Trails: Your Complete Guide to Fun and Safe Trail Riding|url=https://books.google.com/?id=bOUTZgrGD6QC&pg=PA46|year=2004|publisher=Eclipse Press|isbn=1-58150-114-5|oclc=56493380|page=46}}</ref> an are lateral-eed, meanin that thair een are poseetioned on the sides o thair heids.<ref>{{cite journal|url = http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=15938 | title=Eye Position and Animal Agility Study Published|journal = The Horse | date =March 7, 2010 |nopp=|accessdate=2010-03-11}} Press Release, citing February 2010 Journal of Anatomy, Dr. Nathan Jeffery, co-author, University of Liverpool.</ref> This means that horse hae a range o veesion o mair nor 350°, wi approximately 65° o this bein [[binocular veesion]] an the remainin 285° [[monocular veesion]].<ref name=Sellnow/> Horse hae excellent day an [[nicht veesion]], but thay hae twa-colour, or [[Dichromacy|dichromatic veesion]]; thair [[color veesion]] is somewhit lik [[Reid–green colour blindness|reid-green colour blindness]] in humans, whaur certain colours, especially reid an relatit colours, appear as a shade o green.<ref>{{cite journal |url= http://www.thehorse.com/viewarticle.aspx?ID=9670|title= In Living Color |registration=yes|accessdate=2007-07-27 |author= McDonnell, Sue |journal= The Horse |date= June 1, 2007}}</ref> Thair [[Olfaction|sense o smell]], while muckle better nor that o humans, is nae quite as guid as that o a dug. It is believed tae play a key role in the social interactions o horse as well as detectin ither key scents in the environment. Horse hae twa olfactory centres. The first seestem is in the nostrils an nasal cavity, that analyze a wide range o odours. The seicont, locatit unner the nasal cavity, are the [[Vomeronasal organ]]s, cried the Jacobson's organs an aw. Thir hae a separate nerve pathway tae harn an appear tae primarily analyze [[pheromones]].<ref name="Briggs smell">{{cite web|last=Briggs|first=Karen|title=Equine Sense of Smell|url=http://www.thehorse.com/articles/10055/equine-sense-of-smell|publisher=The Horse|accessdate=2013-12-15|date=2013-12-11}}</ref> A horse's hearin is guid,<ref name=Ensminger309/> an the [[Pinna (anatomy)|pinna]] o ilk lug can rotate up tae 180°, giein the potential for 360° hearin withoot haein tae muive the heid.<ref>{{cite book |author=Myers, Jane |url=https://books.google.com/?id=-gAgchKMXdkC&printsec=frontcover|title= Horse Safe: A Complete Guide to Equine Safety |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |location= Collingwood, UK|year=2005 |isbn=0-643-09245-5 |oclc=65466652|page=7}}</ref> Noise impacts the behaviour o horse an certain kinds o noise mey contreibute tae stress: A 2013 study in the UK indicated that stabled horse war caumest in a quiet settin, or if listenin tae country or clessical muisic, but displayed signs o nervishness whan listenin tae jazz or rock muiic. This study recommended keepin muisic unner a vollum o 21 [[decibel]]s an aw.<ref name="Music">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehorse.com/articles/31229/music-genres-effect-on-horse-behavior-evaluated|title= Music Genre's Effect on Horse Behavior Evaluated|last= Lesté-Lasserre |first=Christa|date=January 18, 2013|work=The Horse|publisher=Blood Horse Publications|accessdate=23 January 2013}}</ref> An Australie study foond that stabled racehorse listenin tae talk radio haed a heicher rate o gastric ulcers nor horse listenin tae muisic, an racehorse stabled whaur a radio wis played haed a heicher oweraw rate o ulceration nor horse stabled whaur thare wis na radio playin.<ref name="EquiNews">{{cite web|url=http://www.equinews.com/article/radios-causing-gastric-ulcers|title=Radios Causing Gastric Ulcers|author=Kentucky Equine Research Staff|date=February 15, 2010|work=EquiNews|publisher=Kentucky Equine Research |accessdate=23 January 2013}}</ref> Horse hae a great sense o balance, due pairtly tae thair abeelity tae feel thair fittin an pairtly tae heichly developed [[proprioception]]—the unconscious sense o whaurethe bouk an limms are at aw times.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.thoroughbredtimes.com/horse-health/1998/October/17/True-horse-sense.aspx|title= True Horse Sense|accessdate= 2008-07-08|author= Thomas, Heather Smith|work= Thoroughbred Times|publisher= Thoroughbred Times Company|archive-date= 2013-01-28|archive-url= https://www.webcitation.org/6E0dQoAfP?url=http://www.thoroughbredtimes.com/horse-health/1998/october/17/true-horse-sense.aspx|url-status= dead}}</ref> A horse's [[Somatosensory seestem|sense o titch]] is well developed. The maist sensitive auries are aroond the een, lugs, an neb.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.unce.unr.edu/publications/files/ag/other/fs9829.pdf|format= PDF|title= Horse Handling and Riding Guidelines Part 1: Equine Senses|accessdate= 2008-07-09|author1= Cirelli, Al Jr.|author2= Brenda Cloud|work= Cooperative Extension|page= 4|publisher= University of Nevada|archive-date= 2015-09-08|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150908031752/http://www.unce.unr.edu/publications/files/ag/other/fs9829.pdf|url-status= dead}}</ref> Horse are able tae sense contact as subtle as an insect laundin onywhaur on the bouk.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Hairston, Rachel |author2=Madelyn Larsen|title= The Essentials of Horsekeeping|publisher= Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.|year= 2004 |isbn=0-8069-8817-7|location=New York, NY|url=https://books.google.com/?id=vSBwbz7FozYC&pg=PA77 |oclc= 53186526|page= 77}}</ref> Horse hae an advanced sense o taste, that allous them tae sort throu [[fother]] an chuise whit thay wad maist lik tae eat,<ref>[[#Miller|Miller]], p. 28</ref> an thair [[Prehensility|prehensile]] lips can easily sort even smaw grains. Horse generally will nae eat pushionous plants, houiver, thare are exceptions; horse will occasionally eat toxic amoonts o pushionous plants even whan thare is adequate halthy fuid.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cvm.uiuc.edu/petcolumns/showarticle.cfm?id=16|title= Horse Pasture is No Place for Poisonous Plants|accessdate=2008-07-09 |author= Gustavson, Carrie |work= Pet Column July 24, 2000 |publisher= University of Illinois |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070809051147/http://www.cvm.uiuc.edu/petcolumns/showarticle.cfm?id=16 |archivedate = August 9, 2007}}</ref> ===Muivement=== [[File:Muybridge race horse animated.gif|thumb|left|The gallop|alt=Film shawin a horse runnin.]] Aw horse muive naiturally wi fower basic [[horse gang|gangs]]: the fower-beat [[Horse gang#Walk|walk]], that averages {{convert|6.4|km/h}}; the twa-beat [[Trot (horse gang)|trot or jog]] at {{convert|13|to|19|km/h}} (fester for [[harness racin]] horse); the [[Canter|canter or lope]], a three-beat gang that is {{convert|19|to|24|km/h}}; an the [[Horse gallop|gallop]].<ref name=HorseGaits32>[[#Harris|Harris]], p. 32</ref> The gallop averages {{convert|40|to|48|km/h}},<ref name=Harris47>[[#Harris|Harris]], pp.&nbsp;47–49</ref> but the warld record for a horse gallopin ower a short, sprint distance is {{convert|70.76|km/h}}.<ref name=guinness>{{cite web| title = Fastest speed for a race horse| work = Guinness World Records| accessdate = 8 January 2013| url = http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/fastest-speed-for-a-race-horse/}}</ref> Besides thir basic gangs, some horse perform a twa-beat [[Pacin (horse gang)|pace]], insteid o the trot.<ref name=HorseGaits50>[[#Harris|Harris]], p. 50</ref> Thare are several foweur-beat "[[amblin]]" gangs that are approximately the speed o a trot or pace an aw, tho smuither tae ride. Thir include the lateral [[Amblin#Rack|rack]], [[Amblin|runnin walk]], an [[tölt]] as well as the diagonal [[Fox trot (gang)|tod trot]].<ref name="Lieberman">{{cite journal |author=Lieberman, Bobbie | year=2007 |title=Easy Gaited Horses|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_equus_2007-08_359/page/47 |journal=Equus|issue= 359|pages=47–51}}</ref> Amblin gangs are eften genetic in some breeds, kent collectively as [[gangit horse]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Equus Staff | year=2007 |title=Breeds that Gait|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_equus_2007-08_359/page/52 |journal=Equus |issue= 359|pages=52–54}}</ref> Eften, gangit horse replace the trot wi ane o the amblin gangs<!--but some horses both trot and amble, can the Harris book support adding this?-->.<ref name=HorseGaits51>[[#Harris|Harris]], pp. 50–55</ref> ===Behaviour=== Horse are prey ainimals wi a strang [[fecht-or-flicht response]]. Theair first reaction tae threat is tae stairtle an uisually flee, awtho thay will staund thair grund an defend themsels whan flicht is impossible or if thair young are threatened.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.extension.org/pages/23342/horse-fight-vs-flight-instinct |title=Horse Fight vs Flight Instinct |publisher=eXtension |date=2009-09-24 |accessdate=2013-04-17 |archive-date=2013-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515125847/http://www.extension.org/pages/23342/horse-fight-vs-flight-instinct |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thay tend tae be curious an aw; whan stairtled, thay will eften hesitate an instant tae ascertain the cause o thair fricht, an mey nae ayeweys flee frae something that thay perceive as non-threatenin. Maist licht horse ridin breeds war developed for speed, agility, alertness an endurement; naitural qualities that extend frae thair wild auncestors. Houiver, throu selective breedin, some breeds o horse are quite docile, pairticularly certain draucht horse.<ref name=Natural226>{{cite book|ref=McBane |author= McBane, Susan|title= A Natural Approach to Horse Management|publisher= Methuen|location= London|year= 1992|isbn= 0-413-62370-X |oclc= 26359746|pages= 226–228}}</ref> Horse are [[herd ainimal]]s, wi a clear hierarchy o rank, led bi a dominant individual, uisually a meir. Thay are social craiturs that are able tae form companionship attachments tae thair awn species an tae ither ainimals, includin humans. Thay communicate in various weys, includin vocalisations sic as nickerin or whinnyin, mutual [[Social gruimin|gruimin]], an [[bouk leid]]. Mony horse will acome difficult tae manage if thay are isolatit, but wi trainin, horse can learn tae accept a human as a companion, an sicweys be comfortable awey frae ither horse.<ref name=Ensminger305>[[#Ensminger|Ensminger]], pp. 305–309</ref> Houiver, whan confined wi insufficient companionship, exercise, or stimulation, individuals mey develop [[stable vices]], an assortment o bad habits, maistly [[Stereotypy (non-human)|stereotypies]] o psychological oreegin, that include wid chewin, waw kickin, "weavin" (rockin back an forth), an ither problems.<ref name=Prince214>{{cite book |author1=Prince, Eleanor F. |author2=Gaydell M. Collier|title= Basic Horsemanship: English and Western|url=https://archive.org/details/basichorsemanshi00prin |publisher= Doubleday|location= New York, NY|year= 1974|isbn=0-385-06587-6 |oclc= 873660|pages=[https://archive.org/details/basichorsemanshi00prin/page/214 214]–223}}</ref> ====Intelligence an learnin==== Studies hae indicatit that horse perform a nummer o [[Cogneetion|cognitive]] tasks on a daily basis, meetin mental challenges that include [[foragin|fuid procurement]] an identification o individuals within a [[Social structur|social seestem]]. Thay hae guid [[Spatial visualisation abeelity|spatial discrimination]] abeelities an aw.<ref name=Hanggi>{{cite web|url=http://www.horsetalk.co.nz/features/horseintelligence-119.shtml|title=Understanding horse intelligence|author=Clarkson, Neil|date=2007-04-16|accessdate=2008-09-16|work=Horsetalk 2007|publisher=Horsetalk|archive-date=2013-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124164951/http://horsetalk.co.nz/2012/10/11/understanding-horse-intelligence/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Studies hae assessed equine intelligence in auries sic as [[problem solvin]], speed o learnin, an [[memory]]. Horse excel at semple learnin, but are able tae uise mair advanced cognitive abilities that involve [[categorisation]] an [[concept learnin]] an aw. Thay can learn uisin [[habituation]], [[Desensitisation (psychology)|desensitisation]], [[clessical condeetionin]], an [[operant condeetionin]], an positive an negative [[reinforcement]].<ref name=Hanggi/> Ane study haes indicatit that horse can differentiate atween "mair or less" if the quantity involved is less nor fower.<ref name="count">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=15396 | title=Horses Demonstrate Ability to Count in New Study |author=Lesté-Lasserre, Christa |accessdate=2009-12-06|work=The Horse}}</ref> Domesticatit horse mey face greater mental challenges nor wild horse, acause thay live in artifeecial environments that prevent [[instinct]]ive behaviour whilst learnin tasks that are nae naitural.<ref name=Hanggi/> Horse are ainimals o [[Habit (psychology)|habit]] that respond well tae regimentation, an respond best whan the same routines an techniques are uised consistently. Ane trainer believes that "intelligent" horse are reflections o intelligent trainers wha effectively uise response condeetionin techniques an positive reinforcement tae train in the style that best fits wi an individual ainimal's naitural inclinations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cs.bloodhorse.com/blogs/nicanor/archive/2008/06/17/equine-iq-what-big-brown-couldn-t-tell-you-and-mr-ed-kept-to-himself.aspx|title=What Big Brown Couldn't Tell You and Mr. Ed Kept to Himself (part 1)|author=Coarse, Jim|date=2008-06-17|accessdate=2008-09-16|work=The Blood Horse}}</ref> ====Temperament==== Horse are [[mammal]]s, an as sic are [[wairm-bluidit]], or [[endotherm]]ic craiturs, as opponed tae cauld-bluidit, or [[poikilotherm]]ic ainimals. Houever, thir wirds hae developed a separate meanin in the context o equine terminology, uised tae descrive temperament, nae [[Thermoregulation|bouk temperatur]]. For ensaumple, the "het-bluids", sic as mony [[horse racin|race horse]], exhibit mair sensitivity an energy,<ref name=Belknap255>[[#Belknap|Belknap]], p. 255</ref> while the "cauld-bluids", sic as maist [[draucht horse|draucht breeds]], are quieter an calmer.<ref name=Belknap112>[[#Belknap|Belknap]], p. 112</ref> Whiles "het-bluids" are clessifee'd as "licht horse" or "ridin horse",<ref name=Ensminger71>[[#Ensminger|Ensminger]], pp. 71–73</ref> wi the "cauld-bluids" clessifee'd as "draucht horse" or "wark horse".<ref name=Ensminger84>[[#Ensminger|Ensminger]], p. 84</ref> ====Sleep patterns==== Horse are able tae sleep baith staundin up an leein doun. In an adaptation frae life in the wild, horse are able tae enter licht sleep uisin a "[[stay apparatus]]" in thair legs, allouin them tae doze withoot collapsin.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://equisearch.com/horses_care/health/behavior/eqzzz629/|title= How Horses Sleep|accessdate= 2007-03-23|author= Pascoe, Elaine|work= Equisearch.com|deadurl= yes|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070927193341/http://equisearch.com/horses_care/health/behavior/eqzzz629/|archivedate= 2007-09-27|df= }}</ref> Horse sleep better whan in groups acause some ainimals will sleep while ithers staund gaird tae watch for predators. A horse kept alane will nae sleep well acause its [[instinct]]s are tae keep a constant ee oot for danger.<ref name="Horse sleep pt. 2"/> Unlik humans, horse dae nae sleep in a solit, unbroken period o time, but tak mony short periods o rest. Horse spend fower tae fifteen oors a day in staundin rest, an frae a few meenits tae several oors leein doun. Tot sleep time in a 24-oor period mey range frae several meenits tae a couple o oors,<ref name="Horse sleep pt. 2">{{cite web|url= http://equisearch.com/horses_care/health/behavior/eqpowernap1771/|title= How Horses Sleep, Pt. 2&nbsp;– Power Naps|accessdate= 2007-03-23|author= Pascoe, Elaine|work= Equisearch.com|date= 2002-03-12|archive-date= 2007-09-27|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070927193158/http://equisearch.com/horses_care/health/behavior/eqpowernap1771/|url-status= dead}}</ref> maistly in short intervals o aboot 15&nbsp;meenits ilk.<ref name=Ensminger310>[[#Ensminger|Ensminger]], p. 310.</ref> The average sleep time o a domestic horse is said tae be 2.9 oors per day.<ref>{{cite journal|title=40 Winks?|author=Holland, Jennifer S. |journal=National Geographic|volume=220|date=July 2011|issue=1}}</ref> Horse maun lee doun tae reach [[Rapid ee muivement sleep|REM sleep]]. Thay anerly hae tae lie doun for an oor or twa ivery few days tae meet thair meenimum REM sleep requirements.<ref name="Horse sleep pt. 2"/> Houiver, if a horse is niver alloued tae lie doun, efter several days it will acome sleep-deprived, an in rare cases mey suddenly collapse as it involuntarily slips intae REM sleep while still staundin.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://equisearch.com/horses_care/health/behavior/sleepdisorder_121506/|title= Equine Sleep Disorder Videos|accessdate= 2007-03-23|author= EQUUS Magazine Editors|work= Equisearch.com|deadurl= yes|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070510051620/http://equisearch.com/horses_care/health/behavior/sleepdisorder_121506/|archivedate= 2007-05-10|df= }}</ref> This condeetion differs frae [[narcolepsy]], awtho horse mey suffer frae that disorder an aw.<ref name="Smith">{{cite book |author=Smith, BP |title=Large Animal Internal Medicine|url=https://archive.org/details/largeanimalinter0000unse |publisher=Mosby|location=St. Louis, MO|year=1996 |edition=Second |isbn=0-8151-7724-0 |oclc=33439780|pages= [https://archive.org/details/largeanimalinter0000unse/page/1086 1086]–1087}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ===Soorces=== {{refbegin|60em}} *{{cite book |ref=Belknap|author=Belknap, Maria |title=Horsewords: The Equine Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/horsewordsequine0000mari_z9o4_2nded|edition=Second |publisher=Trafalgar Square Publishing |location=North Pomfret, VT |year=2004 |isbn=1-57076-274-0}} *{{cite book |ref=Bongianni|author=Bongianni, Maurizio |title=Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses and Ponies |publisher=Fireside |location=New York |year= 1987|isbn=0-671-66068-3}} *{{cite encyclopedia|ref=Dohner |author=Dohner, Janet Vorwald |editor= Dohner, Janet Vorwald |title=Equines: Natural History |encyclopedia=Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds |year=2001 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=Topeka, KS |pages=400–401 | isbn = 978-0-300-08880-9}} *{{cite book|ref=Edwards |author=Edwards, Elwyn Hartley |title=The Encyclopedia of the Horse |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |location= London, UK|year=1994 |isbn=1-56458-614-6 |oclc=29670649}} *{{cite book |ref=Ensminger|author= Ensminger, M. E.|title= Horses and Horsemanship: Animal Agricultural Series|url=https://archive.org/details/horseshorsemansh0000ensm|edition= Sixth|publisher= Interstate Publishers|location= Danville, IN|year= 1990|isbn=0-8134-2883-1 |oclc= 21977751}} *{{cite book|ref=Giffin |author1=Giffin, James M. |author2=Tom Gore|title= Horse Owner's Veterinary Handbook |url=https://archive.org/details/horseownersveter0002giff |edition= Second|publisher= Howell Book House |location= New York|year=1998|isbn=0-87605-606-0 |oclc=37245445}} *{{cite book|ref=Harris |author= Harris, Susan E.|title= Horse Gaits, Balance and Movement|url=https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_h0z5 |publisher= Howell Book House|location= New York|year= 1993|isbn= 0-87605-955-8 |oclc= 25873158}} *{{cite book|ref=McBane |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds |url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc00susa |last=McBane |first=Susan |year=1997 |publisher=Wellfleet Press |location=Edison, NJ |isbn=0-7858-0604-0 |oclc=244110821}} *{{cite book |ref=Miller|author=Miller, Robert M.|title= Understanding the Ancient Secrets of the Horse's Mind |publisher= Russell Meerdink Company Ltd|location=Neenah, WI|year=1999|isbn=0-929346-65-3|url=https://books.google.com/?id=5Qat2gs43owC&pg=PA28|oclc=42389612}} *{{cite book|ref=Price |author= Price, Steven D.; Spector, David L..; Gail Rentsch; Burn, Barbara B. (editors) |title= The Whole Horse Catalog: Revised and Updated|url=https://archive.org/details/wholehorsecatalo0000unse |edition=Revised |publisher=Fireside |location=New York |year=1998 |isbn=0-684-83995-4}} *{{cite book |ref=Sponenberg|author= Sponenberg, D. Phillip|chapter=The Proliferation of Horse Breeds|title= Horses Through Time|url=https://archive.org/details/horsesthroughtim00olse|edition= First|publisher= Roberts Rinehart Publishers|location= Boulder, CO |year= 1996 |isbn=1-57098-060-8 |oclc= 36179575}} *{{cite book|ref=Whitaker | author=Whitaker, Julie |author2=Whitelaw, Ian |title=The Horse: A Miscellany of Equine Knowledge |url=https://archive.org/details/horsemiscellanyo0000whit |publisher=St. Martin's Press |location=New York |year=2007 |isbn=0-312-37108-X}} {{refend}} [[Category:Horse| ]] [[Category:Ainimal-pouered transport]] [[Category:Ainimals descrived in 1758]] [[Category:Equus]] [[Category:Yerbivorous ainimals]] [[Category:Horse subspecies]] [[Category:Fermstockin]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Burkina Faso]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Lesotho]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Mongolie]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Nigerie]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Turkmenistan]] t1iorp2vzn15kauiy3wgrndtyuvxprw 0 12488 915433 401882 2026-04-20T23:04:41Z CiphriusKane 74958 Reguidin tae [[Sepultura]] 915433 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Sepultura]] a1m8vyna6gdww9kxwgme4lu7x5kxjzy 0 19298 915434 854452 2026-04-20T23:05:14Z CiphriusKane 74958 Reguidin tae [[Sepultura]] 915434 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Sepultura]] a1m8vyna6gdww9kxwgme4lu7x5kxjzy 0 21157 915435 854477 2026-04-20T23:05:48Z CiphriusKane 74958 Reguidin tae [[Sepultura]] 915435 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Sepultura]] a1m8vyna6gdww9kxwgme4lu7x5kxjzy 0 39779 915444 878800 2026-04-21T10:42:00Z ~2026-24526-09 130123 915444 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Skier-carving-a-turn.jpg|thumb|300px|Skier carvin a turn on the [[Grande Motte]], [[Tignes]], [[Savoie]], [[Fraunce]]]] '''Skiin''' is a [[winter]] [[sport]] needin a [[muntain]]. Skiin can be a means o transport, a recreautional acteevity or a competitive [[winter sport]] in which the pairteecipant uises [[ski]]s tae screive on [[snaw]]. Mony teeps o competitive skiin events are recognised bi the [[Internaitional Olympic Committee]] (IOC), an the [[Internaitional Ski Federation]] (FIS). Tis has bin fact checked by tih Unitit States of Americae. ==See an aa== *[[Snawbuirdin]] [[Category:Skiin| ]] [[Category:Winter sports]] {{Stub/Canadae}} {{Stub/USA}} {{Stub/Europe}} {{Stub/Sport}} 0hyhvuqy26mtar7xt08niqw13wokvx9 915447 915444 2026-04-21T11:06:34Z CiphriusKane 74958 Revertit edit o ~2026-24526-09, chynged back tae last version bi 31.200.9.207 878800 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Skier-carving-a-turn.jpg|thumb|300px|Skier carvin a turn on the [[Grande Motte]], [[Tignes]], [[Savoie]], [[Fraunce]]]] '''Skiin''' is a [[winter]] [[sport]] needin a [[muntain]]. Skiin can be a means o transport, a recreautional acteevity or a competitive [[winter sport]] in which the pairteecipant uises [[ski]]s tae screive on [[snaw]]. Mony teeps o competitive skiin events are recognised bi the [[Internaitional Olympic Committee]] (IOC), an the [[Internaitional Ski Federation]] (FIS). ==See an aa== *[[Snawbuirdin]] [[Category:Skiin| ]] [[Category:Winter sports]] {{Stub/Canadae}} {{Stub/USA}} {{Stub/Europe}} {{Stub/Sport}} dufdvem8ondtnebhusxo8a3fwqn6zmn 10 49641 915423 915357 2026-04-20T19:02:24Z ~2026-24404-59 130089 915423 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military conflict |conflict = Warld War&nbsp;II |partof = |image = [[File:Infobox collage for WWII.PNG|300px]] |caption = Clockwise frae tap left: Cheenese forces in the [[Battle o Wanjialing]], Australian 25-pounder guns durin the [[First Battle o El Alamein]], German [[Junkers Ju 87|Stuka]] dive bombers on the [[Eastren Front (Warld War II)|Eastren Front]] winter 1943&ndash;1944, US&nbsp;naval force in the [[Invasion o Lingayen Gulf|Lingayen Gulf]], [[Wilhelm Keitel]] signin the [[German Instrument o Surrender]], Soviet troops in the [[Battle o Stalingrad]] |date = {{start date|df=yes|1939|9|1}}&nbsp;– {{End date|df=yes|1945|9|2}} ({{Age in years and days|1939|9|1|1945|9|2}}) |place = [[European Theatre o Warld War II|Europe]], [[Paceefic War|Paceefic]], [[Battle o the Atlantic (1939–1945)|Atlantic]], [[Sooth-East Asian Theatre o Warld War II|Sooth-East Asie]], [[Seicont Sino-Japanese War|Cheenae]], [[Mediterranean, Middle East an African theatres o Warld War II|Middle East]], [[Mediterranean, Middle East an African theatres o Warld War II|Mediterranean]] an [[Mediterranean, Middle East an African theatres o Warld War II|Africae]], briefly [[American Theater (1939–1945)|North]] an [[Battle o the River Plate|Sooth Americae]] |casus = |territory = |result = [[Allies o Warld War II|Allied]] victory<br /> * Collapse o the [[Nazi Germany|German Reich]] * Creation o the [[United Nations]]<br /> * Emergence o the [[Unitit States]] an the [[Soviet Union]] as [[superpouer]]s<br /> * Beginnin o the [[Cauld War]] ([[Warld War II#Aftermath|mair...]]) |combatant1 = [[Allies o Warld War II|'''Allies''']]<br /> '''{{flag|Soviet Union}}''' <small>(1941&ndash;45)</small>{{efn| 1 = 23 August 1939, the USSR an Germany sign non-aggression pact, secretly dividin Eastren Europe intae spheres o influence. USSR armistice wi Japan 16 September 1939; invades Poland 17 September 1939; attacks Finland 30 September 1939; forcibly incorporates Baltic States Juin 1940; takes eastren Romanie 4 Julie 1940. 