Wikipedia scowiki https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.26 first-letter Media Special Collogue Uiser Uiser collogue Wikipedia Wikipedia collogue File File collogue MediaWiki MediaWiki collogue Template Template collogue Help Help collogue Category Category collogue Portal Portal talk Define Define talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1829 915922 915356 2026-04-29T21:33:14Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915922 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country UK |native_name = Cymru ([[Welsh leid|Welsh]]) |image_flag = Flag of Wales (1959–present).svg |national_motto = {{native phrase|cy|"Cymru am byth"|italics=off}}<br/>{{small|"Wales Foriver" or "Lang leeve Wales"}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/lifestyle/fun-stuff/cymru-am-byth-meaning-behind-8592076 |title=Cymru am byth! The meaning behind the Welsh motto |publisher=[[WalesOnline]] |date=6 February 2015 |accessdate=22 March 2016}}</ref> |national_anthem = "{{lang|cy|[[Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau]]}}"<br/>{{small|"Laund o My Fathers"}} |status = [[Kintra o the Unitit Kinrick|Kintra]] |capital = [[Cairdiff]] {{small|(''{{lang|cy|Caerdydd}}'')}} |coordinates ={{coord|52.3|N|3.6|W|display=title|scale:5000000}} |largest_city = caipital |languages_type = [[Leids o Wales|Offeecial leids]] |languages = {{flatlist| * [[Welsh leid|Welsh]] * [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]}} |demonym = [[Welsh fowk|Welsh]] {{small|(''{{lang|cy|Cymry}}'')}} <!--Government--> |legal_jurisdiction = [[Ingland an Wales]] |politics_link = Politics o Wales |government_type = [[Welsh devolution|Devolved]] [[Pairlament|pairlamentar legislatur]] within [[Pairlamentar seestem|pairlamentar]] [[constitutional monarchy]] |monarch = [[Charles&nbsp;III]] |first_minister = {{nowrap|[[Eluned Morgan]]}} |prime_minister = [[Keir Starmer]] |secretary_of_state = {{nowrap|[[Jo Stevens]]}} |number_of_mps = 32 |legislature = {{plainlist| *[[Naitional Assembly for Wales|Naitional Assembly]] *[[Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick|UK Pairlament]]}} |sovereignty_type = [[Wales in the High Middle Ages|Formation]] |established_event1 = Unification bi {{nowrap|[[Gruffydd ap Llywelyn]]}} |established_date1 = 1057<ref name="Wales Hist 100">Davies (1994) p. 100</ref> |established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[Statute o Rhuddlan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100419253|title=Statute of Rhuddlan| publisher=legislation.gov.uk|accessdate=26 July 2014 }}</ref>}} |established_date2 = 3 Mairch 1284 |established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Laws in Wales Act]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/aep/Hen8/27/26/contents|title=Laws in Wales Act 1535 (repealed 21.12.1993)|publisher=legislation.gov.uk|accessdate=26 July 2014 }}</ref>}} |established_date3 = 1535 |established_event4 = [[Govrenment o Wales Act 1998|Devolution]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/38/contents|title=Government of Wales Act 1998| publisher=legislation.gov.uk|accessdate=26 July 2014 }}</ref> |established_date4 = 31 Julie 1998 |area_rank = |area_magnitude = 1 E10 |area_km2 = 20,779 |area_sq_mi = 8,022 |percent_water = |population_estimate = |population_estimate_rank = |population_estimate_year = |population_census = 3,107,494 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = £18,000 |GVA_rank = |GVA = £56 billion<ref name=GVA>{{cite web |title=Regional gross value added (income approach), UK: 1997 to 2015, December 2015 |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossvalueaddedgva/bulletins/regionalgrossvalueaddedincomeapproach/december2016|author=Office for National Statistics |accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> |GVA_year = 2015 |GVA_per_capita = £18,002<ref name=GVA/> |Gini_year = |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = |HDI_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI = <!--number only--> |HDI_ref = |HDI_rank = |patron_saint = [[Saunt Dauvit]] {{small|(''{{lang|cy|Dewi&nbsp;Sant}}'')}} |official_website = {{URL|http://www.wales.com/}} |population_census_year=2021|population_density_km2=154|population_density_sq_mi=398.9}} '''Wales''' ({{lang-cy|Cymru}} {{IPA-cy|ˈkəm.rɨ||Cymru.ogg}}) is a [[kintra]] that is [[Kintras o the Unitit Kinrick|pairt]] o the [[Unitit Kinrick]] an the island o [[Great Breetain]].<ref name="Stats 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/geography/beginner-s-guide/administrative/the-countries-of-the-uk/index.html|title=The Countries of the UK|publisher=statistics.gov.uk |accessdate=10 October 2008}}</ref> It is mairchit bi [[Ingland]] tae the [[Wales–Ingland mairch|east]], the [[Erse Sea]] tae the north an wast, an the [[Bristol Channel]] tae the sooth. It haed a population in 2011 o 3,063,456 an haes a tot aurie o {{convert|20779|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. Wales haes ower {{convert|1680|mi}} o coastline an is lairgely moontainous, wi its heicher peaks in the north an central auries, includin [[Snowdon]] ({{lang|cy|Yr Wyddfa}}), its heichest summit. The kintra lees within the [[Temperateness|north temperate zone]] an haes a cheengeable, [[maritime climate]]. [[Welsh fowk|Welsh naitional identity]] kythed amang the [[Celts|Celtic]] [[Britons (historical)|Britons]] efter the [[Roman widrawal frae Britain]] in the 5t century, an Wales is regairdit as ane o the modren [[Celtic naitions]]. [[Llywelyn ap Gruffudd]]'s daith in 1282 merkit the completion o [[Edward I o Ingland]]'s [[Conquest o Wales bi Edward I|conquest]] o Wales, tho [[Owain Glyndŵr]] briefly sturkent unthirldom tae Wales in the early 15t century. The hale o Wales wis annexed bi Ingland an incorporate within the [[Inglis law|Inglis legal seestem]] unner the [[Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542]]. Distinctive [[Welsh politics]] developit in the 19t century. Welsh [[Leeberal Pairty (UK)|Leeberalism]], exemplifeed in the early 20t century bi [[David Lloyd George|Lloyd George]], wis displaced bi the growthe o [[socialism]] an the [[Labour Pairty (UK)|Labour Pairty]]. Welsh naitional feelin growed ower the century; ''[[Plaid Cymru]]'' wis formed in 1925 an the [[Welsh Leid Society]] in 1962. Established unner the [[Government o Wales Act 1998]], the [[Naitional Assembly for Wales]] hauds responsibeelity for a range o [[Contemporary Welsh Law#Auries toae legislate: The devolved auries|devolved policy matters]]. At the dawn o the [[Industrial Revolution]], development o the [[minin in Wales|minin]] an [[metallurgy|metallurgical]] industries transformed the kintra frae an agricultural society intae an industrial naition; the [[South Wales Coalfield]]'s exploitation gart a fest waxin o Wales' population. Twa-thirds o the population leeve in [[sooth Wales]], mainly in an aroond [[Cairdiff]] (the caipital), [[Swansea]] an [[Newport, Wales|Newport]], an in the naurhaun [[Sooth Wales valleys|valleys]]. Nou that the kintra's tradeetional howkin an hivy industries hae gane or is dwynin, Wales' economy depends on the [[public sector]], licht an service industries an [[Tourism in Wales|tourism]]. Wales' 2010 [[Gross Value Added|gross vailyie addit (GVA)]] wis £45.5 billion (£15,145 per heid, 74.0% o the average for the UK, an the lawest GVA per heid in Breetain). Awtho Wales closely skares its poleetical an social history wi the rest o Great Breetain, an the vast majority o the population speaks [[Inglis leid|Inglis]], the kintra haes reteened a distinct [[Welsh cultur|cultural identity]] an is offeecially [[bilingual]]. Ower 560,000 [[Welsh leid]] speakers leeve in Wales, an the leid is spoken bi a majority o the population in pairts o the north an wast. Frae the late 19t century onwart, Wales acquired its popular eemage as the "laund o sang", in pairt due tae the ''[[eisteddfod]]'' tradeetion. At mony internaitional sportin events, sic as the [[FIFA Warld Cup]], [[Rugby Warld Cup]] an the [[Commonweel Gemmes]], Wales haes its awn naitional teams, tho at the [[Olympic Gemmes]], Welsh athletes compete as pairt o a [[Great Breetain at the Olympics|Great Breetain team]]. [[Rugby union]] is seen as a seembol o Welsh identity an an expression o naitional awaurness. ==Etymology== The wirds "Wales" an "Welsh" derive frae the same [[German leids|Germanic]] ruit (singular ''[[Walha|Walh]]'', plural ''Walha''), that wis itsel derived frae the name o the Celtic tribe kent tae the Romans as [[Volcae]] an that cam tae refer haund ower heid tae aw Celts. The modren Welsh name for thairsels is ''Cymry'', an ''Cymru'' is the Welsh name for Wales. Thir words (baith o which are pronoonced {{IPA-cy|ˈkəm.rɨ|}}) are descendit frae the [[Breetish leid (Celtic)|Brythonic]] wird ''combrogi'', meanin "fellae-kintramen".<ref name="Hist Wales 69">Davies (1994) p. 69</ref> The uise o the wird ''Cymry'' as a sel-designation derives frae the location in the [[Sub-Roman Britain|post-Roman Era]] (efter the arrival o the Anglo-Saxons) o the Welsh (Brythonic-speakin) fowk in modren Wales as well as in northren Ingland an soothren Scotland ("[[Hen Ogledd|Yr Hen Ogledd]]") ({{lang-sco|The Auld North}}). It emphasised that the Welsh in modren Wales an in the ''Hen Ogledd'' war ane fowk, different frae ither fowks.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lloyd |first=John Edward |author-link=John Edward Lloyd |year=1911 |title=A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest (Note to Chapter VI, the Name "Cymry") |volume=I |edition=Second |publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co. |publication-date=1912 |publication-place=London |pages=191–192 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYwNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA191 }}</ref> ==History== ===Auncient an Roman eras=== [[File:BrynCelliDdu3.jpg|left|thumb|[[Bryn Celli Ddu]], a late Neolithic chambered tomb on Anglesey|alt=A law grassy mound wi an entrance at its centre framed bi cyclopean stones]] Accordin tae paleontologists, Wales haes been indwellt bi [[anatomically modren humans|modren humans]] for at least 29,000 year.<ref name="CA 2007">{{cite web|date=6 November 2007|title=Welsh skeleton re-dated: even older!|url=http://www.archaeology.co.uk/articles/welsh-skeleton-re-dated-even-older.htm|accessdate=28 September 2010|work=archaeology.co.uk website|publisher=Current Archaeology}} : ''see'' [[Reid Lady o Paviland]]</ref> Conteenuous human habitation dates frae the end o the [[Last glacial period|last ice age]], atween 12,000 an 10,000&nbsp;[[Afore Present|years afore present (BP)]], whan [[Mesolithic]] [[hunter-gatherers]] frae [[central Europe]] begoud tae migrate tae Great Breetain. Neolithic colonists integratit wi the indigenous fowk, gradually cheengin thair lifestyles frae a nomadic life o huntin an gaitherin, tae acome settled fermers aboot 6,000&nbsp;BP – the [[Neolithic Revolution]].<ref name="Wales Hist 4–6">Davies (1994) pp. 4–6</ref><ref name="GGAT 72">{{cite web|title=GGAT 72 Overviews|url=http://www.ggat.org.uk/cadw/cadw_reports/pdfs/GGAT%2072%20Overviews.pdf|page=47|accessdate=30 December 2008|publisher=Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust|year=2003|work=A Report for Cadw by Edith Evans BA PhD MIFA and Richard Lewis BA|archive-date=2023-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201003802/http://www.ggat.org.uk/cadw/cadw_reports/pdfs/GGAT%2072%20Overviews.pdf|url-status=dead}} <!-- Not a dead link, though the ggat web site is sometimes down --></ref> Thay cleared the forests tae establish pastur an tae cultivate the laund, developit new technologies sic as ceramics an textile production, an biggit [[Dolmen|cromlechs]] sic as [[Pentre Ifan]], [[Bryn Celli Ddu]] an [[Parc Cwm long cairn]] atween aboot 5,800&nbsp;BP an 5,500&nbsp;BP.<ref>{{cite web|title=Stones of Wales – Pentre Ifan Dolmen|url=http://www.stonepages.com/wales/pentreifan.html|accessdate=17 November 2008|publisher=Paola Arosio/Diego Meozzi|year=2003|work=Stone Pages website}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Stones of Wales – Bryn Celli Ddu Burial chamber|url=http://www.stonepages.com/wales/bryncelliddu.html|accessdate=17 November 2008|publisher=Paola Arosio/Diego Meozzi|year=2003|work=Stone Pages website}}</ref><ref name="Coflein1">{{cite web|title=Parc le Breos Burial Chamber; Parc CWM Long Cairn|url=http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/93072/details/PARC+LE+BREOS+BURIAL+CHAMBER%3BPARC+CWM+LONG+CAIRN/|accessdate=24 October 2008|publisher=Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales|year=2006|work=The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales website|archive-date=2016-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406052935/http://coflein.gov.uk/en/site/93072/details/PARC+LE+BREOS+BURIAL+CHAMBER%3BPARC+CWM+LONG+CAIRN/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="BBC Wales History">{{cite web|title=Themes Prehistoric Wales: The Stone Age|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/periods/prehistoric02.shtml|accessdate=24 October 2008|publisher=[[BBC Cymru Wales]] |year=2008|work=[[BBC Cymru Wales]] website}}</ref> In common wi fowk leevin aw ower Great Breetain, ower the follaein centuries the fowk leevin in whit wis tae acome kent as Wales assimilatit immigrants an excheenged ideas o the [[Bronze Age]] an [[Airn Age]] [[Celts|Celtic]] culturs. Bi the time o the [[Roman conquest o Breetain|Roman invasion o Britain]] the aurie o modren Wales haed been dividit amang the tribes o the [[Deceangli]], [[Ordovices]], [[Cornovii (Midlands)|Cornovii]], [[Demetae]] an [[Silures]] for centuries.<ref name="Wales Hist 4–6"/> The Roman conquest o Wales begoud in AD 48 an teuk 30 year tae complete. Roman rule lastit ower 300 year. The campaigns o conquest are the maist widely kent featur o Wales during the [[Roman Empire|Roman era]], acause o the speeritit, but hinderly unsuccessfu, defence o thair hamelands bi twa native tribes: the [[Silures]] an the [[Ordovices]]. Roman rule in Wales wis a militar occupation, sauf for the soothren coastal region o [[sooth Wales]], east o the [[Gower Peninsula]], whaur thare is a legacy o Romanisation.<ref name=Jones1>{{Cite book |last1=Jones|first1=Barri|last2=Mattingly| first2=David|year=1990 |contribution=The Development of the Provinces|title=An Atlas of Roman Britain|url=https://archive.org/details/atlasofromanbrit0000jone|publisher=Blackwell Publishers|publication-date=2007|location=Cambridge|page=[https://archive.org/details/atlasofromanbrit0000jone/page/151 151]|isbn=978-1-84217-067-0}}</ref> Awtho Laitin acame the offeecial leid o Wales, the fowk tendit tae conteena tae speak in [[Breetish leid (Celtic)|Brythonic]]. Forder Roman influence cam throu the spreid o [[Christianity]], that gained mony follaers whan Christians war allaed tae worship freely; state persecution ceased in the 4t&nbsp;century, as a result o [[Constantine I]] issuin an [[Edict o Milan|edict o toleration]] in 313.<ref name="Davies915">Davies (2008) p.915</ref> Early historians, includin the 6t century cleric [[Gildas]], hae notit 383 as a signeeficant pynt in Welsh history,<ref name="Davies531">Davies (2008) p.531</ref> as it is statit in leeteratur as the foondation pynt o several medieval ryal dynasties. In that year the Roman general [[Magnus Maximus]], or Macsen Wledig, strippit aw o wastren an northren Breetain o truips an senior admeenistrators, tae faw tae a sonsie bid for imperial pouer; conteenuin tae rule Breetain frae [[Gaul]] as emperor.<ref name=Frere1> {{Cite book |last=Frere |first=Sheppard Sunderland |author-link=Sheppard Frere |year=1987 |contribution=The End of Roman Britain |title=Britannia: A History of Roman Britain |url=https://archive.org/details/britanniahistory0000frer_g6r4 |edition=3rd, revised |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |publication-date=1987 |publication-place=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/britanniahistory0000frer_g6r4/page/354 354] |isbn=0-7102-1215-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |year=1841 |editor-last=Giles |editor-first=John Allen |editor-link=John Allen Giles |contribution=The Works of Gildas, The History, Ch. 14 |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3R1mCE7p44MC&pg=PA1 |title=The Works of Gildas and Nennius |publisher=James Bohn |publication-date=1841 |publication-place=London |page=13 }}</ref> Gildas, writin in aboot 540, says that Maximus depairtit Britain, takkin wi him aw o its Roman truips, airmed baunds, govrenors an the flouer o its youth, niver tae return. Haein left wi the truips an Roman admeenistrators, an plannin tae conteena as the ruler o Breetain in the futur, his practical coorse wis tae transfer local authority tae local rulers. The earliest Welsh genealogies gie Maximus the role o foondin faither for several ryal dynasties, includin thae o [[Kinrick o Powys|Powys]] an [[Kinrick o Gwent|Gwent]].<ref>{{Cite book|year=1887 |editor-last=Phillimore |editor-first=Egerton |contribution=Pedigrees from Jesus College MS. 20 |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HlUrAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA83 |title=Y Cymmrodor |volume=VIII |publisher=[[Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion]] |publication-date=1887 |pages=83–92}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Phillimore |first=Egerton|year=1888 |editor-last=Phillimore |editor-first=Egerton |contribution=The Annales Cambriae and Old Welsh Genealogies, from Harleian MS. 3859 |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aFMrAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA141 |title=Y Cymmrodor |volume=IX |publisher=[[Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion]] |publication-date=1888 |pages=141–183}}</ref> It wis this transfer o pouer that haes gien rise tae the belief that he wis the faither o the Welsh Naition.<ref name="Davies531"/> He is gien as the auncestor o a Welsh king on the [[Pillar o Eliseg]], erectit near 500 year efter he left Breetain, an he feegurs in leets o the [[Fifteen Tribes o Wales]].<ref name="Rachel Bromwich 2006">Rachel Bromwich, eeditor an translator. Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Welsh Triads. Cardiff: [[University of Wales Press]], Third Edition, 2006. 441–444</ref> ===Post-Roman era=== The 400-year period follaein the collapse o Roman rule is the maist difficult tae interpret in the history o Wales.<ref name="Davies915"/> Efter the [[End o Roman rule in Breetain|Roman depairtur frae Breetain]] in AD 410, muckle o the lawlands o Breetain tae the east an sooth-east wis owerrun bi various [[Germanic fowks]]. Afore extensive studies o the distribution o [[Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)|R1b Y-DNA subclades]], some previously mainteened that native [[Britons (historical)|Britons]] war displaced bi the invaders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/07/060721-england.html |title=Ancient Britain Had Apartheid-Like Society, Study Suggests |publisher=National Geographic News |first=Kate |last=Ravilious |date=21 July 2006 |accessdate=9 September 2010}}</ref> This idea haes been discairdit in the face o evidence that muckle o the population haes, at the latest, [[Hallstatt cultur|Hallstatt]] era oreegins, but probably late [[European Neolithic|Neolithic]], or at earliest [[Mesolithic]] oreegins wi little contreibution frae Anglo-Saxon soorce auries.<ref name=Myres2010>{{Cite journal|title=A major Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b Holocene effect in Central and Western Europe – see discussion results at end of article, the distribution maps and the supplementary tables|year=2010|last1=Myres|first1=Natalie|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|doi=10.1038/ejhg.2010.146|url=http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v19/n1/full/ejhg2010146a.html|pmid=20736979|volume=19|issue=1|pmc=3039512|last2=Rootsi|first2=Siiri|last3=Lin|first3=Alice A|last4=Järve|first4=Mari|last5=King|first5=Roy J|last6=Kutuev|first6=Ildus|last7=Cabrera|first7=Vicente M|last8=Khusnutdinova|first8=Elza K|last9=Pshenichnov|first9=Andrey|last10=Yunusbayev|first10=Bayazit|last11=Balanovsky|first11=Oleg|last12=Balanovska|first12=Elena|last13=Rudan|first13=Pavao|last14=Baldovic|first14=Marian|last15=Herrera|first15=Rene J|last16=Chiaroni|first16=Jacques|last17=Di Cristofaro|first17=Julie|last18=Villems|first18=Richard|last19=Kivisild|first19=Toomas|last20=Underhill|first20=Peter A|pages=95–101}}</ref> Houiver, bi AD 500, the laund that wad acome Wales haed dividit intae a nummer o kinricks free frae Anglo-Saxon rule.<ref name="Davies915"/> The kinricks o [[kinrick o Gwynedd|Gwynedd]], [[kinrick o Powys|Powys]], [[kinrick o Deheubarth|Dyfed an Seisyllwg]], [[Glywysing|Morgannwg]] an [[Kinrick o Gwent|Gwent]] emerged as independent Welsh [[successor states]].<ref name="Davies915"/> In this period, thare wis conflict atween thir states. In 853, the [[Viking]]s raidit Anglesey, but in 856, [[Rhodri the Great|Rhodri Mawr]] defeatit an killed thair leader, Gorm.<ref>Davies (2008) p. 911</ref> ===Medieval era=== [[File:Dolwyddelan Castle2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Dolwyddelan Castle]] – biggit bi [[Llywelyn ab Iorwerth]] in the early 13t century tae watch ower ane o the valley routes intae Gwynedd]] Frae 800 onwart, a series o dynastic mairiages led tae [[Rhodri the Great|Rhodri Mawr]]'s (r. 844–77) inheritance o [[Gwynedd]] an [[Powys]]. His sons in turn wad foond three principal dynasties ([[Aberffraw]] for Gwynedd, [[Hoose o Dinefwr|Dinefwr]] for [[Deheubarth]] an [[Mathrafal]] for Powys). Rhodri's grandson [[Hywel Dda]] (r. 900–50) foondit Deheubarth oot o his maternal an paternal inheritances o [[Dyfed]] an [[Seisyllwg]] in 930, oustit the [[Aberffraw]] dynasty frae Gwynedd an Powys an then codified [[Cyfraith Hywel|Welsh law]] in the 940s.<ref>Davies (2008) p. 388</ref> [[Maredudd ab Owain]] (r. 986–99) o Deheubarth (Hywel's grandson) wad, (again) temporarily oust the Aberffraw line frae control o Gwynedd an Powys. Maredudd's great-grandson (throu his dauchter Princess [[Angharad]]) [[Gruffydd ap Llywelyn]] (r. 1039–63) wad conquer his cousins' realms frae his base in Powys, an even extend his authority intae Ingland. [[Owain Gwynedd]] (1100–70) o the Aberffraw line wis the first Welsh ruler tae uise the teetle ''princeps Wallensium'' (prince o the Welsh), a teetle o substance gien his veectory on the [[Berwyn Moontains]], accordin tae John Davies.<ref name="Wales Hist 128">Davies (1994) p. 128</ref> Owain Gwynedd's grandson [[Llywelyn the Great|Llywelyn Fawr]] (the Great, 1173–1240), wrestit concessions throu the [[Magna Carta]] in 1215 an receivin the [[fealty]] o ither Welsh lairds in 1216 at the cooncil at [[Aberdyfi]], acame the first [[Prince o Wales]].<ref>Davies (1994) pp. 133–134</ref> His grandson [[Llywelyn ap Gruffudd]] an aa secured the recogneetion o the title ''[[Prince o Wales]]'' frae [[Henry III o Ingland|Henry III]] wi the [[Treaty o Montgomery]] in 1267.<ref>Davies (1994) pp. 143–144</ref> Later houiver, a succession o disputes, includin the impreesonment o Llywelyn's wife [[Eleanor de Montfort|Eleanor]], dauchter o [[Simon de Montfort, 6t Earl o Leicester|Simon de Montfort]], culminatit in the first invasion bi [[Edward I o Ingland|Keeng Edward I o Ingland]].<ref name="Davies151">Davies (1994) pp. 151–152</ref> As a result o militar defeat, the [[Treaty o Aberconwy]] exactit Llywelyn's fealty tae Ingland in 1277.<ref name="Davies151"/> Peace wis short leeved an, wi the 1282 [[Conquest o Wales bi Edward I|Edwardian conquest]], the rule o the Welsh princes permanently endit. Wi Llywelyn's daith an his brither prince [[Dafydd ap Gruffydd|Dafydd]]'s execution, the few remeenin [[Welsh Peers|Welsh lairds]] did homage for thair launds tae [[Edward I]]. Llywelyn's heid wis cairied throu Lunnon on a spear; his baby dauchter [[Gwenllian ferch Llywelyn|Gwenllian]] wis locked in the [[priory]] at [[Sempringham]], whaur she remeened till her daith 54&nbsp;years later.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/786625.stm |title=Tribute to lost Welsh princess |publisher=BBC News |date=12 June 2000|accessdate=5 March 2007}}</ref> Tae help mainteen his dominance, Edward constructit a series o great stane castles: [[Beaumaris Castle|Beaumaris]], [[Caernarfon Castle|Caernarfon]] an [[Conwy Castle|Conwy]]. His son, the futur [[Edward II o Ingland|Keeng Edward II o Ingland]], wis born at Edward's new castle at [[Caernarfon]] in 1284.<ref>Davies (1994) p. 162</ref> He acame the first Inglis [[Prince o Wales]], nae as an infant, but in 1301. Efter the failed revolt in 1294–95 o [[Madog ap Llywelyn]] – wha styled himsel Prince o Wales in the [[Penmachno Document]] – an the risin o [[Llywelyn Bren]] (1316), the next major uprisin wis that led bi [[Owain Glyndŵr]] , against [[Henry IV o Ingland]]. In 1404, Owain wis reputitly crouned Prince o Wales in the presence o emissaries frae Fraunce, Spain an Scotland.<ref name="Wales Hist 194">Davies (1994) p. 194</ref> Glyndŵr went on tae haud pairlamentar assemblies at several Welsh touns, includin [[Machynlleth]]. But the rebellion failed, an Owain went intae hidin in 1412; peace wis essentially restored in Wales bi 1415. Awtho the [[Statute o Rhuddlan]] in 1284 providit the constitutional basis for post-conquest government o the Principality o north Wales frae 1284 till 1536, thare wis na formal Union till 1536.<ref name="RDEOGB1999">{{cite book|title=Illustrated Encyclopedia of Britain |url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000unse_r1i1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000unse_r1i1/page/459 459] |publisher=Reader's Digest|year=1999 |location=London |isbn=0-276-42412-3 |quote=A country and principality within the mainland of Britain&nbsp;... about half a million}}</ref> Shortly efterwarts Welsh law, that haed conteena'd tae be uised in Wales efter the Norman conquest, wis fully replaced bi Inglis law, unner whit wad acome kent as the [[Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542|Act o Union]].<ref name="BBC Tudors">{{cite web|title=BBC – History – British History in Depth – Wales under the Tudors |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/wales_tudors_01.shtml|accessdate=21 September 2010|publisher=BBC|date=5 November 2009|work=BBC website}}</ref> ===Earlie Modren Wales=== Prior tae the Breetish [[Industrial Revolution]], that saw a rapid economic expansion atween 1750 an 1850, thare war signs o smaw-scale industries scaitert ootthrou Wales.<ref name="Davies392">Davies (2008) p. 392</ref> Thir ranged frae industries connectit tae agricultur, sic as millin an the [[Oo industry in Wales|manufacture o ooen textiles]], throu tae minin an quarrelin.<ref name="Davies392"/> Till the Industrial Revolution, Wales haed ayeweys been reliant on its agricultural ootput for its walth an employment an the earliest industrial businesses war smaw scale an localised in manner.<ref name="Davies392"/> In the late 18t century, slate quarrelin begoud tae expand rapidly, maist notably in north Wales. The [[Penrhyn Quarry]], appent in 1770 bi [[Richard Pennant]], wis employin 15,000 men bi the late 19t century,<ref name="Davies818">Davies (2008) p. 818</ref> an alang wi [[Dinorwic Quarry]], it dominatit the Welsh slate tred. As the [[sooth Wales coalfield]] wis exploitit, mainly in the upland valleys aroond [[Aberdare]] an later the [[Rhondda]], the ports o Swansea, Cairdiff an later Penarth, growed intae warld exporters ofcoal an, wi them, cam a population buim. Historian [[Kenneth O. Morgan|Kenneth Morgan]] descrived Wales on the even o the [[First Warld War]] as a "relatively placid, sel-confident an successfu naition". Ootput frae the coalfields continued tae increase, wi the Rhondda Valley recordin a peak o 9.6 million tons o coal extractit in 1913.<ref>{{cite book |last=John |first=Arthur H. |title=Glamorgan County History, Volume V, Industrial Glamorgan from 1700 to 1970 |year=1980 |publisher=University of Wales Press |location=Cardiff|page=183}}</ref> The ootbreak o the First Warld War (1914–1918) saw Wales send 272,924 Welshmen in the war, representin 21.5% o the male population. The twa maist notable battles o the War tae include [[38t (Welsh) Infantry Diveesion|Welsh forces]] war thae at [[Mametz Wood Memorial|Mametz Wood]] on the Somme an the [[Battle o Passchendaele]].<ref>Davies (2008) p. 285</ref> ===Late Modren Wales=== The first quarter o the 20t century an aa saw a shift in the poleetical laundscape o Wales. Syne 1865, the [[Leeberal Pairty (UK)|Leeberal Pairty]] haed held a pairlamentar majority in Wales an, follaein the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 1906|general election o 1906]], anerly ane non-Leeberal Member o Pairlament, [[Keir Hardie]] o [[Merthyr Tydfil (UK Pairlament constituency)|Merthyr Tydfil]], representit a Welsh constituency at Wastmeenster.<ref name="Davies461">Davies (2008) p. 461</ref> Yet bi 1906, industrial dissension an poleetical militancy haed began tae unnermine Leeberal consensus in the soothren coalfields.<ref name="Davies461"/> In 1916, [[David Lloyd George]] acame the first Welshman tae acome Prime Meenister o Breetain whan he wis made heid o the [[Unitit Kinrick coaleetion govrenment (1916–1922)|1916 coaleetion govrenment]].<ref>{{cite web|title=David Lloyd George (1863–1945)|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/figures/lloyd_george.shtml |accessdate=26 September 2010|publisher=[[BBC Cymru Wales]]|work=[[BBC Cymru Wales]] website}}</ref> In December 1918, Lloyd George wis re-electit at the heid o a Conservative-dominated coaleetion govrenment, an his puir haundlin o the 1919 coalminers' strike wis a key factor in destroyin support for the Leeberal pairty in sooth Wales.<ref name="Davies515">Davies (2008) p. 515</ref> The industrial wirkers o Wales begoud shiftin taewart a new poleetical organisation, established bi Hardie an ithers tae ensur an electit representation for the wirkin cless, that is nou cried the Labour Pairty.<ref name="Davies439">Davies (2008) p. 439</ref> Whan in 1908 the [[Naitional Union o Minewirkers (Great Breetain)|Miners' Federation o Great Breetain]] acame affiliatit tae the Labour Pairty, the fower Labour candidates sponsored bi miners war aw electit as MPs.<ref name="Davies439"/> Bi 1922, hauf o the Welsh seats at Wastmeenster war held bi Labour politeecians—the stairt o a Labour hegemony that wad dominate Wales intae the 21st century.<ref name="Davies439"/> Efter economic growthe in the first twa decades o the 20t century, Wales' staple industries endured a prolanged slump frae the early 1920s tae the late 1930s, leadin tae widespread unemployment an poverty in the sooth Wales valleys.<ref>{{cite book|last=Morgan|first=Kenneth O.|title=Rebirth of a Nation: Wales 1880–1980|url=https://archive.org/details/wales18801980reb0000morg|year=1982|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-821760-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/wales18801980reb0000morg/page/208 208]–210|location=Oxford}}</ref> For the first time in centuries, the population o Wales went intae decline. The Seicont Warld War (1939–1945) saw Welsh servicemen an weemen fecht in aw the major theatres o war, wi some 15,000 o them killed.<ref name="Davies807">Davies (2008) p. 807</ref> Bombin raids brocht major loss o life as the [[Luftwaffe|German Air Force]] tairgetit the docks at [[Swansea Blitz|Swansea]], [[Cairdiff Blitz|Cairdiff]] an [[Pembroke Dock|Pembroke]].<ref name="Davies807"/> The 20t century saw a revival in Welsh naitional feelin. Plaid Cymru wis formed in 1925, seekin greater autonomy or unthirldom frae the rest o the UK.<ref name="LLGC Plaid">{{cite web |title=Disestablishment, Cymru Fydd and Plaid Cymru |url=http://www.llgc.org.uk/ymgyrchu/Datganoli/PlaidCymru/index-e.htm |accessdate=25 November 2010 |publisher=llgc.org.uk |work=National Library of Wales |archive-date=2010-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206031034/http://www.llgc.org.uk/ymgyrchu/Datganoli/PlaidCymru/index-e.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The term "[[Ingland an Wales]]" acame common for descrivin the aurie tae that Inglis law applee'd, an in 1955 Cairdiff wis proclaimed as caipital ceety o Wales. ''[[Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg]]'' ({{lang|sco|The Welsh Leid Society}}) wis formed in 1962, in response tae lang-held fears that the leid micht suin dee oot.<ref name="GTJ Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg">{{cite web |title=Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg's first protest, 1963 |url=http://www.gtj.org.uk/index.php?id=5192 |accessdate=25 November 2010 |publisher=gtj.org.uk |work=Gathering the Jewels |archive-date=2012-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118054912/http://www.gtj.org.uk/index.php?id=5192 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Efter watter projects caused tensions, naitionalist feelins growed. At a bi-election in 1966, [[Gwynfor Evans]] wan the pairlamentar seat o [[Carmarthen (UK Pairlament constituency)|Carmarthen]], Plaid Cymru's first Pairlamentar seat.<ref name="Gwynfor">{{cite book|last=Gwynfor |first=Evans |authorlink =Gwynfor Evans |title=The Fight for Welsh Freedom |url=https://archive.org/details/fightforwelshfre0000evan |publisher=Y Lolfa Cyf., Talybont |year=2000 |isbn=0-86243-515-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/fightforwelshfre0000evan/page/152 152]}}</ref> In the first [[Wales referendum, 1979|referendum]], in 1979, the Welsh electorate votit on the creaution o an assembly for Wales, but thare wis a lairge majority for the "na" vote.<ref name="Long Walk">{{cite news|first=Betsan|last=Powys|title=The long Welsh walk to devolution|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/wales_politics/7813837.stm|accessdate=26 September 2010|publisher=BBC |date=12 January 2010 |work=[[BBC News]] website}}</ref> Houiver in 1997 a referendum on the same issue siccared a "ay", awtho bi a verra narrae majority.<ref name="Long Walk"/> The [[Naitional Assembly for Wales]] (''Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru'') wis set up in 1999 (unner the [[Govrenment o Wales Act 1998]]) an haes the pouer tae determine hou the central govrenment budget for Wales is spent an admeenistert, awtho the UK pairlament reserves the richt tae set leemits on the pouers o the Welsh Assembly. ==Govrenment an politics== Wales is a kintra that is pairt o the Unitit Kinrick.<ref name="Stats 1"/><ref>[http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_3166-2_newsletter_ii-3_2011-12-13.pdf ISO 3166-2 NEWSLETTER, 2011, p.27]. Accessed 8 March 2012</ref> Constitutionally, the UK is a ''[[de jure]]'' [[unitar state]], its pairlament an govrenment in [[Unitit Kinrick Pairlament|Wastmeenster]]. In the [[Hoose o Commons o the Unitit Kinrick|Hoose o Commons]] – the lawer hoose o the UK govrenment – Wales is representit bi 40 [[Member o Pairlament|MPs]] (oot o 650) frae [[Unitit Kinrick constituencies#Wales|Welsh constituencies]]. [[Labour Pairty (UK)|Labour]] MPs haud 25 o the 40 seats, the [[Conservative Pairty (UK)|Conservatives]] eleiven, [[Plaid Cymru]] three an the [[Leeberal Democrats (UK)|Leeberal Democrats]] haud ane seat. Referendums held in Wales an Scotland in [[Welsh devolution referendum, 1997|1997]] chuise tae establish a form o sel-govrenment in baith kintras. In Wales, the consequent process o [[Devolution in the Unitit Kinrick|devolution]] begoud wi the [[Govrenment o Wales Act 1998]], that creatit the [[Naitional Assembly for Wales]] ({{lang-cy|Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru}}).<ref name="Westminster 1">{{cite web|title=UK Parliament -Parliament's role|url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/role.cfm|accessdate=1 September 2009|publisher=[[Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick|United Kingdom Parliament]]|date=29 June 2009|work=United Kingdom Parliament website}}</ref> Labour remained the lairgest Assembly pairty follaein the [[Naitional Assembly for Wales election, 2007|2007 election]], winnin 26 o the 60 seats.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/6622157.stm |title=Plaid gamble pays off in Llanelli |publisher= BBC |date=4 May 2007|accessdate=6 October 2010 |work=[[BBC News]] website}}</ref> Haein insufficient support tae form a govrenment, the Labour Pairty entered intae the '[[Ane Wales]]' agreement wi Plaid Cymru, formin a [[coaleetion]], wi the Labour leader as First Meenister.<ref name="Cynulliad 2">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/6278848.stm |title=Labour-Plaid coalition is sealed|publisher= BBC |date=7 July 2007 |accessdate=29 September 2010 |work=[[BBC News]] website}}</ref> [[Carwyn Jones]] haes been First Meenister an leader o [[Welsh Labour]] syne [[Rhodri Morgan]] retired frae office in December 2009, efter nine year an ten month as First Meenister.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/welsh-politics/welsh-politics-news/2009/12/09/carwyn-jones-officially-nominated-as-first-minister-91466-25357282/|title=Carwyn Jones officially nominated as First Minister |publisher=[[Media Wales|Media Wales Ltd]] |date=9 December 2009 |accessdate=9 December 2009 |work=[[WalesOnline]] website}}</ref> The twinty auries o responsibeelity devolved tae the Welsh Govrenment, kent as "subjects", include agricultur, economic development, eddication, heal, hoosin, local govrenment, social services, tourism, transport an the Welsh leid.<ref name="Cynulliad 3">{{cite web |title=Making laws for Wales |url=http://www.assemblywales.org/abthome/making-laws-for-wales.htm |accessdate=6 October 2010 |publisher=[[Naitional Assembly for Wales]] |year=2010 |work=[[Naitional Assembly for Wales]] website |archive-date=2010-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922170818/http://assemblywales.org/abthome/making-laws-for-wales.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Cynulliad 4">{{cite web |title=Schedule 5 to the Government of Wales Act 2006 (as amended) |url=http://www.assemblywales.org/bus-home/bus-legislation/bus-legislation-guidance/bus-legislation-guidance-documents/legislation_fields/schedule-5.htm |accessdate=6 October 2010 |publisher=[[Naitional Assembly for Wales]] |year=2006 |work=[[Naitional Assembly for Wales]] website |archive-date=2010-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120052232/http://assemblywales.org/bus-home/bus-legislation/bus-legislation-guidance/bus-legislation-guidance-documents/legislation_fields/schedule-5.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> On its creaution in 1999, the Naitional Assembly for Wales haed na primar legislative pouers.<ref name="Cynulliad 5">{{cite web|title=Government of Wales Act 1998 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/38/contents |accessdate=6 October 2010|publisher=[[Govrenment o the Unitit Kinrick|HM Government]] |year=2010 |work=[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]] website}}</ref> Wales is an aa a distinct UK [[Wales (European Pairlament constituency)|electoral region]] o the European Union representit bi fower [[Members o the European Pairlament]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Your Members in the European Parliament|url=http://www.europarl.org.uk/en/your_meps.html|publisher=European Parliament|accessdate=8 June 2015|archive-date=2015-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423101202/http://www.europarl.org.uk/en/your_meps.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> For the purposes o local govrenment, Wales haes been dividit intae 22 cooncil auries syne 1996. Thir "principal auries"<ref>Part 1, Local Government (Wales) Act 1994</ref> are responsible for the provision o aw local govrenment services, includin eddication, social wark, environment an roads services.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://new.wales.gov.uk/topics/localgovernment/localauthorities/?lang=en |title=Local Authorities |publisher=[[Welsh Govrenment]] |accessdate=9 September 2010 |archive-date=2014-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530004428/http://new.wales.gov.uk/topics/localgovernment/localauthorities/?lang=en |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Geografie== [[File:Snowdon from Llyn Llydaw.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Snowdon|Yr Wyddfa (Snowdon)]], [[Gwynedd]], the heichest moontain in Wales]] Wales is a generally moontainous [[kintra]] on the wastren side o central soothren [[Great Breetain]].<ref name="ONS Cymru">{{Cite book|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/social-trends-rd/the-official-yearbook-of-the-united-kingdom/2005-edition/the-official-yearbook-of-the-united-kingdom---2005-edition.pdf|publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] |year=2004 |title=UK 2005 – The Official Yearbook of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |pages=2 & 30|accessdate=10 February 2012 |isbn=0-11-621738-3}}</ref> It is aboot {{convert|170|mi}} north–sooth an {{convert|60|mi}} east–wast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitwales.co.uk/about-wales-guide-to-wales-culture-people-and-language/welsh-geography/|title=Geography: About Wales|publisher=[[Welsh Govrenment]]|year=2010|accessdate=3 October 2010|work=[[Visit Wales]] website|archive-date=2010-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028210819/http://www.visitwales.co.uk/about-wales-guide-to-wales-culture-people-and-language/welsh-geography/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The oft-quotit '[[The size o Wales|size o Wales]]' is aboot {{convert|20779|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Size of Wales project|url=http://more.sizeofwales.org.uk/index.php/aboutus/what-is-size/|accessdate=10 February 2012|publisher=Size of Wales|year=|archive-date=2012-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129074121/http://more.sizeofwales.org.uk/index.php/aboutus/what-is-size/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://eulis.eu/service/countries-profile/england-and-wales/ |publisher=[[EULIS|European Land Information Service]] |title=England and Wales |accessdate=2 October 2010 |archive-date=2017-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727105357/http://eulis.eu/service/countries-profile/england-and-wales/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wales is mairchit bi Ingland tae the east an bi sea in aw ither directions: the [[Erse Sea]] tae the north an wast, [[St George's Channel]] an the [[Celtic Sea]] tae the soothwast an the [[Bristol Channel]] tae the sooth.<ref>{{cite hansard |url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1974/dec/16/celtic-sea#S5CV0883P0-06989 |title=Celtic Sea |house=House of Commons |date=16 December 1974 |volume=883 |column=317W }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815171657/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1974/dec/16/celtic-sea#S5CV0883P0-06989 |date=2021-08-15 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf|title=Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition + corrections|year=1971|publisher=[[International Hydrographic Organization]]|accessdate=12 November 2010|page=42 [corrections to page 13]|archive-date=2011-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008191433/http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wales haes aboot {{convert|1680|mi}} o coastline (alang the mean heich watter merk), includin the mainland, Anglesey an Holyhead.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cartography.org.uk/default.asp?contentID=749 |title=How long is the UK coastline? |first=Giles |last=Darkes |date=January 2008 |access-date=6 October 2015 |publisher=The [[British Cartographic Society]] |archive-date=2012-05-27 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/67yAn3CWU?url=http://www.cartography.org.uk/default.asp?contentID=749 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Leet o islands o Wales|Ower 50 islands]] lee aff the Welsh mainland; the lairgest bein [[Isle o Anglesey|Anglesey]], in the north-wast. Muckle o Wales' diverse laundscape is moontainous, pairticularly in the north an central regions. The moontains war shapit during the last ice age, the [[Devensian glaciation]]. The heichest moontains in Wales are in [[Snowdonia]] ({{lang|cy|Eryri}}), o that five are ower {{convert|1000|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The heichest o thir is [[Snowdon]] ({{lang|cy|Yr Wyddfa}}), at {{convert|1085|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2009/aug/02/mount-snowdon-cafe|publisher=[[guardian.co.uk]] |date=2 August 2009|title=High tea: Mount Snowdon's magical mountaintop cafe |accessdate=28 September 2010 |location=London |first=Jonathan |last=Glancey}}</ref><ref name="WalesOnline mynyddoedd">{{cite web |url =http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2010/09/22/mountain-upgraded-to-super-status-91466-27315826/ |title = Mountain upgraded to 'super' status |accessdate = 30 September 2010 |date = 22 September 2010 |publisher = [[Media Wales|Media Wales Ltd]] |work=[[WalesOnline]] website}}</ref> The ''[[Seiven Wunners o Wales]]'' is a leet in [[doggerel]] verse o seiven geographic an cultural laundmerks in Wales probably componed in the late 18t century unner the influence o tourism frae Ingland.<ref>See Meic Stephens (ed.), ''Companion to Welsh Literature''. The doggerel verse wis componed in Inglis, probably for the benefit o veesitors frae athort [[Offa's Dyke]].</ref> Aw the "wonders" are in north Wales: Snowdon (the heichest moontain), the [[Gresford]] bells (the peal o bells in the medieval kirk o [[All Saints' Church, Gresford|All Saints]] at Gresford), the [[Llangollen]] brig (biggit in 1347 ower the River Dee), [[St Winefride's Well]] (a [[pilgrimage]] steid at [[Holywell]]) in [[Flintshire]], the [[Wrexham]] ({{lang|cy|Wrecsam}}) [[steeple (airchitectur)|steeple]] (16t-century touer o [[St Giles' Church, Wrexham]]), the [[Overton-on-Dee|Overton]] [[taxus|yew]] trees (auncient yew trees in the kirkyaird o St. Mary's at Overton-on-Dee) an [[Pistyll Rhaeadr]] – a taw watterfaw, at {{convert|240|ft|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name=wonders>{{cite web|title=Seven Wonders of Wales|url=http://www.visitflintshire.com/Location/Seven-Wonders-of-Wales|publisher=Visit Flintshire|accessdate=3 April 2016|archive-date=2016-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331140709/http://visitflintshire.com/Location/Seven-Wonders-of-Wales|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Climate=== {{climate chart |Wales |1.3|6.5|158.6 |1.1|6.6|114 |2.4|8.6|118.8 |3.4|11|85.9 |6|14.5|80.7 |8.6|16.8|86.2 |10.9|19.1|78.4 |10.7|18.8|106 |8.8|16.2|124 |6.5|12.8|153.2 |3.7|9.3|156.8 |2.2|7.4|173.3 |source=[http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/areal/wales.html Met Office] |float=right }} Wales lies within the [[Temperateness|north temperate zone]]. It haes a cheengeable, [[maritime climate]] an is ane o the weetest kintras in Europe.<ref name="Met Off 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/regional-climates/wl/ |publisher=[[Met Office]] |year=2010|title=Met Office: Regional Climate: Wales|accessdate=26 September 2010 |work=[[Met Office]] website}}</ref><ref name="Davies148-150">Davies (2008) pp. 148–150</ref> Welsh wather is eften cloody, weet an windy, wi wairm simmers an mild winters.<ref name="Met Off 1"/><ref name="WalesOnline soggy"> {{cite web|url=http://icwales.icnetwork.co.uk/0100news/0200wales/tm_objectid=14140027&method=full&siteid=50082&headline=soggiest-city-in-britain-pays-high-price-for-rain-name_page.html|title=Soggiest city in Britain pays high price for rain|publisher=[[Media Wales|Media Wales Ltd]]|last=Turner |first=Robert|accessdate = 26 September 2010|date = 26 July 2010}} </ref> Rainfaw patterns shaw signeeficant variation. The forder wast, the heicher the expectit rainfaw; up tae 40% mair.<ref name="Davies148-150"/> At law elevations, rain is unpredictable at ony time o year, awtho the shouers tend tae be shorter in simmer.<ref name="Airport guide">{{cite web|url=http://www.cardiff-cwl.airports-guides.com/cwl_climate.html|publisher=TravelSmart Ltd|year=2010|title=Weather at Cardiff Airport (CWL):Weather and Climate in Cardiff Area, Wales, U|accessdate= 26 September 2010|work=Airports guides website}}</ref> The uplands o Wales hae maist rain, normally mair nor 50 days o rain during the winter months (December tae Februar), fawin tae aroond 35 rainy days during the simmer months (Juin tae August). {{Weather box |location = Wales |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |collapsed = Yes |Jan record high C = 18.3 |Feb record high C = 18.7 |Mar record high C = 23.9 |Apr record high C = 26.2 |May record high C = 29.2 |Jun record high C = 33.7 |Jul record high C = 34.6 |Aug record high C = 35.2 |Sep record high C = 31.1 |Oct record high C = 28.2 |Nov record high C = 22.4 |Dec record high C = 18.0 |year record high C = 35.2 |Jan record low C = -23.3 |Feb record low C = -20.0 |Mar record low C = -21.7 |Apr record low C = -11.2 |May record low C = -6.1 |Jun record low C = -4.0 |Jul record low C = -2.5 |Aug record low C = -2.8 |Sep record low C = -5.5 |Oct record low C = -9.0 |Nov record low C = -18.0 |Dec record low C = -22.7 |year record low C = -23.3 |source 1 = Met Office }} ==Economy== Ower the last 250 year, Wales haes been transformed first frae a predominantly agricultural kintra tae an industrial, an nou a [[post-industrial economy]].<ref>Davies (2008), p.233</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Day|first=Graham|title=Making sense of Wales|url=https://archive.org/details/makingsensewales00dayg|year=2002|publisher=University of Wales Press|isbn=0-7083-1771-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/makingsensewales00dayg/page/n96 87]|location=Cardiff}}</ref> Syne the Seicont Warld War, the [[service sector]] haes come tae accoont for the majority o jobs, a featur teepifyin maist advanced economies.<ref>Davies (2008), p.233–4</ref> Frae the middle o the 19t century till the post-war era, the minin an export o coal wis a dominant industrie. Accordin tae [[Phil Williams (Welsh politeecian)|Professor Phil Williams]], the [[Great Depression]] "devastatit Wales", north an sooth, acause o its "owerwhelmin dependence on coal an steel".<ref name="IWA 2003">{{Cite book|last=Williams |first=Professor Phil |authorlink=Phil Williams (Welsh politician) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6oXtL_7xFssC&pg=PA31|title=The psychology of distance: Wales: one nation |series=Papurau Gregynog |volume=3 |publisher=[[Institute of Welsh Affairs]] |publication-date=2003 |location=Cardiff |page=31 |isbn=1-86057-066-6| date=September 2003 }}</ref> Acause o puir-quality sile, muckle o Wales is unsuitable for crap-growin an [[fermstockin]] fermin haes tradeetionally been the focus o agricultur. The Welsh laundscape (pertectit bi three naitional parks) an 45 [[Blue Flag saunds]], as well as the unique cultur o Wales, attract lairge nummers o tourists, wha play an especially vital role in the economy o rural auries.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_west/8672318.stm |title=Tourism hope over record 45 beach flags in Wales |publisher=BBC|date=11 May 2010|accessdate=7 September 2010|work=[[BBC News]] website}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gowales.co.uk/en/graduate/workingInWales/keyIndustryProfiles/tourism/index.html |title=Tourism – Sector Overview Wales |publisher=[[GO Wales]] |accessdate=7 September 2010 |work=[[GO Wales]] website |archive-date=2010-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409072132/http://www.gowales.co.uk/en/graduate/workingInWales/keyIndustryProfiles/tourism/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[poond sterling]] is the siller uised in Wales. ==Demografie== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Population o Wales |- | 1536 | 278,000 |- | 1620 | 360,000 |- | 1770 | 500,000 |- | 1801 | 587,000 |- | 1851 | 1,163,000 |- | 1911 | 2,421,000 |- | 1921 | 2,656,000 |- | 1939 | 2,487,000 |- | 1961 | 2,644,000 |- | 1991 | 2,811,865 |- | 2011 | 3,063,000 |- |2021 |3,107,494 |} Soorce: {{cite book|author=John Davies|title=A History of Wales|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ogTq2KRuu9IC&pg=PT257|year=1993|pages=258–59, 319}}; Census 2001, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090319202324/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/bicentenary/pdfs/wales.pdf ''200 Years of the Census in ... Wales'' (2001)]; 2021 Census, [https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/sources/census_2021/report?compare=W92000004 Wales Region 2021 Census Area Profile] The population o Wales doobled frae 587,000 in 1801 tae 1,163,000 in 1851 an haed reached 2,421,000 bi 1911. Maist o the increase cam in the coal minin destricts, especially [[Glamorganshire]], which grew frae 71,000 in 1801 tae 232,000 in 1851 an 1,122,000 in 1911.<ref>Brian R. Mitchell and Phyllis Deane, ''Abstract of British Historical Statistics'' (Cambridge, 1962) pp 20, 22</ref> Pairt o this increase can be attributit tae the [[demografic transeetion]] seen in maist industrialisin kintras in the [[Industrial Revolution]], as daith rates dropped an birth rates remeened steady. Houever, thare wis an aa lairge-scale migration intae Wales in the Industrial Revolution. The Inglis war the maist numerous group, but thare war an aa conseederable nummers o Erse an smawer nummers o ither ethnic groups,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/storyofwelsh/content/industrialrevolution.shtml |title=Industrial Revolution |publisher=BBC |accessdate=17 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=LSJ Services [Wales] Ltd |url=http://www.therhondda.co.uk/living/population.html |title=Population '&#39;therhondda.co.uk'&#39;. Retrieved 9 May 2006 |publisher=Therhondda.co.uk |accessdate=17 October 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520075715/http://www.therhondda.co.uk/living/population.html |archivedate=20 May 2008 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.therhondda.co.uk/living/population.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-07-01 |archive-date=2008-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520075715/http://www.therhondda.co.uk/living/population.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> includin [[Welsh Italians|Italians]], wha migratit tae South Wales.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/migration_italian.shtml |title=BBC Wales&nbsp;— History&nbsp;— Themes&nbsp;— Italian immigration |publisher=BBC |accessdate=17 October 2009}}</ref> Wales an aa received immigration frae various pairts o the Breetish [[Commonweel o Naitions]] in the 20t century, an [[Black Breetish|African-Caribbean]] an [[Breetish Asian|Asian]] commonties add tae the ethno-cultural mix, pairteecularly in urban Wales. Mony o thir sel-identify as Welsh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.socialistunity.com/?p=1587|title=Socialist Unity – Debate & analysis for activists & trade unionists|publisher=|access-date=2017-07-01|archive-date=2011-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018050201/http://www.socialistunity.com/?p=1587|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Unitit Kinrick Census 2011|2011 census]] shawed Wales' population tae be 3,063,456, the seicont heichest in its history.<ref name="2011census">{{cite web |title=2011 Census – Population and Household Estimates for Wales |page=6 |date=March 2011 |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_272571.pdf |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] |format=PDF |accessdate=13 December 2012 |archive-date=2016-01-05 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_272571.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2011, 27% (837,000) o the tot population o Wales war nae born in Wales,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-unitary-authorities-in-wales/stb-2011-census-key-statistics-for-wales.html#tab---Usual-residents-born-outside-the-UK |title=O2011 Census: Key Statistics for Wales, March 2011 |publisher=Ons.gov.uk |date=March 2011 |accessdate=9 January 2016}}</ref> includin 636,000 fowk (21% o the tot population o Wales) wha war born in Ingland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-unitary-authorities-in-wales/stb-2011-census-key-statistics-for-wales.html#tab---Usual-residents-born-outside-the-UK |title=O2011 Census: Key Statistics for Wales, March 2011 |publisher=Ons.gov.uk |date=March 2011 |accessdate=15 January 2016}}</ref> Accordin tae the 2001 census, 96% o the population wis [[White Breetish]], an 2.1% non-white (mainly o [[Breetish Asian]] oreegin).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esds.ac.uk/government/themes/ethnicity/sb53-2004.pdf |title=A Statistical Focus on Ethnicity in Wales |publisher=National Assembly for Wales |page=1 |year=2004 |accessdate=10 February 2012 |archive-date=2011-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214010543/http://www.esds.ac.uk/government/themes/ethnicity/sb53-2004.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Maist non-white groups war concentratit in Cardiff, Newport an Swansea. The [[tot fertility rate]] (TFR) in Wales wis 1.90 in 2011,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://statswales.wales.gov.uk/Catalogue/Health-and-Social-Care/Births-Deaths-and-Conceptions/Births/TotalFertilityRateAndGeneralFertilityRate-by-Year |title=Total Fertility Rate and General Fertility Rate by year |publisher=Statswales.wales.gov.uk |accessdate=17 July 2013 |archive-date=2014-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228112127/https://statswales.wales.gov.uk/Catalogue/Health-and-Social-Care/Births-Deaths-and-Conceptions/Births/TotalFertilityRateAndGeneralFertilityRate-by-Year |url-status=dead }}</ref> that is ablo the [[replacement rate]] o 2.1. {{Largest cities | name = Lairgest ceeties o Wales | class = info | country = Wales | stat_ref = [[Office for National Statistics]] 2011 Census<ref>{{United Kingdom district population citation}}</ref> | list_by_pop = Leet o touns an ceeties in Wales bi population | div_name = Cooncil aurie | div_link = | city_1 = Cairdiff | div_1 = Cardiff Cooncil{{!}}Ceety & Coonty o Cairdiff | pop_1 = 335,145 | img_1 = Cardiff Castle and Millennium Stadium.jpg | city_2 = Swansea | div_2 = Ceety an County o Swansea Council{{!}}Ceety & Coonty o Swansea | pop_2 = 239,000 | img_2 = Meridian Tower Swansea Skyline.jpg | city_3 = Newport, Wales{{!}}Newport | div_3 = Newport Ceety Cooncil{{!}}Newport Ceety | pop_3 = 128,060 | img_3 = Newportciviccentre.jpg | city_4 = Wrexham | div_4 = Wrexham Coonty Burgh | pop_4 = 61,603 | img_4 = Wrexham - geograph.org.uk - 163421.jpg | city_5 = Barry, Wales{{!}}Barry | div_5 = Vale o Glamorgan | pop_5 = 54,673 | city_6 = Neath | div_6 = Neath Port Talbot | pop_6 = 50,658 | city_7 = Cwmbran | div_7 = Torfaen | pop_7 = 46,915 | city_8 = Bridgend | div_8 = Bridgend Coonty Burgh| pop_8 = 46,757 | city_9 = Llanelli | div_9 = Carmarthenshire | pop_9 = 43,878 | city_10 = Merthyr Tydfil | div_10 = Merthyr Tydfil | pop_10 = 43,820 | city_11 = Caerphilly | div_11 = Caerphilly Coonty Burgh | pop_11 = 41,402 | city_12 = Port Talbot | div_12 = Neath Port Talbot | pop_12 = 37,276 | city_13 = Pontypridd | div_13 = Rhondda Cynon Taf | pop_13 = 30,457 | city_14 = Aberdare | div_14 = Rhondda Cynon Taf | pop_14 = 29,748 | city_15 = Colwyn Bay| div_15 = Conwy Coonty Burgh | pop_15 = 29,405 | city_16 = Pontypool| div_16 = Torfaen | pop_16 = 28,334 | city_17 = Penarth| div_17 = Vale of Glamorgan | pop_17 = 27,226 | city_18 = Rhyl| div_18 = Denbighshire | pop_18 = 25,149 | city_19 = Blackwood, Wales{{!}}Blackwood| div_19 = Caerphilly Coonty Burgh | pop_19 = 24,042 | city_20 = Maesteg | div_20 = Bridgend Coonty Burgh | pop_20 = 18,888 }} Baith Inglis an Welsh are conseedert offeecial leids o Wales,<ref>[http://www.assembly.wales/NAfW%20Documents/About%20the%20Assembly%20section%20documents/ols/ols-en.pdf Official Languages Scheme, July 2013], Assembly Commission. Retrieved 20 September 2016.</ref> wi Welsh forder recognised in law as haein "offeecial status".<ref>Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011</ref> Inglis is spoken bi awmaist aw fowk in Wales an is the main leid in maist o the kintra. The lairgest releegion in Wales is Christianity, wi 57.6% o the population descrivin themsels as Christian in the 2011 census.<ref name="2011 Census Faith">{{cite news|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-unitary-authorities-in-wales/stb-2011-census-key-statistics-for-wales.html#tab---Religion |title=Statistical bulletin: 2011 Census: Key Statistics for Wales, March 2011 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |date=11 December 2012|accessdate=11 December 2012}}</ref> The seicont lairgest attendin faith in Wales is [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholic]], wi an estimatit 43,000 adherents.<ref name="Faith in Wales">{{cite web |url=http://www.gweini.org.uk/download/English%2003_03%20comp%20smaller.pdf |title=Faith in Wales, Counting for Communities |page=21 |year=2008 |accessdate=6 September 2010 |archive-date=2013-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024162623/http://www.gweini.org.uk/download/English%2003_03%20comp%20smaller.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Islam]] is the lairgest non-Christian releegion in Wales, wi mair nor 24,000 (0.8%) reportit Muslims in the 2011 census.<ref name="2011 Census Faith"/> ==Cultur== Wales haes a distinctive cultur includin its awn leid, customs, halidays an muisic. Wales haes three [[UNESCO]] [[Warld Heritage Steid]]s: [[Castles an Toun Waws o Keeng Edward in Gwynedd|The Castles an Toun wals o Keeng Edward I in Gwynedd]]; [[Pontcysyllte Aqueduct]]; an the [[Blaenavon Industrial Laundscape]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/gb |title=World Heritage – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |year=2010 |accessdate=9 September 2010 |work=[[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Convention]] website}}</ref> ===Airts=== Wales can claim ane o the auldest unbreuken leeterar tradeetions in Europe.<ref name="Davies464">Davies (2008) p. 464</ref> The leeterar tradeetion o Wales stretches back tae the saxt century an includes [[Geoffrey o Monmouth]] an [[Gerald o Wales]], regairdit bi historian [[John Davies (historian)|John Davies]] as amang the finest Laitin authors o the Middle Ages.<ref name="Davies464"/> In 1588 [[William Morgan (Bible translator)|William Morgan]] acame the first person tae translate the [[Welsh Bible|Bible intae Welsh]], frae Greek an Ebreu.<ref name="Davies465">Davies (2008) p. 465</ref> 1885 saw the publication o ''[[Rhys Lewis (novelle)|Rhys Lewis]]'' bi [[Daniel Owen]], creeditit as the first novelle written in the Welsh leid. Mony warks o [[Celtic airt]] hae been foond in Wales.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/rhagor/article/1938/ |title=Celtic Art in Iron Age Wales, NMOW |publisher=[[National Museum Wales|Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales]] |accessdate=19 June 2010 |archive-date=2010-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113023922/http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/rhagor/article/1938 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Maist Welsh pented left Wales tae dae thair wirk. Wales is eften referred tae as "the laund o sang",<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Britannica|edition=Online|year=2006|title=Wales: Cultural life: Music, literature and film}}</ref> an is notable for its hairpists, male choirs, an solo airtists. Tradeetional instruments o Wales include ''telyn deires'' ([[triple hairp]]), fiddle, [[crwth]], ''pibgorn'' (hornpipe) an ither instruments.<ref>Davies (2008) p. 179</ref><ref>Davies (2008) p. 281</ref><ref>Davies (2008) p. 353</ref><ref>Davies (2008) p. 677</ref> ===Seembols=== The [[Banner o Wales]] incorporates the [[Welsh Draigon|reid draigon]] ({{lang|cy|Y Ddraig Goch}}) o [[Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd|Prince Cadwalader]] alang wi the [[Tudor dynasty|Tudor]] colours o green an white.<ref name="dragon and war">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/flag_war.shtml |title=The dragon and war |accessdate=2 October 2010 |year=2010 |publisher=BBC |work=[[BBC Cymru Wales]] website |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128093849/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/flag_war.shtml |archivedate=28 January 2011}}</ref> It wis uised bi [[Henry VII o Ingland|Henry VII]] at the [[Battle o Bosworth Field|Battle o Bosworth]] in 1485 efter that it wis cairied in state tae [[St. Paul's Cathedral]].<ref name="dragon and war"/> The reid draigon wis then includit in the Tudor ryal airms tae signifee thair Welsh strynd. It wis offeecially recognised as the Welsh naitional banner in 1959.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1959/feb/23/welsh-flag#S5CV0600P0-04661|title=Welsh flag, 23 February 1959 vol 600 cc121-2W|accessdate=3 October 2010|publisher=[[Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick]]|work=[[Hansard]]|archive-date=2021-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506145352/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1959/feb/23/welsh-flag#S5CV0600P0-04661|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[daffodil]] an the [[leek]] are an aa seembols o Wales. The Prince o Wales' [[heraldic badge]] is an aa whiles uised tae seembolise Wales. The badge, kent as the [[Prince o Wales's feathers]], conseests o three white feathers emerging frae a gowd coronet. ''"[[Hen Wlad fy Nhadau]]" ({{lang-sco|Laund o My Faithers}})'' is the Naitional Anthem o Wales, an is played at events sic as fitbaa or rugby matches involvin the Wales naitional team as weel as the openin o the Welsh Assembly an ither offeecial occasions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitwales.co.uk/about-wales-guide-to-wales-culture-people-and-language/welsh-history/welsh-national-anthem/ |title=Welsh National Anthem: History: About Wales|publisher=[[Welsh Govrenment]] |year= 2010 |accessdate=21 October 2010 |work=[[Visit Wales]] website}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= The anthem in more recent years |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/6586105.stm|accessdate=21 October 2010 |publisher=BBC |date=1 December 2008 |work=[[BBC Cymru Wales]] website}}</ref> In sport, [[rugby union]] is seen as a seembol o Welsh identity an an expression o naitional consciousness. ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Bibliografie== * Census 2001, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090319202324/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/bicentenary/pdfs/wales.pdf ''200 Years of the Census in ... Wales'' (2001)] *{{Cite book|last=Davies|first=John|authorlink=John Davies (historian)|title=A History of Wales|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofwales0000davi_g1b0| publisher=Penguin| year=1994| location=London|isbn = 0-14-014581-8}} *{{cite encyclopedia |editor1-first=John |editor1-last=Davies |editor2-first=Nigel |editor2-last=Jenkins |editor2-link=Nigel Jenkins |editor3-first=Menna |editor3-last=Baines|editor4-first=Peredur I. |editor4-last=Lynch|editor4-link=Peredur Lynch|title=[[Encyclopaedia of Wales|The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales]] |year=2008 |publisher=University of Wales Press |location=Cardiff |isbn=978-0-7083-1953-6 }} {{Commonscat}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Wales| ]] [[Category:Celtic naitions]] [[Category:Inglis-speakin kintras an territories]] [[Category:Island kintras]] [[Category:NUTS 1 stateestical regions o the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Unitit Kinrick bi kintra]] [[Category:Great Breetain]] ki8tgvb3cf3fvcr16ga3e02fdqg4q0j 4 5564 916011 911838 2026-04-30T11:56:05Z CiphriusKane 74958 /* Leetins */ 916011 wikitext text/x-wiki This page haes an archive [[Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Archive/2014|here]]. Ye can tag for speedy deletion a page by adding '''{{tl|delete}}''' tae the tap. Tae add a page here, tag it wi '''<nowiki>{{subst:</nowiki>[[Template:Airticle for deletion|Airticle for deletion]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki>''', then create [[Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/AIRTICLE TITLE]] wi <nowiki>{{subst:afd2|pg={{subst:SUBPAGENAME}}|cat=U|text=Reason}} ~~~~</nowiki>, finally add <nowiki>{{Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/AIRTICLE TITLE}}</nowiki> unner the "Leetins" section o this page. == Archives == {{Special:PrefixIndex/Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Archive/}} == Leetins == <!--Place VfD leetin ablo this line--> {{Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Arm nan Gaidheal}} <!--{{Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/X}}--> <!--Place VfD leetin abuin this line--> [[Category:Wikipaedia]] 5p5vh1pd1c5y3ddoxdrv69j97owmhhb 2 8853 915910 875800 2026-04-29T19:23:26Z James500 2976 Remove template 915910 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Uiserpage}} {{Babel|en}} {{Uiser Wikidata}} [[en:User:James500]] [[ca:Usuari:James500]] [[cs:Wikipedista:James500]] [[zh:用户:James500]] [[de:Benutzer:James500]] [[es:Usuario:James500]] [[fr:Utilisateur:James500]] [[it:Utente:James500]] [[ja:利用者:James500]] [[la:Usor:James500]] [[hu:Szerkesztő:James500]] [[nl:Gebruiker:James500]] [[no:Bruker:James500]] [[pl:Wikipedysta:James500]] [[pt:Usuário:James500]] [[ru:Участник:James500]] [[ro:Utilizator:James500]] [[fi:Käyttäjä:James500]] [[sv:Användare:James500]] [[tr:Kullanıcı:James500]] [[uk:Користувач:James500]] f6bi28quoim6zfhnvkq34dk1u6xlrq2 0 13088 915938 888685 2026-04-29T22:35:50Z ~2026-24121-24 130533 915938 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Gaz69-2.jpg|300px|right|thumb|GAZ-69]] '''GAZ-69''' wis a [[fower wheel drive]] licht truck, produced bi [[GAZ]] (ГАЗ, or ''Gorkovskij Awtomobilnyj Zavod'') atween 1953 an 1955. Frae [[1954]] till [[1972]] it wis produced bi [[UAZ]], as '''UAZ-69''', though they wur commonly kent as GAZ-69s as well. Basic variant '''GAZ-69''' haes a pair o doors ae an maist aften appears wi standard canvas top an upper sides. Further variant '''GAZ-69A''' (UAZ-69A) haes twa pair o doors. It wis an aa produced unner licence bi [[ARO]] in Romanie, as Muscel M-59, later modernized as the Muscel M-461. Frae the UAZ-69 there wure developed aff-road van an licht truck [[UAZ-450]] an newer jeep [[UAZ-469]]. ==Military uise== [[Image:Albanian Army GAZ.jpg|thumb|left|A GAZ-69 in [[Albanie]] (since retired frae service)]] The GAZ-69 wis the basic licht aff-road vehicle o the Soviet Airmy, replacin [[GAZ-67]]s an [[Willys MB|Willys Jeep]]s. The GAZ-69 wis itself replaced wi the [[UAZ-469]]. It wis an aa uised as the basis for the '''2P26''' tank destroyer - see [[AT-1 Snapper]] - as well as for the '''[[GAZ 46|GAZ 46 MAV]]''', a licht [[4x4]] [[amphibious vehicle]], whose design wis lairgely copied frae the [[Warld War II]] [[Ford GPA|Ford GPA 'Seep']]. {{Commonscat}} == Links == * [http://www.gaz-69.com/forum GAZ-69 Club] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110074208/http://www.gaz-69.com/forum/ |date=2012-01-10 }} [[Category:Aw-wheel-drive vehicles]] [[Category:GAZ]] [[Category:Roushie an Soviet militar vehicles]] [[Category:Military Light Utility Vehicle]] [[Category:Militar trucks]] jquhpd08j0192ew03m0aig0pyfah7ax 0 14695 915933 909534 2026-04-29T22:15:19Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915933 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Yamaha TZR250 2MA modified for racing.jpg|250px|thumb|right|TZR 250 2MA modified for racin]] The '''Yamaha TZR250''' is motorcycle manufactured an produced bi the [[Japan]]ese motorcycle manufacturer [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]] atween 1986 an 1996. Yamaha produced road goin 2-stroke motorcycle, loosely based on the [[TZ250]] Yamaha racin bike. Parallel-twin, reverse cylinder an finally V-twin variants wur produced. It evolved as a natural replacement for the popular [[RD 250]]/[[350 LC]] series o the 1980's. It haes Yamaha Power Valve System (YPVS) which raises an lawers the exhaust port dependin on the rpm o the ingine, the YPVS servo starts tae open at aboot 6,000rpm. In staundart form 50&nbsp;bhp is claimed at 10,000rpm. Although mid 40's is mair realistic, an will no rev much abuin 9,500rpm in staundart trim awin tae the restrictive staundart exhausts an ignition boxes. ==Racin== Still raced in the [http://www.ypmrc.co.uk Yamaha Past Masters] race series wi the Breetish racin club - [[BMCRC]]. Racin ingines currently claiming circa 56&nbsp;bhp @ 11,000rpm. Racin pre-mix fuel ratios typically 1:30. Staundart exhausts are difficult tae improve on in terms o pouer an torque but they are vera hivy an impede grund clearance. Jolly Moto exhausts are popular replacements as they are licht an produce similar performance, an allou better grund clearance. Matt Oxley wis the first body tae lap the [[Isle o Man]] TT course at ower 100&nbsp;mph on this bike in 1987. An F3 racin kit wis produced for a few years which includit ignition boxes, carbs an exhaust pipes, helpin increase maximum revs, pouer an torque. ==History== Production stairtit in Juin 1986. At a cost o aroond $6,000 new on release it wis seen as an expensive bike for a 250 cc, but gien that places such as Japan an Australie haed 250 licencin laws in place ane can imagine the stir that somethin that coud hassle 750's on a track caused. 2MA variant being the UK variant an the 1KT model being the domestic Japanese variant. Variations atween these twa models being minimal, i.e. wirdin on the brake maister cylinder in Inglis or Japanese. Lichtin arrangements wur also different, tae comply wi UK type approval regulations, particularly the indicators wur mountit on stalks rather than faired intae the bodywirk. Then came the reverse cylinder version [[3MA]], then the V-twins [[3XV]]. The variants follaed the configuration o the racin [[TZ250]] o the time. Production o aw TZR250s stopped in 1996. ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.eindiancompanies.com/rdpages/tz2501.htm Magazine Review o the 1987 Yamaha TZR250 released in Canadae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713054118/http://www.eindiancompanies.com/rdpages/tz2501.htm |date=2007-07-13 }} ''(Hosted by Chinoy of RD Dreams [http://www.rddreams.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702043025/http://www.rddreams.com/ |date=2007-07-02 }})'' {{commonscat|Yamaha TZR}} {{Yamaha motorcycles}} [[Category:Yamaha motorcycles|TZR250]] 3liwrprrhpdrx840gdqxmy44kv48df6 0 18659 915909 858673 2026-04-29T19:02:08Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915909 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Tlemcen | native_name = تلمسان | native_name_lang = ar | settlement_type = Ceety | image_skyline = SDC10030.JPG | image_caption = The [[Gondola lift]] an foontain o Tlemcen | pushpin_map = Algeria | pushpin_label_position = bottom | coordinates = {{coord|34|52|58|N|01|19|00|W|region:DZ|display=inline}} | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = [[Algerie]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces o Algerie|Province]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Tlemcen Province|Tlemcen]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Destricts o Algeria|Destrict]] | subdivision_name2 = Tlemcen | area_total_km2 = 9061 | elevation_m = 842 | population_as_of = 2006 | population_total = 846942 | population_density_km2 = auto }} '''Tlemcen''' ({{lang-ar|<big>تلمسان</big>}}) is a toun in northwastren [[Algerie]], an the caipital o the [[Tlemcen Province|province o the same name]]. It is locatit inland in the centre o a region kent for its olive plantations an vineyards. The ceety haes developed leather, cairpet, an textile industries, which it ships tae the port o Rashgun for export. Its population is aboot 140,000, while the province haed 949,135 indwallers in the 2008 census<ref>[http://www.ons.dz/collections/w13_p1.pdf 2008 census]</ref>. ==Etymology== The wird Tlemcen ({{lang-ar|تلمسان}}) comes frae Berber ''Tala Imsan'' ([[File:Tlemcen in Tifinagh.svg]] in [[Tifinagh]]) which means "the dry spring". The name is whiles spelled ''Tlemsen'', ''Tlemsan'', or ''Tilimsen''. == Cultur == [[File:A man of Tlemcen.jpg|thumb|left|170px|A man o Tlemcen]] Its centuries o rich history an cultur hae made the ceety a centre o a unique blend o muisic an airt. Its textiles an haundcrafts, its elegant blend o Islamic, Berber, Andalucian an French culturs, an its ceul climate in the muntains hae made it an important centre o tourism in Algerie. It is hame tae a bonnie tomb - that o [[Sidi Boumédiène]], whose tomb adjoins tae a [[mosque]]. The Great Mosque at Tlemcen wis completit in 1136 an is said tae be the maist remarkable remainin example o Almoravid airchitectur.<ref>M. Talbi (1997), ''The Spread of Civilization in the Maghrib and its Impact on Western Civilization'', in Joseph Ki-Zerbo & Djibril T Niane (eds.) (1997), ''General History of Africa, vol. IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century'' (abridged ed.) UNESCO, James Curry Ltd., and Univ. Calif. Press., pp. 24-33.</ref> == History == Tlemcen wis foondit bi the [[Auncient Roum|Romans]] in the 4t century CE unner the name o ''Pomaria'' as a military ootpost. It wis an important ceety in North Africae see o the [[Roman Catholic Kirk]] in the century in which it wis biggit, whaur it wis the centre o a [[diocese]]. Its [[bishop]], Victor, wis a prominent representative at the [[Cooncil o Carthage]] in 411, an its bishop Honoratus wis exiled in 484 bi the [[Vandal]] keeng [[Huneric]] for denyin [[Arianism]]. It wis a centre o a lairge Christian population for mony centuries efter the ceety's [[Arab]] conquest in 708. In the later aicht century an the nint century, the ceety became a Kinrick o [[Banu Ifran]] o the [[Kharijite]] [[sufri]].<ref>Ibn Khaldun, History of Berber</ref> Thir same Berber Kharijis an aa began tae develop various sma Saharan oases an tae link them intae regular trans-Saharan caravan routes terminatin at Tlemcen—beginnin a process that wad determine Tlemcen's historical role for amaist aw o the next millennium.<ref>Cedric Barnes (2006), ''Kharijis (768 CE)'', in Josef W Meri (ed.), ''Medieval Islamic Civilization: an Encyclopedia''. Routledge., p. 436.</ref> In 1082 the [[Almoravid]] leader [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin]] foondit the ceety o Tagrart ("Encampment" in the Berber leid), which merged wi the existin dounset, nou cried Agadir an syne then became kent as Tlemcen (Tilimsan). Tlemcen probably passed frae Almoravid tae Almohad control in the mid-twalt century. Housomeivver, in the early thirteent century, Ibn Ghaniya attemptit tae restore Almoravid control o the [[Maghreb]]. In aboot 1209, the region aroond Tlemcen wis devastatit bi retreatin Almoravid forces, no lang afore thair feenal defeat bi the Almohads at the Battle o [[Jebel Nafusa]] in 1210.<ref>O. Saidi (1997), ''The unification of the Maghrib under the Almohads'', in Joseph Ki-Zerbo & Djibril T Niane (eds.) (1997), ''General History of Africa, vol. IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century'' (abridged ed.) UNESCO, James Curry Ltd., and Univ. Calif. Press., pp. 8-23.</ref> Despite the destruction o Tlemcen's aaready-feeble agricultural base, Tlemcen rose tae prominence as a major tradin an admeenistrative centre in the region unner the succeedin reign o the [[Almohads]]. On the collapse o Almohad rule in the 1230s Tlemcen became the caipital o ane o three successor states, the ([[Zayyanid|Ziyyanid]]) kinrick o Tlemcen (1236 - 1554) an wis ruled for centuries bi successive [[Ziyyanid]] sultans.<ref>Delfina S. Ruano (2006), ''Hafsids'', in Josef W Meri (ed.), ''Medieval Islamic Civilization: an Encyclopedia''. Routledge., p. 309.</ref> Its banner wis a white crescent pointin upwards on a blue field. Durin the Middle Ages, Tlemcen no anerlie served as a tradin ceety connectin the "coastal" route athort the [[Maghreb]] wi the trans-Saharan caravan routes,<ref>I. Hrbek (1997), ''The disintegration of political unity in the Maghrib'', in Joseph Ki-Zerbo & Djibril T Niane (eds.) (1997), ''General History of Africa, vol. IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century'' (abridged ed.) UNESCO, James Curry Ltd., and Univ. Calif. Press., pp. 34-43.</ref><ref>S.M. Cissoko (1997), ''The Songhay from the twelfth to the sixteenth century'', in Joseph Ki-Zerbo & Djibril T Niane (eds.) (1997), ''General History of Africa, vol. IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century'' (abridged ed.) UNESCO, James Curry Ltd., and Univ. Calif. Press., pp. 77-86.</ref> but an aa hoosed a European tradin center (funduk) which connectit African an European merchants.<ref>Talbi (1997: 29).</ref> In pairticular, Tlemcen wis ane o the pynts throu which African gowd (arrivin frae sooth o the Sahara via [[Sijilmasa]] or [[Taghaza]]) entered the European haunds.<ref>Id.</ref> Consequently, Tlemcen wis pairtially integratit intae the European financial seestem. Sae, for example, Genoese [[Bill o Exchynge|bills o exchynge]] circulatit thare, at least amang merchants no subject tae (or no deterred bi) releegious prohibitions.<ref>Fernand Braudel (1979), ''Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th Century: Vol. III: The Perspective of the World''. Transl. Sian Reynolds. Univ. Calif. Press & HarperCollins (1992), p. 66.</ref> At the peak o its success, in the first hauf o the fowerteent century, Tlemcen wis a ceety o aiblins 40,000 indwallers.<ref>Christopher Ehret (2002), ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800''. Univ. Virginia Press, p. 334.</ref> It hoosed several well-kent madrasas an numerous wealthy releegious foondations, becomin the principal intellectual centre o the central Maghreb. At the [[souq]] aroond the Great Mosque, merchants sauld ooen fabrics an rugs frae the East, slaves an gowd frae athort the Sahara, local earthenware an leather guids, an a variety o Mediterranean maritime guids "redirectit" tae Tlemcen bi [[Barbary corsairs|corsairs]]—in addition tae the intentional European imports available at the funduk.<ref>R. Idris (1997), ''Society in the Maghrib after the disappearance of the Almohads'', in Joseph Ki-Zerbo & Djibril T Niane (eds.) (1997), ''General History of Africa, vol. IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century'' (abridged ed.) UNESCO, James Curry Ltd., and Univ. Calif. Press., pp. 44-49.</ref> Merchant hooses based in Tlemcen, sic as the al-Makkari maintained regular branch offices in [[Mali]] an the [[Sudan]].<ref>D.T Niane(1997), ''Relationships and exchanges among the different regions'', in Joseph Ki-Zerbo & Djibril T Niane (eds.) (1997), ''General History of Africa, vol. IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century'' (abridged ed.) UNESCO, James Curry Ltd., and Univ. Calif. Press., pp. 245-253).</ref><ref>Masatochi Kasaichi (2004), "Three renowned 'ulama' families of Tlemcen: The Maqqari, the Marzuqi and the 'Uqbani". ''J. Sophia Asian Studies'' 22: 121-137.</ref> Later in the fowerteent century, the ceety twice fell unner the rule o the [[Marinid]] sultan, [[Abu Al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman|Abu al-Hasan Ali]] (1337–48) an his son Abu 'Inan. In baith cases, the Marinids foond that thay wur unable tae hauld the region against local resistance.<ref>Hrbek (1997: 39).</ref> Nivertheless, thir episodes appear tae hae merked the beginnin o the end. Ower the follaein twa centuries, Zayyanid Tlemcen wis intermittently a vassel o [[Tunis]], [[Fes]], or [[Aragon]].<ref>Hrbek (1997: 41).</ref> When the [[Spain]]yie teuk the ceety o [[Oran]] frae the kinrick in 1509, continuous pressure frae the Berbers promptit the Spainyie tae attempt a coonterattack against the ceety o Tlemcen (1543), which wis deemed bi the [[Papacy]] tae be a crusade. The Spainyie failed tae tak the ceety in the first attack, awtho the strategic vulnerability o Tlemcen caused the kinrick's wecht tae shift toward the safer an mair hivily fortifee'd corsair base at [[Algiers]]. The ruler o Tlemcen is reportit tae hae been advised bi a Jewish viceroy named Abraham, who, in the time o the [[Inquiseetion]] o [[Torquemada]], opened the gates o Tlemcen tae hordes o [[Jews]] an [[Moors]] fleein Spain. Abraham is said tae hae supportit them wi his awn money an wi the tolerance o the keeng o Tlemcen. In 1554, the kinrick o Tlemcen came unner the pertection o the [[Ottoman Empire]], which deposed the Zayyanid dynasty. The Ottomans wur fechtin a naval war against the Spaniards athort the [[Mediterranean]], an the Kinrick o Tlemcen became anither vassal o the [[Sultan]] in [[Constantinople]]. Tlemcen an the Algerian provinces regained effective unthirldom in thair awn affairs in 1671, awtho Tlemcen wis nae langer a govrenment seat as afore. The Spainyie wur evictit frae Oran in 1792, but thirty years later thay wur replaced bi the French, who seized Algiers. A French fleet bombardit Algiers in 1830, at which pynt the [[dey]] capitulatit tae French colonial rule; a broad coalition o natives continued tae resist, coordinatit loosely at Tlemcen. The great Berber leader [[Abd al-Qadir al-Jaza'iri|Abd al-Kader]], focht wi incredible skill an valor, but his defeat in 1844 at [[Isly]] endit the dream o a new independent Algerie. Tlemcen wis a vacation spot an retreat for French settlers in Algerie, who foond it tae be far mair temperate than Oran or Algiers. The ceety adaptit an became mair cosmopolitan, wi a unique ootleuk on airt an cultur, an its airchitecture an urban life evolved tae accommodate this new sense. In the unthirldom muivements o the mid-twintiet century, it wis relatively quiet, reflectin the ceety's sense o aloofness frae the turbulence o Algiers. ==Transport== It is served bi the internaitional [[Zenata Airport]]. ==Internaitional relations== ===Twin touns — Sister ceeties=== Tlemcen is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: {| class="wikitable" |- valign="top" | * {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Granada]], [[Spain]] * {{flagicon|Tunisia}} [[Kairouan]], [[Tunisie]] * {{flagicon|India}} [[Jajmau]], [[Indie]] * {{flagicon|Morocco}} [[Fes]], [[Morocco]]<ref>syne 11 Julie 1989</ref> * {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Florence]], [[Italy]] * {{flagicon|France}} [[Nanterre]], [[Fraunce]] * {{flagicon|France}} [[Lille]], [[Fraunce]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tsa-algerie.com/diplomatie/jumelage-entre-les-villes-de-tlemcen-et-de-lille-martine-aubry-recue-par-bouteflika-et-plusieurs_23840.html |title=Jumelage entre les villes de Tlemcen et de Lille : Martine Aubry reçue par Bouteflika et plusieurs ministres - Diplomatie - Tout sur l'Algérie - page 1 |publisher=Tsa-algerie.com |date= |accessdate=2013-02-20 |archive-date=2013-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221123832/http://www.tsa-algerie.com/diplomatie/jumelage-entre-les-villes-de-tlemcen-et-de-lille-martine-aubry-recue-par-bouteflika-et-plusieurs_23840.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{flagicon|France}} [[Montpellier]], [[Fraunce]] * {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Kazan]], [[Roushie]] * {{flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} [[Sarajevo]], [[Bosnie an Herzegovinae]]<ref name="Twin 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.sarajevo.ba/en/stream.php?kat=147|title=Fraternity cities on Sarajevo Official Web Site|publisher=[[copyright|©]]City of Sarajevo 2001-2008|accessdate=2008-11-09|archive-date=2016-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416145836/http://www.sarajevo.ba/en/stream.php?kat=147|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>since 1964</ref> |} == See an aa == * [[Great Mosque o Tlemcen]] * [[Tlemcen Province]] * [[WA Tlemcen]] * [[Tlemcen National Park]] * [[Zenata – Messali El Hadj Airport]] * [[El-Ourit Waterfalls]] == References == ;Notes {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commonscat|Tlemcen}} * [http://www.tlemcen-dz.com/ Tlemcen], non offeecial wabsteid * [http://www.zianides.com/ Cultur, airt an history o Tlemcen]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.univ-tlemcen.dz/ Abou Bakr Belkaid University o Tlemcen] * [http://alg.95mb.com/wilayas/tlemcen.htm Wilaya de Tlemcen par Paysage d'Algérie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928183732/http://alg.95mb.com/wilayas/tlemcen.htm |date=2011-09-28 }} : History an auncient photos. * [http://membres.lycos.fr/tlemcen13000 membres.lycos.fr/tlemcen13000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915155424/http://membres.lycos.fr/tlemcen13000/ |date=2007-09-15 }} * [http://www.netlemcen.fr.st www.netlemcen.fr.st] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305114350/http://www.netlemcen.fr.st/ |date=2012-03-05 }} * [http://www.LibreTlemcen.org/ Free/Open Source Community o Tlemcen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126061152/http://www.libretlemcen.org/ |date=2021-01-26 }} * [http://citedetlemcen.free.fr/ Unoffeecial portrait o this ceety] * {{CathEncy|wstitle=Pomaria}} <!--Navigation boxes--><br /> {{Algerie}} {{Province seats o Algerie}} [[Category:Populatit places in Tlemcen Province]] [[Category:Populatit places established in the 4t century]] [[Category:Historic Jewish commonties]] [[Category:Ceeties in Algerie]] kaenmke3dttiqb5ujkce9rcquq1wi1s 0 33527 915936 911601 2026-04-29T22:24:10Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Russian inhabited locality |en_name=Yekaterinburg |ru_name=Екатеринбург |image_skyline= Catherineburg.JPG |image_caption=The skyline o Yekaterinburg |coordinates = {{coord|56|50|N|60|35|E|display=inline,title}} |image_map= |map_caption= |map_label_position=right |image_coa=Coat of Arms of Yekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk oblast).svg |coa_caption= |image_flag=Flag of Yekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk oblast).svg |flag_caption= |anthem= |anthem_ref= |holiday=3rd Seturday o August |holiday_ref= |federal_subject=[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]] |federal_subject_ref= |adm_data_as_of= |adm_district_jur= |adm_district_jur_ref= |adm_ctr_of=[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]] |adm_ctr_of_ref= |inhabloc_cat=Ceety |inhabloc_cat_ref= |urban_okrug_jur=Yekaterinburg Urban Okrug |urban_okrug_jur_ref= |mun_admctr_of= |mun_admctr_of_ref= |leader_title=Head |leader_title_ref=<ref name="news101123"/> |leader_name=Yevgeny Porunov |leader_name_ref=<ref name="news101123">{{cite web|url=http://www.ekburg.ru/english_version/news_Ekaterinburg/0/638/ |title=Eugenie Porunov has been elected the Head of Ekaterinburg – the Chairman of the Ekaterinburg city Duma |publisher=Ekburg.ru |date= |accessdate=2012-04-04}}</ref> |representative_body=[[Yekaterinburg Ceety Duma|Ceety Duma]] |representative_body_ref= |area_km2= |area_km2_ref= |pop_2010census=1350136 |pop_2010census_rank=4t |pop_2010census_ref=<ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census_prelim}}</ref> |pop_2002census=1293537 |pop_2002census_rank=5t |pop_2002census_ref=<ref name="2002Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2002Census}}</ref> |pop_density= |pop_density_as_of= |pop_density_ref= |pop_latest= |pop_latest_date= |pop_latest_ref= |established_date=18 November 1723 |established_title= |established_date_ref= |prev_name1=Yekaterinburg |prev_name1_date=1924 |prev_name1_ref=<ref name="ekburg.ru">{{cite web|url=http://www.ekburg.ru/english_version/about_Ekaterinburg/history_Ekaterinburg/ |title=History - Официальный портал Екатеринбурга |publisher=Ekburg.ru |date=1934-01-07 |accessdate=2012-04-04}}</ref> |prev_name2=Sverdlovsk |prev_name2_date=1991 |prev_name2_ref=<ref name="ekburg.ru"/> |postal_codes=620000 |postal_codes_ref= |dialing_codes=343 |dialing_codes_ref= |website=http://www.ekburg.ru/english_version/ |date=May 2010 }} '''Yekaterinburg''' ({{lang-rus|Екатеринбу́рг|p=jɪkətʲɪrʲɪnˈburk}}, [[romanisation o Roushie|romanizit]] as ''Ekaterinburg'' an aw) is the fowert-lairgest [[teeps o inhabitit localities in Roushie|ceety]] in Roushie wi a population o 1,398,889 (2012). It is situatit in the middle o the [[Eurasie]] continent, on the mairch o [[Europe]] an [[Asie]].<ref>http://www.ekburg.ru/english_version/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ekaterinburg-ural.com/where-ekaterinburg-russia |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-05-19 |archive-date=2017-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722021400/http://www.ekaterinburg-ural.com/where-ekaterinburg-russia |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yekaterinburg is the [[admeenistrative centre]] o [[Sverdlovsk Oblast]] an the main [[industrie|industrial]] an [[cultur]]al center o the [[Ural Federal Destrict]]. Atween 1924 an 1991, the ceety [[geografical renamin|wis namit]] '''Sverdlovsk''' ({{lang|ru|Свердло́вск}}) efter the [[Bolshevik|Communist]] pairty leader [[Yakov Sverdlov]]. Internationally Yekaterinburg is best kent as a ceety whaur the last Roushie Tsar [[Nicholas II o Roushie|Nicholas II]] an his family wur [[Shuitin o the Romanov family|executit in 1918]]. ==History== [[File:Ekaterinbourg.jpeg|thumb|Snaw-covered statue o [[Yakov Sverdlov]]]] It wis foondit in 1723 bi [[Vasily Tatishchev]] an [[Georg Wilhelm de Gennin]] an namit efter [[Tsar]] [[Peter the Great]]'s wife [[Catherine I]] (Yekaterina).<ref name="Haywood">Haywood, A. J. (2010). ''Siberia: A Cultural History'', Oxford University Press, p.&nbsp;32</ref> The offeecial date o the ceety's foundation is 18 November 1723.<ref name="Haywood" /> It wis grantit toun status in 1796. Suin efter the [[October Revolution]], on 17 Julie 1918, Tsar [[Nicholas II o Roushie|Nicholas&nbsp;II]], his wife [[Alexandra o Hesse|Alexandra]], an thair childer Grand Duchesses [[Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna o Roushie|Olga]], [[Grand Duchess Tatiana o Roushie|Tatyana]], [[Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna o Roushie (1899–1918)|Maria]], [[Grand Duchess Anastasia o Roushie|Anastasia]], an Tsarevich [[Tsarevich Alexei o Roushie|Alexey]] wur executit bi the [[Bolshevik]]s at the [[Ipatiev Hoose]] in this ceety. Ither members o the [[Hoose o Romanov|Romanov faimily]] wur killed at [[Alapayevsk]] the day efter. In 1977, the Ipatiev Hoose wis demolished bi order o [[Boris Yeltsin]], tae prevent it frae bein uised as a rallyin location for monarchists. He later became the first [[Preses o Roushie]] an representit the fowk at the funeral o the Tsar in 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/monitoring/134401.stm |title=President Yeltsin speaks about Tsar Murder |publisher=BBC News |date=1998-07-17 |accessdate=2012-04-04}}</ref> [[File:Crkva na korvi.JPG|thumb|left|[[Kirk o Aw Saints, Yekaterinburg|Cathedral on the bluid]] stands on the steid o the Ipatiev House, whaur the Romanovs—the last ryal faimily o Roushie—wur executit]] Durin the 1930s, Yekaterinburg wis ane o several places developit bi the Soviet govrenment as a centre o hivy industrie, durin which time the famous [[Uralmash]] wis biggit. Then, durin [[Warld War II]], mony state technical institutions an whole factories wur relocatit tae Yekaterinburg awa frae war-affectit auries (maistly Moscow), wi mony o thaim stayin in Yekaterinburg efter the victory. The [[Hermitage Museum]] collections wur pairtly evacuatit frae [[Saunt Petersburg|Leningrad]] tae Yekaterinburg (kent as Sverdlovsk durin Soviet times) in Julie 1941 an remained thare till October 1945 an aw. The lookalike five-story [[apairtment block]]s that remain the day in Kirovsky, Chkalovsky, an ither [[residential aurie]]s o Yekaterinburg sprang up in the 1960s, unner the direction o [[Nikita Khrushchev|Khrushchev]]'s govrenment. On 1 Mey 1960, an American [[Lockheed U-2|U-2]] spy plane, pilotit bi [[Francis Gary Powers]] while unner the employ o the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]], wis shot doun ower Sverdlovsk Oblast. He wis captured, put on trial, foond guilty o [[espionage]] an sentencit tae seiven years o [[slave labor|haurd labour]]. He servit anerlie aboot a year afore bein exchyngit for [[Vilyam Genrikhovich Fisher|Rudolph Abel]], a heich-rankin [[KGB]] spy, who haed been apprehendit in the Unitit States in 1957. Thare wis an [[anthrax disease|anthrax]] [[outbreak]] in Yekaterinburg in Aprile an Mey 1979, which wis attributit tae a release frae the Sverdlovsk-19 militar facility.<ref>Matthew S. Meselson, et al., "The Sverdlovsk Anthrax Outbreak of 1979", ''Science'' 266:5188 (18 November 1994): 1202–1208.</ref> Durin the [[1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt|1991 coup d'état attempt]], Sverdlovsk, the hame ceety o Preses Boris Yeltsin, wis selectit bi him as a reserve caipital for the Roushie Federation, in the event that Moscow became too dangerous for the Roushie govrenment. A reserve cabinet heidit bi [[Oleg Lobov]] wis sent tae the ceety, whaur Yeltsin enjoyed strang popular support at that time.<ref>Martin McCauley, "Who's who in Russia since 1900", ''Routledge'', 1997: p.133.</ref> Shortly efter the failur o the coup an subsequent [[dissolution o the Soviet Union]], the ceety regained its historical name Yekaterinburg. ==Admeenistrative an municipal status== Yekaterinburg is the [[admeenistrative centre]] o the [[oblast]].<ref name="SverdlovskO_adm">Law #30-OZ</ref> Athin the [[subdiveesions o Roushie#Admeenistrative diveesions|framewirk o the admeenistrative diveesions]], it is, thegither wi twinty-nine [[teeps o inhabitit localities in Roushie|landwart localities]], incorporatit as the '''[[Ceety o federal subject significance|Ceety]] o Yekaterinburg'''<ref name="OKATO">{{OKATO reference|65 401}}</ref>—an admeenistrative unit wi the status equal tae that o the [[admeenistrative diveesions o Sverdlovsk Oblast|destricts]].<ref name="SverdlovskO_adm" /> As a [[subdiveesions o Roushie#Municipal diveesions|municipal diveesion]], the Ceety o Yekaterinburg is incorporatit as '''Yekaterinburg Urban Okrug'''.<ref name="SverdlovskO_mun">Law #85-OZ</ref> ==Geografie an climate== [[File:Вид на городской пруд.jpg|thumb|Central Yekaterinburg an the Iset River]] Yekaterinburg is situatit on the mairch o Europe an Asie, {{convert|1667|km|sp=us}} east o Moscow, on the eastren side o the [[Ural Muntains]] on the [[Iset River]]. It is surroondit bi pairtially firthit plains, mainly cultivatit for agricultural purposes, an sma lakes. The ceety featurs a [[humid continental climate]] (''Dfb'') unner the [[Köppen climate classification]]. The winter lasts for aboot sax month—frae October till the middle o Apryle—an the temperatur mey faw tae {{convert|-45|C}}, tho rarely lawer than {{convert|-20|C}} tae {{convert|-25|C}}. Simmer in the Urals is short, wi wairm wather for anerlie 65–70 days an an average temperatur o {{convert|+18|C}}. The ceety's location "ahint" the muntain range an heichlie variable winds mean that the wather is quite chyngeable frae ane day tae the next an frae year tae year. {{Weather box |location=Yekaterinburg |metric first=yes |single line=yes |Jan record high C=5.6 |Feb record high C=9.4 |Mar record high C=17.3 |Apr record high C=28.8 |May record high C=33.4 |Jun record high C=35.6 |Jul record high C=38.8 |Aug record high C=37.2 |Sep record high C=31.9 |Oct record high C = 24.7 |Nov record high C = 13.5 |Dec record high C = 5.9 |year record high C = 38.8 |Jan high C = -9.1 |Feb high C = -6.8 |Mar high C = 1.0 |Apr high C = 9.8 |May high C = 17.4 |Jun high C = 23.0 |Jul high C = 24.4 |Aug high C = 21.1 |Sep high C = 14.5 |Oct high C = 6.8 |Nov high C = -2.8 |Dec high C = -7.9 |year high C = 7.6 |Jan mean C = -12.6 |Feb mean C = -11.1 |Mar mean C = -3.8 |Apr mean C = 4.3 |May mean C = 11.3 |Jun mean C = 17.1 |Jul mean C = 19.0 |Aug mean C = 15.9 |Sep mean C = 9.8 |Oct mean C = 3.4 |Nov mean C = -5.8 |Dec mean C = -11.0 |year mean C = 3.0 |Jan low C = -15.7 |Feb low C = -14.5 |Mar low C = -7.6 |Apr low C = 0.0 |May low C = 6.2 |Jun low C = 12.1 |Jul low C = 14.4 |Aug low C = 11.9 |Sep low C = 6.4 |Oct low C = 0.7 |Nov low C = -8.3 |Dec low C = -13.7 |year low C = -0.7 |Jan record low C = -44.6 |Feb record low C = -42.4 |Mar record low C = -39.2 |Apr record low C = -21.8 |May record low C = -13.5 |Jun record low C = -2.3 |Jul record low C = 1.5 |Aug record low C = -1 |Sep record low C = -9 |Oct record low C = -26.6 |Nov record low C = -39.2 |Dec record low C = -46.7 |year record low C = -46.7 |Jan precipitation mm = 26 |Feb precipitation mm = 20 |Mar precipitation mm = 20 |Apr precipitation mm = 28 |May precipitation mm = 50 |Jun precipitation mm = 74 |Jul precipitation mm = 89 |Aug precipitation mm = 72 |Sep precipitation mm = 58 |Oct precipitation mm = 39 |Nov precipitation mm = 33 |Dec precipitation mm = 28 |year precipitation mm = 537 |Jan humidity = 79 |Feb humidity = 75 |Mar humidity = 68 |Apr humidity = 60 |May humidity = 57 |Jun humidity = 63 |Jul humidity = 68 |Aug humidity = 73 |Sep humidity = 75 |Oct humidity = 75 |Nov humidity = 78 |Dec humidity = 79 |year humidity = 71 |Jan sun = 46.5 |Feb sun = 96.1 |Mar sun = 164.3 |Apr sun = 207.0 |May sun = 257.3 |Jun sun = 273.0 |Jul sun = 269.7 |Aug sun = 217.0 |Sep sun = 144.0 |Oct sun = 77.5 |Nov sun = 51.0 |Dec sun = 37.2 |year sun = |source 1 = pogoda.ru.net<ref name="Погода и климат">{{cite web |url=http://pogoda.ru.net/climate/28440.htm |title=Климат Екатеринбурга |accessdate= |archive-date=2012-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529224726/http://www.pogoda.ru.net/climate/28440.