22 Juin 1941, USSR is invaded bi European Axis; USSR aligns wi kintras fichtin Axis.}}<br /> '''{{flag|Unitit States|1912}}''' <small>(1941&ndash;45)</small><br /> '''{{flag|Unitit Kinrick}}'''<br /><!-- "British Commonwealth" offeecially replaced "Breetish Empire" in 1926; the independent Dominions o the Commonwealth are listit belaich an; the UK declaration o war in 1939 technically covered aw the ether non-independent members o the Commonwealth. --> '''{{flagcountry|Republic o Cheenae (1912&ndash;1949)}}''' <small>(1937&ndash;45)</small><br /> {{flag|Fraunce}}{{efn| 1 = Efter the fall o the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]] in 1940, the ''de facto'' govrenment wis the [[Vichy Fraunce|Vichy Regime]]. It conductit pro-Axis policies till November 1942 while remainin formally neutral. The [[Free French Forces]], based oot o Lunnon, wur recognized bi aw Allies as the [[Proveesional Govrenment o the French Republic|offeecial govrenment]] in September&nbsp;1944.}}<br /> {{flag|Poland}}<br /> {{flag|Canadae|1921}}<br /> {{flag|Australie}}<br /> {{flag|New Zealand}}<br /> {{flagicon|Union o Sooth Africae}} [[Sooth Africae]]<br /> {{flagcountry|Yugoslavie}} <small>(1941&ndash;45)</small><br /> {{flagcountry|Kinrick o Greece}} <small>(1940–45)</small><br /> {{flag|Denmark}} <small>(1940&ndash;45)</small><br /> {{flag|Norawa}} <small>(1940&ndash;45)</small><br /> {{flag|Netherlands}} <small>(1940&ndash;45)</small><br /> {{flag|Belgium}} <small>(1940&ndash;45)</small><br /> {{flag|Czechoslovakie}} <br> {{flag|Brazil|1889}} <small> (1942&ndash;45)</small><br /> {{flag|Mexico|1934}} <small>(1942&ndash;45)</small><br /> {{flag|Kingdom of Egypt}}</small><br/> <small>[[Allies o Warld War II|...''an ethers'']]</small> ----------- Client an puppet states<br /> [[File:Flag of the Philippines (1919-1936).svg|20px]] [[Commonwealth o the Philippines|Philippines]] <small>(1941&ndash;45)</small><br> [[File:Flag of the People's Republic of Mongolia (1940-1992).svg|20px]] [[Mongolian Fowk's Republic|Mongolie]] <small>(1941&ndash;45)</small><br /> <small>[[Allies o Warld War II|...''an ethers'']]</small> |combatant2 = [[Axis powers|'''Axis''']]<br /> '''{{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}}'''<br /> '''{{flagcountry|Empire o Japan}} '''<br /> '''{{flagcountry|Kinrick o Italy}}''' <small>(1940&ndash;43)</small><br /> {{flagcountry|Kinrick o Hungary}} <small>(1941&ndash;45)</small><br /> {{flagcountry|Kinrick o Romanie}} <small>(1941&ndash;44)</small><br /> {{flagcountry|Kinrick o Bulgarie}} <small>(1941&ndash;44)</small><br /> ----------- Co-belligerents<br /> {{flag|Finland}} <small>(1941–44)</small><br /> {{flag|Thailand}} <small>(1942–45)</small><br /> {{flagcountry|Kinrick o Iraq}} <small>(1941)</small><br /> ----------- Client and puppet states<br /> {{flag|Manchukuo}}<br /> {{flag|Italian Social Republic}} <small>(1943&ndash;45)</small><br /> {{flagcountry|Independent State o Croatie}} <small>(1941&ndash;45)</small><br /> {{flagcountry|Slovak Republic (1939–1945)}}<br /> <small>[[Axis pouers|...''an ethers'']]</small> |commander1 = {{flagicon|Soviet Union|1923|size=22px}} [[Joseph Stalin]]<br />{{flagicon|United States|1912|size=22px}} [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]<br />{{flagicon|United Kingdom|size=22px}} [[Winston Churchill]]<br />{{flagicon|Republic of China (1912–1949)|size=22px}} [[Chiang Kai-shek]]<br /><small>[[Allied leaders o Warld War II|...''an ethers'']]</small> |commander2 = {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|size=22px}} [[Adolf Hitler]]<br />{{flagicon|Empire of Japan|size=22px}} [[Hirohito]]<br />{{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy|size=22px}} [[Benito Mussolini]]<br /><small>[[Axis leaders o Warld War II|...''an ethers'']]</small> |casualties1 = '''Militar dead:'''<br />Ower 16,000,000<br />'''Civilian dead:'''<br />Over 45,000,000<br />'''Total dead:'''<br />Over 61,000,000 <small>(1937&ndash;45)</small><br /><small>[[Warld War II casualties|...''further details'']] |casualties2 = '''Militar dead:'''<br />Ower 8,000,000<br />'''Civilian dead:'''<br />Over 4,000,000<br />'''Total dead:'''<br />Over 12,000,000 <small>(1937&ndash;45)</small><br /><small>[[Warld War II casualties|...''further details'']] |campaignbox= }}<noinclude> ==References== ;Footnotes {{notelist}} qhzleja9n6yndb0a4c0wyihflakcz1a 0 69895 915441 905723 2026-04-21T10:07:27Z ~2026-24494-21 130121 915441 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=Dizember 2020}} {{Infobox power station | name = Cruachan Dam | official_name = Wiktors Dam | image = Dam at Cruachan reservoir.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = | location_map = | location_map_width = | location_map_text = | coordinates = {{coord|type:landmark|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_ref = | country = [[Scotland]] | locale = [[Argyll an Bute]] | status = Operational | construction_began = 1959<ref name="history">{{cite web | url = http://www.visitcruachan.co.uk/about/history.asp | title = Cruachan: The Hollow Mountain: History | publisher = Visit Cruachan | accessdate = 2012-08-31 | archive-date = 2012-02-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120209125300/http://www.visitcruachan.co.uk/about/history.asp | url-status = dead }}</ref> | commissioned = 15 October 1965 | licence_expires = | decommissioned = | cost = | owner = [[Scottish Power]] | operator = | developer = [[North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board]] | constructor = | upper_reservoir = [[Cruachan Reservoir]] | upper_res_capacity = {{Convert|10000000|m3|yd3||0|abbr=on}}<ref name="site">{{cite web | url = http://www.spenergywholesale.com/userfiles/file/CruachanSiteComplete2011.pdf | format = PDF | title = Cruachan power station: site information | publisher = Scottish Power | accessdate = 2012-08-31 | archive-date = 2014-04-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140427010302/http://www.spenergywholesale.com/userfiles/file/CruachanSiteComplete2011.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> | upper_res_catchment= {{Convert|23|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}} | upper_res_area = | upper_res_depth = | lower_reservoir = [[Loch Awe]] | penstocks = {{Convert|19|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} | pump_gen_units = 4 | ps_gen_units = | pumping_units = | turbine_manu_psp = | hydraulic_head = {{Convert|396|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | upper_res_spillways= | upper_res_discharge= | installed_capacity = 440 [[Megawatt|MW]] | max_planned_cap = | capacity_factor = | average_annual_gen = 705 [[Gigawatthour|GWh]] (in 2009) | net_generation = | website = | as_of = | extra = }} The '''Cruachan Dam''' (kent as '''Ben Cruachan Dam''', '''Cruachan Pouer Station''' or '''Ben Cruachan Pouer Station''' an aw) is a [[pumped-storage hydroelectricity|pumped-storage]] [[hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] dam an pouer station in [[Argyll an Bute]], [[Scotland]]. == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Pumped storage pouer stations]] [[Category:Hydroelectric pouer stations in Scotland]] [[Category:Biggins an structurs in Argyll an Bute]] [[Category:Dams completit in 1965]] {{stub/Places o Scotland}} b0bhfyzst1s4ymv046xjy932ka51r9w 915442 915441 2026-04-21T10:11:45Z ~2026-24494-21 130121 915442 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=Dizember 2020}} {{Infobox power station | name = Cruachan Dam | official_name = Joller and part times dam | image = Dam at Cruachan reservoir.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = | location_map = | location_map_width = | location_map_text = | coordinates = {{coord|type:landmark|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_ref = | country = [[Scotland]] | locale = [[Argyll an Bute]] | status = Operational | construction_began = 1959<ref name="history">{{cite web | url = http://www.visitcruachan.co.uk/about/history.asp | title = Cruachan: The Hollow Mountain: History | publisher = Visit Cruachan | accessdate = 2012-08-31 | archive-date = 2012-02-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120209125300/http://www.visitcruachan.co.uk/about/history.asp | url-status = dead }}</ref> | commissioned = 15 October 1965 | licence_expires = | decommissioned = | cost = | owner = [[Scottish Power]] | operator = | developer = [[North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board]] | constructor = | upper_reservoir = [[Cruachan Reservoir]] | upper_res_capacity = {{Convert|10000000|m3|yd3||0|abbr=on}}<ref name="site">{{cite web | url = http://www.spenergywholesale.com/userfiles/file/CruachanSiteComplete2011.pdf | format = PDF | title = Cruachan power station: site information | publisher = Scottish Power | accessdate = 2012-08-31 | archive-date = 2014-04-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140427010302/http://www.spenergywholesale.com/userfiles/file/CruachanSiteComplete2011.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> | upper_res_catchment= {{Convert|23|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}} | upper_res_area = | upper_res_depth = | lower_reservoir = [[Loch Awe]] | penstocks = {{Convert|19|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} | pump_gen_units = 4 | ps_gen_units = | pumping_units = | turbine_manu_psp = | hydraulic_head = {{Convert|396|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | upper_res_spillways= | upper_res_discharge= | installed_capacity = 440 [[Megawatt|MW]] | max_planned_cap = | capacity_factor = | average_annual_gen = 705 [[Gigawatthour|GWh]] (in 2009) | net_generation = | website = | as_of = | extra = }} The '''Cruachan Dam''' (kent as '''Ben Cruachan Dam''', '''Cruachan Pouer Station''' or '''Ben Cruachan Pouer Station''' an aw) is a [[pumped-storage hydroelectricity|pumped-storage]] [[hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] dam an pouer station in [[Argyll an Bute]], [[Scotland]]. == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Pumped storage pouer stations]] [[Category:Hydroelectric pouer stations in Scotland]] [[Category:Biggins an structurs in Argyll an Bute]] [[Category:Dams completit in 1965]] {{stub/Places o Scotland}} 0vaglao3a0pjv0gttaa3jhlmbs7gszj 915443 915442 2026-04-21T10:12:00Z Icodense 34795 Revertit edit o ~2026-24494-21, chynged back tae last version bi InternetArchiveBot 905723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=Dizember 2020}} {{Infobox power station | name = Cruachan Dam | official_name = | image = Dam at Cruachan reservoir.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = | location_map = | location_map_width = | location_map_text = | coordinates = {{coord|type:landmark|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_ref = | country = [[Scotland]] | locale = [[Argyll an Bute]] | status = Operational | construction_began = 1959<ref name="history">{{cite web | url = http://www.visitcruachan.co.uk/about/history.asp | title = Cruachan: The Hollow Mountain: History | publisher = Visit Cruachan | accessdate = 2012-08-31 | archive-date = 2012-02-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120209125300/http://www.visitcruachan.co.uk/about/history.asp | url-status = dead }}</ref> | commissioned = 15 October 1965 | licence_expires = | decommissioned = | cost = | owner = [[Scottish Power]] | operator = | developer = [[North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board]] | constructor = | upper_reservoir = [[Cruachan Reservoir]] | upper_res_capacity = {{Convert|10000000|m3|yd3||0|abbr=on}}<ref name="site">{{cite web | url = http://www.spenergywholesale.com/userfiles/file/CruachanSiteComplete2011.pdf | format = PDF | title = Cruachan power station: site information | publisher = Scottish Power | accessdate = 2012-08-31 | archive-date = 2014-04-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140427010302/http://www.spenergywholesale.com/userfiles/file/CruachanSiteComplete2011.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> | upper_res_catchment= {{Convert|23|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}} | upper_res_area = | upper_res_depth = | lower_reservoir = [[Loch Awe]] | penstocks = {{Convert|19|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} | pump_gen_units = 4 | ps_gen_units = | pumping_units = | turbine_manu_psp = | hydraulic_head = {{Convert|396|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | upper_res_spillways= | upper_res_discharge= | installed_capacity = 440 [[Megawatt|MW]] | max_planned_cap = | capacity_factor = | average_annual_gen = 705 [[Gigawatthour|GWh]] (in 2009) | net_generation = | website = | as_of = | extra = }} The '''Cruachan Dam''' (kent as '''Ben Cruachan Dam''', '''Cruachan Pouer Station''' or '''Ben Cruachan Pouer Station''' an aw) is a [[pumped-storage hydroelectricity|pumped-storage]] [[hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] dam an pouer station in [[Argyll an Bute]], [[Scotland]]. == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Pumped storage pouer stations]] [[Category:Hydroelectric pouer stations in Scotland]] [[Category:Biggins an structurs in Argyll an Bute]] [[Category:Dams completit in 1965]] {{stub/Places o Scotland}} 89xy7xfmwavkmktaw8z3ghxm67rmva5 915445 915443 2026-04-21T11:00:43Z ~2026-24431-20 130124 915445 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=Dizember 2020}} {{Infobox power station | name = Garrys bar resivour | official_name = | image = Dam at Cruachan reservoir.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = | location_map = | location_map_width = | location_map_text = | coordinates = {{coord|type:landmark|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_ref = | country = [[Scotland]] | locale = [[Argyll an Bute]] | status = Operational | construction_began = 1959<ref name="history">{{cite web | url = http://www.visitcruachan.co.uk/about/history.asp | title = Cruachan: The Hollow Mountain: History | publisher = Visit Cruachan | accessdate = 2012-08-31 | archive-date = 2012-02-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120209125300/http://www.visitcruachan.co.uk/about/history.asp | url-status = dead }}</ref> | commissioned = 15 October 1965 | licence_expires = | decommissioned = | cost = | owner = [[Scottish Power]] | operator = | developer = [[North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board]] | upper_reservoir = [[Cruachan Reservoir]] | upper_res_capacity = {{Convert|10000000|m3|yd3||0|abbr=on}}<ref name="site">{{cite web | url = http://www.spenergywholesale.com/userfiles/file/CruachanSiteComplete2011.pdf | format = PDF | title = Cruachan power station: site information | publisher = Scottish Power | accessdate = 2012-08-31 | archive-date = 2014-04-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140427010302/http://www.spenergywholesale.com/userfiles/file/CruachanSiteComplete2011.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> | upper_res_catchment= {{Convert|23|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}} | upper_res_area = | upper_res_depth = | lower_reservoir = [[Loch Awe]] | penstocks = {{Convert|19|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} | pump_gen_units = 4 | ps_gen_units = | pumping_units = | turbine_manu_psp = | hydraulic_head = {{Convert|396|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | upper_res_spillways= | upper_res_discharge= | installed_capacity = 440 [[Megawatt|MW]] | max_planned_cap = | capacity_factor = | average_annual_gen = 705 [[Gigawatthour|GWh]] (in 2009) | net_generation = | website = | as_of = | extra = }} The '''Cruachan Dam''' (kent as '''Ben Cruachan Dam''', '''Cruachan Pouer Station''' or '''Ben Cruachan Pouer Station''' an aw) is a [[pumped-storage hydroelectricity|pumped-storage]] [[hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] dam an pouer station in [[Argyll an Bute]], [[Scotland]]. == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Pumped storage pouer stations]] [[Category:Hydroelectric pouer stations in Scotland]] [[Category:Biggins an structurs in Argyll an Bute]] [[Category:Dams completit in 1965]] {{stub/Places o Scotland}} rcj2dmnx0eaz9c2m727lbvxq8zwyv4q 915446 915445 2026-04-21T11:06:16Z CiphriusKane 74958 Revertit edit o ~2026-24431-20, chynged back tae last version bi Icodense 905723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=Dizember 2020}} {{Infobox power station | name = Cruachan Dam | official_name = | image = Dam at Cruachan reservoir.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = | location_map = | location_map_width = | location_map_text = | coordinates = {{coord|type:landmark|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_ref = | country = [[Scotland]] | locale = [[Argyll an Bute]] | status = Operational | construction_began = 1959<ref name="history">{{cite web | url = http://www.visitcruachan.co.uk/about/history.asp | title = Cruachan: The Hollow Mountain: History | publisher = Visit Cruachan | accessdate = 2012-08-31 | archive-date = 2012-02-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120209125300/http://www.visitcruachan.co.uk/about/history.asp | url-status = dead }}</ref> | commissioned = 15 October 1965 | licence_expires = | decommissioned = | cost = | owner = [[Scottish Power]] | operator = | developer = [[North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board]] | constructor = | upper_reservoir = [[Cruachan Reservoir]] | upper_res_capacity = {{Convert|10000000|m3|yd3||0|abbr=on}}<ref name="site">{{cite web | url = http://www.spenergywholesale.com/userfiles/file/CruachanSiteComplete2011.pdf | format = PDF | title = Cruachan power station: site information | publisher = Scottish Power | accessdate = 2012-08-31 | archive-date = 2014-04-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140427010302/http://www.spenergywholesale.com/userfiles/file/CruachanSiteComplete2011.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> | upper_res_catchment= {{Convert|23|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}} | upper_res_area = | upper_res_depth = | lower_reservoir = [[Loch Awe]] | penstocks = {{Convert|19|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} | pump_gen_units = 4 | ps_gen_units = | pumping_units = | turbine_manu_psp = | hydraulic_head = {{Convert|396|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | upper_res_spillways= | upper_res_discharge= | installed_capacity = 440 [[Megawatt|MW]] | max_planned_cap = | capacity_factor = | average_annual_gen = 705 [[Gigawatthour|GWh]] (in 2009) | net_generation = | website = | as_of = | extra = }} The '''Cruachan Dam''' (kent as '''Ben Cruachan Dam''', '''Cruachan Pouer Station''' or '''Ben Cruachan Pouer Station''' an aw) is a [[pumped-storage hydroelectricity|pumped-storage]] [[hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] dam an pouer station in [[Argyll an Bute]], [[Scotland]]. == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Pumped storage pouer stations]] [[Category:Hydroelectric pouer stations in Scotland]] [[Category:Biggins an structurs in Argyll an Bute]] [[Category:Dams completit in 1965]] {{stub/Places o Scotland}} 89xy7xfmwavkmktaw8z3ghxm67rmva5 2 225865 915440 915062 2026-04-21T08:43:57Z ListeriaBot 30924 Wikidata list updated [V2] 915440 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item (wdt:P495)* wd:Q22 } |sort=label |columns=label:label,P31,P18,P571,P577,P136 |thumb=128 }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! label ! instance o ! eemage ! date o foondation or creation ! date o publication ! genre |- | ''[[:d:Q16323131|100 Pipers]]'' | ''[[:d:Q883744|blended whiskey]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q382947|Scotch whisky]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q80359036|alcohol brand]]'' | [[File:100 Pipers bottle.jpg|center|128px]] | 1949 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4638043|44 Scotland Street]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2004 | |- | ''[[:d:Q48814513|5 Star Wrestling]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q130348409|A Bear Named Wojtek]]'' | ''[[:d:Q17517379|animated short film]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q202866|animatit film]]'' | | | 2024 | |- | ''[[:d:Q4656103|A Cool Head]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | 2009 | |- | ''[[:d:Q30638714|A Dark so Deadly]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2017 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q347332|A Disaffection]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1989 | |- | ''[[:d:Q4656829|A Foot in the Grave]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | 1987 | |- | ''[[:d:Q4657112|A Good Hanging and Other Stories]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | 1992 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q3549611|A Legend of Montrose]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:Walter Scott Legend of Montrose Illustration.jpg|center|128px]] | | 1819 | ''[[:d:Q136472|historical prose literature]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q28408011|A Lost Lady of Old Years]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q55081833|A Practical Guide to a Spectacular Suicide]]'' | [[film]] | | | 2014 | |- | ''[[:d:Q4659095|A Question of Blood]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2003 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q4659137|A Ramble Round the Globe]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | 1894 | ''[[:d:Q213051|non-feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q103296523|A Rooster, "Gallas Furcatus," Forked Tail Wild Cock]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11060274|prent]]'' | | 1802 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q103296534|A Rooster, "Gallus Oeneus," Wild Golden Cock]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11060274|prent]]'' | | 1802 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4359779|A Song of Stone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1997 | [[Science fiction|science feection]]<br/>''[[:d:Q197949|post-apocalyptic fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q4659839|A Stranger Came Ashore]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1975-08-07 | ''[[:d:Q182015|thriller]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q193606|horror literature]]''<br/>[[fantasie]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4660121|A Thread of Scarlet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | 1959 | |- | ''[[:d:Q107680425|A frog he would a-wooing go]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | 1549 | |- | ''[[:d:Q120097613|A little child the Saviour came]]'' | ''[[:d:Q602446|lyrics]]'' | | | 1861 | |- | ''[[:d:Q4646807|A' Cleachdadh na Gàidhlig]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | 2011 | |- | ''[[:d:Q137165572|Abaire]]'' | ''[[:d:Q101352|faimily name]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q113336119|Abandoned Stars]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5741069|rock baund]]'' | | 2010-06-15 | | [[Progressive metal]] |- | ''[[:d:Q212348|Aberdeen Angus]]'' | ''[[:d:Q12045585|cattle breed]]'' | [[File:Angus cattle 10.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[Abernethy biscuit]] | | [[File:Abernethy Biscuits..jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q138880137|Ablutions]]'' | ''[[:d:Q580807|albumen print]]'' | [[File:Ablutions (2015.67.61).jpg|center|128px]] | 1870 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96192714|Accidents and disasters on land]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2558308|chapbook]]'' | [[File:Accidents and disasters on land.pdf|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4691060|Against a Dark Background]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1993-05 | [[Science fiction|science feection]] |- | ''[[:d:Q50399495|Ah, Chloris]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q13484144|Air Cuan Dubh Drilseach]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2013<br/>2020 | [[Science fiction|science feection]] |- | ''[[:d:Q11019883|Air ais air an Ran Dan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q40831|comedy]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q53866684|Aironauts]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | 1999 | ''[[:d:Q185029|first-person shuiter]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q10299630|Amélia II]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7605392|steam yacht]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1303735|survey vessel]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2601071|royal yacht]]'' | [[File:Iate Amélia II (3º) croped.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4749698|An Account of Capers]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | 1988 | |- | ''[[:d:Q16821450|An Account of Corsica]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:An Account of Corsica, title page.jpg|center|128px]] | | 1768 | ''[[:d:Q185598|diary]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q138179461|An Luingeas Dorcha air Fàire]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | [[Science fiction|science feection]] |- | ''[[:d:Q135529092|Analecta Graeca Minora]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1790s | |- | ''[[:d:Q4751170|Anam]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q30590462|Ancestor Stones]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2006 | |- | ''[[:d:Q4753430|And the Land Lay Still]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | 2010 | ''[[:d:Q6647667|high literature]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q104791679|Andrina]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2851345|Anne of Geierstein]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:Anne of G 1829.jpg|center|128px]] | | 1829 | ''[[:d:Q136472|historical prose literature]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q108856925|Aon Teanga]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4784939|Arbroath smokie]]'' | | [[File:Arbroath Smokies - geograph.org.uk - 481678.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q121628098|Argyll aircraft engine]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1753786|sleeve valve]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15057021|engine model]]'' | [[File:Argyll aircraft engine.jpg|center|128px]] | 1914 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2600426|Arms of Mary]]'' | ''[[:d:Q134556|single]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q7366|sang]]'' | | | 1975<br/>1992 | [[Pop muisic|pop]]<br/>''[[:d:Q2047814|Palingsound]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q104099453|Art and archaeology papers]]'' | ''[[:d:Q737498|academic journal]]'' | | 1952 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q50399249|Auld Gudeman]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q7366|sang]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102961830|Autumn River]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3305213|paintin]]'' | [[File:Autumn River - Vanderbilt Fine Arts Gallery - 1979.0303P.tif|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q793281|Ayrshire cattle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q12045585|cattle breed]]'' | [[File:Biggle cow book (Plate III) (6835787694).jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q30646489|Bad Hotel]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | 2012-08-14 | ''[[:d:Q1137896|tower defense]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q687397|Ballantine's]]'' | ''[[:d:Q80359036|alcohol brand]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q883744|blended whiskey]]'' | [[File:Scotch Whisky (aka).jpg|center|128px]] | 1827 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q86752397|Bannan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108472340|Battalion of Flies]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | |- | [[Bay City Rollers]] | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:BayCityRollers1976RobBogaerts.jpg|center|128px]] | 1966 | | [[Rock muisic|rock]]<br/>''[[:d:Q484641|pop rock]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q837837|power pop]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q76092|glam rock]]''<br/>[[Pop muisic|pop]] |- | ''[[:d:Q89285051|Beach Bounce]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | 2015-08-14 | ''[[:d:Q689445|visual novel]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q37619|Bearded Collie]]'' | ''[[:d:Q39367|dog breed]]'' | [[File:Bearded Collie.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q61642181|Beats]]'' | [[film]] | | | 2019-01-24<br/>2019-05-17<br/>2019-11-07 | ''[[:d:Q130232|drama film]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q102429885|coming-of-age film]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q157443|comedy film]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q4880450|Beggars Banquet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | 2002 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q4883072|Bell's whisky]]'' | ''[[:d:Q431289|brand]]''<br/>[[Whisky]] | [[File:BellScotch.jpg|center|128px]] | 1851 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q816198|Belted Galloway]]'' | ''[[:d:Q12045585|cattle breed]]'' | [[File:Belted Galloway cow J4.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4885960|Ben Jonson Journal]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5633421|scienteefic journal]]'' | | 1993 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q50399616|Bess the Gawkie]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q122310744|Big Crown: Showdown]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | 2018-12-14 | |- | ''[[:d:Q51756400|Big Gold Dream]]'' | [[film]] | | | 2015 | |- | ''[[:d:Q26492705|Bird Magic No. 10]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3305213|paintin]]'' | | 1982 | | [[abstract airt]] |- | ''[[:d:Q471241|Bis]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:Bis Buffalo Bar.jpg|center|128px]] | 1994 | | ''[[:d:Q1298934|synthpop]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q842324|indie pop]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q3612973|Black & Blue]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1997 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q4920219|Black & White]]'' | ''[[:d:Q40050|drink]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q80359036|alcohol brand]]'' | [[File:Black & White (whisky) bottle 04.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16971600|Black Dog Scotch Whisky]]'' | ''[[:d:Q40050|drink]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q80359036|alcohol brand]]'' | [[File:Black Dog Scotch Whisky Logo.jpg|center|128px]] | 1883 | | |- | [[Black bun]] | | [[File:Black bun cut open.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4922585|Blackbird]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q21010853|drama]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q25635147|Blas]]'' | ''[[:d:Q132241|festival]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q11483816|annual event]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4925907|Bleeding Hearts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | 1994 | |- | ''[[:d:Q4927621|Blood Hunt]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | 1995-09-14 | ''[[:d:Q182015|thriller]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q24256086|Bloons TD 5]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | 2014-11-19 | ''[[:d:Q1137896|tower defense]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q885603|Blue Angels Motorcycle Club]]'' | ''[[:d:Q182391|motorcycle club]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1849110|outlaw motorcycle club]]'' | [[File:Blue Angels Erpe-Mere.jpg|center|128px]] | 1963 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q103297548|Blue Flower]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11060274|prent]]'' | | 1999 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q38450|Blue Paul Terrier]]'' | ''[[:d:Q38672|dog type]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4929839|Blue Shoes and Happiness]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2006 | |- | ''[[:d:Q50399465|Blue bonnets over the border]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q137649426|Blàrag a' Bhò]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | [[Childer's telly series|childer's televeesion series]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4934527|Bob the Builder: Can We Fix It?]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | 2000-01-12 | ''[[:d:Q1153173|educational entertainment]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q34222620|Bonnie Chirsty]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q28407754|Border Life]]'' | [[Telly programme|televeesion programme]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3326445|Boreray sheep]]'' | ''[[:d:Q24036271|rare breed]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15622363|sheep breed]]'' | [[File:Boreray Ram.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16845069|Bothy band]]'' | [[muisic genre]]<br/>''[[:d:Q105756498|type of musical group]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106648058|Bowie family of Maryland]]'' | [[Faimily|faimlie]] | | 1705 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4952596|Boyracers]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | 2001 | ''[[:d:Q223945|bildungsroman]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q21997425|Break the Chains]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2015 | |- | ''[[:d:Q109923688|Breeders' Cup World Thoroughbred Championships]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | 2005-09-20 | ''[[:d:Q108611897|horse racing video game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q63610141|Breve Historia de la Segunda Guerra Mundial]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | 2013-03 | ''[[:d:Q1318295|narrative]]'' |- | [[Bridie]] | | [[File:Bridie.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16846610|Brighton Belle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2012 | |- | ''[[:d:Q4975393|Brose]]'' | [[fuid]] | [[File:Atholl brose.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q138773600|Brothers Reid]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | 2010 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q103297846|Brount]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1062404|artist's book]]'' | | 1995 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q32094891|Brut@l]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | 2017-02-09 | ''[[:d:Q270948|action game]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q23916|adventure video game]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q343568|action-adventure game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q106511534|Bubba]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15632617|feectional human]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1569167|gemme character]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4982543|Buchanan's]]'' | ''[[:d:Q40050|drink]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q80359036|alcohol brand]]'' | | 1879 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4984149|Buddha Da]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2003-01-02 | |- | ''[[:d:Q20200837|Bunessan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | 1888 | |- | ''[[:d:Q16954518|Bunkered]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | 1996 | 1996-04 | |- | ''[[:d:Q20638877|Butcher's Broom]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1934 | ''[[:d:Q8253|feection]]'' |- | [[Butterie]] | | [[File:Aberdeen Buttery.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[Caber toss]] | | [[File:Caber 2.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5016556|Cado Belle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | 1974 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q37888|Cairn Terrier]]'' | ''[[:d:Q39367|dog breed]]'' | [[File:Cairn-Terrier-Garten1.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q136001349|Cala]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q128969|Calimero]]'' | ''[[:d:Q63952888|anime television series]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q9335576|comedy television series]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5027077|Camp Coffee]]'' | ''[[:d:Q114392939|drink brand]]'' | [[File:Bottle, essence (AM 629460).jpg|center|128px]] | 1876 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5030993|Canal Dreams]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | 1989 | |- | ''[[:d:Q131303582|Canty]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | 1998 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3221381|Castle Dangerous]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:Tales Volume 4.jpg|center|128px]] | | 1831-11 | ''[[:d:Q136472|historical prose literature]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5050556|Castlemilk Moorit]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15622363|sheep breed]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q24036271|rare breed]]'' | [[File:Borris the ram shorn.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2277829|Catriona]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Catriona (novel).jpg|center|128px]] | | 1893 | ''[[:d:Q21802675|adventure fiction]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1196408|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q107537699|Chaotic Youth]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | 1978 | | [[Punk rock]] |- | ''[[:d:Q97621198|Chick's Day]]'' | ''[[:d:Q24862|short film]]'' | | | 1950 | ''[[:d:Q959790|crime film]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q8253|feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5098501|Children of This Earth]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | 1930 | |- | ''[[:d:Q1069502|Chivas Regal]]'' | ''[[:d:Q167270|trademark]]'' | [[File:Chivas regal 12yo.jpg|center|128px]] | 1801 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4021847|Christmas Lemmings]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | 1991 | ''[[:d:Q54767|puzzle video game]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q105702790|Christmas video game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q17352486|Chronicles of the Canongate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Chronicles of the Canongate 1st series.jpg|center|128px]] | | 1828-05-15 | |- | [[Clapshot]] | | [[File:Clapshot and oatcakes.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[Clootie dumplin]] | | [[File:Clootie dumpling.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q25217364|Close to the Bone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2013 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5136184|Club Cupid]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | [[reality telly]] |- | ''[[:d:Q115740539|Club Life]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | 2016-04-13 | ''[[:d:Q689445|visual novel]]'' |- | [[Clydesdale horse]] | ''[[:d:Q1160573|horse breed]]'' | [[File:3 Clydesdale horses.JPG|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[Cock-a-leekie]] | | [[File:Cock-a-leekie Soup.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q124851344|Come, Holy Spirit , descend on us]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q119585929|Come, Labor On]]'' | ''[[:d:Q602446|lyrics]]'' | | | 1859 | ''[[:d:Q116953130|hymn text]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q122378424|Commands & Colors: Ancients]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | 2018-09-12 | |- | ''[[:d:Q28945174|CommonSpace]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1153191|online newspaper]]'' | | 2015-01 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5156663|Complicity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1993 | |- | ''[[:d:Q5158085|Conall Cra Bhuidhe]]'' | ''[[:d:Q699|fairy tale]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16827781|Conquer the Castle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5163254|Consolevania]]'' | [[Telly programme|televeesion programme]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q139023201|Conversations in Gaelic and English]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | 1892 | ''[[:d:Q1346592|bitext]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q136410671|Corryvreckan]]'' | [[queir]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3436601|Count Robert of Paris]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:Tales Volume 4.jpg|center|128px]] | | 1832 | ''[[:d:Q136472|historical prose literature]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q133224168|Countrywoman's Calendar]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | 1962 | |- | ''[[:d:Q16952451|Crabbie's]]'' | | | 2009 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98383629|Crabbit Granny]]'' | ''[[:d:Q24862|short film]]'' | | | 1953 | ''[[:d:Q8253|feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5180351|Cracked]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | [[comedy-drama]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3002602|Crime]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2008 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q109620644|Crimond]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | 1872 | |- | ''[[:d:Q5188589|Crossfire]]'' | [[Telly programme|televeesion programme]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q57705951|Cruinn]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q17018487|Scottish folk music]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q136001121|Culla]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | |- | [[Cullen skink]] | [[soup]] | [[File:Cullen Skink.JPG|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7849873|Cunningham]]'' | ''[[:d:Q101352|faimily name]]'' | | | | |- | [[Curlin]] | ''[[:d:Q31629|type o sport]]'' | [[File:12-01-20-yog-674.jpg|center|128px]] | 1966 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3007961|Cutty Sark]]'' | ''[[:d:Q167270|trademark]]'' | [[File:Bottle of Cutty Sark Scotch Whisky with box.JPG|center|128px]] | 1923-03-23 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q126477332|Cygni: All Guns Blazing]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | 2024-08-06 | ''[[:d:Q1044478|shoot 'em up]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q136410399|Côr Harmony]]'' | [[queir]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q38336|Dandie Dinmont Terrier]]'' | ''[[:d:Q39367|dog breed]]'' | [[File:Dandie Dinmont Terrier 600.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4037031|Dark Planet: Battle for Natrolis]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | | ''[[:d:Q208189|real-time strategy]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q18350426|Dateline Scotland]]'' | [[Telly programme|televeesion programme]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q119585958|Day is Done]]'' | ''[[:d:Q602446|lyrics]]'' | | | 1969 | ''[[:d:Q116953130|hymn text]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5243100|Daybreak Scotland]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5245078|Dead Air]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2002 | |- | ''[[:d:Q112031241|Dead Pony]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:Dead Pony (52072572184).jpg|center|128px]] | | | ''[[:d:Q11366|alternative rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q3617562|Dead Souls]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1999 | |- | ''[[:d:Q5245442|Dead Wood]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2009 | |- | ''[[:d:Q5247573|Death of a Ladies' Man]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2009-07-23 | |- | ''[[:d:Q80657151|Debate Night]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5251004|Deeside]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1911 | |- | ''[[:d:Q5251821|Degrassi]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | 1999 | | ''[[:d:Q183504|indie rock]]'' |- | [[Dewar's]] | ''[[:d:Q40050|drink]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q80359036|alcohol brand]]'' | [[File:DewarsLogo.png|center|128px]] | 1846 | | |- | [[Dictionar o the Scots Leid]] | ''[[:d:Q3327521|online dictionary]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q131344705|dictionary of the Scots language]]'' | | 2001 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q9207544|Dimple]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2424752|product]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5280892|Dirk dance]]'' | ''[[:d:Q107357104|type of dance]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q66456966|Discovery and Excavation in Scotland]]'' | ''[[:d:Q21834496|archaeology journal]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q737498|academic journal]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5296225|Donkey Punch]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2007-04-01 | |- | ''[[:d:Q5297243|Doors Open]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2008 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q115803710|Doughnuts and Doom]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2022-09-20 | ''[[:d:Q725377|graphic novel]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2561438|slice of life]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q18150777|Downfall]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2011 | |- | [[Drambuie]] | ''[[:d:Q114392939|drink brand]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q167270|trademark]]'' | [[File:New drambuie bottle.jpg|center|128px]] | 1910 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109405060|Dujanah]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | 2017-09-19 | ''[[:d:Q23916|adventure video game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q17505244|Dumfries Courier]]'' | [[newspaper]] | | 1809 | | |- | [[Dundee cake]] | | [[File:Dundee cake.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1266163|Dunlop cheese]]'' | | [[File:Ayrshire's Dunlop Cheese.JPG|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q56279760|Dàin do Eimhir]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5325340|Eagleowl]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:Eagleowl promo.jpg|center|128px]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1317816|indie folk]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q959914|Ecstasy: Three Tales of Chemical Romance]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1996-05 | |- | ''[[:d:Q3002812|Edinburgh Crystal]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5338215|Edinburgh Law Review]]'' | ''[[:d:Q746654|law review]]'' | | 1996 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5338306|Edinburgh rock]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5159627|confection]]'' | [[File:Edinburgh Rock.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q137360821|Eemis Stane]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1368848|literary magazine]]'' | | 2021 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5357317|Electric Brae]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1992 | |- | ''[[:d:Q83742490|Enough of Him]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | 2020 | | ''[[:d:Q25372|drama]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q31970514|Epic Battle Fantasy 4]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | 2014-02-25 | ''[[:d:Q23916|adventure video game]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q744038|role-playing video game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q112132374|Epic Battle Fantasy 5]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | 2018-11-30 | ''[[:d:Q5923834|Japanese role-playing video game]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q744038|role-playing video game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q2246627|Eriskay Pony]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1160573|horse breed]]'' | [[File:Eriskay pony beinn sciathan.