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |date=August 2010 |source 2 = [http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/russia/sverdlovsk_e.htm HKO] }} ==Population== [[File:Yekaterinburg skyline2.jpg|thumb|''Aquamarine'' apairtment complex wi the toppit oot 190-meter Antey3 skyscraper in the backgrund]] Haein decreased durin the 1990s, the population stairtit tae growe slowly in the 21st century. {| border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="5" style="margin:auto; border:1px solid #aaa;" |- style="background:#aaf;" |+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em"| Demografic evolution |- style="background:#eef;" ! 1724 !! 1781 !! 1820 !! 1861 !! 1917 !! 1926 !! 1939 |- style="background:#f7f9ff;" | align=center| 4,000 | align=center| 7,969 | align=center| 13,026 | align=center| 19,832 | align=center| 71,590 | align=center| 134,800 | align=center| 423,000 |- style="background:#eef;" ! 1959 !! 1970 !! 1979 !! 1989 !! 2002 !! 2010 |- style="background:#f7f9ff;" | align=center| 778,600 | align=center| 1,025,000 | align=center| 1,211,200 | align=center| 1,364,621<ref name="1989Census">{{ru-pop-ref|1989Census}}</ref> | align=center| 1,293,537<ref name="2002Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2002Census}}</ref> | align=center| 1,349,772<ref name="2010Census" /> |} ==Economy== The main auries o the ceety's industrie are [[machinery]], [[:en:Metallurgy#Metal working processes|metal processin]], an [[ferrous|ferrous an nan-ferrous]] [[metallurgie]], Recently the commercial economy haes impruivit, an business centers lik [[Yekaterinburg-Ceety]] hae been planned. Ane o the tawest biggins in the aurie [[Antey 3]] is a skyscraper which is nou complete. [[Ural Airlines]] haes its heid office in Yekaterinburg.<ref>[http://www.uralairlines.ru/en/ Home page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402023704/http://www.uralairlines.ru/en/ |date=2012-04-02 }}. Ural Airlines. Retrieved on 18 July 2010. "Address: Utrenniy 1g, Yekaterinburg Russia, 620025, SITA SVXTOU6" Russian address: [http://www.uralairlines.ru/ Home page]. "Адрес: 620025, Россия, Екатеринбург, пер. Утренний, 1г"</ref> ===Transportation=== [[File:Old train station of Yekaterinburg.jpg|thumb|Auld railwey station]] [[File:Night Ekb URT1.jpg|thumb|The [[Rastorguyev-Kharitonov Palace]], biggit in 1794–1820]] Yekaterinburg is an important railwey junction on the [[Trans-Siberie Railwey]], wi lines reachin aw pairts o the Ural Muntains an the rest o Roushie. As the economy grew stranger efter the slump o the 1990s, several European airlines stairtit or resumit fleein tae the ceety's [[Koltsovo Internaitional Airport]] (SVX). Thir include [[Turkish Airlines]], [[Lufthansa]], [[Austrian Airlines]] an [[Finnair]]. Yekaterinburg is servit bi the smawer [[Yekaterinburg Aramil Airport]] an aw. The ceety's public transit netwirk includes mony [[tram]], [[bus]], [[trolleybus]], [[Marshrutka]] routes an [[Yekaterinburg Metro]] which opened in 1991. The day, the Yekaterinburg Metro consists o ane line, wi a tot o aicht stations. ==Education== [[File:Ustu day 1.JPG|thumb|Main biggin o the [[Ural Federal University]]]] The Ural Branch o the [[Roushie Academy o Sciences]] ([http://www.uran.ru/ UB RAS]), as well as numerous scienteefic research institutes an establishments are situatit in Yekaterinburg. Wi its 16&nbsp;state-awned varsities an educational academies, as well as a nummer o private heicher eddication institutions, Yekaterinburg is considered the leadin educational an scienteefic centre o the Urals. Thir institutions include the [[Ural Federal University]] (on base [[Ural State University]] an [[Ural State Technical University]]), [[Ural State Pedagogical University]], [[Ural State University o Forestry]], [[Ural State Minin University]], [[Ural State University o Railway Transport]], [[Roushie State Vocational Pedagogics University]], [[Ural State University of Economics]], [[Militar Institute o Airtillery]], [[Ural State Conservatory]], [[Ural State Agricultural Academy]], [[Ural State Law Academy]], [[Ural State Academy o Medicine]], [[Ural State Academy o Performin Airts]], [[Ural Academy o Public Service]], [[Institute o Internaitional Relations Yekaterinburg|Institute o Internaitional Relations]], an the [[Urals Academy o Airchitectur]]. ==Cultur== The ceety haes several dozen libraries, includin the V. G. Belinsky Scienteefic Library, which is the lairgest public leebrar in [[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]. Famous for its theatres, Yekaterinburg is hame tae some vera popular theatre companies an aw: the Yekaterinburg Academic Ballet an Opera Company, the Sverdlovsk Academic Theater of Muisical Comedy, the Yekaterinburg Academic Dramatic Theater, the Yekaterinburg Theater for Young Spectators, the [[Volkhonka]] (a popular chamber theatre), an the [[Kolyada Theater]] (a chamber theatre foondit bi Roushie playwricht, producer an actor Nikolai Kolyada). Yekaterinburg is the centre o ''New Drama'', a muivement o contemporary Roushie playwrichts [[Nikolai Kolyada]], [[Vasily Sigarev]], [[Konstantin Kostenko]], the [[Presnyakov brithers]], an [[Oleg Bogayev]]. Yekaterinburg is aften cried the ''caipital o contemporary dance'' for a nummer o famous dance companies residin in the ceety: the ''Kipling'', the ''Provincial Dances'', the ''Tantstrest'', an a special depairtment o contemporary dance at the Yekaterinburg University o Humanities. A nummer o popular Roushie rock baunds, sic as [[Urfin Dzhyus]], [[Chaif]], [[Chicherina]], [[Nautilus Pompilius (baund)|Nautilus Pompilius]], [[Nastya (baund)|Nastya]], Trek, [[Agata Kristi]] an [[Smyslovye Gallyutsinatsii]], wur oreeginally formit in Yekaterinburg (''Ural Rock'' is aften considered as a pairticular variety o rock muisic. Yekaterinburg an [[Saunt Petersburg]] are actually considered tae be the main centres o the genre in Roushie). An aw, some famous opera singers—[[Boris Shtokolov]], [[Yuri Aleksandrovich Gulyayev|Yuri Gulyayev]], [[Vera Bayeva]]—graduatit frae the [[Urals State Conservatory]]. The [[Ural Philharmonic Orchestra]] (currently conductit bi [[Dmitry Liss]]), foondit bi [[Mark Paverman]] an locatit in Yekaterinburg, is vera popular in Roushie an in Europe an aw, as well as the [[Ural Academic Popular Chorus]], a famous fowk-singin an dance ensemble. Thare are ower thirty museums in Yekaterinburg, includin several museums o Ural minerals an jewelery, airt galleries, ane o the lairgest collections onywhaur o [[Kasli iron sculptur|Kasli mouldins]] (a traditional kynd o cast-iron sculptur in the Urals), an the famous ''Shigirskaya Kladovaya'' (''Шигирская кладовая''), or Shigir Collection, which includes the auldest firth sculptur in the warld: the [[Shigir Idol]], foond near [[Nevyansk]] an estimatit tae hae been made aboot 9,500 years ago. Anerlie here can you see a collection o Nevyansk icons- in the [[Nevyansk Icon Museum]], wi mair nor 300 icons representin the 18t throu the 20t centuries on display. Vladimir Yelizarov's Recording Studio SVE Records is based in Yekaterinburg. The studio is in a private residence biggit in 1837 unner the teetle "The House of the Misters", in ane o the historical centers o Yekaterinburg ceety, twa hunder metres frae Verkh-Isetsky Lake. In 1987, American sangster [[Tina Turner]] recordit twa tracks, which later appeared on her 1989 album Foreign Affair, whilst in the ceety as pairt o her heichlie acclaimit Break Every Rule Warld Tour. [[File:Yekaterinburg Circus.jpg|thumb|[[Yekaterinburg Circus]]]] Yekaterinburg haes a [[Yekaterinburg Circus|circus]] biggin an aw, an ane o the tawest incomplete airchitectural structurs in the warld, the [[Yekaterinburg TV Tower]]. Thare are a nummer o unusual monuments an aw: e. g. a popular laundmerk [[Keybuird monument]] an a monument tae [[Michael Jackson]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.ruvr.ru/photoalbum/52567834/index.html |title=Monument to Michael Jackson unveiled in Yekaterinburg: Photo gallery |publisher=: |date=2011-06-29 |accessdate=2012-04-04 |archive-date=2011-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916012714/http://english.ruvr.ru/photoalbum/52567834/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:EKB keyboard fixed.jpg|thumb|[[Keyboard monument]]]] ==Sports== *[[Association fitbaa]] club [[FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast]] plays in the [[Roushie First Diveesion]]. *[[Futsal]] club [[MFK Viz-Sinara Yekaterinburg]] are the twa-time [[Roushie Futsal Super League|Roushie champions]] an the champions o [[UEFA Futsal Cup]] in 2008. *Weemen's [[basketbaa]] club [[UMMC Ekaterinburg]] are the current Roushie champions an the champions o [[EuroLeague Women]] in 2003. *[[Ice hockey]] club [[Avtomobilist Yekaterinburg]] plays in the [[Kontinental Hockey League]]. *[[Bandy]] club [[SKA-Sverdlovsk|SKA Sverdlovsk]] [http://www.skaburg.narod.ru/] is ane o the clessical teams in which The Keeng of Bandy, Nikolay Durakov <ref>[http://www.bandyvideo.net/razor/bandy/img_5454.htm Illustraded History Bandy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904234806/http://www.bandyvideo.net/razor/bandy/img_5454.htm |date=2011-09-04 }}</ref> played. == Internaitional relations == === Consulates === [[Unitit States]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://yekaterinburg.usconsulate.gov/ |title=Official website of the U.S. Consulate General in Yekaterinburg |accessdate=2012-04-19 |archive-date=2012-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120408122441/http://yekaterinburg.usconsulate.gov/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Unitit Kinrick]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ukinrussia.fco.gov.uk/en/about-us/other-locations/ekat-landing/ |title=Official website of the British Consulate General in Yekaterinburg |accessdate=2012-04-19 |archive-date=2012-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103033022/http://ukinrussia.fco.gov.uk/en/about-us/other-locations/ekat-landing/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Germany]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jekaterinburg.diplo.de/Vertretung/jekaterinburg/de/Startseite.html |title=Official website of the German Consulate General in Yekaterinburg |accessdate=2012-04-19 |archive-date=2012-08-03 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120803062119/http://www.jekaterinburg.diplo.de/Vertretung/jekaterinburg/de/Startseite.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Fraunce]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ambafrance-ru.org/-Ekaterinbourg- |title=Official website of the French Consulate General in Yekaterinburg |accessdate=2012-04-19 |archive-date=2012-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429005651/http://www.ambafrance-ru.org/-Ekaterinbourg- |url-status=dead }}</ref> an several ither kintras established thair [[consulate]]s in Yekaterinburg. === BRIC Summit === The [[BRIC]] kintras met for thair [[1st BRIC summit|first offeecial summit]] on 16 Juin 2009, in Yekaterinburg,<ref name=BBC>{{cite news |title=First summit for emerging giants |publisher=BBC News |date=16 June 2009 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8102216.stm |accessdate=16 June 2009}}</ref> wi [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]], [[Dmitry Medvedev]], [[Manmohan Singh]], an [[Hu Jintao]], the respective leaders o Brazil, Roushie, Indie an Cheenae, aw attendin. The foreign meenisters o the BRIC kintras haed met in Yekaterinburg an aw previously on 16 Mey 2008. === Twin ceeties === Yekaterinburg is a [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi the follaein: {{Div col}} *{{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Plzeň]], [[Czech Republic]] *{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Wuppertal]], [[Germany]], syne 1993 *{{flagicon|USA}} [[San Jose, Californie|San Jose]], [[Unitit States]], syne 1992 *{{flagicon|China}} [[Guangzhou]], [[China]], syne 10 Julie 2002 *{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Genoa]], [[Italy]] *{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Ferentino]], Italy *{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Incheon]], [[Sooth Korea]] *{{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Most]], Czech Republic *{{flagicon|India}} [[Kanpur]], [[Indie]] {{Div col end}} == Notes == {{reflist|30em}} == External links an sources == {{Commons}} *{{Wikivoyage|Yekaterinburg}} *[http://www.ekburg.ru/english_version/ Offeecial wabsteid o Yekaterinburg government] {{Ceeties an touns in Sverdlovsk Oblast}} [[Category:Yekaterinburg| ]] [[Category:Yekaterinburgsky Uyezd]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1723]] [[Category:History o Ural]] [[Category:1723 establishments in the Roushie Empire]] rh0yj7jqww22k4cc5joxdb2c82uail5 0 33615 915900 905145 2026-04-29T16:21:18Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915900 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Fylke | name = Sogn og Fjordane | idnumber = 14 | image_skyline = Briksdalsbreen-close-18july2006.jpg | capital = [[Hermansverk]] | governor = [[Oddvar Flæte]] | governor_party = | governor_date = 1994 | mayor = [[Nils R. Sandal]] | mayor_party = [[Centre Pairty (Norawa)|Senterpartiet]] | mayor_date = 2003 | region = Vestlandet | arearank = 8 | area = 18623 | arealand = 17709 | areawater = 914 | areapercent = 5.81 | population_as_of = 2010 | populationrank = 17 | population = {{formatnum:{{#expr: 1073 + 0.03 * {{Age in days|2010|4|1}} round 0}}00}} <!--AUTOUPDATES DAILY at 00:00 UTC, Sogn og Fjordane pop clock adds 3 people per day --> || {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} || {{#expr: (1073 + 3 * {{Age in days|2010|4|1}} ) / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/02/02/folkendrkv_en/2010k1/kvart14-en.html Statistics Norway - Population per 1 April 2010 and population changes during 1st quarter of 2010. Sogn og Fjordane] | populationpercent = 2.21 | populationdensity = auto | populationincrease = -0.5 | gdp_as_of = 2001 | gdprank = 16 | gdppercent = 1.63 | gdpcapita = 231,982 | incomecapita = 134,400 | coatofarms = {{PAGENAME}}_våpen.svg | munwebpage = www.sfj.no | language = [[Nynorsk]] }} {{Audio|Sogn-og-Fjordane.ogg|'''Sogn og Fjordane'''}} is a [[Coonties o Norawa|coonty]] in [[Norawa]], borderin [[Møre og Romsdal]], [[Oppland]], [[Buskerud]], an [[Hordaland]]. The coonty admeenistration is in the toun o Hermansverk in [[Leikanger|Leikanger municipality]] while the lairgest toun is [[Førde]]. Tho Sogn og Fjordane haes some industry, maistlins [[hydroelectricity]] an [[aluminium]], it is maistlins [[agricultur]]al. Sogn og Fjordane is hame tae the [[Urnes stave kirk]] an [[Nærøyfjord]] an aw, whilk is leetit bi [[UNESCO]] as [[Warld Heritage Steid]]s. The ''Høgskulen i Sogn og Fjordane'' ([http://www.hisf.no Sogn og Fjordane University College] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114040536/https://www.hisf.no/ |date=2016-11-14 }}) haes campuses in [[Sogndal]], [[Sandane]], an [[Førde]]. == References == {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == * [http://www.sfj.no/ Coonty wab steid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621054154/http://www.sfj.no/ |date=2015-06-21 }} {{no icon}} * [http://www.nrk.no/sfj/leksikon/ NRK Coonty encyclopedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220171052/http://nrk.no/sfj/leksikon/ |date=2009-02-20 }} {{no icon}} * [http://www.firda.no/ Firda - Sogn og Fjordane's lairgest newspaper] {{no icon}} * [http://forum.firda.no/ forum.firda.no - Sogn og Fjordane's lairgest discussion group] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060225010231/http://forum.firda.no/ |date=2006-02-25 }} {{no icon}} {{Sogn og Fjordane}} {{Coonties o Norawa}} [[Category:Sogn og Fjordane| ]] [[Category:Umwhile coonties o Norawa]] 5ozb9jgxz5wm69pins3zo4gljkc1vjq 0 33750 915908 910643 2026-04-29T18:58:00Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915908 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Tlaxcala | official_name = ''Estado Libre y Soberano de Tlaxcala'' | native_name_lang = | settlement_type = [[Poleetical diveesions o Mexico|State]] | image_flag = Flag of Tlaxcala.svg | flag_size = 160px | flag_alt = | image_seal = Coat of arms of Tlaxcala.svg | seal_size = 80px | nickname = | motto =''Cuna de la Nación''{{-}}<small>''(Cradle o the Naition)''</small> | anthem = Himno a Tlaxcala | image_map = Tlaxcala en México.svg | map_caption = State o Tlaxcala athin Mexico | coordinates = {{coord|19|25|44|N|98|09|39|W|region:MX-TLA_type:adm1st|display=inline}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = [[Kintra]] | subdivision_name = [[Mexico]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Caipital ceety|Caipital]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala|Tlaxcala de Xicohténcatl]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Leet o ceeties in Mexico|Lairgest&nbsp;Ceety]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Vicente Guerrero, Tlaxcala|Vicente Guerrero]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Municipalities o Mexico|Municipalities]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Municipalities o Tlaxcala|60]] | established_title = [[Sovereign state|Admission]] | established_date = December 9, 1856<ref name="tlaxcala">{{cite news| title =Portal Gobierno del Estado de Tlaxcala| url =http://www.tlaxcala.gob.mx/tlaxcala/nov-dic.html| language =Spanish| access-date =2012-05-30| archive-date =2009-12-27| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20091227003735/http://www.tlaxcala.gob.mx/tlaxcala/nov-dic.html| url-status =dead}}</ref> | established_title2 = [[Territorial evolution o Mexico|Order]] | established_date2 = [[Territorial evolution o Mexico|22nt]] | founder = | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = [[Leet o Mexican state govrenors|Govrenor]] | leader_name = [[Mariano González Zarur]] [[File:PRI Party (Mexico).svg|[[Institutional Revolutionary Pairty|PRI]]|23px]] | leader_title1 = [[Senate o Mexico|Senators]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senadores por Tlaxcala LXI Legislatura |url=http://www.senado.gob.mx/legislatura.php?entidad=30 |publisher=Senado de la Republica |accessdate=October 20, 2010 |archive-date=2003-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031216094331/http://www.senado.gob.mx/legislatura.php?entidad=30 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | leader_name1 = Alfonso Sánchez [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|23px]]<br />[[Minerva Hernández Ramos|Minerva Hernández]] [[File:PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg|PRD|23px]]<br />[[Rosalía Peredo]] [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|23px]] |leader_title2 = [[Chamber o Deputies o Mexico|Deputies]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Listado de Diputados por Grupo Parlamentario del Estado de Tlaxcala |url=http://sitl.diputados.gob.mx/LXI_leg/listado_diputados_gpnp.php?tipot=Edo&edot=29 |publisher=Camara de Diputados |accessdate=October 20, 2010 |archive-date=2012-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120821053613/http://sitl.diputados.gob.mx/LXI_leg/listado_diputados_gpnp.php?tipot=Edo&edot=29 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |leader_name2 = {{Collapsible list |title = [[Chamber o Deputies o Mexico|Federal Deputies]] |frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; |title_style = <!-- (optional) --> |list_style = text-align:left;display:none; |1 = • [[María Elena López]] [[File:PRI Party (Mexico).svg|PRI|23px]] |2 = • [[Beatríz Paredes Rangel|Beatríz Paredes]] [[File:PRI Party (Mexico).svg|PRI|23px]] |3 = • [[Sergio González Hernández|Sergio González]] [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|23px]] |4 = • [[Oralia López]] [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|23px]] |5 = • [[Julián Velázquez y Llorente|Julián Velázquez]] [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|PAN|23px]] }} | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Resumen |url=http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/informacion/tlax/default.aspx?tema=me&e=29 |publisher=Cuentame INEGI |accessdate=October 20, 2010 |archive-date=2011-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723191924/http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/informacion/tlax/default.aspx?tema=me&e=29 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | area_total_km2 = 3991 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = [[Leet o Mexican states bi aurie|Rankit 31st]] | elevation_m = | elevation_max_footnotes =<ref>{{Cite web |title=Relieve |url=http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/informacion/tlax/territorio/relieve.aspx?tema=me&e=29 |publisher=Cuentame INEGI |accessdate=October 20, 2010 |archive-date=2011-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930175730/http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/informacion/tlax/territorio/relieve.aspx?tema=me&e=29 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | elevation_max_m = 4420 | elevation_max_ft = | elevation_min_m = | elevation_min_ft = | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mexico en Cifras |url=http://www.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/mexicocifras/default.aspx?ent=29 |publisher=INEGI |accessdate=March 24, 2011 |archive-date=2019-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224025445/https://www.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/mexicocifras/default.aspx%3Fent%3D29 |url-status=dead }}</ref>| population_total = 1,169,936 | population_as_of = 2010 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_rank = [[Leet o Mexican states bi population densitie|3rd]] | population_demonym = Tlaxcalteca | population_note = | population_rank = [[Leet o Mexican states bi population|28t]] | timezone1 = [[Central Time Zone|CST]] | utc_offset1 = −6 | timezone1_DST = [[Central Daylicht Time|CDT]] | utc_offset1_DST = −5 | postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in Mexico|Postal code]] | postal_code = 90 | area_code_type = [[Aurie code]] | area_code = {{Collapsible list |title = Aurie codes [[Aurie codes in Mexico bi code (200-299)|1]] an [[Aurie codes in Mexico bi code (700-799)|2]] |frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; |title_style = <!-- (optional) --> |list_style = text-align:left;display:none; |1 = • 223 |2 = • 241 |3 = • 246 |4 = • 247 |5 = • 248 |6 = • 276 |7 = • 748 |8 = • 749 }} | iso_code = MX-TLA | blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] | blank_info_sec1 = {{increase}} 0.808 <span style="color:#090">High</span> <small>[[Leet o Mexican states bi HDI|Rankit 23rd]]</small> | blank_name_sec2 = [[GDP]] | blank_info_sec2 = US$ 3,601,104.7 [[Thoosan|th]]{{Ref label|engfactobox|a|}} | website = {{URL|http://www.tlaxcala.gob.mx/|Official Web Site}} | footnotes = {{note|engoffbox}}a. The state's GDP wis 46,094,141 thoosan o [[Mexican peso|pesos]] in 2008,<ref>{{cite web |title=Tlaxcala |url=http://www.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/bise/mexicocifras/default.aspx?ent=29 |year=2010 |accessdate=October 20, 2010 |archive-date=2012-09-05 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120905001525/http://www.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/bise/mexicocifras/default.aspx?ent=29 |url-status=dead }}</ref> amunt correspondin tae 3,601,104.7 thoosan of [[Dollar coin (Unitit States)|dollars]], being a dollar wirth 12.80 pesos (value o 3 Juin 2010).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reporte: Jueves 3 de Junio del 2010. Cierre del peso mexicano |url=http://www.pesomexicano.com.mx/archivo/2010/junio/03/reporte-jueves-3-de-junio-del-2010--cierre-del-peso-mexicano.htm#leermas |publisher=www.pesomexicano.com.mx |accessdate=August 10, 2010 |archive-date=2010-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608173515/http://www.pesomexicano.com.mx/archivo/2010/junio/03/reporte-jueves-3-de-junio-del-2010--cierre-del-peso-mexicano.htm#leermas |url-status=dead }}</ref> }} '''Tlaxcala''' ({{IPA-es|tɬa(k)sˈkala|lang}}, {{IPA-nah|tɬaʃˈkalːan|lang}}), offeecially '''Free an Sovereign State o Tlaxcala''' ({{lang-es|Estado Libre y Soberano de Tlaxcala}}), is ane o the 31 states which alang wi the [[Mexico Ceety|Federal Destrict]] comprise the [[Poleetical diveesions o Mexico|32 federative entities]] o [[Mexico]]. It is dividit intae [[Municipalities o Tlaxcala|60 municipalities]] an its caipital ceety is [[Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala|Tlaxcala]]. It is locatit in [[Eastren Mexico|East-Central Mexico]], in the [[Mexican plateau|altiplano region]], wi the eastren portion dominatit bi the [[Sierra Madre Oriental]].<ref name="geografia"/> It is bordered bi the states o [[Puebla]] tae the north, east an sooth, [[State o Mexico|México]] tae the wast an [[Hidalgo (state)|Hidalgo]] tae the northwast. It is the smawest state o the republic, accoontin for anerlie 0.2% o the kintra’s territory.<ref name="geografia">{{cite web |title=Geografia |url=http://www.tlaxcala.gob.mx/geografia.html |publisher=State of Tlaxcala |location=Tlaxcala |language=Spanish |accessdate=15 August 2009 |archive-date=2009-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814045136/http://www.tlaxcala.gob.mx/geografia.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The state is namit efter its caipital, Tlaxcala, which wis the name o the pre-Hispanic ceety an cultur an aw. The [[Tlaxcaltec|Tlaxcalans]] alleed thairsels wi the Spaingie tae defeat the [[Aztec]]s, wi concessions frae the Spaingie that allouit the territory tae remain maistly intact throughoot 300 years o [[Colonial Mexico|colonial period]].<ref name="schmal">{{cite journal |last=Schmal |first=John P |year=2004 |title=The History of the Tlaxcalans |journal=Houston Institute for Culture |publisher=Houston Institute for Culture |location=Houston |url=http://www.houstonculture.org/mexico/tlaxcala.html |access-date=2012-05-30 |archive-date=2019-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513225730/http://www.houstonculture.org/mexico/tlaxcala.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Efter [[Mexican War o Unthirldom|Mexican Unthirldom]], Tlaxcala wis declared a [[federal territory]], till 1857 when it wis admittit as a state o the federation. Maist o the state’s economy is based on agricultur, licht industry an tourism. The tourist industry is ruitit in Tlaxcala’s lang history wi major attractions bein aircheological steids sic as [[Cacaxtla]] an colonial constructions in an aroond Tlaxcala ceety.<ref name="mexdesherencia">{{cite journal |last=Solis |first=Felipe |year=2000 |title= Herencia arqueológica en Tlaxcala |journal=Mexico Desconocido:Tlaxcala |volume=106 |pages=7–13 |publisher=Editorial Mexico Desconocido |location=Mexico City |issn=0188-5146 |language=Spanish }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commonscat|Tlaxcala}} *{{en icon}} {{es icon}} {{fr icon}} {{it icon}} [http://www.turismotlaxcala.org Tlaxcala Tourism Steid in several leids includin inglis, italian, french, an german] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222225437/http://www.turismotlaxcala.org/ |date=2014-12-22 }} *{{en icon}} [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/TlaxcalaTourism/ Tlaxcala Cultural Tourism Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130004005/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/TlaxcalaTourism/ |date=2009-11-30 }} *{{es icon}} [http://www.tlaxcala.gob.mx/ Offeecial State Steid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314231844/http://www.visitatlaxcala.gob.mx/ |date=2007-03-14 }} *{{en icon}} [http://www.visitmexico.com/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Tlaxcala_est Tlaxcala on visitmexico.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903062114/http://www.visitmexico.com/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Tlaxcala_est |date=2011-09-03 }} tourist information {{Tlaxcala}} {{States o Mexico}} [[Category:Tlaxcala| ]] [[Category:States o Mexico]] [[Category:Nahuatl wirds an phrases]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1857]] [[Category:Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt]] qa856raxcjme5obz3qwl4mzjbtk0xd0 0 36584 915889 912682 2026-04-29T12:04:18Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915889 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox tennis biography <!-- PLEASE DON'T FORGET TO PLACE THE RELATED DATE IN THE "UPDATED" PARAMETER BELOW AFTER EACH UPDATE, THANKS --> |name = Rafael Nadal |fullname = Rafael Nadal Parera |image= Nadal Japan Open 2011.jpg |caption = Rafael Nadal in 2011 |country = {{flagicon|Spain}} Spain |nickname = ''Rafa''<br />''The King of Clay''<br />''The Matador''<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/sport/tennis/australian-open/the-man-from-majorca-breathes-the-sweet-scent-of-victory/2009/02/02/1233423135781.html |title=The man from Majorca breathes scent of victory | last=Niall | first=Jake | work=The Age | date=3 February 2009 | accessdate=5 April 2010 | location=Melbourne}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/2304002/Wimbledon-Rafael-Nadal-happy-with-his-game---and-his-shorts---as-he-moves-through-gears.html | title=Wimbledon: Rafael Nadal happy with his game – and his shorts – as he moves through gears | last=Scott | first=Brough | work=The Daily Telegraph | date=24 June 2008 | accessdate=5 April 2010 | location=London | archive-date=2012-09-14 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120914045140/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/2304002/Wimbledon-Rafael-Nadal-happy-with-his-game---and-his-shorts---as-he-moves-through-gears.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> |residence = [[Manacor]], [[Majorca]], [[Balearic Islands]], Spain |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1986|6|3}} |birth_place = Manacor, Majorca, Balearic Islands, Spain |height = 1.85 m (6&nbsp;ft 1&nbsp;in) |weight = {{convert|85|kg|lb st|abbr=on}} |turnedpro = 2001 |plays = Carrie-haunit (twa-haunit backhaun) |careerprizemoney = US$124,961,595<ref name="career-prize-money-leaders">{{cite web |title=ATP Prize Money Leaders|url=http://www.protennislive.com/posting/ramr/career_prize.pdf}}</ref> *<small>&nbsp;[[ATP Warld Tour records#Prize money leaders|3rd&nbsp;aw-time&nbsp;leader&nbsp;in&nbsp;earnins]]</small> |singlesrecord = {{#property:P564}} |singlestitles = 83 <small>([[Open Era tennis records – men's singles#Aw tournaments|4t in the Open Era]])</small> |currentsinglesranking = No. 6 (8 November 2021)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.atpworldtour.com/es/players/eswiki/N409/overview|title=Rafael Nadal - Overview - ATP World Tour - Tennis|work=ATP World Tour}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |highestsinglesranking = No. '''1''' (18 August 2008) |AustralianOpenresult = '''W''' ([[2009 Australian Open – Men's Singles|2009]]) |FrenchOpenresult = '''W''' ([[2005 French Open – Men's Singles|2005]], [[2006 French Open – Men's Singles|2006]], [[2007 French Open – Men's Singles|2007]], [[2008 French Open – Men's Singles|2008]], [[2010 French Open – Men's Singles|2010]], [[2011 French Open – Men's Singles|2011]], [[2012 French Open – Men's Singles|2012]], [[2014 French Open – Men's Singles|2014]], [[French Open- Men's Singles (2017)|2017]], [[French Open- Men's Singles (2018)|2018]], [[2019 French Open – Men's Singles|2019]], [[2020 French Open – Men's Singles|2020]]) |Wimbledonresult = '''W''' ([[2008 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|2008]], [[2010 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|2010]]) |USOpenresult = '''W''' ([[2010 US Open – Men's Singles|2010]], [[2013 US Open – Men's Singles|2013]], [[2017 US Open – Men's Singles|2017]], [[2019 US Open – Men's Singles|2019]]) |Othertournaments = Aye |MastersCupresult = F ([[2010 ATP World Tour Finals – Singles|2010]], [[2013 ATP World Tour Finals – Singles|2013]]) |Olympicsresult = [[File:Gold medal.svg|20px]] '''Gold medal''' ([[Tennis at the 2008 Simmer Olympics – Men's singles|2008]]) |doublesrecord = {{#property:P555}} |doublestitles = 11 |currentdoublesranking = |highestdoublesranking = No. 26 (8 August 2005) |grandslamsdoublesresults = Aye |AustralianOpenDoublesresult = 3R ([[2004 Australian Open – Men's Doubles|2004]], [[2005 Australian Open – Men's Doubles|2005]]) |WimbledonDoublesresult = 2R ([[2005 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles|2005]]) |USOpenDoublesresult = SF ([[2004 US Open – Men's Doubles|2004]]) |OthertournamentsDoubles = Aye |OlympicsDoublesresult = [[File:Gold medal.svg|20px]] '''Gold medal''' ([[Tennis at the 2016 Simmer Olympics – Men's Doubles|2016]]) |Team=yes |DavisCupresult = '''W''' (2004, 2008, 2009, 2011) | medaltemplates-expand = yes | medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry | {{ESP}} }} {{MedalSport|Men's [[Tennis at the Simmer Olympics|Tennis]]}} {{MedalGold|[[2008 Simmer Olympics|2008 Beijing]]|[[Tennis at the 2008 Simmer Olympics - Men's singles|Singles]]}} {{MedalGold|[[2016 Simmer Olympics|2016 Rio de Janeiro]]|[[Tennis at the 2016 Simmer Olympics – Men's doobles|Doobles]]}} |updated = {{date|2021-12-19}} }} '''Rafael''' "'''Rafa'''" '''Nadal Parera''' ({{IPA-ca|rəfəˈɛɫ nəˈðaɫ pəˈɾeɾə|lang}}, {{IPA-es|rafaˈel naˈðal paˈɾeɾa|lang}}; born 3 Juin 1986) is a Spaingie professional [[tennis]] player currently ranked warld No. 6.<ref>{{cite web|title=Singles Rankings - ATP World Tour|url=https://www.atpworldtour.com/en/rankings/singles|website=Association of Tennis Professionals|publisher=ATP|accessdate=5 August 2018|archive-date=2018-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210234213/https://www.atpworldtour.com/en/rankings/singles|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is widely regardit as the greatest [[clay court]] player in history{{efn|See<ref name="TIME Why Djoikovic's">{{cite news |last=Dodds |first=Eric |title=Why Djokovic’s French Open Loss Is A Win for Men’s Tennis |url=http://keepingscore.blogs.time.com/2013/06/07/why-djokovics-french-open-loss-is-a-win-for-mens-tennis/ |accessdate=11 June 2013 |work=Time |date=7 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="LA Times Rafael Nadal wins record eighth">{{cite news |last=Chu |first=Henry |title=Rafael Nadal wins a record eig"hth French Open tennis title |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2013/jun/09/sports/la-sp-french-open-men-20130610 |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=9 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu The king and his court">{{cite news |title=The king and his court |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/the-king-and-his-court/article4801157.ece |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=11 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="SB Nation French Open results 2013">{{cite news |last=Rothstein |first=Ethan |title=French Open results 2013: Rafael Nadal advances to final with 5-set victory over Novak Djokovic |url=http://www.sbnation.com/tennis/2013/6/7/4405760/french-open-tennis-2013-results-scores-roland-garros-novak-djokovic-rafael-nadal-semifinal |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=SB Nation |date=7 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="NY Times Nadal Embraces History">{{cite news |last=Bishop |first=Greg |title=Nadal Embraces History With a Record Seventh Title on the Clay of Roland Garros |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/12/sports/tennis/nadal-finishes-off-djokovic-for-seventh-french-open-title.html?_r=1&ref=tennis |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=11 June 2012}}</ref>}} an haes been nicknamed "The King of Clay."{{efn|See<ref name="Plain Dealer King of Clay">{{cite news |title='King of Clay' Rafael Nadal outlasts Novak Djokovic in stirring French Open semifinal |url=http://www.cleveland.com/sports/index.ssf/2013/06/king_of_clay_rafael_nadal_outl.html |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |date=7 June 2013 |agency=Associated Press}}</ref><ref name="LA Times French Open 2013">{{cite news |last=McMahon |first=James| title=French Open 2013: Breaking Down Why Rafael Nadal is so Dominant on Clay |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1666425-french-open-2013-breaking-down-why-rafael-nadal-is-so-dominant-on-clay |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=8 June 2013|agency=Bleacher Report}}</ref><ref name="NBC Sports Nadal Shakes Off">{{cite news |last=Sarkar |first=Pritha |title=Nadal Shakes Off Protessters, Ferrer to Win French Open |url=http://www.nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/52148421 |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=NBC Sports |date=9 June 2013 |agency=Reuters |archive-date=2013-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612103854/http://www.nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/52148421 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="USA Today Nadal takes down Djokovic">{{cite news |last=Robson |first=Douglas |title=Nadal takes down Djokovic, reaches French Open final |url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/tennis/2013/06/07/rafael-nadal-novak-djokovic-french-open-mens-semifinals/2400029/|accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=USA Today |date=7 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="Boston Herald Rafael Nadal overcomes">{{cite news |title=Rafael Nadal overcomes doubts to win 8th French title |url=http://bostonherald.com/sports/other/tennis/2013/06/rafael_nadal_overcomes_doubts_to_win_8th_french_title |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=Boston Herald |date=10 June 2013 |agency=Associated Press |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108192340/http://bostonherald.com/sports/other/tennis/2013/06/rafael_nadal_overcomes_doubts_to_win_8th_french_title |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Fox Sports Nadal roars back">{{cite news |last=Evans |first=Richard |title=Nadal roars back to King of Clay throne |url=http://msn.foxsports.com/tennis/story/rafael-nadal-retakes-king-of-clay-title-with-french-open-win-060610 |accessdate=11 June 2013 |work=Fox Sports |date=6 June 2010 |archive-date=2010-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704182501/http://msn.foxsports.com/tennis/story/rafael-nadal-retakes-king-of-clay-title-with-french-open-win-060610 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} His evolution intae an aw-court threat haes established him as ane o the greatest players in tennis,{{efn|See<ref name="Atlantic Greatest Mens' Tennis Player">{{cite news |last=St. John |first=Allen |title=The Greatest Men's Tennis Player of All Time Is at the French Open |url=http://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2012/06/the-greatest-mens-tennis-player-of-all-time-is-at-the-french-open/258262/|accessdate=11 June 2013|newspaper=The Atlantic|date=7 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="LA Times Where Rafael Nadal Fits">{{cite news |last=Eckstein |first=Jeremy |title=Where Rafael Nadal Fits in the Greatest of All Time Debate |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1666069-whose-legacy-is-greatest-rafael-nadal-roger-federer-or-pete-sampras |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=9 June 2013 |agency=Bleacher Report}}</ref><ref name="HuffPost Could Rafa Nadal Be the Greatest">{{cite news |last=Goldring |first=Fred |title=Could Rafa Nadal Be the Greatest Tennis Player of All Time? |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/fred-goldring/nadal-french-_b_871946.html |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=Huffington Post |date=6 June 2011}}</ref><ref name="WP Who's the best">{{cite news |last=Bowen |first=Fred |title=Who's the best tennis player of all time? |url=http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2011-08-31/lifestyle/35270499_1_tennis-player-bjorn-borg-roy-emerson |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=31 August 2011 |archive-date=2013-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613014812/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2011-08-31/lifestyle/35270499_1_tennis-player-bjorn-borg-roy-emerson |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Business Insider Rafael Nadal is Challenging">{{cite news |last=Gaines |first=Cork |title=Rafael Nadal Is Challenging Roger Federer for the Title Of 'Greatest of All Time'|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/chart-why-rafael-nadal-is-making-case-as-the-greatest-of-all-time-2013-6 |accessdate=11 June 2013 |work=Business Insider |date=10 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="Chattanooga Nadal may now argue">{{cite news |last=Wiedmer |first=Mark |title=Wiedmer: Nadal may now argue for best ever |url=http://timesfreepress.com/news/2013/jun/10/nadal-may-now-argue-for-best-ever/ |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=Chattanooga Times Free Press |date=10 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="ESPN Becker questions">{{cite news |last=Palmer |first=Kevin |title=Becker questions whether Federer is greatest ever |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/177649.html |accessdate=11 June 2013 |publisher=ESPN |date=4 November 2012 |archive-date=2013-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105222423/http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/177649.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Fox Sports">{{cite news |title=Roger Federer is greatest player of all time says Australian tennis legend Rod Laver |url=http://www.foxsports.com.au/tennis/roger-federer-is-greatest-player-of-all-time-says-australian-tennis-legend-rod-laver/story-e6frf4mu-1226418545853#.UbdoXpwQNxV |accessdate=11 June 2013 |work=Fox Sports |date=6 July 2012}}</ref>}} wi some considering Nadal tae be the greatest player o aw time.<ref name="ftw.usatoday.com">{{cite news |last=Chase |first=Chris |url=http://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/01/roger-federer-rafael-nadal-australian-open/ |title=Roger Federer just made Rafael Nadal's case for greatest of all time |work=USA Today |date=24 January 2014 |accessdate=16 June 2014 |archive-date=2017-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211161047/http://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/01/roger-federer-rafael-nadal-australian-open |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Heveldt |first1=Guy |last2=Walker |first2=Nick |last3=Smith |first3=Elliott |title=Tennis: Nadal will overtake Federer - Sampras |url=http://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/auckland/news/spten/299691324-tennis--nadal-will-overtake-federer---sampras |work=Newstalk ZB |date=26 January 2014 |accessdate=24 June 2014 |archive-date=2014-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020025909/http://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/auckland/news/spten/299691324-tennis--nadal-will-overtake-federer---sampras |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Andre Agassi picks Rafael Nadal ahead of Roger Federer as tennis's greatest all-time player |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/rafaelnadal/10816170/Andre-Agassi-picks-Rafael-Nadal-ahead-of-Roger-Federer-as-tenniss-greatest-all-time-player.html |accessdate=8 June 2014 |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=8 May 2014}}</ref> Nadal haes won 15 [[Leet o Grand Slam men's singles champions|Grand Slam singles teetles]], the [[Tennis at the 2008 Simmer Olympics – Men's singles|2008 Olympic gowd medal in singles]], a [[Tennis Masters Series records an stateestics#Teetles matrix|record 28 teetles]] [[ATP World Tour Masters 1000]]<ref name="ESPN Cinc">{{cite news |title=Nadal captures Cincinnati crown |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/231081.html |accessdate=19 July 2014 |work=ESPN |date=18 August 2013 |archive-date=2015-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110093810/http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/231081.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Tworld Cinc">{{cite web|url=http://www.tennisworldusa.org/Rafael-Nadal-beats-Isner-to-win-26th-Masters-1000-title-in-Cincinnati-articolo12228.html |title=Rafael Nadal beats Isner to win 26th Masters 1000 title in Cincinnati |publisher=Tennisworldusa.org |date=18 August 2013 |accessdate=31 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |title=Rafael Nadal wins Madrid Masters after Kei Nishikori retires |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/27368033 |work=BBC Sport |date=11 May 2014 |accessdate=24 June 2014}}</ref> an 17 [[ATP World Tour 500]] tournaments. He wis a member o the winnin [[Spain Davis Cup team]] in [[2004 Davis Cup|2004]], [[2008 Davis Cup|2008]], [[2009 Davis Cup|2009]], an [[2011 Davis Cup|2011]]. In 2010, he became the seivent player in history an youngest o fower in the [[Open Era]] tae achieve the [[Leet o Grand Slam men's singles champions#Winners of the Career Grand Slam|Career Grand Slam]]. He is the seicont male player, efter [[Andre Agassi]], tae complete the singles [[Grand Slam (tennis)#Career Golden Slam|Career Golden Slam]]. In 2011, Nadal wis named the [[Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year|Laureus World Sportsman of the Year]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.laureus.com/awards/2011|title=Awards 2011|publisher=Laureus World Sports Awards|accessdate=13 August 2014|archive-date=2015-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701234042/http://www.laureus.com/awards/2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nadal an [[Mats Wilander]] is the anly twa male players in history wha haes won at least twa Grand Slam teetles on three different surfaces—haurd coort, grass, an clay.<ref name=surface>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/09/36-US-Open-Week-2/US-Open-Monday-Final-Nadal-Completes-Career-Slam.aspx|title=US Open Final - Nadal Completes Career Grand Slam - Tennis - ATP World Tour|work=ATP World Tour}}</ref> Bi winnin the [[2014 French Open]], Nadal became the anly male player tae win a single Grand Slam tournament nine times an the first tae win at least ane Grand Slam tournament for ten year efter ither, breakin the record o aicht year efter ither that wis skared bi [[Björn Borg]], [[Pete Sampras]], an [[Roger Federer]]. Nadal hauds the record for [[Overall tennis tournaments records and statistics#Most consecutive titles at a particular tournament|maist consecutive teetles at a pairteecular toornament]] efter winnin his echth straucht [[Monte-Carlo Masters]] in 2012. He haes won at least ane Masters 1000 an ane ATP 500 series toornament for 10 year efter ither. ==Early life== Rafael Nadal wis born in [[Manacor]], Balearic Islands, Spain, tae Sebastián Nadal, a businessman who ains an insurance company, a gless an windae company, Vidres Mallorca, an manages his ain restaurant, Sa Punta. His mither is Ana María Parera, a housewife. He haes a younger sister named María Isabel. His uncle, [[Miguel Ángel Nadal]], is a retired professional [[association fitbaw|footballer]], who played for [[RCD Mallorca]], [[FC Barcelona]], an the [[Spain national football team|Spanish national team]].<ref name="times">{{cite news | first=Christopher | last=Clarey | title=Rafael Nadal, Barely 19, He's Got Game, Looks and Remarkably Good Manners | date=6 June 2005 | work=[[The New York Times]] | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/06/sports/tennis/06nadal.html|accessdate=5 April 2010}}</ref> Nadal supports football clubs [[Real Madrid]] an RCD Mallorca.<ref>{{cite news | title=Sportsround meets Rafael Nadal | date=11 November 2006 | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/newsid_6130000/newsid_6135900/6135996.stm |publisher=BBC Sports | accessdate =6 April 2010}}</ref> Recognizing that Nadal haed a naitural talent for tennis, anither uncle, [[Toni Nadal]], a umwhile professional tennis player, introduced him tae tennis whan he wis three year auld.<ref name="Rajaraman">{{cite web|url=http://www.insidetennis.com/archive/0608_french_open_nadal.html|first=Aarthi|last=Rajaraman|title=At Home with Humble yet Ambitious Nadal|date=1 June 2008|work=Inside Tennis|accessdate=5 April 2010|archive-date=2010-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609141023/http://www.insidetennis.com/archive/0608_french_open_nadal.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> At age aicht, Nadal won an unner-12 regional tennis championship at a time whan he wis an aa a promising football player.<ref name="timesonline">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/article708386.ece|title=The Big Interview: Rafael Nadal|work=The Sunday Times|date=23 April 2006|first=Alison|last=Kervin|accessdate=5 April 2010|location=London|archive-date=2011-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907070717/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/article708386.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> This made Toni Nadal intensify training, an at that time he encouraged Nadal tae play left-handed for a naitural advantage on the tennis court, as he noticed Nadal played [[forehand]] shots wi twa haunds.<ref name="timesonline"/> This mey be due tae the fact he is ambidextrous, playin tennis wi his left haund, an writing wi his right.<ref>{{cite news | title = Rafael Nadal | url = http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Rafael-Nadal.aspx | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150602193546/http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Rafael-Nadal.aspx | archivedate = 2015-06-02 | publisher = ATP | accessdate = 22 February 2014 | url-status = bot: unknown }}</ref> When Nadal wis 12, he won the Spanish an European tennis teetles in his age group an wis playin tennis an football aw the time.<ref name="timesonline"/> Nadal's faither made him choose atween football an tennis sae that his schuil wirk wad nae deteriorate entirely. Nadal said: "I chose tennis. Football had to stop straight away."<ref name="timesonline"/> When he wis 14, the Spanish tennis federation requestit that he leave Mallorca an muive tae [[Barcelona]] tae continue his tennis training. Nadal's faimily turned doun this request, partly acause thay feared it wad hurt his eddication,<ref name="timesonline"/> but an aa acause Toni said that "I don't want to believe that you have to go to America, or other places to be a good athlete. You can do it from your home."<ref name="Rajaraman"/> The decision tae stay hame meant that Nadal received less financial support frae the federation; insteid, Nadal's faither covered the costs. In Mey 2001, he defeatit umwhile Grand Slam tournament champion [[Pat Cash]] in a clay-court exhibition match.<ref name="times"/> Nadal turned professional at the age o 15,<ref name="rafarenaissance">{{cite news|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/DEUCE-Tennis/DEUCE-May-2010/Rafael-Nadal.aspx |title=The Rafa Renaissance | work=atpworldtour | first=Joel | last=Drucker | date=18 May 2010}}</ref> an participatit in twa events on the [[International Tennis Federation|ITF]] junior circuit. In 2002, at the age o 16, Nadal reached the semifeenals o the Boy's Singles tournament at Wimbledon, in his first ITF junior event.<ref name="ITFTennis">{{cite web|url=http://www.itftennis.com/juniors/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=100007935|title=ITF Tennis – Juniors – Player Activity|accessdate=15 June 2012|archive-date=2013-07-19|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6IET2x3WX?url=http://www.itftennis.com/juniors/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=100007935|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bi the age o 17, he beat [[Roger Federer]] the first time thay played an acame the youngest man tae reach the third roond at Wimbledon syne [[Boris Becker]]. At 18, he helped pace Spain ower the US in the junior [[Davis Cup]] in his seicont, an feenal, appearance on the ITF junior circuit. At 19, Nadal won the French Open the first time he played it, a feat nae accomplished in Paris for mair nor 20 years. He eventually won it the first fower times he played at Roland Garros.<ref name="rafarenaissance"/> In 2003, he haed won the ATP [[ATP World Tour Awards#Newcomer of the Year|Newcomer of the Year]] Award. Early in his career, Nadal acame kent for his habit o bitin the trophies he won.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1653408,00.html |title=10 Questions for Rafael Nadal |accessdate=14 September 2010 |work=Time |first=Nathan |last=Thornburgh |date=15 August 2007 |archive-date=2013-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812171900/http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1653408,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Tennis career== ===2002–2004=== In Aprile 2002, at 15 years an 10 month, the warld No. 762 Nadal won his first [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP]] match, defeatin [[Ramón Delgado]], an acame the ninth player in the [[Open Era]] tae dae sae afore the age o 16.<ref name="Tennis.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.tennis.com/features/general/features.aspx?id=10488 |title=Wimbledon 2006: The Duel |last=Tignor |first=Stephen |date=20 June 2006 |work=[[Tennis Magazine]] |accessdate=8 November 2008 |archive-date=2013-07-19 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6IET4ENJL?url=http://www.tennis.com/players-rankings/features/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The follaein year, Nadal won twa Challenger teetles an finished the year in the tap 50. At his Wimbledon debut in 2003, Nadal acame the youngest man tae reach the third roond syne [[Boris Becker]] in 1984.<ref>{{cite news | first=Christopher | last=Clarey |title=Wimbledon Tennis: An unusual comfort zone | date=26 June 2003 | url =http://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/26/sports/26iht-tennis_ed3__12.html | work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=5 April 2010}}</ref> Nadal reached the third roond o the [[2004 Australian Open]] whaur he lost in three sets against Australian [[Lleyton Hewitt]]. Interestingly, haed he won, he wad hae faced Roger Federer in the next roond.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2004-01-24/hewitt-sets-up-federer-clash/124708 |title=Hewitt sets up Federer clash |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=24 November 2012}}</ref> Later that year, Nadal played his first match against warld No. 1 Roger Federer at the [[2004 Miami Masters]], an won in straucht sets, afore losin tae [[Fernando González]] in the fowert roond. He wis ane o the sax players who defeatit Federer that year (alang wi [[Tim Henman]], [[Albert Costa]], [[Gustavo Kuerten]], [[Dominik Hrbatý]], an [[Tomáš Berdych]]). He missed maist o the clay court saison, includin the French Open, acause o a stress fracture in his left ankle.<ref name="times"/> Nadal, at 18 years an sax month, acame the youngest player tae register a singles veectory in a [[Davis Cup]] feenal for a winning naition.<ref name="telenadkno1">{{cite news | first=Emily | last=Benammar | title=Rafael Nadal: All you need to know | date=8 July 2008 | url =http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/atptour/2305040/Rafael-Nadal-All-you-need-to-know.html | work=The Daily Telegraph | accessdate =5 April 2010 | location=London}}</ref> Bi beatin warld No. 2 [[Andy Roddick]], he helped Spain clinch the 2004 teetle ower the Unitit States in a 3–2 win. He finished the year ranked warld No. 51. ===2005: First Grand Slam title=== At the [[2005 Australian Open]], Nadal lost in the fowert roond tae eventual runner-up [[Lleyton Hewitt]]. Twa month later, Nadal reached the feenal o the [[2005 Miami Masters]], an despite bein twa pynts frae a straucht-sets veectory, he wis defeatit in five sets bi warld No. 1 Roger Federer. Baith performances war considered tae be breakthroughs for Nadal.<ref>{{cite news | title=Brave Hewitt battles past Nadal | date=24 January 2005 | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4200919.stm |publisher=BBC Sports | accessdate =6 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Nadal proves to be the real deal | date=5 April 2005 | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4412667.stm |publisher=BBC Sports | accessdate =6 April 2010}}</ref> He then dominatit the spring clay court saison. He won 24 consecutive singles matches, which broke [[Andre Agassi]]'s Open Era record o consecutive match wins for a male teenager.<ref>{{cite news | title=Teen Nadal gives Spain reign over French Open | date=5 June 2006 | url =http://www.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/french/2005-06-05-day-14_x.htm | agency=Associated Press |work=USA Today | accessdate =6 April 2010}}</ref> Nadal won the [[Torneo Godo|Torneo Conde de Godó]] in Barcelona an beat [[2004 French Open]] runner-up [[Guillermo Coria]] in the feenals o the [[2005 Monte Carlo Masters]] an the [[2005 Rome Masters]]. Thir victories raised his ranking tae warld No. 5<ref name="ranking2005">{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Rafael-Nadal.aspx?t=rh |title=ATP Rankings History: Rafael Nadal |accessdate=6 April 2010 |publisher=ATP Tour }}</ref> an made him ane o the favorites at his career-first French Open. On his 19t birthday, Nadal defeatit Federer in the [[2005 French Open]] semifeenals, bein ane o anly fower players who defeatit the tap-seedit player that year (alang wi [[Marat Safin]], [[Richard Gasquet]], an [[David Nalbandian]]). Twa days later, he defeatit [[Mariano Puerta]] in the feenal, acomin the seicont male player efter [[Mats Wilander]] tae win the French Open on his first attempt. He an aa acame the first teenager tae win a Grand Slam singles teetle syne [[Pete Sampras]] won the [[1990 US Open (tennis)|1990 US Open]] at age 19.<ref name="times"/> Winning the French Open improved Nadal's ranking tae warld No. 3.<ref name="ranking2005"/> Three days efter his veectory in Paris, Nadal's 24-match winning streak wis snapped in the first roond o the grass coort [[Gerry Weber Open]] in Halle, Germany, whaur he lost tae the German [[Alexander Waske]].<ref>{{cite news | title=Waske snaps Nadal's winning streak | date=10 June 2005 | url =http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/sport/archives/2005/06/10/2003258798 | agency=Associated Press | accessdate =6 April 2010}}</ref> He then lost in the seicont roond o [[2005 Wimbledon Championships|2005 Wimbledon]] tae [[Gilles Müller]] o Luxembourg. Immediately efter Wimbledon, Nadal won 16 consecutive matches an three consecutive tournaments, bringin his ranking tae warld No. 2 on 25 Julie 2005. Nadal stairtit his North American summer haurd-court saison bi defeatin Agassi in the feenal o the [[2005 Canada Masters]], but lost in the first roond o the [[2005 Cincinnati Masters]]. Nadal wis seedit seicont at the [[2005 US Open (tennis)|2005 US Open]], whaur he wis upset in the third roond bi warld No. 49 [[James Blake (tennis)|James Blake]] in fower sets. In September, he defeatit Coria in the feenal o the [[China Open (tennis)|China Open]] in Beijing an won baith o his [[Davis Cup]] matches against Italy. In October, he won his fowert ATP Masters Series teetle o the year, defeatin [[Ivan Ljubičić]] in the feenal o the [[Madrid Masters|2005 Madrid Masters]]. He then suffered a fit injury that preventit him frae competin in the year-endin [[Tennis Masters Cup]].<ref>{{cite news | first=Julian | last=Linden | title=Foot injury delays Rafael Nadal's comeback | date=5 January 2006 | url =http://www.rediff.com/sports/2006/jan/05nadal.htm | agency=Reuters| accessdate =6 April 2010}}</ref> Baith Nadal an Federer won eleven singles teetles an fower ATP Masters Series teetles in 2005. Nadal broke [[Mats Wilander]]'s previous teenage record o nine in 1983.<ref name=2005eleven>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/tennis/1/en/2008news/nadal_newno1.asp|title=Rafael Nadal No. 1 Tribute|accessdate=7 July 2009|date=18 August 2008|work=ATP World Tour}}{{Dead link|date=April 2010}}</ref> Nine o Nadal's teetles war on clay, an the remainder war on haurd courts. Nadal won 79 matches, seicont anly tae Federer's 81. Nadal won the [[Golden Bagel Award]] for 2005, wi eleven 6–0 sets during the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sidespinproductions.com/news9.php |title=Nadal Grabs the Golden Bagel |accessdate=6 April 2010 |date=11 December 2005 |publisher=SideSpin Productions }}</ref> An aa, he earned the heichest year-end ranking ever bi a Spaniard an the ATP Maist Improved Player o the Year award. ===2006: Second French Open title=== Nadal missed the Australian Open acause o a fit injury.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4561684.stm|title=Champion Safin out of Aussie Open|work=BBC Sport|date=10 January 2006|accessdate=13 November 2008}}</ref> In Februar, he lost in the semifeenals o the first tournament he played, the [[Open 13]] tournament in [[Marseille]], Fraunce. Twa weeks later, he handed Roger Federer his first loss o the year in the feenal o the [[Dubai Tennis Championships|Dubai Duty Free Men's Open]] (in 2006, Rafael Nadal an [[Andy Murray]] war the anly twa men who defeatit Federer). Tae complete the spring haurd-court saison, Nadal wis upset in the semifeenals o the [[Indian Wells Masters|Pacific Life Open]] in [[Indian Wells, California]], bi James Blake, an wis upset in the seicont roond o the [[2006 Miami Masters]]. On European [[clay court|clay]], Nadal won aw fower tournaments he entered an 24 consecutive matches. He defeatit Federer in the feenal o the [[Monte Carlo Masters|Masters Series Monte Carlo]] in fower sets. The follaein week, he defeatit [[Tommy Robredo]] in the feenal o the [[Torneo Godó|Open Sabadell Atlántico]] tournament in [[Barcelona]]. Efter a ane-week break, Nadal won the Masters Series [[Rome Masters|Internazionali BNL d'Italia]] in Rome, defeatin Federer in a fift-set tiebreaker in the feenal, efter saving twa match pynts an equaling [[Björn Borg]]'s tally o 16 ATP teetles won as a teenager. Nadal broke Argentinian [[Guillermo Vilas]]'s 29-year male record o 53 consecutive clay-court match victories bi winning his first roond match at the [[2006 French Open|French Open]]. Vilas presentit Nadal wi a trophy, but commentit later that Nadal's feat wis less impressive than his ain acause Nadal's winning streak covered twa years an wis accomplished bi adding easy tournaments tae his schedule.<ref>{{cite web| first=Greg | last=Garber | title=With Vilas in stands, Nadal makes history | date=31 May 2006 | url =http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/french06/news/story?id=2462389&lpos=spotlight&lid=tab4pos1 | work=ESPN Tennis/French06|publisher=ESPN |accessdate=13 November 2008}}</ref> Nadal went on tae play Federer in the feenal o the French Open. The first twa sets o the match war hardly competitive, as the rivals traded 6–1 sets. Nadal won the third set easily an served for the match in the fowert set afore Federer broke him an forced a tiebreaker. Nadal won the tiebreaker an acame the first player tae defeat Federer in a Grand Slam tournament feenal.<ref>{{cite web| first=Greg | last=Garber | title=Roger's reign on hold with Nadal's dominance | date=12 June 2006 | work=ESPN Tennis/French06|publisher=ESPN | url =http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/french06/news/story?id=2479425 | accessdate =13 November 2008 }}</ref> [[File:Image-Nadal photographié-cropped.jpg|thumb|left|upright|2006 [[French Open|Roland Garros]] champion]] Nadal injured his shouder while playin a quarterfeenal match against [[Lleyton Hewitt]] at the [[Queen's Club Championships|Artois Championships]], played on grass at the [[Queen's Club]] in Lunnon.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D03EEDA1131F934A25755C0A9609C8B63|title=Shoulder Forces Nadal To Quit London Match|date=17 June 2006|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=13 November 2008}}</ref> Nadal wis unable tae complete the match, which ended his 26-match winning streak. Nadal wis seedit seicont at Wimbledon, but wis twa pynts frae defeat against American qualifier [[Robert Kendrick]] in the seicont roond afore coming back tae win in five sets. In the third roond, Nadal defeatit warld No. 20 [[Andre Agassi]] in straucht sets at Agassi's last career match at Wimbledon. Nadal an aa won his next three matches in straucht sets, which set up his first Wimbledon feenal, which wis against Federer, who haed won this tournament the three previous years. Nadal wis the first Spanish man syne [[Manuel Santana]] in 1966, tae reach the Wimbledon feenal, but Federer won the match in fower sets tae win his fowert consecutive [[Wimbledon 2006|Wimbledon]] teetle. During the lead up tae the [[2006 US Open (tennis)|US Open]], Nadal played the twa Masters Series tournaments in North Americae. He wis upset in the third roond o the [[Canada Masters|Rogers Cup]] in Toronto an the quarterfeenals o the [[Cincinnati Masters|Western & Southern Financial Group Masters]] in [[Cincinnati]]. Nadal wis seedit seicont at the US Open, but lost in the quarterfeenals tae warld No. 54 [[Mikhail Youzhny]] o Roushie in fower sets. Nadal played anly three tournaments the remainder o the year. [[Joachim Johansson]], ranked warld No. 690, upset Nadal in the seicont roond o the [[Stockholm Open]]. The follaein week, Nadal lost tae [[Tomáš Berdych]] in the quarterfeenals o the year's last Masters Series tournament, the [[Madrid Masters|Mutua Madrileña Masters]] in Madrid. During the roond-robin stage o the year-endin [[Tennis Masters Cup]], Nadal lost tae [[James Blake (tennis)|James Blake]] but defeatit [[Nikolay Davydenko]] an Robredo. Acause o those twa victories, Nadal qualified for the semifeenals, whaur he lost tae Federer. This wis Nadal's third loss in nine career matches wi Federer. Nadal went on tae acome the first player syne [[Andre Agassi]] in 1994–95 tae finish the year as the warld No. 2 in consecutive years. ===2007: Third French Open title=== {{Main|2007 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} Nadal stairtit the year bi playin in sax haurd-court tournaments. He lost in the semifeenals an first roond o his first twa tournaments an then lost in the quarterfeenals o the [[2007 Australian Open|Australian Open]] tae eventual runner-up [[Fernando González]]. Efter anither quarterfeenal loss at the [[Dubai Tennis Championships]], he won the [[2007 Indian Wells Masters]], afore [[Novak Djoković]] defeatit him in the quarterfeenals o the [[2007 Miami Masters]]. He haed comparatively mair success efter returning tae Europe tae play five clay-court tournaments. He won the teetles at the [[Monte Carlo Masters|Masters Series Monte Carlo]], the [[Torneo Godo|Open Sabadell Atlántico]] in Barcelona, an the Masters Series [[Internazionali BNL d'Italia]] in Rome, afore losin tae Roger Federer in the feenal o the [[Masters Series Hamburg]]. This defeat ended his 81-match winning streak on clay, which is the male Open Era record for consecutive wins on a single surface. He then rebounded tae win the [[2007 French Open – Men's Singles|French Open]] for the third straucht year, defeatin Federer ance again in the feenal. Atween the tournaments in Barcelona an Rome, Nadal defeatit Federer in the "[[Battle o Surfaces]]" exhibeetion match in Mallorca, Spain, wi the tennis court bein hauf [[grass court|grass]] an hauf clay.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thebattleofsurfaces.com/ |title=The Battle of Surfaces |accessdate=4 April 2007 |archive-date=2019-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124221707/http://www.thebattleofsurfaces.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nadal played the [[Artois Championships]] at the [[Queen's Club]] in Lunnon for the seicont consecutive year. As in 2006, Nadal wis upset in the quarterfeenals. Nadal then won consecutive five-set matches during the third an fowert roonds o [[2007 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|Wimbledon]] afore bein beaten bi Federer in the five-set feenal. This wis Federer's first five-set match at Wimbledon syne 2001.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6280788.stm|title=Wimbledon 2007|publisher=BBC Sport |first=Caroline|last=Cheese|date=7 July 2007|accessdate=13 November 2008}}</ref> In Julie, Nadal won the clay court [[Mercedes Cup]] in [[Stuttgart]], which proved tae be his last teetle o the year. He played three important tournaments during the North American summer haurd court saison. He wis a semifeenaleet at the Masters Series [[Rogers Cup (tennis)|Rogers Cup]] in Montreal afore losin his first match at the [[Western & Southern Financial Group Masters]] in [[Cincinnati]]. He wis the seicont-seedit player at the [[2007 US Open (tennis)|US Open]], but wis defeatit in the fowert roond bi [[David Ferrer]]. Efter a month-lang break frae tournament tennis, Nadal played the [[Madrid Masters|Mutua Madrileña Masters]] in Madrid an the [[BNP Paribas Masters]] in Paris. [[David Nalbandian]] upset him in the quarterfeenals an feenal o those tournaments. Tae end the year, Nadal won twa o his three roond robin matches tae advance tae the semifeenals o the [[Tennis Masters Cup]] in Shanghai, whaur Federer defeatit him in straucht sets. During the seicont hauf o the year, Nadal battled a knee injury suffered during the Wimbledon feenal. In addition, thare war rumors at the end o the year that the fit injury he suffered during 2005, caused lang-term damage, which war gien credence bi coach [[Toni Nadal]]'s claim that the problem wis "serious". Nadal an his spokesman strangly denied this, houiver, wi Nadal himsel calling the story "totally false".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7117076.stm|title=Nadal plays down foot injury fear |work=BBC Sport Tennis|first=Piers|last= Newbury|date=28 November 2007|accessdate =11 February 2009 }}</ref> === 2008: French Open, Wimbledon, Olympic Gold & ascent to No. 1 === {{Main|2008 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} Nadal began the year in Indie, whaur he wis comprehensively beaten bi [[Mikhail Youzhny]] in the feenal o the [[Chennai Open]]. Nadal then reached the semifeenals o the [[2008 Australian Open|Australian Open]] for the first time. [[Jo-Wilfried Tsonga]] defeatit Nadal in the semifeenal o 2008 Australian Open. Nadal an aa reached the feenal o the [[2008 Miami Masters|Miami Masters]] for the seicont time. During the spring clay-court saison, Nadal won fower singles teetles an defeatit Roger Federer in three feenals. He beat Federer at the [[2008 Monte Carlo Masters|Masters Series Monte Carlo]] for the third straucht year, capturing his [[Open Era]] record fowert consecutive teetle thare. He won in straucht sets, despite Federer's holding a 4–0 lead in the seicont set.<ref name="therivalry">{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/Rivalries/Nadal-Federer-Rivalry.aspx|title= Roger & Rafa: The Rivalry|date=14 March 2013|publisher=ATPtennis.com|accessdate=11 April 2013}}</ref> Nadal then won his fowert consecutive teetle at the [[2008 Torneo Godó|Open Sabadell Atlántico]] tournament in [[Barcelona]]. A few weeks later, Nadal won his first teetle at the [[2008 Hamburg Masters|Masters Series Hamburg]], defeatin Federer in the three-set feenal. He then won the [[2008 French Open|French Open]], acomin the fift man in the [[Open Era]] tae win a Grand Slam singles teetle wioot losin a set.<ref>{{cite news | title = Men's Grand Slam Titles Without Losing A Set | url = http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/06/09/sports/TEN-Mens-Grand-Slam-Titles-No-Lost-Sets.php | agency=Associated Press | work=International Herald Tribune. Sports | date=9 June 2008 | accessdate =9 August 2008}}</ref> He defeatit Federer in the feenal for the third straucht year, but this wis the maist lopsided o aw thair matches, as Nadal anly lost fower gemmes an gae Federer his first [[Tennis terminology#B|bagel]] syne 1999.<ref name="therivalry"/> This wis Nadal's fowert consecutive French teetle, tying [[Björn Borg]]'s aw-time record. Nadal acame the fowert male player during Open era tae win the same Grand Slam singles tournament fower consecutive years (the others bein Borg, [[Pete Sampras]], an Federer). [[File:236 - Centre Court - R Nadal.JPG|thumb|left|Nadal against [[Andreas Beck (tennis)|Andreas Beck]] in the [[2008 Wimbledon Championships]] first roond]] Nadal then played Federer in the feenal o [[2008 Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]] for the third consecutive year, in the maist anticipatit match o [[Federer–Nadal rivalry|thair rivalry]].<ref name="wim2008pre">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/story/2008/07/05/wimbledon-federer-nadal.html|title= Federer, Nadal set for Wimbledon showdown|agency=Associated Press| work=CBCSport|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |date=5 June 2008| accessdate=11 February 2009 }}</ref><ref name="nadaledge">{{cite web| url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon08/columns/story?columnist=ubha_ravi&id=3473804|title= Nadal enters Wimbledon final with clear mental edge|first= Ravi |last= Ubha |publisher=ESPN |date=5 June 2008| accessdate=11 February 2009 }}</ref> Nadal entered the feenal on a 23-match winning streak, includin his first career grass-court teetle at the [[2008 Queen's Club Championships - Singles|Artois Championships]] staged at the [[Queen's Club]] in Lunnon prior tae Wimbledon. Federer haed won his record fift grass-court teetle at the [[2008 Gerry Weber Open|Gerry Weber Open]] in [[Halle, North Rhine-Westphalia|Halle]], an then reached the Wimbledon feenal wioot losin a set. Unlik thair previous twa Wimbledon feenals, tho, Federer wis nae the prohibitive favorite, an mony analysts picked Nadal tae win.<ref name="nadaledge"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/blog/index?entryID=3474615&name=bodo_peter | title= Karma on Nadal's side|first= Bodo |last= Peter |publisher=ESPN |date=5 June 2008| accessdate=11 February 2009}}</ref> Thay played the langest (in terms o time on coort, nae in terms o nummers o gemmes) feenal in Wimbledon history, an acause o rain delays, Nadal won the fift set 9–7 in near-darkness. The match wis widely lauded as the greatest Wimbledon feenal ever, wi some tennis critics even calling it the greatest match in tennis history.<ref name="asgoodasitgets">{{cite news|work=International Herald Tribune (Associated Press)|title=Federer-Nadal rivalry as good as it gets|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/07/07/sports/TEN-On-Tennis-Rafa---Roger.php|date=7 July 2008|accessdate=14 February 2009|archive-date=2008-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080823030306/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/07/07/sports/TEN-On-Tennis-Rafa---Roger.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="greatestmatchever">{{cite news|first = Bruce|last = Jenkins|title = The Greatest Match Ever|url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/07/06/SPP711KSLR.DTL|date = 7 July 2008|accessdate = 7 August 2008|work = The San Francisco Chronicle|archive-date = 2009-02-11|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090211000035/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2008%2F07%2F06%2FSPP711KSLR.DTL|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name="McEnroe">{{cite news | first = Richard|last= Alleyne | title = Wimbledon 2008: John McEnroe hails Rafael Nadal victory as greatest final ever | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/2305019/Wimbledon-2008-John-McEnroe-hails-Rafael-Nadal-victory-as-greatest-final-ever.html|date = 7 July 2008 | accessdate =7 August 2008 | work=The Daily Telegraph | location=London}}</ref><ref name="wertheimgreatest">{{cite news|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/writers/jon_wertheim/07/09/wertheim.mailbag/index.html|first=Jon|last=Wertheim|title=Without a doubt, it's the greatest|work=Sports Illustrated|date=9 July 2008|accessdate=4 April 2009|archive-date=2013-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813175621/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/writers/jon_wertheim/07/09/wertheim.mailbag/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Alistair Magowan|title=Roger v Rafa – the best final ever?| url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7493099.stm|publisher=BBC Sport |date =7 July 2008| accessdate =8 July 2008}}</ref> Bi winning his first Wimbledon teetle, Nadal acame the third man in the open era tae win baith the French Open an Wimbledon in the same year, efter [[Rod Laver]] in 1969, an Borg in 1978–80, (Federer later accomplished this the follaein year) as well as the seicont [[Spaniard]] tae win Wimbledon. He an aa ended Federer's record streak o five consecutive Wimbledon teetles an 65 straucht wins on grass courts. This wis an aa the first time that Nadal won twa Grand Slam tournaments back-tae-back. Efter Wimbledon, Nadal extendit his winning streak tae a [[ATP Tour records#Winning streaks|career-best 32 matches]]. He won his seicont [[2008 Canada Masters|Rogers Cup]] teetle in Toronto, an then made it intae the semifeenals o the [[2008 Cincinnati Masters|Western & Southern Financial Group Masters]] in [[Cincinnati]]. As a result, Nadal clinched the [[2008 US Open Series|US Open Series]] an, combined wi Federer's early-roond losses in baith o those tournaments, feenally earned the [[Leet o ATP nummer 1 ranked players|warld No. 1]] ranking on 18 August, offeecially endin Federer's record fower-and-a-hauf-year reign at the tap. At the [[2008 Beijing Summer Olympics|2008 Beijing Olympics]], Nadal defeatit [[Novak Djoković]] in the semifeenals an [[Fernando González]] o Chile in the feenal tae win his first Olympic gowd medal. Nadal acame the first male player ranked in the tap five tae win the gowd medal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tennis.com/news/news.aspx?id=142024|title=Nadal wins Olympic gold over Gonzalez|publisher=Tennis.com|date=17 August 2008|accessdate=5 April 2009|archive-date=2009-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615205322/http://tennis.com/news/news.aspx?id=142024|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the [[2008 US Open (tennis)|US Open]], Nadal wis the tap-seedit player for the first time at a Grand Slam tournament. He did nae lose a set during his first three matches, defeatin qualifiers in the first an seicont roonds an [[Viktor Troicki]] in the third roond. He then needed fower sets tae defeat baith [[Sam Querrey]] in the fowert roond an [[Mardy Fish]] in the quarterfeenals. In the semifeenals, he lost tae eventual runner up, Andy Murray. Later in the year in [[Madrid]], Nadal helped Spain defeat the Unitit States in the [[Davis Cup]] semifeenals. At the [[Madrid Masters|Mutua Madrileña Masters]] in Madrid, Nadal lost in the semifeenals tae [[Gilles Simon]]. Houiver, his performance at the event guaranteed that he wad acome the first Spaniard during the open era tae finish the year as the warld No. 1.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atptennis.com/1/en/2008news/nadalno1.asp|title=Nadal Clinches Year End No. 1 For First Time|publisher=ATPtennis.com|date=18 August 2008|accessdate=20 October 2008|archive-date=2008-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022030531/http://www.atptennis.com/1/en/2008news/nadalno1.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 24 October at the Campoamor theatre in [[Oviedo]], Spain, Nadal wis gien the [[Prince o Asturias Awaird]] for Sports, in recognition o his achievements in tennis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fpa.es/en/awards/2008/rafael-nadal-1/ |title=2008 Prince of Asturias Award for Sports |accessdate=5 April 2010 |publisher=Fundación Principe de Asturias |archive-date=2013-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824003930/http://www.fpa.es/en/awards/2008/rafael-nadal-1/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Twa weeks efter the Madrid Masters at the [[BNP Paribas Masters]] in Fraunce, Nadal reached the quarterfeenals, whaur he faced [[Nikolay Davydenko]]. Nadal lost the first set 6–1, afore retiring in the seicont wi a knee injury.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://uk.reuters.com/article/tennisNews/idUKLV49845520081031|title= UPDATE 2-Tennis-Knee injury forces Nadal to retire in Paris|first= Julien|last= Pretot|agency= Reuters|accessdate= 5 April 2009|date= 31 October 2008|archive-date= 2019-08-22|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190822004126/https://uk.reuters.com/article/tennis-men-masters-nadal/update-2-tennis-knee-injury-forces-nadal-to-retire-in-paris-idUKLV49845520081031|url-status= dead}}</ref> The follaein week, Nadal annoonced his widrawal frae the year-endin [[Tennis Masters Cup]] in Shanghai, citing [[tendinitis]] o the knee. On 10 November, Nadal widrew frae Spain's Davis Cup feenal against Argentina, as his knee injury haed nae healed completely.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://tennis.com/news/news.aspx?id=151554.asp| title=Nadal withdraws from Masters Cup| date=3 November 2008| publisher=Tennis.com| accessdate=4 November 2008| archive-date=2009-06-15| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615204253/http://tennis.com/news/news.aspx?id=151554.asp| url-status=dead}}</ref> ===2009: Australian Open title, Shocked in Paris=== {{Main|2009 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} Nadal's first offeecial ATP tour event for the year wis the [[ATP World Tour 250 series|250 series]] [[2009 Qatar Open|Qatar Open]] in [[Doha]]. Efter his first-roond match wi [[Fabrice Santoro]], Nadal wis awairdit the 2008 ATP World Tour Champion trophy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nadal, Murray, Federer Off the Mark in 2009|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2009/01/dohatuesday.aspx|date=6 January 2009|accessdate=15 June 2012|publisher=ATP World Tour}}</ref> Nadal eventually lost in the quarterfeenals tae [[Gaël Monfils]]. Nadal an aa entered an won the tournament's [[2009 Qatar Open – Doubles|doubles event]] wi pairtner [[Marc López]], defeatin the warld No. 1 doubles team o [[Daniel Nestor]] an [[Nenad Zimonjić]] in the feenal. As notit bi statistician [[Greg Sharko]], this wis the first time syne 1990 the warld No. 1 singles player haed played the warld No. 1 doubles player in a feenal.<ref>{{cite web|title=DEUCE Australian Open 2009 Shark Bites|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/DEUCE-Tennis/DEUCE-Australian-Open-2009/Shark-Bites.aspx|date=16 January 2009|accessdate=15 June 2012|first=Greg|last=Sharko|publisher=ATP World Tour}}</ref> At the [[2009 Australian Open]], Nadal won his first five matches wioot dropping a set, afore defeatin compatriot [[Fernando Verdasco]] in the semifeenals in the seicont langest match in Australian Open history at 5 oors an 14 minutes.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/aus09/columns/story?columnist=ubha_ravi&id=3871740|title=One for the record books|publisher=ESPN|first=Ravi|last=Ubha|date=30 January 2009|accessdate=20 June 2012}}</ref> This win set up a championship match wi Roger Federer, thair first meetin ever in a haurd-court Grand Slam tournament an thair [[Federer–Nadal rivalry#Analysis|nineteent meetin overall]]. Nadal defeatit Federer in five sets tae earn his first haurd-court Grand Slam singles teetle,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.australianopen.com/en_AU/players/cmatch/atpn409.html|title=Rafael Nadal Completed Matches, 2009 Australian Open|publisher=[[Tennis Australia]]|date=30 January 2009|accessdate=30 January 2009|archive-date=2009-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202120557/http://www.australianopen.com/en_AU/players/cmatch/atpn409.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> makin him the first Spaniard tae win the Australian Open an the fowert male tennis player—efter [[Jimmy Connors]], [[Mats Wilander]], an [[Andre Agassi]]—tae win Grand Slam singles teetles on three different surfaces. This win an aa made Nadal the first male tennis player tae haud three Grand Slam singles teetles on three different surfaces at the same time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennishead.net/on-tour/Features/2009/record-breaking-rafa-notches-up-another-first|title=Record-breaking Rafa Notches Up Another First|publisher=Tennishead|date=4 February 2009|accessdate=4 February 2009|archive-date=2009-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716191125/http://www.tennishead.net/on-tour/Features/2009/record-breaking-rafa-notches-up-another-first/|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the [[2009 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament|ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament]] in [[Rotterdam]], Nadal lost in the feenal tae seicont-seedit Andy Murray in three sets. During the feenal, Nadal cried a trainer tae attend tae a tendon problem wi his right knee, which notably affectit his play in the feenal set.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2009/feb/16/tennis-andy-murray-rafael-nadal |title=Murray takes title to complete hat-trick over crocked Nadal |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=16 February 2009 |accessdate=16 February 2009 | first=Simon | last=Cambers}}</ref> Awtho this knee problem wis nae associatit wi Nadal's right knee tendonitis, it wis serious eneuch tae cause him tae widraw frae the [[Barclays Dubai Tennis Championships]] a week later.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7895679.stm| title=Injured Nadal pulls out of Dubai |publisher=BBC Sport |date=19 February 2009 |accessdate=19 February 2009 }}</ref> In Mairch, Nadal helped Spain defeat Serbia in a [[Davis Cup]] World Group first-roond tie on clay in [[Benidorm]], Spain. Nadal defeatit [[Janko Tipsarević]] an Novak Djokovic. The win ower warld No. 3 Djokovic wis Nadal's twalt consecutive Davis Cup singles match win an boostit his career win–loss record against Djokovic tae 11–4, includin 6–0 on clay.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nadal beats Djokovic to help Spain clinch win|url=http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/29580139/|agency=Associated Press|publisher=NBC Sports|accessdate=13 June 2010|date=8 March 2009|archive-date=2012-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011224054/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/29580139/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Rogers|first=Iain|title=Nadal beats Djokovic to put Spain through|url=http://ca.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idCATRE5270T420090308?sp=true|agency=Reuters|accessdate=13 June 2010|date=8 March 2009|archive-date=2012-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525063244/http://ca.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idCATRE5270T420090308?sp=true|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the [[2009 Indian Wells Masters]], Nadal won his thirteent [[ATP World Tour Masters 1000|Masters 1000]] series tournament. In the fowert roond, Nadal saved five match pynts, afore defeatin [[David Nalbandian]] for the first time.<ref>{{cite news|last=Oberjuerge|first=Paul|title=Nadal Shows Why He's No. 1, and Safina Shows Why She Isn't|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/20/sports/tennis/20nadal.html|accessdate=9 July 2010|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=19 March 2009}}</ref> Nadal defeatit [[Juan Martín del Potro]] in the quarterfeenals an [[Andy Roddick]] in the semifeenals, afore defeatin Murray in the feenal. The next ATP tour event wis the [[2009 Miami Masters]]. Nadal advanced tae the quarterfeenals, whaur he again faced Argentinian del Potro, this time losin the match. This wis the first time del Potro haed defeatit Nadal in five career matches.<ref>[http://www.atpworldtour.com/tennis/3/en/players/headtohead/?player1=Del+Potro%2C+Juan+Martin&player2=nadal Head to Head Player Details]</ref> Nadal began his European clay court saison at the [[2009 Monte Carlo Masters]], whaur he won a record fift consecutive singles teetle thare.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8007021.stm|title=Nadal seals fifth Monte Carlo win |date=19 April 2009|publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=20 April 2009}}</ref> He defeatit Novak Djokovic in the feenal for his fift consecutive win, a record in the open era. Nadal is the first male player tae win the same ATP Master series event for five consecutive years. Nadal then competit in the ATP 500 event in Barcelona. He advanced tae his fift consecutive Barcelona feenal, whaur he faced David Ferrer. Nadal went on tae beat Ferrer tae record five consecutive Barcelona victories.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8019528.stm|title=Nadal storms to Barcelona victory |date=26 April 2009|publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=26 April 2009}}</ref> At the [[Rome Masters]], Nadal reached the feenal, whaur he defeatit Novak Djokovic tae improve his overall record tae 13–4 an clay record tae 8–0 against the Serb.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8031729.stm|title=Nadal regains Rome Masters title |date=3 May 2009|publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=6 May 2009}}</ref> He acame the first player tae win fower Rome teetles. [[File:Nadal Miami 2009 1.jpg|thumb|upright|Nadal at [[2009 Sony Ericsson Open]], Miami, Florida, United States]] Efter winning twa clay-court Masters, he participatit in the [[Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open|Madrid Open]]. He lost tae Roger Federer in the feenal. This wis the first time that Nadal haed lost tae Federer syne the semifeenals o the [[2007 Tennis Masters Cup]]. On 19 Mey, the ATP World Tour annoonced that Nadal wis the first player oot o aicht tae qualify for the [[2009 ATP World Tour Finals]], tae be played at the [[The O2 Arena (London)|O2 Arena]] in Lunnon.<ref>{{cite news|last=Herman|first=Martyn|title=Nadal seals spot for ATP season finale in London|url=http://ca.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idCATRE54I3JX20090519|agency=Reuters|accessdate=13 June 2010|date=19 May 2009|archive-date=2012-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525063306/http://ca.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idCATRE54I3JX20090519|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bi beatin [[Lleyton Hewitt]] in the third roond o [[2009 French Open]], Nadal (2005–09 French Open) set a record o 31 consecutive wins at Roland Garros, beatin the previous record o 28 bi [[Björn Borg]] (1978–81 French Open). Nadal haed won 32 consecutive sets at Roland Garros (syne winning the last 2 sets at the [[2007 French Open]] feenal against Federer), the seicont-langest winning streak in the tournament's history behind Björn Borg's record o 41 consecutive sets. This run [[Söderling–Nadal match at the 2009 French Open|came tae an end on 31 Mey 2009]], whan Nadal lost tae eventual runner-up, [[Robin Söderling]] in the 4t roond. This wis Nadal's first and, until 2015, anly loss at the French Open. Efter his surprise defeat at Roland Garros, Nadal widrew frae the [[AEGON Championships]]. It wis confirmed that Nadal wis sufferin frae [[tendinitis]] in baith o his knees.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=4245078 |title=Rafael Nadal has problems in both knees, will try to rehab in time for Wimbledon |publisher=ESPN |date=9 June 2009 |accessdate=6 June 2010}}</ref> On 19 Juin, Nadal widrew frae the 2009 Wimbledon Championship, citing his recurring knee injury.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8085394.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Champion Nadal out of Wimbledon | date=19 June 2009 | accessdate=22 May 2010}}</ref> He wis the first champion nae tae defend the teetle syne [[Goran Ivanišević]] in 2001.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/> Roger Federer went on tae win the teetle, an Nadal consequently dropped back tae warld No. 2 on 6 Julie 2009. Nadal later annoonced his widrawal frae the Davis Cup. On 4 August, Nadal's uncle, Toni Nadal, confirmed that Nadal wad return tae play at the [[Montreal Masters|Rogers Cup]] in Montreal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gototennisblog.com/2009/08/04/rafael-nadal-on-his-return-to-montreal-roger-federer-and-davis-cup/ |title=Rafael Nadal returns to tennis at Montreal Masters |date=4 August 2009 |work=GOTOTENNIS |accessdate=5 August 2009 |archive-date=2009-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806204201/http://www.gototennisblog.com/2009/08/04/rafael-nadal-on-his-return-to-montreal-roger-federer-and-davis-cup/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thare, in his first tournament syne Roland Garros, Nadal lost in the quarterfeenals tae [[Juan Martín del Potro]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sportinglife.com/tennis/news/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=tennis/09/08/15/manual_073518.html |title=Nadal Suffers Montreal Setback |date=15 August 2009 |work=Sporting Life |location=UK |accessdate=15 August 2009 |archive-date=2012-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118065911/http://www.sportinglife.com/tennis/news/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=tennis%2F09%2F08%2F15%2Fmanual_073518.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wi this loss, he relinquished the No. 2 spot tae Andy Murray on 17 August 2009, ranking ootside the tap twa for the first time syne 25 Julie 2005. In the quarterfeenals o the [[2009 US Open – Men's Singles|US Open]] he defeatit Fernando Gonzálezin a rain-delayed encounter.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8249729.stm|title=Nadal finishes Gonzalez with ease |date=12 September 2009|publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=13 September 2009}}</ref> Houiver, lik his [[2008 US Open – Men's Singles|previous US Open campaign]], he fell in the semifeenals, this time losin tae eventual champion Juan Martín del Potro.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8253542.stm|title=Del Potro thrashes Nadal in semis |date=13 September 2009|publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=13 September 2009}}</ref> Despite the loss, he regained the No. 2 ranking efter Andy Murray's early exit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edinburghnews.scotsman.com/tennis/Tennis-Nadal-knees-hold-up.5629994.jp|title=Tennis: Nadal knees hold up as he regains No. 2 spot with victory|date=9 September 2009|work=The Edinburgh Paper|accessdate=13 September 2009|archive-date=2011-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615114206/http://edinburghnews.scotsman.com/tennis/Tennis-Nadal-knees-hold-up.5629994.jp|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the [[2009 ATP World Tour Finals|World Tour Finals]], Nadal lost aw three o his matches against [[Robin Söderling]], [[Nikolay Davydenko]], an [[Novak Djokovic]] respectively wioot winning a set. In December, Nadal participatit in the seicont Davis Cup feenal o his career. He defeatit [[Tomáš Berdych]] in his first singles rubber tae gie the [[Spanish Davis Cup Team]] thair first pynt in the tie. Efter the [[Spain Davis Cup team|Spanish Davis Cup team]] haed secured its fowert [[Davis Cup]] veectory, Nadal defeatit [[Jan Hájek (tennis)|Jan Hájek]] in the first Davis Cup [[dead rubber]] o his career. The win gae Nadal his 14t consecutive singles veectory at Davis Cup (his 13t on clay). Nadal finished the year as No. 2 for the fowert time in five years. Nadal won the [[Golden Bagel Award]] for the third time in 2009, wi nine 6–0 sets during the year. In daein sae he set a new record o Awaird wins, syne matched anly bi Novak Djokovic. ===2010: Return to No. 1 and Career Grand Slam=== {{Main|2010 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} Nadal began the year bi pairteecipatin in the [[2010 Capitala World Tennis Championship|Capitala World Tennis Championship]] in [[Abu Dhabi]], Unitit Arab Emirates. He defeatit compatriot [[David Ferrer]] tae reach his seicont feenal in the exhibition tournament. In the feenal, Nadal defeatit [[Robin Söderling]] in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8437851.stm|title=Rafael Nadal wins Abu Dhabi exhibition title |date=2 January 2010|publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=4 January 2010}}</ref> Nadal participatit in an Australian Open warm-up tournament, the [[2010 Qatar ExxonMobil Open|Qatar ExxonMobil Open]] ATP 250 event in Doha, whaur he lost in the feenals tae [[Nikolay Davydenko]].<ref name="bbcqatar"/><ref name="bbcqatar">{{cite news | title=Davydenko shocks Nadal in final | date=9 January 2010 | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8450315.stm | work=The British Broadcasting Corporation | accessdate =9 January 2010}}</ref> In the [[2010 Australian Open – Men's Singles|Australian Open]], Nadal defeatit [[Peter Luczak]], [[Lukáš Lacko]], [[Philipp Kohlschreiber]], an [[Ivo Karlović]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8474055.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Champion Nadal reaches round four | date=22 January 2010 | accessdate=22 May 2010}}</ref> In the quarterfeenals, Nadal pulled oot at 3–0 doun in the third set against [[Andy Murray]], haein lost the first twa sets.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8478297.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Murray through after Nadal injury | date=26 January 2010 | accessdate=22 May 2010}}</ref> Efter examining Nadal's knees, doctors told him that he should tak twa weeks o rest, an then twa weeks o rehabilitation. Nadal reached the semifeenals in singles at the [[BNP Paribas Open]] in [[Indian Wells, California|Indian Wells]], whaur he wis the defendin champion; houiver, eventual champion [[Ivan Ljubičić]] defeatit him in three sets.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bnpparibasopen.org/News/Tennis/2010/Tournament/ATP-Saturday2-Ljubicic-Shows-Fight-In-SF-Comeback.aspx |title=Ljubicic Shows Heart in semi-final Win Over Nadal |publisher=BNP Paribas Open |date=20 March 2010 |accessdate=6 June 2010 |archive-date=2010-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323001822/http://www.bnpparibasopen.org/News/Tennis/2010/Tournament/ATP-Saturday2-Ljubicic-Shows-Fight-In-SF-Comeback.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> He an countryman [[Marc López|López]] won the doubles teetle, tho, as wildcard entrants against nummer ane seeds [[Daniel Nestor]] an [[Nenad Zimonjić]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bnpparibasopen.org/News/Tennis/2010/Tournament/ATP-Saturday2-Nadal-Lopez-Take-Doubles-Title.aspx |title=Lopez/Nadal Upset Top Seeds To Take Doubles Title |publisher=BNP Paribas Open |date=20 March 2010 |accessdate=6 June 2010 |archive-date=2017-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913183003/http://www.bnpparibasopen.org/News/Tennis/2010/Tournament/ATP-Saturday2-Nadal-Lopez-Take-Doubles-Title.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> This boostit his doubles ranking 175 places<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Rankings/Doubles.aspx?d=22.03.2010&r=1&c=# |title=Emirates ATP Doubles Ranking on 22.03.2010 |publisher=Atpworldtour.com |accessdate=6 April 2013}}</ref> tae warld nummer 66, whauras he wis 241st afore Indian Wells.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Rafael-Nadal.aspx |title=Tennis – ATP World Tour – Tennis Players – Rafael Nadal |publisher=ATP World Tour |accessdate=6 June 2010}}</ref> Efter Indian Wells, Nadal reached the semifeenals o the [[2010 Sony Ericsson Open|Sony Ericsson Open]], whaur he lost tae eventual champion [[Andy Roddick]] in three sets.<ref>{{cite news | title=Roddick edges Nadal in three sets | date=3 April 2010 | publisher=ESPN News | url =http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=5050939 | agency=Associated Press | accessdate =5 April 2010}}</ref> Nadal reached the feenal o the [[Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters]] in Monaco, efter beatin fellae Spaniard [[David Ferrer]] in the semifeenals. This wis Nadal's first tour feenal syne [[Doha]] earlier in the year. He won the feenal in straucht sets ower his compatriot [[Fernando Verdasco]]. He lost 14 gemmes throughout aw five matches, the fewest he haed ever lost en route tae a championship, an the feenal wis the shortest Masters 1000 feenal in terms o gemmes. Wi this win, Nadal acame the first player in the open era tae win a tournament teetle for sax straucht years.