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5398772|Espedair Street]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1987 | |- | ''[[:d:Q5399160|Espresso Tales]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2004 | ''[[:d:Q1347298|serialized fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5399414|Essays on Philosophical Subjects]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q33524602|Ettrick Banks]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q22075098|Even Dogs in the Wild]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2015-11-05 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5420395|Exit Music]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2007-09-06 | |- | ''[[:d:Q102964839|Expulsion of the Moneylenders from the Temple]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11060274|prent]]'' | [[File:Expulsion of the Moneylenders from the Temple - Vanderbilt Fine Arts Gallery - 1980.013.tif|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107529619|External Menace]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | 1979 | | [[Punk rock]] |- | ''[[:d:Q20012196|FFS]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:FFS (Franz Ferdinand & Sparks) @ Albert Hall, Manchester 25-8-2015 (20284011824).jpg|center|128px]] | 2015 | | ''[[:d:Q217467|art rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q97621188|Fantasmagoria]]'' | ''[[:d:Q24862|short film]]'' | | | 1948 | ''[[:d:Q8253|feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q102964931|Far from the Sea]]'' | ''[[:d:Q429785|poster]]'' | | 2002 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5435395|Farl]]'' | [[breid]] | [[File:Ben W Bell Soda Bread Farl 05 June 2007.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92480206|Fast & Furious: Adrenaline]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | | ''[[:d:Q860750|racin video gemme]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5437606|Father Hilary's Holiday]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1965 | |- | ''[[:d:Q5437626|Father Malachy's Miracle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1931 | |- | ''[[:d:Q33524785|Fee him, Father]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q15749735|Film-Philosophy]]'' | ''[[:d:Q737498|academic journal]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q773668|open-access journal]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1256352|Filth]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1998 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]'' |- | [[Finnan haddie]] | [[fuid]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102965122|Five Colours]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11060274|prent]]'' | | 1996 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3797845|Fleshmarket Close]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2004 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5464691|Follow Follow]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q52244114|For ever, Fortune]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | 1725 | |- | ''[[:d:Q25171666|Forward]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1002697|periodical leiteratur]]'' | | 1906 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5479814|Francie and Josie]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5493518|Fraochy Bay]]'' | [[Telly programme|televeesion programme]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q411924|Frazier]]'' | ''[[:d:Q101352|faimily name]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q83450990|From Scenes Like These]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1968 | |- | ''[[:d:Q18611377|From The Doctor to my son Thomas]]'' | ''[[:d:Q24862|short film]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q110879246|video work]]'' | | | 2014 | ''[[:d:Q471839|science feection film]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q3088307|Fromage d'Ayrshire]]'' | | [[File:Ayrshire.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5506087|Frontline]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | 2000 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5511555|Féillire]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | 1872 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7832290|Gaelic folk music]]'' | ''[[:d:Q106537557|music by ethnic group]]''<br/>[[muisic genre]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16148439|Gaelic music]]'' | [[muisic genre]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5516932|Gahn family]]'' | [[Faimily|faimlie]]<br/>''[[:d:Q62274319|Swedish unintroduced noble family]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q66760350|Galaxy Girls]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | 2017-09-15 | ''[[:d:Q689445|visual novel]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q505149|Gallagher and Lyle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q9212979|musical duo]]'' | [[File:Gallagher and Lyle On Stage In Greenock.jpg|center|128px]] | 1972 | | [[Pop muisic|pop]]<br/>''[[:d:Q186472|folk rock]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q613408|country rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5519004|Gallery Whispers]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1999 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q124609645|Galloway Adriatic]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1148385|straight-six]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15057021|engine model]]'' | [[File:Galloway Adriatic.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12018056|Galloway Atlantic]]'' | ''[[:d:Q245272|V12]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15057021|engine model]]'' | [[File:Paired Galloway Atlantic engines in a Handley Page V1500.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q126326631|Galloway News]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1868552|local newspaper]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q935155|Galloway cattle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q12045585|cattle breed]]'' | [[File:Galloway.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q138645059|Gangsta Bang - Introduction]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3414877|quest]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5523709|Garnock Way]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q23739|soap opera]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5564471|Girl in May]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1956 | ''[[:d:Q19765983|romantic fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5416645|Glasgow Times]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1110794|daily newspaper]]''<br/>[[wabsteid]] | | 1876 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98382842|Glasgow's Docklands]]'' | ''[[:d:Q24862|short film]]'' | | | 1956 | ''[[:d:Q213051|non-feection]]'' |- | [[Glayva]] | | [[File:Glayva.jpg|center|128px]] | 1947 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5567537|Glen's Vodka]]'' | | | 1972 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2262510|Glue]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2001 | |- | ''[[:d:Q125700841|Gnoss]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | 2015 | | ''[[:d:Q17018487|Scottish folk music]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q125027573|Go, labor on; spend, and be spent]]'' | ''[[:d:Q602446|lyrics]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q116953130|hymn text]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q38686|Golden Retriever]]'' | ''[[:d:Q39367|dog breed]]'' | [[File:Golden Retriever Dukedestiny01 drvd.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5582797|Good Morning Scotland]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1555508|radio program]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q131538174|Good Words for the Young]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1002697|periodical leiteratur]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q11780435|monthly magazine]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1029418|children's magazine]]'' | | 1869 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5584773|Gordon & MacPhail]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10373548|whisky distillery]]''<br/>[[Business|buisiness]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q38301|Gordon Setter]]'' | ''[[:d:Q39367|dog breed]]'' | [[File:Orrvilas enska w800px.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[Gowf]] | ''[[:d:Q31629|type o sport]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q13137940|sport with racquet/stick/club]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q212434|Olympic sport]]''<br/>[[habby]] | [[File:Golfer swing.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94830|Grand Theft Auto IV: The Lost and Damned]]'' | ''[[:d:Q209163|expansion add-on]]'' | | | 2009-02-17 | ''[[:d:Q343568|action-adventure game]]'' |- | [[Grand Theft Auto: The Ballad of Gay Tony]] | ''[[:d:Q209163|expansion add-on]]'' | [[File:GTA The Ballad of Gay Tony at Igromir 2009 (4081942358).jpg|center|128px]] | | 2009-10-29 | ''[[:d:Q343568|action-adventure game]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q85422949|video game with LGBT character]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q4039669|Grant's]]'' | ''[[:d:Q382947|Scotch whisky]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q80359036|alcohol brand]]'' | [[File:Full Range Grant's Whisky.jpg|center|128px]] | 1887 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q122362135|Grants Whisky Price in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q40050|drink]]'' | [[File:Grant's Whisky 01.jpg|center|128px]] | 1887 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q100414305|Greazy Puzzy Fuckerz]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:GPF on The Black stage Defqon1 - 2024-06-30.jpg|center|128px]] | | | ''[[:d:Q388906|hardcore]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q34523520|Gree, bairnies, gree]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1546243|Grice]]'' | ''[[:d:Q18786396|pig breed]]'' | [[File:Grice reconstructed.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q17778527|Grieg]]'' | [[Faimily|faimlie]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q84224774|Guilt]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | 2019-10-24<br/>2019-10-30<br/>2019-11-13 | ''[[:d:Q2101714|police film]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q130232|drama film]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q157443|comedy film]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q136384475|Gun Ghaol]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | [[metalcore]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5639068|Haig]]'' | ''[[:d:Q431289|brand]]'' | [[File:Bottle Haig Whiskey.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102965929|Half Mile Walk]]'' | ''[[:d:Q429785|poster]]'' | | 2004 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5642753|Hallam Foe]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2002-04-01 | |- | ''[[:d:Q85234272|Hatted kit]]'' | | | | | |- | [[Hawick News]] | [[newspaper]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q29587139|Head for the Edge, Keep Walking]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2014-01-01 | |- | ''[[:d:Q109566683|Heavy Events]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1816033|competitive sport]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q21654660|traditional sport]]'' | | -1829 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12059770|Hebridean]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15622363|sheep breed]]'' | [[File:Hebridean ram.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10518891|Hebridean pony]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1160573|horse breed]]'' | [[File:Hebridean pony 1905.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q58903|Heelain cattle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q12045585|cattle breed]]'' | [[File:HighlandCow.01.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q124357837|Heisk]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q17018487|Scottish folk music]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q116792313|Henderson family]]'' | [[Faimily|faimlie]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5713678|Hendrick's Gin]]'' | ''[[:d:Q80359036|alcohol brand]]''<br/>[[gin]] | [[File:Hendrick's gin 001.jpg|center|128px]] | 1999 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q35600178|Hey, my bonnie wee lassie]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5752197|Hide and Seek]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1991 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | [[Hieland gemmes]] | ''[[:d:Q18608583|recurring sporting event]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q82821|tradition]]'' | [[File:2006 Highland Games (4000821702).jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[Hieland pownie]] | ''[[:d:Q1160573|horse breed]]'' | [[File:Platier oye poney highland bis.JPG|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5757308|High Times]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | 2004-09-30 | |- | ''[[:d:Q4345100|Highland Laddie]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q211025|march]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q35599840|Highland Minstrel Boy]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q7366|sang]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5759100|Highland River]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Kenn and the Salmon.jpg|center|128px]] | | 1937 | ''[[:d:Q8253|feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5759332|Highlands]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q7603925|television documentary]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5774258|Historical fencing in Scotland]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q138950054|Hoagie]]'' | | [[File:Hoagie wrap - interior.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5883004|Hollywood Undercover]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2007 | ''[[:d:Q213051|non-feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q1951776|Hooper Bay]]'' | ''[[:d:Q59557805|unreleased album]]'' | | | 1994 | |- | ''[[:d:Q2076441|How Late It Was, How Late]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1994 | |- | ''[[:d:Q5990951|If You Liked School You'll Love Work]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2007-07 | |- | ''[[:d:Q6008981|In Another Light]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2004 | |- | ''[[:d:Q22251966|In the Cold Dark Ground]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2016 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q4171155|In the Company of Cheerful Ladies]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2004 | ''[[:d:Q6585139|mystery fiction]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q16994870|In:Demand Scotland]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1555508|radio program]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108784923|Industria]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | 2021-09-30<br/>2022-06-09 | ''[[:d:Q185029|first-person shuiter]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q6035751|Innes Review]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5633421|scienteefic journal]]'' | | 1950 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6052728|International Research in Children's Literature]]'' | ''[[:d:Q737498|academic journal]]'' | | 2008 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q121320619|Introduction to Data Mining]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | 2020 | |- | ''[[:d:Q107495778|Inyal]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16827651|Iomain]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q138635039|Iomall]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2025 | [[Science fiction|science feection]] |- | [[Irn-Bru]] | ''[[:d:Q114392939|drink brand]]'' | [[File:Barr IRN-BRU Sugar Free (3 of 3).jpg|center|128px]] | 1901 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q60594312|Iron]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1676212|I’m Gonna Be (500 Miles)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | 1988 | ''[[:d:Q11366|alternative rock]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2662148|Celtic rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q6168304|Jazz Review]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | 1998 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q28408003|John Burnet of Barns]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16386474|John Macnab]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1925 | |- | ''[[:d:Q1232629|John Murray]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2085381|publisher]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1320047|book publisher]]'' | [[File:Murray John First.jpg|center|128px]] | 1768 | | |- | [[Johnnie Walker]] | ''[[:d:Q167270|trademark]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q382947|Scotch whisky]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10373548|whisky distillery]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2424752|product]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q80359036|alcohol brand]]'' | [[File:Johnnie Walker Red Label.jpg|center|128px]] | 1820 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q127273724|Johnstone Pipe Band]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3085519|pipe band]]'' | | 1943 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20877127|Joseph Knight]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2003-04-07 | |- | ''[[:d:Q6294829|Journal of Beckett Studies]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5633421|scienteefic journal]]'' | | 1976 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q15709992|Journal of Scottish Historical Studies]]'' | ''[[:d:Q627517|history journal]]'' | | 1980 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6296188|Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5633421|scienteefic journal]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q737498|academic journal]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q773668|open-access journal]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q16024164|medical journal]]'' | | 1971 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q131749566|Jules and Greg's Wild Swim]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3326476|Kailyard school]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3326717|literary movement]]'' | | 1880 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6375447|Kate Crackernuts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q699|fairy tale]]'' | [[File:Page 210 illustration in English Fairy Tales.png|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6383736|Keiller's marmalade]]'' | ''[[:d:Q431289|brand]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1252971|food manufacturer]]'' | | 1797 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q114051611|Kelvingrove]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | 1821 | |- | ''[[:d:Q6407655|Killie pie]]'' | | [[File:Killie Pies and Peas.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q83455708|Kinnaris Quintet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | 2017 | | ''[[:d:Q17018487|Scottish folk music]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q102966954|Knackers]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11060274|prent]]'' | [[File:Knackers - Vanderbilt Fine Arts Gallery - 1971-070.tif|center|128px]] | 1894 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6423081|Knots and Crosses]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1987 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q16871486|Knox]]'' | ''[[:d:Q101352|faimily name]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q113022702|LF System]]'' | ''[[:d:Q9212979|musical duo]]'' | | 2019 | | ''[[:d:Q20502|house]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q18344787|Lady Agnew of Lochnaw]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3305213|paintin]]'' | [[File:John Singer Sargent - Lady Agnew of Lochnaw (1892).jpeg|center|128px]] | 1892 | | ''[[:d:Q134307|portrait]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q96278979|Lagavulin 16 years whisky]]'' | ''[[:d:Q902887|Islay single malt whisky]]'' | [[File:Lagavulin Single Islay Malt Whisky 16 years old.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q280|Lagavulin distillery]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10373548|whisky distillery]]'' | [[File:Lagavulin Destillery.jpg|center|128px]] | 1816 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6473776|Laidlaw]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1977 | |- | ''[[:d:Q6474100|Laird of Burnbrae]]'' | ''[[:d:Q355567|ryal or noble rank]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q5737899|hereditary title]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6482902|Lanark: A Life in Four Books]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1981-01 | [[fantasie]] |- | ''[[:d:Q102967917|Laughing - Crying]]'' | ''[[:d:Q429785|poster]]'' | | 1996 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16932445|Legit]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q170238|sitcom]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q6532725|Let It Bleed]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1995 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q138798492|Liberty City Chapter 1: Gangsta Bang]]'' | ''[[:d:Q133296086|video game chapter]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6545063|Life and Work]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | 1879 | | |- | [[Limmy's Show]] | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q9335576|comedy television series]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q6552852|Lindsay of Evelix]]'' | ''[[:d:Q18759100|baronetcy]]''<br/>[[Faimily|faimlie]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q138635047|Linne Dhomhain]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2021 | |- | ''[[:d:Q48699803|Live at Five]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q126364793|Locomotive No. 10 El Esla]]'' | ''[[:d:Q785745|tank locomotive]]'' | [[File:Locomotive No. 10 El Esla - Sabero 2024.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q52243731|Logan Braes]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | 1843 | |- | ''[[:d:Q52244260|Logan Water]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q17015965|London Calling]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2013 | |- | ''[[:d:Q3823287|Lot No. 249]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Doyle - Une momie qui ressuscite.djvu|center|128px]] | 1892 | 1892 | ''[[:d:Q20669641|gothic fiction]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q193606|horror literature]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q9103398|Love Fist]]'' | ''[[:d:Q6619719|fictional musical ensemble]]'' | | | | [[Heavy metal muisic|heavy metal]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3265916|Luckenbooth brooch]]'' | ''[[:d:Q499916|brooch]]'' | [[File:Luckenbooth brooches .jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16386804|Luckypenny]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1937 | |- | ''[[:d:Q1720712|Luing cattle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q12045585|cattle breed]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1208989|beef cattle]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3235797|Machair]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q23739|soap opera]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q108829896|Mackenzie]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | 1996 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6724904|Maconochie]]'' | | [[File:Maconochie army ration, Musée Somme 1916, pic-110.JPG|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6726755|Made in Scotland]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q134585656|Manual Of Bacteriological Technique and Special Bacteriology]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | 1902 | |- | ''[[:d:Q3992409|Marabou Stork Nightmares]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1995 | ''[[:d:Q109581872|experimental novel]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q919929|Marmion]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Marmion 1st ed.jpg|center|128px]] | | 1808 | ''[[:d:Q474090|narrative poetry]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q114390692|Martyrdom]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | 1825 | |- | ''[[:d:Q16386904|Marx the First]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1975 | |- | ''[[:d:Q25390447|Master Rallye]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | 2001 | ''[[:d:Q860750|racin video gemme]]'' |- | [[Maud]] | | [[File:Sir John Watson Gordon - James Hogg, 1770 - 1835. Poet; 'The Ettrick Shepherd' - Google Art Project.