<ref>{{cite news | title=Unstoppable Nadal Captures Sixth Straight Title | date=18 April 2010 | publisher=ATP World Tour | url=http://www.monte-carlorolexmasters.com/News/Tennis/2010/Tournament/Sunday-Singles-Final.aspx | work=James Buddell | accessdate=18 April 2010 | archive-date=2010-04-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421003655/http://www.monte-carlorolexmasters.com/News/Tennis/2010/Tournament/Sunday-Singles-Final.aspx | url-status=dead }}</ref> Unlik in previous years, Nadal next chose tae skip the Barcelona tournament (despite bein that event's five-time defendin champion), an his next tournament wis the [[2010 Internazionali BNL d'Italia]]. He defeatit Philipp Kohlschreiber, Victor Hănescu, an Stanlias Wawrinka, aw in straucht sets, tae win his 57th straucht match in Aprile. In the semis, he faced a resilient [[Ernests Gulbis]], who defeatit Roger Federer earlier in the tournament an teuk Nadal tae three sets for the first time this clay-court saison. Nadal eventually prevailed in 2 oors an 40minutes. He then defeatit compatriot [[David Ferrer]] in the feenal for his fift teetle at Rome tae equal [[Andre Agassi]]'s record o winnin 17 ATP Masters teetles. [[File:Nadal 2010 Madrid 01.jpg|thumb|left|Nadal at the [[2010 Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open]], Madrid, Spain]] Nadal then entered the [[2010 Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open]], whaur he haed finished runner-up the previous year. Bein ane o the tap aicht seeds, he received a bye in the first roond. In the seicont roond, he defeatit qualifier [[Oleksandr Dolgopolov, Jr.]] in straucht sets. He then played the sax-fit-nine-inch American [[John Isner]]. Nadal comfortably came throu in straucht sets. He defeatit [[Gaël Monfils]] in the quarterfeenals an his countryman [[Nicolás Almagro]] in the next roond, who wis playin in his first Masters 1000 semifeenal. The first set o his match against Almagro wad be juist the seicont set he lost on clay up tae this pynt in 2010. Nadal then defeatit longtime rival Roger Federer, avenging his 2009 feenals loss tae Federer. The win gae him his 18t Masters teetle, breaking the aw-time record. He acame the first player tae win aw three clay-court Masters teetles in a single year an the first player tae win three consecutive Masters events. Nadal moved back tae No. 2 the follaein day. Entering the [[2010 French Open|French Open]], mony war expecting anither Nadal-Federer feenal. Houiver, this acame impossible whan rival Robin Söderling defeatit Federer in the quarterfeenals.<ref>{{cite news | title=Soderling Stuns Federer For Semi-final Berth; Battle For No. 1 Intensifies | date=1 June 2010 | publisher=ATP World Tour | url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/05/Roland-Garros/Roland-Garros-Tuesday2-Soderling-Stuns-Federer.aspx | work=James Buddell | accessdate=6 June 2010}}</ref> The failure o Federer tae reach the semifeenals allowed Nadal tae regain the warld No. 1 ranking if he war tae win the tournament. Nadal advanced tae the feenal an defeatit Soderling. The win gae Nadal his seivent Grand Slam tournament teetle, tying him wi [[John McEnroe]], [[John Newcombe]], an [[Mats Wilander]] on the aw-time leet, an allaed Nadal tae reclaim the poseetion o warld No. 1, denyin his biggest rival [[Roger Federer]] the aw-time record for weeks at No. 1.<ref>{{cite news | title=Nadal Sets Up Soderling Re-Match; Bidding For Fifth Title & Return To No. 1 | date=4 June 2010 | publisher=ATP World Tour | url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/05/Roland-Garros/Roland-Garros-Friday-2-Nadal-Eyes-Fifth-Title.aspx | work=James Buddell | accessdate=6 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Nadal Reclaims No. 1 Ranking With Fifth Roland Garros Title | date=6 June 2010 | publisher=ATP World Tour | url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/05/Roland-Garros/Roland-Garros-Final-Nadal-Wins-Fifth-Title.aspx | work=ATP Staff | accessdate=6 June 2010}}</ref> Bi this win, Nadal acame the first man tae win the three Masters series on clay an the French Open. The veectory at Roland Garros merked the seicont time (2008) that Nadal haed won the French Open wioot dropping a single set (tying the record held bi Björn Borg). Wi the win in Paris he an aa booked his place at the [[2010 ATP World Tour Finals|World Tour Finals]] in Lunnon an acame the first player tae win five French Open teetles in sax years. In Juin, Nadal entered the [[AEGON Championships]], which he haed won in 2008, at the prestigious [[Queen's Club]]. He played singles an doubles at this grass court tournament as a warmup for Wimbledon. Bein ane o the tap aicht seeds, he received a bye in the first roond. In the seicont roond, whaur he played his first match on grass syne winning Wimbledon 2008, he defeatit [[Marcos Daniel]]. In the third roond, he played [[Denis Istomin]] o Uzbekistan, whom he defeatit tae advance tae the quarterfeenals. Houiver, he wis defeatit bi compatriot [[Feliciano López]]. At the [[2010 Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon Championships]], Nadal beat [[Kei Nishikori]] an [[Robin Haase]] in the openin roonds. He defeatit [[Philipp Petzschner]] in the third roond, winning efter five sets o play. During his match wi Petzschner, Nadal wis warned twice for allegedly receivin coachin frae his coach an uncle, [[Toni Nadal]], resultin in a $2000 fine bi Wimbledon officials.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon10/news/story?id=5337651|title=Nadal fined for receiving coaching|publisher=ESPN |agency=Associated Press|date=28 June 2010|accessdate=15 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Brooks|first=Xan|title=Wimbledon 2010: Rafael Nadal v Tomáš Berdych – as it happened|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2010/jul/04/wimbledon-2010-rafael-nadal-tomas-berdych|date=4 July 2010|accessdate=6 June 2010|location=London|work=The Guardian|quote=During the final match at Wimbledon 2010 between Nadal and Tomáš Berdych, someone, allegedly Toni Nadal, yelled "I love you, Rafa!"}}</ref> He defeatit [[Paul-Henri Mathieu]] o Fraunce in the roond o 16 an in the quarterfeenals, he beat Robin Söderling o Swaden in fower sets. He defeatit Andy Murray in straucht sets tae reach his fowert Wimbledon feenal. Nadal won the [[2010 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|2010 Wimbledon men's title]] bi defeatin [[Tomáš Berdych]] in straucht sets. Efter the win, Nadal said that winning Wimbledon wis "more than a dream" for him, an thanked the crowd for bein baith kynd an supportive tae him an his adversary during the match an in the semifeenal against Andy Murray.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gkNZrTZDvv_4f2PAU2cXA-kRxarg|title=AFP: Nadal reclaims Wimbledon crown in style|last=Millard|first=Robin|date=4 July 2010|agency=Agence France-Presse|accessdate=4 July 2010|archive-date=2010-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707095210/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gkNZrTZDvv_4f2PAU2cXA-kRxarg|url-status=dead}}</ref> The win gae him a seicont Wimbledon teetle an an aicht career major teetle<ref name="BBC-8784861">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8784861.stm|title=Wimbledon 2010: Rafael Nadal beats Berdych in final|date=4 July 2010|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=4 July 2010|first=Piers|last=Newbery}}</ref> juist past the age o 24.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://thetennistimes.com/rafael-nadal-2010-wimbledon-champion/ | work=The Tennis Times | title=Tennis News: Nadal is Champion Again! | date=22 January 2010 | accessdate=22 May 2010 | archive-date=2010-07-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707023650/http://thetennistimes.com/rafael-nadal-2010-wimbledon-champion/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> The win an aa gae Nadal his first "Old World Triple"; the last person tae achieve this wis [[Björn Borg]] in 1978 ("Old World Triple" is a term gien tae winning the Italian Open, French Open, an Wimbledon in the same year). In his first haurd-court tournament syne Wimbledon, Nadal advanced tae the semifeenals o the [[Rogers Cup (tennis)|Rogers Cup]], alang wi No. 2 Novak Djokovic, No. 3 Roger Federer, an No. 4 Andy Murray, efter coming back frae a ane-set deficit tae defeat Philipp Kohlschreiber.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tennistalk.com/en/match_report/Rogers_Cup/2010/Rafael_Nadal_-_Philipp_Kohlschreiber|title=Nadal rallies to reach Rogers Cup semifinal|work=Tennis Talk|date=14 August 2010|accessdate=14 August 2010|archive-date=2010-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118103647/http://www.tennistalk.com/en/match_report/Rogers_Cup/2010/Rafael_Nadal_-_Philipp_Kohlschreiber|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the semifeenal, defendin champion Murray defeatit Nadal, acomin the anly player tae triumph ower the Spaniard twice in 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbssports.com/tennis/story/13761191/murray-upsets-nadal-in-rogers-cup-semifinal|title=Murray upsets Nadal in Rogers Cup semifinal|work=CBS Sports|date=14 August 2010|accessdate=14 August 2010|archive-date=2011-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911171111/http://www.cbssports.com/tennis/story/13761191/murray-upsets-nadal-in-rogers-cup-semifinal|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nadal an aa competit in the doubles wi Djokovic in a ane-time, heich-profile pairtnership o the warld No. 1 an No. 2, the first sic team syne the [[Jimmy Connors]] an [[Arthur Ashe]] team in 1976.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.tennisty.com/tennis-players-updates/nadal-and-djokovic-to-play-double-together/ |title=Nadal and Djokovic to play double together |publisher=News.tennisty.com |accessdate=11 December 2010 |archive-date=2011-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716210527/http://news.tennisty.com/tennis-players-updates/nadal-and-djokovic-to-play-double-together/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Houiver, Nadal an Djokovic lost in the first roond tae Canadians [[Milos Raonic]] an [[Vasek Pospisil]]. The next week, Nadal wis the tap seed at the [[Cincinnati Masters]], losin in the quarterfeenals tae 2006 Australian Open feenaleet [[Marcos Baghdatis]]. At the [[2010 US Open – Men's Singles|2010 US Open]], Nadal wis the tap seed for the seicont time in three years. He defeatit [[Teymuraz Gabashvili]], [[Denis Istomin]], [[Gilles Simon]], nummer 23 seed [[Feliciano López]], nummer 8 seed [[Fernando Verdasco]], an nummer 12 seed [[Mikhail Youzhny]] aw wioot dropping a set, tae reach his first US Open feenal, acomin anly the aicht man in the Open Era tae reach the feenal o aw fower majors, an at age 24 the seicont youngest ever tae dae sae, behind anly [[Jim Courier]]. In the feenal, he defeatit [[Novak Djokovic]], which completit the [[Grand Slam (tennis)#Career Grand Slam|Career Grand Slam]] for Nadal; he an aa acame the seicont male efter [[Andre Agassi]] tae complete a [[Career Golden Slam]].<ref name=goldenslam>{{cite news|url=http://www.tsn.ca/tennis/story/?id=333700|title=Nadal Captures U.S. Open To Complete Career Grand Slam|publisher=The Sports Network (TSN)|date=14 September 2010|accessdate=12 June 2012|quote=Nadal...also owns an Olympic gold medal, which makes him one of only two men to corral the career Golden Slam, with the great Agassi being the other.|archive-date=2013-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109202116/http://www.tsn.ca/tennis/story/?id=333700|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nadal's US Open veectory meant that he an aa acame the first man tae win majors on clay, grass, an haurd court in the same year, an the first tae win the French Open, Wimbledon, an the US Open in the same year syne [[Rod Laver]] in 1969. Nadal an [[Mats Wilander]] are the anly male players tae win at least twa Grand Slams each on clay, grass, an hardcourts in thair careers.<ref name=surface/> Nadal an aa acame the first left-handed man tae win the US Open syne [[John McEnroe]] in 1984.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8992563.stm|title=Rafael Nadal wins US Open to seal career Grand Slam |date=14 September 2010|publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=14 September 2010}}</ref> Nadal's veectory an aa clinched the [[Leet o ATP number 1 ranked players|year-end No. 1 ranking]] for 2010, makin Nadal anly the third player (efter [[Ivan Lendl]] in 1989 an Roger Federer in 2009) tae regain the year-end nummer ane ranking efter haein lost it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/09/Other/Nadal-ATP-World-Tour-Champion.aspx |title=Nadal Clinches Year-End No. 1 For Second Time |publisher=Atpworldtour.com |date=16 September 2010 |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref> [[File:Rafa Nadal 7738 2 Japan Open Tennis Tokio 2010.jpg|thumb|upright|Nadal serving in Tokyo]] Nadal began his Asian tour at the [[2010 PTT Thailand Open]] in [[Bangkok]] whaur he reached the semifeenals, losin tae compatriot [[Guillermo García-López]]. Nadal wis able tae regroup, an at the [[2010 Rakuten Japan Open Tennis Championships]] in Tokyo (debut), he defeatit [[Santiago Giraldo]], [[Milos Raonic]], an [[Dmitry Tursunov]]. In the semifeenals against [[Viktor Troicki]], Nadal saved twa match pynts in the deciding set tiebreaker tae win it 9–7 in the end. In the feenal, Nadal comfortably defeatit [[Gaël Monfils]] for his seivent teetle o the saison. Nadal next played in the [[2010 Shanghai Rolex Masters]] in Shanghai, whaur he wis the tap seed, but lost tae warld No. 12 [[Jürgen Melzer]] in the third roond, snapping his record streak o 21 consecutive Masters quarterfeenals. On 5 November, Nadal annoonced that he wis pulling oot o the [[2010 BNP Paribas Masters|Paris Masters]] due tae tendinitis in his left shouder.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/11/Other/Nadal-Withdraws-From-Paris.aspx |title=Nadal withdraws from fatigue at the Paris |publisher=Atpworldtour.com |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref> On 21 November 2010, in Lunnon, Nadal won the [[ATP Warld Tour Awairds|Stefan Edberg Sportsmanship Awaird]] for the first time.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nadal wins Stefan Edberg Sportsmanship Award|date=20 November 2010|url=http://www.tennis.com/articles/templates/news.aspx?articleid=8843|publisher=Tennis.com (Associated Press)|accessdate=20 June 2012}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> At the [[2010 ATP Warld Tour Finals]] in Lunnon, Nadal defeatit Roddick<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/atptour/8152867/ATP-World-Tour-Finals-Rafael-Nadal-defeats-Andy-Roddick-in-nervy-encounter-at-Londons-O-Arena.html|title=ATP World Tour Finals: Rafael Nadal defeats Andy Roddick in nervy encounter at London's O² Arena |accessdate=22 November 2010}}</ref> in the first match, Djokovic in the seicont match, an Berdych in the third match, tae advance tae the semifeenals for the third time in his career. This wis the first time that Nadal achieved three wins in the roond-robin stage. In the semifeenal, he defeatit Murray in a haurd-focht match tae reach his first feenal at the tournament. In anly thair seicont meetin o the year, Federer beat Nadal in the feenal. Efter the match, Nadal stated, "Roger is probably the more complete player of the world. I'm not going to say I lost that match because I was tired." This wis a reference tae his marathon veectory ower Murray on Saturday. "I tried my best this afternoon, but Roger was simply better than me."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/i-tried-my-best-roger-was-better-me |title=Nadal after end of the ATP World Tour Finals final "I tried my best, but Roger was better than me" |publisher=Rafaelnadal.com |accessdate=11 December 2010 |archive-date=2010-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218024516/http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/i-tried-my-best-roger-was-better-me |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nadal ended the 2010 saison haein won three Grand Slams an three Masters 1000 tournaments, an haein regained the No. 1 ranking. Next up for Nadal wis a twa-match exhibition against Federer for the [[Roger Federer Foundation]]. The first match teuk place in [[Zürich]] on 21 December 2010, an the seicont in Madrid the next day. ===2011: Sixth French Open title=== {{Main|2011 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} Nadal stairtit 2011, bi pairteecipatin in the [[2011 Mubadala World Tennis Championship|Mubadala World Tennis Championship]] in [[Abu Dhabi]], Unitit Arab Emirates. He defeatit [[Tomáš Berdych]] tae reach his third feenal in the exhibition tournament. In the feenal, he won ower his main rival Roger Federer. At the [[2011 Qatar ExxonMobil Open|Qatar ExxonMobil Open]] ATP 250 event in [[Doha]], Qatar, Nadal barely struggled past his first three opponents, [[Karol Beck]], [[Lukáš Lacko]], an [[Ernests Gulbis]], citin fiver as the primary reason for his puir performance. He fell in straicht sets tae a resurgent [[Nikolay Davydenko]] in the semifeenals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.live-tennis.com/category/Tennis-News/Rafael-Nadal-struggles-with-fever-in-Doha-201101080008/|title=Rafael Nadal – Nadal struggles with fever in Doha|publisher=Live-tennis.com|date=8 January 2011|accessdate=3 June 2011|archive-date=2019-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402073346/https://www.live-tennis.com/category/tennis-news/rafael-nadal-struggles-with-fever-in-doha-201101080008/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He an countryman [[Marc López|López]] won the doubles teetle bi defeatin the Italian duo [[Daniele Bracciali]] an [[Andreas Seppi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/rafa-wins-doubles-will-delay-trip-australia|title=Rafa wins doubles will delay trip australia|work=The official nadal website|date=7 January 2011|accessdate=7 January 2011|archive-date=2012-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101031917/http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/rafa-wins-doubles-will-delay-trip-australia|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Rafael Nadal at the 2011 Australian Open14.jpg|thumb|left|Nadal at the [[2011 Australian Open]]]] In the first roond o the [[2011 Australian Open|Australian Open]], Nadal defeatit [[Marcos Daniel]]. In the seicont roond, he beat upcoming qualifier [[Ryan Sweeting]]. In the third roond, he wis testit bi emergin player [[Bernard Tomic]] o Australie, but Nadal wis victorious in straucht sets. He went on tae defeat [[Marin Čilić]] o Croatie, in the fowert roond. He suffered an apparent hamstring injury against felloae Spaniard [[David Ferrer]] early in the pair's quarterfeenal match an ultimately lost in straicht sets, sicweys endin his effort tae win fower major tournaments in a row.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gleeson|first=Michael|title=Rafa slammed: run at history falls short as Ferrer KOs ailing ace|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=27 January 2011|url=http://www.smh.com.au/sport/australian-open/rafa-slammed-run-at-history-falls-short-as-ferrer-kos-ailing-ace-20110126-1a5hr.html|accessdate=27 January 2011}}</ref> On 7 Februar 2011, in [[Abu Dhabi]], Unitit Arab Emirates, Nadal won the [[Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year|Laureus World Sportsman of the Year]] for the first time, ahead o footballer [[Lionel Messi]], [[Sebastian Vettel]], Spain's [[Andres Iniesta]], [[Los Angeles Lakers|Lakers]] basketball player [[Kobe Bryant]], an [[Filipino people|Filipino]] boxer [[Manny Pacquiao]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Nadal, Vonn win top Laureus awards|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/02/08/laureus.nadal.vonn.awards/index.html|date=8 February 2011|accessdate=20 June 2012|publisher=CNN|archive-date=2018-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924191932/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/02/08/laureus.nadal.vonn.awards/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Mairch, Nadal helped Spain defeat Belgium in a [[2011 Davis Cup World Group]] first-roond tie on haurd indoor courts in the [[Spiroudome]] in [[Charleroi]], Belgium. Nadal defeatit [[Ruben Bemelmans]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Rafael Nadal Wins in Davis Cup in Belgium, Gives Spain Lead|date=4 March 2011|url=http://latiNo.foxnews.com/latino/sports/2011/03/04/rafael-nadal-wins-davis-cup-belgium-gives-spain-lead/|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=4 March 2011|publisher=Fox News Channel|archive-date=2011-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307092454/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/sports/2011/03/04/rafael-nadal-wins-davis-cup-belgium-gives-spain-lead/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Efter Spain's veectory in three matches, Nadal won a seicont dead rubber against [[Olivier Rochus]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Rafael Nadal Wins Second Match in Davis Cup, Helps Spain Dominate Belgium|date=6 March 2011|url=http://latiNo.foxnews.com/latino/sports/2011/03/07/rafael-nadal-wins-second-match-davis-cup-helps-spain-dominate-belgium/|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=6 March 2011|publisher=Fox News Channel|archive-date=2013-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812205953/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/sports/2011/03/07/rafael-nadal-wins-second-match-davis-cup-helps-spain-dominate-belgium/|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the [[2011 BNP Paribas Open]] in [[Indian Wells, California|Indian Wells]], Nadal defeatit upcoming qualifier [[Rik de Voest]] in his first match. In the third roond, he beat qualifier Ryan Sweeting He then defeatit qualifier [[Somdev Devvarman]] in the fowert roond. In the quarterfeenals, Nadal haed a haurd time against Croatian [[Ivo Karlović]], an in the semifeenals he met Juan Martín del Potro. The last three confrontations atween the players war in favor o del Potro, but despite some difficulties, Nadal won in straucht sets. He reached his third feenal at Indian Wells, an lost against Novak Djokovic.<ref>{{cite news|title=Djokovic beats Nadal to win BNP Paribas Open|date=20 March 2011|url=http://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/news?slug=ap-indianwells|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=20 March 2011|archive-date=2012-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311063523/http://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/news?slug=ap-indianwells|url-status=dead}}</ref> The next day, Nadal an Djokovic played a friendly match in [[Bogotá]], Colombia, which Nadal won.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nadal beats Djokovic in Colombia's most important tennis match ever|date=21 March 2011|url=http://colombiareports.com/colombia-news/sports/15046-nadal-beats-djokovic-in-colombias-most-important-tennis-match-ever.html|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=21 March 2011|archive-date=2011-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110325082047/http://colombiareports.com/colombia-news/sports/15046-nadal-beats-djokovic-in-colombias-most-important-tennis-match-ever.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nadal stairtit the [[2011 Sony Ericsson Open]] wi a win ower [[Kei Nishikori]] then met his compatriot [[Feliciano López]] in the third roond, whom he defeatit. In the fowert roond, he defeatit [[Alexandr Dolgopolov]]. In the quarterfeenals, Nadal haed the first real test o the tournament whan he met the warld No. 7 Tomáš Berdych, who he defeatit in three sets. In the semifeenals, Nadal met his main rival Roger Federer, thair first meetin in a semifeenal syne the [[2007 Tennis Masters Cup|2007 Masters Cup]]. Nadal won in straucht sets. For the seicont time in twa weeks, Nadal faced Novak Djokovic in the feenal. As in the Indian Wells tournament, Nadal won the first set, an Djokovic the seicont. The third set ended in a tiebreak, wi Djokovic winning.<ref>{{cite news|title=HARD FINAL IN MIAMI|date=4 April 2011|url =http://rafaelnadal.com/content/hard-final-miami|agency=Associated Press|accessdate =4 April 2011 }}{{dead link|date=June 2011}}</ref> This wis the first time Nadal reached the feenals o Indian Wells an Miami in the same year. Nadal began his clay-court saison bi winning the [[2011 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters]] wi the loss o juist ane set. Nadal defeatit [[Jarkko Nieminen]], [[Richard Gasquet]], [[Ivan Ljubičić]], an Andy Murray tae reach his seivent consecutive feenal in Monte Carlo. In the feenal, Nadal avenged his defeat bi David Ferrer in the quarterfeenals o the [[2011 Australian Open]]. He acame the first man tae win the same tournament seiven times in a row at the ATP level in the open era.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nadal won seven tournaments in a row at the ATP|date=17 April 2011|url=http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/nadal-wins-7th-straight-montecarlo-title|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=17 April 2011|archive-date=2012-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101024426/http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/nadal-wins-7th-straight-montecarlo-title|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nadal chalked up his 37th straucht win at the clay-court event, whaur he haes nae lost syne the [[2003 Monte Carlo Masters]]. It wis his 44th career teetle an 19t at a Masters event.<ref>{{cite news|title=The last loss in Monte Carlo was in 2003|date=17 April 2011|url=http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/nadal-wins-7th-straight-montecarlo-title|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=17 April 2011|archive-date=2012-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101024426/http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/nadal-wins-7th-straight-montecarlo-title|url-status=dead}}</ref> It wis his first teetle syne winning the Japan Open. Nadal shares third place wi [[Björn Borg]] an [[Manuel Orantes]] in the leet o players wi the maist teetles on clay.<ref>{{cite news|title=NADAL WINS 7TH STRAIGHT MONTECARLO TITLE|date=17 April 2011|url=http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/nadal-wins-7th-straight-montecarlo-title|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=17 April 2011|archive-date=2012-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101024426/http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/nadal-wins-7th-straight-montecarlo-title|url-status=dead}}</ref> Juist a week later, Nadal won his saxt Barcelona Open crown, winning the [[2011 Barcelona Open Banco Sabadell]] feenal against Ferrer in straucht sets. In daein sae, Nadal acame the first man in the open era tae hae won twa tournaments at least sax times each. Nadal wis then the leader in terms o matches won in the year, wi 29. He did nae gain ony pynts for this veectory, houiver, as anly fower ATP 500 tournaments can be countit towards a players ranking at ane time, but thay will gang intae effect 8 August 2011, whan the result o the [[2010 Legg Mason Tennis Classic]] expires.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Rafael-Nadal.aspx?t=rb|title=Ranking Breakdown Rafael Nadal|date = 9 June 2011|work= ATP Worldtour|accessdate=9 June 2011}}</ref> At the [[2011 Mutua Madrid Open]] in Mey, he defeatit [[Marcos Baghdatis]], haed a walkover against [[Juan Martín del Potro]], an defeatit [[Michaël Llodra]] an Roger Federer, afore losin the feenal tae Novak Djokovic in twa sets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/09/sports/tennis/09madrid.html|title=Djokovic Tops Nadal in Another Final|date= 8 May 2011|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=7 June 2011}}</ref> Nadal again lost in straucht sets tae Novak Djokovic in the [[2011 Internazionali BNL d'Italia|Rome Masters final]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2011/may/15/novak-djokovic-rafael-nadal-rome|title=Novak Djokovic rolls on with defeat of Rafael Nadal in Rome final|date= 15 May 2011|work=The Guardian|accessdate=7 June 2011|location=London|first=Kevin|last=Mitchell}}</ref> This merked the first time that Nadal haes lost twice on clay tae the same player in a single saison.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/2011-05-15-italian-open_N.htm|title=Djokovic beats Nadal in Rome in French Open warm-up|date= 17 May 2011|work=USA Today|accessdate=7 June 2011}}</ref> Houiver, Nadal retained his No. 1 rankin during the clay-coort saison an won his saxt French Open teetle bi defeatin Roger Federer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/french11/news/story?id=6628276|title=Rafael Nadal wins sixth French Open|date= 6 June 2011|publisher=ESPN|accessdate=7 June 2011}}</ref> During the first three roonds o Wimbledon, Nadal beat [[Michael Craig Russell|Michael Russell]], Ryan Sweeting, an [[Gilles Müller]]. He then faced Juan Martín del Potro in the fowert roond an [[Mardy Fish]] in the quarterfeenals, defeatin baith players in fower sets. His semifeenal opponent wis warld No. 4 Andy Murray. Nadal lost the first set, then won the next three. This set up a feenal against warld No. 2 Novak Djokovic, who haed beaten Nadal in aw fower o thair matches in 2011 (aw in Masters feenals). Efter dropping the third set, Djokovic defeatit Nadal in the fowert. This wis the first Grand Slam tournament feenal that Nadal haed lost tae someone ither than Roger Federer an his first loss at Wimbledon syne his five-set loss tae Federer in the 2007 feenal. The loss ended Nadal's winning streak in Grand Slam feenals at seiven, preventin him frae tying the Open-Era record o aicht victories in a row set bi [[Pete Sampras]]. Djokovic's success at the tournament an aa meant that the Serb ascended tae warld No. 1 for the first time, breaking the dominance o Federer an Nadal on the poseetion, which ane o them haed held for every week syne 2 Februar 2004. Nadal fell tae warld No. 2 in the rankings for the first time syne Juin 2010. Efter restin for a month frae a fit injury sustained during Wimbledon, he contestit the [[2011 Rogers Cup]], whaur he wis shocked bi Croatian [[Ivan Dodig]] in a third-set tiebreak. He next played in the [[2011 Western & Southern Open – Men's Singles|2011 Cincinnati Masters]], whaur he lost tae [[Mardy Fish]] in the quarterfeenals. At the [[2011 US Open – Men's Singles|2011 US Open]], Nadal defeatit [[Andrey Golubev]] in straicht sets an advanced tae the third roond efter Frenchman [[Nicolas Mahut]] retired. Efter defeatin [[David Nalbandian]] on 4 September, Nadal collapsed in his post-match press conference due tae severe cramps.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/14783093.stm | publisher=BBC News | title=Nadal collapses in front of media | date=4 September 2011}}</ref> Nadal lost tae Novak Djokovic in the feenal in fower sets. Efter the US Open, Nadal made the feenal o the [[Japan Open Tennis Championships]]. Nadal, who wis the 2010 champion, wis defeatit bi Andy Murray. At the [[Shanghai Masters]], Nadal wis tap seed wi the absence o Novak Djokovic, but wis upset in the third roond bi No. 23 ranked [[Florian Mayer]] in straucht sets. At the [[2011 ATP World Tour Finals]], Nadal wis defeatit bi Roger Federer in the roond-robin stage, in ane o the quickest matches atween the twa, lasting juist 60 minutes. In the follaein match, Nadal wis defeatit bi Jo-Wilfried Tsonga, an wis eliminatit frae the tournament. In the Davis Cup feenal in December, Nadal haed a quick straucht-set win ower [[Juan Mónaco]] in his first match. In his seicont match against Juan Martín del Potro, Nadal did nae win a single service gemme in the first set but came back tae win the match.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.daviscup.com/en/home.aspx |title=Davis Cup site |publisher=Daviscup.com |accessdate=8 June 2012 |archive-date=2012-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608021306/http://www.daviscup.com/en/home.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nadal ended his tennis saison wi the [[2011 Mubadala World Tennis Championship (December)|Mubadala World Tennis Championship]], an exhibeetion tournament nae affiliatit wi the ATP. The tournament, normally held in early Januar, wis held frae 29 tae 31 December 2011. Nadal haed a bye intae the semifeenals an played against David Ferrer, who defeatit Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in the quarterfeenals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mubadalawtc.com/NewsDetails/11-12-28/LEGENDS_LOOK_FORWARD_TO_MUBADALA_WORLD_TENNIS_CHAMPIONSHIP_FOR_THE_START_OF_GLOBAL_TENNIS_SEASON.aspx|title=Legends Look Forward to Mubadala World Tennis Championship for the Start of Global Tennis Season|date=28 December 2011}}{{dead link|date=January 2012}}</ref> Ferrer won the match in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mubadalawtc.com/NewsDetails/11-12-30/DJOKOVIC_DOMINATES_TO_SECURE_PLACE_IN_FINAL_AGAINST_IMPRESSIVE_FERRER.aspx|title=Djokovic dominates to secure place in final against impressive Ferrer|date=30 December 2011|access-date=2015-06-03|archive-date=2012-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114134639/http://www.mubadalawtc.com/NewsDetails/11-12-30/DJOKOVIC_DOMINATES_TO_SECURE_PLACE_IN_FINAL_AGAINST_IMPRESSIVE_FERRER.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nadal wis then relegatit tae the third place match against Roger Federer. Nadal won in straucht sets. ===2012: Seventh French Open title=== {{Main|2012 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} [[File:Nadal Monte Carlo 2012.JPG|thumb|right|Nadal during the finals of the Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters]] Nadal began his ATP World Tour saison at the [[2012 Qatar Open|Qatar Open]]. He beat [[Philipp Kohlschreiber]] an qualifier [[Denis Gremelmayr]] in roonds ane an twa an then won against seivent-seedit [[Mikhail Youzhny]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/news?slug=reu-mendoha|title=Federer and Nadal stay on course for final showdown|publisher=Yahoo Sports|date=5 January 2012}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In the semifeenal he lost tae Gaël Monfils in twa sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.yahoo.com/ten/news?slug=ap-qataropen|title=Monfils tops Nadal, faces Tsonga in final|date=6 January 2012|publisher=Yahoo Sports|access-date=2015-06-03|archive-date=2003-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030213071930/http://sports.yahoo.com/ten/news?slug=ap-qataropen|url-status=dead}}{{failed verification|date=April 2012}}</ref> In the [[2012 Australian Open|Australian Open]] Nadal began the tournament bi breezing past qualifier [[Alex Kuznetsov]] o Unitit States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.yahoo.com/ten/news?slug=ap-australianopen-nadal|title=Nadal eases to 1st-round win at Australian Open|date=16 January 2012|publisher=Yahoo Sports}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The seicont roond against [[Tommy Haas]], who haes never won a set against Rafael, wis tighter, but Nadal again advanced in three straucht sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.yahoo.com/ten/news?slug=afp-tennis_aus_open_men_20120118|title=Nadal beats Haas as Federer puts feet up at Aussie Open|date=18 January 2012|publisher=Yahoo Sports}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He defeatit Feliciano López in the fowert roond, then won in his quarterfeenal an semifeenal matches against Tomáš Berdych an Roger Federer respectively. Bi daein sae, he haes reached the feenals o aw fower majors consecutively. In the feenal, on 29 Januar, he wis beaten bi Novak Djokovic in a five-set match that lastit 5 oors an 53 minutes, the langest ever match for a Grand Slam teetle. The pair set a new warld record, breaking the latest langest major singles feenal atween Mats Wilander an Ivan Lendl, which lastit 4 oors an 54 minutes, at the US Open in 1988.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/aus12/story/_/id/7515950/2012-australian-open-novak-djokovic-outlasts-rafael-nadal-longest-grand-slam-final|title=Longest Men's Singles Championship Final|date=30 January 2012|publisher=ESPN Sports}}</ref> Nadal made it tae the semifeenals in [[2012 BNP Paribas Open|Indian Wells]], whaur he wis beaten in straucht sets bi eventual champion Roger Federer. He an aa made the semifeenals in [[Sony Ericsson Open|Miami]], but widrew acause o knee problems. As the clay court saison stairtit, Nadal wis seedit 2nt at the [[2012 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters]]. He defeatit Jarkko Nieminen, Mikhael Kukushkin, [[Stanislas Wawrinka]], an [[Gilles Simon]] afore topping warld No. 1 Novak Djokovic tae win his 8t consecutive Monte Carlo trophy. This ended a streak o seiven straucht feenal losses tae Djokovic, which began at the 2011 Indian Wells Masters feenal. A day efter the Monte Carlo Masters Final, Nadal traveled tae Barcelona whaur he received a bye in the first roond. His tremendous record on clay continued as he beat compatriot David Ferrer in a haurd focht feenal tae clinch his seivent teetle in aicht years at the Barcelona Open. The [[Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open]] did nae gang very well for Nadal. He beat Nikolay Davydenko, ane o the few players tae haud a positive heid tae heid record ower Nadal, in straucht sets. He then lost tae [[Fernando Verdasco]], who he held a 13–0 record against in the third roond 7–5 in the third, efter blowing a 4–0 feenal set lead. Nadal statit that he wis very unhappy wi the new blue-coloured clay an threatened nae tae attend in the future if the surface wis nae changed back tae red clay. Several ither players (sic as Novak Djokovic) voiced seemilar criticism.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.incyprus.com.cy/en-gb/tennis/4172/27612/stars-not-happy-with-madrid |title=Stars not happy with Madrid |publisher=Incyprus.com.cy |date=11 May 2012 |accessdate=24 November 2012 |archive-date=2013-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825034412/http://www.incyprus.com.cy/en-gb/tennis/4172/27612/stars-not-happy-with-madrid |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the last tournament afore the French Open, Nadal went tae the Internazionali BNL d'Italia in Rome. He advanced tae his 7t feenal efter defeatin Florian Mayer, Marcel Granollers, Tomáš Berdych, an David Ferrer aw in straucht sets, setting up anither feenals showdown wi World nummer ane Novak Djokovic. Nadal defeatit Djokovic in a tight straucht sets encounter. This wis his seicont veectory ower Novak Djokovic in 2012 an his third teetle o the saison, as well as his 6t Rome teetle overall. At the [[2012 French Open]], Nadal dropped anly 30 gemmes against his first five opponents, wioot losin a set. In the semifeenal he faced a friend an compatriot in David Ferrer. Unlik thair previous twa encounters in Barcelona an Rome, Nadal showed awmaist no flaws, dismantling Ferrer tae set up anither championship teetle fecht wi warld No. 1 Novak Djokovic. This merked the first time whaur twa opposing players faced ilk ither in fower consecutive Grand Slam tournament feenals. Thay an aa acame the anly players tae hae faced the same opponent in the feenals o aw fower Majors. Nadal won the first twa sets afore Djokovic claimed the third. Play wis suspended in the fowert set due tae rain. When the match resumed the follaein day, Nadal won whan Djokovic dooble faultit on match pynt, sealing a record 7t Roland Garros teetle for Nadal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ca.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idCABRE85A0LW20120611?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0&sp=true|title=Nadal wins record seventh French Open|agency=Reuters|first=Toby|last=Davis|date=11 June 2012|accessdate=11 June 2012|archive-date=2013-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105222136/http://ca.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idCABRE85A0LW20120611?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0&sp=true|url-status=dead}}</ref> Throughout the tournament, Nadal lost anly ane set, occurring in the feenal. Bi winning his seivent teetle<ref>{{cite news|url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/french-open-2012/top-stories/Rafael-Nadal-beats-Novak-Djokovic-to-win-record-seventh-French-Open-title/articleshow/14026658.cms|title=Rafael Nadal beats Novak Djokovic to win record seventh French Open title|date=11 June 2012 | work=The Times of India}}</ref> at Roland Garros, Nadal surpassed Borg's overall teetles record<ref name=RG7>{{cite news|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2012/06/23/Roland-Garros-Final-Nadal-Beats-Djokovic-To-Make-History.aspx|title=Nadal Tops Djokovic To Break Borg's Paris Record|publisher=ATP World Tour|date=11 June 2012|accessdate=11 June 2012}}</ref> tae acome the maist successfu tennis player in French Open history.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/18395750|title=Rafael Nadal beats Novak Djokovic to win seventh French Open|publisher=BBC Sport|first=Mike|last=Henson|date=11 June 2012|accessdate=11 June 2012}}</ref> Nadal anly lost a tot o three sets in the 2012 clay court saison. In his first grass court tournament o the saison at [[2012 Gerry Weber Open – Singles|Halle]], Nadal advanced tae quarterfeenals, whaur he lost tae Philipp Kohlschreiber.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/Rafael-Nadal-bombs-out-in-quarterfinals-at-Halle/articleshow/14152923.cms|title= Rafael Nadal bombs out in quarterfinals at Halle|date=15 June 2012 | work=The Times of India}}</ref> At [[2012 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|Wimbledon]], Nadal beat [[Thomaz Bellucci]] in the first roond. He then met [[Lukáš Rosol]] in the seicont roond, a player who wis then ranked 100th in the warld an haed never advanced beyond the first qualifying roond in his five previous Wimbledons. In ane o the biggest upsets in Grand Slam history, Rosol defeatit Nadal in five sets. This wis the first time syne the [[2005 Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon 2005]] championships that Nadal haed failed tae progress past the 2nt roond o a Grand Slam tournament.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rafael Nadal falls to shock Wimbledon defeat by Lukas Rosol|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/18627648|accessdate=28 June 2012|publisher=BBC News|date=28 June 2012}}</ref> In Julie 2012, Nadal widrew frae the 2012 Olympics due tae [[tendinitis]] in his knee, which subsequently an aa led tae him pulling oot o baith the Rogers Cup an Cincinnati Masters. On 15 August, Nadal annoonced his widrawal frae the US Open in New York, as he felt he still wis nae healthy eneuch tae compete.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/354475/Rafa-Nadal-withdraws-from-Paris-and-London-tournaments|title= Nadal withdraws from Paris and London tournaments|accessdate=26 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/news/tennis/2012/07/features/london-olympics-nadal-pulls-out-with-injury.aspx|title=Reigning Champion Nadal Withdraws From London Olympics|accessdate=19 July 2012}}</ref> On 11 September 2012, Nadal fell tae a warld No. 4 ranking, his lowest syne 2010, as 2012 US Open winner Andy Murray climbed tae No. 3.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.livetennisguide.com/2012/09/11/rafael-nadal-falls-as-andy-murray-climbs-in-atp-rankings/ |title=Rafael Nadal falls, as Andy Murray climbs in ATP Rankings |publisher=Livetennisguide.com |accessdate=24 November 2012 |archive-date=2017-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803171825/http://www.livetennisguide.com/2012/09/11/rafael-nadal-falls-as-andy-murray-climbs-in-atp-rankings/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nadal ended 2012 ranked No. 4 in the warld, the first time in aicht years that he haes nae been ranked 1st or 2nt at the end o the year. ===2013: Eighth French Open, second US Open title, return to No. 1=== {{Main|2013 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} Twa weeks prior tae the [[2013 Australian Open]], Nadal offeecially widrew frae the tournament citing a painch virus.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/story/_/id/8786752/rafael-nadal-pulls-australian-open-due-virus | title=Rafael Nadal out of Aussie Open | publisher=ESPN | date=28 December 2012 | accessdate=29 December 2012}}</ref> Nadal's widrawal subsequently saw him drop oot o the ATP's Tap Four for the first time syne 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-01-28/nadal-out-of-top-four-serena-williams-rises-on-rankings |title=Nadal Out of Top Four, Serena Williams Rises on Rankings |date=28 January 2013 |work=Business Week}}</ref> Playin in his first tournaments in South Americae syne 2005, Nadal made his comeback at the Latin American [[Golden Swing]], stairtin his 2013 saison at the [[2013 VTR Open]] in Chile,<ref>{{cite web|last=Clarke|first=Patrice|title=Rafael Nadal Smart to Make Long-Awaited Return on Clay at 2013 ATP VTR Open|url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1506335-rafael-nadal-smart-to-make-long-awaited-return-on-clay-at-2013-atp-vtr-open|publisher=Bleacher Report|accessdate=1 February 2013}}</ref> whaur he advanced tae the feenal wioot dropping a set but wis beaten bi Argentine warld No. 73 journeyman [[Horacio Zeballos]]. He an aa lost in the doubles feenal (wi Juan Mónaco). At the [[2013 Brasil Open]], at [[São Paulo]], Nadal struggled in the openin roonds, dropping sets tae Berlocq an qualifier Alund. Despite the poor clay surface, which wis the subject o player complaints, he reached the feenal, whaur he defeatit David Nalbandian.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/21036474| title=Rafael Nadal to make comeback from knee injury at Brazil Open | work=BBC Sport | date=15 January 2013 | accessdate=27 January 2013}}</ref> In the teetle match o the [[2013 Abierto Mexicano Telcel]] in Acapulco, Nadal defeatit warld No. 4 David Ferrer, losin juist twa gemmes in the match. Nadal then returned tae the American haurd courts efter a year, playin the [[2013 BNP Paribas Open – Men's Singles|Indian Wells Masters]] as the fift seed. He lost anly ane set, an defeatit warld No. 2 [[Roger Federer]] an warld No. 6 [[Tomáš Berdych]] in the matches leadin up tae the feenal. Nadal recovered frae bein ane set doun in the feenal, tae defeat Juan Martín del Potro. This wis his third Indian Wells Masters teetle an his first hardcourt teetle syne October 2010, an made Nadal the player wi the maist Masters 1000s wins. Efter widrawing frae Miami, Nadal attemptit tae defend his teetle at the [[2013 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters]], but, despite reachin the feenal for the ninth consecutive year, he wis beaten bi Djokovic in straucht sets. He then won at the [[2013 Barcelona Open Banco Sabadell]] ower Almagro, in straucht sets. This wis his 8t veectory thare, makin him the first man tae win twa different tournaments aicht or mair times each. It wis an aa his fowert teetle o the saison, an his saxt consecutive feenal. Nadal won his 23rd ATP Masters 1000 tournament at the [[2013 Mutua Madrid Open]], beatin Wawrinka, despite previously haein been twa pynts frae defeat in his quarterfeenal against David Ferrer. The blue clay that haed troubled him the previous year thare haed been exchanged for the traditional red clay. In Mey, he won his record 24t Masters 1000 teetle, beatin Roger Federer for his 7t championship at the [[2013 Rome Masters]]. It wis his 6t teetle o the saison an his aicht consecutive feenal. Thir victories raised his ranking tae warld No. 4. Nadal won the [[2013 French Open]] efter beatin Djokovic in the [[Big Four (tennis)#2013 French Open semifinal|semifinal]] an Ferrer in the feenal. His match wi Djokovic wis widely considered ane o the greatest clay court matches ever played, as Nadal came back frae doun a break in the fift set tae tak oot a haurd-focht 4-oor, 37-minute veectory. Houiver, acause o the nuances o how rankings are calculatit (includin an improvement in performance bi the then warld No. 5 David Ferrer at the French Open), Nadal's warld ranking dropped frae No. 4 tae No. 5, wi Ferrer replacing him at No. 4. Nadal then lost his first-roond match at the [[2013 Wimbledon Championships]] in straucht sets tae unseedit Belgian [[Steve Darcis]] (ranked No. 135), makin it the seicont time in a row he failed tae reach the third roond at Wimbledon an the first ever time Nadal haed lost in the first roond o a Grand Slam. Darcis is the lowest-ranked player ever tae beat Nadal in a Grand Slam tournament. In August 2013, Nadal won the semifeenal match in Montreal, denying Djokovic his fowert [[Canadian Open (tennis)|Rogers Cup]] teetle.<ref name="CO2013">{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2013/08/32/Montreal-Saturday-Djokovic-Nadal.aspx |title=Nadal Edges Djokovic In Montreal Thriller, Faces Raonic in Final |publisher=ATP World Tour |date=30 September 2011 |accessdate=31 July 2014}}</ref> Nadal proceeded tae win the teetle efter beatin [[Milos Raonic]] in the feenal in straucht sets. This wis Nadal's 25t Masters 1000 teetle an third teetle at the Canadian Open.<ref name="TGaM">{{cite web|author=Canada |url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/more-sports/rafael-nadal-dominates-milos-raonic-in-rogers-cup-final/article13704194/ |title=Rafael Nadal dominates Milos Raonic in Rogers Cup final |publisher=Theglobeandmail.com |date=11 August 2013 |accessdate=31 July 2014}}</ref> He won his 26t ATP Masters 1000 in Cincinnati on Sunday 18 August efter beatin [[John Isner]] in the feenal.<ref name="ESPN Cinc"/> Nadal concluded a brilliant North American haurd court saison wi his 4t haurd court teetle o the year, defeatin Djokovic at the [[2013 US Open (tennis)|2013 US Open]] feenal in fower sets, bringin his Slam count tae 13 an giein Nadal a male tennis record paycheck o $3.6 million.<ref>{{cite web |last=Newbery |first=Piers |title=Rafael Nadal beats Novak Djokovic to win second US Open title |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/24027678 |work=BBC Sport |date=10 September 2013 |accessdate=19 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Not the real prizemoney: Rafael Nadal and Serena Williams lament tax impact on record purse |url=http://www.smh.com.au/sport/tennis/not-the-real-prizemoney-rafael-nadal-and-serena-williams-lament-tax-impact-on-record-purse-20130910-2thqc.html |accessdate=19 July 2014 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=10 September 2013}}</ref> Later in September, Nadal helped Spain secure thair Davis Cup World Group Playoff spot for 2014, wi a veectory against Sergiy Stakhovsky an a doubles win wi Marc Lopez. In October, he reached the feenal o the [[China Open (tennis)|China Open]], guaranteeing he wad acome warld nummer ane for the third time efter losin it in Julie 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rafael Nadal reaches China Open final to become world number one |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/24409808 |work=BBC Sport |date=5 October 2013 |accessdate=10 June 2014}}</ref> In the feenal, he wis beaten bi Djokovic in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite web |title=Novak Djokovic beats Rafael Nadal in China Open final |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/24418035 |work=BBC Sport |date=6 October 2013 |accessdate=10 June 2014}}</ref> At the [[2013 Shanghai Rolex Masters]], Nadal reached the semi-feenals but wis defeatit bi Del Potro. In November 2013, Nadal played his feenal event o the saison in Lunnon at the [[2013 ATP Warld Tour Finals]] whaur he secured the year end Warld Nummer Ane spot. Nadal beat David Ferrer, Stanislas Wawrinka an Tomáš Berdych in the Roond Robin stage tae set up a semi feenal an veectory ower Roger Federer. Nadal met Djokovic in the feenal, losin in straicht sets. ===2014: Ninth French Open title & struggles with form=== {{Main|2014 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} [[File:IBI14 Rafa Nadal.jpg|thumb|Nadal during a press conference at the [[2014 Internazionali BNL d'Italia]]]] Rafael Nadal began his 2014 saison at the [[2014 Qatar ExxonMobil Open – Singles|Qatar Open]] in Doha, defeatin [[Lukáš Rosol]] in the first roond<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-01-01/nadal-evens-the-ledger-against-rosol-in-doha/5180650?section=sport Rafael Nadal beats Czech Republic player Lukas Rosol to advance to second round of Qatar Open], ''ABC Grandstand Sport (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)'', 1 January 2014</ref> an he won the teetle efter defeatin [[Gaël Monfils]] in the feenal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rafael Nadal beats Gael Monfils to win Qatar title |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/25606655 |accessdate=19 July 2014 |work=BBC Sport |date=4 January 2014}}</ref> It wis annoonced in Februar 2014 that "After compiling one of the greatest comeback seasons on the ATP World Tour in 2013, World No. 1 Rafael Nadal is a contender to be nominated for the Laureus World Comeback of the Year Award."<ref>{{cite news | title = Nadal a Possible Nominee for Laureus Award | url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2014/02/8/Nadal-Laureus-Nomination.aspx | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222171023/http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2014/02/8/Nadal-Laureus-Nomination.aspx | archivedate = 22 February 2014 | publisher = ATP | accessdate = 22 February 2014 }}</ref> At the [[2014 Australian Open - Men's Singles|Australian Open]], he defeatit [[Roger Federer]] tae reach his third Australian Open feenal, improving his career record against Federer tae 23–10. This merked Nadal's 11t consecutive veectory in a Major semifeenal (seicont anly tae Borg's aw-time record o 14), an advanced him tae his 19t Major feenal, tyin him wi Lendl for seicont aw-time behind Federer's 24. It an aa merked Nadal's saxt consecutive veectory ower Federer in a Major. In the feenal, he faced [[Stanislas Wawrinka]], against whom he entered the match wi a 12-0 record, haein won aw o thair previous 26 sets. Efter losin the first set, Nadal suffered a back injury doun 2-0 in the seicont set, an awtho he won a set, he lost the match in fower sets. The first tournament he played efter that wis the inaugural [[2014 Rio Open – Men's Singles|Rio Open]] which he won efter defeatin [[Alexandr Dolgopolov]] in the feenal extendin his record o ATP 500 teetles tae 15. Houiver, at the [[2014 BNP Paribas Open – Men's Singles|Indian Wells Masters]], Dolgopolov wad avenge his loss, defeatin Nadal in three sets in the third roond. He reached the feenal o the [[2014 Sony Open Tennis – Men's Singles|Miami Masters]] afore fawin tae [[Novak Djokovic]] in straucht sets. Nadal began his clay court saison wi a quarterfeenal loss tae [[David Ferrer]] in the [[2014 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters – Singles|Monte-Carlo Masters]]. He wis stunned bi [[Nicolas Almagro]] in the quarterfeenals o the [[2014 Barcelona Open Banc Sabadell – Singles|Barcelona Open]]. Nadal won the [[2014 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's Singles|Madrid Open]] efter [[Kei Nishikori]] retired in the third set.<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/> On 8 Juin 2014, Nadal defeatit Novak Djokovic in the Men's Singles [[2014 French Open – Men's Singles|French Open final]] tae win his 9t French Open teetle an a 5t straicht win at Roland Garros. Nadal dropped the first set but came back in the gemme tae win the next three sets tae lift the trophy. Nadal equaled Pete Sampras' tot o 14 Grand Slam wins, the seicont heichest nummer o single [[Leet o Grand Slam men's singles champions|Grand Slam titles]] efter Roger Federer.<ref name="2014 French open">{{cite news |last1=Newbery |first1=Piers |title=Rafael Nadal beats Novak Djokovic to win ninth French Open title |url=http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/tennis/27753534 |date=8 June 2014 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> Nadal lost in the seicont roond o the [[2014 Gerry Weber Open – Singles|Halle Open]] tae [[Dustin Brown (tennis)|Dustin Brown]] the follaein week.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/story/_/id/11070600/rafael-nadal-falls-halle-1st-match-french |title=Rafael Nadal ousted in Halle |date=12 June 2014 |accessdate=14 June 2014 |publisher=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> Nadal then entered the [[2014 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|Wimbledon Championships]] in a bid tae win the tournament for the third time an tae win his 15t Grand Slam teetle overall. In the first three roonds he faced [[Martin Kližan]], Lukáš Rosol (tae whom he suffered a shock defeat at the same stage o the tournament twa years earlier) an [[Mikhail Kukushkin]]. In each o thir matches he lost the first set afore takin command an winnin them in fower sets. In the fowert roond he faced Australian teenager [[Nick Kyrgios]] (ranked 143 places lawer than Nadal) an again lost the first set, but despite winning the seicont set, he wis unable tae turn the tide an eventually lost in fower sets.<ref name="Wimbledon 2014">{{cite news |last1=Newbery |first1=Piers |title=Rafael Nadal beaten by Nick Kyrgios at Wimbledon |url=http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/tennis/28118239 |date=1 July 2014 |accessdate=1 July 2014 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> Nadal widrew frae the American swing due tae a wrist injury. He made his return at the [[2014 China Open (tennis)|2014 China Open]]. He wis defeatit bi [[Martin Klizan]] in three sets. At the [[2014 Shanghai Rolex Masters]], he suffered frae appendicitis, therefore he eventually went doun bi [[Feliciano Lopez]] in straucht sets. Later, he wis upset bi [[Borna Coric]] at the quarterfeenals o the [[2014 Swiss Indoors]]. Efter the loss, he annoonced that he will skip the rest o the saison. ===2015: King of Clay Dethroned=== {{main|2015 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} Nadal began the year as the defendin Champion at Qatar, but suffered a shocking three set defeat tae [[Michael Berrer]] in roond ane o the Qatar Open.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/30702154 |title=Rafael Nadal suffers shock defeat by Michael Berrer in Doha |date=6 January 2015 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> He won the doubles teetle wi [[Juan Monaco]]. At the [[2015 Australian Open – Men's Singles|Australian Open]], Nadal beat [[Mikhail Youzhny]] in the first roond in straucht sets, afore prevailing in a tough five-setter against American [[Tim Smyczek]] in the seicont roond, despite bein visibly unwell at times during the gemme. He then beat [[Dudi Sela]] an [[Kevin Anderson (tennis)|Kevin Anderson]] in straucht sets tae advance tae his 28t career quarterfeenal. Nadal lost in straucht sets tae [[Tomáš Berdych]] in the quarterfeenal, sicweys endin a 17-match winning streak against the seivent-seedit Czech.<ref>{{cite news |last=Newbery |first=Piers |title=Rafael Nadal beaten by Tomas Berdych at Australian Open |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/30996172 |accessdate=24 May 2015 |work=BBC Sport |date=27 January 2015}}</ref> Nadal lost in the semifeenal tae [[Fabio Fognini]] at the [[Rio Open]], afore going on tae win his 46th career clay-court teetle against [[Juan Monaco]] at the Argentina Open.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/31687217 |title=Rafael Nadal: Argentina Open win equals clay-court title record |date=1 March 2015 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> In Mey, Nadal lost in the quarterfeenals o the [[Rome Masters]] tae [[Stan Wawrinka]] in straucht sets. On Juin 3rd, his 29t birthday, Nadal lost tae Novak Djokovic in the quarterfeenals o the French Open, endin his winning streak o 39 consecutive victories in Paris syne his defeat bi Robin Söderling in 2009. Efter the tournament, Nadal will drop tae nummer 10 in the ATP-rankings, his lowest ranking in ower a decade. ==Rivalries== {{see also|Big Four (tennis)}} ===Nadal vs. Federer=== {{Main|Federer–Nadal rivalry}} [[File:Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal at the 2006 Wimbledon Championships.jpg|thumb|Nadal an Federer during the [[2006 Wimbledon Championships]] final]] [[Roger Federer|Federer]] an Nadal hae been playin ilk ither syne 2004, an thair rivalry is a significant pairt o baith men's careers.<ref name="asgoodasitgets"/><ref name="moveoverborgmac">{{cite news|first=Paul|last=Weaver|title = Move over McEnroe and Borg, this one will run and run in the memory|url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2008/jul/07/wimbledon.tennis4|work=The Guardian|location=London|date = 7 July 2008|accessdate =14 February 2009 }}</ref><ref name="asgoodassportgets">{{cite news|first = Martin|last = Flanagan|title = Federer v Nadal as good as sport gets|work = The Age|location = Melbourne|url = http://www.theage.com.au/news/tennis/federer-v-nadal-as-good-as-|access-date = 2015-06-03|archive-date = 2013-08-14|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130814212515/http://www.atpworldtour.com/Players/Head-To-Head.aspx?pId=N409&oId=F324|url-status = dead}}</ref> Thay held the tap twa rankings on the ATP Tour frae Julie 2005 until 14 August 2009, whan Nadal fell tae warld No. 3 (Andy Murray acame the new No. 2).<ref>{{cite news|first = Richard|last = Jago|title = Murray reaches world No.2|date = 15 August 2009|url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2009/aug/15/andy-murray-montreal-masters-jo-wilfried-tsonga|work=The Observer|accessdate =16 August 2010|location=London}}</ref> Thay are the anly pair o men tae hae ever finished fower consecutive calendar years at the tap.<ref>{{cite web|title=Roger Federer Ranking History|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Roger-Federer.aspx?t=rh|publisher=Association of Tennis Professionals|accessdate=9 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rafael Nadal|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Rafael-Nadal.aspx?t=rh|publisher=Associate of Tennis Professionals|accessdate=9 February 2013}}</ref> Nadal ascended tae No. 2 in Julie 2005 an held this spot for a record 160 consecutive weeks afore surpassing Federer in August 2008.<ref name="nadalnum1">{{cite web|url=http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/25978842/|title=It's official: Nadal will pass Federer for No. 1|date=1 August 2008|publisher=NBC Sports (Associated Press)|accessdate=14 February 2009|archive-date=2008-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019231656/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/25978842/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thay hae played 33 times, an Nadal leads thair heid-tae-heid series 23–10 overall an 9–2 in Grand Slam tournaments. Fifteen o thair matches hae been on clay, which is statistically Nadal's best surface.<ref name="FedEx ATP Reliability Index">{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Reliability-Zone/Reliability-Clay-Career-List.aspx|title=FedEx ATP Reliability Index|accessdate=1 April 2012|archive-date=2013-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029212601/http://www.atpworldtour.com/Reliability-Zone/Reliability-Clay-Career-List.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Federer haes a winning record on grass (2–1) an indoor haurd courts (4–1) while Nadal leads the outdoor haurd courts bi 8–2 an clay bi 13–2.<ref name="atp-headtohead">{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/Rivalries/Nadal-Federer-Rivalry.aspx|title=Head to Head player details|publisher=ATP World Tour|accessdate=14 April 2013}}</ref> As tournament seedings are based on rankings, 20 o thair matches hae been in tournament feenals, includin an aw-time record 8 Grand Slam tournament feenals.<ref name="atp-therivalry">{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/Rivalries/Nadal-Federer-Rivalry.aspx|title= Rafa & Roger: The Rivalry|date=18 March 2012|publisher=ATP World Tour|accessdate=15 June 2012}}</ref> Frae 2006 tae 2008, thay played in every French Open an Wimbledon feenal, an an aa met in the teetle match o the 2009 Australian Open an the 2011 French Open.<ref name="atp-therivalry"/> Nadal won sax o the aicht, losin the first twa Wimbledon feenals. Three o thir matches war five set-matches (2007 an 2008 Wimbledon, 2009 Australian Open), an the 2008 Wimbledon feenal haes been lauded as the greatest match ever bi mony lang-time tennis analysts.<ref name="greatestmatchever"/><ref name="McEnroe-greatestmatch">{{cite news|first = Richard|last = Alleyne|title = Wimbledon 2008: John McEnroe hails Rafael Nadal victory as greatest final ever|work=The Telegraph|url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/2305019/Wimbledon-2008-John-McEnroe-hails-Rafael-Nadal-victory-as-greatest-final-ever.html|date = 7 July 2008|accessdate =14 February 2009|location=London}}</ref><ref name="wertheim-greatestmatch">{{cite news|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/writers/jon_wertheim/07/09/wertheim.mailbag/index.html|title=Without a doubt, it's the greatest|last=Wertheim|first=Jon|date=9 July 2008|work=Tennis Mailbag|accessdate=14 February 2009|archive-date=2013-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813175621/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/writers/jon_wertheim/07/09/wertheim.mailbag/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="tignor-greatestmatch">{{cite web|url=http://tennisworld.typepad.com/thewrap/2008/07/w-report-cards.html|title=W: Report Cards|last=Tignor|first=Steve|work=Concrete Elbow|publisher=Tennis.com|date=8 July 2008|accessdate=14 February 2009}}</ref> ===Nadal vs. Djokovic=== {{Main|Djokovic–Nadal rivalry}} [[Novak Djokovic]] an Nadal hae met 43 times (mair nor ony ither players in the Open Era) wi Nadal haein a 23–20 advantage.<ref name="CO2013"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Featured Columnist |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1800155-analyzing-importance-of-novak-djokovics-china-open-win-vs-rafael-nadal |title=Analyzing Importance of Novak Djokovic's China Open Win vs. Rafael Nadal |publisher=Bleacherreport.com |date=6 October 2013 |accessdate=31 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="FEDEX ATP HEAD 2 HEADs">{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Players/Head-To-Head.aspx?pId=N409&oId=D643|title=FEDEX ATP HEAD 2 HEADs|accessdate=19 August 2011}}</ref> Nadal leads on grass 2–1 an clay 14–5, but Djokovic leads on haurd courts 14–7.<ref name="CO2013"/><ref name="FEDEX ATP HEAD 2 HEADs"/> In 2009, this rivalry wis listit as the third greatest o the previous 10 years bi ATPwarldtour.com.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2009/12/Decade-In-Review-Rivalries.aspx|title=RIVALRIES OF THE DECADE|accessdate=19 August 2011}}</ref> Djokovic is ane o anly twa players tae hae at least ten match wins against Nadal (the ither bein Federer) an the anly person tae defeat Nadal seiven consecutive times an twa times consecutively on clay. The twa earlier shared the record for the langest match played in a best o three sets (4 oors an 3 minutes) at the 2009 Mutua Madrid Open semifeenals until the match atween [[Roger Federer]] an [[Juan Martín del Potro]] in the [[Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|London 2012 Olympics Semifinal]], which is the langest best-of-three-set match bi time (at 4 oors an 26 minutes).<ref name=OlympicEpic>{{cite web|url= http://www.worldtennismagazine.com/archives/7566|title= Roger Federer’s History-Making Olympic Epic Over Juan Martin del Potro|author= Walker, Randy|publisher= World Tennis Magazine|date= 3 August 2012|accessdate= 4 August 2012|archive-date= 2018-07-25|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180725111408/http://www.worldtennismagazine.com/archives/7566|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.london2012.com/news/articles/federer-edges-epic-encounter.html |title= Federer edges epic encounter |publisher= London2012.com |date= 3 August 2012 |accessdate= 4 August 2012 |archive-date= 2012-12-09 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20121209204441/http://www.london2012.com/news/articles/federer-edges-epic-encounter.html |url-status= dead }}</ref> Thay hae an aa played in a [[ATP Masters Series#Records an trivia|record]] 12 [[ATP Masters Series|Masters Series]] feenals. In the 2011 Wimbledon feenal, Djokovic won in fower sets for his first Slam feenal ower Nadal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/04/sports/tennis/2011-wimbledon-mens-final-novak-djokovic-defeats-rafael-nadal.html?amp=&pagewanted=all|title=Djokovic Overwhelms Nadal for Wimbledon Title|accessdate=3 July 2011 | work=The New York Times|first=Christopher|last=Clarey|date=3 July 2011}}</ref> Djokovic an aa defeatit Nadal in the 2011 US Open Final. In 2012, Djokovic defeatit Nadal in the Australian Open feenal for a third consecutive Slam feenal win ower Nadal. This wis the langest Grand Slam tournament feenal in Open era history at 5 hrs, 53 mins.<ref>{{cite news|author=Paul Gittings|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2012-01-29/tennis/sport_tennis_tennis-djokovic-nadal-australia_1_mallorcan-djokovic-nadal-victory?_s=PM:TENNIS|title=Djokovic beats Nadal in marathon classic to win Australian Open|publisher=CNN|date=29 January 2012|accessdate=8 June 2012|archive-date=2013-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303015240/http://articles.cnn.com/2012-01-29/tennis/sport_tennis_tennis-djokovic-nadal-australia_1_mallorcan-djokovic-nadal-victory?_s=PM:TENNIS|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nadal won thair last three 2012 meetins in the feenal o Monte Carlo Masters, Rome Masters an French Open in Aprile, in Mey an in Juin 2012, respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/18150412|title= Rafael Nadal|accessdate=21 May 2012}}</ref> In 2013, Djokovic defeatit Nadal in straucht sets in the feenal at Monte Carlo, endin Nadal's record aicht consecutive teetles thare, but Nadal got revenge at the French Open in an epic five-setter 9–7 in the fift. In August 2013, Nadal won in Montreal, denying Djokovic his fowert [[Canadian Open (tennis)|Rogers Cup]] teetle.<ref name="CO2013"/> Nadal an aa defeatit Djokovic in the 2013 US Open Final. In thair third clash o 2014 Nadal defeatit Djokovic in the 2014 French Open feenal. ===Nadal vs. Murray=== {{Main|Murray–Nadal rivalry}} [[File:Murray and Nadal Tokyo (1) (1).jpg|thumbnail|Nadal an Murray in Tokyo]] Nadal an [[Andy Murray]] hae met on 21 occasions syne [[2007 ATP Tour|2007]], wi Nadal leadin 15–6. Nadal leads 6–1 on clay, 3–0 on grass an 6–5 on haurd courts (includin 5–3 in outdoor courts, but Murray leads 2–1 on indoor haurd courts). The pair ance met regularly at [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] level, wi aicht oot o thair twinty-ane meetins coming in slams, wi Nadal leadin 6–2 (3–0 at [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]], 1–0 at the French Open, 1–1 at the Australian Open & 1–1 at the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Players/Head-To-Head.aspx?pId=N409&oId=MC10|title=Nadal v Murray Head to Head|publisher=atpworldtour.com|accessdate=6 August 2012}}</ref> Seiven o thir aicht appearances hae been at quarterfeenal an semifeenal level, makin the rivalry an important pairt o baith men's careers. Thay hae never met in a Slam feenal, houiver, Murray leads 3–1 in [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP]] feenals, wi Nadal winning at [[2009 BNP Paribas Open|Indian Wells]] in [[2009 ATP World Tour|2009]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7958375.stm|title=Nadal blows Murray away in final|work=BBC Sport|date=22 March 2009|accessdate=6 February 2012}}</ref> an Murray winnin in [[2009 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament|Rotterdam]] the same year,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7891311.stm|title=Murray beats Nadal to take title|work=BBC Sport|date=15 February 2009|accessdate=6 February 2012}}</ref> [[2011 Rakuten Japan Open Tennis Championships|Tokyo]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/15231444|title=Andy Murray defeats Rafael Nadal in Japan Open final|work=BBC Sport|date=9 October 2011|accessdate=6 February 2012}}</ref> in [[2011 ATP Warld Tour|2011]], an [[2015 Mutua Madrid Open|Madrid]] in [[2015 ATP Warld Tour|2015]]. Murray lost three consecutive Grand Slam semifeenals tae Nadal in 2011 frae the [[2011 French Open|French Open]] tae the [[2011 US Open (tennis)|US Open]]. Remarkably, o the past 19 Grand Slam drawsheets, thay hae been drawn in the same hauf 16 times. The pair did nae meet in [[2012 ATP World Tour|2012]], haein been scheduled tae meet in the semifeenal o the [[2012 Miami Masters|Miami Masters]] afore Nadal widrew wi injury.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/17560498|title=Andy Murray to play Djokovic in Miami final after Nadal withdraws|work=BBC Sport|date=1 April 2012|accessdate=6 February 2012}}</ref> ==Playing style== [[File:Rafael Nadal at the 2010 US Open 06.jpg|thumbnail|left|Nadal's forehand]] Nadal generally plays an aggressive, behind-the-[[Tennis court#Dimensions|baseline]] gemme foondit on hivy [[topspin]] groundstrokes, consistency, speedy footwork an tenacious coort coverage, sicweys makin him an aggressive counterpuncher.<ref name="ESPN">{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon08/columns/story?columnist=garber_greg&id=3472238|title=Nadal Has Improved Virtually Every Aspect of His Game|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=3 July 2008|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> Kent for his athleticism an speed aroond the court, Nadal is an excellent defender<ref name="about bio">{{cite news | first=Jeff | last=Cooper | title=Rafael Nadal&nbsp;– Game Profile | url=http://tennis.about.com/od/playersmale/a/nadalgp.htm | accessdate=30 July 2007 | archive-date=2016-11-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107033909/http://tennis.about.com/od/playersmale/a/nadalgp.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> who hits well on the run, biggin winning plays frae seemingly defensive poseetions. He an aa plays very fine dropshots, which wirk especially well acause his hivy topspin eften forces opponents tae the back o the court.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennis.com/yourgame/instructionarticles/netgame/netgame.aspx?id=123244|title=Rafael Nadal's Drop Volley|work=Tennis Magazine|date=27 March 2008|accessdate=30 January 2009|archive-date=2009-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026221750/http://www.tennis.com/yourgame/instructionarticles/netgame/netgame.aspx?id=123244|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Nadal 4 Monte Carlo 2007.jpg|thumb|Nadal playin on clay]] Nadal employs a semi-wastren grip forehand, eften wi a "lasso-whip" follae throu, whaur his left arm hits throu the baw andfinishes abuin his left shouder – as opposed tae a mair traditional finish athort the body or aroond his opposite shouder.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.elitetennistraining.com/free-online-tennis-lessons/gripping-the-tennis-racquet/ | title=How To Hold A Tennis Racket | accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.essentialtennis.com/category/video/grips/ | title=Essential Tennis - Rafael Nadal’s Forehand Grip Revealed | accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> Nadal's forehand groundstroke form allows him tae hit shots wi hivy topspin – mair sae than mony o his contemporaries.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/27/sports/tennis/27tennis.html |title=More and More Players Deliver Slap to Classic Forehand|work=[[The New York Times]] |date=27 June 2006|accessdate=30 January 2009 | first=Christopher | last=Clarey}}</ref> San Francisco tennis researcher John Yandell uised a heich-speed video camera an special software tae count the average nummer o revolutions o a tennis ball hit full force bi Nadal. While Nadal's shots tend tae land short o the baseline, the characteristically heich bounces his forehands achieve tend tae mitigate the advantage an opponent wad normally gain frae capitalizing on a short ball.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennis.com/yourgame/instructionarticles/forehand/forehand.aspx?id=56544|title=The Forehand of Rafael Nadal|work=Tennis Magazine|date=15 December 2006|accessdate=30 January 2009|archive-date=2009-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304142514/http://tennis.com/yourgame/instructionarticles/forehand/forehand.aspx?id=56544|url-status=dead}}</ref> Awtho his forehand is based on hivy topspin, he can hit the ball deep an flat wi a mair orthodox follae throu for clean winners. {{rquote|right|"The first guys we did were Sampras an Agassi. They were hitting forehands that in general were spinning about 1,800 to 1,900 revolutions per minute. Federer is hitting with an amazing amount of spin, too, right? 2,700 revolutions per minute. Well, we measured one forehand Nadal hit at 4,900. His average was 3,200."|John Yandell, San Francisco-based tennis researcher.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ripped. (Or Torn Up?) |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/21/magazine/21nadal-t.html |work=[[The New York Times]] | first=Cynthia | last=Gorney | date=17 June 2009 | accessdate=22 May 2010}}</ref>}} Nadal's serve wis initially considered a waik pynt in his gemme, awtho his improvements in baith first-serve pynts won an break pynts saved syne 2005 hae allowed him tae consistently compete for an win major teetles on faster surfaces. Nadal relies on the consistency o his serve tae gain a strategic advantage in pynts, rather than going for [[Serve (tennis)#Serve terminology|service winners]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/2304937/Rafael-Nadal-determined-to-keep-one-step-ahead-of-Roger-Federer.html|title=Rafael Nadal Determined to Keep One Step Ahead of Roger Federer|work=The Daily Telegraph |location=UK |date=6 July 2008|accessdate=30 January 2009 | first=Clive | last=White}}</ref> Houiver, afore the 2010 US Open, he altered his service motion, arrivin in the trophy pose earlier an pullin the racket lawer during the trophy pose. Afore the 2010 U.S. Open, Nadal modified his service grip tae a mair continental ane. Thir twa changes in his serve increased his average speed bi aroond 10&nbsp;mph during the 2010 US Open, maxing oot at 135&nbsp;mph (217&nbsp;km), allouin him tae win mair free pynts on his serve.<ref>{{cite web|author=Tony Kurdzuk/The Star-Ledger |url=http://www.nj.com/sports/njsports/index.ssf/2010/09/rafael_nadal_has_gotten_a_grip.html |title=12 September 2010 |work=The Star-Ledger |accessdate=3 June 2011}}</ref> Houiver, syne the 2010 US Open, Nadal's serve speed haes dropped back doun tae previous levels an haes again been citit as a need for improvement.<ref>{{cite web|author=Timothy Rapp |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1044134-rafael-nadal-rafa-must-improve-serve-to-beat-novak-djokovic |title=Rafael Nadal: Rafa Must Improve Serve to Beat Novak Djokovic |publisher=Bleacher Report |date= 30 January 2012|accessdate=3 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Thomas Skuzinski |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/815240-2011-us-open-biggest-weaknesses-in-the-top-8-men#/articles/815240-2011-us-open-biggest-weaknesses-in-the-top-8-men/page/5 |title=Rafael Nadal's Serve, and 7 Other Weak Shots Among the Top 8 Men |publisher=Bleacher Report |date= 22 August 2011|accessdate=3 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Naharnet Newsdesk |url=http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/14931 |title=Beaten Nadal Vows to Turn Tables on Djokovic |publisher=Naharnet |date= 13 September 2011|accessdate=3 May 2012}}</ref> Nadal is a clay court specialeet in the sense that he haes been extremely successfu on that surface. Syne 2005, he won nine times at Roland Garros, aicht times at Monte Carlo an seiven at Rome. Houiver, Nadal haes shed that label due tae his success on ither surfaces, includin holding simultaneous Grand Slam tournament teetles on grass, haurd courts, an clay on twa separate occasions, winning aicht Masters series teetles on hardcourt, an winning the Olympic gowd medal on hardcourt.<ref name="ESPN"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/aus09/columns/story?columnist=harwitt_sandra&id=3876694|title=No limit to what Nadal can accomplish|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=1 February 2009|accessdate=1 February 2009}}</ref> Despite praise for Nadal's talent an skill, some hae questioned his longevity in the sport, citing his big an playin style as conducive tae injury.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen07/news/story?id=2996956|title=Style of play catching up with Rafa?|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=30 August 2007|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> Nadal himsel haes admittit tae the physical toll haurd courts place on [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP Tour]] players, calling for a reevaluatit tour schedule featurin fewer haurd court tournaments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tennis.com/tournaments/2009/australianopen/australianopen.aspx?id=163626|title=Oz Champ Nadal Wants Changes in Tennis Schedule|work=Tennis Magazine|date=2 February 2009|accessdate=2 February 2009|archive-date=2009-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615164042/http://tennis.com/tournaments/2009/australianopen/australianopen.aspx?id=163626|url-status=dead}}</ref> <!-- Nadal is ''not'' a clay-court specialist. Although clay is his best surface, four of his slams have been on non-clay surfaces, he won the Olympic singles gold medal on hardcourt, and has won five Masters titles on hardcourts. Just because clay is his best surface does not make him a claycourt specialist. Sergi Bruguera, Thomas Muster, Alberto Berasategui, Carlos Costa – those are clay-court specialists, none of whom even made a major final other than the French (and all were terrible on grass). Nadal has made five Wimbledon finals and was clearly the second-best player in the world on grass for 2006, and 2007, and 2011, and was the best in 2008, and 2010. That is not counting his Australian Open title, U.S. Open titles, or Olympic gold medal. Nadal has made 10 of his 18 Grand Slam finals outside of clay. --> ==Public image== ===Equipment and endorsements=== [[File:Nadal vs Federer RG 2007.jpg|thumb|[[Nike Inc.|Nike]] sleeveless shirt wi matching headband & wrist bands and [[Babolat]] AeroPro Drive GT at [[French Open|Roland Garros]] 2007]] Nadal haes been sponsored bi [[Kia Motors]] syne 2006. He haes appeared in advertising campaigns for Kia as a global ambassador for the company. In Mey 2008, Kia released a [[claymation]] viral ad featurin Nadal in a tennis match wi an alien.<ref>[http://paultan.org/archives/2008/05/24/kias-bizarre-nadal-versus-alien-video/ Kia Nadal versus Alien Video].</ref> In Mey 2015, Nadal extendit his partnership wi Kia for anither five years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rafael Nadal and Kia Motors double up for another five years|url=http://www.hyundaimotorgroup.com/MediaCenter/News/Press-Releases/kia-motor-Rafael-Nadal-support-eng-150504.hub|website=Hyundai Motor Group|accessdate=25 May 2015|archive-date=2015-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525181424/http://www.hyundaimotorgroup.com/MediaCenter/News/Press-Releases/kia-motor-Rafael-Nadal-support-eng-150504.hub|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Nike Inc.|Nike]] serves as Nadal's clothing an shae sponsor. Nadal's signature on-court attire entailed a variety o sleeveless shirts paired wi 3/4 lenth [[capri pants]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nymag.com/fashion/08/fall/49256|title=The Beefcake in the Backcourt|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]|date=17 August 2008|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> For the 2009 saison, Nadal adoptit mair-traditional on-court apparel. Nike encouraged Nadal tae update his leuk in order tae reflect his new status as the sport's tap player at that time<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/aus09/columns/story?columnist=tandon_kamakshi&id=3837536&campaign=rss&source=TENNISHeadlines|title=Rafa Needs More Than a New Look|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=17 January 2009|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> an associate Nadal wi a style that, while less distinctive than his "pirate" leuk, wad be mair widely emulatit bi consumers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/article/123520|title=Rafael Nadal to Launch New, More Traditional Image at US Open|work=Sports Business Daily|date=1 August 2008|accessdate=30 January 2009|archive-date=2008-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202122241/http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/article/123520|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnbc.com/id/28854928|title=Nadal's Wardrobe Malfunction|publisher=[[CNBC]]|date=26 January 2009|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> At warmup tournaments in [[2009 Capitala World Tennis Championship|Abu Dhabi]] an [[Qatar ExxonMobil Open|Doha]], Nadal played matches in a [[polo shirt]] specifically designed for him bi Nike,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cornedbeefhash.wordpress.com/2009/01/20/fashion-focus-rafa-after-a-hiccup-finally-grows-up/|title=Fashion Focus: Rafael Nadal|publisher=Tennis Served Fresh|date=20 January 2009|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> paired wi shorts cut abuin the knee. Nadal's new, mair conventional style carried ower tae the [[2009 Australian Open]], whaur he wis outfittit wi Nike's Bold Crew Men's Tee<ref>{{cite web|url=http://store.nike.com/index.jsp?sitesrc=USLP&country=US&lang_locale=en_US#l=shop,pdp,ctr-inline/cid-1/pid-204467/pgid-204469|title=Nike Bold New Tennis Crew|publisher=Nike Store|date=30 January 2009|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> an Nadal Lang Check Shorts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://store.nike.com/index.jsp?sitesrc=USLP&country=US&lang_locale=en_US#l=shop,pdp,ctr-inline/cid-1/pid-204474/pgid-204476|title=Nadal Long Check Shortsbhnu|publisher=Nike Store|date=30 January 2009|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cornedbeefhash.wordpress.com/2009/01/24/rafas-costume-change-part-deux/|title=Rafa's Costume Change|publisher=Tennis Served Fresh|date=24 January 2009|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennis.com/uploadedImages/Features/Photo_Galleries/TENNIS_Gallery/2009_01_22_pg22.jpg|title=Emperor's New Clothes|work=Tennis Magazine|date=24 January 2009|accessdate=30 January 2009|archive-date=2009-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205003824/http://www.tennis.com/uploadedImages/Features/Photo_Galleries/TENNIS_Gallery/2009_01_22_pg22.jpg|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nadal wears Nike's Air CourtBallistec 2.3 tennis shuin,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tenniswarehouse-europe.com/descpageMSNIKEH-NMACBT.html |title=Nike Air CourtBallistec 1.3 |accessdate=5 September 2007 |archive-date=2009-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224005406/http://tenniswarehouse-europe.com/descpageMSNIKEH-NMACBT.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> bearing various customizations throughout the saison, includin his nickname "Rafa" on the right shae an a stylized bull logo on the left. He acame the face o [[Lanvin (clothing)|Lanvin's]] ''L'Homme Sport'' cologne in Aprile 2009.<ref>{{cite web |author=Marie-Helene Wagner |url=http://www.mimifroufrou.com/scentedsalamander/2009/03/lanvin_lhomme_sport_2009_front.html |title=Lanvin L'Homme Sport (2009): Fronted by Rafael Nadal |publisher=Mimifroufrou.com |date=3 March 2009 |accessdate=3 June 2011 |archive-date=2019-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402082901/http://www.mimifroufrou.com/scentedsalamander/2009/03/lanvin_lhomme_sport_2009_front.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nadal uses an AeroPro Drive racquet wi a 4{{frac|1|4}}-inch L2 grip. {{As of|2010|alt=As of the 2010 season}}, Nadal's racquets are paintit tae resemble the new Babolat AeroPro Drive wi Cortex GT racquet in order tae mercat a current model which Babolat sells.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tt.tennis-warehouse.com/showthread.php?t=154451|title=Nadal Doesn't Use an APDC|publisher=Talk Tennis|date=1 September 2007|accessdate=30 January 2009|archive-date=2014-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129163905/http://tt.tennis-warehouse.com/showthread.php?t=154451|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen04/news/story?id=1872892|title=The Tennis Racket|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=2 September 2004|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> Nadal uses no replacement grip, an insteid wraps twa overgrips aroond the haundle. He uised Duralast 15L strings until the 2010 saison, whan he switched tae Babolat's new, black-coloured, RPM Blast string. Nadal's rackets are ayeweys strung at {{convert|55|lb|abbr=on}}, regairdless o which surface or conditions he is playin on.{{Citation needed|daye=January 2011|date=January 2011}} {{As of|2010|January}}, Nadal is the international ambassador for [[Quely]], a company frae his native [[Mallorca]] that manufactures biscuits, bakery an chocolate coatit products; he haes consumed thair products ever syne he wis a young bairn.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/rafa-nadal-quelys-embassador |title=Rafa Nadal is Quely's embassador |publisher=Rafaelnadal.com |date=21 December 2009 |accessdate=3 June 2011 |archive-date=2011-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208130450/http://rafaelnadal.com/content/rafa-nadal-quelys-embassador |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2010, luxury watchmaker Richard Mille annoonced that he haed developed an ultra-licht wristwatch in collaboration wi Nadal cried the Richard Mille RM027 Tourbillon watch.<ref name="watchmaker">{{cite news | first=Rob | last=Corder | title=Rafael Nadal to wear $525,000 Richard Mille watch | date=5 April 2010 | publisher=Professional Jeweller}}</ref> The watch is made o titanium an lithium an is valued at US$525,000; Nadal wis involved in the design an testin o the watch on the tennis court.<ref name="watchmaker"/> During the 2010 French Open, [[Men's Fitness]] reportit that Nadal wore the Richard Mille watch on the court as pairt o a sponsorship deal wi the Swiss watchmaker.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mensfitness.com/sports_and_recreation/athletes/224|title=Nadal Wears $525K Watch at French Open|publisher=mensfitness.com|accessdate=6 July 2010}}</ref> Nadal replaced [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] as the new face o [[Emporio Armani|Emporio Armani Underwear]] an [[Armani Jeans (brand)|Armani Jeans]] for the spring/summer 2011 collection.<ref name="TS">{{cite web |url=http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_28805.shtml |title=Rafael Nadal strips to his undies for Armani |publisher=Typicallyspanish.com |date=20 January 2011 |accessdate=3 June 2011 |archive-date=2012-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330060410/http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_28805.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> This wis the first time that the label haes chosen a tennis player for the job; association football haes ruled lately prior tae Ronaldo, [[David Beckham]] graced the ads syne 2008.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cowles |first=Charlotte |url=http://nymag.com/daily/fashion/2010/12/raphael_nadal_replaces_cristia.html |title=Rafael Nadal Replaces Cristiano Ronaldo as the New Face of Emporio Armani Underwear |work=New York |accessdate=3 June 2011}}</ref> Armani said that he selectit Nadal as his latest male unnerwear model acause "...he is ideal as he represents a healthy and positive model for youngsters."<ref name="TS"/> In Juin 2012, Nadal jynt the group o sports endorsers o the [[PokerStars]] [[online poker]] cardroom.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tennis Champion Rafael Nadal Joins Team PokerStars |url=http://www.pokernews.com/news/2012/06/tennis-champion-rafael-nadal-joins-team-pokerstars-12909.htm |work=Poker News |accessdate=19 July 2014}}</ref> In December 2013, Nadal won a charity poker tournament against retired Brazilian football player [[Ronaldo]] an fower ither competitors.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/tennis/article-2761579/Ronaldo-challenges-Rafael-Nadal-live-head-head-poker-duel.html "Ronaldo challenges Rafael Nadal to live head-to-head poker duel"]. ''Daily Mail''. Retrieved 29 September 2014</ref> ===In popular culture=== In Februar 2010, Rafael Nadal wis featurt in the muisic video o [[Shakira]]'s "[[Gypsy (Shakira song)|Gypsy]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_3-GiVIE8gc |title=Music video for "Gypsy" by Shakira featuring Rafael Nadal |publisher=YouTube |accessdate=6 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dvH5KbwjCoo |title=Shakira – Gypsy |publisher=YouTube |accessdate=6 June 2010 |archive-date=2018-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408001342/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dvH5KbwjCoo |url-status=dead }}</ref> an pairt o her album release ''[[She Wolf (album)|She Wolf]]''. In expleenin why she chose Nadal for the video, Shakira wis quotit as saying in an interview wi the ''Latin American Herald Tribune'': "I thought that maybe I needed someone I could in some way identify with. And Rafael Nadal is a person who has been totally committed to his career since he was very young. Since he was 17, I believe."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=352754&CategoryId=13003 |title=Shakira: I Chose Nadal for Video Because I "Identify with Him" |work=Latin American Herald Tribune |accessdate=6 June 2010 |archive-date=2019-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519190554/http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=352754&CategoryId=13003 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Source: Penny Newton |url=http://www.mtv.com.au/news/3347ebee-shakira-gypsy-mtv-exclusive/ |title=Shakira's Sexy New Video ''Gypsy'' |publisher=MTV |date=24 February 2010 |accessdate=6 June 2010 |archive-date=2012-06-04 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68AHQTnyt?url=http://www.mtv.com.au/news/3347ebee-shakira-gypsy-mtv-exclusive/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Asteroid=== [[128036 Rafaelnadal]] is a [[main belt]] asteroid discovered in 2003 at the [[Observatorio Astronómico de Mallorca]] an named efter Nadal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2008/07/nadalasteroid.aspx|title=Asteroid Named After Rafael Nadal|publisher=ATP World Tour|date=13 July 2012|accessdate=12 June 2012}}</ref> ==Off the court== ===Involvement in football=== Nadal is an avid fan o association football club [[Real Madrid]]. On 8 Julie 2010, it wis reportit that he haed acome a shareholder o [[RCD Mallorca]], his local club bi birth, in an attempt tae assist the club frae debt.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKLDE66727020100708 | agency=[[Reuters]] | title=Soccer-Rafa Nadal becomes shareholder at troubled Real Mallorca | date=9 July 2010 | access-date=2015-06-03 | archive-date=2010-07-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712103356/http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKLDE66727020100708 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Nadal reportedly ains 10 percent an wis offered the role o vice preses, but he rejectit that offer.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.realmallorca.co.uk/news/club/2010/sale-of-the-club-completed | work=[[Real Mallorca]] | title=Sale of the club completed | date=7 September 2010 | access-date=2015-06-03 | archive-date=2012-09-11 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911090749/http://www.realmallorca.co.uk/news/club/2010/sale-of-the-club-completed | url-status=dead }}</ref> His uncle [[Miguel Ángel Nadal]], acame assistant coach unner [[Michael Laudrup]]. Nadal remains a passionate [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] supporter; ''[[ESPN.com]]'' writer Graham Hunter wrote, "He's as ''Merengue'' as [Real Madrid icons] [[Raúl (footballer)|Raúl]], [[Iker Casillas]] and [[Alfredo Di Stéfano]]." Shortly efter acquiring his interest in Mallorca, Nadal cried oot [[UEFA]] for apparent hypocrisy in ejecting the club frae the [[2010–11 UEFA Europa League]] for excessive debts, saying throu a club spokesperson, "Well, if those are the criteria upon which UEFA is operating, then European competition will only comprise two or three clubs because all the rest are in debt, too."<ref name=Football>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/sports/soccer/news/_/id/5542102/rafael-nadal-tries-save-mallorca-football-club |title=Rafa to the rescue |first=Graham |last=Hunter |publisher=[[ESPN]] |date=9 September 2010 |accessdate=21 December 2010}}</ref> He is a fervent supporter o the [[Spain national football team|Spanish national team]], ane o anly sax people nae affiliatit wi the team or the [[Royal Spanish Football Federation|national federation]] allowed intae the team's locker room immediately follaein Spain's veectory in the [[2010 FIFA World Cup Final]].<ref name=Football/> ===Philanthropy=== Nadal teuk pairt in Thailand's "A Million Trees for the King" project, planting a tree in honour o Keeng [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]] on a veesit tae [[Hua Hin]] during his [[2010 PTT Thailand Open|Thailand Open 2010]]. "For me it's an honour to part of this project", said Nadal. "It's a very good project. I want to congratulate the Thai people and congratulate the King for this unbelievable day. I wish all the best for this idea. It's very, very nice."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/10/39/Bangkok-Nadal-Plants-Tree.aspx |title=Nadal Lends Hand To Million Trees Project |publisher=[[ATP World Tour]] |date=28 September 2010 |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref> ====Fundación Rafa Nadal==== The creation o the Fundación Rafa Nadal teuk place in November 2007, an its offeecial presentation wis in Februar 2008, at the Manacor Tennis Club in Mallorca, Spain. The foundation will focus on social wirk an development aid parteecularly on childhood an youth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fundacionrafanadal.org/ |title=Rafa Nadal Foundation |publisher=Fundacionrafanadal.com |accessdate=3 June 2011}}</ref> On deciding why tae stairt a foundation, Nadal said "This can be the beginning of my future, when I retire and have more time, [...] I am doing very well and I owe society, [...] A month-and-a-half ago I was in [[Chennai]], in India. The truth is we live great here....I can contribute something with my image..." Nadal wis inspired bi the [[Leet o Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies|Red Cross]] benefit match against [[malaria]] wi Real Madrid goalkeeper [[Iker Casillas]], recalling, "We raised an amount of money that we would never have imagined. I have to thank Iker, my project partner, who went all out for it, [...] That is why the time has come to set up my own foundation and determine the destination of the money." Nadal's mither, Ana Maria Parera, chairs the charitable organisation an faither Sebastian is vice-chairman. Coach an uncle Toni Nadal an his agent, umwhile tennis player [[Carlos Costa (tennis)|Carlos Costa]], are an aa involved. Roger Federer haes gien Nadal advice on getting involved in philanthropy. Despite the fact that poverty in Indie struck him parteecularly haurd, Nadal wants tae stairt bi helpin "people close by, in the [[Balearic Islands]], in Spain, and then, if possible, abroad."<ref>{{cite news |agency=[[Deutsche Presse-Agentur]] |url=http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/news/185574,rafael-nadal-launches-foundation--feature.html |title=Rafael Nadal launches foundation |publisher=Earth Times News |date=13 February 2008 |accessdate=3 June 2011 |archive-date=2019-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519231644/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/news/185574,rafael-nadal-launches-foundation--feature.