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[Mealie]] | | [[File:Irish black and white pudding slices.JPG|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102320800|Mediaeval Scandinavia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q737498|academic journal]]'' | | 1968 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q112001238|Medicine Cabinet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q6942541|musical collective]]'' | | 2018 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6807652|Meeow!]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | 2000-01-05 | [[Childer's telly series|childer's televeesion series]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6815614|Memories and Portraits]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1887 | |- | ''[[:d:Q135512349|Men in Love]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2025-07 | |- | ''[[:d:Q787667|Middle of the Road]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:Middle Of The Road 925-3455.jpg|center|128px]] | 1970 | | [[Pop muisic|pop]]<br/>''[[:d:Q997481|bubblegum music]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q6843484|Midwinter]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1923 | |- | ''[[:d:Q343749|Milligan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q101352|faimily name]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1936983|Miniature Shetland pony]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1160573|horse breed]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96393620|Modern Studies]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3860275|Molly's Lips]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | 1988 | ''[[:d:Q183504|indie rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q21030926|Monkey Shoulder]]'' | [[Whisky]] | [[File:Monkey Shoulder Whisky.jpg|center|128px]] | 2003 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4148560|Morality for Beautiful Girls]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2001 | |- | ''[[:d:Q3222487|More New Arabian Nights: The Dynamiter]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Le dynamiteur.jpg|center|128px]] | | 1885 | |- | ''[[:d:Q6914355|Mortal Causes]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1994 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q6915172|Morvern Callar]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1995 | |- | ''[[:d:Q6918341|Motormark]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | 2001 | | ''[[:d:Q861823|electroclash]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q56580|digital hardcore]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q106306552|Murderous Pursuits]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | 2018-04-26 | ''[[:d:Q270948|action game]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1610017|simulation video game]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q472055|strategy video gemme]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q6938794|Murmuring the Judges]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1998 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q62067286|Murray]]'' | ''[[:d:Q82799|name]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q35599929|My Highland home]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q35600031|My Nannie, O]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | 1843 | |- | ''[[:d:Q61447836|My Romantic History]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q35599707|My wife has ta'en the gee]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q114105442|NRP Albéria]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1286790|auxiliary vessel]]'' | [[File:Patrulha Albéria.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q112920258|NRP Açor]]'' | ''[[:d:Q202527|minesweeper]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3308902|naval trawler]]'' | [[File:Caça-Minas Açor (2º) (1916-1918).jpg|center|128px]] | 1906 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q113866724|NRP Tomás Andrea]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2074370|minehunter]]'' | [[File:Caça-minas Thomáz Andréa (Tomás Andréa).jpg|center|128px]] | 1907 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16998421|Nae Danger]]'' | | [[File:Nae Danger Brosef.jpg|center|128px]] | 2012-08 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106584188|Neon Podcast Evangelion]]'' | ''[[:d:Q24634210|podcast show]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q105011790|anime and manga podcast]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q105885182|science fiction podcast]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q105908617|film and television podcast]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q55114857|Night Kaleidoscope]]'' | [[film]] | | | 2017 | |- | ''[[:d:Q126834917|No Scotland No Party]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2489759|football chant]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q114909458|sports anthem]]'' | | | 2024 | |- | ''[[:d:Q35734131|Nora's Vow]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | [[North Ronaldsay sheep]] | ''[[:d:Q15622363|sheep breed]]'' | [[File:North ron sheep.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3406327|North Tonight]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7062764|Nothing Human Left]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2011 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7065883|Now You See It]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q62604270|Observation]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | 2019-05-21 | ''[[:d:Q1610017|simulation video game]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q54767|puzzle video game]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q27670585|science fiction video game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q16874548|Ochiltree]]'' | ''[[:d:Q101352|faimily name]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q29587083|Of the Balance of Trade]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1752 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7078954|Off the Ball]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1555508|radio program]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q42967802|Ogilvie]]'' | ''[[:d:Q101352|faimily name]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16880666|Ogilvy]]'' | ''[[:d:Q101352|faimily name]]'' | [[File:Earl of Airlie arms.svg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q844519|Oh No! More Lemmings]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | 1991 | ''[[:d:Q54767|puzzle video game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q3234969|Old Mortality]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:Tales of My Landlord 1st series 1st edition.jpg|center|128px]] | 1816 | 1816 | ''[[:d:Q136472|historical prose literature]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q102969297|On Imaginative Space]]'' | ''[[:d:Q429785|poster]]'' | | 1997 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7094173|Only Fade Away]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1954 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7095381|Ooops!]]'' | [[Telly programme|televeesion programme]] | | | 2002 | [[Childer's telly series|childer's televeesion series]] |- | ''[[:d:Q725120|OpenTTD]]'' | [[video gemme]]<br/>[[free saftware]] | [[File:Cardhill Transport, 2000-06-25.png|center|128px]] | | 2004-03-06 | ''[[:d:Q1198141|business simulation game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q106580670|Orphans of the Tide]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2020-02-18<br/>2020-02-20 | ''[[:d:Q1233720|young adult literature]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7107453|Ossian]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q28452476|Out of Bounds]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2016 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q38980|Paisley Terrier]]'' | ''[[:d:Q38672|dog type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q39367|dog breed]]'' | [[File:Paisley1903.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7134646|Paragraph]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5633421|scienteefic journal]]'' | | 1983 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7140169|Partan bree]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102969608|Pastoral]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11060274|prent]]'' | | 1996 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98382671|Petrol]]'' | ''[[:d:Q24862|short film]]'' | | | 1957 | ''[[:d:Q8253|feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q65197873|Philp]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61881575|Swedish noble family]]'' | | | | |- | [[Plain laif]] | | [[File:Plain bread.JPG|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7225175|Politics Now]]'' | [[Telly programme|televeesion programme]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7225719|Pollok, Gilmour and Company]]'' | [[Business|buisiness]] | | 1804 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7228828|Poor Things]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1992 | |- | ''[[:d:Q123322|Porno]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2002-08 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7232652|Portuguese Irregular Verbs]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1997 | ''[[:d:Q40831|comedy]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7234119|Postcode Challenge]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7239029|Prayer for the Living]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1934 | ''[[:d:Q21803247|military fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q2068990|Prince Otto]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:Prince Otto (first edition) (title page).jpg|center|128px]] | | 1885 | |- | ''[[:d:Q47074303|Pringle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3409032|unisex gien name]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7246044|Private Angelo]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1946 | ''[[:d:Q128758|satire]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q908667|war novel]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q97356280|Project Moonbase]]'' | ''[[:d:Q24634210|podcast show]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q105580963|music podcast]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q105011645|comedy podcast]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q124356748|Psychoanalytic studies of personality]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20540385|non-fiction work]]'' | | | 2000-01-01 | ''[[:d:Q213051|non-feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q107018459|Publications of the Royal Observatory, Edinburgh]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2217301|serial]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2469230|Quentin Durward]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Quentin Durward 1823.jpg|center|128px]] | | 1823-05-17 | ''[[:d:Q136472|historical prose literature]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q134717368|Quentin Durward (1912 edition)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | [[File:Quentin Durward 1823.jpg|center|128px]] | | 1823-05-17 | ''[[:d:Q136472|historical prose literature]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q135209247|Quick As Thieves]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7283174|Ragnarawk]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | 2007 | ''[[:d:Q744038|role-playing video game]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q584105|music video game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q28127686|Rather Be the Devil]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2016 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7296891|Raw Spirit]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | 2003 | |- | [[Rebus (TV series)|Rebus]] | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q1366112|drama television series]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q107018559|Recent advances in surgery]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2217301|serial]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107018570|Records of the Scottish Church History Society]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2217301|serial]]'' | | | | |- | [[Red Kola]] | | | 1977 | | |- | [[Reestit mutton]] | | [[File:Reestit mutton in butcher's window, Lerwick - geograph.org.uk - 1590613.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q130975239|Reforj]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | No/unknown value | ''[[:d:Q116278106|survival sandbox video game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7309799|Reheated Cabbage]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2009 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7312846|Rendition: Guantanamo]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61475894|cancelled/unreleased video game]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q270948|action game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7316544|Resurrection Men]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2002 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q98383631|Robot Three]]'' | ''[[:d:Q24862|short film]]'' | | | 1951 | ''[[:d:Q8253|feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q135656125|Roll of the Baronage of Scotland]]'' | [[wabsteid]]<br/>''[[:d:Q33270056|genealogy database]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q7094076|online database]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q9312094|RollerCoaster Tycoon 2: Time Twister]]'' | ''[[:d:Q209163|expansion add-on]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q11835185|RollerCoaster Tycoon 2: Wacky Worlds]]'' | ''[[:d:Q209163|expansion add-on]]'' | | | 2003-01-18 | ''[[:d:Q1610017|simulation video game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q9312099|RollerCoaster Tycoon: Corkscrew Follies]]'' | ''[[:d:Q209163|expansion add-on]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7362712|Romanno Bridge]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2008 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7362837|Romanticism]]'' | ''[[:d:Q627517|history journal]]'' | | 1995 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q64632119|Rosa ‘Alec’s Red’]]'' | ''[[:d:Q26817508|rose cultivar]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1825420|Rose's lime juice]]'' | ''[[:d:Q114392939|drink brand]]'' | [[File:Rose's Lime Juice.JPG|center|128px]] | 1867 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107018832|Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh publication]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2217301|serial]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7374788|Royal Salute whisky]]'' | ''[[:d:Q80359036|alcohol brand]]'' | [[File:Royal Salute scotch whiskey.jpg|center|128px]] | 1953 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q116609986|Rumahoy]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:Rumahoy.jpg|center|128px]] | 2011 | | ''[[:d:Q3389124|pirate metal]]''<br/>[[Fowk metal]]<br/>[[Pouer metal]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7380801|Rushen Coatie]]'' | ''[[:d:Q699|fairy tale]]'' | [[File:Page 150 illustration in More English Fairy Tales.png|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20713615|SIA Scotch Whisky]]'' | | [[File:SIA Scotch Whisky Bottle.jpg|center|128px]] | 2014 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q31797868|STEALL]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1368848|literary magazine]]'' | | 2016 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7394864|STV Appeal]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | 2011 | 2011-09-11 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7394869|STV News]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q1358344|news program]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7394875|STV Rugby]]'' | [[Telly programme|televeesion programme]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7394876|STV Sports Centre]]'' | [[Telly programme|televeesion programme]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q138772740|SVR-Baureihe G4]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20650761|tender locomotive]]'' | [[File:SVR G4 Nr. 186 Lieferfoto.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q132175284|Saber Came to Tea]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q48811805|Sacred Paws]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:Sacred Paws at Rough Trade.jpg|center|128px]] | 2014 | | ''[[:d:Q842324|indie pop]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q598929|post-punk]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q183504|indie rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q50399865|Sae flaxen were her ringlets]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7398517|Safe as Houses]]'' | [[Telly programme|televeesion programme]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q17017964|Saints of the Shadow Bible]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2013-11-07 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q88296934|Saor]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:Saor Dark Troll 2023 02.jpg|center|128px]] | 2012 | | ''[[:d:Q65937017|atmospheric black metal]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7420877|Saorsa]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2011 | |- | ''[[:d:Q56289964|Sarah's Room]]'' | [[film]] | | | 2013 | |- | ''[[:d:Q110941133|Scathe]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | 2022-08-31 | ''[[:d:Q185029|first-person shuiter]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q27902416|Schaw Statutes]]'' | ''[[:d:Q234460|text]]'' | | | 1598 | |- | ''[[:d:Q34221604|Scornfu' Nancy]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | 1725 | |- | [[Scot Squad]] | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3476136|Scotch Fancy]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20011823|canary breed]]'' | [[File:Our canaries (18960100635).jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[Scotch ale]] | ''[[:d:Q1998962|beer style]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2896374|Scotch broth]]'' | ''[[:d:Q18697490|lamb dish]]'' | [[File:Lunch at Inveraray Castle - Scotch broth (14342541740).jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[Scotch pie]] | | [[File:Scotch pie.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q382947|Scotch whisky]]'' | | [[File:Whiskyhogmanay2010.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[Scotland]] | [[Kintras o the Unitit Kinrick|constituent kintra o the Unitit Kinrick]] | [[File:Scotland from satellite.jpg|center|128px]] | 843 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3406251|Scotland Today]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7435657|Scotland Tonight]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | [[Scotland the Brave]] | [[Naitional anthem]] | [[File:Scotland the Brave.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q15607891|Scotland's Future]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107473448|Scotland's Home of the Year]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q125471642|Scotland's National]]'' | ''[[:d:Q125471605|national tartan]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1125192|Scots Confession]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q183770|Christian creed]]'' | [[File:Scots Confession.jpg|center|128px]] | | 1560 | |- | [[Scots Tarrie]] | ''[[:d:Q39367|dog breed]]'' | [[File:Scotish terrier burleska 2005.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7435802|Scotsmac]]'' | | | | | |- | [[Scotsport]] | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2878361|Scottish Backhold]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q37929|Scottish Deerhound]]'' | ''[[:d:Q39367|dog breed]]'' | [[File:Deerhound 305.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7437707|Scottish Dunface]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15622363|sheep breed]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q42636|Scottish Fold]]'' | ''[[:d:Q43577|cat breed]]'' | [[File:Purple-scottish-fold.png|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3094259|Scottish Gaelic punk]]'' | [[muisic genre]]<br/>''[[:d:Q28820001|musical scene]]'' | | 1978 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7762641|The Scottish Historical Review]]'' | ''[[:d:Q627517|history journal]]'' | | 1921 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7437800|Scottish Journal of Theology]]'' | ''[[:d:Q737498|academic journal]]'' | | 1948 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7437854|Scottish Medical Journal]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5633421|scienteefic journal]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q73897617|toll-access journal]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q5953270|hybrid open access journal]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q16024164|medical journal]]'' | | 1822<br/>1956 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q24993955|Scottish Morning Roll]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1970833|Scottish National Antarctic Expedition]]'' | ''[[:d:Q366301|research expedition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q69502940|polar expedition]]'' | [[File:Scotia on Laurie Island.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7437943|Scottish Review of Books]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | 2005 | 2004 | |- | ''[[:d:Q18163546|Secret of the Sands]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2011 | |- | ''[[:d:Q124643088|Seeds of Desolation]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | [[Daith metal]] |- | ''[[:d:Q113539840|Sena]]'' | ''[[:d:Q98151017|river gunboat]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1121471|paddle steamer]]'' | [[File:Lancha canhoneira Sena (1ª) (1871-1879).jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10605137|Set in Darkness]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2000 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | [[Shetland (TV series)|Shetland]] | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q67175872|thriller television series]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7495662|Shetland Goose]]'' | ''[[:d:Q59453852|goose breed]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q17019069|Shetland cattle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q12045585|cattle breed]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q24036271|rare breed]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7495670|Shetland duck]]'' | ''[[:d:Q110536225|duck breed]]'' | | | | |- | [[Shetland pownie|Shetland pony]] | ''[[:d:Q1160573|horse breed]]'' | [[File:Shetland pony (2).jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[Shetland sheep]] | ''[[:d:Q15622363|sheep breed]]'' | [[File:Shetland sheep moorit.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[Shinty]] | | [[File:CabersGlasgow.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106586985|Shipwreck Island]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | 2021-03-04 | ''[[:d:Q1233720|young adult literature]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7504321|Shrug]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:Shrug - December 1994.jpg|center|128px]] | 1994 | | ''[[:d:Q11366|alternative rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q107019022|Sidewalk]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2217301|serial]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q179221|Silly Wizard]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:Silly Wizard2007.JPG|center|128px]] | 1970 | | ''[[:d:Q854451|Celtic music]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q748836|Simple Minds]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:-NIMES -170618 Nimes SM2018 mk2 MG 9308-Edit.jpg|center|128px]] | 1977 | | ''[[:d:Q187760|new wave]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q50399972|Sing on, sing on]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q28407918|Sir Quixote of the Moors]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q117743230|Six Four]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q959790|crime film]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q182015|thriller]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q3486108|Skagboys]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2012-09-17 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7535484|Skinner's Ghosts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1998 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7535486|Skinner's Mission]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1997 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7535488|Skinner's Ordeal]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1996 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7535492|Skinner's Round]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1995 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7535490|Skinner's Rules]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1993 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7535493|Skinner's Trail]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1994 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q152532|Skol]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15075508|beer brand]]'' | | 1959 | | |- | [[Skye Tarrie]] | ''[[:d:Q39367|dog breed]]'' | [[File:Skye terrier 800.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q124313941|Sleep, Dearie, Sleep]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q1229479|lamentation]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q114842527|Slow Roads]]'' | [[video gemme]]<br/>''[[:d:Q178285|freeware]]'' | | 2021-06 | 2022-10-22 | ''[[:d:Q1610017|simulation video game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q38790|Smooth Collie]]'' | ''[[:d:Q39367|dog breed]]'' | [[File:Smooth Collie 600.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q135016000|Snake Venom Beer]]'' | [[beer]]<br/>''[[:d:Q687737|Bock]]'' | | 2013 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q188407|Snow Patrol]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:Snow Patrol Band.jpg|center|128px]] | 1994 | | ''[[:d:Q11366|alternative rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q502330|Soay sheep]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15622363|sheep breed]]'' | [[File:Soay Sheep. Ovis aries - Flickr - gailhampshire.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109647834|Solar Flux]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | 2013-10-24<br/>2013-12-19<br/>2018-12-11 | ''[[:d:Q54767|puzzle video game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q48700473|Soldier's Dream]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | 1917-10 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7560123|Something Leather]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1990 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7562723|Soor ploom]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5159627|confection]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q122196512|Spalding family]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61881575|Swedish noble family]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10536391|introduced nobility of Sweden]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108412167|Spinning Coin]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7579584|Sporting Lucas Terrier]]'' | ''[[:d:Q39367|dog breed]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7581984|SquareGo]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | 2007 | 2007-08 | ''[[:d:Q69662460|video game magazine]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7582190|Squeak!]]'' | [[Telly programme|televeesion programme]] | | | | [[Childer's telly series|childer's televeesion series]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4675044|St. Ives]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:St Ives - frontispiece.jpg|center|128px]] | | 1897 | |- | ''[[:d:Q3232270|St. Ronan's Well]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:St Ronan 1824.jpg|center|128px]] | | 1823-12-27 | |- | ''[[:d:Q16545107|Standing in Another Man's Grave]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2012-11-08 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q283638|Stealers Wheel]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:Stealers Wheel - TopPop 1973 9.png|center|128px]] | 1972 | | ''[[:d:Q484641|pop rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7615983|Stewart of Balquhidder]]'' | [[Faimily|faimlie]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7619276|Stonemouth]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2012-04-05 | |- | ''[[:d:Q107570722|Stories of Scotland]]'' | ''[[:d:Q24634210|podcast show]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q105011823|history podcast]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q106625351|society and culture podcast]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q106462625|places and travel podcast]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7620316|Stornoway black pudding]]'' | | [[File:Stornoway Black Pudding.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[Stovies]] | [[fuid]] | [[File:Stovies.JPG|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7623883|Striking and Picturesque Delineations of the Grand, Beautiful, Wonderful, and Interesting Scenery Around Loch-Earn]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1815 | |- | ''[[:d:Q3976065|String Driven Thing]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | 1969 | | ''[[:d:Q186472|folk rock]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q649634|progressive folk]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7624072|Strip Jack]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1992 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7628082|Studies in World Christianity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q737498|academic journal]]'' | | 1995 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4050322|Suffocate Me]]'' | ''[[:d:Q169930|Extended play]]'' | | | 1993 | ''[[:d:Q11366|alternative rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7639411|Sunday Herald]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2302208|Sunday newspaper]]''<br/>[[newspaper]] | | 1999-02-07 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7639435|Sunday Live]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3655833|Sunset Song]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | 1932 | |- | ''[[:d:Q16884098|Swanston]]'' | ''[[:d:Q101352|faimily name]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q112039696|Swim School]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:Swim School (52074599463).jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q65958455|Sword of Asumi]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | 2015-01-08 | ''[[:d:Q689445|visual novel]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q10915891|TRA Class BT40]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19832486|locomotive class]]'' | [[File:Taiwan Railway Steam Locomotive No. 71.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q60754147|Talisk]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:"Talisk and Gardiner Brothers presents Unleashed" concert 04.jpg|center|128px]] | 2014 | | ''[[:d:Q854451|Celtic music]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q17018487|Scottish folk music]]'' |- | [[Tartan]] | | [[File:Three tartans.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q944307|Tartan Noir]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q1328330|hardboiled]]'' |- | [[Tattie scone]] | | [[File:Scone varieties.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7691104|Tea Time for the Traditionally Built]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2009 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q6585139|mystery fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7691183|Teacher's Highland Cream]]'' | ''[[:d:Q40050|drink]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q80359036|alcohol brand]]'' | [[File:Teacher's Highland Cream 20cl bottle 1.jpg|center|128px]] | 1884 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4148516|Tears of the Giraffe]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2000 | ''[[:d:Q6585139|mystery fiction]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q54868317|Teenage Superstars]]'' | [[film]] | | | 2017 | ''[[:d:Q93204|documentarie film]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q113539814|Tete]]'' | ''[[:d:Q98151017|river gunboat]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1121471|paddle steamer]]'' | [[File:Lancha canhoneira Tete (1ª) (1871-1879).jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7711289|That Summer]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2000 | |- | ''[[:d:Q2717772|The Abbot]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:The Abbot 1820.jpg|center|128px]] | | 1820 | ''[[:d:Q136472|historical prose literature]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7712228|The Accounting]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1958 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7712251|The Acid House]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1994 | ''[[:d:Q8253|feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7714323|The Arran Banner]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1002697|periodical leiteratur]]''<br/>[[newspaper]] | | 1974 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q743137|The Associates]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:Billy-Mackenzie-Dundee-Scotland-1985.jpg|center|128px]] | 1979 | | ''[[:d:Q598929|post-punk]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q3791280|The Bedroom Secrets of the Master Chefs]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | 2006 | |- | ''[[:d:Q3232591|The Betrothed]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:Betrothed 1825.jpg|center|128px]] | | 1825-06-22 | ''[[:d:Q136472|historical prose literature]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7718176|The Bishop]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1970 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7718257|The Black Book]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1993 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q3224969|The Black Dwarf]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:Sir Walter Scott - Elshie, The Black Dwarf.jpg|center|128px]] | | 1816-12-02 | ''[[:d:Q136472|historical prose literature]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q1217958|The Blue Afternoon]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | 1993 | |- | ''[[:d:Q2411893|The Body Snatcher]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:The Wrong Box and The Body-Snatcher book cover.jpg|center|128px]] | | 1884-12 | ''[[:d:Q193606|horror literature]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q34521753|The Book of Scottish Song]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | 1843 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7719471|The Botanist]]'' | | [[File:The Botanist Islay Dry Gin 03.tif|center|128px]] | 2010 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q896059|The Boys of the Lough]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | 1970 | | ''[[:d:Q854451|Celtic music]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q43343|fowk muisic]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q35600286|The Bridal Day]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2659725|The Bride of Lammermoor]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Charles Robert Leslie - Sir Walter Scott - Ravenswood and Lucy at the Mermaiden's Well - Bride of Lammermoor.jpg|center|128px]] | 1819 | 1819 | ''[[:d:Q1196408|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q4304488|The Bridge]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1986-07 | |- | ''[[:d:Q34523326|The Brier Bush]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16849669|The Busconductor Hines]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q35600393|The Bush aboon Traquair]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q7366|sang]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7720737|The Business]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1999 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7720943|The Cairngorms]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1928 | |- | ''[[:d:Q20617543|The Celtic Monthly]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | 1876 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7721856|The Celtic View]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | 1965 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7727087|The Complaints]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2009-09-03 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7727319|The Cone Gatherers]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1955 | |- | ''[[:d:Q19902801|The Cookery Book of Lady Clark of Tillypronie]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:The Cookery Book of Lady Clark of Tillypronie cover.jpg|center|128px]] | | 1909 | [[cuikin]] |- | ''[[:d:Q85806850|The Cotter's Saturday Night]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:The toil-worn cottar....engraving by William Miller after Faed.jpg|center|128px]] | 1786 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7727846|The Course of Time]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1827 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7727866|The Courts of the Morning]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1929 | ''[[:d:Q21802675|adventure fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q16241321|The Crow Road]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1992 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7728533|The Cutting Room]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2002 | ''[[:d:Q6647667|high literature]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7728834|The Dancing Floor]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1926<br/>1926-07 | ''[[:d:Q21802675|adventure fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q48799259|The Dark Horse]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | [[File:The Dark Horse Issue 17.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q30078025|The Devil That Danced on the Water: A Daughter's Quest]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2002 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7730406|The Divided Lady]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1960 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7730727|The Double Comfort Safari Club]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2010 | |- | ''[[:d:Q4674957|The Ebb-Tide. A Trio and a Quartette]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson's new story, The ebb-tide.jpg|center|128px]] | | 1894 | ''[[:d:Q21802675|adventure fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q52243476|The Emigrant's Farewell]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | 1819 | |- | ''[[:d:Q3209885|The Fair Maid of Perth]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:Fair Maid of Perth Illustration 1859.jpg|center|128px]] | | 1828-05-15 | ''[[:d:Q136472|historical prose literature]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7733256|The Falls]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2001 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q16062387|The Field of Blood]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q85807163|The Fire Gospel]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7734296|The Five Thirty Show]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7734499|The Flood]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1986 | ''[[:d:Q20664530|crime literature]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q3230799|The Fortunes of Nigel]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:Nigel 1822.jpg|center|128px]] | | 1822-05-29 | ''[[:d:Q136472|historical prose literature]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q69780430|The Fourth Sacrifice]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2000 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7735651|The Gallovidian]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | 1899 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7736610|The Girl on the Stairs]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2012 | ''[[:d:Q6647667|high literature]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7960828|The Good Husband of Zebra Drive]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2007 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q6585139|mystery fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7738170|The Green Isle of the Great Deep]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1944 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7738755|The Hanging Garden]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1998 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q2091094|The Heart of Midlothian]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Whistler James Arrangement in Yellow and Grey Effie Deans 1877.jpg|center|128px]] | | 1818 | ''[[:d:Q1196408|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q109622189|The Hermit of Treig]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11578774|broadcasting program]]''<br/>[[film]] | | | 2022-03-05 | |- | [[The High Life (1994 TV series)|The High Life]] | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q170238|sitcom]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7739651|The Highlander]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1002697|periodical leiteratur]]'' | | 1873-05 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q30598561|The Hired Man]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2013 | ''[[:d:Q8253|feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7739797|The History of Orkney Literature]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2010 | ''[[:d:Q213051|non-feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q76780872|The Home of a Naturalist]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q112983|memoir]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7740720|The House with the Green Shutters]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1901 | |- | ''[[:d:Q16386409|The Island of Sheep]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1936 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7743629|The Journal of Sir Walter Scott]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:The Journal of Sir Walter Scott.jpg|center|128px]] | | 1890 | ''[[:d:Q185598|diary]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q4148524|The Kalahari Typing School for Men]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2002 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7744522|The King Who Wished to Marry His Daughter]]'' | ''[[:d:Q699|fairy tale]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q50400004|The Laird o' Cockpen]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q38063812|The Laird o' Lamington]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | 1843 | |- | ''[[:d:Q39071320|The Late Show]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7746381|The Law]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:The Law.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7747260|The Light Princess]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1864 | ''[[:d:Q699|fairy tale]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q16386716|The Little Friend]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1929 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7748150|The Loner]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | 2011-03-31 | ''[[:d:Q182015|thriller]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q20664530|crime literature]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q3521717|The Mackenzies]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q183504|indie rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7749994|The Man Who Wouldn't Stand Up]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2012 | |- | ''[[:d:Q2615930|The Master of Ballantrae]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Themasterofballantreacover.jpg|center|128px]] | | 1889 | ''[[:d:Q21802675|adventure fiction]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1196408|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q29830265|The Memory of Love]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2010 | |- | ''[[:d:Q3232887|The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Merrymencover.jpg|center|128px]] | | 1887 | |- | ''[[:d:Q137362964|The Minstrel]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1771<br/>1774 | [[Poetry]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7751631|The Miracle at Speedy Motors]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2008 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q6585139|mystery fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q25171819|The Missing and the Dead]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2015 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q3224650|The Monastery]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:The Monastery 1820.jpg|center|128px]] | | 1820 | ''[[:d:Q1196408|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7752117|The Month of the Falling Leaves]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1963 | |- | ''[[:d:Q102974587|The Mountains of Holland]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1062404|artist's book]]'' | | 1999 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q136468173|The Munros]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7753075|The Naming of the Dead]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2006 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7753227|The National Youth Pipe Band of Scotland]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | 2003 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21997676|The Natural History of Aleppo]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1756 | |- | ''[[:d:Q89554752|The Nest]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | 2020-03-22 | ''[[:d:Q67175872|thriller television series]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7754192|The Nightshift]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q65121308|The Nine]]'' | [[Telly programme|televeesion programme]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7754620|The Oban Times]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1002697|periodical leiteratur]]''<br/>[[newspaper]] | | 1861 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q50399414|The Old Scottish Gentleman]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q30504|The Pastels]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:The Pastels.jpg|center|128px]] | 1982 | | ''[[:d:Q11366|alternative rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q3225628|The Pirate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:The Pirate 1822.jpg|center|128px]] | | 1822 | ''[[:d:Q1196408|historical fiction]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q111143082|pirate fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q133225145|The Place-Names of Dumfriesshire]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | 1935 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7757907|The Power-House]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1916 | ''[[:d:Q182015|thriller]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q2992437|The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1824 | ''[[:d:Q110540276|satirical fiction]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q20669641|gothic fiction]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q20737414|philosophical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q16259578|The Quarry]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2013-06-20 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7759357|The Rajah's Diamond]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:The Rajah's Diamond Cover.png|center|128px]] | | 1878<br/>1878-06 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q27887393|The Red Chair]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3305213|paintin]]'' | | 1924 | | ''[[:d:Q170571|still life]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7760409|The Return of John MacNab]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1996 | |- | ''[[:d:Q50399585|The Rose of Allandale]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7762300|The Saturday Big Tent Wedding Party]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2011 | |- | ''[[:d:Q3522619|The Scots Magazine]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | 1739-02-09 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20713036|The Scots Peerage]]'' | ''[[:d:Q277759|book series]]'' | [[File:The Scots Peerage book cover.