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 16 October 2010, Nadal traveled tae Indie for the first time tae veesit his tennis academy for unnerprivileged childer at [[Anantapur Sports Village]], in the [[Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh|Anantapur City, Andhra Pradesh]]. His foundation haes an aa worked in the Anantapur Educational Center project, in collaboration wi the [[Vicente Ferrer Moncho|Vicente Ferrer Foundation]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/rafa-and-his-foundation-india |title=Rafa and his foundation in India |publisher=The Official Rafa Nadal Website |accessdate=3 June 2011 |archive-date=2011-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001054734/http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/rafa-and-his-foundation-india |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rafa in India to promote tennis school |first=Sreenivas |last=Janyala |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/rafa-in-india-to-promote-tennis-school/698828/ |work=The Indian Express |location=Mumbai |date=18 October 2010}}</ref> ===Personal life=== Nadal lived wi his parents an younger sister Maria Isabel in a five-story apartment biggin in thair hometown o Manacor, Mallorca. In Juin 2009, Spanish newspaper ''[[La Vanguardia]]'', an then ''[[The New York Times]]'', reportit that his parents, Ana Maria an Sebastian, haed separated. This news came efter weeks o speculation in Internet posts an message boards ower Nadal's personal issues as the cause o his setback.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon09/columns/story?columnist=garber_greg&id=4280346 | publisher=ESPN | title=Personal woes affecting Rafa? | date=23 July 2009}}</ref> Nadal haes revealed himsel tae be [[Agnosticism|agnostic]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2010/writers/jon_wertheim/07/16/nadal.interview/index.html | work=[[Sports Illustrated]] | title=Q&A with Rafael Nadal | date=16 July 2010 | access-date=2015-06-03 | archive-date=2013-11-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105222559/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2010/writers/jon_wertheim/07/16/nadal.interview/index.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> As a young boy, he wad run home frae schuil tae watch [[Goku]] in his favorite Japanese anime, ''[[Dragon Ball]]''. [[CNN]] released an article aboot Nadal's childhood inspiration, an cried him "the Dragon Ball of tennis" due tae his unorthodox style "from another planet."<ref>{{cite news|last=Johnson|first=Christopher|title=Rafael Nadal: The 'Dragon Ball' of tennis|url=http://www.cnngo.com/tokyo/play/rafael-nadal-dragon-ball-tennis-216638|accessdate=31 December 2011|newspaper=[[CNN International]]|date=8 October 2010}}</ref> In addition tae tennis an football, Nadal enjoys golf an an aa poker.<ref>{{cite news |first=Bill |last=Smith |title=Away from tennis court, Rafael Nadal seeks a golf course |work=[[The Miami Herald]] |date=28 March 2012 |accessdate=29 April 2012}}</ref> In Aprile 2014 he played the warld's nummer 1 female poker player, [[Vanessa Selbst]], in a poker gemme in Monaco.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/RafaelNadal/status/454703137358901248/photo/1 |title=Twitter / RafaelNadal: Great experience playing with |publisher=Twitter.com |date=11 April 2014 |accessdate=31 July 2014}}</ref> Nadal's autobiography, ''Rafa'' ([[Hyperion Books|Hyperion]], 2012, ISBN 1401310923), written wi assistance frae [[John Carlin (journalist)|John Carlin]], wis published in August 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/usopen11/story/_/id/6896793/us-open-twenty-things-learn-rafael-nadal-autobiography|title=U.S. Open – Twenty things we learn in Rafael Nadal's autobiography|last=Tandon|first=Kamakshi|date=26 August 2011|publisher=ESPN|accessdate=31 May 2013}}</ref> ==Notes== <references group="lower-alpha"/> ==References== {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == *{{official website|http://www.rafaelnadal.com}} *{{twitter|RafaelNadal|Rafael Nadal}} *{{Facebook|Nadal|Rafael Nadal}} *{{ATP|N409|Rafael Nadal}} *{{ITF male profile|100007935|Rafael Nadal}} *{{DavisCup player|100007935|Rafael Nadal}} {{Tap ten tennis players|atpsingles=y}} {{navboxes|title=Rafael Nadal in the [[grand slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] toornaments |list1= {{Australian Open men's singles champions}} {{French Open men's singles champions}} {{Wimbledon men's singles champions}} {{US Open men's singles champions}} {{Tennis Career Grand Slam Champions}} {{Tennis men grand slam three and over}} {{Men's tennis players who won two or more Grand Slam singles titles in one calendar year}} }} {{navboxes|title=Rafael Nadal [[Rafael Nadal career statistics|achievements]] |list1= {{Tennis Warld ATP Nummer Anes (men)}} {{Footer Olympic Champions Tennis Men}} {{Laureus World Sportsman of the Year}} {{Spanish Sportsman of the Year}} {{Top ten tennis players|atpsingles=y}} {{Top ten male singles tennis players of countries belonging to Tennis Europe}} {{Top ten Spanish male singles tennis players}} }} {{ATP Masters Series tournament winners}} {{ATP Masters Series tournament doubles winners}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nadal, Rafael}} [[Category:1986 births]] [[Category:Australian Open (tennis) champions]] [[Category:French Open champions]] [[Category:Laureus Warld Sports Awairds winners]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Olympic gowd medallists for Spain]] [[Category:Olympic medallists in tennis]] [[Category:Olympic tennis players o Spain]] [[Category:Fowk frae Manacor]] [[Category:Rafael Nadal| ]] [[Category:Spaingie agnostics]] [[Category:Spaingie fitbaw chairmen an investors]] [[Category:Spaingie male tennis players]] [[Category:Tennis players at the 2004 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Tennis players at the 2008 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:US Open (tennis) champions]] [[Category:Wimbledon champions]] [[Category:Warld No. 1 tennis players]] om3jhe5wys61olkdqqd40apb80halrd 0 37668 915934 915593 2026-04-29T22:16:48Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915934 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Bulgarian province | native_name = Област Ямбол | image_map = Yambol Province location map.svg | capital = [[Yambol]] | population_total = 129,156 | population_footnotes = <ref name="divisions"/> | population_as_of = Februar 2011 | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | area_footnotes = <ref name="phare"/> | area_total_km2 = 3,355.5 | municipalities = 5 | license_plate = Y | governor = Tanya Dimitrova | website = [http://www.yambol.government.bg/ yambol.government.bg] }} '''Yambol''' ({{lang-bg|област Ямбол}}, ''oblast Yambol'', umwhile name [[Okrug|Yambol okrug]]) is a [[province]] in sootheastren [[Bulgarie]], neebourin [[Turkey]] tae the sooth. It is namit efter its main ceety [[Yambol]], while ither touns include [[Straldzha]], [[Bolyarovo]] an [[Elhovo]]. The province embraces a territory o 3,355.5&nbsp;km²<ref name="phare">{{en icon}} [http://www.zei.de/download/Phare/bulgaria.pdf Bulgarian Provinces area and population 1999 — National Center for Regional Development — page 90-91]</ref> that is dividit intae 5 municipalities wi a total population, as o December 2009, o 138,429 inhabitants.<ref name="divisions">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1585#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian provinces and municipalities in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165626/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1585#cont |date=2010-11-13 }}</ref><ref name="population">{{en icon}} [http://www.citypopulation.de/Bulgaria-Cities.html „WorldCityPopulation“]</ref><ref name="pop-stat-divisions">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-09-13 |archive-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113015521/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Municipalities== [[Image:Yambol Oblast map.png|right|thumb|255px|Map of Yambol Province]] The Yambol province (област, ''oblast'') contains five municipalities ({{lang-bg|singular: община, ''obshtina'' - plural: общини, ''obshtini''}}). The follaein table shows the names o ilka municipality in Scots an [[Cyrillic]], the main toun or veelage (touns are shown in bauld), an the population o ilka ane as o December 2009. {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Municipality ! Cyrillic ! Pop.<ref name="divisions"/><ref name="population"/><ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/> ! Toun/Veelage ! Pop.<ref name="population"/><ref name="statistika">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1588#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian towns in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165731/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1588#cont |date=2010-11-13 }}</ref><ref name="pop-stat">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-cities.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-09-13 |archive-date=2015-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016140135/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-cities.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | [[Bolyarovo Municipality|Bolyarovo]] | [[:bg:Община Болярово|Болярово]] | align="right" | 4,415 | '''[[Bolyarovo]]''' | align="right" | 1,303 |- | [[Elhovo Municipality|Elhovo]] | [[:bg:Община Елхово|Елхово]] | align="right" | 16,757 | '''[[Elhovo]]''' | align="right" | 10,553 |- | [[Straldzha Municipality|Straldzha]] | [[:bg:Община Стралджа|Стралджа]] | align="right" | 13,655 | '''[[Straldzha]]''' | align="right" | 6,021 |- | [[Tundzha Municipality|Tundzha]] (rural) | [[:bg:Община Тунджа|Тунджа]] | align="right" | 26,428 | '''[[Yambol]]''' | align="right" | see below |- | [[Yambol Municipality|Yambol]] (ceety) | [[:bg:Община Ямбол|Ямбол]] | align="right" | 77,174 | '''[[Yambol]]''' | align="right" | 77,174 |} ==See an aw== *[[Provinces o Bulgarie]] *[[Leet o veelages in Yambol Province]] ==References== <references /> {{Geographic location |Centre = Yambol Province |North = |Northeast = |East = [[Burgas Province]] |Southeast = |South = {{flag|Turkey}} |Southwest = [[Haskovo Province]] |West = [[Stara Zagora Province]] |Northwest = [[Sliven Province]] }} {{Provinces o Bulgarie}} [[Category:Provinces o Bulgarie]] [[Category:Yambol Province| ]] llz8vkf7u8zgnc1vb7uhnjsup9kqrx1 0 37683 915899 915586 2026-04-29T16:15:02Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915899 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Bulgarian province | native_name = Област Смолян | image_map = Smolyan Province location map.svg | capital = [[Smolyan]] | population_total = 120,567 | population_footnotes = <ref name="divisions"/> | population_as_of = February 2011 | area_footnotes = <ref name="phare"/> | area_total_km2 = 3,192.8 | municipalities = 10 | license_plate = CM | governor = Stefan Staykov| website = [http://region-smolyan.org/ region-smolyan.org] }} '''Smolyan Province''' ({{lang-bg|Област Смолян}} - ''Oblast Smolyan'', former name [[okrug|Smolyan okrug]]) is a [[provinces o Bulgarie|province]] in soothren-central [[Bulgarie]], locatit in the [[Rhodope Muntains]], neebourin [[Greece]] tae the sooth. It is namit efter its admeenistrative an industrial centre - the ceety o [[Smolyan]]. The province embraces a territory o 3,192.8&nbsp;km²<ref name="phare">{{en icon}} [http://www.zei.de/download/Phare/bulgaria.pdf Bulgarian Provinces area and population 1999 — National Center for Regional Development — page 90-91]</ref> that is dividit intae 10 municipalities wi a total population o 124,795 inhabitants, as o December 2009.<ref name="divisions">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1585#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian provinces and municipalities in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165626/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1585#cont |date=2010-11-13 }}</ref><ref name="population">{{en icon}} [http://www.citypopulation.de/Bulgaria-Cities.html „WorldCityPopulation“]</ref><ref name="pop-stat-divisions">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-09-13 |archive-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113015521/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Municipalities== [[Image:Smolian Oblast map.png|thumb|260px|Municipalities o Smolyan province]] The Smolyan province (Област, ''oblast'') contains 10 municipalities<ref>[http://www.hs.government.bg/hs/index.html Oblast Haskovo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605022021/http://www.hs.government.bg/hs/index.html |date=2009-06-05 }}, official website</ref> (singular: община, ''obshtina'' - plural: Общини, ''obshtini''). The follaein table shows the names o each municipality in Scots an [[Cyrillic]], the main toun or veelage (touns are shown in bauld), an the population o each as o December 2009. {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Municipality ! Cyrillic ! Pop.<ref name="divisions"/><ref name="population"/><ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/> ! Toun/Veelage ! Pop.<ref name="population"/><ref name="statistika">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1588#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian towns in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165731/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1588#cont |date=2010-11-13 }}</ref><ref name="pop-stat">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-cities.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-09-13 |archive-date=2015-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016140135/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-cities.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="villages under 1000">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/nrnm/index.php?ezik=en&f=8&s=1&date=29.12.2010&e=1&s1=4&c1=2&a1=1000&c=0 Bulgarian National Statistical Institute – Bulgarian villages under 1000 inhabitants – December 2009]</ref><ref name="Settlements 1000-5000">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/nrnm/index.php?ezik=en&f=8&s=1&date=29.12.2010&e=1&s1=4&c1=3&a1=1000&c=1&s2=4&c2=2&a2=5000 Bulgarian National Statistical Institute – Bulgarian Settlements 1000–5000 inhabitants – December 2009]</ref> |- | [[Banite Municipality, Bulgarie|Banite]] | [[:bg:Община Баните|Баните]] | align="right" | 4,972 | [[Banite]] | align="right" | 1,047 |- | [[Borino Municipality|Borino]] | [[:bg:Община Борино|Борино]] | align="right" | 3,618 | [[Borino]] | align="right" | 2,516 |- | [[Chepelare Municipality|Chepelare]] | [[:bg:Община Чепеларе|Чепеларе]] | align="right" | 8,045 | '''[[Chepelare]]''' | align="right" | 5,412 |- | [[Devin Municipality|Devin]] | [[:bg:Община Девин|Девин]] | align="right" | 13,204 | '''[[Devin, Bulgaria|Devin]]''' | align="right" | 7,054 |- | [[Dospat Municipality|Dospat]] | [[:bg:Община Доспат|Доспат]] | align="right" | 9,526 | '''[[Dospat]]''' | align="right" | 2,604 |- | [[Madan Municipality|Madan]] | [[:bg:Община Мадан|Мадан]] | align="right" | 12,606 | '''[[Madan, Smolyan Province|Madan]]''' | align="right" | 6,007 |- | [[Nedelino Municipality|Nedelino]] | [[:bg:Община Неделино|Неделино]] | align="right" | 7,577 | '''[[Nedelino]]''' | align="right" | 4,641 |- | [[Rudozem Municipality|Rudozem]] | [[:bg:Община Рудозем|Рудозем]] | align="right" | 9,801 | '''[[Rudozem]]''' | align="right" | 3,583 |- | [[Smolyan Municipality|Smolyan]] | [[:bg:Община Смолян|Смолян]] | align="right" | 43,186 | '''[[Smolyan]]''' | align="right" | 31,718 |- | [[Zlatograd Municipality|Zlatograd]] | [[:bg:Община Златоград|Златоград]] | align="right" | 12,260 | '''[[Zlatograd]]''' | align="right" | 7,110 |} ==Demografiek== [[Image:Wonderful-bridges-large1.jpg|260px|thumb|right|The Miraculous bridges]] The Smolyan province haed a [[population]] o 140,066<ref name="NSI Census 2001 Language" /><ref name="NSI Census 2001 Ethnicity" /> accordin tae the 2001 [[census]], o which {{pct|68348|140066|1}} wur [[male]] an {{pct|71719|140066|1}} wur [[female]].<ref name="NSI Census 2001">{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/PopObl.htm Population to 01.03.2001 by Area and Sex] from [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/nav.htm Bulgarian ''National Statistical Institute'': Census 2001]</ref> As o the end o 2009, the population o the province, annooncit bi the Bulgarie Naitional Statistical Institute, numbered 124,795<ref name="divisions"/> of which {{pct|29247|124795|1}} are inhabitants aged over 60 years.<ref name="NSI age">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1587#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Population by age in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513121908/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1587#cont |date=2012-05-13 }}</ref> <!--THIS TABLE IS STANDARD TO ALL BULGARIAN PROVINCE'S ARTICLES. PLEASE LEAVE --> The follaein table represents the chynge o the population in the province efter [[Warld War II]]: {{Table BG Province population | province = Haskovo | 1946 = 111,193 | 1956 = 145,072 | 1965 = 160,255 | 1975 = 156,157 | 1985 = 158,011 | 1992 = 154,553 | 2001 = 140,066 | 2005 = 131,010 | 2007 = 128,200 | 2009 = 124,795 | 2011 = 120,567 | ref 1 = <ref name="divisions"/> | ref 2 = <ref name="population"/> | ref 3 = <ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/> }} ===Releegion=== The Smolyan province alang wi the [[Kardzhali Province]] is a province whare the predominant releegion is Islam. Housomeivver, unlike Kardzhali whare the majority o the population is Turkis, the Muslim population o the Smolyan province is made up amaist entirely o [[Muslim Bulgaries]]. Releegious adherence in the province accordin tae 2001 census:<ref>{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/Religion.htm Religious adherence in Bulgaria - census 2001]</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=3| <small>Census 2001</small> |- ! <small>'''releegious adherence'''</small> ! <small>'''population'''</small> ! % |- | [[Orthodox Kirk|Orthodox Christians]] | align="middle" | 41,599 | align="middle" |29.70% |- | [[Muslim]]s | align="middle" | 58,758 | align="middle" |41.95% |- | [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholics]] | align="middle" | 100 | align="middle" |0.07% |- | [[Protestantism|Protestants]] | align="middle" | 93 | align="middle" |0.06% |- | Ither | align="middle" | 513 | align="middle" |0.37% |- | Releegion no mentioned | align="middle" | 39,003 | align="middle" |27.85% |- | '''total''' | align="middle" | '''140,066''' | align="middle" |100% |} ===Leid=== In the 2001 census, 135,761 fowk frae the Smolyan province identifee'd ane o the follaein as their [[mither tongue]] (wi percentage o total population): 129,181 [[Bulgarie leid|Bulgarie]] ({{pct|129181|140066|1}}), 5,782 [[Turkis leid|Turkis]] ({{pct|5782|140066|1}}), 532 [[Romani leid|Roma&nbsp;(Gypsy)]] ({{pct|532|140066|1}}) an 266 ither ({{pct|266|140066|1}}).<ref name="NSI Census 2001 Language">{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/Ethnos.htm Population to 01.03.2001 by District and Mother Tongue] from [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/nav.htm Bulgarian ''National Statistical Institute'': Census 2001]</ref> ===Ethnic groups=== In the 2001 census, 132,654 fowk frae the Smolyan province identife'd thairsels as belangin tae ane o the follaein ethnic groups (wi percentage o total population):<ref name="NSI Census 2001 Ethnicity">{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/Ethnos.htm Population to 01.03.2001 bi Destrict an Ethnic Group] frae [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/nav.htm Bulgarian ''National Statistical Institute'': Census 2001]</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Ethnic group !! Population !! Percentage |- | [[Bulgaries|Bulgarie]] ||align="right"| 122,806 ||align="right"| {{pct|122806|140066|3}} |- | [[Turks in Bulgarie|Turkis]] ||align="right"| 6,212 ||align="right"| {{pct|6212|140066|3}} |- | [[Romani fowk|Roma]] (Gypsy) ||align="right"| 686 ||align="right"| {{pct|686|140066|3}} |- | [[Roushies|Roushie]] ||align="right"| 111 ||align="right"| {{pct|111|140066|3}} |- | [[Armenies|Armenie]] ||align="right"| 42 ||align="right"| {{pct|42|140066|3}} |- | [[Greeks|Greek]] ||align="right"| 13 ||align="right"| {{pct|13|140066|3}} |- | [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] ||align="right"| 27 ||align="right"| {{pct|27|140066|3}} |- | [[Jeww|Jewish]] ||align="right"| 1 ||align="right"| {{pct|1|140066|3}} |- | [[Romanies|Romanian]] ||align="right"| 1 ||align="right"| {{pct|1|140066|3}} |- | Ither ||align="right"| 55 ||align="right"| {{pct|55|140066|3}} |} == Economy == The economy o the province is based on tourism, minin, timber an machine industries an livestock raisin. The main crops o the region are potatoes (aboot 30% o the naitional production), rye an barley; but sheep, pigs an cattle are o greater importance for the agricultur. In the eastren pairts o the province are locatit mair nor 20 lead an zinc mines, which form ane o the maist extensive ore deposits in the [[Balkans]]. The dense coniferous forests are prerequisite for well developed timber industrie in [[Dospat]], [[Smolyan]], [[Devin, Bulgarie|Devin]]. In [[Smolyan]] there are big plants producin machine tuils an ither machinery, while textile industrie is mainly developit tae the east in [[Nedelino]], [[Zlatograd]], [[Madan, Bulgarie|Madan]] an [[Rudozem]]. There is a synthetic rubber plant in Madan an aw. Nouadays, tourism is the backbane o the economy, especially in winter due tae the excellent ski resorts o [[Pamporovo]] an [[Chepelare]]; haein been completely renovatit an modrenizit. The anerlie factory for skiin equipment is locatit in Chepelare an employs 400 fowk. The mineral springs in [[Devin]] an [[Beden]] are vera popular amang tourists. The bonnie, unspoilt natur an the spectacular gorges, rock brigs an caves attract mony fowk frae aroond the kintra as well as foreign tourists, while the numerous dams are popular wi campers an fishermen. ==See an aw== *[[Provinces o Bulgarie]] *[[Leet o veelages in Smolyan Province]] ==References== <references/> == Freemit airtins == * [http://www.bulgarianproperty.info/Regions/Smolian/tabid/195/Default.aspx Picturs frae Smolyan Province] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080103235345/http://www.bulgarianproperty.info/Regions/Smolian/tabid/195/Default.aspx |date=2008-01-03 }} {{Geographic Location |Centre = Smolyan Province |North = [[Plovdiv Province]] |Northeast = |East = [[Kardzhali Province]] |Southeast = |South = {{flag|Greece}} |Southwest = |West = [[Blagoevgrad Province]] |Northwest = [[Pazardzhik Province]] }} {{Provinces o Bulgarie}} [[Category:Provinces o Bulgarie]] [[Category:Smolyan Province| ]] k199c848puvlt34klhjfmmdnu2vag8q 0 37839 915902 915587 2026-04-29T17:03:47Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915902 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Bulgarian province | native_name = Област Стара Загора | image_map = Stara Zagora Province location map.svg | capital = [[Stara Zagora]] | population_total = 327,576 | population_footnotes = <ref name="divisions"/> | population_as_of = Februar 2011 | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | area_footnotes = <ref name="phare"/> | area_total_km2 = 5,151.1 | municipalities = 11 | license_plate = CT | governor = Yordan Nikolov | website = [http://www.sz.government.bg/ sz.government.bg] }} '''Stara Zagora''' ({{lang-bg|Област Стара Загора}} ''oblast Stara Zagora'', umwhile name [[Okrug|Stara Zagora okrug]]) is a [[province]] o sooth central [[Bulgarie]]. It is namit efter its admeenistrative an industrial centre&mdash;the ceety o [[Stara Zagora]]&mdash;the saxt-biggest toun in the kintra. The province embraces a territory o 5,151.1&nbsp;km²<ref name="phare">{{en icon}} [http://www.zei.de/download/Phare/bulgaria.pdf Bulgarian Provinces area and population 1999 — National Center for Regional Development — page 90-91]</ref> that is dividit intae 11 municipalities wi a tot population, as o December 2009, o 350,925 indwallers.<ref name="divisions">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1585#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian provinces and municipalities in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165626/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1585#cont |date=2010-11-13 }}</ref><ref name="population">{{en icon}} [http://www.citypopulation.de/Bulgaria-Cities.html „WorldCityPopulation“]</ref><ref name="pop-stat-divisions">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-10-02 |archive-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113015521/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the sootheastren pairt o the province on the edge o Radnevo Municipality thare is a coal production facility. Atween 1934 an 1949, the province includit pairts o the present [[Kardzhali Province]].<ref>http://www.visittobulgaria.com/visit/dir.asp?d=0-8-Ardino History of Ardino</ref> ==Municipalities== [[Image:StaraZagora Oblast map.png|right|thumb|260px|Map o Stara Zagora Province]] The Stara Zagora province (област, ''oblast'') contains 11 municipalities ({{lang-bg|singular: община, ''obshtina'' - plural: общини, ''obshtini''}}). The follaein table shows the names o each municipality in Scots an [[Cyrillic]], the main toun or veelage (touns are shawn in bauld), an the population o each as o December 2009. {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Municipality ! Cyrillic ! Pop.<ref name="divisions"/><ref name="population"/><ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/> ! Toun/Veelage ! Pop.<ref name="population"/><ref name="statistika">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1588#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian towns in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165731/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1588#cont |date=2010-11-13 }}</ref><ref name="pop-stat">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-cities.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-10-02 |archive-date=2015-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016140135/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-cities.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="villages under 1000">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/nrnm/index.php?ezik=en&f=8&s=1&date=29.12.2010&e=1&s1=4&c1=2&a1=1000&c=0 Bulgarian National Statistical Institute – Bulgarian villages under 1000 inhabitants – December 2009]</ref> |- | [[Bratya Daskalovi Muncipality|Bratya]] | [[:bg:Община Братя Даскалови|Братя Даскалови]] | align="right" | 9,724 | [[Bratya Daskalovi]] | align="right" | 750 |- | [[Chirpan Muncipality|Chirpan]] | [[:bg:Община Чирпан|Чирпан]] | align="right" | 23,470 | '''[[Chirpan]]''' | align="right" | 16,355 |- | [[Gurkovo Muncipality|Gurkovo]] | [[:bg:Община Гурково|Гурково]] | align="right" | 5,273 | '''[[Gurkovo]]''' | align="right" | 2,917 |- | [[Galabovo Muncipality|Galabovo]] | [[:bg:Община Гълъбово|Гълъбово]] | align="right" | 14,269 | '''[[Galabovo]]''' | align="right" | 8,404 |- | [[Kazanlak Muncipality|Kazanlak]] | [[:bg:Община Казанлък|Казанлък]] | align="right" | 76,447 | '''[[Kazanlak]]''' | align="right" | 49,506 |- | [[Maglizh Muncipality|Maglizh]] | [[:bg:Община Мъглиж|Мъглиж]] | align="right" | 12,267 | '''[[Maglizh]]''' | align="right" | 3,426 |- | [[Nikolaevo Muncipality|Nikolaevo]] | [[:bg:Община Николаево|Николаево]] | align="right" | 4,840 | '''[[Nikolaevo]]''' | align="right" | 2,872 |- | [[Opan Muncipality|Opan]] | [[:bg:Община Опан|Опан]] | align="right" | 3,501 | [[Opan]] | align="right" | 466 |- | [[Pavel Banya Muncipality|Pavel Banya]] | [[:bg:Община Павел баня|Павел баня]] | align="right" | 14,703 | '''[[Pavel Banya]]''' | align="right" | 2,918 |- | [[Radnevo Muncipality|Radnevo]] | [[:bg:Община Раднево|Раднево]] | align="right" | 21,959 | '''[[Radnevo]]''' | align="right" | 13,384 |- | [[Stara Zagora Muncipality|Stara Zagora]] | [[:bg:Община Стара Загора|Стара Загора]] | align="right" | 164,472 | '''[[Stara Zagora]]''' | align="right" | 140,456 |} ==Demografie== The Stara Zagora province haed a [[population]] o 370,665 (370,615 gien an aw) accordin tae a 2001 [[census]], o which {{pct|181166|370665|1}} wur [[male]] an {{pct|189449|370665|1}} wur [[female]].<ref name="NSI Census 2001">{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/PopObl.htm Population to 01.03.2001 by Area and Sex] frae [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/nav.htm Bulgarian ''National Statistical Institute'': Census 2001]</ref> As o the end o 2009, the population o the province, annooncit bi the Bulgarie Naitional Statistical Institute, numbered 350,925<ref name="divisions"/> o which {{pct|88339|350925|1}} are indwallers agit ower 60 years.<ref name="NSI age">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1587#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Population by age in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513121908/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1587#cont |date=2012-05-13 }}</ref> <!--THIS TABLE IS STANDARD TO ALL BULGARIAN PROVINCE'S ARTICLES. PLEASE LEAVE --> The follaein table represents the chynge o the population in the province efter [[Warld War II]]: {{Table BG Province population | province = Stara Zagora | 1946 = 306,181 | 1956 = 322,252 | 1965 = 359,486 | 1975 = 394,607 | 1985 = 410,905 | 1992 = 397,337 | 2001 = 370,665 | 2005 = 361,146 | 2007 = 356,984 | 2009 = 350,925 | 2011 = 327,576 | ref 1 = <ref name="divisions"/> | ref 2 = <ref name="population"/> | ref 3 = <ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/> }} ===Releegion=== Releegious adherence in the province accordin tae 2001 census:<ref>{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/Religion.htm Releegious adherence in Bulgarie - census 2001]</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=3| <small>Census 2001</small> |- ! <small>'''releegious adherence'''</small> ! <small>'''population'''</small> ! % |- | [[Orthodox Kirk|Orthodox Christians]] | align="middle" | 329,628 | align="middle" |88.94% |- | [[Muslim]]s | align="middle" | 21,423 | align="middle" |5.78% |- | [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholics]] | align="middle" | 522 | align="middle" |0.14% |- | [[Protestantism|Protestants]] | align="middle" | 4,094 | align="middle" |1.10% |- | Ither | align="middle" | 1558 | align="middle" |0.42% |- | Releegion no mentioned | align="middle" | 13,390 | align="middle" |3.62% |- | '''tot''' | align="middle" | '''370,615''' | align="middle" |100% |} ==See an aw== *[[Provinces o Bulgarie]] *[[Leet o veelages in Stara Zagora Province]] ==References== {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == * [http://www.fdimagazine.com/news/categoryfront.php/id/192/OCT_NOV.html Stara Zagora Province — the best quality o life in Europe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109182714/http://www.fdimagazine.com/news/categoryfront.php/id/192/OCT_NOV.html |date=2008-01-09 }} {{Geographic Location |Centre = Stara Zagora Province |North = [[Gabrovo Province]] |Northeast = [[Veliko Tarnovo Province]] |East = [[Sliven Province]] |Southeast = [[Yambol Province]] |South = [[Haskovo Province]] |Southwest = |West = [[Plovdiv Province]] |Northwest = [[Lovech Province]] }} {{Provinces o Bulgarie}} [[Category:Provinces o Bulgarie]] [[Category:Stara Zagora Province| ]] s2d4r3kw0okks4hrzpcvcejr1g9ow2u 0 37840 915898 858603 2026-04-29T16:13:14Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Bulgarian province | native_name = Област Сливен | image_map = Sliven Province location map.svg | capital = [[Sliven]] | population_total = 193,609 | population_footnotes = <ref name="divisions"/> | population_as_of = Februar 2011 | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | area_footnotes = <ref name="phare"/> | area_total_km2 = 3,544.1 | municipalities = 4 | license_plate = CH | governor = Marin Kavrakov | website = [http://www.sliven.government.bg/ sliven.government.bg] }} '''Sliven Province''' ({{lang-bg|Област Сливен ''Oblast Sliven''}}, umwhile name [[Okrug|Sliven okrug]]) is a [[province]] in sootheastren [[Bulgarie]], namit efter its admeenistrative an industrial centre - the ceety o [[Sliven]]. It embraces a territory o 3,544.1&nbsp;km²<ref name="phare">{{en icon}} [http://www.zei.de/download/Phare/bulgaria.pdf Bulgarian Provinces area and population 1999 — National Center for Regional Development — page 90-91]</ref> that is dividit intae 4 municipalities, wi a total population, as o December 2009, o 204,887 inhabitants.<ref name="divisions">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1585#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian provinces and municipalities in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165626/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1585#cont |date=2010-11-13 }}</ref><ref name="population">{{en icon}} [http://www.citypopulation.de/Bulgaria-Cities.html „WorldCityPopulation“]</ref><ref name="pop-stat-divisions">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-10-02 |archive-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113015521/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.snimka.bg/album.php?album_id=5316 Photos o Sliven] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501072101/http://www.snimka.bg/album.php?album_id=5316 |date=2008-05-01 }} *[http://www.regionsliven.org/photo Photo Reportages frae Sliven] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090916060327/http://www.regionsliven.org/photo |date=2009-09-16 }} {{Geographic Location |Centre = Sliven Province |North = [[Targovishte Province]] |Northeast = [[Shumen Province]] |East = [[Burgas Province]] |Southeast = [[Yambol Province]] |South = [[Yambol Province]] |Southwest = [[Stara Zagora Province]] |West = [[Stara Zagora Province]] |Northwest = [[Veliko Tarnovo Province]] }} {{Provinces o Bulgarie}} [[Category:Provinces o Bulgarie]] [[Category:Sliven Province| ]] 5a8rnjz3ihd2mjcb0fuomieebgjxj08 0 37841 915915 915589 2026-04-29T20:25:25Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Bulgarian province | native_name = Област Варна | image_map = Varna Province location map.svg | capital = [[Varna]] | population_total = 468,238 | population_footnotes = <ref name="divisions"/><ref name="population"/><ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/> | population_as_of = Februar 2011 | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | area_footnotes = <ref name="phare">{{en icon}} [http://www.zei.de/download/Phare/bulgaria.pdf Bulgarian Provinces area and population 1999 — National Center for Regional Development — page 90-91]</ref> | area_total_km2 = 3,819.5 | municipalities = 12 | license_plate = B | governor = Doncho Simeonov | website = [http://www.vn.government.bg/ vn.government.bg] }} '''Varna Province''' ({{lang-bg|Област Варна, ''Oblast Varna'', umwhile name [[Okrug|Varna okrug]])}} is a [[province]] in northeastren [[Bulgarie]], ane o the 28 Bulgarie provinces. It comprises 12 municipalities (общини, ''obshtini'', sing. община, ''obshtina'') wi a tot population, as o December 2009, o 465,465 indwallers.<ref name="divisions">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1585#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian provinces and municipalities in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165626/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1585#cont |date=2010-11-13 }}</ref><ref name="population">{{en icon}} [http://www.citypopulation.de/Bulgaria-Cities.html „WorldCityPopulation“]</ref><ref name="pop-stat-divisions">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-10-02 |archive-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113015521/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The province is namit efter its admeenistrative centre - the ceety o [[Varna]]. ==Municipalities== {{Varna Province Labelled Map|float=right}} The Varna province (област, ''oblast'') contains 12 municipalities ({{lang-bg|singular: община, ''obshtina'' - plural: общини, ''obshtini''}}). The follaein table shows the names o each municipality in Scots an [[Cyrillic]], the main toun (in bauld) or veelage, an the population o each as o December 2009. {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Municipality ! Cyrillic ! Pop.<ref name="divisions"/><ref name="population"/><ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/> ! Toun/Veelage ! Pop.<ref name="population"/><ref name="statistika">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1588#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian towns in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165731/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1588#cont |date=2010-11-13 }}</ref><ref name="pop-stat">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-cities.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-10-02 |archive-date=2015-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016140135/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-cities.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="villages under 1000">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/nrnm/index.php?ezik=en&f=8&s=1&date=29.12.2010&e=1&s1=4&c1=2&a1=1000&c=0 Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian villages under 1000 inhabitants - December 2009]</ref><ref name="Settlements 1000-5000">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/nrnm/index.php?ezik=en&f=8&s=1&date=29.12.2010&e=1&s1=4&c1=3&a1=1000&c=1&s2=4&c2=2&a2=5000 Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian Settlements 1000-5000 inhabitants - December 2009]</ref> |- | [[Avren Municipality|Avren]] | [[:bg:Община Аврен|Аврен]] | align="right" | 9,089 | [[Avren, Varna Province|Avren]] | align="right" | 750 |- | [[Aksakovo Municipality|Aksakovo]] | [[:bg:Община Аксаково|Аксаково]] | align="right" | 21,919 | '''[[Aksakovo]]''' | align="right" | 7,897 |- | [[Beloslav Municipality|Beloslav]] | [[:bg:Община Белослав|Белослав]] | align="right" | 11,257 | '''[[Beloslav]]''' | align="right" | 7,937 |- | [[Byala Municipality, Varna Province|Byala]] | [[:bg:Община Бяла|Бяла]] | align="right" | 3,729 | '''[[Byala, Varna Province|Byala]]''' | align="right" | 2,171 |- | [[Varna Municipality|Varna]] | [[:bg:Община Варна|Варна]] | align="right" | 329,173 | '''[[Varna]]''' | align="right" | 320,837 |- | [[Vetrino Municipality|Vetrino]] | [[:bg:Община Ветрино|Ветрино]] | align="right" | 5,702 | [[Vetrino]] | align="right" | 1,036 |- | [[Valchi Dol Municipality|Valchi Dol]] | [[:bg:Община Вълчи дол|Вълчи дол]] | align="right" | 11,093 | '''[[Valchi Dol]]''' | align="right" | 3,460 |- | [[Dolni Chiflik Municipality|Dolni Chiflik]] | [[:bg:Община Долни чифлик|Долни чифлик]] | align="right" | 19,316 | '''[[Dolni Chiflik]]''' | align="right" | 6,706 |- | [[Devnya Municipality|Devnya]] | [[:bg:Община Девня|Девня]] | align="right" | 9,234 | '''[[Devnya]]''' | align="right" | 8,383 |- | [[Dalgopol Municipality|Dalgopol]] | [[:bg:Община Дългопол|Дългопол]] | align="right" | 14,364 | '''[[Dalgopol]]''' | align="right" | 4,829 |- | [[Provadiya Municipality|Provadiya]] | [[:bg:Община Провадия|Провадия]] | align="right" | 23,045 | '''[[Provadiya]]''' | align="right" | 12,901 |- | [[Suvorovo Municipality|Suvorovo]] | [[:bg:Община Суворово|Суворово]] | align="right" | 7,544 | '''[[Suvorovo]]''' | align="right" | 4,723 |} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.vn.government.bg/en/index.htm Destrict Admeenistration Varna] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210000345/http://www.vn.government.bg/en/index.htm |date=2007-02-10 }} (Offeecial steid) * [http://velina.info/gallery/view/kamchia/ Kamchia - photo gallery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117111831/http://velina.info/gallery/view/kamchia/ |date=2007-11-17 }} * [http://bulgaria-travelguide.info Bulgaria Travel Guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110306171611/http://bulgaria-travelguide.info/ |date=2011-03-06 }} * [http://gallery.guide-bulgaria.com/NE/Varna/Varna/Varna Picturs frae Varna region] {{Geographic location |Centre = Varna Province |North = [[Dobrich Province]] |Northeast = |East = [[Black Sea]] |Southeast = |South = [[Burgas Province]] |Southwest = |West = [[Shumen Province]] |Northwest = }} <br/>{{Provinces o Bulgarie}} [[Category:Varna Province| ]] [[Category:Provinces o Bulgarie]] <!--Other languages--> lvswyvdkb7wlgi4cqmbt2y200a1z3hv 0 37842 915921 915592 2026-04-29T21:24:36Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915921 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Bulgarian province | native_name = Област Враца | image_map = Vratsa Province location map.svg | capital = [[Vratsa]] | population_total = 184,930 | population_as_of = February 2011 <ref name="divisions"/> | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | area_total_km2 = 3619.7 | municipalities = | license_plate = BP | governor = | website = }} '''Vratsa Province''' ({{lang-bg|Област Враца}} (Oblast Vratsa), umwhile name [[Okrug|Vratsa okrug]]) is a [[Bulgarie]] [[province]] locatit in the northwastren pairt o the kintra, atween [[Danube river]] in the north an [[Stara Planina]] muntain in the sooth. It is namit efter its main toun - [[Vratsa]]. As o December 2009, the province haes a population o 196,829 inhabitants,<ref name="divisions">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1585#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - provinces and municipalities in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165626/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1585#cont |date=2010-11-13 }}</ref><ref name="population">{{en icon}} [http://www.citypopulation.de/Bulgaria-Cities.html „WorldCityPopulation“]</ref><ref name="pop-stat-divisions">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-09-21 |archive-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113015521/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> on territory of 3,619.7&nbsp;km². ==Municipalities== [[Image:Vraca Oblast map.png|thumb|right|250px|Municipalities o Vratsa Province]] The Vratsa Province contains ten municipalities (singular: община, ''obshtina'' - plural: общини, ''obshtini''). The follaein table shows the names o each municipality in Scots an [[Cyrillic]], the main toun (in bauld) or veelage, an the population o each as o December 2009. {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Municipality ! Cyrillic ! Pop.<ref name="divisions"/><ref name="population"/><ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/> ! Toun/Veelage ! Pop.<ref name="population"/><ref name="statistika">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1588#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian towns in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165731/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1588#cont |date=2010-11-13 }}</ref><ref name="pop-stat">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-cities.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-09-21 |archive-date=2015-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016140135/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-cities.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | align="center" |[[Borovan Municipality|Borovan]] | align="center" |[[:bg:Община Борован|Борован]] | align="center" | 6,107 | align="center" |[[Borovan]] | align="center" | 2,646 |- | align="center" |[[Byala Slatina Municipality|Byala Slatina]] | align="center" |[[:bg:Община Бяла Слатина|Бяла Слатина]] | align="center" | 27,104 | align="center" |'''[[Byala Slatina]]''' | align="center" | 12,433 |- | align="center" |[[Vratsa Municipality|Vratsa]] | align="center" |[[:bg:Община Враца|Враца]] | align="center" | 75,842 | align="center" |'''[[Vratsa]]''' | align="center" | 61,011 |- | align="center" |[[Kozloduy Municipality|Kozloduy]] | align="center" |[[:bg:Община Козлодуй|Козлодуй]] | align="center" | 22,269 | align="center" |'''[[Kozloduy]]''' | align="center" | 13,934 |- | align="center" |[[Krivodol Municipality|Krivodol]] | align="center" |[[:bg:Община Криводол|Криводол]] | align="center" | 10,460 | align="center" |'''[[Krivodol]]''' | align="center" | 3,282 |- | align="center" |[[Mezdra Municipality|Mezdra]] | align="center" |[[:bg:Община Мездра|Мездра]] | align="center" | 22,622 | align="center" |'''[[Mezdra]]''' | align="center" | 10,896 |- | align="center" |[[Miziya Municipality|Miziya]] | align="center" |[[:bg:Община Мизия|Мизия]] | align="center" | 7,466 | align="center" |'''[[Miziya]]''' | align="center" | 3,354 |- | align="center" |[[Oryahovo Municipality|Oryahovo]] | align="center" |[[:bg:Община Оряхово|Оряхово]] | align="center" | 12,314 | align="center" |'''[[Oryahovo]]''' | align="center" | 5,400 |- | align="center" |[[Roman Municipality|Roman]] | align="center" |[[:bg:Община Роман|Роман]] | align="center" | 7,342 | align="center" |'''[[Roman, Bulgarie|Roman]]''' | align="center" | 3,157 |- | align="center" |[[Hayredin Municipality|Hayredin]] | align="center" |[[:bg:Община Хайредин|Хайредин]] | align="center" | 5,303 | align="center" |[[Hayredin]] | align="center" | 1,584 |} ==Demografie== The Vratsa province haed a [[population]] o 243,036 accordin tae a 2001 [[census]], o which {{pct|119276|243036|1}} wur [[male]] an {{pct|123760|243036|1}} wur [[female]].<ref name="NSI Census 2001">{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/PopObl.htm Population to 01.03.2001 by Area and Sex] from [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/nav.htm Bulgarian ''National Statistical Institute'': Census 2001]</ref> As o the end o 2009, the population o the province, annooncit bi the Bulgarie Naitional Statistical Institute, numbered 196,829<ref name="divisions"/> o which {{pct|53620|196829|1}} are inhabitants agit ower 60 years.<ref name="NSI age">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1587#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Population by age in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513121908/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1587#cont |date=2012-05-13 }}</ref> <!--THIS TABLE IS STANDARD TO ALL BULGARIAN PROVINCE'S ARTICLES. PLEASE LEAVE --> The follaein table represents the chynge o the population in the province efter [[Warld War II]]: {{Table BG Province population | province = Vratsa | 1946 = 289,811 | 1956 = 292,555 | 1965 = 294,090 | 1975 = 275,428 | 1985 = 267,403 | 1992 = 252,039 | 2001 = 243,036 | 2005 = 212,656 | 2007 = 202,711 | 2009 = 196,829 | ref 1 = <ref name="divisions"/> | ref 2 = <ref name="population"/> | ref 3 = <ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/> }} Releegious adherence in the province accordin tae 2001 census:<ref>{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/Religion.htm Religious adherence in Bulgaria - census 2001]</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=3| <small>Census 2001</small> |- ! <small>'''releegious adherence'''</small> ! <small>'''population'''</small> ! % |- | [[Orthodox Kirk|Orthodox Christians]] | align="middle" | 229,452 | align="middle" |94.41% |- | [[Muslim]]s | align="middle" | 4,223 | align="middle" |1.74% |- | [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholics]] | align="middle" | 1,116 | align="middle" |0.46% |- | [[Protestantism|Protestants]] | align="middle" | 394 | align="middle" |0.16% |- | Ither | align="middle" | 995 | align="middle" |0.41% |- | Releegion no mentioned | align="middle" | 6,856 | align="middle" |2.82% |- | '''total''' | align="middle" | '''243,036''' | align="middle" |100% |} ==References== <references /> == Freemit airtins == {{commons category|Vratsa District}} * [http://www.pbase.com/ngruev/ledenika Picturs frae the cave Ledenika near Vratsa] * [http://www.guide-bulgaria.com/NW/Vratsa Ceeties an veelages in Vratsa Province] * [http://www.vratza.co.uk/ Picturs frae Vratsa an veelages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604044913/http://vratza.co.uk/ |date=2017-06-04 }} {{Geographic Location |Centre = Vratsa Province |North = {{flag|Romanie}} |Northeast = |East = [[Pleven Province]] |Southeast = [[Lovech Province]] |South = [[Sofia Province]] |Southwest = |West = [[Montana Province]] |Northwest = }} <br/>{{Provinces o Bulgarie}} <!--Categories--> [[Category:Vratsa Province| ]] [[Category:Provinces o Bulgarie]] <!--Other languages--> gi34n2xqaez45kzkqj36c6cj9xi291g 0 37846 915916 915590 2026-04-29T20:34:12Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915916 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Bulgarian province | name = Veliko Tarnovo Province | native_name = Област Велико Търново | image_map = Veliko Tarnovo Province location map.svg | capital = [[Veliko Tarnovo]] | population_total = 258,494 | population_as_of = February 2011 <ref name="divisions"/><ref name="population"/><ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/> | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | area_total_km2 = 4,662 | municipalities = 10 | license_plate = BT | governor = Pencho Penchev | website = [http://www.vt.government.bg/ vt.government.bg] }} '''Veliko Tarnovo''' ({{lang-bg|Област Велико Търново}}) is a [[province]] in the middle o the northren pairt o [[Bulgarie]]. Its caipital ceety, [[Veliko Tarnovo]], is o historical significance as it is kent as the caipital o Medieval Bulgarie. The province is dividit intae 10 municipalities wi a tot population, as o December 2009, o 275,395 indwallers.<ref name="divisions">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1585#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian provinces and municipalities in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165626/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1585#cont |date=2010-11-13 }}</ref><ref name="population">{{en icon}} [http://www.citypopulation.de/Bulgaria-Cities.html „WorldCityPopulation“]</ref><ref name="pop-stat-divisions">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-10-02 |archive-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113015521/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ither touns in the province include [[Gorna Oryahovitsa]], which is athin 10 kilometres o Veliko Tarnovo, [[Svishtov]], set on [[Danube River]] an famous for its [http://www.uni-svishtov.bg/ Tsenov Academy o Economics], an [[Suhindol]], the hametoun o ''Lovico'' — an internaitionally recognisit label for fine wines an spirits. Anither notable place is the veelage o [[Arbanasi, Bulgarie|Arbanasi]], set atween Veliko Tarnovo an Gorna Oryahovitsa. The combination o auld style an modren airchitectur, as well as its [[Kirk (biggin)|kirks]] an [[monastery|monasteries]], present the spirit o Bulgarie. Real estate is amang the maist expensive in the kintra. ==Municipalities== {{Veliko Tarnovo Province Labelled Map|float=right}} The Veliko Tarnovo province (Област, ''oblast'') conteens 10 municipalities (singular: община, ''obshtina'' - plural: Общини, ''obshtini''). The follaein table shows the names o each municipality in Scots an [[Cyrillic]], the main toun (in bauld) or veelage, an the population o each as o December 2009. {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Municipality ! Cyrillic ! Pop.<ref name="divisions"/><ref name="population"/><ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/> ! Toun/Veelage ! Pop.<ref name="population"/><ref name="statistika">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1588#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian towns in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165731/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1588#cont |date=2010-11-13 }}</ref><ref name="pop-stat">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-cities.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-10-02 |archive-date=2015-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016140135/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-cities.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | [[Elena Municipality|Elena]] | [[:bg:Община Елена|Елена]] | align="right" | 10,407 | '''[[Elena, Bulgarie|Elena]]''' | align="right" | 5,665 |- | [[Gorna Oryahovitsa Municipality|Gorna Oryahovitsa]] | [[:bg:Община Горна Оряховица|Горна Оряховица]] | align="right" | 48,695 | '''[[Gorna Oryahovitsa]]''' | align="right" | 32,436 |- | [[Lyaskovets Municipality|Lyaskovets]] | [[:bg:Община Лясковец|Лясковец]] | align="right" | 13,677 | '''[[Lyaskovets]]''' | align="right" | 8,277 |- | [[Pavlikeni Municipality|Pavlikeni]] | [[:bg:Община Павликени|Павликени]] | align="right" | 26,342 | '''[[Pavlikeni]]''' | align="right" | 11,151 |- | [[Polski Trambesh Municipality|Polski Trambesh]] | [[:bg:Община Полски Тръмбеш|Полски Тръмбеш]] | align="right" | 15,309 | '''[[Polski Trambesh]]''' | align="right" | 4,546 |- | [[Strazhitsa Municipality|Strazhitsa]] | [[:bg:Община Стражица|Стражица]] | align="right" | 14,742 | '''[[Strazhitsa]]''' | align="right" | 5,170 |- | [[Suhindol Municipality|Suhindol]] | [[:bg:Община Сухиндол|Сухиндол]] | align="right" | 3,046 | '''[[Suhindol]]''' | align="right" | 2,146 |- | [[Svishtov Municipality|Svishtov]] | [[:bg:Община Свищов|Свищов]] | align="right" | 49,817 | '''[[Svishtov]]''' | align="right" | 35,923 |- | [[Veliko Tarnovo Municipality|Veliko Tarnovo]] | [[:bg:Община Велико Търново|Велико Търново]] | align="right" | 88,724 | '''[[Veliko Tarnovo]]''' | align="right" | 67,099 |- | [[Zlataritsa Municipality|Zlataritsa]] | [[:bg:Община Златарица|Златарица]] | align="right" | 4,636 | '''[[Zlataritsa]]''' | align="right" | 2,558 |} ==Demografie== The Veliko Tarnovo province haed a [[population]] o 293,294 (293,172 gien an aw) accordin tae a 2001 [[census]], o which {{pct|141770|293294|1}} wur [[male]] an {{pct|151402|293294|1}} wur [[female]].<ref name="NSI Census 2001">{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/PopObl.htm Population to 01.03.2001 by Area and Sex] frae [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/nav.htm Bulgarian ''National Statistical Institute'': Census 2001]</ref> As o the end o 2009, the population o the province, annooncit bi the Bulgarie Naitional Statistical Institute, numbered 275,395<ref name="divisions"/> o which {{pct|71691|275395|1}} are indwallers aged ower 60 years.<ref name="NSI age">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1587#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Population by age in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513121908/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1587#cont |date=2012-05-13 }}</ref> <!--THIS TABLE IS STANDARD TO ALL BULGARIAN PROVINCE'S ARTICLES. PLEASE LEAVE --> The follaein table represents the chynge o the population in the province efter [[Warld War II]]: {{Table BG Province population | province = Veliko Tarnovo | 1946 = 352,179 | 1956 = 344,078 | 1965 = 339,473 | 1975 = 349,108 | 1985 = 339,518 | 1992 = 318,251 | 2001 = 293,294 | 2005 = 283,599 | 2007 = 278,764 | 2009 = 275,395 | 2011 = 258,494 | ref 1 = <ref name="divisions"/> | ref 2 = <ref name="population"/> | ref 3 = <ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/> }} ===Releegion=== Releegious adherence in the province accordin tae 2001 census:<ref>{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/Religion.htm Religious adherence in Bulgaria - census 2001]</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=3| <small>Census 2001</small> |- ! <small>'''releegious adherence'''</small> ! <small>'''population'''</small> ! % |- | [[Orthodox Kirk|Orthodox Christians]] | align="middle" | 254,914 | align="middle" |86.95% |- | [[Muslim]]s | align="middle" | 26,085 | align="middle" |8.90% |- | [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholics]] | align="middle" | 3,111 | align="middle" |1.06% |- | [[Protestantism|Protestants]] | align="middle" | 417 | align="middle" |0.14% |- | Ither | align="middle" | 1,141 | align="middle" |0.39% |- | Releegion no mentioned | align="middle" | 7,504 | align="middle" |2.56% |- | '''tot''' | align="middle" | '''293,172''' | align="middle" |100% |} ==See an aw== *[[Provinces o Bulgarie]] *[[Municipalities o Bulgarie]] *[[Leet o ceeties an touns in Bulgarie]] *[[Leet o veelages in Veliko Tarnovo Province]] ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.visitvelikoturnovo.com/ Offeecial Tourism Steid o the Province o Veliko Tarnovo (Bulgaria)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111153612/http://www.visitvelikoturnovo.com/ |date=2011-01-11 }} *[http://www.vt.government.bg/ Offeecial wabsteid] *[http://veliko.tarnovo-bg.info Veliko Tarnovo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324050424/http://veliko.tarnovo-bg.info/ |date=2011-03-24 }} {{Geographic location |Centre = Veliko Tarnovo Province |North = {{flag|Romanie}} |Northeast = [[Rousse Province]] |East = [[Targovishte Province]] |Southeast = [[Sliven Province]] |South = [[Stara Zagora Province]] |Southwest = [[Gabrovo Province]] |West = [[Lovech Province]] |Northwest = [[Pleven Province]] }} <!--Navigation boxes--><br /> {{Provinces o Bulgarie}} [[Category:Provinces o Bulgarie]] [[Category:Veliko Tarnovo Province| ]] rsym1uk6uh5elc7bqzi1sbmfrgv0jk9 0 37847 915904 915588 2026-04-29T18:21:11Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915904 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Bulgarian province | native_name = Област Търговище | image_map = Targovishte Province location map.svg | capital = [[Targovishte]] | population_total = 120,818 | population_footnotes = <ref name="divisions"/> | population_as_of = Februar 2011 | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | area_footnotes = <ref name="phare">{{en icon}} [http://www.zei.de/download/Phare/bulgaria.pdf Bulgarian Provinces area and population 1999 — National Center for Regional Development — page 90-91]</ref> | area_total_km2 = 2,558.5 | municipalities = 5 | license_plate = T | governor = | website = [http://www.tg.government.bg/ tg.government.bg] }} '''Targovishte Province''' ({{lang-bg|Област Търговище}}, [[transliterated]] ''Oblast Targovishte'', umwhile name [[Okrug|Targovishte okrug]]) is a [[province]] in northeastren [[Bulgarie]], namit efter its main ceety - [[Targovishte]]. As o December 2009, it haes a population o 129,675 inhabitants.<ref name="divisions">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1585#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian provinces and municipalities in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165626/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1585#cont |date=2010-11-13 }}</ref><ref name="population">{{en icon}} [http://www.citypopulation.de/Bulgaria-Cities.html „WorldCityPopulation“]</ref><ref name="pop-stat-divisions">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-10-04 |archive-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113015521/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{Targovishte Province Labelled Map|float=right}} ==Municipalities== The Targovishte Province contains 5 municipalities (singular: община, ''obshtina'' - plural: общини, ''obshtini''). The follaein table shows the names o each municipality in Scots an [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], the main toun (in bauld) or veelage, an the population o each as o December 2009. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Municipality ! Cyrillic ! Aurie (km²) ! Pop.<ref name="divisions"/><ref name="population"/><ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/> ! Toun/Veelage ! Pop.<ref name="population"/><ref name="statistika">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1588#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian towns in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165731/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1588#cont |date=2010-11-13 }}</ref><ref name="pop-stat">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-cities.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-10-04 |archive-date=2015-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016140135/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-cities.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | [[Targovishte Municipality|Targovishte]] | [[:bg:Община Търговище|Търговище]] | align="middle" | 872 | align="middle" | 60,497 | align="middle" | '''[[Targovishte]]''' | align="middle" | 37,375 |- | [[Popovo Municipality|Popovo]] | [[:bg:Община Попово|Попово]] | align="middle" | 833 | align="middle" | 31,479 | align="middle" | '''[[Popovo, Bulgarie|Popovo]]''' | align="middle" | 15,548 |- | [[Omurtag Municipality|Omurtag]] | [[:bg:Община Омуртаг|Омуртаг]] | align="middle" | 401 | align="middle" | 24,256 | align="middle" | '''[[Omurtag (toun)|Omurtag]]''' | align="middle" | 8,725 |- | [[Antonovo Municipality|Antonovo]] | [[:bg:Община Антоново|Антоново]] | align="middle" | 472 | align="middle" | 6,507 | align="middle" | '''[[Antonovo]]''' | align="middle" | 1,453 |- | [[Opaka Municipality|Opaka]] | [[:bg:Община Опака|Опака]] | align="middle" | 156 | align="middle" | 6,936 | align="middle" | '''[[Opaka]]''' | align="middle" | 2,873 |} ==Demografie== The Targovishte province haed a [[population]] o 137,689 accordin tae a 2001 [[census]], of which {{pct|67721|137689|1}} wur [[male]] an {{pct|69968|137689|1}} wur [[female]].<ref name="NSI Census 2001">{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/PopObl.htm Population to 01.03.2001 by Area and Sex] from [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/nav.htm Bulgarian ''National Statistical Institute'': Census 2001]</ref> As o the end o 2009, the population o the province, annooncit bi the Bulgarie Naitional Statistical Institute, numbered 129,675<ref name="divisions"/> of which {{pct|31188|129675|1}} are inhabitants aged over 60 years.<ref name="NSI age">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1587#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Population by age in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513121908/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1587#cont |date=2012-05-13 }}</ref> <!--THIS TABLE IS STANDARD TO ALL BULGARIAN PROVINCE'S ARTICLES. PLEASE LEAVE --> The follaein table represents the chynge o the population in the province efter [[Warld War II]]: {{Table BG Province population | province = Targovishte | 1946 = 184,641 | 1956 = 172,401 | 1965 = 177,668 | 1975 = 178,656 | 1985 = 171,311 | 1992 = 156,006 | 2001 = 137,689 | 2005 = 135,262 | 2007 = 132,771 | 2009 = 129,675 | 2011 = 120,818 | ref 1 = <ref name="divisions"/> | ref 2 = <ref name="population"/> | ref 3 = <ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/> }} ===Releegion=== Releegious adherence in the province accordin tae 2001 census:<ref>{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/Religion.htm Religious adherence in Bulgaria - census 2001]</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=3| <small>Census 2001</small> |- ! <small>'''releegious adherence'''</small> ! <small>'''population'''</small> ! % |- | [[Orthodox Kirk|Orthodox Christians]] | align="middle" | 75,236 | align="middle" |54.64% |- | [[Muslim]]s | align="middle" | 58,838 | align="middle" |42.73% |- | [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholics]] | align="middle" | 271 | align="middle" |0.20% |- | [[Protestantism|Protestants]] | align="middle" | 84 | align="middle" |0.07% |- | Ither | align="middle" | 527 | align="middle" |0.38% |- | Releegion no mentioned | align="middle" | 2,733 | align="middle" |1.98% |- | '''total''' | align="middle" | '''137,689''' | align="middle" |100% |} [[Image:RazboynaVillage.jpg|thumb|250px|Winter view o [[Razboyna, Targovishte Province|Razboyna]] veelage wi the Preslav Muntains in the backgrund]] ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=35em}} {{commonscat|Targovishte Province}} == Freemit airtins == * [http://www.tg.government.bg/ Targovishte Province Wab Steid] {{Geographic location |Centre = Targovishte Province |North = [[Razgrad Province]] |Northeast = |East = [[Shumen Province]] |Southeast = |South = [[Sliven Province]] |Southwest = |West = [[Veliko Tarnovo Province]] |Northwest = [[Ruse Province]] }} {{Provinces o Bulgarie}} [[Category:Targovishte Province| ]] [[Category:Provinces o Bulgarie]] 4cvajymjxwe94bhclpjl6x631f77bdm 0 37848 915893 915584 2026-04-29T13:03:44Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915893 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Bulgarian province | native_name = Област Русе | image_map = Rousse Province location map.svg | capital = [[Ruse, Bulgarie|Ruse]] | population_total = 235,252 | population_footnotes = <ref name="divisions"/> | population_as_of = Februar 2011 | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | area_footnotes = <ref name="phare">{{en icon}} [http://www.zei.de/download/Phare/bulgaria.pdf Bulgarian Provinces area and population 1999 — National Center for Regional Development — page 90-91]</ref> | area_total_km2 = 2,803.4 | municipalities = 8 | license_plate = P | governor = Stefko Burdzhiev | website = [http://www.ruse.bg/ ruse.bg] }} '''Ruse Province''' ({{lang-bg|Област Русе}} or '''Rusenska Oblast''' {{lang-bg|Русенска област}}, umwhile name [[Okrug|Ruse okrug]]) is a [[Provinces o Bulgarie|province]] in northren [[Bulgarie]], namit efter its main ceety - [[Ruse, Bulgarie|Ruse]], neebourin [[Romanie]] via the [[Danube]]. It is dividit intae 8 municipalities wi a tot population, as o December 2009, o 249,144 indwallers.<ref name="divisions">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1585#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian provinces and municipalities in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165626/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1585#cont |date=2010-11-13 }}</ref><ref name="population">{{en icon}} [http://www.citypopulation.de/Bulgaria-Cities.html „WorldCityPopulation“]</ref><ref name="pop-stat-divisions">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-10-04 |archive-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113015521/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Danube Brig]], the anerlie brig ower the Danube in Bulgarie, is locatit in the province. Ane o the versions o a fowk sang, inspired bi the [[Ruse blood weddin]], can be heard in the province. ==Municipalities== {{Ruse Province Labelled Map|float=right}} The Ruse province (област, ''oblast'') contains aicht municipalities ({{lang-bg|singular: община, ''obshtina'' - plural: общини, ''obshtini''}}). The follaein table shows the names o each municipality in Scots an [[Cyrillic]], the main toun (in bauld) or veelage, an the population o each as o December 2009. {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Municipality ! Cyrillic ! Pop.<ref name="divisions"/><ref name="population"/><ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/> ! Toun/Veelage ! Pop.<ref name="population"/><ref name="statistika">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1588#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian towns in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165731/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1588#cont |date=2010-11-13 }}</ref><ref name="pop-stat">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-cities.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-10-04 |archive-date=2015-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016140135/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-cities.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | [[Borovo Municipality, Bulgaria|Borovo]] | [[:bg:Община Борово|Борово]] | align="right" | 6,699 | '''[[Borovo, Bulgarie|Borovo]]''' | align="right" | 2,330 |- | [[Byala Municipality, Ruse Province|Byala]] | [[:bg:Община Бяла|Бяла]] | align="right" | 14,962 | '''[[Byala, Rousse Province|Byala]]''' | align="right" | 9,015 |- | [[Vetovo Municipality|Vetovo]] | [[:bg:Община Ветово|Ветово]] | align="right" | 13,738 | '''[[Vetovo]]''' | align="right" | 4,777 |- | [[Dve Mogili Municipality|Dve Mogili]] | [[:bg:Община Две могили|Две могили]] | align="right" | 10,341 | '''[[Dve Mogili]]''' | align="right" | 4,342 |- | [[Ivanovo Municipality|Ivanovo]] | [[:bg:Община Иваново|Иваново]] | align="right" | 10,339 | [[Ivanovo, Rousse Province|Ivanovo]] | align="right" | 880 |- | [[Ruse Municipality|Ruse]] | [[:bg:Община Русе|Русе]] | align="right" | 175,210 | '''[[Ruse, Bulgarie|Ruse]]''' | align="right" | 156,509 |- | [[Slivo Pole Municipality|Slivo Pole]] | [[:bg:Община Сливо поле|Сливо поле]] | align="right" | 11,635 | '''[[Slivo Pole]]''' | align="right" | 3,169 |- | [[Tsenovo Municipality|Tsenovo]] | [[:bg:Община Ценово|Ценово]] | align="right" | 6,220 | [[Tsenovo, Ruse Province|Tsenovo]] | align="right" | 1,673 |} ==Demografie== The Ruse province haed a [[population]] o 266,213 (266,157 gien an aw) accordin tae a 2001 [[census]], o which {{pct|129622|266213|1}} wur [[male]] an {{pct|136535|266213|1}} wur [[female]].<ref name="NSI Census 2001">{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/PopObl.htm Population to 01.03.2001 by Area and Sex] frae [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/nav.htm Bulgarian ''National Statistical Institute'': Census 2001]</ref> As o the end o 2009, the population o the province, annooncit bi the Bulgarie Naitional Statistical Institute, numbered 249,144<ref name="divisions"/> o which {{pct|64278|249144|1}} are indwallers agit ower 60 years.<ref name="NSI age">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1587#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Population by age in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513121908/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1587#cont |date=2012-05-13 }}</ref> <!--THIS TABLE IS STANDARD TO ALL BULGARIAN PROVINCE'S ARTICLES. PLEASE LEAVE --> The follaein table represents the chynge o the population in the province efter [[Warld War II]]: {{Table BG Province population | province = Ruse | 1946 = 215,361 | 1956 = 236,117 | 1965 = 273,226 | 1975 = 305,722 | 1985 = 315,762 | 1992 = 290,800 | 2001 = 266,213 | 2005 = 256,835 | 2007 = 253,008 | 2009 = 249,144 | 2011 = 235,252 | ref 1 = <ref name="divisions"/> | ref 2 = <ref name="population"/> | ref 3 = <ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/> }} ===Releegion=== Releegious adherence in the province accordin tae 2001 census:<ref>{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/Religion.htm Religious adherence in Bulgaria - census 2001]</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=3| <small>Census 2001</small> |- ! <small>'''releegious adherence'''</small> ! <small>'''population'''</small> ! % |- | [[Orthodox Kirk|Orthodox Christians]] | align="middle" | 215,434 | align="middle" |80.94% |- | [[Muslim]]s | align="middle" | 41,997 | align="middle" |15.78% |- | [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholics]] | align="middle" | 567 | align="middle" |0.21% |- | [[Protestantism|Protestants]] | align="middle" | 482 | align="middle" |0.18% |- | Ither | align="middle" | 1,596 | align="middle" |0.60% |- | Releegion no mentioned | align="middle" | 6,081 | align="middle" |2.29% |- | '''tot''' | align="middle" | '''266,157''' | align="middle" |100% |} ==See an aw== *[[Provinces o Bulgarie]] *[[Leet o veelages in Rousse Province]] ==References== <references /> == Freemit airtins == * [http://www.ruse.bg/ Ruse Province] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205001744/http://www.ruse.bg/ |date=2012-02-05 }} * [http://www.ruse-bg.eu/ Ruse municipality] * [http://www.guide-bulgaria.com/NC/Rousse Guide Bulgarie - Rousse Destrict] * [http://www.blackseaestates.net/myfolder/towns/Regions/regRuse.htm Information aboot the Ruse region] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018183624/http://www.blackseaestates.net/myfolder/towns/Regions/regRuse.htm |date=2012-10-18 }} {{Geographic location |Centre = Ruse Province |North = {{flag|Romanie}} |Northeast = [[Silistra Province]] |East = [[Razgrad Province]] |Southeast = [[Targovishte Province]] |South = [[Targovishte Province]] |Southwest = [[Veliko Tarnovo Province]] |West = [[Veliko Tarnovo Province]] |Northwest = {{flag|Romanie}} }} {{Provinces o Bulgarie}} [[Category:Ruse Province| ]] [[Category:Provinces o Bulgarie]] f5d84palss1zhd4nulup1gf1o4eprk2 0 37849 915891 858492 2026-04-29T12:27:43Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Bulgarian province | native_name = Област Разград | image_map = Razgrad Province location map.svg | capital = [[Razgrad]] | population_total = 122,599 | population_footnotes = <ref name="divisions"/> | population_as_of = Februar 2011 | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | area_footnotes = <ref name="phare"/> | area_total_km2 = 2,639.7 | municipalities = 7 | license_plate = PP | governor = | website = [http://www.rz.government.bg/ rz.government.bg] }} '''Razgrad Province''' ({{lang-bg|Област Разград}} (''Oblast Razgrad''), umwhile name [[Okrug|Razgrad okrug]]) is a province in northeastren [[Bulgarie]], geografically pairt o the [[Ludogorie]] region. It is namit efter its admeenistrative an industrial centre - the toun o [[Razgrad]]. As o December 2009, the province haes a total population o 132,740 inhabitants<ref name="divisions">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1585#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - provinces and municipalities in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165626/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1585#cont |date=2010-11-13 }}</ref><ref name="population">{{en icon}} [http://www.citypopulation.de/Bulgaria-Cities.html „WorldCityPopulation“]</ref><ref name="pop-stat-divisions">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-10-04 |archive-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113015521/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> on a territory o 2,639.7&nbsp;km²<ref name="phare">{{en icon}} [http://www.zei.de/download/Phare/bulgaria.pdf Bulgarian Provinces area and population 1999 — National Center for Regional Development — page 90-91]</ref> that is dividit intae 7 municipalities. ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.rz.government.bg/rz/index.html Offeecial steid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127103343/http://www.rz.government.bg/rz/index.html |date=2010-01-27 }} {{bg icon}} {{Geographic Location |Centre = Razgrad Province |North = [[Silistra Province]] |Northeast = |East = [[Shumen Province]] |Southeast = |South = [[Targovishte Province]] |Southwest = |West = [[Ruse Province]] |Northwest = }} <br/>{{Provinces o Bulgarie}} {{Bulgaria topics}} <!--Categories--> [[Category:Razgrad Province| ]] [[Category:Provinces o Bulgarie]] bp8sta940cjg3pfndtm0e30o4vvk1wg 0 37850 915896 858591 2026-04-29T15:42:07Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915896 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Bulgarian province | native_name = Област Шумен | image_map = Shumen Province location map.svg | capital = [[Shumen]] | population_total = 180,452 | population_footnotes = <ref name="divisions"/> | population_as_of = Februar 2011 | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | area_footnotes = <ref name="phare">{{en icon}} [http://www.zei.de/download/Phare/bulgaria.pdf Bulgarian Provinces area and population 1999 — National Center for Regional Development — page 90-91]</ref> | area_total_km2 = 3,389.7 | municipalities = 10 | license_plate = H | governor = Dimitar Alexandrov (2009-) | website = [http://www.oblastshumen.icon.bg/en/ oblastshumen.icon.bg] }} '''Shumen Province''' ({{lang-bg|Област Шумен}}, [[transliterated]] ''Oblast Shumen'', umwhile name [[Okrug|Shumen okrug]]) is a [[province]] in northeastren [[Bulgarie]] namit efter its main ceety [[Shumen]]. It is dividit intae 10 municipalities wi a total population, as o December 2009, o 194,090 inhabitants.<ref name="divisions">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1585#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian provinces and municipalities in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165626/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1585#cont |date=2010-11-13 }}</ref><ref name="population">{{en icon}} [http://www.citypopulation.de/Bulgaria-Cities.html „WorldCityPopulation“]</ref><ref name="pop-stat-divisions">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-10-04 |archive-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113015521/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==References== <references /> {{commonscat|Shumen Province}} ==Freemit airtins== {{-}} {{Geographic Location |Centre = Shumen Province |North = [[Silistra Province]] |Northeast = [[Dobrich Province]] |East = [[Varna Province]] |Southeast = |South = [[Burgas Province]] |Southwest = [[Sliven Province]] |West = [[Targovishte Province]] |Northwest = [[Razgrad Province]] }} {{Provinces o Bulgarie}} [[Category:Shumen Province|*]] [[Category:Provinces o Bulgarie]] l51cvbhxsuacuy1qloghhk7iaev05oy 0 37851 915897 915585 2026-04-29T15:47:28Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Bulgarian province | name = | native_name = Област Силистра | image_skyline = | image_caption = | image_map = Silistra Province location map.svg | coordinates = | coordinates_footnotes = | capital = [[Silistra]] | municipalities = 7 | governor = | area_footnotes =<ref name="phare">{{en icon}} [http://www.zei.de/download/Phare/bulgaria.pdf Bulgarian Provinces area and population 1999 — National Center for Regional Development — page 90-91]</ref> | area_total_km2 = 2,846.3 | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = <ref name="divisions"/><ref name="population"/><ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/> | population_total = 117,576 | population_as_of = Februar 2011 | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | population_note = | license_plate = CC | website = [http://www.ss.government.bg/ ss.government.bg] | footnotes = }} '''Silistra Province''' ({{lang-bg|Област Силистра}}, [[transliteratit]] ''Oblast Silistra'', umwhile name [[Okrug|Silistra okrug]]) is a [[provinces o Bulgarie|province]] o [[Bulgarie]], namit efter its main ceety - [[Silistra]]. It is dividit intae seiven municipalities wi a tot population, as o December 2009, o 127,659.<ref name="divisions">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1585#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian provinces and municipalities in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165626/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1585#cont |date=2010-11-13 }}</ref><ref name="population">{{en icon}} [http://www.citypopulation.de/Bulgaria-Cities.html „WorldCityPopulation“]</ref><ref name="pop-stat-divisions">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-10-04 |archive-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113015521/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Silistra Province is a tradeetionally agricultural province, mainly acause o its fertile sile. The province is kent for its [[pelican]]s an apricot brandy. Besides the admeenistrative centre, ither municipalities are [[Alfatar]], [[Dulovo, Bulgaria|Dulovo]], [[Glavinitsa]], [[Kaynardzha]], [[Sitovo, Silistra Province|Sitovo]], an [[Tutrakan]]. ==Municipalities== {{Silistra Province Labelled Map|float=right}} The Silistra Province contains 7 municipalities ({{lang-bg|singular: община, ''obshtina'' - plural: общини, ''obshtini''}}). The follaein table shows the names o each municipality in Scots an [[Cyrillic]], the main toun (in bauld) or veelage, an the population o each as o December 2009. {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Municipality ! Cyrillic ! Pop.<ref name="divisions"/><ref name="population"/><ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/> ! Toun/Veelage ! Pop.<ref name="population"/><ref name="statistika">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1588#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian towns in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165731/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1588#cont |date=2010-11-13 }}</ref><ref name="pop-stat">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-cities.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-10-04 |archive-date=2015-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016140135/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-cities.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | align="center" |[[Alfatar Municipality|Alfatar]] | align="center" |[[:bg:Община Алфатар|Алфатар]] | align="center" | 3,324 | align="center" |'''[[Alfatar]]''' | align="center" | 1,714 |- | align="center" |[[Glavinitsa Municipality|Glavinitsa]] | align="center" |[[:bg:Община Главиница|Главиница]] | align="center" | 12,610 | align="center" |'''[[Glavinitsa]]''' | align="center" | 1,928 |- | align="center" |[[Dulovo Municipality|Dulovo]] | align="center" |[[:bg:Община Дулово|Дулово]] | align="center" | 28,860 | align="center" |'''[[Dulovo, Bulgarie|Dulovo]]''' | align="center" | 6,621 |- | align="center" |[[Kaynardzha Municipality|Kaynardzha]] | align="center" |[[:bg:Община Кайнарджа|Кайнарджа]] | align="center" | 5,250 | align="center" |[[Kaynardzha]] | align="center" | 783 |- | align="center" |[[Silistra Municipality|Silistra]] | align="center" |[[:bg:Община Силистра|Силистра]] | align="center" | 54,885 | align="center" |'''[[Silistra]]''' | align="center" | 37,837 |- | align="center" |[[Sitovo Municipality|Sitovo]] | align="center" |[[:bg:Община Ситово|Ситово]] | align="center" | 5,810 | align="center" |[[Sitovo, Silistra Province|Sitovo]] | align="center" | 847 |- | align="center" |[[Tutrakan Municipality|Tutrakan]] | align="center" |[[:bg:Община Тутракан|Тутракан]] | align="center" | 16,920 | align="center" |'''[[Tutrakan]]''' | align="center" | 9,476 |} ==Demografie== The Silistra province haed a [[population]] o 142,000 accordin tae a 2001 [[census]], o which {{pct|70633|142000|1}} wur [[male]] an {{pct|71367|142000|1}} wur [[female]].<ref name="NSI Census 2001">{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/PopObl.htm Population to 01.03.2001 by Area and Sex] from [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/nav.htm Bulgarian ''National Statistical Institute'': Census 2001]</ref> As o the end o 2009, the population o the province, annooncit bi the Bulgarie Naitional Statistical Institute, numbered 127,659<ref name="divisions"/> o which {{pct|32674|127659|1}} are indwallers aged ower 60 years.<ref name="NSI age">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1587#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Population by age in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513121908/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1587#cont |date=2012-05-13 }}</ref> <!--THIS TABLE IS STANDARD TO ALL BULGARIAN PROVINCE'S ARTICLES. PLEASE LEAVE --> The follaein table represents the chynge o the population in the province efter [[Warld War II]]: {{Table BG Province population | province = Silistra | 1946 = 152,287 | 1956 = 163,572 | 1965 = 170,442 | 1975 = 175,754 | 1985 = 174,122 | 1992 = 161,063 | 2001 = 142,000 | 2005 = 134,897 | 2007 = 131,798 | 2009 = 127,659 | 2011 = 117,576 | ref 1 = <ref name="divisions"/> | ref 2 = <ref name="population"/> | ref 3 = <ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/> }} ===Releegion=== Releegious adherence in the province accordin tae 2001 census:<ref>{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/Religion.htm Religious adherence in Bulgaria - census 2001]</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=3| <small>Census 2001</small> |- ! <small>'''releegious adherence'''</small> ! <small>'''population'''</small> ! % |- | [[Orthodox Kirk|Orthodox Christians]] | align="middle" | 83,969 | align="middle" |59.13% |- | [[Muslim]]s | align="middle" | 54,174 | align="middle" |38.15% |- | [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholics]] | align="middle" | 196 | align="middle" |0.14% |- | [[Protestantism|Protestants]] | align="middle" | 303 | align="middle" |0.21% |- | Ither | align="middle" | 553 | align="middle" |0.39% |- | Releegion nae mentioned | align="middle" | 2,805 | align="middle" |1.98% |- | '''tot''' | align="middle" | '''142,000''' | align="middle" |100% |} ==See an aw== *[[Provinces o Bulgaria]] *[[Leet o veelages in Silistra Province]] ==References== <references /> {{Geographic location |Centre = Silistra Province |North = {{flag|Romanie}} |Northeast = |East = [[Dobrich Province]] |Southeast = [[Dobrich Province]] |South = [[Shumen Province]] |Southwest = [[Razgrad Province]] |West = [[Rousse Province]] |Northwest = }} <br/>{{Provinces o Bulgarie}} <!--Stubs--> <!--Categories--> [[Category:Silistra Province| ]] [[Category:Provinces o Bulgarie]] <!--Other languages--> ontwrxwo9q2vm2aslsauqknzrkkhx49 0 37854 915918 915591 2026-04-29T20:47:51Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915918 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Bulgarian province | native_name = Област Видин | image_map = Vidin Province, Bulgaria.jpg | capital = [[Vidin]] | population_total = 101,018 | population_as_of = 2011 <ref name="divisions"/><ref name="population"/><ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/> | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | area_total_km2 = 3032.9 | municipalities = 11 | license_plate = BH | governor = | website = }} '''Vidin Province''' ({{Lang-bg|Област Видин}}) is the northwastmaist [[provinces o Bulgarie|province]] o [[Bulgarie]]. It borders [[Serbie]] tae the wast an [[Romanie]] tae the northeast. Its admeenistrative centre is the ceety o [[Vidin]] on the [[Danube river]]. The aurie is dividit intae 11 municipalities. As o December 2009, the province haes a population o 108,067 inhabitants.<ref name="divisions">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1585#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian provinces and municipalities in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165626/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1585#cont |date=2010-11-13 }}</ref><ref name="population">{{en icon}} [http://www.citypopulation.de/Bulgaria-Cities.html „WorldCityPopulation“]</ref><ref name="pop-stat-divisions">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-09-17 |archive-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113015521/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> There are remains o mony castles, some o which are [[Baba Vida]], ane o the last Bulgarie stranghaulds durin the [[Bulgarie-Ottoman Wars|Ottoman invasion]] an the Belogradchik fortress. ==Municipalities== {{Vidin Province Labelled Map|float=right}} The Vidin Province contains 11 municipalities (singular: община, ''obshtina'' - plural: общини, ''obshtini''). The follaeing table shows the names o each municipality in Inglis an [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], the main toun (in bauld) or veelage, an the population o each as o December 2009. {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Municipality ! Cyrillic ! Pop.<ref name="divisions"/><ref name="population"/><ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/> ! Toun/Veelage ! Pop.<ref name="population"/><ref name="statistika">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1588#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian towns in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165731/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1588#cont |date=2010-11-13 }}</ref><ref name="pop-stat">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-cities.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-09-17 |archive-date=2015-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016140135/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-cities.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="villages under 1000">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/nrnm/index.php?ezik=en&f=8&s=1&date=29.12.2010&e=1&s1=4&c1=2&a1=1000&c=0 Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian villages under 1000 inhabitants - December 2009]</ref> |- | align="center" |[[Belogradchik Municipality|Belogradchik]] | align="center" |[[:bg:Община Белоградчик|Белоградчик]] | align="center" | 7,045 | align="center" |'''[[Belogradchik]]''' | align="center" | 5,334 |- | align="center" |[[Boynitsa Municipality|Boynitsa]] | align="center" |[[:bg:Община Бойница|Бойница]] | align="center" | 1,717 | align="center" |[[Boynitsa]] | align="center" | 595 |- | align="center" |[[Bregovo Municipality|Bregovo]] | align="center" |[[:bg:Община Брегово|Брегово]] | align="center" | 6,168 | align="center" |'''[[Bregovo]]''' | align="center" | 2,592 |- | align="center" |[[Vidin Municipality|Vidin]] | align="center" |[[:bg:Община Видин|Видин]] | align="center" | 66,126 | align="center" |'''[[Vidin]]''' | align="center" | 49,471 |- | align="center" |[[Gramada Municipality|Gramada]] | align="center" |[[:bg:Община Грамада|Грамада]] | align="center" | 2,384 | align="center" |'''[[Gramada]]''' | align="center" | 1,647 |- | align="center" |[[Dimovo Municipality|Dimovo]] | align="center" |[[:bg:Община Димово|Димово]] | align="center" | 7,175 | align="center" |'''[[Dimovo]]''' | align="center" | 1,211 |- | align="center" |[[Kula Municipality, Bulgarie|Kula]] | align="center" |[[:bg:Община Кула|Кула]] | align="center" | 4,958 | align="center" |'''[[Kula, Bulgarie|Kula]]''' | align="center" | 3,287 |- | align="center" |[[Makresh Municipality|Makresh]] | align="center" |[[:bg:Община Макреш|Макреш]] | align="center" | 1,938 | align="center" |[[Makresh]] | align="center" | 473 |- | align="center" |[[Novo Selo Municipality, Bulgaria|Novo Selo]] | align="center" |[[:bg:Община Ново село|Ново Село]] | align="center" | 3,381 | align="center" |[[Novo Selo, Vidin Province|Novo Selo]] | align="center" | 1,144 |- | align="center" |[[Ruzhintsi Municipality|Ruzhintsi]] | align="center" |[[:bg:Община Ружинци|Ружинци]] | align="center" | 4,890 | align="center" |[[Ruzhintsi]] | align="center" | 915 |- | align="center" |[[Chuprene Municipality|Chuprene]] | align="center" |[[:bg:Община Чупрене|Чупрене]] | align="center" | 2,285 | align="center" |[[Chuprene]] | align="center" | 576 |} ==Geografie== [[File:Baba Vida Klearchos 1.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Baba Vida fortress in Vidin]] The territory o the province includes the maist wastren pairts o the [[Danubian Plain (Bulgarie)|Danubian Plain]] an [[Stara Planina]], while the [[Danube]] forms the border wi [[Romanie]]. The slopes o [[Stara Planina]] are covered wi dense forests, lush meadaes an boasts the majestic rock phenomena, the [[Belogradchik Rocks]]. There are aroond 80 [[cave]]s situatit close tae the border wi [[Serbie]], the maist famous being the [[Magura Cave]], which kent with its cave paintin frae 10,000 BC. There is a lake in the proximity o the cave an aw. ==Demografie== [[Image:Belogradchik rocks galleryfull.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The Belogradchik Rocks]] The Vidin province haed a [[population]] o 130,074 accordin tae a 2001 [[census]], o which {{pct|62947|130074|1}} wur [[male]] an {{pct|67127|130074|1}} wur [[female]].<ref name="NSI Census 2001">{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/PopObl.htm Population to 01.03.2001 by Area and Sex] from [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/nav.htm Bulgarian ''National Statistical Institute'': Census 2001]</ref> As o the end o 2009, the population o the province, annooncit bi the Bulgarie Naitional Statistical Institute, numbered 108,067<ref name="divisions"/> of which {{pct|35227|108067|1}} are inhabitants aged over 60 years.<ref name="NSI age">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1587#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Population by age in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513121908/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1587#cont |date=2012-05-13 }}</ref> <!--THIS TABLE IS STANDARD TO ALL BULGARIAN PROVINCE'S ARTICLES. PLEASE LEAVE --> The follaein table represents the chynge o the population in the province efter [[Warld War II]]: {{Table BG Province population | province = Vidin | 1946 = 194,007 | 1956 = 188,518 | 1965 = 179,429 | 1975 = 176,761 | 1985 = 166,680 | 1992 = 151,636 | 2001 = 130,074 | 2005 = 117,809 | 2007 = 112,604 | 2009 = 108,067 | 2011 = 101,018 | ref 1 = <ref name="divisions"/> | ref 2 = <ref name="population"/> | ref 3 = <ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/> }} ===Releegion=== Releegious adherence in the province accordin tae 2001 census:<ref>{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census_e/Religion.htm Religious adherence in Bulgaria - census 2001]</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=3| <small>Census 2001</small> |- ! <small>'''relieegious adherence'''</small> ! <small>'''population'''</small> ! % |- | [[Orthodox Kirk|Orthodox Christians]] | align="middle" | 125,063 | align="middle" |96.15% |- | [[Muslim]]s | align="middle" | 139 | align="middle" |0.11% |- | [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholics]] | align="middle" | 143 | align="middle" |0.11% |- | [[Protestantism|Protestants]] | align="middle" | 397 | align="middle" |0.31% |- | Ither | align="middle" | 602 | align="middle" |0.46% |- | Releegion no mentioned | align="middle" | 3,730 | align="middle" |2.87% |- | '''total''' | align="middle" | '''130,074''' | align="middle" |100% |} == Touns an veelages == The place names in bauld hae the status o [[toun]] (in Bulgarie: град, transliteratit as ''grad''). Ither localities hae the status o [[veelage]] (in Bulgarie: село, transliteratit as ''selo''). The names o localities are transliteratit in [[Laitin alphabet]]<ref>[http://geonames.nga.mil/ggmaviewer/MainFrameSet.asp Geonames Search] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307030359/http://geonames.nga.mil/ggmaviewer/MainFrameSet.asp |date=2010-03-07 }} at [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]] (NGA) - reference for location names</ref> follaeed in parentheses bi the oreeginal name in Bulgarie [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic alphabet]] (which links tae the correspondin Bulgarie Wikipedia airticle). === [[Belogradchik Municipality]] === {{Main|Belogradchik Municipality}} The Belogradchik municipality haes ane toun (in bauld) an 17 veelages: <blockquote>{{flatlist| * '''[[Belogradchik]]''' ([[:bg:Белоградчик|Белоградчик]]) * [[Borovitsa]] ([[:bg:Боровица (Област Видин)|Боровица]]) * [[Veshtitsa]] ([[:bg:Вещица (село)|Вещица]]) * [[Varba]] ([[:bg:Върба (Област Видин)|Върба]]) * [[Granitovo]] ([[:bg:Гранитово (Област Видин)|Гранитово]]) * [[Granichak]] ([[:bg:Граничак|Граничак]]) * [[Dabravka]] ([[:bg:Дъбравка|Дъбравка]]) * [[Krachimir]] ([[:bg:Крачимир|Крачимир]]) * [[Oshane]] ([[:bg:Ошане|Ошане]]) * [[Prauzhda]] ([[:bg:Праужда|Праужда]]) * [[Prolaznitsa]] ([[:bg:Пролазница|Пролазница]]) * [[Rabisha]] ([[:bg:Рабиша|Рабиша]]) * [[Rayanovtsi]] ([[:bg:Раяновци (Област Видин)|Раяновци]]) * [[Salash]] ([[:bg:Салаш|Салаш]]) * [[Slivovnik]] ([[:bg:Сливовник|Сливовник]]) * [[Stakevtsi]] ([[:bg:Стакевци|Стакевци]]) * [[Struindol]] ([[:bg:Струиндол|Струиндол]]) * [[Chiflik (veelage)|Chiflik]] ([[:bg:Чифлик (Област Видин)|Чифлик]]) }}</blockquote> === [[Boynitsa Municipality]] === {{Main|Boynitsa Municipality}} The Boynitsa municipality haes 9 veelages: <blockquote>{{flatlist| * [[Boynitsa]] ([[:bg:Бойница (село)|Бойница]]) * [[Borilovets]] ([[:bg:Бориловец|Бориловец]]) * [[Gradskovski kolibi]] ([[:bg:Градсковски колиби|Градсковски колиби]]) * [[Halovski kolibi]] ([[:bg:Халовски колиби|Халовски колиби]]) * [[Kanits]] ([[:bg:Каниц (село)|Каниц]]) * [[Perilovets]] ([[:bg:Периловец|Периловец]]) * [[Rabrovo, Vidin Province|Rabrovo]] ([[:bg:Раброво|Раброво]]) * [[Shipkova mahala]] ([[:bg:Шипикова махала|Шипикова махала]]) * [[Shishentsi]] ([[:bg:Шишенци|Шишенци]]) }}</blockquote> === [[Bregovo Municipality]] === {{Main|Bregovo Municipality}} The Bregovo municipality haes ane toun (in bauld) an 9 veelages: <blockquote>{{flatlist| * '''[[Bregovo]]''' ([[:bg:Брегово|Брегово]]) * [[Baley, Vidin Province|Baley]] ([[:bg:Балей|Балей]]) * [[Vrav]] ([[:bg:Връв (село)|Връв]]) * [[Gamzovo]] ([[:bg:Гъмзово|Гъмзово]]) * [[Deleyna]] ([[:bg:Делейна|Делейна]]) * [[Kalina (Vidin Province)|Kalina]] ([[:bg:Калина (Област Видин)|Калина]]) * [[Kosovo (Vidin Province)|Kosovo]] ([[:bg:Косово (Област Видин)|Косово]]) * [[Kudelin]] ([[:bg:Куделин|Куделин]]) * [[Rakitnitsa]] ([[:bg:Ракитница|Ракитница]]) * [[Tiyanovtsi]] ([[:bg:Тияновци|Тияновци]]) }}</blockquote> === [[Vidin Municipality]] === {{Main|Vidin Municipality}} The Vidin municipality haes twa touns (in bauld) an 33 veelages: <blockquote>{{flatlist| * [[Akatsievo]] ([[:bg:Акациево|Акациево]]) * [[Antimovo]] ([[:bg:Антимово (Област Видин)|Антимово]]) * [[Bela Rada]] ([[:bg:Бела Рада|Бела Рада]]) * [[Botevo, Vidin Province|Botevo]] ([[:bg:Ботево|Ботево]]) * [[Bukovets, Vidin Province|Bukovets]] ([[:bg:Буковец|Буковец]]) * '''[[Vidin]]''' ([[:bg:Видин|Видин]]) * [[Voinitsa]] ([[:bg:Войница|Войница]]) * [[Vartop, Vidin Province|Vartop]] ([[:bg:Въртоп (село)|Въртоп]]) * [[Gaytantsi]] ([[:bg:Гайтанци|Гайтанци]]) * [[General Marinovo]] ([[:bg:Генерал Мариново|Генерал Мариново]]) * [[Gomotartsi]] ([[:bg:Гомотарци|Гомотарци]]) * [[Gradets (Vidin Province)|Gradets]] ([[:bg:Градец (Област Видин)|Градец]]) * [[Dinkovitsa]] ([[:bg:Динковица|Динковица]]) * [[Dolni Boshnyak]] ([[:bg:Долни Бошняк|Долни Бошняк]]) * [[Druzhba, Vidin Province|Druzhba]] ([[:bg:Дружба (село)|Дружба]]) * '''[[Dunavtsi]]''' ([[:bg:Дунавци|Дунавци]]) * [[Zheglitsa]] ([[:bg:Жеглица|Жеглица]]) * [[Ivanovtsi]] ([[:bg:Ивановци|Ивановци]]) * [[Inovo, Vidin Province|Inovo]] ([[:bg:Иново|Иново]]) * [[Kalenik]] ([[:bg:Каленик|Каленик]]) * [[Kapitanovtsi]] ([[:bg:Капитановци|Капитановци]]) * [[Koshava]] ([[:bg:Кошава (село)|Кошава]]) * [[Kutovo]] ([[:bg:Кутово|Кутово]]) * [[Mayor Uzunovo]] ([[:bg:Майор Узуново|Майор Узуново]]) * [[Novoseltsi]] ([[:bg:Новоселци|Новоселци]]) * [[Peshakovo]] ([[:bg:Пешаково|Пешаково]]) * [[Plakuder]] ([[:bg:Плакудер|Плакудер]]) * [[Pokrayna]] ([[:bg:Покрайна|Покрайна]]) * [[Ruptsi]] ([[:bg:Рупци|Рупци]]) * [[Tsar Simeonovo]] ([[:bg:Цар Симеоново|Цар Симеоново]]) * [[Sinagovtsi]] ([[:bg:Синаговци|Синаговци]]) * [[Slana bara]] ([[:bg:Слана бара|Слана бара]]) * [[Slanotran]] ([[:bg:Сланотрън|Сланотрън]]) * [[Tarnyane]] ([[:bg:Търняне|Търняне]]) }}</blockquote> === [[Gramada Municipality]] === {{Main|Gramada Municipality}} The Gramada municipality haes ane toun (in bauld) an 7 veelages: <blockquote>{{flatlist| * [[Boyanovo]] ([[:bg:Бояново|Бояново]]) * [[Brankovtsi]] ([[:bg:Бранковци|Бранковци]]) * [[Vodna]] ([[:bg:Водна|Водна]]) * '''[[Gramada]]''' ([[:bg:Грамада|Грамада]]) * [[Medeshevtsi]] ([[:bg:Медешевци|Медешевци]]) * [[Milchina laka]] ([[:bg:Милчина лъка|Милчина лъка]]) * [[Sratsimirovo]] ([[:bg:Срацимирово|Срацимирово]]) * [[Toshevtsi]] ([[:bg:Тошевци|Тошевци]]) }}</blockquote> === [[Dimovo Municipality]] === {{Main|Dimovo Municipality}} The Dimovo municipality haes ane toun (in bauld) an 22 veelages: <blockquote>{{flatlist| * [[Archar, Vidin Province|Archar]] ([[:bg:Арчар|Арчар]]) * [[Bela, Vidin Province|Bela]] ([[:bg:Бела|Бела]]) * [[Vladichentsi]] ([[:bg:Владиченци|Владиченци]]) * [[Vodnyantsi]] ([[:bg:Воднянци|Воднянци]]) * [[Varbovchets]] ([[:bg:Върбовчец|Върбовчец]]) * [[Oreshets]] ([[:bg:Орешец|Орешец]]) * '''[[Dimovo]]''' ([[:bg:Димово|Димово]]) * [[Dalgo pole]] ([[:bg:Дълго поле|Дълго поле]]) * [[Darzhanitsa]] ([[:bg:Държаница|Държаница]]) * [[Izvor, Vidin Province|Izvor]] ([[:bg:Извор (Област Видин)|Извор]]) * [[Karbintsi]] ([[:bg:Карбинци|Карбинци]]) * [[Kladorub]] ([[:bg:Кладоруб|Кладоруб]]) * [[Kostichovtsi]] ([[:bg:Костичовци|Костичовци]]) * [[Lagoshevtsi]] ([[:bg:Лагошевци|Лагошевци]]) * [[Mali Drenovets]] ([[:bg:Мали Дреновец|Мали Дреновец]]) * [[Medovnitsa]] ([[:bg:Медовница|Медовница]]) * [[Gara Oreshets]] ([[:bg:Гара Орешец|Гара Орешец]]) * [[Ostrokaptsi]] ([[:bg:Острокапци|Острокапци]]) * [[Septemvriytsi, Vidin Province|Septemvriytsi]] ([[:bg:Септемврийци (село)|Септемврийци]]) * [[Smolya]] ([[:bg:Скомля|Скомля]]) * [[Shipot]] ([[:bg:Шипот|Шипот]]) * [[Yanyovets]] ([[:bg:Яньовец|Яньовец]]) * [[Yarlovitsa]] ([[:bg:Ярловица|Ярловица]]) }}</blockquote> === [[Kula Municipality, Bulgarie|Kula Municipality]] === {{Main|Kula Municipality, Bulgarie}} The Kula municipality haes ane toun (in bauld) an 8 veelages: <blockquote>{{flatlist| * [[Golemanovo]] ([[:bg:Големаново|Големаново]]) * [[Izvor mahala]] ([[:bg:Извор махала|Извор махала]]) * [[Kosta Perchevo]] ([[:bg:Коста Перчево|Коста Перчево]]) * '''[[Kula, Bulgarie|Kula]]''' ([[:bg:Кула (град)|Кула]]) * [[Poletkovtsi]] ([[:bg:Полетковци|Полетковци]]) * [[Staropatitsa]] ([[:bg:Старопатица|Старопатица]]) * [[Topolovets]] ([[:bg:Тополовец (община Кула)|Тополовец]]) * [[Tsar Petrovo]] ([[:bg:Цар-Петрово|Цар-Петрово]]) * [[Chichil]] ([[:bg:Чичил|Чичил]]) }}</blockquote> === [[Makresh Municipality]] === {{Main|Makresh Municipality}} The Makresh municipality haes 7 veelages: <blockquote>{{flatlist| * [[Valchek]] ([[:bg:Вълчек|Вълчек]]) * [[Kireevo]] ([[:bg:Киреево|Киреево]]) * [[Makresh]] ([[:bg:Макреш|Макреш]]) * [[Podgore]] ([[:bg:Подгоре|Подгоре]]) * [[Rakovitsa]] ([[:bg:Раковица|Раковица]]) * [[Tolovitsa]] ([[:bg:Толовица|Толовица]]) * [[Tsar Shishmanovo]] ([[:bg:Цар Шишманово|Цар Шишманово]]) }}</blockquote> === [[Novo Selo Municipality, Bulgarie|Novo Selo]] === {{Main|Novo Selo Municipality, Bulgarie}} The Novo Selo municipality haes 5 veelages: <blockquote>{{flatlist| * [[Vinarovo]] ([[:bg:Винарово|Винарово]]) * [[Negovanovtsi]] ([[:bg:Неговановци|Неговановци]]) * [[Novo Selo, Vidin Province|Novo Selo]] ([[:bg:Ново село (Област Видин)|Ново село]]) * [[Florentin, Vidin Province|Florentin]] ([[:bg:Флорентин|Флорентин]]) * [[Yasen]] ([[:bg:Ясен (Област Видин)|Ясен]]) }}</blockquote> === [[Ruzhintsi Municipality]] === {{Main|Ruzhintsi Municipality}} The Ruzhintsi municipality haes 10 veelages: <blockquote>{{flatlist| * [[Belo pole, Vidin Province|Belo pole]] ([[:bg:Бело поле (Област Видин)|Бело поле]]) * [[Gyurgich]] ([[:bg:Гюргич|Гюргич]]) * [[Dinkovo]] ([[:bg:Динково|Динково]]) * [[Drazhintsi]] ([[:bg:Дражинци|Дражинци]]) * [[Drenovets]] ([[:bg:Дреновец|Дреновец]]) * [[Pleshivets]] ([[:bg:Плешивец|Плешивец]]) * [[Roglets]] ([[:bg:Роглец|Роглец]]) * [[Ruzhintsi]] ([[:bg:Ружинци|Ружинци]]) * [[Topolovets]] ([[:bg:Тополовец (община Ружинци)|Тополовец]]) * [[Cherno pole]] ([[:bg:Черно поле|Черно поле]]) }}</blockquote> === [[Chuprene Municipality]] === {{Main|Chuprene Municipality}} The Chuprene municipality haes 9 veelages: <blockquote>{{flatlist| * [[Bostanite]] ([[:bg:Бостаните|Бостаните]]) * [[Varbovo]] ([[:bg:Върбово|Върбово]]) * [[Gorni Lom]] ([[:bg:Горни Лом|Горни Лом]]) * [[Dolni Lom]] ([[:bg:Долни Лом|Долни Лом]]) * [[Protopopintsi]] ([[:bg:Протопопинци|Протопопинци]]) * [[Replyana]] ([[:bg:Репляна|Репляна]]) * [[Sredogriv]] ([[:bg:Средогрив|Средогрив]]) * [[Targovishte, Vidin Province|Targovishte]] ([[:bg:Търговище (Област Видин)|Търговище]]) * [[Chuprene]] ([[:bg:Чупрене|Чупрене]]) }}</blockquote> ==References== <references /> == Freemit airtins == * [http://en.vidin.government.bg/094/60-16-16/index.html Offeecial steid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302233724/http://en.vidin.government.bg/094/60-16-16/index.html |date=2010-03-02 }} {{Geographic location |Centre = {{flagicon|Bulgaria}}Vidin Province |North = {{flagicon|Romania}}[[Mehedinţi Coonty]] |Northeast = {{flagicon|Romania}}[[Dolj Coonty]] |East = |Southeast = {{flagicon|Bulgaria}}[[Montana Province]] |South = {{flagicon|Serbia}}[[Pirot Destrict]] |Southwest = |West = {{flagicon|Serbia}}[[Zaječar Destrict]] |Northwest = {{flagicon|Serbia}}[[Bor Destrict]] }} {{Provinces o Bulgarie}} {{commons category|Vidin Province}} [[Category:Provinces o Bulgarie]] [[Category:Vidin Province| ]] co2raikzo4ngiwmmidgno0xzbg3khrc 0 38836 915895 893820 2026-04-29T15:32:58Z ~2026-25928-71 130510 915895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | image = Julie Wilson Nimmo.jpg | imagesize = | caption = | birth_name = Julie Wilson Nimmo | birth_date = {{birth year and age|1973}} | birth_place = [[Glesga]], [[Scotland]] | years_active = 1991-present | occupation = Actress | spouse = [[Greg Hemphill]] | children = 2 }} '''Julie Wilson Nimmo''' (born 1973) is a Scots actress that trained at the [[RSAMD]] (1991–94) an is best kent for playin the role of Miss Hoolie in the [[BBC One]], [[BBC Two|Two]] an [[CBeebies]] 2002-05 bairn's programme ''[[Balamory]]''. She is marriet tae actor [[Greg Hemphill]] that stars as [[Victor McDade]] on the popular Scottish TV comedy series ''[[Still Game]]''. They appeared thegither in earlier TV comedies ''[[Pulp Video]]'' (1995&ndash;96, her first major TV credit) an ''[[Chewin' the Fat]]'' (1999&ndash;2002) an aw, an hae twa sons. Efter takkin a break frae actin, she returned tae the stage in [[Glesga]] as So-Shy in a production o [[Sandy Wilson]]'s pantomime muisical ''[[Aladdin (musical)|Aladdin]]''. She briefly appeared in the Scottis comedy TV series ''[[Rab C. Nesbitt]]'' an played [[Elizabeth Macquarie]] in the docudrama ''The Father of Australia'' an aw. She plays 'Lovely Sue' in the Radio 4 comedy series, ''[[Fags, Mags and Bags]]''. She played Katrine Trolle an ither witnesses in a radio dramatisation o the court case [[HM Advocate v Sheridan and Sheridan]]. ==Freemit airtins== *{{imdb name|id=0932940|name=Julie Wilson Nimmo}} *[http://living.scotsman.com/tvradio/Welcome-to-my-world-Julie.5865668.jp Interview with ''The Scotsman''] {{DEFAULTSORT:Wilson Nimmo, Julie}} [[Category:1972 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Glesga]] [[Category:Scots radio actresses]] [[Category:Scots stage actresses]] [[Category:Scots televeesion actresses]] chcrggali86tkzrmn3c3vp58hv2wvs7 915901 915895 2026-04-29T16:52:56Z CiphriusKane 74958 Revertit edit o ~2026-25928-71, chynged back tae last version bi Magioladitis 893820 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | image = Julie Wilson Nimmo.jpg | imagesize = | caption = | birth_name = Julie Wilson Nimmo | birth_date = {{birth year and age|1972}} | birth_place = [[Glesga]], [[Scotland]] | years_active = 1991-present | occupation = Actress | spouse = [[Greg Hemphill]] | children = 2 }} '''Julie Wilson Nimmo''' (born 1972) is a Scots actress that trained at the [[RSAMD]] (1991–94) an is best kent for playin the role of Miss Hoolie in the [[BBC One]], [[BBC Two|Two]] an [[CBeebies]] 2002-05 bairn's programme ''[[Balamory]]''. She is marriet tae actor [[Greg Hemphill]] that stars as [[Victor McDade]] on the popular Scottish TV comedy series ''[[Still Game]]''. They appeared thegither in earlier TV comedies ''[[Pulp Video]]'' (1995&ndash;96, her first major TV credit) an ''[[Chewin' the Fat]]'' (1999&ndash;2002) an aw, an hae twa sons. Efter takkin a break frae actin, she returned tae the stage in [[Glesga]] as So-Shy in a production o [[Sandy Wilson]]'s pantomime muisical ''[[Aladdin (musical)|Aladdin]]''. She briefly appeared in the Scottis comedy TV series ''[[Rab C. Nesbitt]]'' an played [[Elizabeth Macquarie]] in the docudrama ''The Father of Australia'' an aw. She plays 'Lovely Sue' in the Radio 4 comedy series, ''[[Fags, Mags and Bags]]''. She played Katrine Trolle an ither witnesses in a radio dramatisation o the court case [[HM Advocate v Sheridan and Sheridan]]. ==Freemit airtins== *{{imdb name|id=0932940|name=Julie Wilson Nimmo}} *[http://living.scotsman.com/tvradio/Welcome-to-my-world-Julie.5865668.jp Interview with ''The Scotsman''] {{DEFAULTSORT:Wilson Nimmo, Julie}} [[Category:1972 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Glesga]] [[Category:Scots radio actresses]] [[Category:Scots stage actresses]] [[Category:Scots televeesion actresses]] d23kjizgdizc962e2o6u6w4q6rzduwj 0 41351 915890 893860 2026-04-29T12:25:27Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915890 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | image = Raquel Argandoña.jpg | caption = Raquel Argandoña attendin an event in [[Iquique]] on 19 Februar 2011. | birthname = Raquel Eliana Argandoña de la Fuente | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1957|12|5|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Santiago de Chile]] | occupation = [[TV presenter]], [[Actress]], [[beauty pageant]] contestant, [[mayor]] | parents = Eduardo Argandoña L'Huillier (deceased)<br>Eliana de la Fuente Honorato | relatives = [[Raquel Calderón]] (dochter)<br>Hernán Calderón (son) }} '''Raquel Eliana Argandoña de la Fuente''' (5 December 1957 in [[Santiago]]) is a Chilean [[actress]], umwhile [[beauty pageant]] contestant, [[TV presenter]], an mayor o [[Pelarco]]. She is best kent for her role as the [[La Quintrala]] in the 1986 TV mini-series o the same name. Raquel Argandoña wis the 1975 [[Miss Chile]] an aw.