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7762640|The Scottish Golf Show]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107019566|The Scottish educational journal]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2217301|serial]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7762742|The Sea-Maiden]]'' | ''[[:d:Q699|fairy tale]]'' | [[File:Celtic Fairy Tales - Frontispiece.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18153910|The Sex Lives of Siamese Twins]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2014 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7763696|The Sharp Grey Sheep]]'' | ''[[:d:Q699|fairy tale]]'' | [[File:Thomas Barker (1769-1847) (style of) - A Shepherdess and Sheep - 960240 - National Trust.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[The Shetland Times]] | [[newspaper]] | | 1872 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3235628|The Silverado Squatters]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:Silveradosquatters.jpg|center|128px]] | | 1883 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7764640|The Skinny]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | 2005 | 2005-05 | |- | ''[[:d:Q50399516|The Soldier's Grave]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18163405|The Spook School]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:The Spook School (band).jpg|center|128px]] | 2010 | | ''[[:d:Q842324|indie pop]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7766351|The Stars in the Bright Sky]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2010 | ''[[:d:Q6647667|high literature]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q151337|The State of the Art]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1989 | [[Science fiction|science feection]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7766457|The Steep Approach to Garbadale]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2007 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7766664|The Stooping Venus]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1926 | |- | ''[[:d:Q20713321|The Strange Death of Labour Scotland]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2012 | ''[[:d:Q213051|non-feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q2468419|The Suicide Club]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Image taken from page 296 of 'The Suicide Club and The Rajah's Diamond. (Extracted from “New Arabian Nights.)' (11230166996).jpg|center|128px]] | | 1878 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7767999|The Tale of the Shifty Lad, the Widow's Son]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q17022016|The Tales of Para Handy]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q170238|sitcom]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q952340|The Talisman]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Talisman 1825.jpg|center|128px]] | | 1825-06-22 | ''[[:d:Q1196408|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q1438448|The Theory of Moral Sentiments]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q193495|monograph]]'' | [[File:Adam Smith Moral Sentiments 1759.jpg|center|128px]] | | 1759 | ''[[:d:Q742609|human naitur]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7769008|The Three Hostages]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1924 | |- | ''[[:d:Q97823855|The Tourists]]'' | ''[[:d:Q24862|short film]]'' | | | 1955 | ''[[:d:Q213051|non-feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q2537887|The Two Babylons]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:Two-babylons.jpg|center|128px]] | | 1853 | ''[[:d:Q18536349|polemical lampoon]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q107019665|The Unicorn review]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2217301|serial]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3230605|The Valorous Years]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | 1940 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7772590|The View from Daniel Pike]]'' | [[Telly programme|televeesion programme]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q35600464|The Widow's Lament]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7775906|The World, the Flesh, and Father Smith]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1945 | |- | ''[[:d:Q2753955|The Wrecker]]'' | ''[[:d:Q319226|adventure novel]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:The Bookman RLS special 1913 illustration at page 164.png|center|128px]] | 1892 | 1892 | ''[[:d:Q21802675|adventure fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q3548866|The Wrong Box]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Thewrongboxcover.jpg|center|128px]] | | 1889 | ''[[:d:Q53094|black comedy]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q19362881|The dress]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2927074|internet meme]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q123261191|optical illusion image]]'' | [[File:Wikipe-tan wearing The Dress reduced.svg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106877405|The ghost]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2217301|serial]]'' | | 1796 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q125415042|The monthly record of the Free Church of Scotland]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2217301|serial]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q15015194|Theory of the Earth]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Trans Royal Society of Edinburgh cover.jpg|center|128px]] | | 1788 | |- | ''[[:d:Q65580287|There Grows a Bonnie Brier Bush]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q17018487|Scottish folk music]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q35599554|There lives a young lassie]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7785209|Thirty-five years in the Punjab]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1908 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7797011|Thoughts of My Cats]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1954 | ''[[:d:Q213051|non-feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7802867|Tilllate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | 1988 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7810921|To Every Man a Penny]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1949 | |- | ''[[:d:Q130442608|Tongues.]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7824261|Tooth and Nail]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1992 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7824470|Top Club]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110363629|Torridon]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10700627|Tottie family]]'' | [[Faimily|faimlie]] | [[File:Tottieska malmgården 2009b.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105722111|Towers of Everland]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | 2020-05-22 | |- | [[Trainspotting (novel)|Trainspotting]] | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1993 | |- | ''[[:d:Q107019751|Transactions of the Glasgow Archaeological Society]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2217301|serial]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3997517|Transition]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2009-09-03 | [[Science fiction|science feection]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7834524|Translation and Literature]]'' | ''[[:d:Q737498|academic journal]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q5633421|scienteefic journal]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2217301|serial]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1002697|periodical leiteratur]]'' | | 1992 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q124720713|Transport Tycoon: World Editor]]'' | ''[[:d:Q209163|expansion add-on]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q848362|Tremulous]]'' | [[video gemme]] | [[File:Tremulous - alien base grenade.jpg|center|128px]] | | 2005-08-11 | ''[[:d:Q185029|first-person shuiter]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q748677|Turtlehead]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | 1994 | | [[Punk rock]] |- | ''[[:d:Q50399436|Two Original Songs by Tannahill]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q17104407|Two Wings]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | 2009 | | [[Rock muisic|rock]] |- | ''[[:d:Q56244892|Tytler]]'' | ''[[:d:Q101352|faimily name]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7875683|USS Yacona]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7605392|steam yacht]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1303735|survey vessel]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2601071|royal yacht]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q331795|patrol vessel]]'' | [[File:USS Yacona (SP-617).jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3965250|Under the Skin]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 2000 | [[Science fiction|science feection]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7897476|Unsolved]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | 2004-01-08 | |- | ''[[:d:Q34223348|Up amang yon cliffy rocks]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7899993|Urban Realm]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | 1922 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7900177|Urban the Ninth]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1973 | |- | ''[[:d:Q1518444|Vat 69]]'' | ''[[:d:Q167270|trademark]]''<br/>[[Whisky]] | [[File:Whisky VAT69.jpg|center|128px]] | 1882 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q124045104|Verdict Guilty - 유죄 평결]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | 2016-06-13<br/>2023-02-16<br/>2023-03-15<br/>2023-05-17 | ''[[:d:Q846224|fechtin gemme]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7923296|Vespers in Vienna]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96414055|Vistas]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q183504|indie rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q1342485|Von Wright]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61881575|Swedish noble family]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q4349149|nobility of Finland]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10536391|introduced nobility of Sweden]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q127032002|WARD (Scottish)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q808113|Walking on Glass]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | 1985-03-07 | |- | ''[[:d:Q115046742|Walmer Castle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q12859788|steamship]]'' | | 1872 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q87712836|Warhammer 40,000: Sanctus Reach]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | 2017-01-19 | ''[[:d:Q472055|strategy video gemme]]'' |- | [[Wast Hieland White Tarrie|Wast Hieland White Terrier]] | ''[[:d:Q39367|dog breed]]'' | [[File:West Highland White Terrier Krakow.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7973169|Watchman]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1988 | ''[[:d:Q182015|thriller]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7977735|We See Lights]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:We See Lights at the Leith Dockers Club.jpg|center|128px]] | | | ''[[:d:Q42201|independent music]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q1213386|Weir of Hermiston]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Stevenson - Weir of Hermiston (1896).title.jpg|center|128px]] | | 1896 | ''[[:d:Q1196408|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7989828|Westwind]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1990 | ''[[:d:Q182015|thriller]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q17066530|When They Lay Bare]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1999 | |- | [[Whisky]] | | [[File:A Glass of Whiskey on the Rocks.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7887604|Whisky Galore]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1947 | ''[[:d:Q193979|farce]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q40831|comedy]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7994093|Whit]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1995 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7995483|White Trash]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | [[Pop muisic|pop]] |- | ''[[:d:Q60421981|Who's That Lady With My Man]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7366|sang]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q134556|single]]'' | | | 1976 | ''[[:d:Q517415|Europop]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q58339|disco]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q55642686|Wigilia]]'' | [[film]] | | | 2014 | ''[[:d:Q28026639|Christmas film]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q16531882|William Lawson's]]'' | ''[[:d:Q40050|drink]]'' | | 1849 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q50399803|Willie was a wanton wag]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q17039057|Witch Hunt]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1993 | |- | ''[[:d:Q8027856|Witch Wood]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1927 | ''[[:d:Q1196408|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q135975528|Without Permission]]'' | [[film]] | | | 2025 | |- | ''[[:d:Q8028891|Wknd@stv]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2257155|Wolfstone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:Stuart et Colin.JPG|center|128px]] | 1989 | | ''[[:d:Q2662148|Celtic rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q3569843|Woodstock]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:Frontispiece 1863 Woodstock-neat.png|center|128px]] | | 1826-04-28 | ''[[:d:Q136472|historical prose literature]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q130777372|Wrest]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | 2017 | | ''[[:d:Q186472|folk rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q8038539|Writing on the Wall]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q206159|psychedelic rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q113301675|Xena: Warrior Princess]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | 2007 | |- | ''[[:d:Q113644471|Ye Banks and Braes]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | 1788 | |- | ''[[:d:Q80133851|Young Hunting]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | [[Rock muisic|rock]] |- | ''[[:d:Q20714233|Your Cheatin' Heart]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1259759|miniseries]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q37710|border collie]]'' | ''[[:d:Q39367|dog breed]]'' | [[File:Argentine border collie.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3066180|bouncy techno]]'' | [[muisic genre]] | | 1992 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5019561|calf's liver and bacon]]'' | | [[File:Calf's liver, bacon and mash at Staplefield, West Sussex, England 1.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q617216|caramel shortbread]]'' | | [[File:Millionaire's shortbread.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q463230|claymore]]'' | ''[[:d:Q124078422|weapon type]]'' | [[File:Scottish claymore replica (Albion Chieftain)2.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5156775|composite rules shinty–hurling]]'' | ''[[:d:Q31629|type o sport]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q13137940|sport with racquet/stick/club]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q747339|contra dance]]'' | ''[[:d:Q107357104|type of dance]]'' | [[File:Glen Echo Park contra dance.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[cranachan]] | ''[[:d:Q182940|dessert]]'' | [[File:Cranachan (4332953688).jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q181761|deep-fried Mars bar]]'' | | [[File:DeepFriedMarsBar.jpg|center|128px]] | 1995 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3301197|deep-fried pizza]]'' | ''[[:d:Q116392487|type of pizza]]'' | [[File:Deep Fried Pizza.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5504828|fritter roll]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5506409|fruit pudding]]'' | | [[File:Scottish breakfast pack.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q154306|glen plaid]]'' | | [[File:Glen Plaid aka Prince of Wales check pattern.JPG|center|128px]] | 1840s | | |- | [[haggis]] | | [[File:Haggis Mo.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[haggis hurlin]] | [[sport]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20877220|haggis pakora]]'' | | [[File:Haggis pakora.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q184865|hammer throw]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2312410|sports discipline]]'' | [[File:John Flanagan.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q165704|high jump]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2312410|sports discipline]]'' | [[File:Yelena Slesarenko jumping 2007.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16979295|hodden]]'' | | [[File:Hodden Grey.JPG|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q120784241|iBomber Defense Pacific]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | 2012-03-01 | |- | ''[[:d:Q263673|lorne sausage]]'' | | [[File:Cooked Scottish square sausage.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6935684|munchy box]]'' | | [[File:Munchy Box.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4320515|oatmeal raisin cookie]]'' | | [[File:Oatmeal Cookies with orange zest, golden raisins, and chocolate chips.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1646194|oxford]]'' | | [[File:Oxford cloth.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3085519|pipe band]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105756498|type of musical group]]'' | [[File:Pipe band in the Canongate, Edinburgh.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q816195|plaid]]'' | | [[File:GrantPiper.JPG|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q953459|quaich]]'' | | [[File:Robinwoodquaich.JPG|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q99630482|rivlin]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q633547|sgian-dubh]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15142889|weapon family]]'' | | | | |- | [[shortbreid]] | | [[File:Shortbread fingers.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q180935|shot put]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2312410|sports discipline]]'' | [[File:Remigius Machura senior CZ championships in athletics Kladno 2005.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q205234|siren]]'' | | [[File:Pneumatic siren.jpg|center|128px]] | 1799 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7535893|skirlie]]'' | ''[[:d:Q746549|dish]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7571846|sowans]]'' | [[fuid]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7601283|starrie]]'' | | [[File:Star Rock.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3502845|tablet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q110220935|Sinterklaas candy]]'' | [[File:Butter tablet.JPG|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7801277|tiffin]]'' | | [[File:Scottish Tiffin.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q606060|women's association football]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10708051|competition class]]'' | [[File:Pepi Piazza.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3003796|women's lacrosse]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2312410|sports discipline]]'' | [[File:Womens lacrosse1.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5839193|Éire Óg]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q27962852|Étrangers au paradis]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | 1959 | |- | ''[[:d:Q97587415|Ímar]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | 2016 | | ''[[:d:Q854451|Celtic music]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q17018487|Scottish folk music]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1771297|English folk music]]'' |} {{Wikidata list end}} puft0a3vtjbquqy08jnlzynr02emae6 0 233344 915436 915418 2026-04-20T23:43:38Z NoahGeo 129838 915436 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ryalty|name=Guillaume V|succession=Grand Duke o Lusinburg|reign=3 October 2025 - Present|predecessor=Henri|successor=Charles|suc-type=Heir|image=Andrius Kubilius and Grand Duke Guillaume V (cropped).jpg|image_size=250px|caption=Guillaume in 2026|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1981|11|11|df=y}}|birth_place=Lusinburg Ceety, Lusinburg|spouse=Coontess Stéphanie de Lannoy (19 October 2012)|issue=Prince Charles <br/>Prince François|full name=Guillaume Jean Joseph Marie de Nassau<br/>Scots - Willum Ian Joseph Mairy}} '''Guillaume V''' (Guillaume Jean Joseph Marie de Nassau, 11 November 1981<ref>{{Cite web|title=H.R.H. the Grand Duke {{!}} Cour grand-ducale|url=https://monarchie.lu/en/grand-ducal-family/hrh-grand-duke-0|access-date=2026-04-18|website=monarchie.lu|language=en}}</ref>) is the Grand Duke o [[Luxembourg]], ringin syne 3 October 2025, efter his faither Grand Duke Henri abdicatit. == Personal life == He haes bin mairit tae Coontess Stéphanie de Lannoy sin 2012, an thegither thay hae twa bairns, Prince Charles an Prince François.<ref>{{Cite web|title=H.R.H. the Grand Duke {{!}} Cour grand-ducale|url=https://monarchie.lu/en/grand-ducal-family/hrh-grand-duke-0|access-date=2026-04-18|website=monarchie.lu|language=en}}</ref> He is the eldest bairn o Henri, Grand Duke o Lusinburg an is sib tae fower, Prince Félix, Prince Louis, Princess Alexandra an Prince Sébastian<ref>{{Cite web|title=H.R.H. Grand Duke Henri {{!}} Cour grand-ducale|url=https://monarchie.lu/en/luxembourg-monarchy/former-sovereigns/hrh-grand-duke-henri|access-date=2026-04-18|website=monarchie.lu|language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{Stub/Europe}} 3vh8z4k5wqyz7fqggpmplh4b5u352za 0 233349 915419 2026-04-20T13:14:41Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 NOTE: This airtin haes been owersettit frae the existin Inglis Wikipaedia airtin at [[:en:La Voix du Nord]]; see its history fur attreibution 915419 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''La Voix du Nord''''' ({{IPA-fr|la vwa dy nɔʁ}}, <small>lit.</small> The Vyce o the North or 'The Vyce o Nord') is a regional daily newspaper frae the north o Fraunce. Its heidquarters are in Lille. ==History== ''Voix du Nord'' wis ane o the unnergrund newspapers o the French Reseestance foondit in German-occupied Fraunce durin Warld War II. The paper furst appeared in Lille in Aprile 1941 at a time whan the region o Nord-Pas-de-Calais wis bein ruled bi a German military govrenment in Brussels. The newspaper's tag-line descrieved itsel as the "Reseestance organ o French Flanders." The post-war version the paper is pairt o the Belgian company, Rossel group, whilk forby awns the major Belgian newspaper ''Le Soir'', whilk it boucht frae Socpresse in 2006. === Oreegins in Occupied Fraunce === [[File:Bondues musee resistance VDN.JPG|thumb|right|The edition o 1 Aprile 1942 at the Reseestance Museum o Bondues]] {{lang|fr|La Voix du Nord}} is a clandestine newspaper that gae rise tae a muivement o poleetical reseestance. The reseestance group wis cawed ''Voix du Nord'' ("Vyce o the North"—o Fraunce, or, "Vyce o the ''Nord''"—a French depairtment). Saxty-five unit o the furst issue o the newspaper wur printed, dated Aprile 1941. It clearly annoonced the newspaper's mission statement: The newspaper affirmit its support fur General de Gaulle an its opposeetion tae the Vichy govrenment. At the ootset, thay wur twa vera different men: Jules Noutour, polis brigadier, tred unionist, an socialist memmer o the SFIO pairty; jynt bi Natalis Dumez, social Catholic. Dumez wis the hert an soul o the editorial staff: she wis primarily reponsible fur the fower hunder airticles that appeared in the furst 39 issues. Noutour wis arrestit on 8 September 1943 an deportit tae Gross Rosen, whaur he dee'd 1 Februar 1945. Frae the fower Roneotyped pages o the furst day, the newspaper rapidly grew tae sax, an then ten pages. Owin tae the difficulties in obtainin supplies o paper, the page coont was later reduced tae fower pages in Februar 1943. Circulation wis aroond 900 unit initially, growin tae 15,000 in Januar 1943. The paper cam oot ivery twa weeks throu September 1942, an monthly frae 1943 on. The last twa issues wur published in Julie an August 1944 unner the responsibility o Jules Houcke, wha published the furst appenly distributit issue o "La Voix du Nord" on 5 September 1944. The furst page is crossed oot, wi a heidline spannin sax columns: "The Northren Region is free. Freedom an unthirldom wur purchased at a heich price: preeson, tortur, daith camps fur mair nor 530 fowk, wha wrate, printed, an distributit thir newspapers." === Modren === p9lbpglrn7ihvu105l6q3jzbi2gxh3z 915420 915419 2026-04-20T13:26:23Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 915420 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''La Voix du Nord''''' ({{IPA-fr|la vwa dy nɔʁ}}, <small>lit.</small> The Vyce o the North or 'The Vyce o Nord') is a regional daily newspaper frae the north o Fraunce. Its heidquarters are in Lille. ==History== ''Voix du Nord'' wis ane o the unnergrund newspapers o the French Reseestance foondit in German-occupied Fraunce durin Warld War II. The paper furst appeared in Lille in Aprile 1941 at a time whan the region o Nord-Pas-de-Calais wis bein ruled bi a German military govrenment in Brussels. The newspaper's tag-line descrieved itsel as the "Reseestance organ o French Flanders." The post-war version the paper is pairt o the Belgian company, Rossel group, whilk forby awns the major Belgian newspaper ''Le Soir'', whilk it boucht frae Socpresse in 2006. === Oreegins in Occupied Fraunce === [[File:Bondues musee resistance VDN.JPG|thumb|right|The edition o 1 Aprile 1942 at the Reseestance Museum o Bondues]] {{lang|fr|La Voix du Nord}} is a clandestine newspaper that gae rise tae a muivement o poleetical reseestance. The reseestance group wis cawed ''Voix du Nord'' ("Vyce o the North"—o Fraunce, or, "Vyce o the ''Nord''"—a French depairtment). Saxty-five unit o the furst issue o the newspaper wur printed, dated Aprile 1941. It clearly annoonced the newspaper's mission statement: The newspaper affirmit its support fur General de Gaulle an its opposeetion tae the Vichy govrenment. At the ootset, thay wur twa vera different men: Jules Noutour, polis brigadier, tred unionist, an socialist memmer o the SFIO pairty; jynt bi Natalis Dumez, social Catholic. Dumez wis the hert an soul o the editorial staff: she wis primarily reponsible fur the fower hunder airticles that appeared in the furst 39 issues. Noutour wis arrestit on 8 September 1943 an deportit tae Gross Rosen, whaur he dee'd 1 Februar 1945. Frae the fower Roneotyped pages o the furst day, the newspaper rapidly grew tae sax, an then ten pages. Owin tae the difficulties in obtainin supplies o paper, the page coont was later reduced tae fower pages in Februar 1943. Circulation wis aroond 900 unit initially, growin tae 15,000 in Januar 1943. The paper cam oot ivery twa weeks throu September 1942, an monthly frae 1943 on. The last twa issues wur published in Julie an August 1944 unner the responsibility o Jules Houcke, wha published the furst appenly distributit issue o "La Voix du Nord" on 5 September 1944. The furst page is crossed oot, wi a heidline spannin sax columns: "The Northren Region is free. Freedom an unthirldom wur purchased at a heich price: preeson, tortur, daith camps fur mair nor 530 fowk, wha wrate, printed, an distributit thir newspapers." === Modren === Efter the war, the paper wis reborn as a hybrid pairtnership an limited liability company "La Voix du Nord - Houcke an Company". Thay teuk ower the premises o the Grand Écho du Nord, an as wis the habit elsewhaur in Fraunce, thay kept the staff on as weel, an it wis thay wha produced the aulder newspaper o the Reseestance. Fur the oreeginal jurnalists wha wur actually pairt o the Reseestance an merkitly the twa co-foonders wha haed nae yet returned frae deportation abroad in Februar 1945, it wis a betrayal bi pseudo-Reseestance memmers. The skares o the new company rose in 1945, the original owners and members were priced out, and it took thirty years of litigation afore thay achieved success. In the 1950s, the paper stairtit printin mony local editions, giein it a regional kiverage. ''Voix du Nord'' is published in tabloid. The paper sponsors the Grand Prix de Fourmies bicycle race. ==Circulation== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year !! Circulation |- | '''1998'''|| 323,000<ref name=KiddReynolds2014/> |- | '''2000'''|| 332,000<ref>{{cite news|title=Top 100 dailies 2000|url=http://www.campaignlive.co.uk/news/49276/|access-date=2 March 2015|work=campaign|date=16 November 2001}}</ref> |- | '''2001'''|| 320,000<ref name=adsm>{{cite news|author=Adam Smith|title=Europe's Top Papers|url=http://www.campaignlive.co.uk/news/164161/|access-date=7 February 2015|work=Campaign|date=15 November 2002}}</ref> |- | '''2002'''|| 307,191<ref>{{cite journal|title=Media Markets and Newspapers|journal=SFN Flash|date=7 January 2004|volume=7|issue=1|url=http://www.wan-press.org/IMG/pdf/04Q_03_SFN_Flash_FullText-2.pdf|access-date=17 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824141157/http://www.wan-press.org/IMG/pdf/04Q_03_SFN_Flash_FullText-2.pdf|archive-date=24 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | '''2003'''|| 315,000<ref>{{cite web|title=World Press Trends|url=http://www.wan-press.org/ecrire/upload/wpt2004.pdf|work=World Association of Newspapers|access-date=15 February 2015|location=Paris|date=2004}}</ref> |- | '''2014'''|| 231,066<ref>{{cite web|title=La Voix du Nord|url=http://www.ojd.com/Support/la-voix-du-nord|work=OJD|access-date=21 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402133924/http://www.ojd.com/Support/la-voix-du-nord|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |'''2015''' |226,214 |- |'''2016''' |214,542 |- |'''2017''' |209,203 |- |'''2018''' |204,219 |- |'''2019''' |207,861 |- |'''2020''' |199,713 |- |'''2021''' |193,018<ref>{{cite web | website = acpm.fr | date = 2022 | title = L'observatoire de la presse et des médias de L'APCM 2022 | url = https://www.acpm.fr/Media/Files/Plaquette-Observatoire-2022}}</ref> |} ==See forby== * [[Leet o newspapers in Fraunce]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Fremmit airtins== * {{official website|http://www.lavoixdunord.fr}} * Issues o unnergrund [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb344184287/date ''La Voix du Nord''] online in [[Gallica]], the digeetal library o the [[BnF]]. {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Voix du Nord}} [[Category:1941 establishments in Fraunce]] [[Category:French reseestance publications]] [[Category:Mass media in Lille]] [[Category:Daily newspapers published in Fraunce]] [[Category:Newspapers established in 1941]] ch1n9nx5eoe9s84nfr7fh23xa76t9u2 915421 915420 2026-04-20T13:35:54Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 915421 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox newspaper | name = La Voix du Nord | logo = LVDNgrandlogo.png | logo_size = 250 | image = | caption = | type = Regional daily newspaper | format = [[Tabloid (newspaper format)|Tabloid]] | owners = [[Rossel (company)|Rossel Group]] | founder = | publisher = | editor = | chief_editor = | associate_editor = | managing_editor = | news_editor = | campus_editor = | campus_chief = | opinion_editor = | photo_editor = | staff_writers = | founded = {{start date and age|1941}} | political_position = | language = [[French leid|French]] | ceased_publication = | headquarters = [[Lille]] | circulation = 199,713 | circulation_date = 2020 | sister_newspapers = | ISSN = 0999-2189 | oclc = | website = {{URL|http://www.lavoixdunord.fr}} }} '''''La Voix du Nord''''' ({{IPA-fr|la vwa dy nɔʁ}}, <small>lit.</small> The Vyce o the North or 'The Vyce o [[Nord (French depairtment)|Nord]]') is a regional daily [[newspaper]] frae the north o [[Fraunce]]. Its heidquarters are in [[Lille]]. ==History== ''Voix du Nord'' wis ane o the [[Unnergrund media in German-occupied Fraunce|unnergrund newspapers o the French Reseestance]] foondit in [[German military admeenistration in occupied Fraunce durin Warld War II|German-occupied Fraunce]] durin [[Warld War II]]. The paper furst appeared in Lille in Aprile 1941 at a time whan the region o [[Nord-Pas-de-Calais]] wis bein ruled bi [[Military Admeenistration in Belgium an Northren Fraunce|a German military govrenment]] in [[Brussels]]. The newspaper's tag-line descrieved itsel as the "Reseestance organ o [[French Flanders]]." The post-war version the paper is pairt o the Belgian company, [[Groupe Rossel|Rossel group]], whilk forby awns the major Belgian newspaper ''[[Le Soir]]'', whilk it boucht frae [[Socpresse]] in 2006. === Oreegins in Occupied Fraunce === [[File:Bondues musee resistance VDN.JPG|thumb|right|The edition o 1 Aprile 1942 at the Reseestance Museum o Bondues]] {{lang|fr|La Voix du Nord}} is a clandestine newspaper that gae rise tae a muivement o poleetical reseestance. The reseestance group wis cawed ''Voix du Nord'' ("Vyce o the North"—o Fraunce, or, "Vyce o the ''[[Nord (French depairtment)|Nord]]''"—a French depairtment). Saxty-five unit o the furst issue o the newspaper wur printed, dated Aprile 1941. It clearly annoonced the newspaper's mission statement: The newspaper affirmit its support fur General de Gaulle an its opposeetion tae the [[Govrenment o Vichy Fraunce|Vichy govrenment]]. At the ootset, thay wur twa vera different men: Jules Noutour, polis brigadier, tred unionist, an [[Socialism|socialist]] memmer o the [[French Section o the Wirkers' Internaitional|SFIO]] pairty; jynt bi Natalis Dumez, social [[Catholic Kirk|Catholic]]. Dumez wis the hert an soul o the editorial staff: she wis primarily reponsible fur the fower hunder airticles that appeared in the furst 39 issues. Noutour wis arrestit on 8 September 1943 an deportit tae [[Gross-Rosen concentration camp|Gross Rosen]], whaur he dee'd 1 Februar 1945. Frae the fower Roneotyped pages o the furst day, the newspaper rapidly grew tae sax, an then ten pages. Owin tae the difficulties in obtainin supplies o paper, the page coont was later reduced tae fower pages in Februar 1943. Circulation wis aroond 900 unit initially, growin tae 15,000 in Januar 1943. The paper cam oot ivery twa weeks throu September 1942, an monthly frae 1943 on. The last twa issues wur published in Julie an August 1944 unner the responsibility o Jules Houcke, wha published the furst appenly distributit issue o "La Voix du Nord" on 5 September 1944. The furst page is crossed oot, wi a heidline spannin sax columns: "The Northren Region is free. Freedom an unthirldom wur purchased at a heich price: preeson, tortur, daith camps fur mair nor 530 fowk, wha wrate, printed, an distributit thir newspapers." === Modren === Efter the war, the paper wis reborn as a hybrid [[Pairtnership limited bi skares|pairtnership an limited liability company]] "La Voix du Nord - Houcke an Company". Thay teuk ower the premises o the Grand Écho du Nord, an as wis the habit elsewhaur in Fraunce, thay kept the staff on as weel, an it wis thay wha produced the aulder newspaper o the Reseestance. Fur the oreeginal jurnalists wha wur actually pairt o the Reseestance an merkitly the twa co-foonders wha haed nae yet returned frae deportation abroad in Februar 1945, it wis a betrayal bi pseudo-Reseestance memmers. The skares o the new company rose in 1945, the original owners and members were priced out, and it took thirty years of litigation afore thay achieved success. In the 1950s, the paper stairtit printin mony local editions, giein it a regional kiverage. ''Voix du Nord'' is published in [[Tabloid (newspaper format)|tabloid]]. The paper sponsors the [[Grand Prix de Fourmies]] bicycle race. ==Circulation== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year !! Circulation |- | '''1998'''|| 323,000<ref name=KiddReynolds2014/> |- | '''2000'''|| 332,000<ref>{{cite news|title=Top 100 dailies 2000|url=http://www.campaignlive.co.uk/news/49276/|access-date=2 March 2015|work=campaign|date=16 November 2001}}</ref> |- | '''2001'''|| 320,000<ref name=adsm>{{cite news|author=Adam Smith|title=Europe's Top Papers|url=http://www.campaignlive.co.uk/news/164161/|access-date=7 February 2015|work=Campaign|date=15 November 2002}}</ref> |- | '''2002'''|| 307,191<ref>{{cite journal|title=Media Markets and Newspapers|journal=SFN Flash|date=7 January 2004|volume=7|issue=1|url=http://www.wan-press.org/IMG/pdf/04Q_03_SFN_Flash_FullText-2.pdf|access-date=17 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824141157/http://www.wan-press.org/IMG/pdf/04Q_03_SFN_Flash_FullText-2.pdf|archive-date=24 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | '''2003'''|| 315,000<ref>{{cite web|title=World Press Trends|url=http://www.wan-press.org/ecrire/upload/wpt2004.pdf|work=World Association of Newspapers|access-date=15 February 2015|location=Paris|date=2004}}</ref> |- | '''2014'''|| 231,066<ref>{{cite web|title=La Voix du Nord|url=http://www.ojd.com/Support/la-voix-du-nord|work=OJD|access-date=21 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402133924/http://www.ojd.com/Support/la-voix-du-nord|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |'''2015''' |226,214 |- |'''2016''' |214,542 |- |'''2017''' |209,203 |- |'''2018''' |204,219 |- |'''2019''' |207,861 |- |'''2020''' |199,713 |- |'''2021''' |193,018<ref>{{cite web | website = acpm.fr | date = 2022 | title = L'observatoire de la presse et des médias de L'APCM 2022 | url = https://www.acpm.fr/Media/Files/Plaquette-Observatoire-2022}}</ref> |} ==See forby== * [[Leet o newspapers in Fraunce]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Fremmit airtins== * {{official website|http://www.lavoixdunord.fr}} * Issues o unnergrund [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb344184287/date ''La Voix du Nord''] online in [[Gallica]], the digeetal library o the [[BnF]]. {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Voix du Nord}} [[Category:1941 establishments in Fraunce]] [[Category:French reseestance publications]] [[Category:Mass media in Lille]] [[Category:Daily newspapers published in Fraunce]] [[Category:Newspapers established in 1941]] cxdocty1g2341eu0m28q8a9in2u83r4 915422 915421 2026-04-20T13:40:19Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 915422 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox newspaper | name = La Voix du Nord | logo = LVDNgrandlogo.png | logo_size = 250 | image = | caption = | type = Regional daily newspaper | format = [[Tabloid (newspaper format)|Tabloid]] | owners = [[Rossel (company)|Rossel Group]] | founder = | publisher = | editor = | chief_editor = | associate_editor = | managing_editor = | news_editor = | campus_editor = | campus_chief = | opinion_editor = | photo_editor = | staff_writers = | founded = {{start date and age|1941}} | political_position = | language = [[French leid|French]] | ceased_publication = | headquarters = [[Lille]] | circulation = 199,713 | circulation_date = 2020 | sister_newspapers = | ISSN = 0999-2189 | oclc = | website = {{URL|http://www.lavoixdunord.fr}} }} '''''La Voix du Nord''''' ({{IPA-fr|la vwa dy nɔʁ}}, <small>lit.</small> The Vyce o the North or 'The Vyce o [[Nord (French depairtment)|Nord]]') is a regional daily [[newspaper]] frae the north o [[Fraunce]]. Its heidquarters are in [[Lille]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Kidd|first=William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45h9AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA235|title=Contemporary French Cultural Studies|last2=Reynolds|first2=Sian|date=2014-05-01|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-4441-6556-2|language=en}}</ref> ==History== ''Voix du Nord'' wis ane o the [[Unnergrund media in German-occupied Fraunce|unnergrund newspapers o the French Reseestance]] foondit in [[German military admeenistration in occupied Fraunce durin Warld War II|German-occupied Fraunce]] durin [[Warld War II]]. The paper furst appeared in Lille in Aprile 1941 at a time whan the region o [[Nord-Pas-de-Calais]] wis bein ruled bi [[Military Admeenistration in Belgium an Northren Fraunce|a German military govrenment]] in [[Brussels]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Jackson|first=Julian|url=http://archive.org/details/france00juli|title=France : the dark years, 1940-1944|date=2003|publisher=Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-19-925457-6}}</ref> The newspaper's tag-line descrieved itsel as the "Reseestance organ o [[French Flanders]]."<ref name=":1" /> The post-war version the paper is pairt o the Belgian company, [[Groupe Rossel|Rossel group]], whilk forby awns the major Belgian newspaper ''[[Le Soir]]'', whilk it boucht frae [[Socpresse]] in 2006. === Oreegins in Occupied Fraunce === [[File:Bondues musee resistance VDN.JPG|thumb|right|The edition o 1 Aprile 1942 at the Reseestance Museum o Bondues]] {{lang|fr|La Voix du Nord}} is a clandestine newspaper that gae rise tae a muivement o poleetical reseestance. The reseestance group wis cawed ''Voix du Nord'' ("Vyce o the North"—o Fraunce, or, "Vyce o the ''[[Nord (French depairtment)|Nord]]''"—a French depairtment). Saxty-five unit o the furst issue o the newspaper wur printed, dated Aprile 1941. It clearly annoonced the newspaper's mission statement: The newspaper affirmit its support fur General de Gaulle an its opposeetion tae the [[Govrenment o Vichy Fraunce|Vichy govrenment]]. At the ootset, thay wur twa vera different men: Jules Noutour, polis brigadier, tred unionist, an [[Socialism|socialist]] memmer o the [[French Section o the Wirkers' Internaitional|SFIO]] pairty; jynt bi Natalis Dumez, social [[Catholic Kirk|Catholic]]. Dumez wis the hert an soul o the editorial staff: she wis primarily reponsible fur the fower hunder airticles that appeared in the furst 39 issues. Noutour wis arrestit on 8 September 1943 an deportit tae [[Gross-Rosen concentration camp|Gross Rosen]], whaur he dee'd 1 Februar 1945. Frae the fower Roneotyped pages o the furst day, the newspaper rapidly grew tae sax, an then ten pages. Owin tae the difficulties in obtainin supplies o paper, the page coont was later reduced tae fower pages in Februar 1943. Circulation wis aroond 900 unit initially, growin tae 15,000 in Januar 1943. The paper cam oot ivery twa weeks throu September 1942, an monthly frae 1943 on. The last twa issues wur published in Julie an August 1944 unner the responsibility o Jules Houcke, wha published the furst appenly distributit issue o "La Voix du Nord" on 5 September 1944. The furst page is crossed oot, wi a heidline spannin sax columns: "The Northren Region is free. Freedom an unthirldom wur purchased at a heich price: preeson, tortur, daith camps fur mair nor 530 fowk, wha wrate, printed, an distributit thir newspapers." === Modren === Efter the war, the paper wis reborn as a hybrid [[Pairtnership limited bi skares|pairtnership an limited liability company]] "La Voix du Nord - Houcke an Company". Thay teuk ower the premises o the Grand Écho du Nord, an as wis the habit elsewhaur in Fraunce, thay kept the staff on as weel, an it wis thay wha produced the aulder newspaper o the Reseestance. Fur the oreeginal jurnalists wha wur actually pairt o the Reseestance an merkitly the twa co-foonders wha haed nae yet returned frae deportation abroad in Februar 1945, it wis a betrayal bi pseudo-Reseestance memmers. The skares o the new company rose in 1945, the original owners and members were priced out, and it took thirty years of litigation afore thay achieved success. In the 1950s, the paper stairtit printin mony local editions, giein it a regional kiverage. ''Voix du Nord'' is published in [[Tabloid (newspaper format)|tabloid]]. The paper sponsors the [[Grand Prix de Fourmies]] bicycle race. ==Circulation== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year !! Circulation |- | '''1998'''|| 323,000<ref name=":0" /> |- | '''2000'''|| 332,000<ref>{{cite news|title=Top 100 dailies 2000|url=http://www.campaignlive.co.uk/news/49276/|access-date=2 March 2015|work=campaign|date=16 November 2001}}</ref> |- | '''2001'''|| 320,000<ref name=adsm>{{cite news|author=Adam Smith|title=Europe's Top Papers|url=http://www.campaignlive.co.uk/news/164161/|access-date=7 February 2015|work=Campaign|date=15 November 2002}}</ref> |- | '''2002'''|| 307,191<ref>{{cite journal|title=Media Markets and Newspapers|journal=SFN Flash|date=7 January 2004|volume=7|issue=1|url=http://www.wan-press.org/IMG/pdf/04Q_03_SFN_Flash_FullText-2.pdf|access-date=17 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824141157/http://www.wan-press.org/IMG/pdf/04Q_03_SFN_Flash_FullText-2.pdf|archive-date=24 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | '''2003'''|| 315,000<ref>{{cite web|title=World Press Trends|url=http://www.wan-press.org/ecrire/upload/wpt2004.pdf|work=World Association of Newspapers|access-date=15 February 2015|location=Paris|date=2004}}</ref> |- | '''2014'''|| 231,066<ref>{{cite web|title=La Voix du Nord|url=http://www.ojd.com/Support/la-voix-du-nord|work=OJD|access-date=21 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402133924/http://www.ojd.com/Support/la-voix-du-nord|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |'''2015''' |226,214 |- |'''2016''' |214,542 |- |'''2017''' |209,203 |- |'''2018''' |204,219 |- |'''2019''' |207,861 |- |'''2020''' |199,713 |- |'''2021''' |193,018<ref>{{cite web | website = acpm.fr | date = 2022 | title = L'observatoire de la presse et des médias de L'APCM 2022 | url = https://www.acpm.fr/Media/Files/Plaquette-Observatoire-2022}}</ref> |} ==See an aw== * [[Leet o newspapers in Fraunce]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Fremmit airtins== * {{official website|http://www.lavoixdunord.fr}} * Issues o unnergrund [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb344184287/date ''La Voix du Nord''] online in [[Gallica]], the digeetal library o the [[BnF]]. {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Voix du Nord}} [[Category:1941 establishments in Fraunce]] [[Category:French reseestance publications]] [[Category:Mass media in Lille]] [[Category:Daily newspapers published in Fraunce]] [[Category:Newspapers established in 1941]] mfr6t8s9yo996g58c19owfct98j0wxu 2 233353 915437 2026-04-21T04:15:57Z NoahGeo 129838 Made page wi "Native Scots ''(Lallans)'' an Inglis Speaker ''(Scots Inglis Deealect)''" 915437 wikitext text/x-wiki Native Scots ''(Lallans)'' an Inglis Speaker ''(Scots Inglis Deealect)'' 958qngl0dy7lofo8qy9g3j60rn2wyji 915438 915437 2026-04-21T04:21:19Z NoahGeo 129838 915438 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Babel|sco|en-sco-N|wikipedia/}} 21youqh6ev658jw262u784sa73d6vb7