<ref>http://www.chileancharm.com/Archivos/Archivo_Prensa.html{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Raquel is the mither o the actress-sangster [[Raquel Calderón Argandoña]].<ref>http://www.fotos.emol.com/?F_ID=853142</ref> ==Electoral Resume== === Municipal Elections 1996 === '''[[Pelarco]]'s mayoralty'''<ref>[http://www.elecciones.gov.cl/SitioHistorico/paginas/1996/municipales/comunas/candidatos/total/5002.htm Elecciones.gov.cl] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220071213/http://www.elecciones.gov.cl/SitioHistorico/paginas/1996/municipales/comunas/candidatos/total/5002.htm |date=2012-02-20 }} Votación Candidatos por Comuna, Pelarco.</ref> {| class="wikitable" | bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Candidate''' | bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Pairty''' | bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Votes''' | bgcolor=#cccccc | '''%''' | bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Results''' |- |bgcolor=#DDEEFF| Bonifacio Correa Echenique |bgcolor=#DDEEFF| [[Unión Demócrata Independiente|UDI]] |bgcolor=#DDEEFF| 1.197 |bgcolor=#DDEEFF| 27,16% |bgcolor=#DDEEFF| Mayor |- |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| '''Raquel Argandoña De La Fuente''' |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| [[Naitional Renewal (Chile)|Indep. RN]] |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| 1.180 |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| 26,78% |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| Councilor |- |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| Mario Contreras Loyola |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| [[Partido Demócrata Cristiano de Chile|DC]] |bgcolor=#FFE8E8|570 |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| 12,93% |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| Councilor |- |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| Rolando González Rojas |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| [[Pairty for Democracy|PPD]] |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| 480 |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| 10,89% |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| Councilor |- |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| Carlos Verdugo Neira |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| [[Partido Demócrata Cristiano de Chile|DC]] |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| 252 |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| 5,70% |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| |- |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| Victor Tonelli Astorga |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| [[Social Democrat Radical Pairty|PRSD]] |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| 175 |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| 3,97% |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| |- |} === Municipal Elections 2000 === '''[[Pelarco]]'s mayoralty'''<ref>[http://www.elecciones.gov.cl/SitioHistorico/paginas/2000/municipales/comunas/candidatos/total/5002.htm Elecciones.gov.cl] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220071225/http://www.elecciones.gov.cl/SitioHistorico/paginas/2000/municipales/comunas/candidatos/total/5002.htm |date=2012-02-20 }} Votación Candidatos por Comuna, Pelarco.</ref> {| class="wikitable" | bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Candidate''' | bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Pairty''' | bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Votes''' | bgcolor=#cccccc | '''%''' | bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Results''' |- |bgcolor=#DDEEFF| '''Raquel Argandoña De La Fuente''' |bgcolor=#DDEEFF| [[National Renewal (Chile)|Indep. RN]] |bgcolor=#DDEEFF| 2.139 |bgcolor=#DDEEFF| 45,98% |bgcolor=#DDEEFF| Mayor |- |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| Bonifacio Correa Echenique |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| [[Unión Demócrata Independiente|UDI]] |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| 1.384 |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| 29,75% |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| Cooncil |- |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| Mario Contreras Loyola |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| [[Partido Demócrata Cristiano de Chile|DC]] |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| 400 |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| 8,60% |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| Cooncil |- |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| Rolando Gonzalez Rojas |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| [[Partido por la Democracia|PPD]] |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| 303 |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| 6,51% |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| |- |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| Carlos Verdugo Pérez |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| [[Partido Demócrata Cristiano de Chile|DC]] |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| 182 |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| 3,91% |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| |- |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| Elizabeth Orellana Varas |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| ILC |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| 84 |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| 1,81% |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| Cooncil |- |} === Municipal Elections 2004 === '''[[San Joaquín, Chile|San Joaquín]]'s mayoralty'''<ref>[http://www.elecciones.gov.cl/SitioHistorico/paginas/2004/alcaldes/comunas/candidatos/total/4123.htm Elecciones.gov.cl] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220071301/http://www.elecciones.gov.cl/SitioHistorico/paginas/2004/alcaldes/comunas/candidatos/total/4123.htm |date=2012-02-20 }} Votación Candidatos por Comuna, San Joaquín.</ref> {| class="wikitable" | bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Candidate''' | bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Pairty''' | bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Votes''' | bgcolor=#cccccc | '''%''' | bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Results''' |- |bgcolor=#DDEEFF| Sergio Echeverría García |bgcolor=#DDEEFF| [[Partido por la Democracia|PPD]] |bgcolor=#DDEEFF| 25.063 |bgcolor=#DDEEFF| 53,10% |bgcolor=#DDEEFF| Mayor |- |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| '''Raquel Argandoña De La Fuente''' |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| [[Naitional Renewal (Chile)|Indep. RN]] |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| 17.384 |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| 36,83% |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| |- |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| José Benito Ormeño Díaz |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| [[Partido Humanista de Chile|PH]] |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| 4.754 |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| 10,07% |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| |- |} === Parlamentarial Elections 2005 === ''' Deputy for the Distrito 25 (La Granja, Macul an San Joaquín), [[Región Metropolitana]]'''<ref>[http://www.elecciones.gov.cl/SitioHistorico/paginas/2005/diputados/distritos/candidatos/total/425.htm Elecciones.gov.cl] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220071311/http://www.elecciones.gov.cl/SitioHistorico/paginas/2005/diputados/distritos/candidatos/total/425.htm |date=2012-02-20 }} Votación Candidatos por Distrito 25, Diputados 2005</ref> {| class="wikitable" | bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Candidate''' | bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Pairty''' | bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Votes''' | bgcolor=#cccccc | '''%''' | bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Results''' |- |bgcolor=#DDEEFF| [[Ximena Vidal|Ximena Vidal Lázaro]] |bgcolor=#DDEEFF| [[Partido por la Democracia|PPD]] |bgcolor=#DDEEFF| 52.745 |bgcolor=#DDEEFF| 33,81% |bgcolor=#DDEEFF| Deputy |- |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| Marcelo Ortiz Aravena |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| [[Partido Demócrata Cristiano de Chile|PDC]] |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| 32.614 |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| 20,90% |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| |- |bgcolor=#DDEEFF| [[Felipe Salaberry|Felipe Salaberry Soto]] |bgcolor=#DDEEFF| [[Unión Demócrata Independiente|UDI]] |bgcolor=#DDEEFF| 30.109 |bgcolor=#DDEEFF| 19,30% |bgcolor=#DDEEFF| Deputy |- |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| '''Raquel Argandoña De La Fuente''' |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| [[Naitional Renewal (Chile)|Indep. RN]] |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| 21.958 |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| 14,07% |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| |- |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| Amaro Labra Sepúlveda |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| [[Partido Comunista de Chile|PC]] |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| 12.998 |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| 8,33% |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| |- |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| Juan Enrique Prieto Urzúa |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| [[Partido Humanista de Chile|PH]] |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| 5.600 |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| 3,59% |bgcolor=#FFE8E8| |- |} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.raquel.cl/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922114714/http://raquel.cl/ |date=2017-09-22 }} *{{imdb_name|id=1444972|name=Raquel Argandoña}} *[http://www.emol.com/especiales/raquel_argandona/raquel.htm Especial de Raquel Argandoña] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306054008/http://www.emol.com/especiales/raquel_argandona/raquel.htm |date=2012-03-06 }} on [[EMOL]]. {{DEFAULTSORT:Argandona, Raquel}} [[Category:1957 births]] [[Category:Chilean televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Chilean televeesion presenters]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Santiago]] [[Category:Chilean weemen in politics]] qga48l1o9g1wgylg6x35fsijygsuj12 0 44890 915917 903711 2026-04-29T20:47:44Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915917 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Victoria Ruffo | image = | caption = | birth_name = Victoria Eugenia Guadalupe Martínez del Río Moreno | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1961|05|31}} | birth_place = [[Mexico City]], [[Mexico]] | othername = | homepage = | occupation = [[Actress]] | years_active = 1980–present | spouse = [[Eugenio Derbez]] (1992-1997)<br>[[Omar Fayad]] (2001-present) | partner = | children = 3 }} '''Victoria Ruffo''' (born ''' Victoria Eugenia Guadalupe Martínez del Río Moreno-Ruffo''' on May 31, 1961 in [[Mexico Ceety]]) is a [[Mexican fowk|Mexican]] [[actress]]. She is widely kent as the Queen o Telenovelas in Laitin Americae.{{fact}} ==Filmografy== ===Televesion=== *2014- (La Malquerida (2014 telenovela)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Simon|first=Yara|date=2014-12-11|title='La Malquerida' Cast Member Victoria Ruffo on Mexico First Lady Angelica Rivera $7M Mansion Scandal: We Don't Make Hollywood Money|url=https://www.latinpost.com/articles/27603/20141211/la-malquerida-cast-member-victoria-ruffo-mexico-first-lady-angelica.htm|access-date=2025-03-27|website=Latin Post|language=en-US}}</ref> *2012-2013: '''[[Corona de lágrimas (2012 telenovela)]]''' -Refugio Chavero (Remak o a vera successful movie starrin Marga Lopez) *2010: '''[[Triunfo del Amor]]''' - Victoria Sandoval, Casa Victoria's heid fashion designer<ref>{{Citation|title=Triunfo del amor (Serie de TV) (2010)|url=https://www.filmaffinity.com/es/film134128.html|language=es|access-date=2025-03-27}}</ref> *2009: '''[[La Rosa De Guadalupe]]''' - Carolina Lopez Hernandez *2008-09: '''[[En Nombre del Amor]]''' - Macarena Espinoza de los Monteros *2007: '''[[Victoria (Telemundo Series)|Victoria]]''' - Victoria Santiesteban de Mendoza (2007/08) *2005-2007: '''[[La Madrastra]]''' - Maria Frenandez Acuña de San Roman *2001: '''[[Mujer, casos de la vida real]]''' - Sarai *2000-01: '''[[Abrázame Muy Fuerte]]''' - Cristina Álvarez Rivas de Rivero (2000/01)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-02-11|title=Abrázame muy fuerte – Televisa (2000) – todotnv.com|url=http://www.todotnv.com/abrazame-muy-fuerte-televisa-2000.html|access-date=2025-03-27|language=es}}</ref> *1998: '''[[Vivo por Elena]]''' - Elena *1995: '''[[Pobre niña rica]]''' - Consuelo Villagran Garcia-Mora<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-09-24|title=‘La cenicienta’ inspiró a Victoria Ruffo en ‘Pobre niña rica’|url=http://www.telegrafo.com.ec/tele-mix/item/la-cenicienta-inspiro-a-victoria-ruffo-en-pobre-nina-rica.html|access-date=2025-03-27|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924130057/http://www.telegrafo.com.ec/tele-mix/item/la-cenicienta-inspiro-a-victoria-ruffo-en-pobre-nina-rica.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> *1993: '''Advertising of [[MMM (Ponzi scheme)|MMM]] *1993: '''[[Al derecho y al derbez]]''' *1992-93: '''[[Capricho]]''' - Cristina (1992/93) *1989-90: '''[[Simplemente María]]''' - María López (1989/90) *1987: '''[[Victoria (Televisa Series)|Victoria]]''' - Victoria *1985: '''[[Juana Iris]]''' - Juana Iris *1983: '''[[La Fiera (Televisa Series)|La Fiera]]''' - Natalie *1982: '''[[En busca del paraíso]]''' - Grisel *1982: '''[[Quiéreme siempre]]''' - Julia *1980: '''[[Al rojo vivo]]''' - Pilar Álvarez *1980: '''[[Conflictos de un médico]]''' ===Film=== *1987: '''[[Yo el ejucutor]]''' *1986: '''[[Un Hombre violento]]''' - Susana *1982: '''[[De pulquero a millonario]]''' *1982: '''[[Una Sota y un caballo: Rancho Avandaro]]''' - Maricarmen Sierra *1980: '''[[El Hombre sin miedo]]''' == References == {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == *[http://www.victoriaruffoweb.com Victoria Ruffo Oficial Web Page -Recognized from Victoria Ruffo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113154858/http://www.victoriaruffoweb.com/ |date=2019-01-13 }} * [http://www.victoriaygabyruffo.com Official Site (Spanish, English, Portuguese & Romanian)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126223059/http://victoriaygabyruffo.com/ |date=2009-01-26 }} *[http://www.telemundo.com Telemundo Website] *[http://msnlatino.telemundo.com/novelas/Victoria/ Official "Victoria" Website]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{imdb name|id=0749336|name=Victoria Ruffo}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ruffo, Victoria}} [[Category:1961 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Mexican film actresses]] [[Category:Mexican telenovela actresses]] [[Category:Actresses frae Mexico Ceety]] 0b7kvdjz1elraxmu077f7xal1dixnio 0 60417 915903 900276 2026-04-29T18:10:47Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Taldykorgan | native_name = Талдықорған | motto = | image_skyline = | image_flag = | image_seal = Taldykorgan_seal.png | image_map = |map_caption = |pushpin_map = Kazakhstan |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_mapsize = 280 |pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kazakhstan |subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces o Kazakhstan|Province]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name = [[Kazakhstan]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Almaty Province]] |subdivision_name2 = | established_title = | established_date = | established_title2 = Foondit | established_date2 = 19t century | established_title3 = | established_date3 = | government_type = | leader_title = Akim <small>([[mayor]])</small> | leader_name =[[Yermek Alpysov]] | area_magnitude = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_total_km2 = 100 | area_land_sq_mi = | area_land_km2 = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_urban_km2 = | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | population_as_of=2009 | population_footnotes = | population_total = 123,038 | population_urban = | population_metro = 146,844 | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_km2 = 1184 | timezone = [[Bhutan Time|BTT]] | utc_offset = +6 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|45|01|0|N|78|22|0|E|region:KZ|display=inline}} | elevation_footnotes= | elevation_m = 600 | elevation_ft = | postal_code_type = [[Postal code]] | postal_code = 040001 - 040012 | area_code = +7 72822 | website = | footnotes = }} '''Taldykorgan''' ({{lang-kz|'''Талдықорған''' / '''Taldıqorğan''' / تالدىقورعان}}), umwhile kent as ''Taldy-Kurgan'' ({{lang-ru|Талды-Курган|italic=yes}}, till 1993), is the admeenistrative centre o [[Almaty Province]], [[Kazakhstan]]. Population: {{Kz-census2009|123,038|punct=;}} {{Kz-census1999|97,996|punct=.}} Maist o the fowk are [[Kazakhs]]. ==Education== Taldykorgan haes a diverse educational seestem, includin a varsity, institutes, institutions, technical trainin colleges, seicontar schuils an kindergartens. Thare are 27 public halth facilities, a theater, amusement pairks, librars, a ceety cinema, stadium, sports complex an soummin puils. Aw o the facilities hae no been maintained syne the Soviet era.<ref>http://www.advantour.com/kazakhstan/almaty/taldykorgan.htm retrieved 2007-07-27</ref> ==Demografics== The ethnic composition o Taldykorgan accordin tae a 2010 census wis sicweys:<ref name="Stat2010">{{Cite web |url=http://www.stat.kz/publishing/DocLib4/2010/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F/Bull_Hsany2010.rar |title=Агентство Республики Казахстан по статистике. Численность населения Республики Казахстан по областям, городам и районам, полу и отдельным возрастным группам, отдельным этносам на начало 2010 года |access-date=2013-10-12 |archive-date=2012-06-27 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68j77qjAC?url=http://www.stat.kz/publishing/DocLib4/2010/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F/Bull_Hsany2010.rar |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="пер.2010">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/kazakhstan-ethnic2010.htm |title=Национальный состав населения Казахстана по переписи 2009 |access-date=2013-10-12 |archive-date=2013-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212024927/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/kazakhstan-ethnic2010.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Kazakhs]] - 93,156 fowk (64.96%) *[[Roushies]] - 36,532 fowk (25.47%) *[[Koreans]] - 5,172 fowk (3.61%) *[[Tatars]] - 2,783 fowk (1.94%) *[[Germans]] - 1,581 fowk (1.10%) *[[Ukrainians]] - 1,071 fowk (0.75%) *[[Uyghurs]] - 962 fowk (0.67%) *[[Chechens]] - 354 fowk (0.25%) *[[Uzbeks]] - 302 fowk (0.21%) *[[Belaroushies]] - 177 fowk (0.12%) *[[Azerbaijanis]] - 130 fowk (0.09%) *[[Poles]] - 123 fowk (0.09%) *[[Kyrgyz fowk|Kyrgyz]] - 102 fowk (0.07%) *ither - 962 fowk (0.67%) ==Transport== Taldykorgan haes a airport that services a nummer Kazakh an [[Roushie]]nceeties, while its train station services Central Kazakhstan, [[Central Asie]], Roushie, [[Easter states]] an the [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]]. ==Sport== The ceety haes a fitbaa club, [[FC Zhetysu]] Taldykorgan.<ref>http://www.brandsoftheworld.com/countries/kz/121815.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930204239/http://www.brandsoftheworld.com/countries/kz/121815.html |date=2007-09-30 }} retrieved 2007-07-27</ref><ref>http://www.soccerway.com/match/super-league/fc-zhetysu-taldykorgan/fc-irtysh-pavlodar/450289/ retrieved2007-07-27</ref> ==Sister ceeties== *{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Antalya]], [[Turkey]]. *{{flagicon|England}} [[Manchester]], [[Unitit Kinrick]]. ==References== <references/> ==Further readin== *''Bozdaqtar. Taldyqorghan oblysy'', 1995, ISBN 5-89800-067-4 ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.taldyk.central.kz Taldykorgan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115195847/http://www.taldyk.central.kz/ |date=2008-01-15 }} * [http://Taldykorgan.net Portal of Taldykorgan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070627000117/http://www.taldykorgan.net/ |date=2007-06-27 }} * [http://www.eufo.de/football/kaz/2007/zhetrgan.htm 2007 Soccer team]{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Almaty Province}} {{Ceeties o Kazakhstan}} [[Category:Populatit places in Almaty Region]] 7jdsj0t6wtz5g8d6c1tyxfls4gnntmi 0 61175 915912 915848 2026-04-29T19:53:29Z ~2026-26120-49 130522 /* Voice cast */ 915912 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox film | name = Charlotte's Web | director = {{Plainlist| * [[Charles August Nichols|Charles A. Nichols]] * [[Iwao Takamoto]] }} | producer = {{Plainlist| * [[Joseph Barbera]] * [[William Hanna]] }} | story = [[Earl Hamner Jr.]] | based on = {{based on|''[[Charlotte's Web]]''|[[E. B. White]]}} | narrator = [[Rex Allen]] | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Debbie Reynolds]] * [[Paul Lynde]] * [[Henry Gibson]] }} | music = [[Irwin Kostal]] | cinematography = {{Plainlist| * Dick Blundell * Ralph Migliori * Roy Wade * Dennis Weaver }} | editing = {{Plainlist| * Larry C. Cowan * Pat Foley }} | studio = {{Plainlist| * [[Hanna-Barbera|Hanna-Barbera Productions]] * Sagittarius Productions }} | distributor = [[Paramount Pictures]] | released = {{Film date|1973|2|22|Premiere-New York Ceety|1973|3|1|Unitit States}} | runtime = 94 meenits | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | gross = $2.4 million <small>(rentals)</small><ref>"Big [[Gross rental|Rental]] Films of 1973", ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'', Januar 9, 1974, pg 19.</ref> }} '''''Charlotte's Web''''' is a 1973 American [[animation|animatit]] [[muisical film|muisical]] [[drama film]] produced bi [[Hanna-Barbera]] Productions an Sagittarius Productions an based upon the 1952 [[bairns' literatur|bairns' beuk]] [[Charlotte's Web|o the same name]] bi [[E. B. White]]. The film, lik the book, is aboot a pig named Wilbur that befriends an intelligent speeder named Charlotte that saufs him frae bein slaughtered. Released tae theaters bi [[Paramount Pictures]], ''Charlotte's Web'' featurs a sang score o muisic an lyrics written bi the [[Sherman Brothers]], that haed previously written muisic for faimily films lik ''[[Mary Poppins (film)|Mary Poppins]]'' (1964), ''[[The Jungle Book (1967 film)|The Jungle Book]]'' (1967), an ''[[Chitty Chitty Bang Bang]]'' (1968). It is the first o anly three Hanna-Barbera featurs nae tae be based upon ane o thair famous telly cartoons, ''[[Heidi's Song]]'' (1982) an ''[[Once Upon a Forest]]'' (1993) bein the ither twa. ''Charlotte's Web'' wis released on Februar&nbsp;22, 1973, tae moderate critical an commercial success. The film haes developed a devoted follaein ower the follaein years due tae telly an [[VHS]]; in 1994 it surprised the marketplace bi becomin ane o the best-selling titles o the year, 21&nbsp;years efter its first premiere. No ither non-Disney muisical animatit film haes enjoyed sic a comeback in popularity, prompting a [[direct-tae-video]] [[sequel]], ''[[Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure]]'', which Paramount released in the US on Mairch&nbsp;18, 2003 (Universal released it internationally), followed bi a [[Charlotte's Web (2006 film)|live-action film version]] o the oreeginal story, which wis released on December&nbsp;15, 2006. ==Plot== When farmer John Arable decides tae "do away wi" the runt o a litter o piglets, his dochter, Fern, intervenes, telling him that it is absurd tae kill the piglet juist acause he is smawer than the ithers. John decides tae spare the piglet an let Fern raise him as a pet. She nurtures him lovingly, naming him Wilbur. Sax weeks later, Wilbur, due tae bein a spring pig, haes matured, an John tells Fern that Wilbur haes tae be sauld (his siblings war already sauld). Fern sadly says good-bye tae Wilbur as he is sauld doun the street tae her uncle, Homer Zuckerman. At Homer's farm, a goose coaxes a sullen Wilbur tae speak his first words. Awtho delighted at this new ability, Wilbur still yearns for companionship. He attempts tae get the goose tae play wi him, but she declines on the condeetion that she haes tae hatch her goslings. Wilbur an aw tries asking a rat named Templeton tae play wi him, but Templeton's anly interests are spying, hiding, an eatin. Wilbur then wants tae play wi a lamb, but the lamb's faither that sheep dae nae play wi pigs acause it is anly a matter o time afore thay are slaughtered an turned intae smoked bacon an ham. Scunnert at this depressing discovery, Wilbur reduces himsel tae tears until a mysterious vyce tells him tae "chin up", an wait until morning tae reveal hersel tae him. The follaein morning, she reveals hersel tae be a speeder named Charlotte A. Cavatica, livin on a web overlooking Wilbur's pig pen. She tells him that she will come up wi a plan guaranteed tae spare his life. Later, the goose's goslings hatch. Ane o them, named Jeffrey, befriends Wilbur. Eventually, Charlotte reveals her plan tae "play a trick on Zuckerman", an consoles Wilbur tae sleep. The next morning, Homer's farm assistant, Lurvy, sees the words, SOME PIG, spun within Charlotte's web. The incident attracts publicity amang Homer's neighbors wha deem the praise tae be a [[miracle]]. The publicity eventually dies doun, an Charlotte requests the barn ainimals tae devise a new wird tae spin within her web. Efter several suggestions, the goose suggests the phrase, TERRIFIC! TERRIFIC! TERRIFIC!, tho Charlotte decides tae shorten it tae ane TERRIFIC. The incident becomes anither media sensation, tho Homer still desires tae slaughter Wilbur. For the next message, Charlotte then employs Templeton tae pull a wird frae a magazine clipping at the dump for inspiration, in which he returns the wird, RADIANT, ripped frae a soap box tae spin within her web. Follaein this, Homer decides tae enter Wilbur in the coonty fair for the simmer. Charlotte reluctantly decides tae accompany him, tho Templeton at first haes no interest in daein sae until the goose tells him aboot aw the fuid thare. Efter ane nicht thare, Charlotte sends Templeton tae the trash pile on anither errand tae gather anither wird for her next message, in which he returns wi the wird, HUMBLE. The next morning, Wilbur awakens tae find Charlotte haes spun an egg sac containing her unborn affspring, an the follaein afternoon, the wird, HUMBLE, is spun. Houiver, Fern's brither, Avery, discovers anither pig named Uncle haes won first place, tho the coonty fair staff decides tae haud a celebration in honour of Homer's miraculous pig, an rewards him [[Dollar sign|$]]25 an a gowd medal. He then announces that he will allou Wilbur tae "live to a ripe old age". Exhausted frae laying eggs an writin words, Charlotte tells Wilbur she will remain at the fair tae die. Not willin tae let her bairns be abandoned, Wilbur haes Templeton retrieve Charlotte's egg sac tae tak back tae the farm, juist afore she dies. Once he returns tae Homer's farm, he guards the egg sac until the winter. The next spring, Charlotte's 514 bairns are hatched, but leave the farm, causin Wilbur tae become saddened tae the pynt o wantin to run away. Juist as he is aboot tae dae sae, the ram pynts oot that three o them didnae flee away. Pleased at findin new friends, Wilbur names them Joy, Nellie, an Aranea, but as much as he loves them, thay will never replace the memory o Charlotte. ==Voice cast== * [[Henry Gibson]] as Wilbur, a pig that wis awmaist killed due tae bein a runt. Ower time, houiver, he grows sae much that ane wad never hae kent that he wis ance a runt. When Wilbur learns o his fate o bein slaughtered, he instantly breaks doun intae tears, until Charlotte tells him that she will dae whatever it takes tae save him. Wilbur is a friendly pig, but an aw prone tae [[anxeeity]]. * [[Debbie Reynolds]] as Charlotte A. Cavatica, a speeder that bides in a corner o Homer's barn abuin Wilbur's pig pen. She is very luvin an mitherly, but whiles grows frustrated at Wilbur's anxeeity issues. At the end o the film, she dies efter laying 514 eggs, but three o them decide tae stay wi Wilbur. * [[Paul Lynde]] as Templeton, a care-free, egotistical rat that lives at Homer's farm. He helps Charlotte get new ideas for her webs on the condeetion that he is promised fuid. At the end o the film, as well as [[Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure|the sequel]], he haes fower bratty bairns o his ain: Henrietta, Lester, Ralphie, an Junior. * [[Agnes Moorehead]] as the Goose, an unnamed goose that is the ane that encourages Wilbur tae speak for the first time. Her seiven goslings later hatch, awtho thare war actually aicht eggs (ane wis [[rotten egg|rotten]]). In the sequel, she wis named Gwen. * [[Don Messick]] as Jeffrey, a young, undersized gosling that Wilbur befriends shortly efter his birth. He initially lifes, eats, an sleeps wi Wilbur rather than his mither an siblings. At ane pynt, Avery remarks that he sounds mair lik a pig than a gosling, which pleases Jeffrey. When Wilbur is loaded intae a crate destined for the fair, Jeffrey casually walks in tae jyne him, amusin the humans but thay still remove an restrain him nevertheless. The Swedish version shows a [[deleted scene]] in which Jeffrey is briefly seen ridin in the back o the Arables' truck wi Avery until it stops sae Avery can put him doun in the middle o the road. Distressed at bein separated frae Wilbur, Jeffrey tries tae catch up wi the truck tae no avail, leavin him heartbroken. His mither gently directs him tae the pond tae jyne his siblings. Jeffrey daes nae reunite wi Wilbur when the latter returns frae the fair nor daes he appear in the rest o the film. * [[Herb Vigran]] as Lurvy, Homer's assistant that is the first tae notice the messages in Charlotte's webs. * [[Pamelyn Ferdin]] as Fern Arable, the dochter o John that convinces him tae spare Wilbur's life. * [[Martha Scott]] as Mrs. Arable, Fern's mither that first tells her o what wis going tae happen tae Wilbur. * [[Bob Holt (actor)|Bob Holt]] as Homer Zuckerman, Mrs. Arable's brither an Fern's uncle. * [[John Stephenson (actor)|John Stephenson]] as John Arable, Fern's faither. He wis aboot tae "do away" wi Wilbur until she intervened. * [[Danny Bonaduce]] as Avery Arable, Fern's aulder brither. * William B. White as Henry Fussy, a boy o aboot Fern's age, that she suin starts spendin time wi while Wilbur is at the fair. * [[Dave Madden]] as the Ram, ane o the first ainimals Wilbur meets at Homer's farm. He is the first tae tell Wilbur that it is a pig's fate tae be slaughtered an turned intae smoked bacon an ham. Madden an aa voiced ither chairacters in the film. * [[Joan Gerber]] as Edith Zuckerman, Homer's wife. She comes up wi the idea o giein Wilbur a [[buttermilk]] bath. Gerber forby vyced Mrs. Fussy, Henry's stern mither that never lets him hae fun. * [[Rex Allen]] as the Narrator Five members o the cast (Henry Gibson, Paul Lynde, Agnes Moorehead, Danny Bonaduce, an Dave Madden) haed previously appeared on the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC televeesion]] [[Sitcom|situation comedy]] ''[[Bewitched]]'' (1964-1972).<ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0057733/fullcredits#cast</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=August 2015}} Hanna-Barbera an aa animatit the openin credits o the show. Houiver, Bonaduce an Madden are better kent for thair roles on anither ABC-TV sitcom, ''[[The Partridge Family]]'' (1970–1974), which wis still in production when the film wis made. An aa, Ferdin an Lynde baith appeared on ''[[The Paul Lynde Show]]'', anither ABC sitcom creatit to fill the contract of Bewitched<ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0068118/</ref> Bonaduce, Lynde, Gerber, Messick, an Stephenson haed previously worked for Hanna-Barbera in thair telly shows: Lynde appeared in ''[[The Perils of Penelope Pitstop]]'' (uncredited), Bonaduce an Gerber war stars in ''[[Partridge Family 2200 A.D.]]'', an Stephenson an Messick war Hanna-Barbera reglars that lent thair vyces to mony of thair shaws on the reglar. ==Production== {{Expand section|date=August 2015}} Efter the studio decidit tae mak the film, [[Joe Barbera]] visited E. B. White in Maine. White hielichtit pairts o the book he did nae want tae chynge, an pairts "subject to discussion."<ref name=Barbera1/> Barbera wrote that Debbie Reynolds cried him an said that she wis willin to jyne the project even wioot bein peyed.<ref name=Barbera1>{{cite book|title=My Life in 'toons: From Flatbrush to Bedrock in Under a Century|url=https://archive.org/details/mylifeintoonsfro00barb|first=Joseph|last=Barbera|year=1994|publisher=Turner Publishing|location=Atlanta, GA|isbn=1-57036-042-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mylifeintoonsfro00barb/page/228 228]–29}}</ref> White discussed the makin o the film wi [[Gene Deitch]], a director of animation an friend of his.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awn.com/genedeitch/chapter-twentynine-the-charlotte-papers|title=How to Succeed in Animation: Chapter 29: The Charlotte Papers|author=Gene Deitch|publisher=Animation World Network|date=2001|accessdate=August 5, 2015}}</ref> Czech painter [[Mirko Hanák]] produced unused artwork o the film afore dying of [[leukemia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awn.com/genedeitch/chapter-thirty-charlottes-web-graphics|title=How to Succeed in Animation: Chapter 30: Charlotte’s Web Graphics|author=Gene Deitch|publisher=Animation World Network|date=2001|accessdate=August 5, 2015}}</ref> ==Release== {{Multiple issues|section=yes| {{Unreferenced section|date=February 2012}} {{Expand section|date=February 2012}} }} The film wis released tae theaters on Mairch&nbsp;1, 1973, bi [[Paramount Pictures]] in the United States. It haed a leemitit release on Februar&nbsp;22, 1973, in [[New York City]], an an aa released in [[West Germany]] on Mairch&nbsp;30, 1973, as well as August 11 in [[Swaden]], August&nbsp;25 in [[Japan]], an September&nbsp;4, 1981, in [[Australia]]. ===Home media=== The film wis first released on VHS in 1979, followed bi three mair releases in 1988, 1993, an 1996. It made its DVD debut in 2001. A seicont DVD release o the film wis released in 2006. ==Reception== ''Charlotte's Web'' received generally positive reviews. Review aggregation site [[Rotten Tomatoes]] reportit that it haes a 75% approval rating based on 20 reviews, wi an average score of 6.6/10.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1003952-charlottes_web/|title=Charlotte's Web (1973) - Rotten Tomatoes|publisher=''[[Flixster]]''|accessdate=February 4, 2012}}</ref> Craig Butler of Aw-Movie Guide criticized the animation an the muisical score, but cried it a faithful adaptation, notin that "no attempt has been made to soften the existential sadness at the story's core".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/charlottes-web-v9012/review|title=Charlotte’s Web: Review|accessdate=January 28, 2009|first=Craig|last=Butler|work=All-Movie Guide|publisher=Macrovision Corporation}}</ref> Dan Jardine criticized the sangs an the "Saturday morning cartoon quality" o the animation, but an aa says that Hamner "retains just enough of White’s elegant prose in the dialogue and narration to keep the film from being simply a painfully well-intended experiment."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apolloguide.com/mov_fullrev.asp?CID=3484|title=Charlotte's Web|first=Dan|last=Jardine|work=Apollo Guide|publisher=Apollo Communications Ltd.|accessdate=January 28, 2009|archive-date=2008-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206043311/http://www.apolloguide.com/mov_fullrev.asp?CID=3484|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Christopher Null]] of Filmcritic.com stated that the animation is whiles "downright bad", but that White's classic fable needs little to mak it come to life.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmcritic.com/misc/emporium.nsf/reviews/Charlottes-Web-(1973)|title=Charlotte's Web (1973)|accessdate=January 28, 2009|first=Christopher|last=Null|year=2001|publisher=Filmcritic.com|archive-date=2009-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212210353/http://www.filmcritic.com/misc/emporium.nsf/reviews/Charlottes-Web-(1973)|url-status=dead}}</ref> When it wis reissued on DVD it wis awairdit an Oppenheim Toy Portfolio Gowd Awaird.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.toyportfolio.com/Awards_Results.php?pageNum_Product=1&ProductType=Videos&Age=Early%20School%20Years&Category=Feature-Length%20Films|title=Early School Years: Feature-Length Films|publisher=Oppenheim Toy Portfolio|accessdate=April 22, 2009|archive-date=2011-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026035313/http://toyportfolio.com/Awards_Results.php?pageNum_Product=1&ProductType=Videos&Age=Early%20School%20Years&Category=Feature-Length%20Films|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film is recognised bi [[American Film Institute]] in thir lists: * 2008: [[AFI's 10 Top 10]]: ** Nominated Animation Film<ref>{{cite web|url=http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/10top10.pdf?docID=381&AddInterest=1781 |title=AFI's 10 Top 10 Nominees |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2016-08-19 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716071937/http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/10top10.pdf?docID=381&AddInterest=1781 |archivedate=2011-07-16 |df= }}</ref> ===E.B. White's reaction=== Accordin to Gene Deitch, White wrote the follaein words in a 1977 letter, "We have never ceased to regret that your version of 'Charlotte's Web' never got made. The Hanna-Barbera version has never pleased either of us&nbsp;... a travesty&nbsp;..."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awn.com/genedeitch/chapter-twentyeight-a-tangled-web|title=How to Succeed in Animation: Chapter 28: A Tangled Web|author=Gene Deitch|publisher=Animation World Network|date=2001|accessdate=September 27, 2008}}</ref> E. B. White an aa wrote o the film, "The story is interrupted every few minutes so that somebody can sing a jolly song. I don't care much for jolly songs. The Blue Hill Fair, which I tried to report faithfully in the book, has become a Disney World, with 76&nbsp;trombones. But that's what you get for getting embroiled in Hollywood."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/books/articles/2006/12/10/bard_of_the_barn/|title=Bard of the barn|first=Ty|last=Burr|work=The Boston Globe|date=December 10, 2006|accessdate=September 27, 2008}}</ref> He haed previously turned doun Disney when thay offered to mak a film based on his book.<ref>{{cite book|title=Kiddie Lit: The Cultural Construction of Children's Literature in America|url=https://archive.org/details/kiddielitcultura0000clar|first=Beverly Lyon|last=Clark|year=2003|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=0-8018-8170-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/kiddielitcultura0000clar/page/178 178]}}</ref> Accordin to its writer, Earl Hamner Jr., White&nbsp;— that whiles offert advice an suggestions tae the filmmakers&nbsp;— wad hae preferred Mozart in it, rather than the muisic o the Sherman Brothers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/features/?id=2222&pagenum=3&p=.htm|title=Interview: Earl Hamner|first=Scott|last=Holleran|publisher=Box Office Mojo|date=December 22, 2006|accessdate=December 16, 2008}}</ref> ==Sequel== {{Main article|Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure}} A direct-to-video sequel titled ''Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure'' wis released in 2003. The sequel centers on Wilbur's relationship wi a lonely lamb named Cardigan an an aa shows Charlotte's childer as adolescents. Reviews for the sequel war generally unfavorable, wi critics panning its animation an plot. ==Soundtrack== # "There Must Be Something More" # "I Can Talk!" # "Chin Up!" # "We've Got Lots in Common" # "Deep in the Dark/Charlotte's Web" # "Mother Earth and Father Time" # "A Veritable Smorgasbord" # "Zuckerman's Famous Pig" ==="Zuckerman's Famous Pig"=== "Zuckerman's Famous Pig" is the title that saves Wilbur, the pig hero, frae bein slaughtered in the story. It is the theme o the finale song in the film. It wis componed an arranged in a [[barbershop quartet]] style bi the [[Sherman Brothers]], in keepin wi the time an place o the story.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=CctHAAAAMAAJ|title=Movie Musicals on Record|author=Richard Chigley Lynch|isbn=978-0-313-26540-2|date=June 26, 1989}}</ref> It wis covered bi the [[Brady Kids]] an wis chosen for release on thair first single taken frae ''The Brady Bunch Phonographic Album'' bi producer Jackie Mills.<ref>{{cite book|title=Bubblegum Music is the Naked Truth|author1=Kim Cooper|author2=David Smay|author3=Jake Austen|isbn=978-0-922915-69-9|url=https://books.google.com/?id=X4Y5NIyCikIC|date=June 1, 2001}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Portal|Film in the United States|1970s|Cartoon}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{IMDb title|0070016|Charlotte's Web}} * {{tcmdb title|18471|Charlotte's Web}} * {{AllRovi movie|9012|Charlotte's Web}} * {{Bcdb title|20515|Charlotte's Web}} * {{Rotten-tomatoes|1003952-charlottes_web|Charlotte's Web}} * {{YouTube|gN7U0OQMA0k|Charlotte's Web (1973) - deleted scene (Swedish version)}} [[Category:1973 animatit films]] [[Category:1973 films]] [[Category:1970s American animatit films]] [[Category:1970s drama films]] [[Category:1970s fantasie films]] [[Category:1970s muisical films]] [[Category:American animatit fantasie films]] [[Category:American bairns' fantasie films]] [[Category:American films]] [[Category:American muisical fantasie films]] [[Category:Animatit duos]] [[Category:Animatit films aboot ainimals]] [[Category:Animatit films aboot daith]] [[Category:Animatit films aboot freendship]] [[Category:Animatit films based on novelles]] [[Category:Animatit muisical films]] [[Category:Inglis-leid films]] [[Category:Films aboot pigs]] [[Category:Films aboot speeders]] [[Category:Films based on American novelles]] [[Category:Films based on bairns' beuks]] [[Category:Films featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Hanna-Barbera animatit films]] [[Category:Muisicals bi the Sherman Brothers]] [[Category:Paramount Pictures animatit films]] dfc8ya8ma8q1mqgo9th9zu6ei4qagds 915957 915912 2026-04-30T06:53:57Z LivMaddieFan26M3 130544 915957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} {{Infobox film | name = Charlotte's Web | director = {{Plainlist| * [[Charles August Nichols|Charles A. Nichols]] * [[Iwao Takamoto]] }} | producer = {{Plainlist| * [[Joseph Barbera]] * [[William Hanna]] }} | story = [[Earl Hamner Jr.]] | based on = {{based on|''[[Charlotte's Web]]''|[[E. B. White]]}} | narrator = [[Rex Allen]] | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Debbie Reynolds]] * [[Paul Lynde]] * [[Henry Gibson]] }} | music = [[Irwin Kostal]] | cinematography = {{Plainlist| * Dick Blundell * Ralph Migliori * Roy Wade * Dennis Weaver }} | editing = {{Plainlist| * Larry C. Cowan * Pat Foley }} | studio = {{Plainlist| * [[Hanna-Barbera|Hanna-Barbera Productions]] * Sagittarius Productions }} | distributor = [[Paramount Pictures]] | released = {{Film date|1973|2|22|Premiere-New York Ceety|1973|3|1|Unitit States}} | runtime = 94 meenits | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | gross = $2.4 million <small>(rentals)</small><ref>"Big [[Gross rental|Rental]] Films of 1973", ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'', Januar 9, 1974, pg 19.</ref> }} '''''Charlotte's Web''''' is a 1973 American [[animation|animatit]] [[muisical film|muisical]] [[drama film]] produced bi [[Hanna-Barbera]] Productions an Sagittarius Productions an based upon the 1952 [[bairns' literatur|bairns' beuk]] [[Charlotte's Web|o the same name]] bi [[E. B. White]]. The film, lik the book, is aboot a pig named Wilbur that befriends an intelligent speeder named Charlotte that saufs him frae bein slaughtered. Released tae theaters bi [[Paramount Pictures]], ''Charlotte's Web'' featurs a sang score o muisic an lyrics written bi the [[Sherman Brothers]], that haed previously written muisic for faimily films lik ''[[Mary Poppins (film)|Mary Poppins]]'' (1964), ''[[The Jungle Book (1967 film)|The Jungle Book]]'' (1967), an ''[[Chitty Chitty Bang Bang]]'' (1968). It is the first o anly three Hanna-Barbera featurs nae tae be based upon ane o thair famous telly cartoons, ''[[Heidi's Song]]'' (1982) an ''[[Once Upon a Forest]]'' (1993) bein the ither twa. ''Charlotte's Web'' wis released on Februar&nbsp;22, 1973, tae moderate critical an commercial success. The film haes developed a devoted follaein ower the follaein years due tae telly an [[VHS]]; in 1994 it surprised the marketplace bi becomin ane o the best-selling titles o the year, 21&nbsp;years efter its first premiere. No ither non-Disney muisical animatit film haes enjoyed sic a comeback in popularity, prompting a [[direct-tae-video]] [[sequel]], ''[[Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure]]'', which Paramount released in the US on Mairch&nbsp;18, 2003 (Universal released it internationally), followed bi a [[Charlotte's Web (2006 film)|live-action film version]] o the oreeginal story, which wis released on December&nbsp;15, 2006. ==Plot== When farmer John Arable decides tae "do away wi" the runt o a litter o piglets, his dochter, Fern, intervenes, telling him that it is absurd tae kill the piglet juist acause he is smawer than the ithers. John decides tae spare the piglet an let Fern raise him as a pet. She nurtures him lovingly, naming him Wilbur. Sax weeks later, Wilbur, due tae bein a spring pig, haes matured, an John tells Fern that Wilbur haes tae be sauld (his siblings war already sauld). Fern sadly says good-bye tae Wilbur as he is sauld doun the street tae her uncle, Homer Zuckerman. At Homer's farm, a goose coaxes a sullen Wilbur tae speak his first words. Awtho delighted at this new ability, Wilbur still yearns for companionship. He attempts tae get the goose tae play wi him, but she declines on the condeetion that she haes tae hatch her goslings. Wilbur an aw tries asking a rat named Templeton tae play wi him, but Templeton's anly interests are spying, hiding, an eatin. Wilbur then wants tae play wi a lamb, but the lamb's faither that sheep dae nae play wi pigs acause it is anly a matter o time afore thay are slaughtered an turned intae smoked bacon an ham. Scunnert at this depressing discovery, Wilbur reduces himsel tae tears until a mysterious vyce tells him tae "chin up", an wait until morning tae reveal hersel tae him. The follaein morning, she reveals hersel tae be a speeder named Charlotte A. Cavatica, livin on a web overlooking Wilbur's pig pen. She tells him that she will come up wi a plan guaranteed tae spare his life. Later, the goose's goslings hatch. Ane o them, named Jeffrey, befriends Wilbur. Eventually, Charlotte reveals her plan tae "play a trick on Zuckerman", an consoles Wilbur tae sleep. The next morning, Homer's farm assistant, Lurvy, sees the words, SOME PIG, spun within Charlotte's web. The incident attracts publicity amang Homer's neighbors wha deem the praise tae be a [[miracle]]. The publicity eventually dies doun, an Charlotte requests the barn ainimals tae devise a new wird tae spin within her web. Efter several suggestions, the goose suggests the phrase, TERRIFIC! TERRIFIC! TERRIFIC!, tho Charlotte decides tae shorten it tae ane TERRIFIC. The incident becomes anither media sensation, tho Homer still desires tae slaughter Wilbur. For the next message, Charlotte then employs Templeton tae pull a wird frae a magazine clipping at the dump for inspiration, in which he returns the wird, RADIANT, ripped frae a soap box tae spin within her web. Follaein this, Homer decides tae enter Wilbur in the coonty fair for the simmer. Charlotte reluctantly decides tae accompany him, tho Templeton at first haes no interest in daein sae until the goose tells him aboot aw the fuid thare. Efter ane nicht thare, Charlotte sends Templeton tae the trash pile on anither errand tae gather anither wird for her next message, in which he returns wi the wird, HUMBLE. The next morning, Wilbur awakens tae find Charlotte haes spun an egg sac containing her unborn affspring, an the follaein afternoon, the wird, HUMBLE, is spun. Houiver, Fern's brither, Avery, discovers anither pig named Uncle haes won first place, tho the coonty fair staff decides tae haud a celebration in honour of Homer's miraculous pig, an rewards him [[Dollar sign|$]]25 an a gowd medal. He then announces that he will allou Wilbur tae "live to a ripe old age". Exhausted frae laying eggs an writin words, Charlotte tells Wilbur she will remain at the fair tae die. Not willin tae let her bairns be abandoned, Wilbur haes Templeton retrieve Charlotte's egg sac tae tak back tae the farm, juist afore she dies. Once he returns tae Homer's farm, he guards the egg sac until the winter. The next spring, Charlotte's 514 bairns are hatched, but leave the farm, causin Wilbur tae become saddened tae the pynt o wantin to run away. Juist as he is aboot tae dae sae, the ram pynts oot that three o them didnae flee away. Pleased at findin new friends, Wilbur names them Joy, Nellie, an Aranea, but as much as he loves them, thay will never replace the memory o Charlotte. ==Voice cast== * [[Henry Gibson]] as Wilbur, a pig that wis awmaist killed due tae bein a runt. Ower time, houiver, he grows sae much that ane wad never hae kent that he wis ance a runt. When Wilbur learns o his fate o bein slaughtered, he instantly breaks doun intae tears, until Charlotte tells him that she will dae whatever it takes tae save him. Wilbur is a friendly pig, but an aw prone tae [[anxeeity]]. * [[Debbie Reynolds]] as Charlotte A. Cavatica, a speeder that bides in a corner o Homer's barn abuin Wilbur's pig pen. She is very luvin an mitherly, but whiles grows frustrated at Wilbur's anxeeity issues. At the end o the film, she dies efter laying 514 eggs, but three o them decide tae stay wi Wilbur. * [[Paul Lynde]] as Templeton, a care-free, egotistical rat that lives at Homer's farm. He helps Charlotte get new ideas for her webs on the condeetion that he is promised fuid. At the end o the film, as well as [[Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure|the sequel]], he haes fower bratty bairns o his ain: Henrietta, Lester, Ralphie, an Junior. * [[Agnes Moorehead]] as the Goose, an unnamed goose that is the ane that encourages Wilbur tae speak for the first time. Her seiven goslings later hatch, awtho thare war actually aicht eggs (ane wis [[rotten egg|rotten]]). In the sequel, she wis named Gwen. * [[Don Messick]] as Jeffrey, a young, undersized gosling that Wilbur befriends shortly efter his birth. He initially lifes, eats, an sleeps wi Wilbur rather than his mither an siblings. At ane pynt, Avery remarks that he sounds mair lik a pig than a gosling, which pleases Jeffrey. When Wilbur is loaded intae a crate destined for the fair, Jeffrey casually walks in tae jyne him, amusin the humans but thay still remove an restrain him nevertheless. The Swedish version shows a [[deleted scene]] in which Jeffrey is briefly seen ridin in the back o the Arables' truck wi Avery until it stops sae Avery can put him doun in the middle o the road. Distressed at bein separated frae Wilbur, Jeffrey tries tae catch up wi the truck tae no avail, leavin him heartbroken. His mither gently directs him tae the pond tae jyne his siblings. Jeffrey daes nae reunite wi Wilbur when the latter returns frae the fair nor daes he appear in the rest o the film. * [[Herb Vigran]] as Lurvy, Homer's assistant that is the first tae notice the messages in Charlotte's webs. * [[Pamelyn Ferdin]] as Fern Arable, the dochter o John that convinces him tae spare Wilbur's life. * [[Martha Scott]] as Mrs. Arable, Fern's mither that first tells her o what wis going tae happen tae Wilbur. * [[Bob Holt (actor)|Bob Holt]] as Homer Zuckerman, Mrs. Arable's brither an Fern's uncle. * [[John Stephenson (actor)|John Stephenson]] as John Arable, Fern's faither. He wis aboot tae "do away" wi Wilbur until she intervened. * [[Danny Bonaduce]] as Avery Arable, Fern's aulder brither. * William B. White as Henry Fussy, a boy o aboot Fern's age, that she suin starts spendin time wi while Wilbur is at the fair. * [[Dave Madden]] as the Ram, ane o the first ainimals Wilbur meets at Homer's farm. He is the first tae tell Wilbur that it is a pig's fate tae be slaughtered an turned intae smoked bacon an ham. Madden an aa voiced ither chairacters in the film. * [[Joan Gerber]] as Edith Zuckerman, Homer's wife. She comes up wi the idea o giein Wilbur a [[buttermilk]] bath. Gerber forby vyced Mrs. Fussy, Henry's stern mither that never lets him hae fun. * [[Rex Allen]] as the Narrator Five members o the cast (Henry Gibson, Paul Lynde, Agnes Moorehead, Danny Bonaduce, an Dave Madden) haed previously appeared on the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC televeesion]] [[Sitcom|situation comedy]] ''[[Bewitched]]'' (1964-1972).<ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0057733/fullcredits#cast</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=August 2015}} Hanna-Barbera an aa animatit the openin credits o the show. Houiver, Bonaduce an Madden are better kent for thair roles on anither ABC-TV sitcom, ''[[The Partridge Family]]'' (1970–1974), which wis still in production when the film wis made. An aa, Ferdin an Lynde baith appeared on ''[[The Paul Lynde Show]]'', anither ABC sitcom creatit to fill the contract of Bewitched<ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0068118/</ref> Bonaduce, Lynde, Gerber, Messick, an Stephenson haed previously worked for Hanna-Barbera in thair telly shows: Lynde appeared in ''[[The Perils of Penelope Pitstop]]'' (uncredited), Bonaduce an Gerber war stars in ''[[Partridge Family 2200 A.D.]]'', an Stephenson an Messick war Hanna-Barbera reglars that lent thair vyces to mony of thair shaws on the reglar. ==Production== {{Expand section|date=August 2015}} Efter the studio decidit tae mak the film, [[Joe Barbera]] visited E. B. White in Maine. White hielichtit pairts o the book he did nae want tae chynge, an pairts "subject to discussion."<ref name=Barbera1/> Barbera wrote that Debbie Reynolds cried him an said that she wis willin to jyne the project even wioot bein peyed.<ref name=Barbera1>{{cite book|title=My Life in 'toons: From Flatbrush to Bedrock in Under a Century|url=https://archive.org/details/mylifeintoonsfro00barb|first=Joseph|last=Barbera|year=1994|publisher=Turner Publishing|location=Atlanta, GA|isbn=1-57036-042-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mylifeintoonsfro00barb/page/228 228]–29}}</ref> White discussed the makin o the film wi [[Gene Deitch]], a director of animation an friend of his.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awn.com/genedeitch/chapter-twentynine-the-charlotte-papers|title=How to Succeed in Animation: Chapter 29: The Charlotte Papers|author=Gene Deitch|publisher=Animation World Network|date=2001|accessdate=August 5, 2015}}</ref> Czech painter [[Mirko Hanák]] produced unused artwork o the film afore dying of [[leukemia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awn.com/genedeitch/chapter-thirty-charlottes-web-graphics|title=How to Succeed in Animation: Chapter 30: Charlotte’s Web Graphics|author=Gene Deitch|publisher=Animation World Network|date=2001|accessdate=August 5, 2015}}</ref> ==Release== {{Multiple issues|section=yes| {{Unreferenced section|date=February 2012}} {{Expand section|date=February 2012}} }} The film wis released tae theaters on Mairch&nbsp;1, 1973, bi [[Paramount Pictures]] in the United States. It haed a leemitit release on Februar&nbsp;22, 1973, in [[New York City]], an an aa released in [[West Germany]] on Mairch&nbsp;30, 1973, as well as August 11 in [[Swaden]], August&nbsp;25 in [[Japan]], an September&nbsp;4, 1981, in [[Australia]]. ===Home media=== The film wis first released on VHS in 1979, followed bi three mair releases in 1988, 1993, an 1996. It made its DVD debut in 2001. A seicont DVD release o the film wis released in 2006. ==Reception== ''Charlotte's Web'' received generally positive reviews. Review aggregation site [[Rotten Tomatoes]] reportit that it haes a 75% approval rating based on 20 reviews, wi an average score of 6.6/10.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1003952-charlottes_web/|title=Charlotte's Web (1973) - Rotten Tomatoes|publisher=''[[Flixster]]''|accessdate=February 4, 2012}}</ref> Craig Butler of Aw-Movie Guide criticized the animation an the muisical score, but cried it a faithful adaptation, notin that "no attempt has been made to soften the existential sadness at the story's core".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/charlottes-web-v9012/review|title=Charlotte’s Web: Review|accessdate=January 28, 2009|first=Craig|last=Butler|work=All-Movie Guide|publisher=Macrovision Corporation}}</ref> Dan Jardine criticized the sangs an the "Saturday morning cartoon quality" o the animation, but an aa says that Hamner "retains just enough of White’s elegant prose in the dialogue and narration to keep the film from being simply a painfully well-intended experiment."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apolloguide.com/mov_fullrev.asp?CID=3484|title=Charlotte's Web|first=Dan|last=Jardine|work=Apollo Guide|publisher=Apollo Communications Ltd.|accessdate=January 28, 2009|archive-date=2008-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206043311/http://www.apolloguide.com/mov_fullrev.asp?CID=3484|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Christopher Null]] of Filmcritic.com stated that the animation is whiles "downright bad", but that White's classic fable needs little to mak it come to life.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmcritic.com/misc/emporium.nsf/reviews/Charlottes-Web-(1973)|title=Charlotte's Web (1973)|accessdate=January 28, 2009|first=Christopher|last=Null|year=2001|publisher=Filmcritic.com|archive-date=2009-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212210353/http://www.filmcritic.com/misc/emporium.nsf/reviews/Charlottes-Web-(1973)|url-status=dead}}</ref> When it wis reissued on DVD it wis awairdit an Oppenheim Toy Portfolio Gowd Awaird.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.toyportfolio.com/Awards_Results.php?pageNum_Product=1&ProductType=Videos&Age=Early%20School%20Years&Category=Feature-Length%20Films|title=Early School Years: Feature-Length Films|publisher=Oppenheim Toy Portfolio|accessdate=April 22, 2009|archive-date=2011-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026035313/http://toyportfolio.com/Awards_Results.php?pageNum_Product=1&ProductType=Videos&Age=Early%20School%20Years&Category=Feature-Length%20Films|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film is recognised bi [[American Film Institute]] in thir lists: * 2008: [[AFI's 10 Top 10]]: ** Nominated Animation Film<ref>{{cite web|url=http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/10top10.pdf?docID=381&AddInterest=1781 |title=AFI's 10 Top 10 Nominees |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2016-08-19 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716071937/http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/10top10.pdf?docID=381&AddInterest=1781 |archivedate=2011-07-16 |df= }}</ref> ===E.B. White's reaction=== Accordin to Gene Deitch, White wrote the follaein words in a 1977 letter, "We have never ceased to regret that your version of 'Charlotte's Web' never got made. The Hanna-Barbera version has never pleased either of us&nbsp;... a travesty&nbsp;..."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awn.com/genedeitch/chapter-twentyeight-a-tangled-web|title=How to Succeed in Animation: Chapter 28: A Tangled Web|author=Gene Deitch|publisher=Animation World Network|date=2001|accessdate=September 27, 2008}}</ref> E. B. White an aa wrote o the film, "The story is interrupted every few minutes so that somebody can sing a jolly song. I don't care much for jolly songs. The Blue Hill Fair, which I tried to report faithfully in the book, has become a Disney World, with 76&nbsp;trombones. But that's what you get for getting embroiled in Hollywood."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/books/articles/2006/12/10/bard_of_the_barn/|title=Bard of the barn|first=Ty|last=Burr|work=The Boston Globe|date=December 10, 2006|accessdate=September 27, 2008}}</ref> He haed previously turned doun Disney when thay offered to mak a film based on his book.<ref>{{cite book|title=Kiddie Lit: The Cultural Construction of Children's Literature in America|url=https://archive.org/details/kiddielitcultura0000clar|first=Beverly Lyon|last=Clark|year=2003|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=0-8018-8170-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/kiddielitcultura0000clar/page/178 178]}}</ref> Accordin to its writer, Earl Hamner Jr., White&nbsp;— that whiles offert advice an suggestions tae the filmmakers&nbsp;— wad hae preferred Mozart in it, rather than the muisic o the Sherman Brothers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/features/?id=2222&pagenum=3&p=.htm|title=Interview: Earl Hamner|first=Scott|last=Holleran|publisher=Box Office Mojo|date=December 22, 2006|accessdate=December 16, 2008}}</ref> ==Sequel== {{Main article|Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure}} A direct-to-video sequel titled ''Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure'' wis released in 2003. The sequel centers on Wilbur's relationship wi a lonely lamb named Cardigan an an aa shows Charlotte's childer as adolescents. Reviews for the sequel war generally unfavorable, wi critics panning its animation an plot. ==Soundtrack== # "There Must Be Something More" # "I Can Talk!" # "Chin Up!" # "We've Got Lots in Common" # "Deep in the Dark/Charlotte's Web" # "Mother Earth and Father Time" # "A Veritable Smorgasbord" # "Zuckerman's Famous Pig" ==="Zuckerman's Famous Pig"=== "Zuckerman's Famous Pig" is the title that saves Wilbur, the pig hero, frae bein slaughtered in the story. It is the theme o the finale song in the film. It wis componed an arranged in a [[barbershop quartet]] style bi the [[Sherman Brothers]], in keepin wi the time an place o the story.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=CctHAAAAMAAJ|title=Movie Musicals on Record|author=Richard Chigley Lynch|isbn=978-0-313-26540-2|date=June 26, 1989}}</ref> It wis covered bi the [[Brady Kids]] an wis chosen for release on thair first single taken frae ''The Brady Bunch Phonographic Album'' bi producer Jackie Mills.<ref>{{cite book|title=Bubblegum Music is the Naked Truth|author1=Kim Cooper|author2=David Smay|author3=Jake Austen|isbn=978-0-922915-69-9|url=https://books.google.com/?id=X4Y5NIyCikIC|date=June 1, 2001}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Portal|Film in the United States|1970s|Cartoon}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{IMDb title|0070016|Charlotte's Web}} * {{tcmdb title|18471|Charlotte's Web}} * {{AllRovi movie|9012|Charlotte's Web}} * {{Bcdb title|20515|Charlotte's Web}} * {{Rotten-tomatoes|1003952-charlottes_web|Charlotte's Web}} * {{YouTube|gN7U0OQMA0k|Charlotte's Web (1973) - deleted scene (Swedish version)}} [[Category:1973 animatit films]] [[Category:1973 films]] [[Category:1970s American animatit films]] [[Category:1970s drama films]] [[Category:1970s fantasie films]] [[Category:1970s muisical films]] [[Category:American animatit fantasie films]] [[Category:American bairns' fantasie films]] [[Category:American films]] [[Category:American muisical fantasie films]] [[Category:Animatit duos]] [[Category:Animatit films aboot ainimals]] [[Category:Animatit films aboot daith]] [[Category:Animatit films aboot freendship]] [[Category:Animatit films based on novelles]] [[Category:Animatit muisical films]] [[Category:Inglis-leid films]] [[Category:Films aboot pigs]] [[Category:Films aboot speeders]] [[Category:Films based on American novelles]] [[Category:Films based on bairns' beuks]] [[Category:Films featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Hanna-Barbera animatit films]] [[Category:Muisicals bi the Sherman Brothers]] [[Category:Paramount Pictures animatit films]] ibfpzjhcchtddcvz1kykmw1oxhs3kpd 915958 915957 2026-04-30T06:54:11Z LivMaddieFan26M3 130544 915958 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox film | name = Charlotte's Web | director = {{Plainlist| * [[Charles August Nichols|Charles A. Nichols]] * [[Iwao Takamoto]] }} | producer = {{Plainlist| * [[Joseph Barbera]] * [[William Hanna]] }} | story = [[Earl Hamner Jr.]] | based on = {{based on|''[[Charlotte's Web]]''|[[E. B. White]]}} | narrator = [[Rex Allen]] | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Debbie Reynolds]] * [[Paul Lynde]] * [[Henry Gibson]] }} | music = [[Irwin Kostal]] | cinematography = {{Plainlist| * Dick Blundell * Ralph Migliori * Roy Wade * Dennis Weaver }} | editing = {{Plainlist| * Larry C. Cowan * Pat Foley }} | studio = {{Plainlist| * [[Hanna-Barbera|Hanna-Barbera Productions]] * Sagittarius Productions }} | distributor = [[Paramount Pictures]] | released = {{Film date|1973|2|22|Premiere-New York Ceety|1973|3|1|Unitit States}} | runtime = 94 meenits | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | gross = $2.4 million <small>(rentals)</small><ref>"Big [[Gross rental|Rental]] Films of 1973", ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'', Januar 9, 1974, pg 19.</ref> }} '''''Charlotte's Web''''' is a 1973 American [[animation|animatit]] [[muisical film|muisical]] [[drama film]] produced bi [[Hanna-Barbera]] Productions an Sagittarius Productions an based upon the 1952 [[bairns' literatur|bairns' beuk]] [[Charlotte's Web|o the same name]] bi [[E. B. White]]. The film, lik the book, is aboot a pig named Wilbur that befriends an intelligent speeder named Charlotte that saufs him frae bein slaughtered. Released tae theaters bi [[Paramount Pictures]], ''Charlotte's Web'' featurs a sang score o muisic an lyrics written bi the [[Sherman Brothers]], that haed previously written muisic for faimily films lik ''[[Mary Poppins (film)|Mary Poppins]]'' (1964), ''[[The Jungle Book (1967 film)|The Jungle Book]]'' (1967), an ''[[Chitty Chitty Bang Bang]]'' (1968). It is the first o anly three Hanna-Barbera featurs nae tae be based upon ane o thair famous telly cartoons, ''[[Heidi's Song]]'' (1982) an ''[[Once Upon a Forest]]'' (1993) bein the ither twa. ''Charlotte's Web'' wis released on Februar&nbsp;22, 1973, tae moderate critical an commercial success. The film haes developed a devoted follaein ower the follaein years due tae telly an [[VHS]]; in 1994 it surprised the marketplace bi becomin ane o the best-selling titles o the year, 21&nbsp;years efter its first premiere. No ither non-Disney muisical animatit film haes enjoyed sic a comeback in popularity, prompting a [[direct-tae-video]] [[sequel]], ''[[Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure]]'', which Paramount released in the US on Mairch&nbsp;18, 2003 (Universal released it internationally), followed bi a [[Charlotte's Web (2006 film)|live-action film version]] o the oreeginal story, which wis released on December&nbsp;15, 2006. ==Plot== When farmer John Arable decides tae "do away wi" the runt o a litter o piglets, his dochter, Fern, intervenes, telling him that it is absurd tae kill the piglet juist acause he is smawer than the ithers. John decides tae spare the piglet an let Fern raise him as a pet. She nurtures him lovingly, naming him Wilbur. Sax weeks later, Wilbur, due tae bein a spring pig, haes matured, an John tells Fern that Wilbur haes tae be sauld (his siblings war already sauld). Fern sadly says good-bye tae Wilbur as he is sauld doun the street tae her uncle, Homer Zuckerman. At Homer's farm, a goose coaxes a sullen Wilbur tae speak his first words. Awtho delighted at this new ability, Wilbur still yearns for companionship. He attempts tae get the goose tae play wi him, but she declines on the condeetion that she haes tae hatch her goslings. Wilbur an aw tries asking a rat named Templeton tae play wi him, but Templeton's anly interests are spying, hiding, an eatin. Wilbur then wants tae play wi a lamb, but the lamb's faither that sheep dae nae play wi pigs acause it is anly a matter o time afore thay are slaughtered an turned intae smoked bacon an ham. Scunnert at this depressing discovery, Wilbur reduces himsel tae tears until a mysterious vyce tells him tae "chin up", an wait until morning tae reveal hersel tae him. The follaein morning, she reveals hersel tae be a speeder named Charlotte A. Cavatica, livin on a web overlooking Wilbur's pig pen. She tells him that she will come up wi a plan guaranteed tae spare his life. Later, the goose's goslings hatch. Ane o them, named Jeffrey, befriends Wilbur. Eventually, Charlotte reveals her plan tae "play a trick on Zuckerman", an consoles Wilbur tae sleep. The next morning, Homer's farm assistant, Lurvy, sees the words, SOME PIG, spun within Charlotte's web. The incident attracts publicity amang Homer's neighbors wha deem the praise tae be a [[miracle]]. The publicity eventually dies doun, an Charlotte requests the barn ainimals tae devise a new wird tae spin within her web. Efter several suggestions, the goose suggests the phrase, TERRIFIC! TERRIFIC! TERRIFIC!, tho Charlotte decides tae shorten it tae ane TERRIFIC. The incident becomes anither media sensation, tho Homer still desires tae slaughter Wilbur. For the next message, Charlotte then employs Templeton tae pull a wird frae a magazine clipping at the dump for inspiration, in which he returns the wird, RADIANT, ripped frae a soap box tae spin within her web. Follaein this, Homer decides tae enter Wilbur in the coonty fair for the simmer. Charlotte reluctantly decides tae accompany him, tho Templeton at first haes no interest in daein sae until the goose tells him aboot aw the fuid thare. Efter ane nicht thare, Charlotte sends Templeton tae the trash pile on anither errand tae gather anither wird for her next message, in which he returns wi the wird, HUMBLE. The next morning, Wilbur awakens tae find Charlotte haes spun an egg sac containing her unborn affspring, an the follaein afternoon, the wird, HUMBLE, is spun. Houiver, Fern's brither, Avery, discovers anither pig named Uncle haes won first place, tho the coonty fair staff decides tae haud a celebration in honour of Homer's miraculous pig, an rewards him [[Dollar sign|$]]25 an a gowd medal. He then announces that he will allou Wilbur tae "live to a ripe old age". Exhausted frae laying eggs an writin words, Charlotte tells Wilbur she will remain at the fair tae die. Not willin tae let her bairns be abandoned, Wilbur haes Templeton retrieve Charlotte's egg sac tae tak back tae the farm, juist afore she dies. Once he returns tae Homer's farm, he guards the egg sac until the winter. The next spring, Charlotte's 514 bairns are hatched, but leave the farm, causin Wilbur tae become saddened tae the pynt o wantin to run away. Juist as he is aboot tae dae sae, the ram pynts oot that three o them didnae flee away. Pleased at findin new friends, Wilbur names them Joy, Nellie, an Aranea, but as much as he loves them, thay will never replace the memory o Charlotte. ==Voice cast== * [[Henry Gibson]] as Wilbur, a pig that wis awmaist killed due tae bein a runt. Ower time, houiver, he grows sae much that ane wad never hae kent that he wis ance a runt. When Wilbur learns o his fate o bein slaughtered, he instantly breaks doun intae tears, until Charlotte tells him that she will dae whatever it takes tae save him. Wilbur is a friendly pig, but an aw prone tae [[anxeeity]]. * [[Debbie Reynolds]] as Charlotte A. Cavatica, a speeder that bides in a corner o Homer's barn abuin Wilbur's pig pen. She is very luvin an mitherly, but whiles grows frustrated at Wilbur's anxeeity issues. At the end o the film, she dies efter laying 514 eggs, but three o them decide tae stay wi Wilbur. * [[Paul Lynde]] as Templeton, a care-free, egotistical rat that lives at Homer's farm. He helps Charlotte get new ideas for her webs on the condeetion that he is promised fuid. At the end o the film, as well as [[Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure|the sequel]], he haes fower bratty bairns o his ain: Henrietta, Lester, Ralphie, an Junior. * [[Agnes Moorehead]] as the Goose, an unnamed goose that is the ane that encourages Wilbur tae speak for the first time. Her seiven goslings later hatch, awtho thare war actually aicht eggs (ane wis [[rotten egg|rotten]]). In the sequel, she wis named Gwen. * [[Don Messick]] as Jeffrey, a young, undersized gosling that Wilbur befriends shortly efter his birth. He initially lifes, eats, an sleeps wi Wilbur rather than his mither an siblings. At ane pynt, Avery remarks that he sounds mair lik a pig than a gosling, which pleases Jeffrey. When Wilbur is loaded intae a crate destined for the fair, Jeffrey casually walks in tae jyne him, amusin the humans but thay still remove an restrain him nevertheless. The Swedish version shows a [[deleted scene]] in which Jeffrey is briefly seen ridin in the back o the Arables' truck wi Avery until it stops sae Avery can put him doun in the middle o the road. Distressed at bein separated frae Wilbur, Jeffrey tries tae catch up wi the truck tae no avail, leavin him heartbroken. His mither gently directs him tae the pond tae jyne his siblings. Jeffrey daes nae reunite wi Wilbur when the latter returns frae the fair nor daes he appear in the rest o the film. * [[Herb Vigran]] as Lurvy, Homer's assistant that is the first tae notice the messages in Charlotte's webs. * [[Pamelyn Ferdin]] as Fern Arable, the dochter o John that convinces him tae spare Wilbur's life. * [[Martha Scott]] as Mrs. Arable, Fern's mither that first tells her o what wis going tae happen tae Wilbur. * [[Bob Holt (actor)|Bob Holt]] as Homer Zuckerman, Mrs. Arable's brither an Fern's uncle. * [[John Stephenson (actor)|John Stephenson]] as John Arable, Fern's faither. He wis aboot tae "do away" wi Wilbur until she intervened. * [[Danny Bonaduce]] as Avery Arable, Fern's aulder brither. * William B. White as Henry Fussy, a boy o aboot Fern's age, that she suin starts spendin time wi while Wilbur is at the fair. * [[Dave Madden]] as the Ram, ane o the first ainimals Wilbur meets at Homer's farm. He is the first tae tell Wilbur that it is a pig's fate tae be slaughtered an turned intae smoked bacon an ham. Madden an aa voiced ither chairacters in the film. * [[Joan Gerber]] as Edith Zuckerman, Homer's wife. She comes up wi the idea o giein Wilbur a [[buttermilk]] bath. Gerber forby vyced Mrs. Fussy, Henry's stern mither that never lets him hae fun. * [[Rex Allen]] as the Narrator Five members o the cast (Henry Gibson, Paul Lynde, Agnes Moorehead, Danny Bonaduce, an Dave Madden) haed previously appeared on the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC televeesion]] [[Sitcom|situation comedy]] ''[[Bewitched]]'' (1964-1972).<ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0057733/fullcredits#cast</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=August 2015}} Hanna-Barbera an aa animatit the openin credits o the show. Houiver, Bonaduce an Madden are better kent for thair roles on anither ABC-TV sitcom, ''[[The Partridge Family]]'' (1970–1974), which wis still in production when the film wis made. An aa, Ferdin an Lynde baith appeared on ''[[The Paul Lynde Show]]'', anither ABC sitcom creatit to fill the contract of Bewitched<ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0068118/</ref> Bonaduce, Lynde, Gerber, Messick, an Stephenson haed previously worked for Hanna-Barbera in thair telly shows: Lynde appeared in ''[[The Perils of Penelope Pitstop]]'' (uncredited), Bonaduce an Gerber war stars in ''[[Partridge Family 2200 A.D.]]'', an Stephenson an Messick war Hanna-Barbera reglars that lent thair vyces to mony of thair shaws on the reglar. ==Production== {{Expand section|date=August 2015}} Efter the studio decidit tae mak the film, [[Joe Barbera]] visited E. B. White in Maine. White hielichtit pairts o the book he did nae want tae chynge, an pairts "subject to discussion."<ref name=Barbera1/> Barbera wrote that Debbie Reynolds cried him an said that she wis willin to jyne the project even wioot bein peyed.<ref name=Barbera1>{{cite book|title=My Life in 'toons: From Flatbrush to Bedrock in Under a Century|url=https://archive.org/details/mylifeintoonsfro00barb|first=Joseph|last=Barbera|year=1994|publisher=Turner Publishing|location=Atlanta, GA|isbn=1-57036-042-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mylifeintoonsfro00barb/page/228 228]–29}}</ref> White discussed the makin o the film wi [[Gene Deitch]], a director of animation an friend of his.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awn.com/genedeitch/chapter-twentynine-the-charlotte-papers|title=How to Succeed in Animation: Chapter 29: The Charlotte Papers|author=Gene Deitch|publisher=Animation World Network|date=2001|accessdate=August 5, 2015}}</ref> Czech painter [[Mirko Hanák]] produced unused artwork o the film afore dying of [[leukemia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awn.com/genedeitch/chapter-thirty-charlottes-web-graphics|title=How to Succeed in Animation: Chapter 30: Charlotte’s Web Graphics|author=Gene Deitch|publisher=Animation World Network|date=2001|accessdate=August 5, 2015}}</ref> ==Release== {{Multiple issues|section=yes| {{Unreferenced section|date=February 2012}} {{Expand section|date=February 2012}} }} The film wis released tae theaters on Mairch&nbsp;1, 1973, bi [[Paramount Pictures]] in the United States. It haed a leemitit release on Februar&nbsp;22, 1973, in [[New York City]], an an aa released in [[West Germany]] on Mairch&nbsp;30, 1973, as well as August 11 in [[Swaden]], August&nbsp;25 in [[Japan]], an September&nbsp;4, 1981, in [[Australia]]. ===Home media=== The film wis first released on VHS in 1979, followed bi three mair releases in 1988, 1993, an 1996. It made its DVD debut in 2001. A seicont DVD release o the film wis released in 2006. ==Reception== ''Charlotte's Web'' received generally positive reviews. Review aggregation site [[Rotten Tomatoes]] reportit that it haes a 75% approval rating based on 20 reviews, wi an average score of 6.6/10.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1003952-charlottes_web/|title=Charlotte's Web (1973) - Rotten Tomatoes|publisher=''[[Flixster]]''|accessdate=February 4, 2012}}</ref> Craig Butler of Aw-Movie Guide criticized the animation an the muisical score, but cried it a faithful adaptation, notin that "no attempt has been made to soften the existential sadness at the story's core".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/charlottes-web-v9012/review|title=Charlotte’s Web: Review|accessdate=January 28, 2009|first=Craig|last=Butler|work=All-Movie Guide|publisher=Macrovision Corporation}}</ref> Dan Jardine criticized the sangs an the "Saturday morning cartoon quality" o the animation, but an aa says that Hamner "retains just enough of White’s elegant prose in the dialogue and narration to keep the film from being simply a painfully well-intended experiment."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apolloguide.com/mov_fullrev.asp?CID=3484|title=Charlotte's Web|first=Dan|last=Jardine|work=Apollo Guide|publisher=Apollo Communications Ltd.|accessdate=January 28, 2009|archive-date=2008-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206043311/http://www.apolloguide.com/mov_fullrev.asp?CID=3484|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Christopher Null]] of Filmcritic.com stated that the animation is whiles "downright bad", but that White's classic fable needs little to mak it come to life.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmcritic.com/misc/emporium.nsf/reviews/Charlottes-Web-(1973)|title=Charlotte's Web (1973)|accessdate=January 28, 2009|first=Christopher|last=Null|year=2001|publisher=Filmcritic.com|archive-date=2009-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212210353/http://www.filmcritic.com/misc/emporium.nsf/reviews/Charlottes-Web-(1973)|url-status=dead}}</ref> When it wis reissued on DVD it wis awairdit an Oppenheim Toy Portfolio Gowd Awaird.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.toyportfolio.com/Awards_Results.php?pageNum_Product=1&ProductType=Videos&Age=Early%20School%20Years&Category=Feature-Length%20Films|title=Early School Years: Feature-Length Films|publisher=Oppenheim Toy Portfolio|accessdate=April 22, 2009|archive-date=2011-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026035313/http://toyportfolio.com/Awards_Results.php?pageNum_Product=1&ProductType=Videos&Age=Early%20School%20Years&Category=Feature-Length%20Films|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film is recognised bi [[American Film Institute]] in thir lists: * 2008: [[AFI's 10 Top 10]]: ** Nominated Animation Film<ref>{{cite web|url=http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/10top10.pdf?docID=381&AddInterest=1781 |title=AFI's 10 Top 10 Nominees |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2016-08-19 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716071937/http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/10top10.pdf?docID=381&AddInterest=1781 |archivedate=2011-07-16 |df= }}</ref> ===E.B. White's reaction=== Accordin to Gene Deitch, White wrote the follaein words in a 1977 letter, "We have never ceased to regret that your version of 'Charlotte's Web' never got made. The Hanna-Barbera version has never pleased either of us&nbsp;... a travesty&nbsp;..."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awn.com/genedeitch/chapter-twentyeight-a-tangled-web|title=How to Succeed in Animation: Chapter 28: A Tangled Web|author=Gene Deitch|publisher=Animation World Network|date=2001|accessdate=September 27, 2008}}</ref> E. B. White an aa wrote o the film, "The story is interrupted every few minutes so that somebody can sing a jolly song. I don't care much for jolly songs. The Blue Hill Fair, which I tried to report faithfully in the book, has become a Disney World, with 76&nbsp;trombones. But that's what you get for getting embroiled in Hollywood."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/books/articles/2006/12/10/bard_of_the_barn/|title=Bard of the barn|first=Ty|last=Burr|work=The Boston Globe|date=December 10, 2006|accessdate=September 27, 2008}}</ref> He haed previously turned doun Disney when thay offered to mak a film based on his book.<ref>{{cite book|title=Kiddie Lit: The Cultural Construction of Children's Literature in America|url=https://archive.org/details/kiddielitcultura0000clar|first=Beverly Lyon|last=Clark|year=2003|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=0-8018-8170-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/kiddielitcultura0000clar/page/178 178]}}</ref> Accordin to its writer, Earl Hamner Jr., White&nbsp;— that whiles offert advice an suggestions tae the filmmakers&nbsp;— wad hae preferred Mozart in it, rather than the muisic o the Sherman Brothers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/features/?id=2222&pagenum=3&p=.htm|title=Interview: Earl Hamner|first=Scott|last=Holleran|publisher=Box Office Mojo|date=December 22, 2006|accessdate=December 16, 2008}}</ref> ==Sequel== {{Main article|Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure}} A direct-to-video sequel titled ''Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure'' wis released in 2003. The sequel centers on Wilbur's relationship wi a lonely lamb named Cardigan an an aa shows Charlotte's childer as adolescents. Reviews for the sequel war generally unfavorable, wi critics panning its animation an plot. ==Soundtrack== # "There Must Be Something More" # "I Can Talk!" # "Chin Up!" # "We've Got Lots in Common" # "Deep in the Dark/Charlotte's Web" # "Mother Earth and Father Time" # "A Veritable Smorgasbord" # "Zuckerman's Famous Pig" ==="Zuckerman's Famous Pig"=== "Zuckerman's Famous Pig" is the title that saves Wilbur, the pig hero, frae bein slaughtered in the story. It is the theme o the finale song in the film. It wis componed an arranged in a [[barbershop quartet]] style bi the [[Sherman Brothers]], in keepin wi the time an place o the story.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=CctHAAAAMAAJ|title=Movie Musicals on Record|author=Richard Chigley Lynch|isbn=978-0-313-26540-2|date=June 26, 1989}}</ref> It wis covered bi the [[Brady Kids]] an wis chosen for release on thair first single taken frae ''The Brady Bunch Phonographic Album'' bi producer Jackie Mills.<ref>{{cite book|title=Bubblegum Music is the Naked Truth|author1=Kim Cooper|author2=David Smay|author3=Jake Austen|isbn=978-0-922915-69-9|url=https://books.google.com/?id=X4Y5NIyCikIC|date=June 1, 2001}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Portal|Film in the United States|1970s|Cartoon}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{IMDb title|0070016|Charlotte's Web}} * {{tcmdb title|18471|Charlotte's Web}} * {{AllRovi movie|9012|Charlotte's Web}} * {{Bcdb title|20515|Charlotte's Web}} * {{Rotten-tomatoes|1003952-charlottes_web|Charlotte's Web}} * {{YouTube|gN7U0OQMA0k|Charlotte's Web (1973) - deleted scene (Swedish version)}} [[Category:1973 animatit films]] [[Category:1973 films]] [[Category:1970s American animatit films]] [[Category:1970s drama films]] [[Category:1970s fantasie films]] [[Category:1970s muisical films]] [[Category:American animatit fantasie films]] [[Category:American bairns' fantasie films]] [[Category:American films]] [[Category:American muisical fantasie films]] [[Category:Animatit duos]] [[Category:Animatit films aboot ainimals]] [[Category:Animatit films aboot daith]] [[Category:Animatit films aboot freendship]] [[Category:Animatit films based on novelles]] [[Category:Animatit muisical films]] [[Category:Inglis-leid films]] [[Category:Films aboot pigs]] [[Category:Films aboot speeders]] [[Category:Films based on American novelles]] [[Category:Films based on bairns' beuks]] [[Category:Films featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Hanna-Barbera animatit films]] [[Category:Muisicals bi the Sherman Brothers]] [[Category:Paramount Pictures animatit films]] dfc8ya8ma8q1mqgo9th9zu6ei4qagds 0 61808 915919 636852 2026-04-29T20:58:10Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915919 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Italian comune | name = Villarosa | official_name = Comune di Villarosa | native_name = | image_skyline = Villarosa panorama.JPG | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | coordinates = {{coord|37|35|N|14|10|E|region:IT_type:city(5521)|display=inline}} | coordinates_footnotes = | region = [[image:Flag of Sicily.svg|20px]] [[Sicily]] | province = [[Province o Enna|Enna]] (EN) | frazioni = Villapriolo | mayor_party = | mayor = Agostino Gabriele Zaffora (syne 21 Mey 2007) | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 55 | population_footnotes = | population_total = 5521 | population_as_of = 31 Dizember 2004 | pop_density_footnotes = | population_demonym = Villarosani | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 523 | twin1 = | twin1_country = | saint = [[James, son o Zebedee|St. James]] | day = August 10 | postal_code = 94010 | area_code = 0935 | website = {{official website|http://www.comune.villarosa.en.it/}} | footnotes = }} '''Villarosa''' is a toun an ''[[comune]]'' in the [[province o Enna]], in the region o [[Sicily]] in soothren [[Italy]]. ==Sister ceeties== *[[Image:Flag of Belgium.svg|20px]] [[Morlanwelz]], [[Belgium]] (2002) *[[Image:Flag of France.svg|20px]] [[Le Quesnoy]], [[Fraunce]] (11/08/2006) ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.villarosani.it/ Villarosani.it - The Community of Villarosa citizens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060831155610/http://www.villarosani.it/ |date=2006-08-31 }} {{Province o Enna}} mbdpizkkzq3a3tcms6hgnyaoy45deqf 0 66470 915894 897645 2026-04-29T14:54:45Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915894 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |Art = Stadt |Name = Schleswig |Wappen = DEU Schleswig COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|54|31|05|N|9|34|13|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |Lageplan = Schleswig in SL.PNG |Bundesland = Schleswig-Holstein |Kreis = Schleswig-Flensburg |Höhe = 1 |Fläche = 24.3 |Einwohner = 24071 |Stand = 2005-12-01 |PLZ = 24837 |Vorwahl = 04621 |Kfz = SL |Gemeindeschlüssel = 01 0 59 075 |Adresse = Rathausmarkt 1<br />24837 Schleswig |Website = [http://www.schleswig.de/ www.schleswig.de] |Bürgermeister = Thorsten Dahl |image_photo = Schleswig WT2005.jpg |image_caption = St. Peter's Cathedral }} '''Schleswig''' ({{lang-da|Slesvig}}; [[Sooth Jutlandic]]: ''Sljasvig'', archaic Inglis: ''Sleswick''; {{lang-nds|Sleswig}}) is a toun in the northeastren pairt o [[Schleswig-Holstein]], Germany. It is the caipital o the ''[[Destricts o Germany|Kreis]]'' (destrict) [[Schleswig-Flensburg]]. It haes a population o aboot 27,000, the main industries bein leather an fuid processin. It taks its name frae the [[Schlei]], an inlet o the [[Easter Seas]] at the end o which it sits, an "vik" or "vig" which means bay in the auld [[Viking]] leid an modren Dens leid. Schleswig or Slesvig tharefore means ''bay o the Schlei''. (Thare is a suggestion that the state's namesake an the term Slesvig oreeginatit frae a tribe o Wast Slavs who livit in "Slavsvick" atween the 5t century an 10t century AD an aw.) == Geografie == The ceety lees at the wastren end o the [[Schlei]] [[Förde]], which separates the twa peninsulas o [[Angeln]] an [[Schwansen]] an is on the wastren edge o the [[Schleswig-Holstein Uplands]] on the transition tae the [[Geest (topography)|Geest]] kintra. The urban aurie ranges frae 0 tae 20 m abuin sea level. [[Brautsee]] (lake) is in the toun. The nearest major ceeties are [[Flensburg]], [[Husum]] an [[Kiel]]. [[Bundesautobahn 7|Autobahn 7]] runs immediately wast o the ceety. [[Bundesstraße|Highways]] [[Bundesstraße 76|76]] an [[Bundesstraße 77|77]] end in Schleswig an [[Bundesstraße 201|B&nbsp;201]] runs tae the north o the toun. [[Schleswig station]] is a stap for [[InterCity]] an [[Intercity-Express]] trains an is on the [[Neumünster–Flensburg railwey|Hamburg–Neumünster–Flensburg]] an [[Husum–Kiel railway|Husum–Kiel lines]]. ===Climate=== The climate is humid an maritime. The annual mean temperature is 8&nbsp;°C an precipitation averages 925&nbsp;mm. {{Weather box |location = Schleswig, Germany |single line = y |metric first = y |collapsed = y |Jan high C = 2 |Feb high C = 3 |Mar high C = 6 |Apr high C = 10 |May high C = 16 |Jun high C = 19 |Jul high C = 20 |Aug high C = 20 |Sep high C = 17 |Oct high C = 13 |Nov high C = 7 |Dec high C = 4 |Jan mean C = 0 |Feb mean C = 1 |Mar mean C = 3 |Apr mean C = 6 |May mean C = 11 |Jun mean C = 15 |Jul mean C = 16 |Aug mean C = 16 |Sep mean C = 13 |Oct mean C = 9 |Nov mean C = 5 |Dec mean C = 2 |Jan low C = -1 |Feb low C = -1 |Mar low C = 0 |Apr low C = 3 |May low C = 7 |Jun low C = 10 |Jul low C = 12 |Aug low C = 12 |Sep low C = 10 |Oct low C = 7 |Nov low C = 3 |Dec low C = 0 |Jan precipitation mm = 79 |Feb precipitation mm = 50 |Mar precipitation mm = 61 |Apr precipitation mm = 55 |May precipitation mm = 61 |Jun precipitation mm = 71 |Jul precipitation mm = 92 |Aug precipitation mm = 87 |Sep precipitation mm = 86 |Oct precipitation mm = 90 |Nov precipitation mm = 105 |Dec precipitation mm = 88 |Jan precipitation days = 13 |Feb precipitation days = 10 |Mar precipitation days = 12 |Apr precipitation days = 10 |May precipitation days = 9 |Jun precipitation days = 10 |Jul precipitation days = 12 |Aug precipitation days = 11 |Sep precipitation days = 11 |Oct precipitation days = 12 |Nov precipitation days = 15 |Dec precipitation days = 13 |Jan sun = 42 |Feb sun = 67 |Mar sun = 103 |Apr sun = 168 |May sun = 226 |Jun sun = 231 |Jul sun = 213 |Aug sun = 215 |Sep sun = 145 |Oct sun = 98 |Nov sun = 51 |Dec sun = 40 |source = The Weather Network <ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.theweathernetwork.com/statistics/c00002 |title = Climate Statistics for Schleswig, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany |accessdate = August 20, 2012 |archive-date = 2020-08-21 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200821043552/https://www.theweathernetwork.com/forecasts/statistics/c00002 |url-status = dead }}</ref> }} ==History== [[File:Schleswig Braun-Hogenberg.jpg|thumb|left|Schleswig in 1600]] The [[Viking]] dounset o [[Hedeby]], locatit sooth o the modren toun, wis first mentioned in 804. It wis a pouerful dounset in the [[Easter Seas|Easter region]], dominatin the aurie for mair nor 200 year. In 1050, follaein several destructions, the population wis muivit tae the opposite shore o the Schlei, becomin the ceety o Schleswig. In 1066 Hedeby wis feenally destroyed, an Schleswig remained as a pairt o the Dens kinrick. In 1544 [[Gottorf Castle]] became the residence o the local rulers. The dukes o Gottorf wur vassals o the Dens kings an ruled ower hintle o present day Schleswig-Holstein. In 1721, when the [[Great Northren War]] endit, the dukes o Gottorf lost thair pouer an thair laund became Dens croun laund. efter the [[Seicont Schleswig War]] (1864), Schleswig wis annexed bi the [[Kinrick o Proushie]]. ==Sichts== [[File:Neuwerkgarten looking south 3.JPG|thumb|upright=2.2|Neuwerk gairden wi the Globushaus an [[Gottorf Castle]] in the background]] * [[Schleswig Cathedral]] (1134), wi the tomb o King [[Frederick I o Denmark]] * [[Gottorf Castle]] (biggit 1161), umwhile residence o the dukes, wi the baroque Neuwerk gairden, conteenin a replica o the [[Globe o Gottorf]] * Holm: auld fishin veelage at the Schlei shore * [[Hedeby]], Viking dounset ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commonscat|Schleswig}} * [http://www.schleswig.de/ Municipal wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621071329/http://www.schleswig.de/ |date=2007-06-21 }} {{de icon}} * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Schleswig}} * {{Cite Americana|short=1|wstitle=Schleswig|year=1920}} * {{Cite Collier's|Schleswig (seaport)}} {{Ceeties an touns in Schleswig-Flensburg (destrict)}} [[Category:Touns in Schleswig-Holstein]] [[Category:Schleswig-Flensburg]] 5ido7fvzcgk1cwfsstfm60132v950na 0 68329 915941 914571 2026-04-30T00:16:44Z Themeramisin 129811 915941 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''actress''' (alternatively '''actor''' faer a male) is a [[bodie]] portrayin a character in a dramatic or comic production; she or he performs i: [[film]], [[telly]], [[theatre]], or radio.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/actor |title=Definition of actor |website=Lexico |access-date=27 November 2019 |archive-date=2020-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627150830/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/actor |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627150830/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/actor |date=2020-06-27 }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Actin]] [[Category:Enterteenment thrifts]] [[Category:Theatrical thrifts]] lexnxmgh3rqplbl3uafeedv5cxh3s0p 915943 915941 2026-04-30T00:18:42Z CiphriusKane 74958 Undae revision [[Special:Diff/915941|915941]] bi [[Special:Contributions/Themeramisin|Themeramisin]] ([[User talk:Themeramisin|Tauk]])Unexplaint content remuival 915943 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ivanov, Drama SNP, Draginja Voganjac, Milan Kovačević, foto M. Polzović,.jpg|alt=Actress an actor|thumb]] An '''actress''' (alternatively '''actor''' faer a male) is a [[bodie]] portrayin a character in a dramatic or comic production; she or he performs i: [[film]], [[telly]], [[theatre]], or radio.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/actor |title=Definition of actor |website=Lexico |access-date=27 November 2019 |archive-date=2020-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627150830/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/actor |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627150830/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/actor |date=2020-06-27 }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Actin]] [[Category:Enterteenment thrifts]] [[Category:Theatrical thrifts]] srvpx553xukugwp8r5irhtpfj5b66el 915951 915943 2026-04-30T00:37:06Z Themeramisin 129811 915951 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ivanov, Drama SNP, Draginja Voganjac, Milan Kovačević, foto M. Polzović,.jpg|alt=Actress an actor|thumb]] An '''actress''' (alternatively '''actor''' faer a male) is a [[bodie]] portrayin an [[actin]] character in a dramatic or comic production; she or he performs i: [[film]], [[telly]], [[theatre]], or radio.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/actor |title=Definition of actor |website=Lexico |access-date=27 November 2019 |archive-date=2020-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627150830/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/actor |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627150830/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/actor |date=2020-06-27 }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Actin]] [[Category:Enterteenment thrifts]] [[Category:Theatrical thrifts]] qm8vy85s1u8iyqybxz2x1nwtjskxu60 0 69783 915913 915843 2026-04-29T19:56:40Z ~2026-26120-49 130522 915913 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox televeesion | show_name = Liv and Maddie | show_name_2 = Liv and Maddie: Cali Style ''{{small|(series 4)}}' | image = Liv and Maddie.svg | genre = [[Faimily sitcom|Faimily]]/[[Teen sitcom]] | creator = {{Plainlist| * John D. Beck * Ron Hart }} | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Dove Cameron]] * [[Joey Bragg]] * [[Tenzing Norgay Trainor]] * [[Kali Rocha]] * [[Benjamin King (actor)|Benjamin King]] * Lauren Lindsey Donzis }} | theme_music_composer = {{Plainlist| * [[Bardur Haberg]] * [[Oli Jogvansson]] * Molly Kaye * Paula Winger }} | opentheme = "Better in Stereo", performed bi Dove Cameron | composer = {{Plainlist| * Eric Goldman * Ken Lofkoll }} | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | num_seasons = 4 | num_episodes = 80 | list_episodes = | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| * John D. Beck * Ron Hart * [[Andy Fickman]] * Betsy Sullenger * John Peaslee }} | producer = Greg A. Hampson | camera = [[Multi-camera]] | runtime = 22–25 meenits | company = {{Plainlist| * Beck & Hart Productions * Oops Doughnuts Productions * [[It's a Laugh Productions]] }} | network = [[Disney Channel]] | picture_format = [[720p]] ([[HDTV]]) | audio_format = [[5.1 surround sound]] | first_aired = {{Start date|2013|7|19}} | last_aired = {{End date|2017|3|24}} }} '''''Liv and Maddie''''', teetled '''''Liv and Maddie: Cali Style''''' in its fowert series, is an American [[teen sitcom]] creatit bi John D. Beck an Ron Hart that oreeginally aired on [[Disney Channel]] frae Julie 19, 2013 tae Mairch 24, 2017. The series starns [[Dove Cameron]] in a dual role as [[identical twin]] sisters wi entirely different personalities that are best freends, wi Liv bein an actress that haes returned tae her home efter fower years o livin in Hollywood starnin in a popular telly series cried ''Sing It Loud!'', an Maddie bein a [[basketbaw]] prodigy. The series revolves aroond Liv readjustin tae normal faimily life efter production on ''Sing It Loud!'' ended, as weel as the twa sisters bein best freends despite thair opposin personalities an different interests. The series starns [[Joey Bragg]], [[Tenzing Norgay Trainor]], [[Kali Rocha]], an [[Benjamin King (actor)|Benjamin King]] as weel, that portray Joey Rooney, Parker Rooney, Karen Rooney, an Pete Rooney, respectively. Joey an Parker are Liv an Maddie's younger brithers while Karen an Pete are thair mither an faither. In the shaw's final series, Lauren Lindsey Donzis jyned the cast as Liv an Maddie's younger cousin Ruby, that becomes thair "sorta-sister". Her chairacter replaced Pete, that wis absent frae the entire fowert series. == Plot == Efter finishin a fower-year stint in Hollywood filmin a popular telly series cried ''Sing It Loud!'', actress Liv Rooney returns tae her birthplace o [[Stevens Point, Wisconsin]] tae the open arms o her faimily, despite bein offered mair roles in ither series an films. Liv decidit tae come home acause she missed her faimily an wanted tae see them again. She is happily reunited wi her identical twin sister Maddie, that is her best friend. Liv is a [[girly girl]] that enjoys anytime sumbidy mentions her umwhile career, while Maddie is a [[tomboy]] wi a facility for basketbaw that is the captain o her schuil's basketbaw team. The twins hae twa younger brithers: Joey, a teepical awkward teen that is ane year younger than the twins, an Parker, a clever tween wi a mischievous personality an the youngest bairn o the Rooney faimily. Thair faither Pete is the coach for Maddie's basketbaw team that eventually achieves his dream o becomin the coach o a college team in [[Beloit, Wisconsin]], while thair mither Karen is the schuil psychologist an later vice principal startin in the seicont series. In the first three series, maist events tak place at aither Ridgewood High, the heich schuil that Liv, Maddie, Joey, an later Parker, due tae bein a [[child prodigy]], aw attend, or the Rooney residence. At the end o the third series, the Rooney hoose collapses due tae a series o tunnels creatit bi Parker an Maddie is acceptit intae a college in [[Los Angeles, Californie]]. This prompts the rest o the Rooneys, except Pete that remains in Wisconsin tae continue his coachin job, tae muive tae [[Malibu, Californie]], tae tak up residence wi Karen's younger sister Dena an her dochter Ruby, whaur the series' fowert series taks place. In the final episode o the series, aw the Rooneys pairt ways. Liv is invited tae perform in a muisical cried ''Double Duchess'' on [[Broadway]], Maddie is gien a grant tae big tiny hooses for the homeless in [[New Orleans]], Joey is invited tae gang on a comedy tour wi [[Jim Breuer]], an Parker is invited tae gang wi his freend Val tae a [[biodome]] in the [[salt pan (geology)|salt flats]] o [[Salar de Uyuni]], [[Bolivia]] tae study life on [[Maurs]]. A significant featur o the series are [[documentary]]-style cutaways whaur major chairacters an the supportin chairacters [[meta-reference|speak tae the viewers]] tae expleen various things an thair opinions on the situations in which thay are featurt in each episode. In the final episode, it is revealed that the cutaways are pairt o a reality series that airs in Luxembourg cried ''Bits and Pieces'', a reference tae ''Liv and Maddie''{{'}}s workin teetle. == Cast an chairacters == === Main chairacters === * [[Dove Cameron]] as Liv an Maddie Rooney * [[Joey Bragg]] as Joey Rooney * [[Tenzing Norgay Trainor]] as Parker Rooney * [[Kali Rocha]] as Karen Rooney * [[Benjamin King (actor)|Benjamin King]] as Pete Rooney (series 1–3) * Lauren Lindsey Donzis as Ruby (series 4) === Recurring chairacters === * [[Ryan McCartan]] as Diggie * Jessica Marie Garcia as Willow * Jimmy Bellinger as Artie * Kurt Lang as Johnny Nimbus * [[Victoria Moroles]] as Andie * Carter Hastings as Evan * [[Jordan Fisher]] as Holden * Bridget Shergalis as Stains == Production == === Development === In the spring o 2012, Oops Doughnuts Productions haed shopped a script o a project cried ''Bits and Pieces'' which featurt a blended faimily seemilar tae series lik ''[[The Brady Bunch]]'' an ''[[Step by Step (TV series)|Step by Step]]''.<ref name="filmtelevisionauditions">{{cite web|title=Disney Channel casting starring roles for new comedy series ‘Bits & Pieces’|url=https://www.filmtelevisionauditions.com/disney-channel-casting-starring-roles-for-new-comedy-series-bits-pieces|author=Alan Baltes|work=Film Television Auditions|date=22 April 2012|access-date=16 October 2013|archive-date=2018-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902151656/https://www.filmtelevisionauditions.com/disney-channel-casting-starring-roles-for-new-comedy-series-bits-pieces/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The series follaed Jodie Sullenger (Kali Rocha), mither o Alanna (Dove Cameron) an Sticky (Joey Bragg), that mairit Pete Fickman (Benjamin King), faither o Crystal ([[Cozi Zuehlsdorff]]) an Brody (Tenzing Norgay Trainor), wi aw sax adjustin tae life unner the same ruif. Eventually, Disney chose tae chynge the concept o ''Bits and Pieces'' intae ane aboot a pair o twins.<ref name="Post-Gazette">{{cite web|url=https://www.post-gazette.com/ae/tv-radio/2013/09/15/Steelers-fanatic-behind-Disney-s-new-show-Liv-and-Maddie/stories/201309150178|title=Steelers fanatic behind Disney's new series 'Liv and Maddie'|work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|author=Monica Disare|date=15 September 2013|access-date=16 October 2013}}</ref> Nou teetled ''Liv and Maddie'', the series began production in Apryle 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/03/08/newcomer-dove-cameron-lands-dual-roles-in-upcoming-disney-channel-sitcom-liv-and-maddie/172625/|title=Newcomer Dove Cameron Lands Dual Roles in Upcoming Disney Channel Sitcom Liv and Maddie|work=Zap2it|date=8 March 2013|access-date=16 October 2013|archive-date=13 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313124610/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/03/08/newcomer-dove-cameron-lands-dual-roles-in-upcoming-disney-channel-sitcom-liv-and-maddie/172625/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The series wis producit unner a jynt ventur atween Beck & Hart Productions, Oops Doughnuts Productions, an [[It's a Laugh Productions]]. The series' creautors John D. Beck an Ron Hart are a production-writing team whose credits include ''[[According to Jim]]'', ''[[Hey Arnold!]]'', an ''[[Shake It Up (American TV series)|Shake It Up!]]''. Thay serrt as executive producers alangside [[Andy Fickman]], that wis the anerly director that pairteecipatit in aw fower series o the series. He directit 20 o the 21 episodes o the first series, as weel as fower o the seicont series, twa o the third series, an fower o the fowert series. On Januar 13, 2014, Disney Channel renewed ''Liv and Maddie'' for a 13-episode seicont series slated tae premiere in faw 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/disney-channels-liv-maddie-renewed-669999|title=Disney Channel Renews Liv and Maddie|work=Hollywood Reporter|author=Philiana Ng|date=13 January 2014|access-date=13 January 2014}}</ref> The seicont series wis later expanded tae 24 episodes.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=510573693148205056|title=Why haven't we got 21 episodes for season 2:(" we have 24.|user=JohnDBeckTV|author=John D. Beck|date=12 September 2014|access-date=13 September 2014}}</ref> The first series ended on Julie 27, 2014, an the seicont series premiered on September 21, 2014. On Apryle 3, 2015, the series wis renewed for a third series bi Disney Channel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2015/tv/news/liv-and-maddie-season-3-renewal-dove-cameron-disney-channel-1201465691|title=Liv and Maddie Renewed for Third Season on Disney Channel|work=Variety|author=Elizabeth Wagmeister|date=3 April 2015|access-date=3 April 2015}}</ref> The seicont series ended on August 23, 2015, an the third series premiered on September 13, 2015. On Dizember 21, 2015, Dove Cameron stated that Disney Channel wis pickin up ''Liv and Maddie'' for a fowert series.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=679100414831169536|title=Friends. Guess what?! Disney Channel is picking up #LivandMaddie season 4|user=DoveCameron|author=Dove Cameron|date=21 December 2015|access-date=16 October 2016}}</ref> On Juin 19, 2016, series co-creautor Ron Hart annoonced on Twitter that the fowert series wad premiere in faw 2016.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=744697675073761281|title=Thank you for your amazing support this season. We hope to see you all back this fall for #LivAndMaddie #Season4|user=Scatter|author=Ron Hart|date=19 June 2016|access-date=19 June 2016}}</ref> On Julie 1, 2016, Dove Cameron stated that thay haed filmed the series' final episode.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.m-magazine.com/posts/dove-cameron-officially-says-goodbye-to-liv-maddie-106909/photos/liv-and-maddie-series-finale-169543|title=Dove Cameron Officially Says Goodbye to Liv and Maddie|work=M-Magazine|author=Jennifer Maldonado|date=1 July 2016|access-date=3 July 2016|archive-date=4 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704102813/http://www.m-magazine.com/posts/dove-cameron-officially-says-goodbye-to-liv-maddie-106909/photos/liv-and-maddie-series-finale-169543|url-status=dead}}</ref> On August 19, 2016, it wis annoonced bi the series' creautors, John D. Beck an Ron Hart, that the final series wad be cried ''Liv and Maddie: Cali Style''. Thay stated that the fowert an final series wad premiere on September 23, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ew.com/article/2016/08/19/liv-maddie-title-season-four|title=Liv and Maddie Gets New Title for Final Season|work=Entertainment Weekly|author=Marc Snetiker|date=19 August 2016|access-date=19 August 2016|archive-date=2018-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922063734/https://ew.com/article/2016/08/19/liv-maddie-title-season-four/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Castin === Castin teuk place durin the spring o 2012;<ref name="filmtelevisionauditions" /> houiver, anly a pilot episode wis produced. Insteid o hirin a new cast, production chose tae keep thae whom thay haed already hired an film a completely new pilot. The story nou focused on Dove Cameron playin dual roles wi the same parents an brithers. Lead billin for Cozi Zuehlsdorff wis later dropped tae guest starn. The faimily name o "Rooney" wis picked acause o Sullenger's enjoyment o the [[Pittsburgh Steelers]], a team ained bi the [[Rooney faimily]].<ref name="Post-Gazette" /> === Muisic === A full version o the ''Liv and Maddie'' theme sang, "Better in Stereo", wis recorded bi Dove Cameron an released as a promotional single bi [[Walt Disney Records]] on October 15, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/better-in-stereo-from-liv/id719824746|title=Better in Stereo|work=iTunes|date=15 October 2013|access-date=23 October 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028103720/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/better-in-stereo-from-liv/id719824746|archive-date=28 October 2014}}</ref> A muisic video wis filmed an aired on Disney Channel the nicht o October 29, 2013.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} The sang wis featurt twice in the shaw, first in the series three finale, "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep65|Californi-A-Rooney]]", an then an acoustic version sung bi Dove Cameron durin the series fower an series finale, "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep80|End-A-Rooney]]". In the pilot, "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep1|Twin-A-Rooney]]", Liv shows Maddie a clip frae the ''Sing It Loud!'' finale in which Liv's chairacter, Stephanie Einstein, sings a civer o [[On Top of the World (Imagine Dragons sang)|On Top of the World]] bi [[Imagine Dragons]]. A full version o the sang wis recorded bi Cameron an wis released as a promotional single bi Walt Disney Records on August 27, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/on-top-world-from-liv-maddie/id687879375|title=On Top of the World|work=iTunes|date=27 August 2013|access-date=19 October 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106091017/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/on-top-world-from-liv-maddie/id687879375|archive-date=6 November 2013}}</ref> In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep10|Fa-La-La-A-Rooney]]", Liv performs the classic "[[Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!]]" durin the Steven's Point Holiday Spectacular. A full version o the sang wis recorded bi Cameron an is included on [[Holidays Unwrapped]], a holiday album released bi Walt Disney Records on October 15, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.target.com/p/disney-holidays-unwrapped-only-at-target/-/A-14893057|title=Disney Holidays Unwrapped|work=Target|access-date=4 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175340/http://www.target.com/p/disney-holidays-unwrapped-only-at-target/-/A-14893057#|archive-date=11 December 2013|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep20|Song-A-Rooney]]", Liv performs "FroyoYOLO". It goes viral, but Liv hates it. In the same episode, Liv performs "Count Me In". A full version o "Count Me In" wis recorded bi Cameron an wis released as a promotional single bi Walt Disney Records on Juin 3, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/count-me-in-from-liv-maddie/id880743711|title=Count Me In|work=iTunes|date=3 June 2014|access-date=13 July 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019215128/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/count-me-in-from-liv-maddie/id880743711|archive-date=19 October 2014}}</ref> In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep28|New Year's Eve-A-Rooney]]", Liv performs "You, Me and the Beat". A full version o the sang wis recorded bi Cameron an wis released as a promotional single bi Walt Disney Records on Dizember 2, 2014. In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep31|Rate-A-Rooney]]", Liv uploads "What a Girl Is". Twa versions war creatit: the first bein the ane shawn on the show an the ither, includin [[Christina Grimmie]] an Baby Kaely, wis eventually recorded. Baith versions are included in the ''Liv and Maddie'' soundtrack. The seicont version wis released on iTunes on Mairch 5, 2015, while the oreeginal version wis released on Mairch 17, 2015, whan the ''Liv and Maddie'' soundtrack wis released. The soundtrack includes "Better in Stereo", "On Top of the World", "FroyoYOLO", "Count Me In", "You, Me and the Beat", an baith versions o "What a Girl Is". The soundtrack includes "Say Hey", "As Long As I Have You", an "True Love" as weel, o that the last ane wad be morphed intae twa versions: Ballad, that wad be sung bi Jordan Fisher, an a piano duet featurin Jordan Fisher an Dove Cameron. Wi the annooncement o the soundtrack on Mairch 5, 2015, the singles for thae sangs, minus FroyoYOLO, war discontinued an are no langer available. In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep38|Prom-A-Rooney]]", Liv performs "True Love" at the schuil prom. Lik she did wi the ither sangs, Dove Cameron recorded a full version o the sang, an it wis released as pairt of the ''Liv and Maddie'' soundtrack on Mairch 17, 2015. In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep40|Band-A-Rooney]]", Liv's baund, "The Dream", performs "Say Hey" at the Battle of the Bands. A full version wis recorded bi Dove Cameron, wi the baund member's actor daein the chorus. The sang wis released as pairt o the ''Liv and Maddie'' soundtrack on Mairch 17, 2015. In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep41|Video-A-Rooney]]", Liv's baund performs "As Long As I Have You". Dove Cameron recorded a full version, which wis released as pairt o the ''Liv and Maddie'' soundtrack on Mairch 17, 2015. The sang wis the final sang frae the soundtrack that wis played in the series. In "[[Leet of Liv and Maddie episodes#ep44|SPARF-A-Rooney]]", Andy Grammer performs "Honey, I'm Good". This is ane of the few sangs in ''Liv and Maddie'' nae tae be pairt of the soundtrack. In "[[Leet of Liv and Maddie episodes#ep69|Sing It Louder!!-A-Rooney]]", Liv an Ruby perform "One Second Chance" on the set of "Sing It Louder!!" The sang wis recorded bi Dove Cameron an Lauren Lindsey Donzis an wis released as a promotional single bi Walt Disney Records on November 4, 2016. In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep74|Falcon-A-Rooney]]", "The Power of Two" is performed again bi Liv an Ruby for "Sing It Louder!!". Lik the previous sang in series fower, Cameron an Donzis recorded a full version of the sang, released on Januar 20, 2017. In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep78|Sing It Live!!-A-Rooney]], Liv sings "My Destiny" for the special episode o "Sing It Louder!!" (an in the process strains her vocal cords tae the point o emergency surgery). Again, a full version o the sang wis recorded bi Dove Cameron, an released as a promotional single on Mairch 3, 2017. ==== Sangs ==== {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Leet o sangs in ''Liv and Maddie'' |- ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Performed bi ! scope="col" | First episode |- | "Better in Stereo" | Dove Cameron | "Twin-A-Rooney" |- | "On Top of the World" | Dove Cameron | "Twin-A-Rooney" |- | "[[Up on the House Top|Up on the Housetop]]" | Dove Cameron an [[Ella Anderson]] | "Fa-La-La-A-Rooney" |- | "Let It Snow, Let It Snow, Let It Snow" | Dove Cameron | "Fa-La-La-A-Rooney" |- | "FroyoYOLO" | Dove Cameron | "Song-A-Rooney" |- | "Count Me In" | Dove Cameron | "Song-A-Rooney" |- | "You, Me and the Beat" | Dove Cameron | "New Year's Eve-A-Rooney" |- | "What a Girl Is" | Dove Cameron | "Rate-A-Rooney" |- | "True Love" | Dove Cameron | "Prom-A-Rooney" |- | "Say Hey" | Dove Cameron | "Band-A-Rooney" |- | "As Long As I Have You" | Dove Cameron | "Video-A-Rooney" |- | "Honey, I'm Good" | [[Andy Grammer]] | "SPARF-A-Rooney" |- | "Key of Life" | Dove Cameron | "Dream-A-Rooney" |- | "One Second Chance" | Dove Cameron an Lauren Lindsey Donzis | "Sing It Louder!!-A-Rooney" |- | "Power of Two" | Dove Cameron an Lauren Lindsey Donzis | "Falcon-A-Rooney" |- | "My Destiny" | Dove Cameron | "Sing It Live!!!-A-Rooney" |} == Broadcast == ''Liv and Maddie'' airs on [[Disney Channel]] in the United States an [[Family Channel (Canadian TV network)|Family Channel]] in Canada. The pilot episode aired as a preview on Julie 19, 2013, efter the premiere o the [[Disney Channel Original Movie]] ''[[Teen Beach Movie]]''. The first promo for the series wis seen on Juin 28, 2013, efter the premiere o ''[[Mickey Mouse (TV series)|Disney's Mickey Mouse Shorts]]''. The series offeecially premiered in the United States on September 15, 2013, an in Canada on September 20, 2013.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} The series stopped airin in Canada on Family Channel on September 1, 2015, an stairtit airin on [[Disney Channel (Canada)|Disney Channel]] on September 5, 2015.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} [[Disney La Chaîne|La Chaîne Disney]] in French Canada premiered the episode "Home Run-A-Rooney" on Mairch 24, 2016, 17 days afore the American an Canadian airin on Apryle 10, 2016.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} In the [[Disney Channel (UK an Ireland)|UK an Ireland]], the series aired as a preview on October 7, 2013, an later premiered on November 8, 2013.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} In [[Disney Channel (Australia an New Zealand)|Australia an New Zealand]], the series premiered on October 11, 2013.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} The seicont series premiered on Januar 8, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://community.foxtel.com.au/t5/Foxtel-Blog/JANUARY-200-new-and-returning-Foxtel-shows/ba-p/39777|title=200+ New and Returning Foxtel Shows|work=Foxtel|author=D Higgins|date=5 January 2015|access-date=1 February 2015}}</ref> The third series premiered on Dizember 2, 2015.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} The series premiered in [[Disney Channel (Asia)|Southeast Asia]] on Januar 10, 2014.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} In the Balkans, Greece, the Middle East, an Africae, the series premiered on Mairch 8, 2014.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} The seicont series premiered on Februar 7, 2015.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} In [[Indie]], the series premiered on October 30, 2017 on [[Disney International HD]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PYw6aB-z314|title=Liv and Maddie on Disney International HD - Launching Oct 29|work=YouTube}}</ref> == Reception == === Critical reception === Emily Ashby o [[Common Sense Media]] gae the series' quality a rating o three oot of five stars, describin it as a "jovial family sitcom" an applicable for ages seiven an abuin. Ashby credited the series' "comical spin" on common faimily issues, lik [[sibling rivalry]], statin that "As is true of most tween-targeted comedies, the series glosses over a lot, especially when it comes to teen issues, but that's what makes it a worry-free pick for kids."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.commonsensemedia.org/tv-reviews/liv-and-maddie|title=Liv and Maddie TV Review|work=Common Sense Media|author=Emily Ashby|access-date=10 August 2016}}</ref> Neil Genzlinger o ''[[The New York Times]]'' compared the series tae ''[[The Patty Duke Show]]'' while describin it as "a gentle, moderately amusing comedy" an praisin Dove Cameron's portrayal of the doun-tae-earth Maddie an diva Liv, statin that "the premise gives the writers plenty of opportunities."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/14/arts/television/liv-and-maddie-offers-shades-of-the-patty-duke-show.html|title=Liv and Maddie Offers Shades of The Patty Duke Show|work=The New York Times|author=Neil Genzlinger|date=13 September 2013|access-date=10 August 2016}}</ref> === Awards an nominations === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Award ! Category ! Result ! {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | rowspan="2" | 2014 | [[Kids' Choice Awards Mexico]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{nominated}} | |- | [[Kids' Choice Awards Mexico]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{nominated}} | |- | 2015 | [[Kids' Choice Awards Colombia]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{nominated}} | |- | rowspan="4" | 2016 | [[2016 Teen Choice Awards|Teen Choice Awards]] | [[Teen Choice Award for Choice Comedy Series|Choice TV Show: Comedy]] | {{nominated}} | style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eonline.com/ca/news/767643/teen-choice-awards-2016-nominations-announced-see-the-first-wave-of-potential-winners|title=Teen Choice Awards 2016 Nominations Announced|work=E! Online|author=Mike Vulpo|date=24 May 2016|access-date=17 June 2016}}</ref> |- | [[Kids' Choice Awards Mexico]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{nominated}} | style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://kidschoiceawardsmexico.mundonick.com/votar#cat=programa_internacional_mx|title=Kids Choice Awards Mexico 2016|work=Mundo Nick|language=Spanish|access-date=21 August 2016|archive-date=18 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718221119/http://kidschoiceawardsmexico.mundonick.com/votar#cat=programa_internacional_mx|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | [[Kids' Choice Awards Colombia]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{won}} | style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://kidschoiceawardscolombia.mundonick.com/votar#cat=programa_o_serie_internaciona_co|title=Kids Choice Awards Colombia 2016|work=Mundo Nick|language=Spanish|access-date=10 September 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170816154947/http://kidschoiceawardscolombia.mundonick.com/votar%23cat=mejor_fandom#cat=programa_o_serie_internaciona_co#cat=programa_o_serie_internaciona_co|archive-date=16 August 2017|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- | [[Nickelodeon Argentina Kids' Choice Awards|Kids' Choice Awards Argentina]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{won}} | style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://television.com.ar/los-pre-nominados-a-los-kids-choice-awards-argentina-2016/24071|title=Los Pre-Nominados a los Kids’ Choice Awards Argentina 2016|website=television.com.ar|language=Spanish|date=August 10, 2016|access-date=28 September 2016|archive-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021132955/http://television.com.ar/los-pre-nominados-a-los-kids-choice-awards-argentina-2016/24071|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" | 2017 | [[Kids' Choice Awards Mexico]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{won}} | |- | [[Kids' Choice Awards Colombia]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{won}} | |- | [[Kids' Choice Awards Argentina]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{won}} | |} == Merchandise == Brand marketing promotion frae ''Liv and Maddie'' still continues strangly, wi [[ACCO Brands]], unner the Day Dream brand, featurin a 2015 wall calendar an Disney D'Signed claedin line frae selected retailers [[Target Corporation|Target]] an [[Kohl's]]. Wooky Entertainment ains Style Me Up, a creative fashion brand for tween girls, featurin ''Liv and Maddie: Dreams Come True'' an ''Liv and Maddie: A Rising Star'' sketchbooks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/style-me-up-channel-sketchbook/dp/b00pb1j30q|title=Style Me Up Disney Channel Liv and Maddie Dreams Come True Small Sketchbook|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|access-date=12 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Liv-Maddie-Dreams-Come-Sketchbook/dp/B00PB1EDWE|title=Liv & Maddie - A Rising Star Sketchbook|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|access-date=12 August 2018}}</ref> Footwear retailer [[Payless ShoeSource]] conducts ''Liv and Maddie''-themed chairacter footwear based on the series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.payless.com/liv-and-maddie/|title=Liv and Maddie Character Shoes and Accessories|work=Payless|access-date=January 20, 2015|archive-date=13 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513183642/http://www.payless.com/liv-and-maddie/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A novelization o the series, teetled ''Liv and Maddie: Sisters Forever'', wis publeeshed bi Disney Press on Januar 6, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Liv-Maddie-Sisters-Forever-Junior/dp/1484710797/|title=Liv and Maddie: Sisters Forever (Liv and Maddie Junior Novel)|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|access-date=13 December 2017}}</ref> The [[young adult feection|junior novelle]] is based on the episodes "Twin-A-Rooney" an "Team-A-Rooney", an alternates atween the [[narration|view pynts]] o Liv, Maddie, Joey, an Parker. Featurin aicht pages o photos frae the series, the junior novelle wis adapted bi Lexi Ryals. Anither novelization o the series, teetled ''Liv and Maddie: Double Trouble'', wis publeeshed bi Disney Press on August 4, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Maddie-Double-Trouble-Junior-Novel/dp/1484716949|title=Liv and Maddie Double Trouble (Liv and Maddie Junior Novel)|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|access-date=12 August 2018}}</ref> It is based on the episodes "Sweet-16-A-Rooney" an "Dodge-A-Rooney". Lik the first novelle, ''Double Trouble'' featurs aicht pages o photos frae the series an wis adapted bi Lexi Ryals. Lik the first novelle, ''Double Trouble'' alternates atween the view pynts o Liv, Maddie, Joey, an Parker. == References == {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == * {{IMDb title}} [[Category:2010s American comedy televeesion series]] [[Category:American muisical televeesion series]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Televeesion series aboot freendship]] 29aud3misbqs5pasxbtda29mo6ymw2u 915914 915913 2026-04-29T19:57:08Z CiphriusKane 74958 Revertit edit o ~2026-26120-49, chynged back tae last version bi LivMaddieFan2026 915843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox televeesion | show_name = Liv and Maddie | show_name_2 = Liv and Maddie: Cali Style ''{{small|(series 4)}}' | image = Liv and Maddie.svg | genre = [[Faimily sitcom|Faimily]]/[[Teen sitcom]] | creator = {{Plainlist| * John D. Beck * Ron Hart }} | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Dove Cameron]] * [[Joey Bragg]] * [[Tenzing Norgay Trainor]] * [[Kali Rocha]] * [[Benjamin King (actor)|Benjamin King]] * Lauren Lindsey Donzis }} | theme_music_composer = {{Plainlist| * [[Bardur Haberg]] * [[Oli Jogvansson]] * Molly Kaye * Paula Winger }} | opentheme = "Better in Stereo", performed bi Dove Cameron | composer = {{Plainlist| * Eric Goldman * Ken Lofkoll }} | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | num_seasons = 4 | num_episodes = 80 | list_episodes = | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| * John D. Beck * Ron Hart * [[Andy Fickman]] * Betsy Sullenger * John Peaslee }} | producer = Greg A. Hampson | camera = [[Multi-camera]] | runtime = 22–25 meenits | company = {{Plainlist| * Beck & Hart Productions * Oops Doughnuts Productions * [[It's a Laugh Productions]] }} | network = [[Disney Channel]] | picture_format = [[720p]] ([[HDTV]]) | audio_format = [[5.1 surround sound]] | first_aired = {{Start date|2013|7|19}} | last_aired = {{End date|2017|3|24}} }} '''''Liv and Maddie''''', teetled '''''Liv and Maddie: Cali Style''''' in its fowert series, is an American [[teen sitcom]] creatit bi John D. Beck an Ron Hart that oreeginally aired on [[Disney Channel]] frae Julie 19, 2013 tae Mairch 24, 2017. The series stars [[Dove Cameron]] in a dual role as [[identical twin]] sisters wi entirely different personalities that are best freends, wi Liv bein an actress that haes returned tae her home efter fower years o livin in Hollywood starnin in a popular telly series cried ''Sing It Loud!'', an Maddie bein a [[basketbaw]] prodigy. The series revolves aroond Liv readjustin tae normal faimily life efter production on ''Sing It Loud!'' ended, as weel as the twa sisters bein best freends despite thair opposin personalities an different interests. The series stars [[Joey Bragg]], [[Tenzing Norgay Trainor]], [[Kali Rocha]], an [[Benjamin King (actor)|Benjamin King]] as weel, that portray Joey Rooney, Parker Rooney, Karen Rooney, an Pete Rooney, respectively. Joey an Parker are Liv an Maddie's younger brithers while Karen an Pete are thair mither an faither. In the shaw's final series, Lauren Lindsey Donzis jyned the cast as Liv an Maddie's younger cousin Ruby, that becomes thair "sorta-sister". Her chairacter replaced Pete, that wis absent frae the entire fowert series. == Plot == Efter finishin a fower-year stint in Hollywood filmin a popular telly series cried ''Sing It Loud!'', actress Liv Rooney returns tae her birthplace o [[Stevens Point, Wisconsin]] tae the open arms o her faimily, despite bein offered mair roles in ither series an films. Liv decidit tae come home acause she missed her faimily an wanted tae see them again. She is happily reunited wi her identical twin sister Maddie, that is her best friend. Liv is a [[girly girl]] that enjoys anytime sumbidy mentions her umwhile career, while Maddie is a [[tomboy]] wi a facility for basketbaw that is the captain o her schuil's basketbaw team. The twins hae twa younger brithers: Joey, a teepical awkward teen that is ane year younger than the twins, an Parker, a clever tween wi a mischievous personality an the youngest bairn o the Rooney faimily. Thair faither Pete is the coach for Maddie's basketbaw team that eventually achieves his dream o becomin the coach o a college team in [[Beloit, Wisconsin]], while thair mither Karen is the schuil psychologist an later vice principal startin in the seicont series. In the first three series, maist events tak place at aither Ridgewood High, the heich schuil that Liv, Maddie, Joey, an later Parker, due tae bein a [[child prodigy]], aw attend, or the Rooney residence. At the end o the third series, the Rooney hoose collapses due tae a series o tunnels creatit bi Parker an Maddie is acceptit intae a college in [[Los Angeles, Californie]]. This prompts the rest o the Rooneys, except Pete that remains in Wisconsin tae continue his coachin job, tae muive tae [[Malibu, Californie]], tae tak up residence wi Karen's younger sister Dena an her dochter Ruby, whaur the series' fowert series taks place. In the final episode o the series, aw the Rooneys pairt ways. Liv is invited tae perform in a muisical cried ''Double Duchess'' on [[Broadway]], Maddie is gien a grant tae big tiny hooses for the homeless in [[New Orleans]], Joey is invited tae gang on a comedy tour wi [[Jim Breuer]], an Parker is invited tae gang wi his freend Val tae a [[biodome]] in the [[salt pan (geology)|salt flats]] o [[Salar de Uyuni]], [[Bolivia]] tae study life on [[Maurs]]. A significant featur o the series are [[documentary]]-style cutaways whaur major chairacters an the supportin chairacters [[meta-reference|speak tae the viewers]] tae expleen various things an thair opinions on the situations in which thay are featurt in each episode. In the final episode, it is revealed that the cutaways are pairt o a reality series that airs in Luxembourg cried ''Bits and Pieces'', a reference tae ''Liv and Maddie''{{'}}s workin teetle. == Cast an chairacters == === Main chairacters === * [[Dove Cameron]] as Liv an Maddie Rooney * [[Joey Bragg]] as Joey Rooney * [[Tenzing Norgay Trainor]] as Parker Rooney * [[Kali Rocha]] as Karen Rooney * [[Benjamin King (actor)|Benjamin King]] as Pete Rooney (series 1–3) * Lauren Lindsey Donzis as Ruby (series 4) === Recurring chairacters === * [[Ryan McCartan]] as Diggie * Jessica Marie Garcia as Willow * Jimmy Bellinger as Artie * Kurt Lang as Johnny Nimbus * [[Victoria Moroles]] as Andie * Carter Hastings as Evan * [[Jordan Fisher]] as Holden * Bridget Shergalis as Stains == Production == === Development === In the spring o 2012, Oops Doughnuts Productions haed shopped a script o a project cried ''Bits and Pieces'' which featurt a blended faimily seemilar tae series lik ''[[The Brady Bunch]]'' an ''[[Step by Step (TV series)|Step by Step]]''.<ref name="filmtelevisionauditions">{{cite web|title=Disney Channel casting starring roles for new comedy series ‘Bits & Pieces’|url=https://www.filmtelevisionauditions.com/disney-channel-casting-starring-roles-for-new-comedy-series-bits-pieces|author=Alan Baltes|work=Film Television Auditions|date=22 April 2012|access-date=16 October 2013|archive-date=2018-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902151656/https://www.filmtelevisionauditions.com/disney-channel-casting-starring-roles-for-new-comedy-series-bits-pieces/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The series follaed Jodie Sullenger (Kali Rocha), mither o Alanna (Dove Cameron) an Sticky (Joey Bragg), that mairit Pete Fickman (Benjamin King), faither o Crystal ([[Cozi Zuehlsdorff]]) an Brody (Tenzing Norgay Trainor), wi aw sax adjustin tae life unner the same ruif. Eventually, Disney chose tae chynge the concept o ''Bits and Pieces'' intae ane aboot a pair o twins.<ref name="Post-Gazette">{{cite web|url=https://www.post-gazette.com/ae/tv-radio/2013/09/15/Steelers-fanatic-behind-Disney-s-new-show-Liv-and-Maddie/stories/201309150178|title=Steelers fanatic behind Disney's new series 'Liv and Maddie'|work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|author=Monica Disare|date=15 September 2013|access-date=16 October 2013}}</ref> Nou teetled ''Liv and Maddie'', the series began production in Apryle 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/03/08/newcomer-dove-cameron-lands-dual-roles-in-upcoming-disney-channel-sitcom-liv-and-maddie/172625/|title=Newcomer Dove Cameron Lands Dual Roles in Upcoming Disney Channel Sitcom Liv and Maddie|work=Zap2it|date=8 March 2013|access-date=16 October 2013|archive-date=13 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313124610/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/03/08/newcomer-dove-cameron-lands-dual-roles-in-upcoming-disney-channel-sitcom-liv-and-maddie/172625/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The series wis producit unner a jynt ventur atween Beck & Hart Productions, Oops Doughnuts Productions, an [[It's a Laugh Productions]]. The series' creautors John D. Beck an Ron Hart are a production-writing team whose credits include ''[[According to Jim]]'', ''[[Hey Arnold!]]'', an ''[[Shake It Up (American TV series)|Shake It Up!]]''. Thay serrt as executive producers alangside [[Andy Fickman]], that wis the anerly director that pairteecipatit in aw fower series o the series. He directit 20 o the 21 episodes o the first series, as weel as fower o the seicont series, twa o the third series, an fower o the fowert series. On Januar 13, 2014, Disney Channel renewed ''Liv and Maddie'' for a 13-episode seicont series slated tae premiere in faw 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/disney-channels-liv-maddie-renewed-669999|title=Disney Channel Renews Liv and Maddie|work=Hollywood Reporter|author=Philiana Ng|date=13 January 2014|access-date=13 January 2014}}</ref> The seicont series wis later expanded tae 24 episodes.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=510573693148205056|title=Why haven't we got 21 episodes for season 2:(" we have 24.|user=JohnDBeckTV|author=John D. Beck|date=12 September 2014|access-date=13 September 2014}}</ref> The first series ended on Julie 27, 2014, an the seicont series premiered on September 21, 2014. On Apryle 3, 2015, the series wis renewed for a third series bi Disney Channel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2015/tv/news/liv-and-maddie-season-3-renewal-dove-cameron-disney-channel-1201465691|title=Liv and Maddie Renewed for Third Season on Disney Channel|work=Variety|author=Elizabeth Wagmeister|date=3 April 2015|access-date=3 April 2015}}</ref> The seicont series ended on August 23, 2015, an the third series premiered on September 13, 2015. On Dizember 21, 2015, Dove Cameron stated that Disney Channel wis pickin up ''Liv and Maddie'' for a fowert series.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=679100414831169536|title=Friends. Guess what?! Disney Channel is picking up #LivandMaddie season 4|user=DoveCameron|author=Dove Cameron|date=21 December 2015|access-date=16 October 2016}}</ref> On Juin 19, 2016, series co-creautor Ron Hart annoonced on Twitter that the fowert series wad premiere in faw 2016.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=744697675073761281|title=Thank you for your amazing support this season. We hope to see you all back this fall for #LivAndMaddie #Season4|user=Scatter|author=Ron Hart|date=19 June 2016|access-date=19 June 2016}}</ref> On Julie 1, 2016, Dove Cameron stated that thay haed filmed the series' final episode.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.m-magazine.com/posts/dove-cameron-officially-says-goodbye-to-liv-maddie-106909/photos/liv-and-maddie-series-finale-169543|title=Dove Cameron Officially Says Goodbye to Liv and Maddie|work=M-Magazine|author=Jennifer Maldonado|date=1 July 2016|access-date=3 July 2016|archive-date=4 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704102813/http://www.m-magazine.com/posts/dove-cameron-officially-says-goodbye-to-liv-maddie-106909/photos/liv-and-maddie-series-finale-169543|url-status=dead}}</ref> On August 19, 2016, it wis annoonced bi the series' creautors, John D. Beck an Ron Hart, that the final series wad be cried ''Liv and Maddie: Cali Style''. Thay stated that the fowert an final series wad premiere on September 23, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ew.com/article/2016/08/19/liv-maddie-title-season-four|title=Liv and Maddie Gets New Title for Final Season|work=Entertainment Weekly|author=Marc Snetiker|date=19 August 2016|access-date=19 August 2016|archive-date=2018-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922063734/https://ew.com/article/2016/08/19/liv-maddie-title-season-four/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Castin === Castin teuk place durin the spring o 2012;<ref name="filmtelevisionauditions" /> houiver, anly a pilot episode wis produced. Insteid o hirin a new cast, production chose tae keep thae whom thay haed already hired an film a completely new pilot. The story nou focused on Dove Cameron playin dual roles wi the same parents an brithers. Lead billin for Cozi Zuehlsdorff wis later dropped tae guest starn. The faimily name o "Rooney" wis picked acause o Sullenger's enjoyment o the [[Pittsburgh Steelers]], a team ained bi the [[Rooney faimily]].<ref name="Post-Gazette" /> === Muisic === A full version o the ''Liv and Maddie'' theme sang, "Better in Stereo", wis recorded bi Dove Cameron an released as a promotional single bi [[Walt Disney Records]] on October 15, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/better-in-stereo-from-liv/id719824746|title=Better in Stereo|work=iTunes|date=15 October 2013|access-date=23 October 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028103720/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/better-in-stereo-from-liv/id719824746|archive-date=28 October 2014}}</ref> A muisic video wis filmed an aired on Disney Channel the nicht o October 29, 2013.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} The sang wis featurt twice in the shaw, first in the series three finale, "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep65|Californi-A-Rooney]]", an then an acoustic version sung bi Dove Cameron durin the series fower an series finale, "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep80|End-A-Rooney]]". In the pilot, "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep1|Twin-A-Rooney]]", Liv shows Maddie a clip frae the ''Sing It Loud!'' finale in which Liv's chairacter, Stephanie Einstein, sings a civer o [[On Top of the World (Imagine Dragons sang)|On Top of the World]] bi [[Imagine Dragons]]. A full version o the sang wis recorded bi Cameron an wis released as a promotional single bi Walt Disney Records on August 27, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/on-top-world-from-liv-maddie/id687879375|title=On Top of the World|work=iTunes|date=27 August 2013|access-date=19 October 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106091017/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/on-top-world-from-liv-maddie/id687879375|archive-date=6 November 2013}}</ref> In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep10|Fa-La-La-A-Rooney]]", Liv performs the classic "[[Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!]]" durin the Steven's Point Holiday Spectacular. A full version o the sang wis recorded bi Cameron an is included on [[Holidays Unwrapped]], a holiday album released bi Walt Disney Records on October 15, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.target.com/p/disney-holidays-unwrapped-only-at-target/-/A-14893057|title=Disney Holidays Unwrapped|work=Target|access-date=4 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175340/http://www.target.com/p/disney-holidays-unwrapped-only-at-target/-/A-14893057#|archive-date=11 December 2013|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep20|Song-A-Rooney]]", Liv performs "FroyoYOLO". It goes viral, but Liv hates it. In the same episode, Liv performs "Count Me In". A full version o "Count Me In" wis recorded bi Cameron an wis released as a promotional single bi Walt Disney Records on Juin 3, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/count-me-in-from-liv-maddie/id880743711|title=Count Me In|work=iTunes|date=3 June 2014|access-date=13 July 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019215128/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/count-me-in-from-liv-maddie/id880743711|archive-date=19 October 2014}}</ref> In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep28|New Year's Eve-A-Rooney]]", Liv performs "You, Me and the Beat". A full version o the sang wis recorded bi Cameron an wis released as a promotional single bi Walt Disney Records on Dizember 2, 2014. In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep31|Rate-A-Rooney]]", Liv uploads "What a Girl Is". Twa versions war creatit: the first bein the ane shawn on the show an the ither, includin [[Christina Grimmie]] an Baby Kaely, wis eventually recorded. Baith versions are included in the ''Liv and Maddie'' soundtrack. The seicont version wis released on iTunes on Mairch 5, 2015, while the oreeginal version wis released on Mairch 17, 2015, whan the ''Liv and Maddie'' soundtrack wis released. The soundtrack includes "Better in Stereo", "On Top of the World", "FroyoYOLO", "Count Me In", "You, Me and the Beat", an baith versions o "What a Girl Is". The soundtrack includes "Say Hey", "As Long As I Have You", an "True Love" as weel, o that the last ane wad be morphed intae twa versions: Ballad, that wad be sung bi Jordan Fisher, an a piano duet featurin Jordan Fisher an Dove Cameron. Wi the annooncement o the soundtrack on Mairch 5, 2015, the singles for thae sangs, minus FroyoYOLO, war discontinued an are no langer available. In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep38|Prom-A-Rooney]]", Liv performs "True Love" at the schuil prom. Lik she did wi the ither sangs, Dove Cameron recorded a full version o the sang, an it wis released as pairt of the ''Liv and Maddie'' soundtrack on Mairch 17, 2015. In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep40|Band-A-Rooney]]", Liv's baund, "The Dream", performs "Say Hey" at the Battle of the Bands. A full version wis recorded bi Dove Cameron, wi the baund member's actor daein the chorus. The sang wis released as pairt o the ''Liv and Maddie'' soundtrack on Mairch 17, 2015. In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep41|Video-A-Rooney]]", Liv's baund performs "As Long As I Have You". Dove Cameron recorded a full version, which wis released as pairt o the ''Liv and Maddie'' soundtrack on Mairch 17, 2015. The sang wis the final sang frae the soundtrack that wis played in the series. In "[[Leet of Liv and Maddie episodes#ep44|SPARF-A-Rooney]]", Andy Grammer performs "Honey, I'm Good". This is ane of the few sangs in ''Liv and Maddie'' nae tae be pairt of the soundtrack. In "[[Leet of Liv and Maddie episodes#ep69|Sing It Louder!!-A-Rooney]]", Liv an Ruby perform "One Second Chance" on the set of "Sing It Louder!!" The sang wis recorded bi Dove Cameron an Lauren Lindsey Donzis an wis released as a promotional single bi Walt Disney Records on November 4, 2016. In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep74|Falcon-A-Rooney]]", "The Power of Two" is performed again bi Liv an Ruby for "Sing It Louder!!". Lik the previous sang in series fower, Cameron an Donzis recorded a full version of the sang, released on Januar 20, 2017. In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep78|Sing It Live!!-A-Rooney]], Liv sings "My Destiny" for the special episode o "Sing It Louder!!" (an in the process strains her vocal cords tae the point o emergency surgery). Again, a full version o the sang wis recorded bi Dove Cameron, an released as a promotional single on Mairch 3, 2017. ==== Sangs ==== {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Leet o sangs in ''Liv and Maddie'' |- ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Performed bi ! scope="col" | First episode |- | "Better in Stereo" | Dove Cameron | "Twin-A-Rooney" |- | "On Top of the World" | Dove Cameron | "Twin-A-Rooney" |- | "[[Up on the House Top|Up on the Housetop]]" | Dove Cameron an [[Ella Anderson]] | "Fa-La-La-A-Rooney" |- | "Let It Snow, Let It Snow, Let It Snow" | Dove Cameron | "Fa-La-La-A-Rooney" |- | "FroyoYOLO" | Dove Cameron | "Song-A-Rooney" |- | "Count Me In" | Dove Cameron | "Song-A-Rooney" |- | "You, Me and the Beat" | Dove Cameron | "New Year's Eve-A-Rooney" |- | "What a Girl Is" | Dove Cameron | "Rate-A-Rooney" |- | "True Love" | Dove Cameron | "Prom-A-Rooney" |- | "Say Hey" | Dove Cameron | "Band-A-Rooney" |- | "As Long As I Have You" | Dove Cameron | "Video-A-Rooney" |- | "Honey, I'm Good" | [[Andy Grammer]] | "SPARF-A-Rooney" |- | "Key of Life" | Dove Cameron | "Dream-A-Rooney" |- | "One Second Chance" | Dove Cameron an Lauren Lindsey Donzis | "Sing It Louder!!-A-Rooney" |- | "Power of Two" | Dove Cameron an Lauren Lindsey Donzis | "Falcon-A-Rooney" |- | "My Destiny" | Dove Cameron | "Sing It Live!!!-A-Rooney" |} == Broadcast == ''Liv and Maddie'' airs on [[Disney Channel]] in the United States an [[Family Channel (Canadian TV network)|Family Channel]] in Canada. The pilot episode aired as a preview on Julie 19, 2013, efter the premiere o the [[Disney Channel Original Movie]] ''[[Teen Beach Movie]]''. The first promo for the series wis seen on Juin 28, 2013, efter the premiere o ''[[Mickey Mouse (TV series)|Disney's Mickey Mouse Shorts]]''. The series offeecially premiered in the United States on September 15, 2013, an in Canada on September 20, 2013.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} The series stopped airin in Canada on Family Channel on September 1, 2015, an stairtit airin on [[Disney Channel (Canada)|Disney Channel]] on September 5, 2015.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} [[Disney La Chaîne|La Chaîne Disney]] in French Canada premiered the episode "Home Run-A-Rooney" on Mairch 24, 2016, 17 days afore the American an Canadian airin on Apryle 10, 2016.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} In the [[Disney Channel (UK an Ireland)|UK an Ireland]], the series aired as a preview on October 7, 2013, an later premiered on November 8, 2013.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} In [[Disney Channel (Australia an New Zealand)|Australia an New Zealand]], the series premiered on October 11, 2013.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} The seicont series premiered on Januar 8, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://community.foxtel.com.au/t5/Foxtel-Blog/JANUARY-200-new-and-returning-Foxtel-shows/ba-p/39777|title=200+ New and Returning Foxtel Shows|work=Foxtel|author=D Higgins|date=5 January 2015|access-date=1 February 2015}}</ref> The third series premiered on Dizember 2, 2015.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} The series premiered in [[Disney Channel (Asia)|Southeast Asia]] on Januar 10, 2014.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} In the Balkans, Greece, the Middle East, an Africae, the series premiered on Mairch 8, 2014.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} The seicont series premiered on Februar 7, 2015.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} In [[Indie]], the series premiered on October 30, 2017 on [[Disney International HD]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PYw6aB-z314|title=Liv and Maddie on Disney International HD - Launching Oct 29|work=YouTube}}</ref> == Reception == === Critical reception === Emily Ashby o [[Common Sense Media]] gae the series' quality a rating o three oot of five stars, describin it as a "jovial family sitcom" an applicable for ages seiven an abuin. Ashby credited the series' "comical spin" on common faimily issues, lik [[sibling rivalry]], statin that "As is true of most tween-targeted comedies, the series glosses over a lot, especially when it comes to teen issues, but that's what makes it a worry-free pick for kids."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.commonsensemedia.org/tv-reviews/liv-and-maddie|title=Liv and Maddie TV Review|work=Common Sense Media|author=Emily Ashby|access-date=10 August 2016}}</ref> Neil Genzlinger o ''[[The New York Times]]'' compared the series tae ''[[The Patty Duke Show]]'' while describin it as "a gentle, moderately amusing comedy" an praisin Dove Cameron's portrayal of the doun-tae-earth Maddie an diva Liv, statin that "the premise gives the writers plenty of opportunities."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/14/arts/television/liv-and-maddie-offers-shades-of-the-patty-duke-show.html|title=Liv and Maddie Offers Shades of The Patty Duke Show|work=The New York Times|author=Neil Genzlinger|date=13 September 2013|access-date=10 August 2016}}</ref> === Awards an nominations === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Award ! Category ! Result ! {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | rowspan="2" | 2014 | [[Kids' Choice Awards Mexico]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{nominated}} | |- | [[Kids' Choice Awards Mexico]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{nominated}} | |- | 2015 | [[Kids' Choice Awards Colombia]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{nominated}} | |- | rowspan="4" | 2016 | [[2016 Teen Choice Awards|Teen Choice Awards]] | [[Teen Choice Award for Choice Comedy Series|Choice TV Show: Comedy]] | {{nominated}} | style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eonline.com/ca/news/767643/teen-choice-awards-2016-nominations-announced-see-the-first-wave-of-potential-winners|title=Teen Choice Awards 2016 Nominations Announced|work=E! Online|author=Mike Vulpo|date=24 May 2016|access-date=17 June 2016}}</ref> |- | [[Kids' Choice Awards Mexico]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{nominated}} | style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://kidschoiceawardsmexico.mundonick.com/votar#cat=programa_internacional_mx|title=Kids Choice Awards Mexico 2016|work=Mundo Nick|language=Spanish|access-date=21 August 2016|archive-date=18 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718221119/http://kidschoiceawardsmexico.mundonick.com/votar#cat=programa_internacional_mx|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | [[Kids' Choice Awards Colombia]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{won}} | style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://kidschoiceawardscolombia.mundonick.com/votar#cat=programa_o_serie_internaciona_co|title=Kids Choice Awards Colombia 2016|work=Mundo Nick|language=Spanish|access-date=10 September 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170816154947/http://kidschoiceawardscolombia.mundonick.com/votar%23cat=mejor_fandom#cat=programa_o_serie_internaciona_co#cat=programa_o_serie_internaciona_co|archive-date=16 August 2017|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- | [[Nickelodeon Argentina Kids' Choice Awards|Kids' Choice Awards Argentina]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{won}} | style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://television.com.ar/los-pre-nominados-a-los-kids-choice-awards-argentina-2016/24071|title=Los Pre-Nominados a los Kids’ Choice Awards Argentina 2016|website=television.com.ar|language=Spanish|date=August 10, 2016|access-date=28 September 2016|archive-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021132955/http://television.com.ar/los-pre-nominados-a-los-kids-choice-awards-argentina-2016/24071|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" | 2017 | [[Kids' Choice Awards Mexico]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{won}} | |- | [[Kids' Choice Awards Colombia]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{won}} | |- | [[Kids' Choice Awards Argentina]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{won}} | |} == Merchandise == Brand marketing promotion frae ''Liv and Maddie'' still continues strangly, wi [[ACCO Brands]], unner the Day Dream brand, featurin a 2015 wall calendar an Disney D'Signed claedin line frae selected retailers [[Target Corporation|Target]] an [[Kohl's]]. Wooky Entertainment ains Style Me Up, a creative fashion brand for tween girls, featurin ''Liv and Maddie: Dreams Come True'' an ''Liv and Maddie: A Rising Star'' sketchbooks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/style-me-up-channel-sketchbook/dp/b00pb1j30q|title=Style Me Up Disney Channel Liv and Maddie Dreams Come True Small Sketchbook|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|access-date=12 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Liv-Maddie-Dreams-Come-Sketchbook/dp/B00PB1EDWE|title=Liv & Maddie - A Rising Star Sketchbook|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|access-date=12 August 2018}}</ref> Footwear retailer [[Payless ShoeSource]] conducts ''Liv and Maddie''-themed chairacter footwear based on the series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.payless.com/liv-and-maddie/|title=Liv and Maddie Character Shoes and Accessories|work=Payless|access-date=January 20, 2015|archive-date=13 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513183642/http://www.payless.com/liv-and-maddie/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A novelization o the series, teetled ''Liv and Maddie: Sisters Forever'', wis publeeshed bi Disney Press on Januar 6, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Liv-Maddie-Sisters-Forever-Junior/dp/1484710797/|title=Liv and Maddie: Sisters Forever (Liv and Maddie Junior Novel)|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|access-date=13 December 2017}}</ref> The [[young adult feection|junior novelle]] is based on the episodes "Twin-A-Rooney" an "Team-A-Rooney", an alternates atween the [[narration|view pynts]] o Liv, Maddie, Joey, an Parker. Featurin aicht pages o photos frae the series, the junior novelle wis adapted bi Lexi Ryals. Anither novelization o the series, teetled ''Liv and Maddie: Double Trouble'', wis publeeshed bi Disney Press on August 4, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Maddie-Double-Trouble-Junior-Novel/dp/1484716949|title=Liv and Maddie Double Trouble (Liv and Maddie Junior Novel)|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|access-date=12 August 2018}}</ref> It is based on the episodes "Sweet-16-A-Rooney" an "Dodge-A-Rooney". Lik the first novelle, ''Double Trouble'' featurs aicht pages o photos frae the series an wis adapted bi Lexi Ryals. Lik the first novelle, ''Double Trouble'' alternates atween the view pynts o Liv, Maddie, Joey, an Parker. == References == {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == * {{IMDb title}} [[Category:2010s American comedy televeesion series]] [[Category:American muisical televeesion series]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Televeesion series aboot freendship]] thbshzag50j06kggua2fcs73lsqiqg8 915963 915914 2026-04-30T06:55:58Z LivMaddieFan26M3 130544 915963 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox televeesion | show_name = Liv and Maddie | show_name_2 = Liv and Maddie: Cali Style ''{{small|(series 4)}}' | image = Liv and Maddie.svg | genre = [[Faimily sitcom|Faimily]]/[[Teen sitcom]] | creator = {{Plainlist| * John D. Beck * Ron Hart }} | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Dove Cameron]] * [[Joey Bragg]] * [[Tenzing Norgay Trainor]] * [[Kali Rocha]] * [[Benjamin King (actor)|Benjamin King]] * Lauren Lindsey Donzis }} | theme_music_composer = {{Plainlist| * [[Bardur Haberg]] * [[Oli Jogvansson]] * Molly Kaye * Paula Winger }} | opentheme = "Better in Stereo", performed bi Dove Cameron | composer = {{Plainlist| * Eric Goldman * Ken Lofkoll }} | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | num_seasons = 4 | num_episodes = 80 | list_episodes = | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| * John D. Beck * Ron Hart * [[Andy Fickman]] * Betsy Sullenger * John Peaslee }} | producer = Greg A. Hampson | camera = [[Multi-camera]] | runtime = 22–25 meenits | company = {{Plainlist| * Beck & Hart Productions * Oops Doughnuts Productions * [[It's a Laugh Productions]] }} | network = [[Disney Channel]] | picture_format = [[720p]] ([[HDTV]]) | audio_format = [[5.1 surround sound]] | first_aired = {{Start date|2013|7|19}} | last_aired = {{End date|2017|3|24}} }} '''''Liv and Maddie''''', teetled '''''Liv and Maddie: Cali Style''''' in its fowert series, is an American [[teen sitcom]] creatit bi John D. Beck an Ron Hart that oreeginally aired on [[Disney Channel]] frae Julie 19, 2013 tae Mairch 24, 2017. The series starns [[Dove Cameron]] in a dual role as [[identical twin]] sisters wi entirely different personalities that are best freends, wi Liv bein an actress that haes returned tae her home efter fower years o livin in Hollywood starnin in a popular telly series cried ''Sing It Loud!'', an Maddie bein a [[basketbaw]] prodigy. The series revolves aroond Liv readjustin tae normal faimily life efter production on ''Sing It Loud!'' ended, as weel as the twa sisters bein best freends despite thair opposin personalities an different interests. The series starns [[Joey Bragg]], [[Tenzing Norgay Trainor]], [[Kali Rocha]], an [[Benjamin King (actor)|Benjamin King]] as weel, that portray Joey Rooney, Parker Rooney, Karen Rooney, an Pete Rooney, respectively. Joey an Parker are Liv an Maddie's younger brithers while Karen an Pete are thair mither an faither. In the shaw's final series, Lauren Lindsey Donzis jyned the cast as Liv an Maddie's younger cousin Ruby, that becomes thair "sorta-sister". Her chairacter replaced Pete, that wis absent frae the entire fowert series. == Plot == Efter finishin a fower-year stint in Hollywood filmin a popular telly series cried ''Sing It Loud!'', actress Liv Rooney returns tae her birthplace o [[Stevens Point, Wisconsin]] tae the open arms o her faimily, despite bein offered mair roles in ither series an films. Liv decidit tae come home acause she missed her faimily an wanted tae see them again. She is happily reunited wi her identical twin sister Maddie, that is her best friend. Liv is a [[girly girl]] that enjoys anytime sumbidy mentions her umwhile career, while Maddie is a [[tomboy]] wi a facility for basketbaw that is the captain o her schuil's basketbaw team. The twins hae twa younger brithers: Joey, a teepical awkward teen that is ane year younger than the twins, an Parker, a clever tween wi a mischievous personality an the youngest bairn o the Rooney faimily. Thair faither Pete is the coach for Maddie's basketbaw team that eventually achieves his dream o becomin the coach o a college team in [[Beloit, Wisconsin]], while thair mither Karen is the schuil psychologist an later vice principal startin in the seicont series. In the first three series, maist events tak place at aither Ridgewood High, the heich schuil that Liv, Maddie, Joey, an later Parker, due tae bein a [[child prodigy]], aw attend, or the Rooney residence. At the end o the third series, the Rooney hoose collapses due tae a series o tunnels creatit bi Parker an Maddie is acceptit intae a college in [[Los Angeles, Californie]]. This prompts the rest o the Rooneys, except Pete that remains in Wisconsin tae continue his coachin job, tae muive tae [[Malibu, Californie]], tae tak up residence wi Karen's younger sister Dena an her dochter Ruby, whaur the series' fowert series taks place. In the final episode o the series, aw the Rooneys pairt ways. Liv is invited tae perform in a muisical cried ''Double Duchess'' on [[Broadway]], Maddie is gien a grant tae big tiny hooses for the homeless in [[New Orleans]], Joey is invited tae gang on a comedy tour wi [[Jim Breuer]], an Parker is invited tae gang wi his freend Val tae a [[biodome]] in the [[salt pan (geology)|salt flats]] o [[Salar de Uyuni]], [[Bolivia]] tae study life on [[Maurs]]. A significant featur o the series are [[documentary]]-style cutaways whaur major chairacters an the supportin chairacters [[meta-reference|speak tae the viewers]] tae expleen various things an thair opinions on the situations in which thay are featurt in each episode. In the final episode, it is revealed that the cutaways are pairt o a reality series that airs in Luxembourg cried ''Bits and Pieces'', a reference tae ''Liv and Maddie''{{'}}s workin teetle. == Cast an chairacters == === Main chairacters === * [[Dove Cameron]] as Liv an Maddie Rooney * [[Joey Bragg]] as Joey Rooney * [[Tenzing Norgay Trainor]] as Parker Rooney * [[Kali Rocha]] as Karen Rooney * [[Benjamin King (actor)|Benjamin King]] as Pete Rooney (series 1–3) * Lauren Lindsey Donzis as Ruby (series 4) === Recurring chairacters === * [[Ryan McCartan]] as Diggie * Jessica Marie Garcia as Willow * Jimmy Bellinger as Artie * Kurt Lang as Johnny Nimbus * [[Victoria Moroles]] as Andie * Carter Hastings as Evan * [[Jordan Fisher]] as Holden * Bridget Shergalis as Stains == Production == === Development === In the spring o 2012, Oops Doughnuts Productions haed shopped a script o a project cried ''Bits and Pieces'' which featurt a blended faimily seemilar tae series lik ''[[The Brady Bunch]]'' an ''[[Step by Step (TV series)|Step by Step]]''.<ref name="filmtelevisionauditions">{{cite web|title=Disney Channel casting starring roles for new comedy series ‘Bits & Pieces’|url=https://www.filmtelevisionauditions.com/disney-channel-casting-starring-roles-for-new-comedy-series-bits-pieces|author=Alan Baltes|work=Film Television Auditions|date=22 April 2012|access-date=16 October 2013|archive-date=2018-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902151656/https://www.filmtelevisionauditions.com/disney-channel-casting-starring-roles-for-new-comedy-series-bits-pieces/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The series follaed Jodie Sullenger (Kali Rocha), mither o Alanna (Dove Cameron) an Sticky (Joey Bragg), that mairit Pete Fickman (Benjamin King), faither o Crystal ([[Cozi Zuehlsdorff]]) an Brody (Tenzing Norgay Trainor), wi aw sax adjustin tae life unner the same ruif. Eventually, Disney chose tae chynge the concept o ''Bits and Pieces'' intae ane aboot a pair o twins.<ref name="Post-Gazette">{{cite web|url=https://www.post-gazette.com/ae/tv-radio/2013/09/15/Steelers-fanatic-behind-Disney-s-new-show-Liv-and-Maddie/stories/201309150178|title=Steelers fanatic behind Disney's new series 'Liv and Maddie'|work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|author=Monica Disare|date=15 September 2013|access-date=16 October 2013}}</ref> Nou teetled ''Liv and Maddie'', the series began production in Apryle 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/03/08/newcomer-dove-cameron-lands-dual-roles-in-upcoming-disney-channel-sitcom-liv-and-maddie/172625/|title=Newcomer Dove Cameron Lands Dual Roles in Upcoming Disney Channel Sitcom Liv and Maddie|work=Zap2it|date=8 March 2013|access-date=16 October 2013|archive-date=13 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313124610/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/03/08/newcomer-dove-cameron-lands-dual-roles-in-upcoming-disney-channel-sitcom-liv-and-maddie/172625/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The series wis producit unner a jynt ventur atween Beck & Hart Productions, Oops Doughnuts Productions, an [[It's a Laugh Productions]]. The series' creautors John D. Beck an Ron Hart are a production-writing team whose credits include ''[[According to Jim]]'', ''[[Hey Arnold!]]'', an ''[[Shake It Up (American TV series)|Shake It Up!]]''. Thay serrt as executive producers alangside [[Andy Fickman]], that wis the anerly director that pairteecipatit in aw fower series o the series. He directit 20 o the 21 episodes o the first series, as weel as fower o the seicont series, twa o the third series, an fower o the fowert series. On Januar 13, 2014, Disney Channel renewed ''Liv and Maddie'' for a 13-episode seicont series slated tae premiere in faw 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/disney-channels-liv-maddie-renewed-669999|title=Disney Channel Renews Liv and Maddie|work=Hollywood Reporter|author=Philiana Ng|date=13 January 2014|access-date=13 January 2014}}</ref> The seicont series wis later expanded tae 24 episodes.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=510573693148205056|title=Why haven't we got 21 episodes for season 2:(" we have 24.|user=JohnDBeckTV|author=John D. Beck|date=12 September 2014|access-date=13 September 2014}}</ref> The first series ended on Julie 27, 2014, an the seicont series premiered on September 21, 2014. On Apryle 3, 2015, the series wis renewed for a third series bi Disney Channel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2015/tv/news/liv-and-maddie-season-3-renewal-dove-cameron-disney-channel-1201465691|title=Liv and Maddie Renewed for Third Season on Disney Channel|work=Variety|author=Elizabeth Wagmeister|date=3 April 2015|access-date=3 April 2015}}</ref> The seicont series ended on August 23, 2015, an the third series premiered on September 13, 2015. On Dizember 21, 2015, Dove Cameron stated that Disney Channel wis pickin up ''Liv and Maddie'' for a fowert series.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=679100414831169536|title=Friends. Guess what?! Disney Channel is picking up #LivandMaddie season 4|user=DoveCameron|author=Dove Cameron|date=21 December 2015|access-date=16 October 2016}}</ref> On Juin 19, 2016, series co-creautor Ron Hart annoonced on Twitter that the fowert series wad premiere in faw 2016.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=744697675073761281|title=Thank you for your amazing support this season. We hope to see you all back this fall for #LivAndMaddie #Season4|user=Scatter|author=Ron Hart|date=19 June 2016|access-date=19 June 2016}}</ref> On Julie 1, 2016, Dove Cameron stated that thay haed filmed the series' final episode.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.m-magazine.com/posts/dove-cameron-officially-says-goodbye-to-liv-maddie-106909/photos/liv-and-maddie-series-finale-169543|title=Dove Cameron Officially Says Goodbye to Liv and Maddie|work=M-Magazine|author=Jennifer Maldonado|date=1 July 2016|access-date=3 July 2016|archive-date=4 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704102813/http://www.m-magazine.com/posts/dove-cameron-officially-says-goodbye-to-liv-maddie-106909/photos/liv-and-maddie-series-finale-169543|url-status=dead}}</ref> On August 19, 2016, it wis annoonced bi the series' creautors, John D. Beck an Ron Hart, that the final series wad be cried ''Liv and Maddie: Cali Style''. Thay stated that the fowert an final series wad premiere on September 23, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ew.com/article/2016/08/19/liv-maddie-title-season-four|title=Liv and Maddie Gets New Title for Final Season|work=Entertainment Weekly|author=Marc Snetiker|date=19 August 2016|access-date=19 August 2016|archive-date=2018-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922063734/https://ew.com/article/2016/08/19/liv-maddie-title-season-four/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Castin === Castin teuk place durin the spring o 2012;<ref name="filmtelevisionauditions" /> houiver, anly a pilot episode wis produced. Insteid o hirin a new cast, production chose tae keep thae whom thay haed already hired an film a completely new pilot. The story nou focused on Dove Cameron playin dual roles wi the same parents an brithers. Lead billin for Cozi Zuehlsdorff wis later dropped tae guest starn. The faimily name o "Rooney" wis picked acause o Sullenger's enjoyment o the [[Pittsburgh Steelers]], a team ained bi the [[Rooney faimily]].<ref name="Post-Gazette" /> === Muisic === A full version o the ''Liv and Maddie'' theme sang, "Better in Stereo", wis recorded bi Dove Cameron an released as a promotional single bi [[Walt Disney Records]] on October 15, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/better-in-stereo-from-liv/id719824746|title=Better in Stereo|work=iTunes|date=15 October 2013|access-date=23 October 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028103720/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/better-in-stereo-from-liv/id719824746|archive-date=28 October 2014}}</ref> A muisic video wis filmed an aired on Disney Channel the nicht o October 29, 2013.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} The sang wis featurt twice in the shaw, first in the series three finale, "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep65|Californi-A-Rooney]]", an then an acoustic version sung bi Dove Cameron durin the series fower an series finale, "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep80|End-A-Rooney]]". In the pilot, "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep1|Twin-A-Rooney]]", Liv shows Maddie a clip frae the ''Sing It Loud!'' finale in which Liv's chairacter, Stephanie Einstein, sings a civer o [[On Top of the World (Imagine Dragons sang)|On Top of the World]] bi [[Imagine Dragons]]. A full version o the sang wis recorded bi Cameron an wis released as a promotional single bi Walt Disney Records on August 27, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/on-top-world-from-liv-maddie/id687879375|title=On Top of the World|work=iTunes|date=27 August 2013|access-date=19 October 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106091017/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/on-top-world-from-liv-maddie/id687879375|archive-date=6 November 2013}}</ref> In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep10|Fa-La-La-A-Rooney]]", Liv performs the classic "[[Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!]]" durin the Steven's Point Holiday Spectacular. A full version o the sang wis recorded bi Cameron an is included on [[Holidays Unwrapped]], a holiday album released bi Walt Disney Records on October 15, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.target.com/p/disney-holidays-unwrapped-only-at-target/-/A-14893057|title=Disney Holidays Unwrapped|work=Target|access-date=4 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175340/http://www.target.com/p/disney-holidays-unwrapped-only-at-target/-/A-14893057#|archive-date=11 December 2013|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep20|Song-A-Rooney]]", Liv performs "FroyoYOLO". It goes viral, but Liv hates it. In the same episode, Liv performs "Count Me In". A full version o "Count Me In" wis recorded bi Cameron an wis released as a promotional single bi Walt Disney Records on Juin 3, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/count-me-in-from-liv-maddie/id880743711|title=Count Me In|work=iTunes|date=3 June 2014|access-date=13 July 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019215128/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/count-me-in-from-liv-maddie/id880743711|archive-date=19 October 2014}}</ref> In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep28|New Year's Eve-A-Rooney]]", Liv performs "You, Me and the Beat". A full version o the sang wis recorded bi Cameron an wis released as a promotional single bi Walt Disney Records on Dizember 2, 2014. In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep31|Rate-A-Rooney]]", Liv uploads "What a Girl Is". Twa versions war creatit: the first bein the ane shawn on the show an the ither, includin [[Christina Grimmie]] an Baby Kaely, wis eventually recorded. Baith versions are included in the ''Liv and Maddie'' soundtrack. The seicont version wis released on iTunes on Mairch 5, 2015, while the oreeginal version wis released on Mairch 17, 2015, whan the ''Liv and Maddie'' soundtrack wis released. The soundtrack includes "Better in Stereo", "On Top of the World", "FroyoYOLO", "Count Me In", "You, Me and the Beat", an baith versions o "What a Girl Is". The soundtrack includes "Say Hey", "As Long As I Have You", an "True Love" as weel, o that the last ane wad be morphed intae twa versions: Ballad, that wad be sung bi Jordan Fisher, an a piano duet featurin Jordan Fisher an Dove Cameron. Wi the annooncement o the soundtrack on Mairch 5, 2015, the singles for thae sangs, minus FroyoYOLO, war discontinued an are no langer available. In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep38|Prom-A-Rooney]]", Liv performs "True Love" at the schuil prom. Lik she did wi the ither sangs, Dove Cameron recorded a full version o the sang, an it wis released as pairt of the ''Liv and Maddie'' soundtrack on Mairch 17, 2015. In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep40|Band-A-Rooney]]", Liv's baund, "The Dream", performs "Say Hey" at the Battle of the Bands. A full version wis recorded bi Dove Cameron, wi the baund member's actor daein the chorus. The sang wis released as pairt o the ''Liv and Maddie'' soundtrack on Mairch 17, 2015. In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep41|Video-A-Rooney]]", Liv's baund performs "As Long As I Have You". Dove Cameron recorded a full version, which wis released as pairt o the ''Liv and Maddie'' soundtrack on Mairch 17, 2015. The sang wis the final sang frae the soundtrack that wis played in the series. In "[[Leet of Liv and Maddie episodes#ep44|SPARF-A-Rooney]]", Andy Grammer performs "Honey, I'm Good". This is ane of the few sangs in ''Liv and Maddie'' nae tae be pairt of the soundtrack. In "[[Leet of Liv and Maddie episodes#ep69|Sing It Louder!!-A-Rooney]]", Liv an Ruby perform "One Second Chance" on the set of "Sing It Louder!!" The sang wis recorded bi Dove Cameron an Lauren Lindsey Donzis an wis released as a promotional single bi Walt Disney Records on November 4, 2016. In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep74|Falcon-A-Rooney]]", "The Power of Two" is performed again bi Liv an Ruby for "Sing It Louder!!". Lik the previous sang in series fower, Cameron an Donzis recorded a full version of the sang, released on Januar 20, 2017. In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep78|Sing It Live!!-A-Rooney]], Liv sings "My Destiny" for the special episode o "Sing It Louder!!" (an in the process strains her vocal cords tae the point o emergency surgery). Again, a full version o the sang wis recorded bi Dove Cameron, an released as a promotional single on Mairch 3, 2017. ==== Sangs ==== {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Leet o sangs in ''Liv and Maddie'' |- ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Performed bi ! scope="col" | First episode |- | "Better in Stereo" | Dove Cameron | "Twin-A-Rooney" |- | "On Top of the World" | Dove Cameron | "Twin-A-Rooney" |- | "[[Up on the House Top|Up on the Housetop]]" | Dove Cameron an [[Ella Anderson]] | "Fa-La-La-A-Rooney" |- | "Let It Snow, Let It Snow, Let It Snow" | Dove Cameron | "Fa-La-La-A-Rooney" |- | "FroyoYOLO" | Dove Cameron | "Song-A-Rooney" |- | "Count Me In" | Dove Cameron | "Song-A-Rooney" |- | "You, Me and the Beat" | Dove Cameron | "New Year's Eve-A-Rooney" |- | "What a Girl Is" | Dove Cameron | "Rate-A-Rooney" |- | "True Love" | Dove Cameron | "Prom-A-Rooney" |- | "Say Hey" | Dove Cameron | "Band-A-Rooney" |- | "As Long As I Have You" | Dove Cameron | "Video-A-Rooney" |- | "Honey, I'm Good" | [[Andy Grammer]] | "SPARF-A-Rooney" |- | "Key of Life" | Dove Cameron | "Dream-A-Rooney" |- | "One Second Chance" | Dove Cameron an Lauren Lindsey Donzis | "Sing It Louder!!-A-Rooney" |- | "Power of Two" | Dove Cameron an Lauren Lindsey Donzis | "Falcon-A-Rooney" |- | "My Destiny" | Dove Cameron | "Sing It Live!!!-A-Rooney" |} == Broadcast == ''Liv and Maddie'' airs on [[Disney Channel]] in the United States an [[Family Channel (Canadian TV network)|Family Channel]] in Canada. The pilot episode aired as a preview on Julie 19, 2013, efter the premiere o the [[Disney Channel Original Movie]] ''[[Teen Beach Movie]]''. The first promo for the series wis seen on Juin 28, 2013, efter the premiere o ''[[Mickey Mouse (TV series)|Disney's Mickey Mouse Shorts]]''. The series offeecially premiered in the United States on September 15, 2013, an in Canada on September 20, 2013.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} The series stopped airin in Canada on Family Channel on September 1, 2015, an stairtit airin on [[Disney Channel (Canada)|Disney Channel]] on September 5, 2015.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} [[Disney La Chaîne|La Chaîne Disney]] in French Canada premiered the episode "Home Run-A-Rooney" on Mairch 24, 2016, 17 days afore the American an Canadian airin on Apryle 10, 2016.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} In the [[Disney Channel (UK an Ireland)|UK an Ireland]], the series aired as a preview on October 7, 2013, an later premiered on November 8, 2013.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} In [[Disney Channel (Australia an New Zealand)|Australia an New Zealand]], the series premiered on October 11, 2013.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} The seicont series premiered on Januar 8, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://community.foxtel.com.au/t5/Foxtel-Blog/JANUARY-200-new-and-returning-Foxtel-shows/ba-p/39777|title=200+ New and Returning Foxtel Shows|work=Foxtel|author=D Higgins|date=5 January 2015|access-date=1 February 2015}}</ref> The third series premiered on Dizember 2, 2015.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} The series premiered in [[Disney Channel (Asia)|Southeast Asia]] on Januar 10, 2014.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} In the Balkans, Greece, the Middle East, an Africae, the series premiered on Mairch 8, 2014.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} The seicont series premiered on Februar 7, 2015.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} In [[Indie]], the series premiered on October 30, 2017 on [[Disney International HD]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PYw6aB-z314|title=Liv and Maddie on Disney International HD - Launching Oct 29|work=YouTube}}</ref> == Reception == === Critical reception === Emily Ashby o [[Common Sense Media]] gae the series' quality a rating o three oot of five stars, describin it as a "jovial family sitcom" an applicable for ages seiven an abuin. Ashby credited the series' "comical spin" on common faimily issues, lik [[sibling rivalry]], statin that "As is true of most tween-targeted comedies, the series glosses over a lot, especially when it comes to teen issues, but that's what makes it a worry-free pick for kids."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.commonsensemedia.org/tv-reviews/liv-and-maddie|title=Liv and Maddie TV Review|work=Common Sense Media|author=Emily Ashby|access-date=10 August 2016}}</ref> Neil Genzlinger o ''[[The New York Times]]'' compared the series tae ''[[The Patty Duke Show]]'' while describin it as "a gentle, moderately amusing comedy" an praisin Dove Cameron's portrayal of the doun-tae-earth Maddie an diva Liv, statin that "the premise gives the writers plenty of opportunities."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/14/arts/television/liv-and-maddie-offers-shades-of-the-patty-duke-show.html|title=Liv and Maddie Offers Shades of The Patty Duke Show|work=The New York Times|author=Neil Genzlinger|date=13 September 2013|access-date=10 August 2016}}</ref> === Awards an nominations === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Award ! Category ! Result ! {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | rowspan="2" | 2014 | [[Kids' Choice Awards Mexico]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{nominated}} | |- | [[Kids' Choice Awards Mexico]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{nominated}} | |- | 2015 | [[Kids' Choice Awards Colombia]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{nominated}} | |- | rowspan="4" | 2016 | [[2016 Teen Choice Awards|Teen Choice Awards]] | [[Teen Choice Award for Choice Comedy Series|Choice TV Show: Comedy]] | {{nominated}} | style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eonline.com/ca/news/767643/teen-choice-awards-2016-nominations-announced-see-the-first-wave-of-potential-winners|title=Teen Choice Awards 2016 Nominations Announced|work=E! Online|author=Mike Vulpo|date=24 May 2016|access-date=17 June 2016}}</ref> |- | [[Kids' Choice Awards Mexico]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{nominated}} | style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://kidschoiceawardsmexico.mundonick.com/votar#cat=programa_internacional_mx|title=Kids Choice Awards Mexico 2016|work=Mundo Nick|language=Spanish|access-date=21 August 2016|archive-date=18 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718221119/http://kidschoiceawardsmexico.mundonick.com/votar#cat=programa_internacional_mx|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | [[Kids' Choice Awards Colombia]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{won}} | style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://kidschoiceawardscolombia.mundonick.com/votar#cat=programa_o_serie_internaciona_co|title=Kids Choice Awards Colombia 2016|work=Mundo Nick|language=Spanish|access-date=10 September 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170816154947/http://kidschoiceawardscolombia.mundonick.com/votar%23cat=mejor_fandom#cat=programa_o_serie_internaciona_co#cat=programa_o_serie_internaciona_co|archive-date=16 August 2017|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- | [[Nickelodeon Argentina Kids' Choice Awards|Kids' Choice Awards Argentina]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{won}} | style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://television.com.ar/los-pre-nominados-a-los-kids-choice-awards-argentina-2016/24071|title=Los Pre-Nominados a los Kids’ Choice Awards Argentina 2016|website=television.com.ar|language=Spanish|date=August 10, 2016|access-date=28 September 2016|archive-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021132955/http://television.com.ar/los-pre-nominados-a-los-kids-choice-awards-argentina-2016/24071|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" | 2017 | [[Kids' Choice Awards Mexico]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{won}} | |- | [[Kids' Choice Awards Colombia]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{won}} | |- | [[Kids' Choice Awards Argentina]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{won}} | |} == Merchandise == Brand marketing promotion frae ''Liv and Maddie'' still continues strangly, wi [[ACCO Brands]], unner the Day Dream brand, featurin a 2015 wall calendar an Disney D'Signed claedin line frae selected retailers [[Target Corporation|Target]] an [[Kohl's]]. Wooky Entertainment ains Style Me Up, a creative fashion brand for tween girls, featurin ''Liv and Maddie: Dreams Come True'' an ''Liv and Maddie: A Rising Star'' sketchbooks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/style-me-up-channel-sketchbook/dp/b00pb1j30q|title=Style Me Up Disney Channel Liv and Maddie Dreams Come True Small Sketchbook|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|access-date=12 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Liv-Maddie-Dreams-Come-Sketchbook/dp/B00PB1EDWE|title=Liv & Maddie - A Rising Star Sketchbook|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|access-date=12 August 2018}}</ref> Footwear retailer [[Payless ShoeSource]] conducts ''Liv and Maddie''-themed chairacter footwear based on the series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.payless.com/liv-and-maddie/|title=Liv and Maddie Character Shoes and Accessories|work=Payless|access-date=January 20, 2015|archive-date=13 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513183642/http://www.payless.com/liv-and-maddie/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A novelization o the series, teetled ''Liv and Maddie: Sisters Forever'', wis publeeshed bi Disney Press on Januar 6, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Liv-Maddie-Sisters-Forever-Junior/dp/1484710797/|title=Liv and Maddie: Sisters Forever (Liv and Maddie Junior Novel)|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|access-date=13 December 2017}}</ref> The [[young adult feection|junior novelle]] is based on the episodes "Twin-A-Rooney" an "Team-A-Rooney", an alternates atween the [[narration|view pynts]] o Liv, Maddie, Joey, an Parker. Featurin aicht pages o photos frae the series, the junior novelle wis adapted bi Lexi Ryals. Anither novelization o the series, teetled ''Liv and Maddie: Double Trouble'', wis publeeshed bi Disney Press on August 4, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Maddie-Double-Trouble-Junior-Novel/dp/1484716949|title=Liv and Maddie Double Trouble (Liv and Maddie Junior Novel)|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|access-date=12 August 2018}}</ref> It is based on the episodes "Sweet-16-A-Rooney" an "Dodge-A-Rooney". Lik the first novelle, ''Double Trouble'' featurs aicht pages o photos frae the series an wis adapted bi Lexi Ryals. Lik the first novelle, ''Double Trouble'' alternates atween the view pynts o Liv, Maddie, Joey, an Parker. == References == {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == * {{IMDb title}} [[Category:2010s American comedy televeesion series]] [[Category:American muisical televeesion series]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Televeesion series aboot freendship]] 29aud3misbqs5pasxbtda29mo6ymw2u 915964 915963 2026-04-30T06:56:17Z LivMaddieFan26M3 130544 915964 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox televeesion | show_name = Liv and Maddie | show_name_2 = Liv and Maddie: Cali Style ''{{small|(series 4)}}' | image = Liv and Maddie.svg | genre = [[Faimily sitcom|Faimily]]/[[Teen sitcom]] | creator = {{Plainlist| * John D. Beck * Ron Hart }} | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Dove Cameron]] * [[Joey Bragg]] * [[Tenzing Norgay Trainor]] * [[Kali Rocha]] * [[Benjamin King (actor)|Benjamin King]] * Lauren Lindsey Donzis }} | theme_music_composer = {{Plainlist| * [[Bardur Haberg]] * [[Oli Jogvansson]] * Molly Kaye * Paula Winger }} | opentheme = "Better in Stereo", performed bi Dove Cameron | composer = {{Plainlist| * Eric Goldman * Ken Lofkoll }} | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | num_seasons = 4 | num_episodes = 80 | list_episodes = | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| * John D. Beck * Ron Hart * [[Andy Fickman]] * Betsy Sullenger * John Peaslee }} | producer = Greg A. Hampson | camera = [[Multi-camera]] | runtime = 22–25 meenits | company = {{Plainlist| * Beck & Hart Productions * Oops Doughnuts Productions * [[It's a Laugh Productions]] }} | network = [[Disney Channel]] | picture_format = [[720p]] ([[HDTV]]) | audio_format = [[5.1 surround sound]] | first_aired = {{Start date|2013|7|19}} | last_aired = {{End date|2017|3|24}} }} '''''Liv and Maddie''''', teetled '''''Liv and Maddie: Cali Style''''' in its fowert series, is an American [[teen sitcom]] creatit bi John D. Beck an Ron Hart that oreeginally aired on [[Disney Channel]] frae Julie 19, 2013 tae Mairch 24, 2017. The series stars [[Dove Cameron]] in a dual role as [[identical twin]] sisters wi entirely different personalities that are best freends, wi Liv bein an actress that haes returned tae her home efter fower years o livin in Hollywood starnin in a popular telly series cried ''Sing It Loud!'', an Maddie bein a [[basketbaw]] prodigy. The series revolves aroond Liv readjustin tae normal faimily life efter production on ''Sing It Loud!'' ended, as weel as the twa sisters bein best freends despite thair opposin personalities an different interests. The series stars [[Joey Bragg]], [[Tenzing Norgay Trainor]], [[Kali Rocha]], an [[Benjamin King (actor)|Benjamin King]] as weel, that portray Joey Rooney, Parker Rooney, Karen Rooney, an Pete Rooney, respectively. Joey an Parker are Liv an Maddie's younger brithers while Karen an Pete are thair mither an faither. In the shaw's final series, Lauren Lindsey Donzis jyned the cast as Liv an Maddie's younger cousin Ruby, that becomes thair "sorta-sister". Her chairacter replaced Pete, that wis absent frae the entire fowert series. == Plot == Efter finishin a fower-year stint in Hollywood filmin a popular telly series cried ''Sing It Loud!'', actress Liv Rooney returns tae her birthplace o [[Stevens Point, Wisconsin]] tae the open arms o her faimily, despite bein offered mair roles in ither series an films. Liv decidit tae come home acause she missed her faimily an wanted tae see them again. She is happily reunited wi her identical twin sister Maddie, that is her best friend. Liv is a [[girly girl]] that enjoys anytime sumbidy mentions her umwhile career, while Maddie is a [[tomboy]] wi a facility for basketbaw that is the captain o her schuil's basketbaw team. The twins hae twa younger brithers: Joey, a teepical awkward teen that is ane year younger than the twins, an Parker, a clever tween wi a mischievous personality an the youngest bairn o the Rooney faimily. Thair faither Pete is the coach for Maddie's basketbaw team that eventually achieves his dream o becomin the coach o a college team in [[Beloit, Wisconsin]], while thair mither Karen is the schuil psychologist an later vice principal startin in the seicont series. In the first three series, maist events tak place at aither Ridgewood High, the heich schuil that Liv, Maddie, Joey, an later Parker, due tae bein a [[child prodigy]], aw attend, or the Rooney residence. At the end o the third series, the Rooney hoose collapses due tae a series o tunnels creatit bi Parker an Maddie is acceptit intae a college in [[Los Angeles, Californie]]. This prompts the rest o the Rooneys, except Pete that remains in Wisconsin tae continue his coachin job, tae muive tae [[Malibu, Californie]], tae tak up residence wi Karen's younger sister Dena an her dochter Ruby, whaur the series' fowert series taks place. In the final episode o the series, aw the Rooneys pairt ways. Liv is invited tae perform in a muisical cried ''Double Duchess'' on [[Broadway]], Maddie is gien a grant tae big tiny hooses for the homeless in [[New Orleans]], Joey is invited tae gang on a comedy tour wi [[Jim Breuer]], an Parker is invited tae gang wi his freend Val tae a [[biodome]] in the [[salt pan (geology)|salt flats]] o [[Salar de Uyuni]], [[Bolivia]] tae study life on [[Maurs]]. A significant featur o the series are [[documentary]]-style cutaways whaur major chairacters an the supportin chairacters [[meta-reference|speak tae the viewers]] tae expleen various things an thair opinions on the situations in which thay are featurt in each episode. In the final episode, it is revealed that the cutaways are pairt o a reality series that airs in Luxembourg cried ''Bits and Pieces'', a reference tae ''Liv and Maddie''{{'}}s workin teetle. == Cast an chairacters == === Main chairacters === * [[Dove Cameron]] as Liv an Maddie Rooney * [[Joey Bragg]] as Joey Rooney * [[Tenzing Norgay Trainor]] as Parker Rooney * [[Kali Rocha]] as Karen Rooney * [[Benjamin King (actor)|Benjamin King]] as Pete Rooney (series 1–3) * Lauren Lindsey Donzis as Ruby (series 4) === Recurring chairacters === * [[Ryan McCartan]] as Diggie * Jessica Marie Garcia as Willow * Jimmy Bellinger as Artie * Kurt Lang as Johnny Nimbus * [[Victoria Moroles]] as Andie * Carter Hastings as Evan * [[Jordan Fisher]] as Holden * Bridget Shergalis as Stains == Production == === Development === In the spring o 2012, Oops Doughnuts Productions haed shopped a script o a project cried ''Bits and Pieces'' which featurt a blended faimily seemilar tae series lik ''[[The Brady Bunch]]'' an ''[[Step by Step (TV series)|Step by Step]]''.<ref name="filmtelevisionauditions">{{cite web|title=Disney Channel casting starring roles for new comedy series ‘Bits & Pieces’|url=https://www.filmtelevisionauditions.com/disney-channel-casting-starring-roles-for-new-comedy-series-bits-pieces|author=Alan Baltes|work=Film Television Auditions|date=22 April 2012|access-date=16 October 2013|archive-date=2018-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902151656/https://www.filmtelevisionauditions.com/disney-channel-casting-starring-roles-for-new-comedy-series-bits-pieces/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The series follaed Jodie Sullenger (Kali Rocha), mither o Alanna (Dove Cameron) an Sticky (Joey Bragg), that mairit Pete Fickman (Benjamin King), faither o Crystal ([[Cozi Zuehlsdorff]]) an Brody (Tenzing Norgay Trainor), wi aw sax adjustin tae life unner the same ruif. Eventually, Disney chose tae chynge the concept o ''Bits and Pieces'' intae ane aboot a pair o twins.<ref name="Post-Gazette">{{cite web|url=https://www.post-gazette.com/ae/tv-radio/2013/09/15/Steelers-fanatic-behind-Disney-s-new-show-Liv-and-Maddie/stories/201309150178|title=Steelers fanatic behind Disney's new series 'Liv and Maddie'|work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|author=Monica Disare|date=15 September 2013|access-date=16 October 2013}}</ref> Nou teetled ''Liv and Maddie'', the series began production in Apryle 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/03/08/newcomer-dove-cameron-lands-dual-roles-in-upcoming-disney-channel-sitcom-liv-and-maddie/172625/|title=Newcomer Dove Cameron Lands Dual Roles in Upcoming Disney Channel Sitcom Liv and Maddie|work=Zap2it|date=8 March 2013|access-date=16 October 2013|archive-date=13 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313124610/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/03/08/newcomer-dove-cameron-lands-dual-roles-in-upcoming-disney-channel-sitcom-liv-and-maddie/172625/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The series wis producit unner a jynt ventur atween Beck & Hart Productions, Oops Doughnuts Productions, an [[It's a Laugh Productions]]. The series' creautors John D. Beck an Ron Hart are a production-writing team whose credits include ''[[According to Jim]]'', ''[[Hey Arnold!]]'', an ''[[Shake It Up (American TV series)|Shake It Up!]]''. Thay serrt as executive producers alangside [[Andy Fickman]], that wis the anerly director that pairteecipatit in aw fower series o the series. He directit 20 o the 21 episodes o the first series, as weel as fower o the seicont series, twa o the third series, an fower o the fowert series. On Januar 13, 2014, Disney Channel renewed ''Liv and Maddie'' for a 13-episode seicont series slated tae premiere in faw 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/disney-channels-liv-maddie-renewed-669999|title=Disney Channel Renews Liv and Maddie|work=Hollywood Reporter|author=Philiana Ng|date=13 January 2014|access-date=13 January 2014}}</ref> The seicont series wis later expanded tae 24 episodes.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=510573693148205056|title=Why haven't we got 21 episodes for season 2:(" we have 24.|user=JohnDBeckTV|author=John D. Beck|date=12 September 2014|access-date=13 September 2014}}</ref> The first series ended on Julie 27, 2014, an the seicont series premiered on September 21, 2014. On Apryle 3, 2015, the series wis renewed for a third series bi Disney Channel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2015/tv/news/liv-and-maddie-season-3-renewal-dove-cameron-disney-channel-1201465691|title=Liv and Maddie Renewed for Third Season on Disney Channel|work=Variety|author=Elizabeth Wagmeister|date=3 April 2015|access-date=3 April 2015}}</ref> The seicont series ended on August 23, 2015, an the third series premiered on September 13, 2015. On Dizember 21, 2015, Dove Cameron stated that Disney Channel wis pickin up ''Liv and Maddie'' for a fowert series.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=679100414831169536|title=Friends. Guess what?! Disney Channel is picking up #LivandMaddie season 4|user=DoveCameron|author=Dove Cameron|date=21 December 2015|access-date=16 October 2016}}</ref> On Juin 19, 2016, series co-creautor Ron Hart annoonced on Twitter that the fowert series wad premiere in faw 2016.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=744697675073761281|title=Thank you for your amazing support this season. We hope to see you all back this fall for #LivAndMaddie #Season4|user=Scatter|author=Ron Hart|date=19 June 2016|access-date=19 June 2016}}</ref> On Julie 1, 2016, Dove Cameron stated that thay haed filmed the series' final episode.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.m-magazine.com/posts/dove-cameron-officially-says-goodbye-to-liv-maddie-106909/photos/liv-and-maddie-series-finale-169543|title=Dove Cameron Officially Says Goodbye to Liv and Maddie|work=M-Magazine|author=Jennifer Maldonado|date=1 July 2016|access-date=3 July 2016|archive-date=4 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704102813/http://www.m-magazine.com/posts/dove-cameron-officially-says-goodbye-to-liv-maddie-106909/photos/liv-and-maddie-series-finale-169543|url-status=dead}}</ref> On August 19, 2016, it wis annoonced bi the series' creautors, John D. Beck an Ron Hart, that the final series wad be cried ''Liv and Maddie: Cali Style''. Thay stated that the fowert an final series wad premiere on September 23, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ew.com/article/2016/08/19/liv-maddie-title-season-four|title=Liv and Maddie Gets New Title for Final Season|work=Entertainment Weekly|author=Marc Snetiker|date=19 August 2016|access-date=19 August 2016|archive-date=2018-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922063734/https://ew.com/article/2016/08/19/liv-maddie-title-season-four/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Castin === Castin teuk place durin the spring o 2012;<ref name="filmtelevisionauditions" /> houiver, anly a pilot episode wis produced. Insteid o hirin a new cast, production chose tae keep thae whom thay haed already hired an film a completely new pilot. The story nou focused on Dove Cameron playin dual roles wi the same parents an brithers. Lead billin for Cozi Zuehlsdorff wis later dropped tae guest starn. The faimily name o "Rooney" wis picked acause o Sullenger's enjoyment o the [[Pittsburgh Steelers]], a team ained bi the [[Rooney faimily]].<ref name="Post-Gazette" /> === Muisic === A full version o the ''Liv and Maddie'' theme sang, "Better in Stereo", wis recorded bi Dove Cameron an released as a promotional single bi [[Walt Disney Records]] on October 15, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/better-in-stereo-from-liv/id719824746|title=Better in Stereo|work=iTunes|date=15 October 2013|access-date=23 October 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028103720/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/better-in-stereo-from-liv/id719824746|archive-date=28 October 2014}}</ref> A muisic video wis filmed an aired on Disney Channel the nicht o October 29, 2013.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} The sang wis featurt twice in the shaw, first in the series three finale, "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep65|Californi-A-Rooney]]", an then an acoustic version sung bi Dove Cameron durin the series fower an series finale, "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep80|End-A-Rooney]]". In the pilot, "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep1|Twin-A-Rooney]]", Liv shows Maddie a clip frae the ''Sing It Loud!'' finale in which Liv's chairacter, Stephanie Einstein, sings a civer o [[On Top of the World (Imagine Dragons sang)|On Top of the World]] bi [[Imagine Dragons]]. A full version o the sang wis recorded bi Cameron an wis released as a promotional single bi Walt Disney Records on August 27, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/on-top-world-from-liv-maddie/id687879375|title=On Top of the World|work=iTunes|date=27 August 2013|access-date=19 October 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106091017/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/on-top-world-from-liv-maddie/id687879375|archive-date=6 November 2013}}</ref> In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep10|Fa-La-La-A-Rooney]]", Liv performs the classic "[[Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!]]" durin the Steven's Point Holiday Spectacular. A full version o the sang wis recorded bi Cameron an is included on [[Holidays Unwrapped]], a holiday album released bi Walt Disney Records on October 15, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.target.com/p/disney-holidays-unwrapped-only-at-target/-/A-14893057|title=Disney Holidays Unwrapped|work=Target|access-date=4 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175340/http://www.target.com/p/disney-holidays-unwrapped-only-at-target/-/A-14893057#|archive-date=11 December 2013|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep20|Song-A-Rooney]]", Liv performs "FroyoYOLO". It goes viral, but Liv hates it. In the same episode, Liv performs "Count Me In". A full version o "Count Me In" wis recorded bi Cameron an wis released as a promotional single bi Walt Disney Records on Juin 3, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/count-me-in-from-liv-maddie/id880743711|title=Count Me In|work=iTunes|date=3 June 2014|access-date=13 July 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019215128/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/count-me-in-from-liv-maddie/id880743711|archive-date=19 October 2014}}</ref> In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep28|New Year's Eve-A-Rooney]]", Liv performs "You, Me and the Beat". A full version o the sang wis recorded bi Cameron an wis released as a promotional single bi Walt Disney Records on Dizember 2, 2014. In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep31|Rate-A-Rooney]]", Liv uploads "What a Girl Is". Twa versions war creatit: the first bein the ane shawn on the show an the ither, includin [[Christina Grimmie]] an Baby Kaely, wis eventually recorded. Baith versions are included in the ''Liv and Maddie'' soundtrack. The seicont version wis released on iTunes on Mairch 5, 2015, while the oreeginal version wis released on Mairch 17, 2015, whan the ''Liv and Maddie'' soundtrack wis released. The soundtrack includes "Better in Stereo", "On Top of the World", "FroyoYOLO", "Count Me In", "You, Me and the Beat", an baith versions o "What a Girl Is". The soundtrack includes "Say Hey", "As Long As I Have You", an "True Love" as weel, o that the last ane wad be morphed intae twa versions: Ballad, that wad be sung bi Jordan Fisher, an a piano duet featurin Jordan Fisher an Dove Cameron. Wi the annooncement o the soundtrack on Mairch 5, 2015, the singles for thae sangs, minus FroyoYOLO, war discontinued an are no langer available. In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep38|Prom-A-Rooney]]", Liv performs "True Love" at the schuil prom. Lik she did wi the ither sangs, Dove Cameron recorded a full version o the sang, an it wis released as pairt of the ''Liv and Maddie'' soundtrack on Mairch 17, 2015. In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep40|Band-A-Rooney]]", Liv's baund, "The Dream", performs "Say Hey" at the Battle of the Bands. A full version wis recorded bi Dove Cameron, wi the baund member's actor daein the chorus. The sang wis released as pairt o the ''Liv and Maddie'' soundtrack on Mairch 17, 2015. In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep41|Video-A-Rooney]]", Liv's baund performs "As Long As I Have You". Dove Cameron recorded a full version, which wis released as pairt o the ''Liv and Maddie'' soundtrack on Mairch 17, 2015. The sang wis the final sang frae the soundtrack that wis played in the series. In "[[Leet of Liv and Maddie episodes#ep44|SPARF-A-Rooney]]", Andy Grammer performs "Honey, I'm Good". This is ane of the few sangs in ''Liv and Maddie'' nae tae be pairt of the soundtrack. In "[[Leet of Liv and Maddie episodes#ep69|Sing It Louder!!-A-Rooney]]", Liv an Ruby perform "One Second Chance" on the set of "Sing It Louder!!" The sang wis recorded bi Dove Cameron an Lauren Lindsey Donzis an wis released as a promotional single bi Walt Disney Records on November 4, 2016. In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep74|Falcon-A-Rooney]]", "The Power of Two" is performed again bi Liv an Ruby for "Sing It Louder!!". Lik the previous sang in series fower, Cameron an Donzis recorded a full version of the sang, released on Januar 20, 2017. In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep78|Sing It Live!!-A-Rooney]], Liv sings "My Destiny" for the special episode o "Sing It Louder!!" (an in the process strains her vocal cords tae the point o emergency surgery). Again, a full version o the sang wis recorded bi Dove Cameron, an released as a promotional single on Mairch 3, 2017. ==== Sangs ==== {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Leet o sangs in ''Liv and Maddie'' |- ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Performed bi ! scope="col" | First episode |- | "Better in Stereo" | Dove Cameron | "Twin-A-Rooney" |- | "On Top of the World" | Dove Cameron | "Twin-A-Rooney" |- | "[[Up on the House Top|Up on the Housetop]]" | Dove Cameron an [[Ella Anderson]] | "Fa-La-La-A-Rooney" |- | "Let It Snow, Let It Snow, Let It Snow" | Dove Cameron | "Fa-La-La-A-Rooney" |- | "FroyoYOLO" | Dove Cameron | "Song-A-Rooney" |- | "Count Me In" | Dove Cameron | "Song-A-Rooney" |- | "You, Me and the Beat" | Dove Cameron | "New Year's Eve-A-Rooney" |- | "What a Girl Is" | Dove Cameron | "Rate-A-Rooney" |- | "True Love" | Dove Cameron | "Prom-A-Rooney" |- | "Say Hey" | Dove Cameron | "Band-A-Rooney" |- | "As Long As I Have You" | Dove Cameron | "Video-A-Rooney" |- | "Honey, I'm Good" | [[Andy Grammer]] | "SPARF-A-Rooney" |- | "Key of Life" | Dove Cameron | "Dream-A-Rooney" |- | "One Second Chance" | Dove Cameron an Lauren Lindsey Donzis | "Sing It Louder!!-A-Rooney" |- | "Power of Two" | Dove Cameron an Lauren Lindsey Donzis | "Falcon-A-Rooney" |- | "My Destiny" | Dove Cameron | "Sing It Live!!!-A-Rooney" |} == Broadcast == ''Liv and Maddie'' airs on [[Disney Channel]] in the United States an [[Family Channel (Canadian TV network)|Family Channel]] in Canada. The pilot episode aired as a preview on Julie 19, 2013, efter the premiere o the [[Disney Channel Original Movie]] ''[[Teen Beach Movie]]''. The first promo for the series wis seen on Juin 28, 2013, efter the premiere o ''[[Mickey Mouse (TV series)|Disney's Mickey Mouse Shorts]]''. The series offeecially premiered in the United States on September 15, 2013, an in Canada on September 20, 2013.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} The series stopped airin in Canada on Family Channel on September 1, 2015, an stairtit airin on [[Disney Channel (Canada)|Disney Channel]] on September 5, 2015.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} [[Disney La Chaîne|La Chaîne Disney]] in French Canada premiered the episode "Home Run-A-Rooney" on Mairch 24, 2016, 17 days afore the American an Canadian airin on Apryle 10, 2016.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} In the [[Disney Channel (UK an Ireland)|UK an Ireland]], the series aired as a preview on October 7, 2013, an later premiered on November 8, 2013.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} In [[Disney Channel (Australia an New Zealand)|Australia an New Zealand]], the series premiered on October 11, 2013.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} The seicont series premiered on Januar 8, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://community.foxtel.com.au/t5/Foxtel-Blog/JANUARY-200-new-and-returning-Foxtel-shows/ba-p/39777|title=200+ New and Returning Foxtel Shows|work=Foxtel|author=D Higgins|date=5 January 2015|access-date=1 February 2015}}</ref> The third series premiered on Dizember 2, 2015.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} The series premiered in [[Disney Channel (Asia)|Southeast Asia]] on Januar 10, 2014.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} In the Balkans, Greece, the Middle East, an Africae, the series premiered on Mairch 8, 2014.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} The seicont series premiered on Februar 7, 2015.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} In [[Indie]], the series premiered on October 30, 2017 on [[Disney International HD]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PYw6aB-z314|title=Liv and Maddie on Disney International HD - Launching Oct 29|work=YouTube}}</ref> == Reception == === Critical reception === Emily Ashby o [[Common Sense Media]] gae the series' quality a rating o three oot of five stars, describin it as a "jovial family sitcom" an applicable for ages seiven an abuin. Ashby credited the series' "comical spin" on common faimily issues, lik [[sibling rivalry]], statin that "As is true of most tween-targeted comedies, the series glosses over a lot, especially when it comes to teen issues, but that's what makes it a worry-free pick for kids."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.commonsensemedia.org/tv-reviews/liv-and-maddie|title=Liv and Maddie TV Review|work=Common Sense Media|author=Emily Ashby|access-date=10 August 2016}}</ref> Neil Genzlinger o ''[[The New York Times]]'' compared the series tae ''[[The Patty Duke Show]]'' while describin it as "a gentle, moderately amusing comedy" an praisin Dove Cameron's portrayal of the doun-tae-earth Maddie an diva Liv, statin that "the premise gives the writers plenty of opportunities."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/14/arts/television/liv-and-maddie-offers-shades-of-the-patty-duke-show.html|title=Liv and Maddie Offers Shades of The Patty Duke Show|work=The New York Times|author=Neil Genzlinger|date=13 September 2013|access-date=10 August 2016}}</ref> === Awards an nominations === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Award ! Category ! Result ! {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | rowspan="2" | 2014 | [[Kids' Choice Awards Mexico]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{nominated}} | |- | [[Kids' Choice Awards Mexico]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{nominated}} | |- | 2015 | [[Kids' Choice Awards Colombia]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{nominated}} | |- | rowspan="4" | 2016 | [[2016 Teen Choice Awards|Teen Choice Awards]] | [[Teen Choice Award for Choice Comedy Series|Choice TV Show: Comedy]] | {{nominated}} | style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eonline.com/ca/news/767643/teen-choice-awards-2016-nominations-announced-see-the-first-wave-of-potential-winners|title=Teen Choice Awards 2016 Nominations Announced|work=E! Online|author=Mike Vulpo|date=24 May 2016|access-date=17 June 2016}}</ref> |- | [[Kids' Choice Awards Mexico]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{nominated}} | style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://kidschoiceawardsmexico.mundonick.com/votar#cat=programa_internacional_mx|title=Kids Choice Awards Mexico 2016|work=Mundo Nick|language=Spanish|access-date=21 August 2016|archive-date=18 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718221119/http://kidschoiceawardsmexico.mundonick.com/votar#cat=programa_internacional_mx|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | [[Kids' Choice Awards Colombia]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{won}} | style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://kidschoiceawardscolombia.mundonick.com/votar#cat=programa_o_serie_internaciona_co|title=Kids Choice Awards Colombia 2016|work=Mundo Nick|language=Spanish|access-date=10 September 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170816154947/http://kidschoiceawardscolombia.mundonick.com/votar%23cat=mejor_fandom#cat=programa_o_serie_internaciona_co#cat=programa_o_serie_internaciona_co|archive-date=16 August 2017|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- | [[Nickelodeon Argentina Kids' Choice Awards|Kids' Choice Awards Argentina]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{won}} | style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://television.com.ar/los-pre-nominados-a-los-kids-choice-awards-argentina-2016/24071|title=Los Pre-Nominados a los Kids’ Choice Awards Argentina 2016|website=television.com.ar|language=Spanish|date=August 10, 2016|access-date=28 September 2016|archive-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021132955/http://television.com.ar/los-pre-nominados-a-los-kids-choice-awards-argentina-2016/24071|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" | 2017 | [[Kids' Choice Awards Mexico]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{won}} | |- | [[Kids' Choice Awards Colombia]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{won}} | |- | [[Kids' Choice Awards Argentina]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{won}} | |} == Merchandise == Brand marketing promotion frae ''Liv and Maddie'' still continues strangly, wi [[ACCO Brands]], unner the Day Dream brand, featurin a 2015 wall calendar an Disney D'Signed claedin line frae selected retailers [[Target Corporation|Target]] an [[Kohl's]]. Wooky Entertainment ains Style Me Up, a creative fashion brand for tween girls, featurin ''Liv and Maddie: Dreams Come True'' an ''Liv and Maddie: A Rising Star'' sketchbooks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/style-me-up-channel-sketchbook/dp/b00pb1j30q|title=Style Me Up Disney Channel Liv and Maddie Dreams Come True Small Sketchbook|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|access-date=12 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Liv-Maddie-Dreams-Come-Sketchbook/dp/B00PB1EDWE|title=Liv & Maddie - A Rising Star Sketchbook|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|access-date=12 August 2018}}</ref> Footwear retailer [[Payless ShoeSource]] conducts ''Liv and Maddie''-themed chairacter footwear based on the series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.payless.com/liv-and-maddie/|title=Liv and Maddie Character Shoes and Accessories|work=Payless|access-date=January 20, 2015|archive-date=13 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513183642/http://www.payless.com/liv-and-maddie/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A novelization o the series, teetled ''Liv and Maddie: Sisters Forever'', wis publeeshed bi Disney Press on Januar 6, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Liv-Maddie-Sisters-Forever-Junior/dp/1484710797/|title=Liv and Maddie: Sisters Forever (Liv and Maddie Junior Novel)|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|access-date=13 December 2017}}</ref> The [[young adult feection|junior novelle]] is based on the episodes "Twin-A-Rooney" an "Team-A-Rooney", an alternates atween the [[narration|view pynts]] o Liv, Maddie, Joey, an Parker. Featurin aicht pages o photos frae the series, the junior novelle wis adapted bi Lexi Ryals. Anither novelization o the series, teetled ''Liv and Maddie: Double Trouble'', wis publeeshed bi Disney Press on August 4, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Maddie-Double-Trouble-Junior-Novel/dp/1484716949|title=Liv and Maddie Double Trouble (Liv and Maddie Junior Novel)|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|access-date=12 August 2018}}</ref> It is based on the episodes "Sweet-16-A-Rooney" an "Dodge-A-Rooney". Lik the first novelle, ''Double Trouble'' featurs aicht pages o photos frae the series an wis adapted bi Lexi Ryals. Lik the first novelle, ''Double Trouble'' alternates atween the view pynts o Liv, Maddie, Joey, an Parker. == References == {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == * {{IMDb title}} [[Category:2010s American comedy televeesion series]] [[Category:American muisical televeesion series]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Televeesion series aboot freendship]] thbshzag50j06kggua2fcs73lsqiqg8 0 70916 915920 896454 2026-04-29T21:14:15Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915920 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Ukrainian raion | name = Vitovka Raion | Ukrainian_name = Вітовській район | image_skyline = | image_shield = Coat of Arms of Vitovka raion.gif | image_flag = Flag of Vitovka raion.gif | image_map = Zhovtnevyi-Myk-Raion.png | mapsize = 250px | region = [[Mykolaiv Oblast]] | region_flag = {{flagicon|Mykolaiv Oblast}} | coordinates = {{coord|46|57|50|N|32|13|24|E|type:adm2nd_region:UA|display=inline,title}} | city_councils = 0 | town_councils = 2 | village_councils = 19 | villages = 30 | settlements = 12 | date_created = 1939 | disestablished = 2020 | population = {{decrease}} 50,755<ref name="ua2015estimate"/> | population_as_of = 2015 | area_km2 = 1460 | elevation_m = | admin_center = [[Mykolaiv]] | governor = Oleksandr Stohrskiy | raion_phone_code = 512 | postal_index = 57200—57287 | website = }} '''Vitovka Raion''' ({{lang-uk|Вітовській район}}) is locatit in [[Mykolaiv Oblast]] o [[Ukraine]]. Its admeenistrative centre is the ceety o [[Mykolaiv]], which is incorporatit separately as a [[ceety o regional significance (Ukraine)|ceety o oblast significance]] an daes no belang tae the raion. Population: {{Ua-pop-est2015|50,755}} ==History== In 1939, Mykolaiv Landwart Raion (whiles referred tae as Mykolaiv Raion) in Mykolaiv Oblast wis established wi the centre in the ceety o Mykolaiv.<ref name="enc-raion">{{cite web|url=http://history.mk.ua/rajony-rajony-nikolaevskoj-oblasti.htm|title=Районы Николаевской области|publisher=Николаевская область. Электронная историческая энциклопедия|language=Russian|accessdate=10 March 2016|archive-date=2018-01-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112221050/http://history.mk.ua/rajony-rajony-nikolaevskoj-oblasti.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 12 September 1944, Mykolaiv Raion wis renamit Zhovtneve Raion, an the admeenistrative centre o the raion wis transferred frae Mykolaiv tae the toun o [[Korabelnyi Raion, Mykolaiv|Zhovtneve]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kraeved.od.ua/history/nikobl.php|title=Николаевская область|publisher=Николаевская область. Электронная историческая энциклопедия|language=Russian|accessdate=10 March 2016}}</ref> On 27 Dizember 1973, Zhovtneve wis mergit intae the ceety o Mykolaiv, an tharefore Mykolaiv became the admeenistrative centre o the raion.<ref name="enc-raion"/> [[Mykolaiv Raion, Mykolaiv Oblast|Mykolaiv Raion]], which existit atween 1923 an 1930, an syne 1963, tho haes its admeenistrative centre in the ceety o Mykolaiv as well, wis an is locatit in a different aurie. On 19 Mey 2016, Zhovtneve Raion wis renamit Vitovka Raion conform tae the law prohibitin names o Communist oreegin.<ref name="mk">{{cite news|url=http://www.niknews.mk.ua/2016/05/19/na-nikolaevschine-zhovtnevyj-rajon-pereimenovali-v-vitovskij/|title=На Николаевщине Жовтневый район переименовали в Витовский|date=19 May 2016|publisher=Николаевские новости|language=Russian|accessdate=20 May 2016|archive-date=2017-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227143523/http://www.niknews.mk.ua/2016/05/19/na-nikolaevschine-zhovtnevyj-rajon-pereimenovali-v-vitovskij/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Mykolaiv Oblast}} [[Category:Raions o Mykolaiv Oblast]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1939]] jtq5lplrxg2xtcccymj9x7jlqmz9hu5 0 76557 915907 909046 2026-04-29T18:49:47Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915907 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Noscots}} {{Infobox television | image = 토마스와친구들영어로고.png | caption = Logo uised sin 2008 | show_name_2 = {{Plainlist|*''Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends'' (original title; series 1–6) *''Thomas & Friends: Big World! Big Adventures!'' (series 22–24) }} | genre = Bairns' telly series | creator = [[Wilbert Awdry|Rev. W. Awdry]] | based_on = {{based on|''[[The Railway Series]]''|{{Plainlist|*Rev. W. Awdry *[[Christopher Awdry]] }}}} | developer = [[Britt Allcroft]] | director = {{Plainlist|* [[David Mitton]] (Series 1–7) * [[Steve Asquith]] (Series 8–12) * [[Greg Tiernan]] (Series 13–16) * David Baas (Series 17) * Don Spencer (Series 18) * Dianna Basso (Series 19–24) }} | narrated = {{Plainlist|* [[Ringo Starr]] * [[Michael Angelis]] * [[George Carlin]] * [[Alec Baldwin]] * [[Michael Brandon]] * [[Pierce Brosnan]] * [[Mark Moraghan]] * [[John Hasler]] * [[Joseph May]] }} | opentheme = * Thomas' Theme (1984–2003) * Thomas' Anthem (secondary) (1991–2003) * Engine Roll Call (2004–2021) * Big World! Big Adventures! (2018–2021) | endtheme = * Thomas' Theme (reprise) (1984–2003) * Engine Roll Call (instrumental) (2004–2017) * Big World! Big Adventures! (reprise) (2018–2021) | composer = {{Plainlist| * Mike O'Donnell and [[Junior Campbell]] (1984–2003) * Robert Hartshorne (2004–2016) * [[Ed Welch]] (2004–2008) * Peter Hartshorne (2011–2016) * Chris Renshaw (2016–2021) * [[Oliver Davis (composer)|Oliver Davis]] (2016–2017) }} | country = Unitit Kinrick | language = English | num_episodes = 584 + 14 films an 6 double-lenth speicials | executive_producer = {{Plain list|* Britt Allcroft (1984–1986, 2002) * [[Angus Wright (producer)|Angus Wright]] (1991–1998) * Peter Urie (2002–2003) * [[Jocelyn Stevenson]] (2003–2006) * Christopher Skala (2007–2011) * Marion Edwards (2009–2015) * Lenora Hume (2009–2010) * Karen Barnes (2011–2013) * Kallan Kagan (2013–2017) * Jeff Young (2013–2015) * Steven Hecht (2013–2015) * Michael Carrington (2013–2014) * Christopher Keenan (2014–2021) * Edward Catchpole (2015) * Marianne Culbert (2016) * Kyle MacDougall (2016–2021) * Jamie LeClaire (2016–2021) * Phil LaFrance (2016–2021) }} | producer = {{Plainlist|* [[David Mitton]] (1984–1998) * [[Robert D. Cardona]] (1984–1986) * [[Britt Allcroft]] (1991–1998) * Phil Fehrle (2002–2003) * Simon Spencer (2004–2008) * Nicole Stinn (2008–2012) * Ian McCue (2011–2017) * Halim Jabbour (2013) * Robert Anderson (2013; 2015–2017) * Brian Lynch (2013–2015) * Jennifer Hill (2014–2015) * Lynda Craigmyle (2016) * Jane Sobol (2016) * Tracy Blagdon (2016–2021) * Micaela Winter (2016–2018) }} | location = {{Plainlist|* [[Clapham Junction (area)|Clapham Junction]] (1984) * Clearwater Studios Battersea (1984) * [[Shepperton Studios]] (1986–2008) }} | runtime = {{Plainlist|* 4 minutes, 30 seconds (Series 1–7) * 10 minutes{{efn|Thae series airt in ae hauf-oor format anaw.}} (Series 8–12) * 11 minutes{{efn|Until Series 20, thae series airt in ae hauf-oor format anaw. As o series 22, the episodes thairsels ainly rin fur 7 meenit, wi the rest o the episodes bein uised fur educational segments.}} (Series 13–24) * 30 minutes (Series 8) }} | company = {{Plainlist|* [[Clearwater Features]] (1984–1986) * Britt Allcroft Ltd./Britt Allcroft (Thomas) Ltd. (1984–1986) * The Britt Allcroft Company/Gullane Entertainment (1991–2003) * HIT Entertainment (2003–2017) * Mattel Television (2017–2021) * '''Animation''': * [[Nitrogen Studios]] (2008–2012) * Arc Productions (2013–2016) * [[Jam Filled Toronto]] (2016–2021) }} | network = {{Plain list|* [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] (Series 1–3){{efn|The furst hauf o series 3 wis lowsed stracht tae video afore airin on TV. ITV rebraidcast series 6-8 after the Nick Jr. airings anaa.}} * Cartoon Network (Series 4–5) * Nick Jr. (Series 6–11){{efn|Series 6-8 wis rerun on CITV, whiles series 8-11 wis rerun on Channel 5.}} * Channel 5 (Series 12–24) }} | first_aired = {{start date|1984|10|9|df=y}} | last_aired = {{End date|2021|1|20|df=y}} | related = *''Tugs'' *''[[Shining Time Station]]'' * ''[[Thomas & Friends: All Engines Go]]'' | num_series = 24 }} '''''Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends''''' (simply referred tae as '''''Thomas & Friends''''' or '''''Thomas the Tank Engine''''') is a Breetish [[children's television series]]. In the U.K. it haed its first broadcast on the [[ITV (TV netwark)|ITV]] network in Great Britain in 1984. In the U.S. it haed its first broadcast on [[Shining Time Station]] in 1989. It is based on ''[[The Railway Series]]'' of books bi the Reverend [[Wilbert Awdry]] and his son, [[Christopher Awdry]]. Thir books follae the adventures o a group of [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphised]] [[locomotive]]s and [[road vehicle]]s who live on the fictional [[Sodor (fictional island)|Island of Sodor]]. The books war based on stories Wilbert told tae entertain his son, Christopher, during his recovery frae [[measles]]. Mony of the stories frae the first fower series are based on events frae Awdry's personal experience. ==History== ===Precursors=== Afore the airing of the first episode of ''Thomas & Friends'' in 1984, previous attempts haed been made tae adapt Awdry's stories for television, but nae all attempts war successfu.<ref name="SIFhistory">{{cite web|url=http://www.sodor-island.net/thetvserieshistory.html|title=The TV Series – A History of Thomas on Screen|work=Sodor Island|accessdate=17 February 2014|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6NSB1lPev?url=http://www.sodor-island.net/thetvserieshistory.html|archivedate=17 February 2014|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The first wis in 1953, when the editor of the ''Railway Series'' books, Eric Marriott, wis approached bi the BBC, who wished tae uise live-action model trains tae re-creaut twa stories frae Awdry's first beuk, ''[[The Three Railway Engines]]''.<ref name="SIFhistory" /> The engines war portrayed bi [[00 gauge]] [[Hornby Dublo]] models and driven on authentic sets in the style of the oreeginal illustrations. The first episode, based on "The Sad Story of Henry", wis broadcast live on the evening of Sunday 14 Juin 1953 frae [[Lime Grove Studios]].<ref name="SIFhistory" /><ref name="TLC">{{cite web|url=http://tlc.howstuffworks.com/family/how-thomas-the-tank-engine-works1.htm|title=Thomas the Tank Engine and TV|last1=Mallory|first1=Michael|last2=Whitlock|first2=Natalie|work=Ultimate Guide to Thomas the Tank Engine|publisher=[[TLC (TV network)|TLC]]|accessdate=17 February 2014|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6NSBNwty2?url=http://tlc.howstuffworks.com/family/how-thomas-the-tank-engine-works1.htm|archivedate=17 February 2014|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Clarkjournal">{{cite news|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Still+building+steam+at+60.-a0132549630|title=Still Building Steam at 60|last=Clark|first=Rhodri|date=19 May 2005|work=[[The Journal (newspaper)|The Journal]]|publisher=[[Trinity Mirror]]|accessdate=17 February 2014|location=[[Newcastle-upon-Tyne]]}}</ref> The live broadcast did nae fare well. Reportedly, a failure tae switch the pynts caused the model of [[Henry the Green Engine|Henry]] tae derail and viewers of the live broadcast witnessed a human haund, said tae be the ane o a crew member, picking him up and placin him back on the rails. Models moved jerkily, an all effects and muisic haed tae be superimposed.<ref name="SIFhistory" /><ref name="TLC" /><ref name="Clarkjournal" /> Bi 23 Juin, news of the broadcast hit the front pages of the ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' and the ''[[Daily Mail]]''. Awdry himsel branded the episode as "unprofessional", and the pynt-switching debacle as an "elementary mistake".<ref name="SIFhistory" /><ref name="TLC" /><ref name="Clarkjournal" /> As a result, the seicont episode scheduled for 28 Juin 1953 wis put on haud, an then later cancelled.<ref name="SIFhistory" /><ref name="TLC" /><ref name="Clarkjournal" /> Efter the "Sad Story of Henry" fiasco, the BBC did attempt tae rescue the project bi offerin tae gie Awdry and the ''Railway Series'' publishers greater creative control ower the production of the episodes, but the publishers declined the offer, preferring tae focus on publishing new books for the series.<ref name="SIFhistory" /> Nearly twinty years later, the BBC incorporated Awdry's stories ance again. Fourteen years afore ''Thomas and Friends'' wis aired, [[Ted Ray (comedian)|Ted Ray]], sitting in a [[stationmaster]]'s office, read oot five ''Railway Series'' books atween 20 September tae 2 October 1970 on the popular television story-telling shaw ''[[Jackanory]]''.<ref name="SIFhistory" /><ref name="StorytellersSIF">{{cite web|url=http://www.sodor-island.net/storytellers.html|title=The Storytellers|publisher=Sodor Island|accessdate=17 February 2014|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6NSDzqHqq?url=http://www.sodor-island.net/storytellers.html|archivedate=17 February 2014|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ===''Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends'' and its success=== In 1979, Breetish television producer [[Britt Allcroft]] wis producin a [[documentary]] on the [[Bluebell Railway]],<ref name="SIFhistory" /><ref name="TLC" /> a [[heritage railway]] in [[Sussex]] which actually featurt in the ''Railway Series'' beuk ''[[List of Railway Series books#Stepney the ''Bluebell'' Engine|Stepney the ''Bluebell'' Engine]]''.<ref name="bluebellfaq">{{cite web|url=http://www.bluebell-railway.co.uk/bluebell/faq.html|title=Bluebell Railway – FAQ|publisher=[[Bluebell Railway]]|accessdate=19 February 2014|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6NVGhPb8i?url=http://www.bluebell-railway.co.uk/bluebell/faq.html|archivedate=19 February 2014|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> As pairt of her research afore filmin, Allcroft read some books in ''The Railway Series'' and wis heichly entertained and impressed with the stories which Awdry haed written, later remarking that "there was something in the stories that I felt I could develop that would connect with children. I saw a strong emotional content that would carry with little children's experiences with life."<ref name="TLC" /> Allcroft worked tae convince Awdry that she coud, with funding, convert the stories intae a successfu television shaw. Her efforts war successfu, an she purchased the television rights frae the publishers of ''The Railway Series'' at a cost of what wis then £50,000 ($74,000 in U.S. dollars at the time).<ref name="SIFhistory" /><ref name="TLC" /> Allcroft still haed tae work tae raise the money tae finance production and, despite shawin a keen interest, wanted a level of creative control which she did nae want tae forego. In the end, efter several years of searching and haein tae place a seicont mortgage on her home, Allcroft raised sufficient funding frae her local bank manager.<ref name="SIFhistory" /><ref name="TLC" /><ref name="1billionmirror">{{cite news|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/thomas-the-1billion-tank-engine-196858|title=Thomas the £1billion Tank Engine|date=23 January 2010|work=[[Daily Mirror]]|accessdate=19 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="60minsdoc">{{cite AV media| year =1995| title =Thomas & Friends|medium = Television prodyction| url =https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cTyMpUBc0XU| accessdate =19 February 2014| time = 2:50| publisher = [[60 Minutes (Australian TV program)|60 Minutes]]}}</ref> <!-- https://www.webcitation.org/6NVJaNJVM might work need to check. Could be presented by [[Charles Wooley]] but I'm not sure. --> Bi 1981, Allcroft haed secured the finances tae produce the shaw, she stairtit tae assemble the crew, includin producer and director [[David Mitton]], an aa the founder of Clearwater Features Ltd.; crew member Steve Asquith; American-born producer [[Robert D. Cardona]]; and the selected team of composers and songwriters Mike O'Donnell and [[Junior Campbell]]. The series stairtit production in 1984 bi Allcroft's production company, The Britt Allcroft Company; [[Clearwater Features]] Ltd. (Mitton and Cardona's company); and the [[ITV (TV netwark)|ITV]] company [[Central Independent Television]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/16269 |title=Bfi &#124; Film & Tv Database &#124; Thomas The Tank Engine And Friends |publisher=Ftvdb.bfi.org.uk |date= |accessdate=5 May 2014 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The series wis oreeginally shot and produced with live action models at the Clearwater in hoose studio in Battersea, a suburb of Lunnon, for Series 1. It later relocated tae [[Shepperton Studios]], Middlesex, southwest of Lunnon for subsequent series. The uise of muivin models wis seen at the time of the series' conception as an effective method of animating the stories. Locomotives and ither vehicles war operated bi radio, while humans and animals war static figures. [[Stop-motion]] wis occasionally employed for instances in which a human or ainimal character wad muive. Haund-drawn animation wis uised in Series 3 tae creaut bees. The first series (1984) uised stories frae the first aicht books, alang with ane specially written bi the [[Wilbert Vere Awdry|Rev. W. Awdry]], ''Thomas's Christmas Party''. The seicont series (1986) uised stories frae Beuk 9 ([[List of Railway Series Books#Edward the Blue Engine|''Edward the Blue Engine'']]) tae Beuk 30 ([[List of Railway Series Books#More About Thomas the Tank Engine|''More About Thomas the Tank Engine'']]). This beuk wis unusual, as it wis written specifically bi [[Christopher Awdry]] tae be adapted bi the shaw. At that time, it wis a contractual obligation that the series coud anly adapt stories that appeared in prent. The series an aa uised a story frae a Thomas Annual, "Thomas and Trevor", and a specially written staund-alone story, [[List of Railway Series Books#Thomas and the Missing Christmas Tree|''Thomas and the Missing Christmas Tree'']]. The seicont series wis actually a 27-episode series, as a single (unaired) episode ("[[The Missing Coach]]") wis in the process of bein filmed, but despite bein filmed it wis never shawn acause Allcroft decidit it wis too confusing for young viewers. The production team went on tae uise "Thomas, Percy and the Coal" instead.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sodor-island.net/sodorislandessayannex/themissingcoachessay.html|title=The Case for the Missing Coach|accessdate=28 November 2010}}</ref> In atween production of the seicont and third series, the production team war focused in producin twa ither television series: ''[[Tugs (TV series)|Tugs]]'', which ran for ane series frae 1988 tae 1990 for [[Television South]] (TVS);<ref name="thomas success">{{cite web|url=http://www.sodor-island.net/success.html|title=Who Drove Thomas To Success?|publisher=sodor-island.net|accessdate=17 June 2010}}</ref> and the American television series ''[[Shining Time Station]]'', which repackaged ''Thomas & Friends'' for the American television mercat frae 1989 tae 1995. Juist afore production of series three, Clearwater closed on 31 December 1990, with The Britt Allcroft Company acomin the sole producer. Series three wis broadcast in 1991 for [[Thames Television]]. It wis made at a cost of £1.3&nbsp;million (approximately $9.3.million in U.S. dollars at the time).<ref name=sibley>{{Cite book | last =Sibley | first =Brian | authorlink =Brian Sibley | title =The Thomas the Tank Engine Man | publisher=Heinemann | year =1995 | page =318 | isbn =0-434-96909-5 }}</ref>{{Verify source|date=April 2016}} The series wis a combination of episodes derived frae ''The Railway Series'', stories in the ''Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends'' magazine (written bi the series' current head writer, Andrew Brenner), and a couple of oreeginal stories bi Allcroft and Mitton.<ref name=sibley /> Ane of the primary reasons for diverging frae the oreeginal books wis that mony of the stories nae yet uised featurt lairge nummers of new characters, which wad be expensive tae produce. Anither reason wis that the producers wanted more stories about [[Thomas the Tank Engine|Thomas]], the nominal main character. Awdry worried that the new stories wad be unrealistic (see [[Henry the Green Engine]] for more details).<ref name=sibley /> [[Robert D. Cardona]] left as producer, while [[Britt Allcroft]] jynt [[David Mitton]] as co-producer. [[Angus Wright (producer)|Angus Wright]] teuk ower as executive producer. Series fower wis broadcast in 1994 on [[Cartoon Network (UK and Ireland)|Cartoon Network]]. The producers planned tae introduce some new female characters, includin motor car [[Non-rail vehicles (Thomas & Friends)#Caroline|Caroline]], [[People and animals (Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends)#Nancy|Nancy]], and [[People and animals (Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends)#The Refreshment Lady|The Refreshment Lady]].<ref name=sibley2>Sibley, p320</ref> Some commentators teuk this as a response tae accusations of [[sexism]] levelled against the series twa years earlier.<ref name=sibley3>Sibley, p309</ref> In reality, thir war nae "new" characters, but creations of Awdry frae the oreeginal ''Railway Series'' books. Series fower wis awmaist entirely based on ''The Railway Series''. The [[narrow gauge railway|narrow gauge]] engines war introduced, an war the focus o a nummer of episodes. Anly ane oreeginal story ("Rusty to the Rescue", written bi Allcroft and Mitton) wis uised, but this teuk certaint elements of plot and dialogue frae [[List of Railway Series Books#Stepney the "Bluebell" Engine|''Stepney the "Bluebell" Engine'']]. The fift series (1998), an aa broadcast on Cartoon Network, wis a radical shift, as all episodes war written bi Allcroft and Mitton with no faur stories bein adapted frae the "Railway Series". This series saw the introduction of new characters, sic as [[Cranky the Crane|Cranky]], [[The Horrid Lorries]] and [[Old Slow Coach]]. It an aa focused on more dramatic and edgy plot-lines, with more severe accidents, than in the earlier seasons.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}} Efter series 5, Angus Wright stepped doun as executive producer. ''[[Thomas and the Magic Railroad]]'' wis released in Julie 2000 in the UK, Canadae, an the United States. It featurt new characters creatit bi Allcroft, alang with characters frae the shaw that introduced ''Thomas'' tae the U.S., ''[[Shining Time Station]]''. Despite high production values and the popularity of the shaw, the film wis criticised bi Breetish reviewers who war unfamiliar with ''Shining Time Station''. The movie wis well received bi young children on baith sides of the Atlantic, but made anly $19.7&nbsp;million at the box office,<ref name=BOMT&Fgross>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=thomasandthemagicrailroad.htm|title=Thomas and the Magic Railroad (2000) - Box Office Mojo|publisher=|accessdate=31 January 2017}}</ref> against a cost of {{cn span|$19&nbsp;million to produce.|date=December 2015}} The film wis broadcast on BBC1 on 1 Januar 2004 and again on 29 December 2008. === ''Thomas & Friends'' and its recent developments === The Britt Allcroft Company (which changed its name tae [[Gullane Entertainment]] in 1999) wis purchased bi [[HiT Entertainment]] in September 2003,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.investegate.co.uk/gullane-ent--plc--gul-/rns/offer-by-hit-entertainment/200207050700112286Y/ |title=FE Investegate &#124;Gullane Ent. PLC Announcements &#124; Gullane Ent. PLC: Offer by HIT Entertainment |publisher=Investegate.co.uk |date= |accessdate=5 May 2014 |archive-date=2018-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702011111/https://www.investegate.co.uk/gullane-ent--plc--gul-/rns/offer-by-hit-entertainment/200207050700112286Y/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/hit-takes-over-gullane/1154829.article |title=HIT TAKES OVER GULLANE. &#124; News &#124; Broadcast |publisher=Broadcastnow.co.uk |date=5 September 2002 |accessdate=5 May 2014}}</ref> a company specialising in children's entertainment. The saxt and seivent series (baith broadcast on [[CITV]]) continued tae introduce action-packed storylines and new characters, an saw the introduction o a writing staff. The saxt series in 2002 wis notable for its attempt tae creaut a spin-off based on the successfu "Bob the Builder" series. Twa episodes introduced a group of construction machine characters kent as "The Pack". The spin-off didn't materialise for some time. Eventually, in 2006, thirteen episodes war released straucht tae DVD as a collection cried ''[[On Site with Thomas]]''. The fact that aulder sets war uised and the episodes war shot on 35mm camera (as opposed tae the digital camera uised at the time of the episodes' release) suggest it wis filmed some time afore Series 8. In Series 7 (2003) the programme title wis offeecially shortened tae ''Thomas & Friends'', this name haein been uised on merchandise and video covers for three years previously. Phil Fehrle replaced Allcroft and Mitton as producer, tho Mitton remained as the director. Executive producer [[Angus Wright (producer)|Angus Wright]] wis replaced bi Peter Urie and Allcroft as executive producers for Series 6. In 2003, Allcroft stepped doun as executive producer, makin Urie the sole executive producer for [[Gullane Entertainment]], and Jocelyn Stevenson wis the executive producer for [[HiT Entertainment]]. The aicht series (2004) wis the first released directly tae VHS and DVD as fower episodes in the US and sax in the UK war released afore airing on television on [[Nick Jr. (UK and Ireland)|Nick Jr.]] in the UK and [[PBS]] in the US. It introduced a nummer of significant changes tae the shaw. Mony of the oreeginal founding team involved in the oreeginal shaw syne 1984 left the production, notably Britt Allcroft, director and writer David Mitton, an oreeginal composers Mike O'Donnell and [[Junior Campbell]]. The latter twa haed been embroiled in a protracted legal dispute with HiT afore thair departure.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blackstonechambers.com/applications/dynamic/barrister.rm?area=MediaandEntertainment&id=443#ap5 |title=Barbara Dohmann QC |publisher=[[Blackstone Chambers]] |accessdate=1 October 2011 |archive-date=2015-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923191655/http://www.blackstonechambers.com/applications/dynamic/barrister.rm?area=MediaandEntertainment&id=443#ap5 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blackstonechambers.com/applications/dynamic/barrister.rm?area=MediaandEntertainment&id=493#ap3 |title=Tom Hickman |publisher=[[Blackstone Chambers]] |date=31 March 2009 |accessdate=1 October 2011 |archive-date=2015-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923191657/http://www.blackstonechambers.com/applications/dynamic/barrister.rm?area=MediaandEntertainment&id=493#ap3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Steve Asquith, who wis pairt of the oreeginal production team syne 1984, teuk ower as director, while Simon Spencer replaced Phil Fehrle as producer. A new theme sang and incidental muisic war componed bi [[Ed Welch]] and Robert Hartshorne, respectively. Episode runtime wis increased tae seiven minutes. The series wis produced uisin digital video camera, creautin a somewhat different leuk for the shaw. Ither changes included the additions of CGI educational sequences and transitions atween stories. Executive producer Peter Urie an aa left, while Jocelyn Stevenson remained in her role as executive producer. Sam Barlow became the story executive, while Abi Grant and Paul Larson served as script editors. This series saw the adoption o a centralised cast, includin [[Thomas the Tank Engine]], [[Edward the Blue Engine|Edward]], [[Henry the Green Engine|Henry]], [[Gordon the Big Engine|Gordon]], [[James the Red Engine|James]], [[Percy the Small Engine|Percy]], [[Toby the Tram Engine|Toby]] and [[Emily (Thomas the Tank Engine)|Emily]]. HiT Entertainment wis itself then acquired bi [[Apax Partners]], a private equity company, in Mairch 2005.<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/apax-buys-hit-for-490m/1021616.article |title=Apax buys Hit for £490m &#124; News &#124; Broadcast |publisher=Broadcastnow.co.uk |date=21 March 2005 |accessdate=5 May 2014}}</ref> A straucht-tae-video film, ''[[Calling All Engines!]]'', wis released shortly afore Series 9 in 2005. While featurin characters frae ''Thomas and the Magic Railroad'', it wis nae a direct sequel. It proved successfu, which resulted in more direct-tae-video specials bein produced.<ref name=Brosnan>{{cite web | title=Pierce Brosnan Announced As New Narrator For Thomas & Friends | work=(Press Release) | publisher=HIT Entertainment | date=19 July 2007 | url=http://www.hitnewsonline.com/releases/detail/pierce_brosnan_new_narrator_for_thomas_friends/thomas_friends | accessdate=29 October 2007 | archive-date=2007-09-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928181954/http://www.hitnewsonline.com/releases/detail/pierce_brosnan_new_narrator_for_thomas_friends/thomas_friends | url-status=dead }}</ref> Series 9 (2005) and 10 (2006) saw the expansion of the supporting cast with new and auld characters. Frae Series 9 the narrator wad caw oot the episodes' names and frae Series 11 the theme sang wis sung stairtin with the sound o a train whistle. Series 10 aired with twinty-aicht episodes rather than the twinty-sax of previous years. The eleventh series (2007) wis filmed in [[high-definition television|high definition]] format. Twinty episodes aired in the oreeginal broadcast, while sax war released directed tae DVD as Engines and Escapades. Jocelyn Stevenson haed stepped doun as executive producer efter Series 10, with Christopher Skala takkin her place as executive producer for Series 11. Sharon Miller became the script editor frae Series 9 tae 11. Series 12 (2008) saw the introduction of CGI effects (providit bi HiT Entertainment's subsidiary [[Hot Animation]]), with the intent of producin the shaw entirely in CGI the follaein year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hitentertainment.com/PRPDFs/Thomas_and_Bob_CGI_FINAL_6908.pdf |title=Thomas & Friends and Bob the Builder Move to CGI Animation in 2009 Broadcast Season |format=PDF |accessdate=1 October 2011 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083353/http://www.hitentertainment.com/PRPDFs/Thomas_and_Bob_CGI_FINAL_6908.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The traditional models and sets war still uised, but with computer animatit faces superimposed on the models tae allou for changing facial expressions. Humans and animals war fully computer animatit tae allou for walkin movement. Anly twinty episodes war broadcast (the U.S. broadcast featurt sax additional episodes frae ''Engines and Escapades''). Sharon Miller became the head writer, stairtin with Series 12. HiT annoonced multiple changes tae the shaw beginnin in 2009. Ane new aspect wis the introduction of live-action host segments tae ''Thomas''' home video releases. The host teuk the form o a character who worked on The Fat Controller's (Sir Topham Hatt's) railway, who wad instruct viewers in craft projects. For the final 2 DVDs released for Saison 12 in 2009, the host wis named Mr. Arkwright (played bi Robert Slate). In 2010, beginnin with the DVD Splish splash splosh, the host wis named Mr. Perkins (played bi [[Ben Forster (actor)|Ben Forster]]) and haes remained host ever syne. For budgetary reasons, the ither major changes war a muive tae production in CGI, rather than uisin physical models, an the addition o a voice cast tae support the established narrator. The DVD featur, ''[[Hero of the Rails]]'', wis the first ''Thomas & Friends'' production tae shaw thir changes, an Series 13 wis the first television series in the new format. The CGI animation for the series wis providit bi Nitrogen Studios of [[Vancouver]]. In September 2010, Apax wis preparing tae sell off HiT Entertainment and its franchises, includin Thomas – regarded as the single maist valuable asset – in order tae help clear HiT's debts,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.business-sale.com/news/article/bob-the-builder-owner-prepares-for-a-disposal-33493.html |title=Bob the Builder owner prepares for a disposal |publisher=Business-sale.com |accessdate=1 March 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/money/article-1313456/Thomas-Tank-Engine-sale-steaming-ahead.html?ito=feeds-newsxml |title="Thomas the Tank Engine sale steaming ahead", Daily Mail Online, 19 September 2010 |work=Daily Mail |date=19 September 2010 |accessdate=5 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deadline.com/2010/09/thomas-the-tank-engine-going-cheap/ |title=Thomas The Tank Engine' For Sale Cheap |date=20 September 2010 |publisher=Deadline London |accessdate=5 May 2012}}</ref> an in Februar 2012, sauld the company, alang with the Thomas properties, tae US toy giant [[Mattel]].<ref name="bbcmattel">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-15430842|title=Barbie maker Mattel to buy Thomas the Tank Engine owner|date=24 October 2011|work=[[BBC Online]]|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=13 February 2014|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6NM6i0Gds?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-15430842|archivedate=13 February 2014|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> During production of Series 16 (2012), Sharon Miller stepped doun as head writer, an Andrew Brenner, who haed written some ''Thomas'' stories in the third series, assumed the role efter serving as script editor for "Blue Mountain Mystery". Additionally, Sam Barlow stepped doun as story executive efter the sixteenth series, an the production of the CGI animation wis moved frae Nitrogen Studios (of Vancouver) tae [[Arc Productions]] (of [[Toronto]]).<ref name="torontohitannoucement">{{cite web|url=http://www.hitentertainment.com/corporate/newsdetail.aspx?nid=99|title=Arc Productions Comes On Board As Animation Studio For HIT Entertainment's Thomas & Friends|date=6 February 2012|publisher=[[Hit Entertainment]]|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6NM76IgpZ?url=http://www.hitentertainment.com/corporate/newsdetail.aspx?nid=99|archivedate=13 February 2014|accessdate=13 February 2014|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ''[[King of the Railway]]'' and Series 17, baith released during 2013, serve as the first special and series developed bi the new animation and production team respectively. 2014 saw ''[[Tale of the Brave]]'' and Series 18, the seicont special and series animatit bi Arc, respectively. 2015 saw ''[[Thomas & Friends: The Adventure Begins|The Adventure Begins]]'', a special coinciding with the 70th anniversary of the franchise, an ''[[Sodor's Legend of the Lost Treasure]]''; Series 19 began airing that same year. 2016 saw some changes; longtime composers Robert and Peter Hartshorne, faither and son team, left the series and Chris Renshaw and Oliver Davis teuk ower. 2016 an aa saw ''[[Thomas & Friends: The Great Race]]'' and Series 20 began airing the same year. Series 20 wis the last series of the shaw tae air on PBS Kids; when series 21 began airing in 2017, the American broadcast of the shaw wis moved tae [[Nick Jr.]], endin a period of awmaist 30 years of ''The Railway Series'' on American public television. ==Cast== {{Main article|List of Thomas & Friends voice actors}} Oreeginally, [[narrating]] wis uised as the anly voice in the series until 2008. Britt Allcroft thocht it essential tae convey the episode as a story that wad be read frae a beuk at home. Individual voice-ower actors war gien tae baith the UK and US dubs of the Series, follaein the switch tae full CGI animation in 2009. ==List of productions== ===Television series=== {{Main article|List of Thomas & Friends episodes}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Series !! Year !! Episodes !! DVD release date (R2) !! DVD release date (R4) |- | style="text-align:center;"| [[Thomas and Friends (series 1)|1]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1984 | style="text-align:center;" rowspan=9| 26 | style="text-align:center;"| 31 Januar 2005<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0006B93DS |title=The Classic Adventures of Thomas & Friends: The Complete First Series DVD: Amazon.co.uk: Ringo Starr, David Mitton, Britt Allcroft, Robert D. Cardona: Film & TV |publisher=Amazon.co.uk |date= |accessdate=20 May 2013}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| 2 Mey 2006<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/classic-adventures-of-thomas-friends-the-series-1-handle-case/dp/786252 |title=Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends, The – Series 1 (Handle Case) |publisher=Ezydvd.com.au |date= |accessdate=20 May 2013 |archive-date=2013-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703142250/http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/classic-adventures-of-thomas-friends-the-series-1-handle-case/dp/786252 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center;"| [[Thomas and Friends (series 2)|2]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1986 | style="text-align:center;"| 18 Apryle 2005<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0007OC7D2 |title=Thomas & Friends: Classic Collection – Series 2 DVD: Amazon.co.uk: Thomas and Friends: Film & TV |publisher=Amazon.co.uk |date= |accessdate=20 May 2013}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| 13 Apryle 2006<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/classic-adventures-of-thomas-friends-the-series-2-handle-case/dp/786251 |title=Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends, The – Series 2 (Handle Case) |publisher=Ezydvd.com.au |date= |accessdate=20 May 2013 |archive-date=2013-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703142550/http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/classic-adventures-of-thomas-friends-the-series-2-handle-case/dp/786251 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center;"| [[Thomas and Friends (series 3)|3]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1991–92 | style="text-align:center;"| 23 Januar 2006<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B000CCE232 |title=Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends: Classic Collection – Series 3 DVD: Amazon.co.uk: Thomas and Friends: Film & TV |publisher=Amazon.co.uk |date= |accessdate=20 May 2013}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| 6 Julie 2006<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/classic-adventures-of-thomas-friends-the-series-3-handle-case/dp/787637 |title=Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends, The – Series 3 (Handle Case) |publisher=Ezydvd.com.au |date= |accessdate=20 May 2013 |archive-date=2013-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703142559/http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/classic-adventures-of-thomas-friends-the-series-3-handle-case/dp/787637 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center;"| [[Thomas and Friends (series 4)|4]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1994–95 | style="text-align:center;" | 24 Julie 2006<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B000FPV8JW |title=The Classic Adventures of Thomas & Friends – The Complete Fourth Series DVD: Amazon.co.uk: Michael Angelis, David Mitton, Britt Allcroft: Film & TV |publisher=Amazon.co.uk |date=|accessdate=20 May 2013}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| 8 September 2006<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/classic-adventures-of-thomas-friends-the-series-4-handle-case/dp/789060 |title=Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends, The – Series 4 (Handle Case) |publisher=Ezydvd.com.au |date= |accessdate=20 May 2013 |archive-date=2013-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703142529/http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/classic-adventures-of-thomas-friends-the-series-4-handle-case/dp/789060 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center;"| [[Thomas and Friends (series 5)|5]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1998 | style="text-align:center;"| 5 Februar 2007<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B000LRYSYG |title=The Classic Adventures of Thomas & Friends – The Complete Fifth Series DVD: Amazon.co.uk: Michael Angelis, David Mitton, Britt Allcroft: Film & TV |publisher=Amazon.co.uk |date= |accessdate=20 May 2013}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| 8 September 2006<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/classic-adventures-of-thomas-friends-the-series-5-handle-case/dp/789061 |title=Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends, The – Series 5 (Handle Case) |publisher=Ezydvd.com.au |date= |accessdate=20 May 2013 |archive-date=2013-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703142202/http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/classic-adventures-of-thomas-friends-the-series-5-handle-case/dp/789061 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center;"| [[Thomas and Friends (series 6)|6]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2002 | style="text-align:center;"| 2 Julie 2007<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B000R343GW |title=Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends: Classic Collection – Series 6 DVD: Amazon.co.uk: Thomas and Friends: Film & TV |publisher=Amazon.co.uk |date= |accessdate=20 May 2013}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| 5 Januar 2009<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/classic-adventures-of-thomas-friends-the-series-6-handle-case/dp/803399 |title=Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends, The – Series 6 (Handle Case) |publisher=Ezydvd.com.au |date= |accessdate=20 May 2013 |archive-date=2013-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703142220/http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/classic-adventures-of-thomas-friends-the-series-6-handle-case/dp/803399 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center;"| [[Thomas and Friends (series 7)|7]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2003 | style="text-align:center;"| 14 Januar 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00105M26Y |title=Thomas & Friends – Classic Collection: Series 7 DVD: Amazon.co.uk: Thomas the Tank Engine: Film & TV |publisher=Amazon.co.uk |date= |accessdate=20 May 2013}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| 4 Juin 2009<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/classic-adventures-of-thomas-friends-the-series-7-handle-case/dp/805753 |title=Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends, The – Series 7 (Handle Case) |publisher=Ezydvd.com.au |date= |accessdate=20 May 2013 |archive-date=2013-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703142236/http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/classic-adventures-of-thomas-friends-the-series-7-handle-case/dp/805753 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center;"| [[Thomas and Friends (series 8)|8]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2004 | style="text-align:center;"| 28 Julie 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0019VVO7C |title=Thomas And Friends – Classic Collection – Series 8 DVD: Amazon.co.uk: Thomas and Friends: Film & TV |publisher=Amazon.co.uk |date= |accessdate=20 May 2013}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| 4 Juin 2009<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/classic-adventures-of-thomas-friends-the-series-8-handle-case/dp/805754 |title=Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends, The – Series 8 (Handle Case) |publisher=Ezydvd.com.au |date= |accessdate=20 May 2013 |archive-date=2013-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703142614/http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/classic-adventures-of-thomas-friends-the-series-8-handle-case/dp/805754 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center;"| [[Thomas and Friends (series 9)|9]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2005 | style="text-align:center;"| 19 Januar 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B001KN8WG0 |title=Thomas & Friends – Classic Collection – Series 9 DVD: Amazon.co.uk: Michael Angelis, Steve Asquith, Simon Spencer: Film & TV |publisher=Amazon.co.uk |date= |accessdate=20 May 2013}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| 2 Mairch 2010<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/classic-adventures-of-thomas-friends-the-series-9-handle-case/dp/811166 |title=Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends, The – Series 9 (Handle Case) |publisher=Ezydvd.com.au |date= |accessdate=20 May 2013 |archive-date=2013-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703142330/http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/classic-adventures-of-thomas-friends-the-series-9-handle-case/dp/811166 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center;"| [[Thomas and Friends (series 10)|10]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2006 | style="text-align:center;"| 28 | style="text-align:center;"| 17 Mey 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0037TVOEW |title=Thomas And Friends – Classic Collection – Complete Series 10 DVD: Amazon.co.uk: Michael Angelis, Steve Asquith, Simon Spencer, Sharon Miller, Abi Grant, Paul Larson, Marc Seal, Wayne Jackman, Simon Nicholson, James Mason: Film & TV |publisher=Amazon.co.uk |date= |accessdate=20 May 2013}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| 2 Juin 2010<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/classic-adventures-of-thomas-friends-the-series-10-handle-case/dp/812834 |title=Classic Adventures of Thomas & Friends, The – Series 10 (Handle Case) |publisher=Ezydvd.com.au |date= |accessdate=20 May 2013 |archive-date=2013-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703142401/http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/classic-adventures-of-thomas-friends-the-series-10-handle-case/dp/812834 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center;"| [[Thomas and Friends (series 11)|11]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2007 | style="text-align:center;"| 26 | style="text-align:center;"| 26 Julie 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B003M8ZG0G |title=Thomas And Friends – Classic Collection – Series 11 DVD: Amazon.co.uk: Michael Angelis, Steve Asquith, Simon Spencer: Film & TV |publisher=Amazon.co.uk |date= |accessdate=20 May 2013}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| 2 Juin 2011<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/classic-adventures-of-thomas-friends-the-series-11-handle-case/dp/819529 |title=Classic Adventures of Thomas & Friends, The – Series 11 (Handle Case) |publisher=Ezydvd.com.au |date= |accessdate=20 May 2013 |archive-date=2013-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703142547/http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/classic-adventures-of-thomas-friends-the-series-11-handle-case/dp/819529 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center;"| [[Thomas and Friends (series 12)|12]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2008 | style="text-align:center;" rowspan=5| 20 | style="text-align:center;"| 21 Februar 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B004FS27M2 |title=Thomas and Friends – Classic Collection – Series 12 DVD 2011: Amazon.co.uk: Michael Angelis, Steve Asquith, Simon Spencer, Sharon Miller, Mark Robertson, Andrew Viner, Abi Grant, Paul Larson, Wayne Jackman, Anna Starkey: Film & TV |publisher=Amazon.co.uk |date= |accessdate=20 May 2013}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| 1 Mairch 2012<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/thomas-friends-series-12/dp/6109700 |title=Thomas & Friends: Series 12 |publisher=Ezydvd.com.au |date=22 April 2013 |accessdate=20 May 2013 |archive-date=2013-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703142241/http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/thomas-friends-series-12/dp/6109700 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center;"| [[Thomas and Friends (series 13)|13]] | style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2| 2010 | style="text-align:center;"| 13 Februar 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B006950QT0 |title=Thomas & Friends – The Complete Series 13 [DVD&#93;: Amazon.co.uk: Michael Angelis, Ben Small, Teresa Gallagher, Keith Wickham, Matt Wilkinson, Togo Igawa, Kerry Shale, Jules de Jongh, Greg Tiernan, Nicole Stinn, Sharon Miller, Mark Robertson, Allan Plenderleith, David Richard Fox, Miranda Larson, Robyn Charteris, Louise Kramskoy, Alan Hescott: Film & TV |publisher=Amazon.co.uk |date= |accessdate=20 May 2013}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| |- | style="text-align:center;"| [[Thomas and Friends (series 14)|14]] | style="text-align:center;"| 22 Julie 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00BEUUN3E |title=Thomas & Friends: The Complete Series 14 [DVD&#93; |publisher=Amazon.co.uk |date= |accessdate=5 May 2014}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| |- | style="text-align:center;"| [[Thomas and Friends (series 15)|15]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2011 | style="text-align:center;"| 7 Julie 2014 | style="text-align:center;"| |- | style="text-align:center;"| [[Thomas and Friends (series 16)|16]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2012 | style="text-align:center;"| 25 Mey 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/B00UHJBRW4?psc=1&redirect=true&ref_=oh_aui_detailpage_o01_s00|title=Thomas & Friends: The Complete 16th Series [DVD]|work=Amazon.co.uk|accessdate=26 March 2015}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| |- | style="text-align:center;"| [[Thomas and Friends (series 17)|17]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2013–14 | style="text-align:center;" rowspan=3| 26 | style="text-align:center;"| 18 Julie 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Thomas-Tank-Engine-Friends-Complete/dp/B01FHP8K8G/ref=pd_ybh_a_1?ie=UTF8&refRID=X0VJTBWEY4CKRTQCYH7Z|title=Thomas & Friends :The Complete Series 17|date=18 July 2016|publisher=|accessdate=31 January 2017|via=Amazon}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| |- | style="text-align:center;"| [[Thomas and Friends (series 18)|18]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2014–15 | style="text-align:center;"| 19 Juin 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Thomas-Friends-Complete-18-DVD/dp/B071YLPMST/|title=Thomas & Friends : Complete Series 18 [DVD]|work=Amazon.co.uk|accessdate=27 October 2017}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"| |- | style="text-align:center;"| [[Thomas and Friends (series 19)|19]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2015–17 | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:center;"| |- | style="text-align:center;"| [[Thomas & Friends (series 20)|20]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2016–17 | style="text-align:center;"| 28 | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:center;"| |- | style="text-align:center;"| [[Thomas & Friends (series 21)|21]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2017 | style="text-align:center;"| 18 | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:center;"| |} ===Films, specials, and miniseries=== {{Main article|Thomas & Friends (franchise)#Direct-to-video specials}} ===Home video history=== {{Main article|Thomas and Friends video releases}} Ower the history of the programme, the TV episodes and specials hae been released for home viewing in a variety of compilations, formats and leids, bi a variety of publishing houses. <!--Please do NOT list videos here -- there are ower mony of them.--> ==Production== {{unsoorced|section}} ===Characters=== {{further information|List of Thomas & Friends railway engines|List of Thomas & Friends narrow-gauge engines|Arlesdale Railway|List of Thomas & Friends rolling stock|List of Thomas & Friends non-rail vehicles|List of people and animals from Thomas & Friends|Thomas the Tank Engine film characters}} ===Storytelling=== Up until Series 12, narration and dialogue war performed bi a single storyteller. This wis the choice of Allcroft, who wanted the television stories tae be an extension of the wey thay wad be told at home in a comforting environment. All character emotions wad come frae the nuances of the storyteller's voice, in conjunction with facial expressions, muisic, an actions on-screen. ===Models=== The oreeginal live action models war filmed on an extensive [[model railway]] layout biggit at the studios. The models war biggit tae the 1:32 scale, kent in model railway circles as "[[Gauge 1]]". The locomotives uised chassis made bi [[Märklin]] with specially made bodies. Alang with the muivin-ee and eyelid mechanisms and clay faces, thir bodies an aa included smoke generators. Coaches and trucks war made uisin Tenmille kits. Later models war biggit entirely frae scratch. Some of the models frae the sister television series ''[[Tugs (TV series)|Tugs]]'' war reused in later episodes of the series. Frae Series 5 tae 12, some lairger-scale models war uised for the [[Skarloey Railway|narrow gauge]] characters, tae more easily fit the complex mechanisms intae them while retaining a sufficient level of detail. In Series 6, the characters kent as "the Pack" (construction machines) war an aa biggit on a lairge scale, an lairger models of [[Thomas the Tank Engine|Thomas]] and [[Percy the Small Engine|Percy]] war made tae interact with them. In the ninth series, anither lairger Thomas model wis biggit tae the same scale as the narrow gauge engines tae provide greater possibilities for interaction. It wis jynt bi a lairge version of [[James the Red Engine|James]] in the tenth series. In 2009, some of thir models war put on display in a special exhibit at [[Drayton Manor Theme Park]]'s [[Thomas Land (Drayton Manor)|Thomas Land]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thomaslanduk.co.uk/Visit/ |title=Thomas Land exhibit |publisher=Thomaslanduk.co.uk |accessdate=1 October 2011 |archive-date=2011-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924185706/http://www.thomaslanduk.co.uk/Visit/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nitrogen Studios, who providit the animation for the series frae series 12 tae 16, an aa haes some of the oreeginal models on display. ===Face movements=== At the shaw's conception in 1984, live action model animation wad nae deliver [[lip sync]], but shaw co-creautor [[Britt Allcroft]] and model director [[David Mitton]] did nae see this as an inhibition. About 20 years later houiver, with advancement in technology, the shaw saw the introduction of [[Computer-generated imagery|CGI]] bi HIT Entertainment's subsidiary HOT Animation.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mallory |first=Michael |url=http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/how-thomas-the-tank-engine-works2.htm |title=How Thomas the Tank Engine Works |publisher=Entertainment.howstuffworks.com |date=6 November 2006 |accessdate=1 October 2011}}</ref> At first this wis uised tae generate smoke and ither effects, but later, [[HIT Entertainment|HIT]] (the current owners of ''Thomas'') annoonced its intent tae introduce a fully CGI series in 2009.<ref name=newlook>{{cite web|title=Hit reveals new look for Bob and Thomas|work=(Press Release)|publisher=Licensing.biz|date=9 June 2008|url=http://www.licensing.biz/news/1323/NEW-YORK-08-Hit-reveals-new-look-for-Bob-and-Thomas|accessdate=9 June 2008|archive-date=2008-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930162911/http://www.licensing.biz/news/1323/NEW-YORK-08-Hit-reveals-new-look-for-Bob-and-Thomas|url-status=dead}}</ref> With Series 12, CGI bi Nitrogen Studios wis uised tae animate characters' faces and tae mak fowk and animals mobile within the stories. The follaein series saw a transition tae full CGI animation. ===Music=== Mike O'Donnell and [[Junior Campbell]] componed the shaw's oreeginal main title theme, incidental muisic and sangs, which war uised for series 1–7 comprising 182 episodes atween 1984 and 2003. In 2004, Robert Hartshorne teuk O'Donnell and Campbell's place as composer, while [[Ed Welch]] became the shaw's songwriter frae Series 8 tae ''[[The Great Discovery]]'', and Welch left efter ''The Great Discovery''. Hartshorne teuk his place as songwriter frae Series 12 and onwards. Frae ''[[Day of the Diesels]]''/2011-2016, Robert's son Peter Hartshorne helped him with the muisic. In 2016 the Hartshornes left the series and Chris Renshaw and Oliver Davis teuk thair places. ===Head writer=== {{refimprove section|date=April 2017}} Syne series 12, thare haes been a [[head writer]] for the series. Prior tae the introduction o a head writer, the [[script editor]] performed seemilar duties. Sharon Miller served as head writer frae series 12–16 and stepped doun efter series 16 and wis replaced bi Andrew Brenner, who haed written mony "Thomas" stories for various magazines as well as his ain oreeginal stories, several of which war later adapted for television episodes for [[Thomas and Friends (series 3)|Series 3]] and [[Thomas and Friends (series 5)|Series 5]], for which he haed remained uncredited. Brenner haed been a writer of several ither children's animatit series, sic as ''[[Angelina Ballerina (TV series)|Angelina Ballerina]]'', ''[[Tractor Tom]]'', ''[[Fireman Sam]]'', ''[[The Amazing Adrenalini Brothers]]'', ''[[Spot the Dog|Spot]]'', ''[[Poppy Cat]]'', and ''[[Binka]]'', as well as bein the creautor of ''[[Caribou Kitchen]]'', and ''[[Humf]]'' and writer for several magazines featurin children's characters sic as ''[[The Real Ghostbusters]]'', ''Fireman Sam'', ''[[Scooby-Doo]]'', ''[[Tom and Jerry]]'', and Thomas's sister series ''[[Tugs (TV series)|Tugs]]'' and haes written scripts and teuk ower as head writer for Thomas for ''[[King of the Railway]]'' and onwards. Sharon Miller haes an aa been the voice director syne the seicont CGI animatit film ''[[Misty Island Rescue]]'', and continues tae work on the series in this capacity. ;'''Script editors''' * Abi Grant (series 6) * Jan Page (series 7) * Abi Grant and Paul Larson (series 8) * Sharon Miller (series 9-11) * Becky Evans (series 16, last few episodes) ;'''Head writer''' *Sharon Miller (series 12–16) *Andrew Brenner (series 17–present) ==Broadcast== {{unsoorced|section|date=July 2013}} In the United Kinrick, ''Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends'' wis oreeginally broadcast on [[ITV (TV netwark)|ITV]] until 1992. In the United States, the series premiered on [[PBS Kids]] in 2004. The series haed first appeared anly as sequences on ''[[Shining Time Station]]'' during the program's run frae 1989 tae 1995. The sequences of the series later aired in 1996 on ''[[Mr. Conductor's Thomas Tales]]''. The series aired on ''[[Storytime with Thomas]]'' on Fox Family (nou [[Freeform (TV channel)|Freeform]]) frae 1998 tae 2001. When ''Thomas & Friends'' premiered on PBS, it wis first distributed frae 2004 tae 2007 bi Connecticut Public Television and bi [[WNET]] frae 2008 tae 2017. The program airs in Australia on [[ABC Kids (Australia)|ABC Kids]] and on [[FOUR (New Zealand)|FOUR]] in New Zealand. In Canadae, it plays on [[TVOntario|TVO]], [[Family Jr.]], and [[Knowledge Kids]]. The rights of [[PBS]] tae broadcast this series expired in December 2017;<ref>KETC program guide January-February 2018</ref> this ended a period of awmaist 30 years of programming relatit tae ''The Railway Series'' on American public television. ==Reception== ===Critical response=== [[Common Sense Media]] rated the shaw a 4 oot of 5 stars statin "Parents can be assured that this series has educational aspects as well as behavioral modeling. The Thomas the Tank Engine stories were conceived by a young British boy early in the 20th century, who would listen to the trains as they chuffed through the countryside. The stories he told his son -- who has consequently passed them on to his own son -- have been documented in books and toy train models. Since the series was introduced to television viewers in the 1980s, Thomas & Friends has seen a healthy fan base sprout worldwide. Some of the expressions on the train's faces can be a tiny bit creepy, but the intention behind the animation is good, as follows the tradition of a well-told story."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.commonsensemedia.org/tv-reviews/thomas-friends|title=Thomas &amp; Friends - TV Review|publisher=|accessdate=31 January 2017}}</ref> ===Internet popularity=== In the [[2010s]], ''Thomas & Friends'' became the subject of several internet memes,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smosh.com/smosh-pit/memes/24-funniest-things-internet-has-ever-done-thomas-tank-engine|title=22 Funniest Things The Internet Has Ever Done With Thomas The Tank Engine|publisher=[[smosh]]|accessdate=24 October 2017|archive-date=2016-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116023801/http://www.smosh.com/smosh-pit/memes/24-funniest-things-internet-has-ever-done-thomas-tank-engine|url-status=dead}}</ref> and wis even the centrepiece of an article for ''[[The New Yorker]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/rabbit-holes/the-repressive-authoritarian-soul-of-thomas-the-tank-engine-and-friends|title=The Repressive Authoritarian Soul of Thomas the Tank Engine|publisher=''[[The New Yorker]]''|accessdate=24 October 2017}}</ref> which explored supposedly [[totalitarian]] [[subtext]]s present in the shaw. ==References== '''Notes''' {{Reflist|30em}} <!--spacing--> ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category|Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends|Thomas and Friends}} {{Wikiquote|Thomas and Friends}} ===Official websites=== * {{official website|1=http://www.thomasandfriends.com/}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120513085958/http://www.awdry.family.name/index.htm Awdry Family Site] ===Ither steids=== * {{tv.com show|thomas-the-tank-engine-and-friends|Thomas and Friends}} * {{IMDb title|0086815|Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Thomas And Friends}} [[Category:British bairns animatit telly programmes]] [[Category:Nick Jr. shaws]] [[Category:PBS network shaws]] [[Category:Televeesion series bi ITV Studios]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:PBS Kids shaws]] rc6872jn9t3cakj5m5shd4130929l9b 0 79239 915952 901722 2026-04-30T02:32:02Z Tarisito 114630 915952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | | clubname = Marseille | image = Olympique de Marseille 2026 logo.svg | image_size = 190px | fullname = ''Olympique de Marseille'' | nickname = ''Les Phocéens, L'OM, Les Olympiens'' | founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1899}} | ground = [[Stade Vélodrome]] | capacity = 67,186 | owner = [[Frank McCourt (executive)|Frank McCourt]] (95%)<br>[[Margarita Louis-Dreyfus]] (5%)<ref name="OM-investor">{{Cite web |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/L-om-vendu-45-m-euro-par-maragarita-louis-dreyfus-a-frank-mccourt/727839 |title=L'OM vendu 45 millions d'euros par Margarita Louis-Dreyfus à Frank McCourt |language=fr |date=16 September 2016 |publisher=[[L'Équipe]] |access-date=16 September 2016}}</ref> | chairman = [[Pablo Longoria]] | manager = [[Marcelino García Toral|Marcelino]] | league = {{French football updater|Marseille}} | season = {{French football updater|Marseille2}}<!--DO NOT remove the French football updater template!--> | position = {{French football updater|Marseille3}} | website = http://www.om.net | pattern_la1 = _marseille2425h | pattern_b1 = _marseille2425h | pattern_ra1 = _marseille2425h | pattern_sh1 = _marseille2425h | pattern_so1 = | leftarm1 = FFFFFF | body1 = FFFFFF | rightarm1 = FFFFFF | shorts1 = FFFFFF | socks1 = FFFFFF | pattern_la2 = _marseille2425a | pattern_b2 = _marseille2425a | pattern_ra2 = _marseille2425a | pattern_sh2 = _marseille2425a | pattern_so2 = _marseille2425al | leftarm2 = 153759 | body2 = 153759 | rightarm2 = 153759 | shorts2 = 153759 | socks2 = 55879C | pattern_la3 = _marseille2425t | pattern_b3 = _marseille2425t | pattern_ra3 = _marseille2425t | pattern_sh3 = _marseille2425t | pattern_so3 = _marseille2425tl | leftarm3 = FF6600 | body3 = FF6600 | rightarm3 = FF6600 | shorts3 = 0000FF | socks3 = FF6600 }} '''Olympique de Marseille''' ({{IPA-fr|ɔlɛ̃pik də maʁsɛj}}, {{IPA-fr|ɔlɛ̃ˈpikə də mɑχˈsɛjə|local}}; also known as '''''l'OM''''' {{IPA-fr|lo.ɛm|IPA}}, {{IPA-fr|loˈɛmə|local}}) or simply '''Marseille''', is a [[Fitbaa in Fraunce|French association fitbaw]] club based in [[Marseille]]. Foondit in 1899, the club play in ''[[Ligue 1]]'' an hae spent maist o their history in the top tier o [[Fitbaa in Fraunce|French fitbaw]]. Marseille hae been [[Leet o French fitbaw champions|French champions]] nine times an hae wan the ''[[Coupe de France]]'' a record ten times. In [[1992–93 UEFA Champions League|1993]], the club became the first an anerly French club tae win the [[UEFA Champions League]]. In 1994, Marseille wur relegatit acause o a bribery scandal, luisin their domestic trophy, but no the [[UEFA Champions League]] title. In 2010, Marseille became French champions again, unner the stewardship o umwhile club captain [[Didier Deschamps]]. == Honours == ===Internaitional competeetions=== * '''[[UEFA Champions League]]''' ** ''Winners (1) : '' [[1993 UEFA Champions League Final|1992–93]] ** ''Runners-up (1) : '' [[1991 European Cup Final|1990–91]] * '''[[UEFA Cup]] / [[Europa League]]''' ** ''Runners-up (2) : '' [[1999 UEFA Cup Final|1998–99]], 2003–04 * '''[[UEFA Intertoto Cup]]''' ** ''Winners (1) : '' [[UEFA Intertoto Cup 2005|2005]] ===Domestic competeetions=== [[File:L'OM, vainqueur de la Coupe de la Ligue.jpg|thumb|Marseille players winnin [[Coupe de la Ligue 2009–10]]]] [[File:Olympique de Marseille 2011.jpeg|thumb|Marseille players winnin [[2011 Trophée des Champions]]]] * '''[[Ligue 1|Division 1]] / [[Ligue 1]]'''<ref>Until 2002, when the Ligue 1 was formed, the top tier of [[Football in France|French football]] was known as Division 1.</ref> ** ''Winners (9) : '' [[1936–37 French football Division 1|1936–37]], [[1947–48 French football Division 1|1947–48]], [[French football Division 1 1970-71|1970–71]], [[1971–72 French football Division 1|1971–72]], [[1988–89 French football Division 1|1988–89]], [[French football Division 1 1989-90|1989–90]], [[French football Division 1 1990-91|1990–91]], [[1991–92 French Division 1|1991–92]], [[2009–10 Ligue 1|2009–10]] * '''[[Ligue 2|Division 2]]''' ** ''Winners (2) : ''[[French football Division 2 1983-84|1983–84]], 1994–95 * '''[[Coupe de France]]''' ''(record)'' ** ''Winners (10): '' [[Coupe de France Final 1924|1923–24]], [[Coupe de France Final 1926|1925–26]], [[Coupe de France Final 1927|1926–27]], [[Coupe de France Final 1935|1934–35]], [[Coupe de France Final 1938|1937–38]], [[Coupe de France Final 1943|1942–43]], [[Coupe de France 1968-69|1968–69]], [[Coupe de France 1971-72|1971–72]], [[Coupe de France 1975-76|1975–76]], 1988–89 * '''[[Coupe de la Ligue]]''' ''(shared record)'' ** ''Winners (3) : '' [[2010 Coupe de la Ligue Final|2009–10]], [[2011 Coupe de la Ligue Final|2010–11]], 2011–12 *'''[[Trophée des champions]]'''<ref>The trophy was known as ''Challenge des champions'' until 1995, and as ''Trophée des Champions'' ever since.</ref> ** ''Winners (3) : '' [[Trophée des champions|1971]], [[2010 Trophée des Champions|2010]], 2011 *'''[[Coupe Charles Drago]]''' ** ''Winners (1) : '' [[List of French football champions|1957]] *'''[[Leet o French fitbaw champions|Championnat de France Amateurs]]''' ** ''Winners (1) : '' [[List of French football champions|1929]] *'''[[Leet o French fitbaw champions|Championnat de France USFSA]]''' ** ''Runners-up (1) : '' [[List of French football champions|1919]] ===Defunct Domestic competitions=== *'''[[Championnat de France Amateurs]]''' ** ''Winners (1) : '' [[Championnat de France Amateurs|2002]] *'''[[Championnat de France Amateurs|South-East DH Championship]]''' ** ''Winners (2) : '' [[Championnat de France Amateurs|1958]], 1966 ** ''Runners-up (1) : '' [[Championnat de France Amateurs|1962]] *'''[[Championnat de France Amateurs|Coastline USFSA Championship 3]]''' ** ''Winners (1) : '' [[Championnat de France Amateurs|1910]] *'''[[Championnat de France Amateurs|Coastline USFSA Championship 4]]''' ** ''Winners (1) : '' [[Championnat de France Amateurs|1910]] *'''[[Coupe Gambardella]]''' ** ''Winners (1) : '' [[Championnat de France Amateurs|1979]] *'''[[Championnat de France Amateurs|French Under 16 championship]]''' ** ''Winners (3) : '' [[Championnat de France Amateurs|1979]], [[Championnat de France Amateurs|2008]], 2009 == Footnotes == {{Reflist|1}} == Freemit airtins == {{commons category|Olympique de Marseille}} *[http://www.om.net Offeecial steid] {{DEFAULTSORT:Marseille, Olympique}} [[Category:Olympique de Marseille| ]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1899]] [[Category:G-14 clubs]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Marseille]] [[Category:1899 establishments in Fraunce]] [[Category:Unrelegatit association fitbaw clubs]] en3bbi23gxxevksltm4ye0hdmtmuwfm 0 81778 915929 880559 2026-04-29T21:44:28Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox UK place | country = Ingland | coordinates = {{coord|52.519|-1.995|display=inline,title}} | population = 75,405 | population_ref = <br/>(Town)<ref name="SandwellTrends">{{cite web|title=Census 2011 Key Stats|url=http://www.sandwelltrends.info/lisv2/navigation/keystats.asp|work=Sandwell Trends|publisher=Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council|accessdate=2 July 2013|archive-date=2013-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513125852/http://www.sandwelltrends.info/lisv2/navigation/keystats.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref><br/>136,940<br/>(Urban Sub-Area)<ref name="ONS">{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-211059|title=Census 2001 Key Statistics, Urban areas in England and Wales|publisher=Office for National Statistics|accessdate=2 July 2013|archive-date=2012-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527143912/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-211059|url-status=dead}}</ref> | official_name = West Bromwich | metropolitan_borough = [[Sandwell]] | region = Wast Midlands | metropolitan_county = [[Wast Midlands (coonty)|Wast Midlands]] | constituency_westminster = [[:en:West Bromwich West (UK Parliament constituency)|West Bromwich West]] | constituency_westminster1 = [[:en:West Bromwich East (UK Parliament constituency)|West Bromwich East]] | post_town = WEST BROMWICH | postcode_district = B70 – B71 | postcode_area = B | dial_code = 0121 | os_grid_reference = SP0091 | london_distance = {{convert|126|mi|km|0|abbr=on}} | static_image_name = Exterior, The Public, West Bromwich - geograph.org.uk - 1537748.jpg | static_image_caption = The Public }} '''West Bromwich''' {{IPAc-en|audio=en-uk-WestBromwich.ogg|w|ɛ|s|t|_|ˈ|b|r|ɒ|m|ɪ|tʃ}} or {{IPAc-en|w|ɛ|s|t|_|ˈ|b|r|ɒ|m|w|ɪ|tʃ}} is a toun athin the [[Sandwell|Metropolitan Borough of Sandwell]], in the [[Wast Midlands (coonty)|Wast Midlands]] coonty o Ingland. [[Historic coonties o Ingland|Historically]] in Staffordshire, it is situatit {{convert|5|mi|km|0}} northwast o [[Birmingham]] on the [[A41 road|A41]] Lunnon-tae-Birkenhead road, an is pairt o the [[Black Kintra]]. West Bromwich is the lairgest toun in Sandwell, wi a population o 75,405 at the 2011 census;<ref name="SandwellTrends"/> the wider West Bromwich Urban Sub-Aurie wis recordit as haein a population o [[Leet o Inglis ceeties bi population|136,940]] at the time o the 2001 census.<ref name="ONS"/> ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} [[Category:West Bromwich| ]] [[Category:Touns in the Wast Midlands (coonty)]] [[Category:Auries o Sandwell]] [[Category:Post touns in the B postcode aurie]] sm2u0glu9tf0kgsln4zf8iugro7morj 0 91767 915892 730829 2026-04-29T12:54:07Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915892 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Prime Minister | honorific-prefix = [[The Richt Honourable]] | name =Sir Robert Peel | honorific-suffix = [[Baronet|Bt]] | image =Robert Peel Portrait.jpg | order =[[Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick]] | term_start =30 August 1841 | term_end =29 Juin 1846 | monarch =[[Queen Victoria|Victoria]] | predecessor =[[William Lamb, 2nt Viscoont Melbourne|The Viscoont Melbourne]] | successor =[[John Russell, 1st Yerl Russell|Laird John Russell]] | term_start2 =10 December 1834 | term_end2 =8 Aprile 1835 | monarch2 =[[William IV o the Unitit Kinrick|William IV]] | predecessor2 =[[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke o Wellington|The Duke o Wellington]] | successor2 =[[William Lamb, 2nt Viscoont Melbourne|The Viscoont Melbourne]] | order3 =[[Leader o the Opposeetion (Unitit Kinrick)|Leader o the Opposition]] | term_start3 =18 Aprile 1835 | term_end3 =30 August 1841 | monarch3 =William IV<br />Victoria | predecessor3 =[[William Lamb, 2nt Viscoont Melbourne|The Viscoont Melbourne]] | successor3 =[[William Lamb, 2nt Viscoont Melbourne|The Viscoont Melbourne]] | order4 =[[Chancellor o the Exchequer]] | term_start4 =2 December 1834 | term_end4 =8 Aprile 1835 | predecessor4 =[[Thomas Denman, 1st Baron Denman|The Laird Denman]] | successor4 =[[Thomas Spring Rice, 1st Baron Monteagle|Thomas Spring Rice]] | order5 =[[Home Secretar]] | term_start5 =26 Januar 1828 | term_end5 =22 November 1830 | predecessor5 =[[Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess o Lansdowne|The Marquess o Lansdowne]] | successor5 =[[William Lamb, 2nt Viscount Melbourne|The Viscoont Melbourne]] | term_start6 =17 Januar 1822 | term_end6 =10 Aprile 1827 | predecessor6 =[[Henry Addington, 1st Viscoont Sidmouth|The Viscoont Sidmouth]] | successor6 =[[William Sturges Bourne]] | birth_date ={{birth date|df=yes|1788|2|5}} | birth_place =[[Ramsbottom]], [[Lancashire]], Ingland, Great Britain | death_date ={{death date and age|df=yes|1850|7|2|1788|2|5}} | death_place =[[Westminster]], [[Middlesex]], Ingland, Unitit Kinrick | alma_mater =[[Christ Kirk, Oxford]] | party =[[Tory]]/[[Conservative Pairty (UK)|Conservative]] | spouse = Julia | children = 7 | religion = [[Kirk o Ingland]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://biography.yourdictionary.com/sir-robert-peel|title=Sir Robert Peel Facts|work=yourdictionary.com|access-date=2015-04-30|archive-date=2013-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329133347/http://biography.yourdictionary.com/sir-robert-peel|url-status=dead}}</ref> | signature =Robert Peel Signature.svg | signature_alt = Cursive signature in ink |allegiance = {{nowrap|{{flagicon image|Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|size=23px}} [[Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain an Ireland|Unitit Kinrick]]}} |branch = [[Image:Flag of the British Army.svg|23px]] [[Breetish Airmy]] |serviceyears = 1820 |rank = [[File:British Army OF-1b.svg|15px]] [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|Lieutenant]] |unit = [[Staffordshire Yeomanry]] |}} '''Sir Robert Peel, 2nt Baronet''' (5 Februar 1788{{spaced ndash}}2 Julie 1850) wis a Breetish [[Conservative Pairty (UK)|Conservative]] statesman, who twice served as [[Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick|Prime Meenister]] o the [[Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain an Ireland|Unitit Kinrick]] frae 10 December 1834 tae 8 Aprile 1835, an again frae 30 August 1841 tae 29 Juin 1846. ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Peel, Robert}} [[Category:Robert Peel| ]] [[Category:1788 births]] [[Category:1850 daiths]] [[Category:Accidental daiths in Lunnon]] [[Category:Baronets in the Baronetage o Great Breetain]] [[Category:Buirials in Staffordshire]] [[Category:Chancellors o the Exchequer o the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Conservative Pairty (UK) MPs]] [[Category:Alumni o Christ Church, Oxford]] [[Category:Daiths bi horse-ridin accident]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society]] [[Category:Leaders o the Hoose o Commons]] [[Category:Leaders o the Conservative Pairty (UK)]] [[Category:Members o the Privy Cooncil o the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Members o the Privy Cooncil o Ireland]] [[Category:Members o the Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick for Inglis constituencies]] [[Category:Members o the Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick for Erse constituencies (1801–1922)]] [[Category:Members o the Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick for varsity constituencies]] [[Category:Metropolitan Police]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Harrow Schuil]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Bury Grammar Schuil]] [[Category:Fowk frae Bury]] [[Category:Fowk frae Ramsbottom]] [[Category:Prime Meenisters o the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Fowk o the Victorian era]] [[Category:Rectors o the Varsity o Glesga]] [[Category:Secretaries o State for the Hame Depairtment]] [[Category:Tory MPs (pre-1834)]] [[Category:UK MPs 1807–1812]] [[Category:UK MPs 1812–1818]] [[Category:UK MPs 1818–1820]] [[Category:UK MPs 1820–1826]] [[Category:UK MPs 1826–1830]] [[Category:UK MPs 1830–1831]] [[Category:UK MPs 1831–1832]] [[Category:UK MPs 1832–1835]] [[Category:UK MPs 1835–1837]] [[Category:UK MPs 1837–1841]] [[Category:UK MPs 1841–1847]] [[Category:UK MPs 1847–1852]] [[Category:Peel faimily|Robert]] [[Category:Staffordshire Yeomanry officers]] a0huu9hdnu4kpvld2tuo6soyp198u2w 0 132829 915906 895131 2026-04-29T18:45:28Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915906 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |honorific-prefix = |name = Sir Thomas More |honorific-suffix = |image = Hans Holbein, the Younger - Sir Thomas More - Google Art Project.jpg |imagesize = 220px |caption = ''Sir Thomas More'',<br>by [[Hans Holbein the Younger]], 1527 |office = [[Laird Chancellor]] |term_start = October 1529 |term_end = Mey 1532 |monarch = [[Henry VIII]] |preceded = [[Thomas Wolsey]] |succeeded = [[Thomas Audley, 1st Baron Audley o Walden|Thomas Audley]] |office1 = [[Chancellor o the Duchy o Lancaster]] |term_start1 = 31 December 1525 |term_end1 = 3 November 1529 |monarch1 = [[Henry VIII]] |preceded1 = [[Richard Wingfield]] |succeeded1 = [[William FitzWilliam, 1st Earl o Southampton|William FitzWilliam]] |office2 = [[Leet o Speakers o the Hoose o Commons o Igland|Speaker o the Hoose o Commons]] |term_start2 = 16 Aprile 1523 |term_end2 = 13 August 1523 |monarch2 = [[Henry VIII]] |preceded2 = [[Thomas Nevill]] |succeeded2 = [[Thomas Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Walden|Thomas Audley]] |birth_date = 7 February 1478 |death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1535|7|6|1478|2|7 }} |birth_place = [[Lunnon]], [[Ingland]] |death_place =Lunnon, Ingland |restingplace = [[Kirk o St Peter ad Vincula]], [[London]], [[Ingland]] |restingplacecoordinates = {{Coord|51.508611|-0.076944|type:landmark_region:GB|display=inline}} |spouse = {{Marriage|Jane Colt|1505}}<br />{{Marriage|[[Alice, Lady More|Alice Harpur]]|1511}} |children = [[Margaret Roper|Margaret]]<br />Elizabeth<br />Cicely<br />John |alma_mater = [[Varsity o Oxford]]<br>[[Lincoln's Inn]] |religion = [[Catholic Kirk|Roman Catholic]] |signature = Thomas More Signature.svg }} '''Sir Thomas More''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɔr}}; 7 Februar 1478{{spaced ndash}}6 Julie 1535), [[veneration|venerate]] bi [[Catholic Kirk|Catholics]] as '''Saunt Thomas More''',<ref>[http://savior.org/saints/more.htm St. Thomas More, 1478–1535] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225213323/http://www.savior.org/saints/more.htm |date=2019-12-25 }} at Savior.org</ref><ref>[http://www.thomasmorestudies.org/rep_canonization.html Homily at the Canonization of St. Thomas More] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304125607/http://www.thomasmorestudies.org/rep_canonization.html |date=2016-03-04 }} at The Center for Thomas More Studies at the University of Dallas, 2010, citing text "Recorded in The Tablet, June 1, 1935, pp. 694–695"</ref> wis an Inglis lawyer, [[social filosofer]], author, [[Politeecian|statesman]] an notit [[Renaissance humanism|Renaissance humanist]]. He wis forby a cooncillor tae [[Henry VIII o Ingland|Henry VIII]], an [[Laird Chancellor|Laird Heich Chancellor o England]] frae October 1529 tae 16 Mey 1532.<ref>Linder, Douglas O. [http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/more/morechrono.html The Trial of Sir Thomas More: A Chronology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226034704/http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/PROJECTS/FTRIALS/more/morechrono.html |date=2019-12-26 }} at University Of Missouri-Kansas City (UMKC) School Of Law</ref> He wrote ''[[Utopia (beuk)|Utopia]]'', published in 1516, aboot the poleetical seestem o an imaiginar, ideal island naition. More opponed the [[Protestant Reformation]], in pairteecular the theology o [[Martin Luther]], [[Henry VIII]], [[John Calvin]] an [[William Tyndale]]. More forby opponed the king's separation frae the [[Catholic Kirk]], refuisin tae acknawledge Henry as [[Supreme Heid o the Kirk o Ingland]] an the annulment o his mairiage tae [[Catherine o Aragon]]. Efter refuisin tae tak the [[Aith o Owerins]], he wis convictit o [[traison]] an executit. O his execution, he wis reportit tae hae said: "A dee the Keeng's guid servand, an God's first". [[Pape Pius XI]] besauntit More in 1935 as a [[mairtyrs|mairtyr]]. [[Pape John Paul II]] in 2000 declared him the [[patron saunt]] "o Statesmen an Politeecians".<ref name=JP2PatronSaint>[[Apostolic letter]] issued ''[[motu proprio]]'' proclaiming Saint Thomas More Patron of Statesmen and Politicians, 31 October 2000 [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/motu_proprio/documents/hf_jp-ii_motu-proprio_20001031_thomas-more_en.html Vatican.va]</ref> Syne 1980, the [[Kirk o Ingland]] haes mindit More leeturgically as a Reformation martyr.<ref name="CofEholyDays">{{cite web|url=http://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-worship/worship/texts/the-calendar/holydays.aspx|title=Holy Days|work=Worship – The Calendar|publisher=[[Church of England]]|year=2011|accessdate=20 April 2011|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225084824/https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/join-us-daily-prayer|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Soviet Union]] honoured him for the purportitly [[communist]] attitude taewart guids an gear richts expressed in ''Utopia''.<ref name=Margaret-L-King01a>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=a63xAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA157&dq=%22Thomas+More%22+Kremlin#v=onepage&q=%22Thomas%20More%22%20Kremlin&f=false |title=Renaissance Humanism: An Anthology of Sources|publisher=[[Hackett Publishing]]|author=Margaret L. King|page=157 | date=2014|isbn=978-1-62466-146-4|accessdate=20 December 2014|quote=Hailed as a Communist hero by Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and Karl Kautsky, More's contribution to "the liberation of humankind" is commemorated, at Lenin's suggestion, on a monument erected in 1918 in Aleksandrovsky Garden near the Kremlin.[12]...[12] J.A.Guy, Thomas More (London, New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 95–96}}</ref><ref name=University-of-Dallas01a>{{cite web|url=http://www.thomasmorestudies.org/g-c1.html|title=The Center for Thomas More Studies – Art > Gallery > Moscow|publisher=The Center for Thomas More Studies at The [[University of Dallas]]|date=2010|accessdate=20 December 2014|quote=This monument, suggested by Lenin and built in 1918, lists Thomas More (ninth from the top) among the most influential thinkers "who promoted the liberation of humankind from oppression, arbitrariness, and exploitation." It is in Aleksndrovsky Garden near the Kremlin.|archive-date=2019-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115073923/http://www.thomasmorestudies.org/g-c1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=afoniya01a>{{cite web |url=https://afoniya.wordpress.com/2013/07/10/on-the-removal-of-a-moscow-statue/ |title=On the removal of a Moscow statue|author=afoniya| date=10 July 2013 |accessdate=20 December 2014|quote=What was known as the Stele of Freedom or the [[Alexander Garden Obelisk|Obelisk of Revolutionary Thinkers]] has been dismantled apparently to be reinstalled in some months time as a monument to the Romanov Dynasty. This historically symbolic act was carried out on July 2 completely unannounced … The obelisk was one of the most interesting statues historically and ideologically because of the kind of names that it had on the statue. This was not simply a case of Marx, Engels, Lenin. It was (it seems) the first revolutionary monument to be opened after the revolution of 1917 and, in a non-dogmatic spirit, it included the names of anarchists, reformist socialists and even that of Thomas More.}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:More, Thomas}} [[Category:1478 births]] [[Category:1535 daiths]] [[Category:16t-century Christian saunts]] [[Category:16t-century Inglis writers]] [[Category:16t-century historians]] [[Category:16t-century Laitin-leid writers]] [[Category:16t-century novelists]] [[Category:16t-century Roman Catholic martyrs]] [[Category:Anglican saunts]] [[Category:Anti-Protestantism]] [[Category:Chancellors o the Duchy o Lancaster]] [[Category:Christian humanists]] [[Category:Early Modren philosophers]] [[Category:Inglis Catholic poets]] [[Category:Inglis non-feection writers]] [[Category:Inglis releegious writers]] [[Category:Inglis Renaissance humanists]] [[Category:Inglis Roman Catholic saunts]] [[Category:Inglis saunts]] [[Category:Executit filosofers]] [[Category:Executit writers]] [[Category:Executions at the Touer o Lunnon]] [[Category:Creautors o writin seestems]] [[Category:Laird Chancellors o Ingland]] [[Category:Members o Lincoln's Inn]] [[Category:Members o the Privy Cooncil o Ingland]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Magdalen College Schuil, Oxford]] [[Category:Fowk associatit wi the Varsity o Oxford]] [[Category:Christian martyrs executit bi decapitation]] [[Category:Fowk executit unner the Tudors for treason against Ingland]] [[Category:Fowk frae the Ceety o Lunnon]] [[Category:Prisoners in the Touer o Lunnon]] [[Category:Roman Catholic filosofers]] [[Category:Roman Catholic writers]] [[Category:Early modren Christian devotional writers]] [[Category:Canonisations bi Pape Pius XI]] [[Category:Utopian socialists]] [[Category:Utopists]] [[Category:Third Order o Saunt Francis]] [[Category:Franciscan martyrs]] [[Category:Franciscan saunts]] [[Category:Fowk executit bi Tudor Ingland bi decapitation]] [[Category:Fowk frae Lunnon executit bi decapitation]] [[Category:Fowk executit unner Henry VIII o Ingland]] [[Category:Inglis MPs 1504]] [[Category:Inglis MPs 1510]] [[Category:Inglis MPs 1523]] [[Category:Speakers o the Hoose o Commons o Ingland]] [[Category:Members o the Pairlament o Ingland for the Ceety o Lunnon]] [[Category:Buirials at St. Peter ad Vincula (Lunnon)]] [[Category:More faimily]] [[Category:Breetish male poets]] [[Category:Inglis male novelists]] b19vscs5hre1fc3y0gw67ezrnsnu0j8 0 163272 916008 798454 2026-04-30T10:46:05Z Cobra 3000 28371 Pit in stub tag 916008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist |nobel=yes |name = Edward Purcell |image = Edward_Mills_Purcell.jpg |image_size = 180px |caption = Edward Mills Purcell (1912–1997) |birth_date = {{birth date|1912|8|30}} |birth_place = [[Taylorville, Illinois]], Unitit States |death_date = {{death date and age|1997|3|7|1912|8|30}} |death_place = [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], Unitit States |nationality = Unitit States |fields = [[Pheesics]] |workplaces = [[Harvard Varsity]]<br>[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] |alma_mater = [[Purdue Varsity]] {{small|(BSEE)|Bachelor o Ingineerin}} <br>[[Harvard Varsity]] {{small|(M.A.)}}<br>[[Harvard Varsity]] {{small|(Ph.D)}} |doctoral_advisor = [[Kenneth Bainbridge]] |academic_advisors = [[John Van Vleck]] |doctoral_students = [[George Pake]]<br>[[George Benedek]]<br>[[Charles Pence Slichter]] |notable_students = [[Nicolaas Bloembergen]] |known_for = {{nowrap|[[Nuclear magnetic resonance]] (NMR)}}<br>[[Smith-Purcell effect]]<br>[[Hydrogen line|21 cm line]] |influences = |influenced = |awards = {{nowrap|[[Nobel Prize for Pheesics]] {{small|(1952)}}<br>[[Oersted Medal]] {{small|(1967)}} <br>[[Naitional Medal o Science]] {{small|(1979)}}<br>[[Max Delbruck Prize]] <small>(1984)</small><br>[[Beatrice M. Tinsley Prize]] <small>(1988)</small>}} }} '''Edward Mills Purcell''' (August 30, 1912 – Mairch 7, 1997) wis an [[Unitit States|American]] pheesicist wha shared the 1952 [[Nobel Prize for Pheesics]] for his independent discovery (published 1946) o nuclear magnetic resonance in liquids an in solits.<ref name="frs">{{Cite journal | last1 = Bleaney | first1 = B. | authorlink = Brebis Bleaney| doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1999.0029 | title = Edward Mills Purcell. 30 August 1912 -- 7 March 1997: Elected For.Mem.R.S. 1989 | journal = [[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] | volume = 45 | pages = 437–447 | year = 1999 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref> Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) haes acome widely uised tae study the [[Molecule|molecular structur]] o pure materials an the composeetion o mixturs. ==References== {{Reflist}}{{Stub/Science}}{{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Purcell, Edward Mills}} [[Category:1912 births]] [[Category:1997 daiths]] [[Category:20t-century physicists]] [[Category:American Nobel laureates]] [[Category:American nuclear pheesicists]] [[Category:American physicists]] [[Category:Experimental pheesicists]] [[Category:Fellaes o the American Academy o Airts an Sciences]] [[Category:Harvard Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Harvard Varsity faculty]] [[Category:Massachusetts Institute o Technology faculty]] [[Category:Naitional Medal o Science laureates]] [[Category:Nobel laureates in Pheesics]] [[Category:Fowk frae Taylorville, Illinois]] [[Category:Purdue Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Winners o the Beatrice M. Tinsley Prize]] [[Category:Members o the Unitit States Naitional Academy o Sciences]] 0y6ph6rlefnwux972n1zem663igj18x 0 166942 915928 894554 2026-04-29T21:44:02Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Welsh fowk<br />{{small|''Cymru''}} |flag = Flag of Wales (1959–present).svg |flag_caption = [[Banner o Wales]] | total = '''{{circa}} 6–16.3 million'''<ref name="Welsh names">{{cite web|url=http://gov.wales/docs/caecd/research/061102-welsh-diaspora-analysis-geography-welsh-names-en.pdf|title=The Welsh diaspora : Analysis of the geography of Welsh names|accessdate=26 June 2016|author=Richard Webber|work=Welsh Assembly|archive-date=2018-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927113654/https://gov.wales/docs/caecd/research/061102-welsh-diaspora-analysis-geography-welsh-names-en.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | caption = | popplace = {{WAL}} 3 million<ref name="Welsh names"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_272571.pdf|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_272571.pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=5 January 2016|title=2011 Census - Population and Household Estimates for Wales, March 2011|accessdate=20 May 2016|work=ons.gov.uk|date=16 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2011 Census - Population and Household Estimates for Wales |page=6 |date=March 2011 |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_272571.pdf |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] |accessdate=13 December 2012 |archive-date=2016-01-05 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_272571.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="2011censuswales">{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_290982.pdf |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] |title=2011 Census: Key Statistics for Wales, March 2011 |date=11 December 2012 |accessdate=6 January 2016}}</ref><br><small>(Welsh descent only)</small> | region2 = {{USA}} | pop2 = 1.75–1.81 million | ref2 = <ref name="usa">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_12_1YR_B04003&prodType=table|title=2012 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=6 January 2016|archive-date=2020-02-12|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212212406/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_12_1YR_B04003&prodType=table|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region3 = {{ENG}} | pop3 = 609,711 | ref3 = <ref name="England">{{cite web |author=Neighbourhood Statistics |url=http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=276743&c=London&d=13&e=13&g=325264&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1198518794421&enc=1&dsFamilyId=85 |title=Welsh people in England |publisher=Neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk |accessdate=17 October 2009 |archive-date=2011-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629064402/http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=276743&c=London&d=13&e=13&g=325264&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1198518794421&enc=1&dsFamilyId=85 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region4 = {{CAN}} | pop4 = 458,705 | ref4 = <ref name="Welsh Canadians">{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=2&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=1118296&GK=0&GRP=0&PID=105396&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&D1=0&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0&D6=0 |author=[[Statistics Canada]] |title=2011 National Household Survey: Data tables |accessdate=19 February 2014}}</ref> | region5 = {{AUS}} | pop5 = 125,597 | ref5 = <ref name="Welsh Australians">{{cite web |url=http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/statistics/comm-summ/textversion/uk.htm |title=Welsh Australians |author=[[Government of Australia|Australian Government]] - Department of Immigration and Border Protection |accessdate=20 February 2014 |archive-date=2014-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213070234/https://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/statistics/comm-summ/textversion/uk.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region6 = {{ARG}} | pop6 = 75,000 | ref6 = <ref name="WAG">{{cite web |title=Wales and Argentina |url=http://man121208a.wales.com/en/content/cms/English/International_Links/Wales_and_the_World/Wales_and_Argentina/Wales_and_Argentina.aspx |publisher=[[Welsh Government]] |year=2008 |accessdate=8 October 2010 |work=Wales.com website }}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | region7 = {{SCO}} | pop7 = 16,623 | ref7 = <ref name="scotland">{{cite web|url=http://www.aberdeencity.gov.uk/nmsruntime/saveasdialog.asp?lID=1722&sID=332|format=PDF|title=City of Aberdeen: Census Stats and Facts page 25, section 18, Country of birth|publisher=[[Aberdeen|City of Aberdeen]]|year=2003|accessdate=6 April 2010|archive-date=2010-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428141137/http://www.aberdeencity.gov.uk/nmsruntime/saveasdialog.asp?lID=1722&sID=332|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region8 = {{NZL}} | pop8 = 9,966 | ref8 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/2001-ethnic-groups/default.htm |title=The 2001 New Zealand census reports 3,342 people stating they belong to the Welsh ''ethnic group''. |access-date=2017-04-05 |archive-date=2005-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050210003814/http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/2001-ethnic-groups/default.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/change-in-ethnicity-question.htm The 1996 census, which used a slightly different question, reported 9,966 people belonging to the Welsh ethnic group.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050308030551/http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/change-in-ethnicity-question.htm |date=8 March 2005 }}</ref> | languages = [[Inglis leid|Inglis]], [[Welsh leid|Welsh]] | religions = Predominantly [[Christianity]] |related= [[Breton fowk|Bretons]], [[Cornish fowk|Cornish]], [[Manx fowk|Manx]], [[Inglis fowk|Inglis]], [[Scots fowk|Scots]], [[Erse fowk|Erse]], [[Ulster-Scots]] }} The '''Welsh fowk''' or '''the Welsh''' ({{lang-cy|Cymry}}) are a [[naition]] an [[ethnic group]] native tae, or itherwise associatit wi, [[Wales]] an the [[Welsh leid]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Welsh Fowk}} [[Category:Welsh fowk| ]] [[Category:Brythonic Celts]] [[Category:Celtic ethnic groups]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in the Unitit Kinrick]] 5yyyxiqm4xpajhmyej3hokdo53tpsrn 0 168846 915971 914632 2026-04-30T07:23:19Z LivMaddieFan26M3 130544 - NdEeGeE DooG - 915971 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:CNC Hello World.jpg|thumb|right|[[Numerical control|CNC]] machinin test in [[Perspex]]]] A '''"Hello, World!" program''' is a [[computer program]] that ootputs or shaws the Inglis phrase "Hello World!" tae a uiser. Bein a very simple program in maist [[programmin leid]]s, it is aften uised tae expleen the basic [[syntax]] o a programmin leid for a wirkin program.<ref>{{cite web|author=James A Langbridge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y51NAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA74&lpg=PA74&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Professional Embedded ARM Development}}</ref> It is aften the very first program fowk write when thay are new tae a leid. The [[String (computer science)|string]] "Hello World!" is aften uised for historical raisons but wirds in ony [[Leid|human leid]] wark juist as guid. - NdEeGeE DooG - ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hello World Program}} [[Category:Test items in computer leids]] [[Category:Computer programmin fowklair]] f6b2fumytqtb4y40vk4wx47g7p8q4u8 915972 915971 2026-04-30T07:23:24Z NDG 120996 Revertit edit o LivMaddieFan26M3, chynged back tae last version bi NDG 791305 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:CNC Hello World.jpg|thumb|right|[[Numerical control|CNC]] machinin test in [[Perspex]]]] A '''"Hello, World!" program''' is a [[computer program]] that ootputs or shaws the Inglis phrase "Hello World!" tae a uiser. Bein a very simple program in maist [[programmin leid]]s, it is aften uised tae expleen the basic [[syntax]] o a programmin leid for a wirkin program.<ref>{{cite web|author=James A Langbridge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y51NAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA74&lpg=PA74&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Professional Embedded ARM Development}}</ref> It is aften the very first program fowk write when thay are new tae a leid. The [[String (computer science)|string]] "Hello World!" is aften uised for historical raisons but wirds in ony [[Leid|human leid]] wark juist as guid. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hello World Program}} [[Category:Test items in computer leids]] [[Category:Computer programmin fowklair]] dg8dn6lf0otgsn1mthd5mlfbzky7p1a 915973 915972 2026-04-30T07:23:40Z LivMaddieFan26M3 130544 - NdEeGeE DooG - 915973 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:CNC Hello World.jpg|thumb|right|[[Numerical control|CNC]] machinin test in [[Perspex]]]] A '''"Hello, World!" program''' is a [[computer program]] that ootputs or shaws the Inglis phrase "Hello World!" tae a uiser. Bein a very simple program in maist [[programmin leid]]s, it is aften uised tae expleen the basic [[syntax]] o a programmin leid for a wirkin program.<ref>{{cite web|author=James A Langbridge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y51NAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA74&lpg=PA74&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Professional Embedded ARM Development}}</ref> It is aften the very first program fowk write when thay are new tae a leid. The [[String (computer science)|string]] "Hello World!" is aften uised for historical raisons but wirds in ony [[Leid|human leid]] wark juist as guid. - NdEeGeE DooG - ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hello World Program}} [[Category:Test items in computer leids]] [[Category:Computer programmin fowklair]] f6b2fumytqtb4y40vk4wx47g7p8q4u8 915978 915973 2026-04-30T07:25:58Z LivMaddieFan26M3 130544 - NdEeGeE DooG - 915978 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:CNC Hello World.jpg|thumb|right|[[Numerical control|CNC]] machinin test in [[Perspex]]]] A '''"Hello, World!" program''' is a [[computer program]] that ootputs or shaws the Inglis phrase "Hello World!" tae a uiser. Bein a very simple program in maist [[programmin leid]]s, it is aften uised tae expleen the basic [[syntax]] o a programmin leid for a wirkin program.<ref>{{cite web|author=James A Langbridge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y51NAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA74&lpg=PA74&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Professional Embedded ARM Development}}</ref> It is aften the very first program fowk write when thay are new tae a leid. The [[String (computer science)|string]] "Hello World!" is aften uised for historical raisons but wirds in ony [[Leid|human leid]] wark juist as guid. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hello World Program}} [[Category:Test items in computer leids]] [[Category:Computer programmin fowklair]] dg8dn6lf0otgsn1mthd5mlfbzky7p1a 0 200936 915959 915847 2026-04-30T06:54:37Z LivMaddieFan26M3 130544 915959 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox televeesion | show_name = Descendants 2 | image = | image_size = | image_alt = | caption = | genre = {{plainlist| * [[Muisical film|Muisical]] * [[Fantasie film|Fantasie]] * [[Adventur film|Adventur]] * [[Teen film|Teen]] }} | creator = | based_on = | writer = {{plainlist| * [[Josann McGibbon]] * Sara Parriott }} | screenplay = | story = | director = [[Kenny Ortega]] | starring = {{plainlist| * [[Dove Cameron]] * [[Cameron Boyce]] * [[Sofia Carson]] * [[Booboo Stewart]] * [[China Anne McClain]] <!-- Note: Do not add Mitchell Hope – he is not included in the poster art. --> }} | narrated = | composer = [[David Nessim Lawrence|David Lawrence]] | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | num_episodes = | executive_producer = {{plainlist| * Judy Taylor * [[Josann McGibbon]] * Sara Parriott * Kenny Ortega }} | producer = Tracey Jeffrey (line producer) | editor = Don Brochu | cinematography = | runtime = 111 meenits | company = {{plainlist| * Bad Angels Productions * 5678 Productions * Disney Channel Original Productions }} | distributor = [[Disney–ABC Domestic Television]] | budget = | network = {{plainlist| * [[Disney Channel]] * [[Disney XD]] * [[Lifetime (TV netwark)|Lifetime]] * [[Lifetime Movies]] * [[Freeform (TV chainel)|Freeform]] * [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] }} | first_aired = {{start date|2017|7|21}}<ref name="Variety">{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2017/scene/vpage/descendants-2-premiere-dove-cameron-disney-channel-1202493764/|title=‘Descendants 2’ Cast Talks ‘Bigger’ Sets and Musical Numbers at Disney Channel Premiere|first=Malina|last=Saval|date=July 12, 2017|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=July 17, 2017|archive-date=July 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716015914/http://variety.com/2017/scene/vpage/descendants-2-premiere-dove-cameron-disney-channel-1202493764/|url-status=live}}</ref> | last_aired = | preceded_by = ''[[Descendants (2015 film)|Descendants]]'' | followed_by = ''[[Descendants 3]]'' | website = }} '''''Descendants 2''''' is an American [[muisical film|muisical]] [[fantasie]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2017/07/12/review-descendants-2-is-a-darker-deeper-better-sequel/|title=Review: 'Descendants 2' Is A Darker, Deeper, Better Sequel|last=Mendelson|first=Scott|website=[[Forbes]]|language=en|date=2017-07-12|access-date=2019-08-05|archive-date=August 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805045246/https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2017/07/12/review-descendants-2-is-a-darker-deeper-better-sequel/|url-status=live|url-access=limited}}</ref> [[televeesion film]]. It premiered as a [[Disney Channel Original Movie]] on Julie 21, 2017 on [[Disney Channel]], an wis simulcast on [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]]-owned netwarks [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]], [[Disney XD]], [[Freeform (TV chainel)|Freeform]], [[Lifetime (TV netwark)|Lifetime]] an [[Lifetime Movies]].<ref name="Variety" /> It is the seicont installment in the [[Descendants (franchise)|''Descendants'' franchise]] an the sequel tae the 2015 film ''[[Descendants (2015 film)|Descendants]]''. The film starns [[Dove Cameron]], [[Cameron Boyce]], [[Sofia Carson]], [[Booboo Stewart]], Mitchell Hope an [[China Anne McClain]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|last1=Swift|first1=Andy|title=Descendants 2 Premiering in 2017; China Anne McClain Cast as Ursula|url=https://tvline.com/2016/06/10/descendants-2-cast-china-anne-mcclain-ursula-2017-premiere-date/|work=[[TVLine]]|date=June 10, 2016|access-date=July 27, 2016|archive-date=July 29, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729183710/http://tvline.com/2016/06/10/descendants-2-cast-china-anne-mcclain-ursula-2017-premiere-date/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DH-06-2016">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2016/06/descendants-2-disney-channel-china-anne-mcclain-1201770262/|title=‘Descendants 2’ Greenlighted By Disney Channel For 2017, New Characters Added|first=Ross A.|last=Lincoln|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=June 10, 2016|access-date=July 27, 2016|archive-date=July 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709230900/http://deadline.com/2016/06/descendants-2-disney-channel-china-anne-mcclain-1201770262/|url-status=live}}</ref> A third film, ''[[Descendants 3]]'', premiered on August 2, 2019.<ref name="Descendants3">{{cite web |first=Derek |last=Lawrence |url=https://ew.com/tv/2018/02/16/disney-channel-descendants-3/ |title=Disney Channel officially announces ''Descendants 3'' |work=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |date=February 16, 2018 |access-date=February 16, 2018 |archive-date=February 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217074636/http://ew.com/tv/2018/02/16/disney-channel-descendants-3/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{IMDb title|5117876}} {{Stub/Fillum}} [[Category:2010s fantasie films]] [[Category:2010s muisical films]] [[Category:2017 televeesion films]] [[Category:American films]] [[Category:American fantasie films]] [[Category:American televeesion films]] [[Category:Disney Channel Original Movie films]] [[Category:Films based on fairy tales]] [[Category:Films directit bi Kenny Ortega]] [[Category:Films shot in Vancouver]] [[Category:Televeesion sequel films]] [[Category:Simulcasts]] [[Category:Descendants (film series)]] hfcrqeybsidx7l3f5tilkz4lkjf3jex 915960 915959 2026-04-30T06:54:49Z LivMaddieFan26M3 130544 915960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox televeesion | show_name = Descendants 2 | image = | image_size = | image_alt = | caption = | genre = {{plainlist| * [[Muisical film|Muisical]] * [[Fantasie film|Fantasie]] * [[Adventur film|Adventur]] * [[Teen film|Teen]] }} | creator = | based_on = | writer = {{plainlist| * [[Josann McGibbon]] * Sara Parriott }} | screenplay = | story = | director = [[Kenny Ortega]] | starring = {{plainlist| * [[Dove Cameron]] * [[Cameron Boyce]] * [[Sofia Carson]] * [[Booboo Stewart]] * [[China Anne McClain]] <!-- Note: Do not add Mitchell Hope – he is not included in the poster art. --> }} | narrated = | composer = [[David Nessim Lawrence|David Lawrence]] | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | num_episodes = | executive_producer = {{plainlist| * Judy Taylor * [[Josann McGibbon]] * Sara Parriott * Kenny Ortega }} | producer = Tracey Jeffrey (line producer) | editor = Don Brochu | cinematography = | runtime = 111 meenits | company = {{plainlist| * Bad Angels Productions * 5678 Productions * Disney Channel Original Productions }} | distributor = [[Disney–ABC Domestic Television]] | budget = | network = {{plainlist| * [[Disney Channel]] * [[Disney XD]] * [[Lifetime (TV netwark)|Lifetime]] * [[Lifetime Movies]] * [[Freeform (TV chainel)|Freeform]] * [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] }} | first_aired = {{start date|2017|7|21}}<ref name="Variety">{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2017/scene/vpage/descendants-2-premiere-dove-cameron-disney-channel-1202493764/|title=‘Descendants 2’ Cast Talks ‘Bigger’ Sets and Musical Numbers at Disney Channel Premiere|first=Malina|last=Saval|date=July 12, 2017|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=July 17, 2017|archive-date=July 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716015914/http://variety.com/2017/scene/vpage/descendants-2-premiere-dove-cameron-disney-channel-1202493764/|url-status=live}}</ref> | last_aired = | preceded_by = ''[[Descendants (2015 film)|Descendants]]'' | followed_by = ''[[Descendants 3]]'' | website = }} '''''Descendants 2''''' is an American [[muisical film|muisical]] [[fantasie]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2017/07/12/review-descendants-2-is-a-darker-deeper-better-sequel/|title=Review: 'Descendants 2' Is A Darker, Deeper, Better Sequel|last=Mendelson|first=Scott|website=[[Forbes]]|language=en|date=2017-07-12|access-date=2019-08-05|archive-date=August 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805045246/https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2017/07/12/review-descendants-2-is-a-darker-deeper-better-sequel/|url-status=live|url-access=limited}}</ref> [[televeesion film]]. It premiered as a [[Disney Channel Original Movie]] on Julie 21, 2017 on [[Disney Channel]], an wis simulcast on [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]]-owned netwarks [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]], [[Disney XD]], [[Freeform (TV chainel)|Freeform]], [[Lifetime (TV netwark)|Lifetime]] an [[Lifetime Movies]].<ref name="Variety" /> It is the seicont installment in the [[Descendants (franchise)|''Descendants'' franchise]] an the sequel tae the 2015 film ''[[Descendants (2015 film)|Descendants]]''. The film starns [[Dove Cameron]], [[Cameron Boyce]], [[Sofia Carson]], [[Booboo Stewart]], Mitchell Hope an [[China Anne McClain]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|last1=Swift|first1=Andy|title=Descendants 2 Premiering in 2017; China Anne McClain Cast as Ursula|url=https://tvline.com/2016/06/10/descendants-2-cast-china-anne-mcclain-ursula-2017-premiere-date/|work=[[TVLine]]|date=June 10, 2016|access-date=July 27, 2016|archive-date=July 29, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729183710/http://tvline.com/2016/06/10/descendants-2-cast-china-anne-mcclain-ursula-2017-premiere-date/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DH-06-2016">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2016/06/descendants-2-disney-channel-china-anne-mcclain-1201770262/|title=‘Descendants 2’ Greenlighted By Disney Channel For 2017, New Characters Added|first=Ross A.|last=Lincoln|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=June 10, 2016|access-date=July 27, 2016|archive-date=July 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709230900/http://deadline.com/2016/06/descendants-2-disney-channel-china-anne-mcclain-1201770262/|url-status=live}}</ref> A third film, ''[[Descendants 3]]'', premiered on August 2, 2019.<ref name="Descendants3">{{cite web |first=Derek |last=Lawrence |url=https://ew.com/tv/2018/02/16/disney-channel-descendants-3/ |title=Disney Channel officially announces ''Descendants 3'' |work=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |date=February 16, 2018 |access-date=February 16, 2018 |archive-date=February 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217074636/http://ew.com/tv/2018/02/16/disney-channel-descendants-3/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{IMDb title|5117876}} {{Stub/Fillum}} [[Category:2010s fantasie films]] [[Category:2010s muisical films]] [[Category:2017 televeesion films]] [[Category:American films]] [[Category:American fantasie films]] [[Category:American televeesion films]] [[Category:Disney Channel Original Movie films]] [[Category:Films based on fairy tales]] [[Category:Films directit bi Kenny Ortega]] [[Category:Films shot in Vancouver]] [[Category:Televeesion sequel films]] [[Category:Simulcasts]] [[Category:Descendants (film series)]] r35zhb91qoasug7ztp431wllsilt7xy 0 200937 915961 915844 2026-04-30T06:55:16Z LivMaddieFan26M3 130544 915961 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox person | name = Dove Cameron | image = Dove Cameron 2019 by Glenn Francis.jpg | caption = Cameron in October 2019 | birth_name = Chloe Celeste Hosterman | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|1|15}} | birth_place = [[Seattle, Washington]], U.S. | occupation = {{Flatlist| * Actress * sangster }} | years_active = 2012–present | website = | television = <!-- Television programmes presented bi or closely associated wi the subject. --> | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes | background = solo_singer | instrument = Vocals | label = {{flatlist| * [[Walt Disney Records|Walt Disney]] * [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] }} | associated_acts = [[The Girl and the Dreamcatcher]] }} }} '''Dove Cameron'''<ref name=Instagram>{{cite web|title=Instagram: Dove Cameron (official account)|url=http://instagram.com/p/r3IzUzpBlW|date=August 18, 2014|accessdate=August 18, 2014|quote=So. I just wanted to take this time to explain my name I all of you lovelies, because I have seen that there is quite a bit of confusion. My birth name is Chloe. But my daddy called me Dove/Dovey as a nickname since I was very small; just over a year old. As some of you know, my father passed away a few years ago, right around the time I started acting. So, I decided to change it legally in honor of him, which gives me great joy every day that I was able to do something so lasting and permanent to pay homage to his memory. But I still go by Chloe to some family members and Ryan. And some Starbucks employees. So Dove is not a stage name, it's actually a name that means a lot to me for many reasons. I Love you all!}}</ref> (born '''Chloe Celeste Hosterman'''; Januar 15, 1996)<ref name="dcmedianet">{{cite web|url=http://www.disneychannelmedianet.com/web/showpage/showpage.aspx?program_id=3155753&type=cameron|title=Dove Cameron "Liv and Maddie Rooney"|publisher=Disney Channel Medianet|year=2013|accessdate=Julie 9, 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103013840/http://www.disneychannelmedianet.com/web/showpage/showpage.aspx?program_id=3155753&type=cameron|archivedate=November 3, 2013}}</ref><ref name=twitter>{{cite tweet|first=Dove|last=Cameron|user=DoveCameron|number=416702545650655233|title=Just wanted to set this straight: I see literally everywhere that my birthday is January 14. It's January Fifteenth, my loves!|date=December 27, 2013|accessdate=Apryle 14, 2017}}</ref> is an American actress an sangster, kent for playin a dual role as the eponymous chairacters in the [[Disney Channel]] teen sitcom ''[[Liv and Maddie]]'' (2013-2017) an playin Mal, the dochter o [[Maleficent]], in the films ''[[Descendants (2015 film)|Descendants]]'' (2015),<ref name=variety>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2013/tv/news/disney-channel-puts-spotlight-on-dove-cameron-with-series-movie-1200005222|title=Disney Channel Puts Spotlight on Dove Cameron with Series, Movie (EXCLUSIVE)|date=Mairch 7, 2013|first=Marc|last=Graser|publisher=Variety|archivedate=Mey 31, 2013|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6H25og3OU?url=http://variety.com/2013/tv/news/disney-channel-puts-spotlight-on-dove-cameron-with-series-movie-1200005222/|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> the sequel ''[[Descendants 2]]'' (2017), an the third installment ''[[Descendants 3]]'' (2019).<ref name="E!News">{{cite news|last1=Johnson|first1=Zach|title=Descendants 3 First Look: See Carlos, Evie, Jay and Mal's Makeovers|url=https://www.eonline.com/news/940813/descendants-3-first-look-see-carlos-evie-jay-and-mal-s-makeovers|work=[[E!]]|date=Juin 1, 2018|accessdate=Juin 5, 2018}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{Official website|http://www.dovecameron.com/}} * {{IMDb name|4874651}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cameron, Dove}} [[Category:1996 births]] [[Category:21st-century American actresses]] [[Category:21st-century American sangsters]] [[Category:American fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:American bairn actresses]] [[Category:American bairn sangsters]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American stage actresses]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:American expatriates in Fraunce]] kxe9mkwv6phmxc88g43ybjqmixzhzft 915962 915961 2026-04-30T06:55:28Z LivMaddieFan26M3 130544 915962 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox person | name = Dove Cameron | image = Dove Cameron 2019 by Glenn Francis.jpg | caption = Cameron in October 2019 | birth_name = Chloe Celeste Hosterman | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|1|15}} | birth_place = [[Seattle, Washington]], U.S. | occupation = {{Flatlist| * Actress * sangster }} | years_active = 2012–present | website = | television = <!-- Television programmes presented bi or closely associated wi the subject. --> | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes | background = solo_singer | instrument = Vocals | label = {{flatlist| * [[Walt Disney Records|Walt Disney]] * [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] }} | associated_acts = [[The Girl and the Dreamcatcher]] }} }} '''Dove Cameron'''<ref name=Instagram>{{cite web|title=Instagram: Dove Cameron (official account)|url=http://instagram.com/p/r3IzUzpBlW|date=August 18, 2014|accessdate=August 18, 2014|quote=So. I just wanted to take this time to explain my name I all of you lovelies, because I have seen that there is quite a bit of confusion. My birth name is Chloe. But my daddy called me Dove/Dovey as a nickname since I was very small; just over a year old. As some of you know, my father passed away a few years ago, right around the time I started acting. So, I decided to change it legally in honor of him, which gives me great joy every day that I was able to do something so lasting and permanent to pay homage to his memory. But I still go by Chloe to some family members and Ryan. And some Starbucks employees. So Dove is not a stage name, it's actually a name that means a lot to me for many reasons. I Love you all!}}</ref> (born '''Chloe Celeste Hosterman'''; Januar 15, 1996)<ref name="dcmedianet">{{cite web|url=http://www.disneychannelmedianet.com/web/showpage/showpage.aspx?program_id=3155753&type=cameron|title=Dove Cameron "Liv and Maddie Rooney"|publisher=Disney Channel Medianet|year=2013|accessdate=Julie 9, 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103013840/http://www.disneychannelmedianet.com/web/showpage/showpage.aspx?program_id=3155753&type=cameron|archivedate=November 3, 2013}}</ref><ref name=twitter>{{cite tweet|first=Dove|last=Cameron|user=DoveCameron|number=416702545650655233|title=Just wanted to set this straight: I see literally everywhere that my birthday is January 14. It's January Fifteenth, my loves!|date=December 27, 2013|accessdate=Apryle 14, 2017}}</ref> is an American actress an sangster, kent for playin a dual role as the eponymous chairacters in the [[Disney Channel]] teen sitcom ''[[Liv and Maddie]]'' (2013-2017) an playin Mal, the dochter o [[Maleficent]], in the films ''[[Descendants (2015 film)|Descendants]]'' (2015),<ref name=variety>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2013/tv/news/disney-channel-puts-spotlight-on-dove-cameron-with-series-movie-1200005222|title=Disney Channel Puts Spotlight on Dove Cameron with Series, Movie (EXCLUSIVE)|date=Mairch 7, 2013|first=Marc|last=Graser|publisher=Variety|archivedate=Mey 31, 2013|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6H25og3OU?url=http://variety.com/2013/tv/news/disney-channel-puts-spotlight-on-dove-cameron-with-series-movie-1200005222/|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> the sequel ''[[Descendants 2]]'' (2017), an the third installment ''[[Descendants 3]]'' (2019).<ref name="E!News">{{cite news|last1=Johnson|first1=Zach|title=Descendants 3 First Look: See Carlos, Evie, Jay and Mal's Makeovers|url=https://www.eonline.com/news/940813/descendants-3-first-look-see-carlos-evie-jay-and-mal-s-makeovers|work=[[E!]]|date=Juin 1, 2018|accessdate=Juin 5, 2018}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{Official website|http://www.dovecameron.com/}} * {{IMDb name|4874651}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cameron, Dove}} [[Category:1996 births]] [[Category:21st-century American actresses]] [[Category:21st-century American sangsters]] [[Category:American fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:American bairn actresses]] [[Category:American bairn sangsters]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American stage actresses]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:American expatriates in Fraunce]] 1mqepgepxx8w50wdaje0338bjcdlor7 0 201873 915905 915850 2026-04-29T18:36:02Z WikiBayer 53790 Revertit edit o LivMaddieFan2026, chynged back tae last version bi 2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684 904548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox beuk | name = Charlotte's Web | image = | caption = Civer o the first edition | author = [[E. B. White]] | illustrator = [[Garth Williams]] | cover_artist = Garth Williams | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | genre = [[Bairns' literatur|Bairns' novelle]] | publisher = [[Harper & Brothers]] | release_date = [[October 15]], [[1952 in literature|1952]] | pages = 192 | isbn = 9780062658753 }} '''''Charlotte's Web''''' is a [[bairns' literatur|bairns' novelle]] bi American author [[E. B. White]] an illustrated bi [[Garth Williams]]. It wis published on October 15, 1952, bi [[Harper & Brothers]]. The novelle tells the story o a [[livestock]] [[pig]] named Wilbur an his friendship wi a [[barn speeder]] named Charlotte. When Wilbur is in danger o bein slaughtered bi the farmer, Charlotte writes messages praisin Wilbur (sic as "Some Pig") in her web in order tae persuade the farmer tae let him live. Written in White's dry, low-key manner, ''Charlotte's Web'' is considered a classic o bairns' literatur, enjoyable tae adults as well as bairns. The description o the experience o swingin on a rope swing at the farm is an aften cited example o rhythm in writing, as the pace o the sentences reflects the motion o the swing. In 2000, ''[[Publishers Weekly]]'' listed the beuk as the best-sellin bairns' paperback o aw time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0203050.html|title=Private Tutor|publisher=Factmonster.com|access-date=May 25, 2014}}</ref> ''Charlotte's Web'' wis adapted intae an [[Charlotte's Web (1973 film)|animatit featur]] bi [[Hanna-Barbera Productions]] an Sagittarius Productions in 1973. Paramount released a [[direct-tae-video]] [[sequel]], ''[[Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure]]'', in the U.S. in 2003 (Universal released the film internationally). A [[Charlotte's Web (2006 film)|live-action film version]] o E. B. White's original story wis released in 2006. A [[Charlotte's Web (video game)|video game based on this adaption]] wis an aa released in 2006. == Plot summary == The beuk begins when John Arable's sow gives birth tae a litter o piglets, an Mr. Arable discovers ane o them is a [[runt]] an decides tae kill it. Houiver, his aicht year old daughter Fern begs him tae let it live. Therefore her father gives it tae Fern as a pet, an she names the piglet Wilbur. Wilbur is hyperactive an always exploring new things. He lives wi Fern for a few weeks an then is sold tae her uncle, Homer Zuckerman. Although Fern visits him at the Zuckermans' farm as aften as she can, her visits decrease as she grows older, an Wilbur gets lonelier day after day. Eventually, a warm an soothin voice tells him that she is going tae be his friend. The next day, he wakes up an meets his new friend: Charlotte, the grey speeder. Wilbur soon becomes a member o the community o animals that live in the cellar o Zuckerman's barn. When the old sheep in the barn cellar tells Wilbur that he is going tae be killed an eaten at Christmas, he turns tae Charlotte for help. Charlotte has the idea o writin words in her web extollin Wilbur's excellence ("some pig," "terrific," "radiant," an eventually "humble"), reasoning that if she can make Wilbur sufficiently famous, he will not be killed. Thanks tae Charlotte's efforts, an wi the assistance o the gluttonous rat Templeton, Wilbur not only lifes, but goes tae the county fair wi Charlotte an wins a prize. Havin reached the end of her natural lifespan, Charlotte dies at the fair. Wilbur repays Charlotte bi bringing home wi him the sac o eggs (her "[[masterpiece|magnum opus]]") she had laid at the fair before dying. When Charlotte's eggs hatch at Zuckerman's farm, most o them leave tae make their own lifes elsewhere, except for three: Joy, Aranea, an Nellie, who remain there as friends tae Wilbur; but none o them can replace Charlotte. == Chairacters == * '''Wilbur''' is a rambunctious [[pig]], the [[runt]] o his [[litter (animal)|litter]]. He is aften strongly emotional. * '''Charlotte A. Cavatica''', or simply Charlotte, is a [[speeder]] that befriends Wilbur. In some passages, she is the [[heroine]] o the story.<ref>{{cite news|title=Charlotte A. Cavatica: Bloodthirsty, Wise And True|work= NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93263496|access-date=September 26, 2010}}</ref> * '''John Arable''' is Wilbur's first owner. * '''Fern Arable''' is John's daughter, who adopts Wilbur when he is a piglet, an later visits him. She is the only human in the story capable o understanding animal conversation. * '''Templeton''' is a [[rat]] that helps Charlotte an Wilbur only when offered food. He serves as a somewhat caustic, self-serving [[comic relief]] tae the plot. * '''Avery Arable''' is the elder brother o Fern an John's son. Like Templeton, he is a source o comic relief. * '''Homer Zuckerman''' is Fern's uncle who keeps Wilbur in his barn. He has a wife, Edith, an an assistant named Lurvy. * '''Other animals''' in Zuckerman's barn, wi whom Wilbur converses, are a disdainful lamb, a talkative goose, an an intelligent "old [[sheep]]". * '''Henry Fussy''' is a boy o Fern's age, o whom Fern becomes fond. * '''Dr. Dorian''' is the family physician/psychologist consulted bi Fern's mother an somethin o a [[wise old man]] chairacter. * '''Uncle''' is a large pig that Charlotte disdains for coarse manners. He is Wilbur's rival at the fair. * '''Charlotte's children''' are the 514 children o Charlotte. Although they were born at the barn, all but three o them go their own ways bi [[balloonin (speeder)|balloonin]]. == Themes == === Death === [[Death]] is a major theme seen throughout ''Charlotte's Web'' an is brought forth bi that o the [[speeder]], Charlotte's, [[Speeder web|web]]. Accordin tae Norton D. Kinghorn, Charlotte's web acts as a barrier that separates two worlds. These worlds are that o life an death.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kinghorn|first=Norton D.|date=Spring 1986|title=The Real Miracle of Charlotte's Web|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/248439|journal=Children's Literature Association Quarterly|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=4–9|doi=10.1353/chq.0.0418|issn=1553-1201|via=}}</ref> Scholar Amy Ratelle says that through Charlotte's continual killin an eatin o [[flies]] throughout the novel, White makes the concept o death normal for Wilbur an for the readers.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ratelle|first=Amy|date=2014|title=Ethics and Edibility in Charlotte's Web|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/565975|journal=The Lion and the Unicorn|language=en|volume=38|issue=3|pages=327–341|doi=10.1353/uni.2014.0026|issn=1080-6563}}</ref> Wilbur constantly has death on his mind at night when he is worryin over whether or not he will be made intae [[meat]] for humans tae consume, but as scholar Sophie Mills notes, Wilbur is able tae avoid death.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mills|first=Sophie|date=2000|title=Pig in the Middle|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1005178904342|journal=Children's Literature in Education|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|pages=107–124|doi=10.1023/A:1005178904342|issn=0045-6713|via=}}</ref> Even though Wilbur is able tae escape his death, Charlotte, the speeder that takes care of Wilbur, is not able tae escape her own death. Charlotte passes away, but accordin tae Trudelle H. Thomas, "Yet even in the face of death, life continues and ultimate goodness wins out".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Trudelle H.|date=2016|title=The Arc of the Rope Swing: Humour, Poetry, and Spirituality in Charlotte’s Web by E.B. White|url=|journal=International Journal of Children's Spirituality|volume=21|pages=201-215|via=}}</ref> Jordan Anne Deveraux explains that E. B. White discusses a few [[realities]] o death. From the novel, readers learn that death can be delayed, but it cannot be avoided forever.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jordan|first=Anne Devereaux|date=1997|title=Appreciating "Charlotte's Web"|url=|journal=Teaching and Learning Literature with Children and Young Adults|volume=7|pages=|via=}}</ref> === Change === For Norton D. Kinghorn, Charlotte's web also acts as a signifier o change. The change Kinghorn refers tae is that o both the human world an the farm/barn world. For both o these worlds change is somethin that cannot be avoided.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kinghorn|first=Norton D.|date=Spring 1986|title=The Real Miracle of Charlotte's Web|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/248439|journal=Children's Literature Association Quarterly|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=4–9|doi=10.1353/chq.0.0418|issn=1553-1201|via=}}</ref> Along wi the changin o the [[saison]]s throughout the novel, the chairacters also go through their own changes. Jordan Anne Deveraux also explains that Wilbur an Fern each go through their changes tae transition from [[childhood]] closer tae adulthood throughout the novel.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jordan|first=Anne Devereaux|date=1997|title=Appreciating "Charlotte's Web"|url=|journal=Teaching and Learning Literature with Children and Young Adults|volume=7|pages=|via=}}</ref> This is evidenced bi Wilbur acceptin death an Fern givin up her dolls. Wilbur grows throughout the novel, allowin him tae become the caretaker o Charlotte's children just as she wis a caretaker for him, as is explained bi scholar Sue Misheff.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Misheff|first=Sue|date=1998|title=Beneath the Web and Over the Stream: The Search for Safe Places in Charlotte's Web and Bridge to Terabithia|url=|journal=Children's Literature in Education|volume=29|pages=|via=}}</ref> But rather than accept the changes that are forced upon them, according tae Sophie Mills, the chairacters aim tae go beyond the limits o change.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mills|first=Sophie|date=2000|title=Pig in the Middle|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1005178904342|journal=Children's Literature in Education|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|pages=107–124|doi=10.1023/A:1005178904342|issn=0045-6713|via=}}</ref> In a different way, Wilbur goes through a change when he switches locations. Amy Ratelle explains that when he moves from Fern's house tae Homer Zuckerman's farm, Wilbur goes from bein a loved pet tae a farm animal. === Innocence === Fern, the little girl in the novel, goes from bein a child tae being more o an adult. As she goes through this change, Kinghorn notes that it can also be considered a fall from [[innocence]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kinghorn|first=Norton D.|date=Spring 1986|title=The Real Miracle of Charlotte's Web|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/248439|journal=Children's Literature Association Quarterly|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=4–9|doi=10.1353/chq.0.0418|issn=1553-1201|via=}}</ref> Wilbur also starts out young an innocent at the beginnin o the novel. A comparison is drawn between the innocence an youth o Fern an Wilbur. Sophie Mills states that the two chairacters can identify wi ane another.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mills|first=Sophie|date=2000|title=Pig in the Middle|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1005178904342|journal=Children's Literature in Education|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|pages=107–124|doi=10.1023/A:1005178904342|issn=0045-6713|via=}}</ref> Both Wilbur an Fern are, at first, horrified bi the realization that life must end; however, bi the end o the novel, both chairacters learn tae accept that everything must die.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jordan|first=Anne Devereaux|date=1997|title=Appreciating "Charlotte's Web"|url=|journal=Teaching and Learning Literature with Children and Young Adults|volume=7|pages=|via=}}</ref> Accordin tae Matthew Scully, the novel presents the difference in the worldview o adults versus the worldview o children. Children, sic as Fern, believe killin another for food is wrong, while adults have learned tae justify this action.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Scully|first=Matthew|date=June 2011|title=Tangled Web; A Children's Classic, and the Moral Dimensions of Animal Farming. (The Story of Charlotte's Web: E. B. White's Eccentric Life in Nature and the Birth of an American Classic)|url=|journal=The Weekly Standard|volume=16|pages=|via=}}</ref> == History == ''Charlotte's Web'' wis published three years after White began writing it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.harpercollinschildrens.com/HarperChildrens/Kids/AuthorsAndIllustrators/AuthorNote.aspx?CId=10499|title=Authors & illustrators: E. B. White: AUTHOR NOTE: A Letter from E. B. White|access-date=May 31, 2009|last=White|first=E. B.|year=2006|work=harpercollinschildrens.com|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers}}</ref> White's editor Ursula Nordstrom said that ane day in 1952, E. B. White arrived at her office an handed her a new manuscript, the only copy o ''Charlotte's Web'' then in existence, which she read soon after an enjoyed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/08/03/lifetimes/white-tales.html|title=Stuart, Wilbur, Charlotte: A Tale of Tales|accessdate=December 22, 2008|last=Nordstrom|first=Ursula|date=May 12, 1974|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Since White published ''Death of a Pig'' in 1948,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideastour/animals/white-full.html|title=Death of a Pig|access-date=August 30, 2011|last=White|first=E.B.|date=January 1948|work=The Atlantic}}</ref> an account o his own failure tae save a sick pig (bought for butchering), ''Charlotte's Web'' can be seen as White's attempt "tae save his pig in retrospect".<ref name=Weales>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/08/03/lifetimes/white-designs.html|title=The Designs of E. B. White|access-date=December 22, 2008|last=Weales|first=Gerald|date=May 24, 1970|work=The New York Times}}</ref> White's overall motivation for the book has not been revealed an he has written: "I haven't told why I wrote the book, but I haven't told you why I sneeze, either. A book is a sneeze".<ref>{{cite web|last=Usher|first=Shaun|title=A book is a sneeze|url=https://www.lettersofnote.com/2013/08/a-book-is-sneeze.html|work=Letters of Note|access-date=August 6, 2013|archive-date=2018-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917232310/http://www.lettersofnote.com/2013/08/a-book-is-sneeze.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> When White met the speeder that originally inspired Charlotte, he called her Charlotte Epeira (after ''Epeira sclopetaria'', the Grey Cross speeder, now known as ''[[Larinioides sclopetarius]]''), before discoverin that the more modern name for that genus wis ''Aranea''.<ref>{{cite book|title=E. B. White: A Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/ebwhite00scot|last=Elledge|first=Scott|year=1984|publisher=W. W. Norton and Company|isbn=0-393-01771-0}}</ref> In the novel, Charlotte gives her full name as "Charlotte A. Cavatica", revealin her as a [[barn speeder]], an [[orb-weaver spider|orb-weaver]] wi the scientific name ''Araneus cavaticus''. The arachnid anatomical terms (mentioned in the beginning o chapter nine) an other information that White used, came mostly from ''American Spiders'' bi [[Willis J. Gertsch]] an ''The Spider Book'' bi [[John Henry Comstock]], both o which combine a sense o poetry wi scientific fact.<ref name=Neumeyer>{{cite journal|last=Neumeyer|first=Peter F.|year=1991|title=Charlotte, Arachnida: The Scientific Sources|journal=The Lion and the Unicorn|volume=19|issue=2|pages=223–231|issn=0147-2593|doi=10.1353/uni.1995.0034}}</ref> White incorporated details from Comstock's accounts o baby speeders, most notably the "flight" o the young speeders on silken parachutes.<ref name=Neumeyer/> White sent Gertsch's book tae illustrator Garth Williams.<ref name=Elledge295>Elledge (1984), p. 295.</ref> Williams' initial drawins depicted a speeder wi a woman's face, an White suggested that he simply draw a realistic speeder instead.<ref>{{cite book|title=Letters of E.B. White|url=https://archive.org/details/lettersofebwhite0000whit_g6j9|last=White|first=E.B.|author2=Dorothy Lobrano Guth (ed.)|year=1976|publisher=Harper and Row|isbn=0-06-014601-X|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lettersofebwhite0000whit_g6j9/page/353 353]–354}}</ref> White originally opened the novel wi an introduction o Wilbur an the barnyard (which later became the third chapter) but decided tae begin the novel bi introducin Fern an her family on the first page.<ref name=Elledge295/> White's publishers were at ane point concerned wi the book's endin an tried tae get White tae change it.<ref name=Letters351>White (1976), p. 351.</ref> ''Charlotte's Web'' has become White's most famous book, but White treasured his privacy an that o the farmyard an barn that helped inspire the novel, which have been kept off limits tae the public according tae his wishes.<ref name=Garfield>{{cite web|url=https://www.bangormetro.com/media/Bangor-Metro/May-2007/E-B-Whites-Web/|title=E.B. White’s Web|access-date=June 17, 2009|last=Garfield|first=Henry|date=May 2007|publisher=Bangor-Metro|dead-url=yes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113170224/http://www.bangormetro.com/media/Bangor-Metro/May-2007/E-B-Whites-Web/|archive-date=January 13, 2009|df=}}</ref> == Reception == ''Charlotte's Web'' wis generally well-reviewed when it wis released. In ''The New York Times'', [[Eudora Welty]] wrote, "As a piece of work it is just about perfect, and just about magical in the way it is done."<ref name=weltynyt>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/11/22/specials/welty-charlotte.html|title=E.B. White’s Web|access-date=June 17, 2009|last=Garfield|first=Henry|date=May 2007|publisher=''The New York Times''|date=October 19, 1952}}</ref> Aside from its paperback sales, ''Charlotte's Web'' is 78th on the all-time bestselling hardback book list. According tae publicity for the 2006 film adaptation, the book has sold more than 45 million copies an been translated intae 23 languages. It wis a [[Newbery Honor]] book for 1953, losin tae ''[[Secret of the Andes]]'' bi [[Ann Nolan Clark]] for the [[Newbery Medal]]. In 1970, White won the [[Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal]], a major prize in the field o children's literature, for ''Charlotte's Web'', along wi his first children's book, ''[[Stuart Little]]'', published in 1945. Seth Lerer, in his book ''Children’s Literature'', finds that Charlotte represents female authorship an creativity, an compares her tae other female chairacters in children's literature sic as Jo March in ''[[Little Women]]'' an Mary Lennox in ''[[The Secret Garden]]''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Children's Literature|url=https://archive.org/details/childrensliterat0000lere_y4v2|last=Lerer|first=Seth|year=2008|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0-226-47300-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/childrensliterat0000lere_y4v2/page/249 249]–251}}</ref> Nancy Larrick brings tae attention the "startling note of realism" in the opening line, "Where's Papa going with that Ax?"<ref>{{cite book|title=A Parent's Guide to Children's Reading|url=https://archive.org/details/parentsguidetoc00larr|first1=Nancy|last1=Larrick|edition=Fifth|year=1982|publisher=The Westminster Press|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|isbn=0-664-32705-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/parentsguidetoc00larr/page/67 67]|chapter=}}</ref> Illustrator [[Henry Cole (illustrator)|Henry Cole]] expressed his deep childhood appreciation o the chairacters an story, an calls Garth Williams' illustrations full o "sensitivity, warmth, humor, and intelligence."<ref>{{cite book|title=The Art of Reading: Forty Illustrators Celebrate RIF's 40th Anniversary|url=https://archive.org/details/artofreadingfort00read|last=Cole|first=Henry|others=Compiled by Reading Is Fundamental|year=2005|publisher=Dutton Books|isbn=0-525-47484-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/artofreadingfort00read/page/33 33]}}</ref> Illustrator Diana Cain Bluthenthal states that Williams' illustrations inspired an influenced her.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Art of Reading: Forty Illustrators Celebrate RIF's 40th Anniversary|url=https://archive.org/details/artofreadingfort00read|last=Bluthenthal|first=Diana Cain|others=Compiled by Reading Is Fundamental|year=2005|publisher=Dutton Books|isbn=0-525-47484-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/artofreadingfort00read/page/30 30]}}</ref> There is an unabridged audio book read bi White himself which reappeared decades after it had originally been recorded.<ref name=Ames/> ''Newsweek'' writes that White reads the story "without artifice and with a mellow charm," and that "White also has a plangency that will make you weep, so don't listen (at least, not to the sad parts) while driving."<ref name=Ames>{{cite journal|last=Ames|first=Katrine|author2=Marc Peyser|date=December 9, 1991|title=For Little Pitchers With Big Ears|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_newsweek-us_newsweek_1991-12-09_118_24/page/n93|journal=Newsweek|issue=24|page=79|location=New York|issn=0028-9604}}</ref> Joe Berk, president o Pathway Sound, had recorded ''Charlotte's Web'' wi White in White's neighbor's house in Maine (which Berk describes as an especially memorable experience) an released the book in LP.<ref name=Schnol/> Bantam released ''Charlotte’s Web'' alongside ''Stuart Little'' on CD in 1991, digitally remastered, havin acquired the two o them for rather a large amount.<ref name=Schnol>{{cite journal|last=Schnol|first=Janet|author2=Joanne Tangorra|date=October 18, 1991|title=Bantam Releases CD/Cassette of E. B. White Titles|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_publishers-weekly_1991-10-18_238_46/page/32|journal=Publishers Weekly|volume=238|issue=46|page=32|issn=0000-0019}}</ref> In 2005, a school teacher in California conceived o a project for her class in which they would send out hundreds o drawings o speeders (each representin Charlotte’s child Aranea going out intae the world so that she can return an tell Wilbur o what she has seen) wi accompanyin letters; they ended up visitin a large number o parks, monuments, an museums, an were hosted bi an/or prompted responses from celebrities an politicians sic as [[John Travolta]] an then-First Lady [[Laura Bush]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.en8848.com.cn/e/DoPrint/?classid=312&id=56672|title=Worldly Web: A traveling spider teaches fourth graders the joys of reading, meeting new people, and experiencing new adventures|publisher=''Readers Digest''|date=June 13, 2007|access-date=November 13, 2012}}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 2003, ''Charlotte's Web'' wis listed at number 170 on the BBC's [[The Big Read]] poll o the UK's 200 "best-loved novels."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/bigread/top200_2.shtml|title="BBC – The Big Read"|publisher=BBC|date=April 2003|access-date=August 28, 2017}}</ref> A 2004 study found that ''Charlotte's Web'' wis a common read-aloud book for third-graders in schools in [[San Diego County, California]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Fisher, Douglas|year=2004|title=Interactive Read-Alouds: Is There a Common Set of Implementation Practices?|journal=[[The Reading Teacher]]|volume=58|issue=1|pages=8¬–17|url=https://www.fisherandfrey.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/rt-read-alouds.pdf|access-date=August 19, 2012|doi=10.1598/rt.58.1.1|display-authors=etal|dead-url=yes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207031123/http://www.fisherandfrey.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/rt-read-alouds.pdf|archive-date=December 7, 2013|df=}}</ref> Based on a 2007 online poll, the [[National Education Association]] named the book ane o its "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children."<ref name=NEA2007>{{cite web|url=https://www.nea.org/grants/13154.htm/|title=Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children|author=National Education Association|year=2007|access-date=August 19, 2012|archive-date=2015-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707175200/http://www.nea.org/grants/13154.htm/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It wis ane o the "Top 100 Chapter Books" o all time in a 2012 poll bi ''[[School Library Journal]]''.<ref name=SLJChapter2012>{{cite web|url=https://blog.schoollibraryjournal.com/afuse8production/2012/07/07/top-100-chapter-book-poll-results/|title=Top 100 Chapter Book Poll Results|author=Elizabeth Bird|publisher=''[[School Library Journal]]'' "A Fuse #8 Production" blog|date=July 7, 2012|access-date=August 19, 2012|archive-date=2012-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101133144/http://blog.schoollibraryjournal.com/afuse8production/2012/07/07/top-100-chapter-book-poll-results/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Its awards an nominations include: * [[Newbery Honor Book]] (1953)<ref>[http://www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/divs/alsc/awardsgrants/bookmedia/newberymedal/newberymedal.cfm Newbery Medal Home Page], [[American Library Association]]</ref> * [[The Horn Book Magazine|Horn Book Fanfare]] (1953)<ref>[http://www.librarything.com/bookaward/A+Horn+Book+Fanfare+Best+Book Book awards: A Horn Book Fanfare Best Book]</ref> * [[Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal]] (1970) (awarded tae White for his children's books: ''Charlotte's Web'' an ''Stuart Little'') * [[Massachusetts Children's Book Award]] (1984)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.salemstate.edu/education/mcba Massachusetts|title=Children's awards|dead-url=yes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208211607/http://www.salemstate.edu/education/mcba|archive-date=February 8, 2009|df=}}</ref> == Adaptations == === Film === The book wis adapted intae [[Charlotte's Web (1973 film)|an animatit featur o the same name]] in 1973 bi [[Hanna-Barbera Productions]] an Sagittarius Productions wi a score bi the [[Sherman Brothers]]. In 2003, a [[direct-tae-video]] sequel tae that film, ''[[Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure]],'' wis released bi [[Paramount Pictures]]. In 2006, Paramount Pictures, wi [[Walden Media]], Kerner Entertainment Company, an [[Nickelodeon Movies]], produced [[Charlotte's Web (2006 film)|a live-action/animatit adaptation]] starrin [[Dakota Fanning]] as Fern an [[Julia Roberts]] as the voice o Charlotte, released on December 15, 2006. === Stage === A musical production wis created wi music an lyrics bi [[Charles Strouse]]. === Video game === A [[video game]] o the 2006 film wis developed bi [[Backbone Entertainment]] an published bi [[THQ]] an [[Sega]], an released on December 12, 2006, for the [[Game Boy Advance]], [[Nintendo DS]], [[PlayStation 2]] an [[Personal computer|PC]]. == See also == {{portal|United States|Children's literature}} * [[Leet o best-sellin books]] * ''[[The Tale of Little Pig Robinson]]'' * "[[Low THC cannabis ("Charlotte's web")]] * [[Death in children’s literature]] {{Clear}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Further reading == * {{cite book|last=Griffith|first=John W.|title=Charlotte's web: a pig's salvation|url=https://archive.org/details/charlotteswebpig00grif|year=1993|publisher=Twayne|location=New York|isbn=0805788123}} * {{cite book|last1=Neumeyer|first1=Peter F.|last2=Williams|first2=Garth|last3=White|first3=E. B.|title=The annotated Charlotte's web|url=https://archive.org/details/annotatedcharlot00neum|year=1994|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New York|isbn=0060243872}} * {{cite book|last=White|first=E. B.|others=Illustrated by Maggie Kneen|title=Some pig!: a Charlotte's web picture book|url=https://archive.org/details/somepigcharlotte0000whit|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New York|year=2007|isbn=0060781610}} * {{cite book|last=White|first=E. B.|others=Illustrated by Maggie Kneen|title=Wilbur's adventure: a Charlotte's web picture book|url=https://archive.org/details/wilbursadventure0000whit|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New York|year=2008|isbn=9780060781644}} * {{cite book|last=Sims|first=Michael|title=The story of Charlotte's web: E. B. White's eccentric life in nature and the birth of an American classic|url=https://archive.org/details/storyofcharlotte0000sims|publisher=Walker & Co|location=New York|year=2011|isbn=9780802777546}} == Freemit airtins == {{Wikiquote|Charlotte's Web (book)|Charlotte's Web}} * [https://www.harpercollinschildrens.com/HarperChildrens/kids/gamesandcontests/features/charlottesweb/default.aspx ''Charlotte's Web'' home page at publisher's site] [[Category:1952 American novelles]] [[Category:1952 bairns' novelles]] [[Category:American bairns' novelles]] [[Category:American novels adapted intae films]] [[Category:Beuks about friendship]] [[Category:Bairns' novelles about animals]] [[Category:Fictional speeders]] [[Category:Fictional pigs]] [[Category:Harper & Brothers beuks]] [[Category:Literature featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Newbery Honor-winning works]] [[Category:Pigs in literature]] [[Category:Works bi E. B. White]] s0470pfdpr03dgvb227thpb10o3xlsb 915911 915905 2026-04-29T19:48:43Z ~2026-26120-49 130522 /* Chairacters */ 915911 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox beuk | name = Charlotte's Web | image = | caption = Civer o the first edition | author = [[E. B. White]] | illustrator = [[Garth Williams]] | cover_artist = Garth Williams | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | genre = [[Bairns' literatur|Bairns' novelle]] | publisher = [[Harper & Brothers]] | release_date = [[October 15]], [[1952 in literature|1952]] | pages = 192 | isbn = 9780062658753 }} '''''Charlotte's Web''''' is a [[bairns' literatur|bairns' novelle]] bi American author [[E. B. White]] an illustrated bi [[Garth Williams]]. It wis published on October 15, 1952, bi [[Harper & Brothers]]. The novelle tells the story o a [[livestock]] [[pig]] named Wilbur an his friendship wi a [[barn speeder]] named Charlotte. When Wilbur is in danger o bein slaughtered bi the farmer, Charlotte writes messages praisin Wilbur (sic as "Some Pig") in her web in order tae persuade the farmer tae let him live. Written in White's dry, low-key manner, ''Charlotte's Web'' is considered a classic o bairns' literatur, enjoyable tae adults as well as bairns. The description o the experience o swingin on a rope swing at the farm is an aften cited example o rhythm in writing, as the pace o the sentences reflects the motion o the swing. In 2000, ''[[Publishers Weekly]]'' listed the beuk as the best-sellin bairns' paperback o aw time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0203050.html|title=Private Tutor|publisher=Factmonster.com|access-date=May 25, 2014}}</ref> ''Charlotte's Web'' wis adapted intae an [[Charlotte's Web (1973 film)|animatit featur]] bi [[Hanna-Barbera Productions]] an Sagittarius Productions in 1973. Paramount released a [[direct-tae-video]] [[sequel]], ''[[Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure]]'', in the U.S. in 2003 (Universal released the film internationally). A [[Charlotte's Web (2006 film)|live-action film version]] o E. B. White's original story wis released in 2006. A [[Charlotte's Web (video game)|video game based on this adaption]] wis an aa released in 2006. == Plot summary == The beuk begins when John Arable's sow gives birth tae a litter o piglets, an Mr. Arable discovers ane o them is a [[runt]] an decides tae kill it. Houiver, his aicht year old daughter Fern begs him tae let it live. Therefore her father gives it tae Fern as a pet, an she names the piglet Wilbur. Wilbur is hyperactive an always exploring new things. He lives wi Fern for a few weeks an then is sold tae her uncle, Homer Zuckerman. Although Fern visits him at the Zuckermans' farm as aften as she can, her visits decrease as she grows older, an Wilbur gets lonelier day after day. Eventually, a warm an soothin voice tells him that she is going tae be his friend. The next day, he wakes up an meets his new friend: Charlotte, the grey speeder. Wilbur soon becomes a member o the community o animals that live in the cellar o Zuckerman's barn. When the old sheep in the barn cellar tells Wilbur that he is going tae be killed an eaten at Christmas, he turns tae Charlotte for help. Charlotte has the idea o writin words in her web extollin Wilbur's excellence ("some pig," "terrific," "radiant," an eventually "humble"), reasoning that if she can make Wilbur sufficiently famous, he will not be killed. Thanks tae Charlotte's efforts, an wi the assistance o the gluttonous rat Templeton, Wilbur not only lifes, but goes tae the county fair wi Charlotte an wins a prize. Havin reached the end of her natural lifespan, Charlotte dies at the fair. Wilbur repays Charlotte bi bringing home wi him the sac o eggs (her "[[masterpiece|magnum opus]]") she had laid at the fair before dying. When Charlotte's eggs hatch at Zuckerman's farm, most o them leave tae make their own lifes elsewhere, except for three: Joy, Aranea, an Nellie, who remain there as friends tae Wilbur; but none o them can replace Charlotte. == Chairacters == * '''Wilbur''' is a rambunctious [[pig]], the [[runt]] o his [[litter (animal)|litter]]. He is aften strongly emotional. * '''Charlotte A. Cavatica''', or simply Charlotte, is a [[speeder]] that befriends Wilbur. In some passages, she is the [[heroine]] o the story.<ref>{{cite news|title=Charlotte A. Cavatica: Bloodthirsty, Wise And True|work= NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93263496|access-date=September 26, 2010}}</ref> * '''John Arable''' is Wilbur's first owner. * '''Fern Arable''' is John's daughter, that adopts Wilbur when he is a piglet, an later visits him. She is the only human in the story capable o understanding animal conversation. * '''Templeton''' is a [[rat]] that helps Charlotte an Wilbur only when offered food. He serves as a somewhat caustic, self-serving [[comic relief]] tae the plot. * '''Avery Arable''' is the elder brother o Fern an John's son. Like Templeton, he is a source o comic relief. * '''Homer Zuckerman''' is Fern's uncle that keeps Wilbur in his barn. He has a wife, Edith, an an assistant named Lurvy. * '''Other animals''' in Zuckerman's barn, wi whom Wilbur converses, are a disdainful lamb, a talkative goose, an an intelligent "old [[sheep]]". * '''Henry Fussy''' is a boy o Fern's age, o whom Fern becomes fond. * '''Dr. Dorian''' is the family physician/psychologist consulted bi Fern's mother an somethin o a [[wise old man]] chairacter. * '''Uncle''' is a large pig that Charlotte disdains for coarse manners. He is Wilbur's rival at the fair. * '''Charlotte's children''' are the 514 children o Charlotte. Although they were born at the barn, all but three o them go their own ways bi [[balloonin (speeder)|balloonin]]. == Themes == === Death === [[Death]] is a major theme seen throughout ''Charlotte's Web'' an is brought forth bi that o the [[speeder]], Charlotte's, [[Speeder web|web]]. Accordin tae Norton D. Kinghorn, Charlotte's web acts as a barrier that separates two worlds. These worlds are that o life an death.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kinghorn|first=Norton D.|date=Spring 1986|title=The Real Miracle of Charlotte's Web|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/248439|journal=Children's Literature Association Quarterly|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=4–9|doi=10.1353/chq.0.0418|issn=1553-1201|via=}}</ref> Scholar Amy Ratelle says that through Charlotte's continual killin an eatin o [[flies]] throughout the novel, White makes the concept o death normal for Wilbur an for the readers.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ratelle|first=Amy|date=2014|title=Ethics and Edibility in Charlotte's Web|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/565975|journal=The Lion and the Unicorn|language=en|volume=38|issue=3|pages=327–341|doi=10.1353/uni.2014.0026|issn=1080-6563}}</ref> Wilbur constantly has death on his mind at night when he is worryin over whether or not he will be made intae [[meat]] for humans tae consume, but as scholar Sophie Mills notes, Wilbur is able tae avoid death.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mills|first=Sophie|date=2000|title=Pig in the Middle|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1005178904342|journal=Children's Literature in Education|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|pages=107–124|doi=10.1023/A:1005178904342|issn=0045-6713|via=}}</ref> Even though Wilbur is able tae escape his death, Charlotte, the speeder that takes care of Wilbur, is not able tae escape her own death. Charlotte passes away, but accordin tae Trudelle H. Thomas, "Yet even in the face of death, life continues and ultimate goodness wins out".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Trudelle H.|date=2016|title=The Arc of the Rope Swing: Humour, Poetry, and Spirituality in Charlotte’s Web by E.B. White|url=|journal=International Journal of Children's Spirituality|volume=21|pages=201-215|via=}}</ref> Jordan Anne Deveraux explains that E. B. White discusses a few [[realities]] o death. From the novel, readers learn that death can be delayed, but it cannot be avoided forever.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jordan|first=Anne Devereaux|date=1997|title=Appreciating "Charlotte's Web"|url=|journal=Teaching and Learning Literature with Children and Young Adults|volume=7|pages=|via=}}</ref> === Change === For Norton D. Kinghorn, Charlotte's web also acts as a signifier o change. The change Kinghorn refers tae is that o both the human world an the farm/barn world. For both o these worlds change is somethin that cannot be avoided.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kinghorn|first=Norton D.|date=Spring 1986|title=The Real Miracle of Charlotte's Web|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/248439|journal=Children's Literature Association Quarterly|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=4–9|doi=10.1353/chq.0.0418|issn=1553-1201|via=}}</ref> Along wi the changin o the [[saison]]s throughout the novel, the chairacters also go through their own changes. Jordan Anne Deveraux also explains that Wilbur an Fern each go through their changes tae transition from [[childhood]] closer tae adulthood throughout the novel.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jordan|first=Anne Devereaux|date=1997|title=Appreciating "Charlotte's Web"|url=|journal=Teaching and Learning Literature with Children and Young Adults|volume=7|pages=|via=}}</ref> This is evidenced bi Wilbur acceptin death an Fern givin up her dolls. Wilbur grows throughout the novel, allowin him tae become the caretaker o Charlotte's children just as she wis a caretaker for him, as is explained bi scholar Sue Misheff.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Misheff|first=Sue|date=1998|title=Beneath the Web and Over the Stream: The Search for Safe Places in Charlotte's Web and Bridge to Terabithia|url=|journal=Children's Literature in Education|volume=29|pages=|via=}}</ref> But rather than accept the changes that are forced upon them, according tae Sophie Mills, the chairacters aim tae go beyond the limits o change.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mills|first=Sophie|date=2000|title=Pig in the Middle|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1005178904342|journal=Children's Literature in Education|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|pages=107–124|doi=10.1023/A:1005178904342|issn=0045-6713|via=}}</ref> In a different way, Wilbur goes through a change when he switches locations. Amy Ratelle explains that when he moves from Fern's house tae Homer Zuckerman's farm, Wilbur goes from bein a loved pet tae a farm animal. === Innocence === Fern, the little girl in the novel, goes from bein a child tae being more o an adult. As she goes through this change, Kinghorn notes that it can also be considered a fall from [[innocence]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kinghorn|first=Norton D.|date=Spring 1986|title=The Real Miracle of Charlotte's Web|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/248439|journal=Children's Literature Association Quarterly|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=4–9|doi=10.1353/chq.0.0418|issn=1553-1201|via=}}</ref> Wilbur also starts out young an innocent at the beginnin o the novel. A comparison is drawn between the innocence an youth o Fern an Wilbur. Sophie Mills states that the two chairacters can identify wi ane another.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mills|first=Sophie|date=2000|title=Pig in the Middle|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1005178904342|journal=Children's Literature in Education|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|pages=107–124|doi=10.1023/A:1005178904342|issn=0045-6713|via=}}</ref> Both Wilbur an Fern are, at first, horrified bi the realization that life must end; however, bi the end o the novel, both chairacters learn tae accept that everything must die.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jordan|first=Anne Devereaux|date=1997|title=Appreciating "Charlotte's Web"|url=|journal=Teaching and Learning Literature with Children and Young Adults|volume=7|pages=|via=}}</ref> Accordin tae Matthew Scully, the novel presents the difference in the worldview o adults versus the worldview o children. Children, sic as Fern, believe killin another for food is wrong, while adults have learned tae justify this action.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Scully|first=Matthew|date=June 2011|title=Tangled Web; A Children's Classic, and the Moral Dimensions of Animal Farming. (The Story of Charlotte's Web: E. B. White's Eccentric Life in Nature and the Birth of an American Classic)|url=|journal=The Weekly Standard|volume=16|pages=|via=}}</ref> == History == ''Charlotte's Web'' wis published three years after White began writing it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.harpercollinschildrens.com/HarperChildrens/Kids/AuthorsAndIllustrators/AuthorNote.aspx?CId=10499|title=Authors & illustrators: E. B. White: AUTHOR NOTE: A Letter from E. B. White|access-date=May 31, 2009|last=White|first=E. B.|year=2006|work=harpercollinschildrens.com|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers}}</ref> White's editor Ursula Nordstrom said that ane day in 1952, E. B. White arrived at her office an handed her a new manuscript, the only copy o ''Charlotte's Web'' then in existence, which she read soon after an enjoyed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/08/03/lifetimes/white-tales.html|title=Stuart, Wilbur, Charlotte: A Tale of Tales|accessdate=December 22, 2008|last=Nordstrom|first=Ursula|date=May 12, 1974|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Since White published ''Death of a Pig'' in 1948,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideastour/animals/white-full.html|title=Death of a Pig|access-date=August 30, 2011|last=White|first=E.B.|date=January 1948|work=The Atlantic}}</ref> an account o his own failure tae save a sick pig (bought for butchering), ''Charlotte's Web'' can be seen as White's attempt "tae save his pig in retrospect".<ref name=Weales>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/08/03/lifetimes/white-designs.html|title=The Designs of E. B. White|access-date=December 22, 2008|last=Weales|first=Gerald|date=May 24, 1970|work=The New York Times}}</ref> White's overall motivation for the book has not been revealed an he has written: "I haven't told why I wrote the book, but I haven't told you why I sneeze, either. A book is a sneeze".<ref>{{cite web|last=Usher|first=Shaun|title=A book is a sneeze|url=https://www.lettersofnote.com/2013/08/a-book-is-sneeze.html|work=Letters of Note|access-date=August 6, 2013|archive-date=2018-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917232310/http://www.lettersofnote.com/2013/08/a-book-is-sneeze.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> When White met the speeder that originally inspired Charlotte, he called her Charlotte Epeira (after ''Epeira sclopetaria'', the Grey Cross speeder, now known as ''[[Larinioides sclopetarius]]''), before discoverin that the more modern name for that genus wis ''Aranea''.<ref>{{cite book|title=E. B. White: A Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/ebwhite00scot|last=Elledge|first=Scott|year=1984|publisher=W. W. Norton and Company|isbn=0-393-01771-0}}</ref> In the novel, Charlotte gives her full name as "Charlotte A. Cavatica", revealin her as a [[barn speeder]], an [[orb-weaver spider|orb-weaver]] wi the scientific name ''Araneus cavaticus''. The arachnid anatomical terms (mentioned in the beginning o chapter nine) an other information that White used, came mostly from ''American Spiders'' bi [[Willis J. Gertsch]] an ''The Spider Book'' bi [[John Henry Comstock]], both o which combine a sense o poetry wi scientific fact.<ref name=Neumeyer>{{cite journal|last=Neumeyer|first=Peter F.|year=1991|title=Charlotte, Arachnida: The Scientific Sources|journal=The Lion and the Unicorn|volume=19|issue=2|pages=223–231|issn=0147-2593|doi=10.1353/uni.1995.0034}}</ref> White incorporated details from Comstock's accounts o baby speeders, most notably the "flight" o the young speeders on silken parachutes.<ref name=Neumeyer/> White sent Gertsch's book tae illustrator Garth Williams.<ref name=Elledge295>Elledge (1984), p. 295.</ref> Williams' initial drawins depicted a speeder wi a woman's face, an White suggested that he simply draw a realistic speeder instead.<ref>{{cite book|title=Letters of E.B. White|url=https://archive.org/details/lettersofebwhite0000whit_g6j9|last=White|first=E.B.|author2=Dorothy Lobrano Guth (ed.)|year=1976|publisher=Harper and Row|isbn=0-06-014601-X|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lettersofebwhite0000whit_g6j9/page/353 353]–354}}</ref> White originally opened the novel wi an introduction o Wilbur an the barnyard (which later became the third chapter) but decided tae begin the novel bi introducin Fern an her family on the first page.<ref name=Elledge295/> White's publishers were at ane point concerned wi the book's endin an tried tae get White tae change it.<ref name=Letters351>White (1976), p. 351.</ref> ''Charlotte's Web'' has become White's most famous book, but White treasured his privacy an that o the farmyard an barn that helped inspire the novel, which have been kept off limits tae the public according tae his wishes.<ref name=Garfield>{{cite web|url=https://www.bangormetro.com/media/Bangor-Metro/May-2007/E-B-Whites-Web/|title=E.B. White’s Web|access-date=June 17, 2009|last=Garfield|first=Henry|date=May 2007|publisher=Bangor-Metro|dead-url=yes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113170224/http://www.bangormetro.com/media/Bangor-Metro/May-2007/E-B-Whites-Web/|archive-date=January 13, 2009|df=}}</ref> == Reception == ''Charlotte's Web'' wis generally well-reviewed when it wis released. In ''The New York Times'', [[Eudora Welty]] wrote, "As a piece of work it is just about perfect, and just about magical in the way it is done."<ref name=weltynyt>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/11/22/specials/welty-charlotte.html|title=E.B. White’s Web|access-date=June 17, 2009|last=Garfield|first=Henry|date=May 2007|publisher=''The New York Times''|date=October 19, 1952}}</ref> Aside from its paperback sales, ''Charlotte's Web'' is 78th on the all-time bestselling hardback book list. According tae publicity for the 2006 film adaptation, the book has sold more than 45 million copies an been translated intae 23 languages. It wis a [[Newbery Honor]] book for 1953, losin tae ''[[Secret of the Andes]]'' bi [[Ann Nolan Clark]] for the [[Newbery Medal]]. In 1970, White won the [[Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal]], a major prize in the field o children's literature, for ''Charlotte's Web'', along wi his first children's book, ''[[Stuart Little]]'', published in 1945. Seth Lerer, in his book ''Children’s Literature'', finds that Charlotte represents female authorship an creativity, an compares her tae other female chairacters in children's literature sic as Jo March in ''[[Little Women]]'' an Mary Lennox in ''[[The Secret Garden]]''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Children's Literature|url=https://archive.org/details/childrensliterat0000lere_y4v2|last=Lerer|first=Seth|year=2008|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0-226-47300-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/childrensliterat0000lere_y4v2/page/249 249]–251}}</ref> Nancy Larrick brings tae attention the "startling note of realism" in the opening line, "Where's Papa going with that Ax?"<ref>{{cite book|title=A Parent's Guide to Children's Reading|url=https://archive.org/details/parentsguidetoc00larr|first1=Nancy|last1=Larrick|edition=Fifth|year=1982|publisher=The Westminster Press|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|isbn=0-664-32705-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/parentsguidetoc00larr/page/67 67]|chapter=}}</ref> Illustrator [[Henry Cole (illustrator)|Henry Cole]] expressed his deep childhood appreciation o the chairacters an story, an calls Garth Williams' illustrations full o "sensitivity, warmth, humor, and intelligence."<ref>{{cite book|title=The Art of Reading: Forty Illustrators Celebrate RIF's 40th Anniversary|url=https://archive.org/details/artofreadingfort00read|last=Cole|first=Henry|others=Compiled by Reading Is Fundamental|year=2005|publisher=Dutton Books|isbn=0-525-47484-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/artofreadingfort00read/page/33 33]}}</ref> Illustrator Diana Cain Bluthenthal states that Williams' illustrations inspired an influenced her.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Art of Reading: Forty Illustrators Celebrate RIF's 40th Anniversary|url=https://archive.org/details/artofreadingfort00read|last=Bluthenthal|first=Diana Cain|others=Compiled by Reading Is Fundamental|year=2005|publisher=Dutton Books|isbn=0-525-47484-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/artofreadingfort00read/page/30 30]}}</ref> There is an unabridged audio book read bi White himself which reappeared decades after it had originally been recorded.<ref name=Ames/> ''Newsweek'' writes that White reads the story "without artifice and with a mellow charm," and that "White also has a plangency that will make you weep, so don't listen (at least, not to the sad parts) while driving."<ref name=Ames>{{cite journal|last=Ames|first=Katrine|author2=Marc Peyser|date=December 9, 1991|title=For Little Pitchers With Big Ears|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_newsweek-us_newsweek_1991-12-09_118_24/page/n93|journal=Newsweek|issue=24|page=79|location=New York|issn=0028-9604}}</ref> Joe Berk, president o Pathway Sound, had recorded ''Charlotte's Web'' wi White in White's neighbor's house in Maine (which Berk describes as an especially memorable experience) an released the book in LP.<ref name=Schnol/> Bantam released ''Charlotte’s Web'' alongside ''Stuart Little'' on CD in 1991, digitally remastered, havin acquired the two o them for rather a large amount.<ref name=Schnol>{{cite journal|last=Schnol|first=Janet|author2=Joanne Tangorra|date=October 18, 1991|title=Bantam Releases CD/Cassette of E. B. White Titles|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_publishers-weekly_1991-10-18_238_46/page/32|journal=Publishers Weekly|volume=238|issue=46|page=32|issn=0000-0019}}</ref> In 2005, a school teacher in California conceived o a project for her class in which they would send out hundreds o drawings o speeders (each representin Charlotte’s child Aranea going out intae the world so that she can return an tell Wilbur o what she has seen) wi accompanyin letters; they ended up visitin a large number o parks, monuments, an museums, an were hosted bi an/or prompted responses from celebrities an politicians sic as [[John Travolta]] an then-First Lady [[Laura Bush]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.en8848.com.cn/e/DoPrint/?classid=312&id=56672|title=Worldly Web: A traveling spider teaches fourth graders the joys of reading, meeting new people, and experiencing new adventures|publisher=''Readers Digest''|date=June 13, 2007|access-date=November 13, 2012}}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 2003, ''Charlotte's Web'' wis listed at number 170 on the BBC's [[The Big Read]] poll o the UK's 200 "best-loved novels."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/bigread/top200_2.shtml|title="BBC – The Big Read"|publisher=BBC|date=April 2003|access-date=August 28, 2017}}</ref> A 2004 study found that ''Charlotte's Web'' wis a common read-aloud book for third-graders in schools in [[San Diego County, California]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Fisher, Douglas|year=2004|title=Interactive Read-Alouds: Is There a Common Set of Implementation Practices?|journal=[[The Reading Teacher]]|volume=58|issue=1|pages=8¬–17|url=https://www.fisherandfrey.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/rt-read-alouds.pdf|access-date=August 19, 2012|doi=10.1598/rt.58.1.1|display-authors=etal|dead-url=yes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207031123/http://www.fisherandfrey.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/rt-read-alouds.pdf|archive-date=December 7, 2013|df=}}</ref> Based on a 2007 online poll, the [[National Education Association]] named the book ane o its "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children."<ref name=NEA2007>{{cite web|url=https://www.nea.org/grants/13154.htm/|title=Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children|author=National Education Association|year=2007|access-date=August 19, 2012|archive-date=2015-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707175200/http://www.nea.org/grants/13154.htm/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It wis ane o the "Top 100 Chapter Books" o all time in a 2012 poll bi ''[[School Library Journal]]''.<ref name=SLJChapter2012>{{cite web|url=https://blog.schoollibraryjournal.com/afuse8production/2012/07/07/top-100-chapter-book-poll-results/|title=Top 100 Chapter Book Poll Results|author=Elizabeth Bird|publisher=''[[School Library Journal]]'' "A Fuse #8 Production" blog|date=July 7, 2012|access-date=August 19, 2012|archive-date=2012-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101133144/http://blog.schoollibraryjournal.com/afuse8production/2012/07/07/top-100-chapter-book-poll-results/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Its awards an nominations include: * [[Newbery Honor Book]] (1953)<ref>[http://www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/divs/alsc/awardsgrants/bookmedia/newberymedal/newberymedal.cfm Newbery Medal Home Page], [[American Library Association]]</ref> * [[The Horn Book Magazine|Horn Book Fanfare]] (1953)<ref>[http://www.librarything.com/bookaward/A+Horn+Book+Fanfare+Best+Book Book awards: A Horn Book Fanfare Best Book]</ref> * [[Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal]] (1970) (awarded tae White for his children's books: ''Charlotte's Web'' an ''Stuart Little'') * [[Massachusetts Children's Book Award]] (1984)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.salemstate.edu/education/mcba Massachusetts|title=Children's awards|dead-url=yes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208211607/http://www.salemstate.edu/education/mcba|archive-date=February 8, 2009|df=}}</ref> == Adaptations == === Film === The book wis adapted intae [[Charlotte's Web (1973 film)|an animatit featur o the same name]] in 1973 bi [[Hanna-Barbera Productions]] an Sagittarius Productions wi a score bi the [[Sherman Brothers]]. In 2003, a [[direct-tae-video]] sequel tae that film, ''[[Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure]],'' wis released bi [[Paramount Pictures]]. In 2006, Paramount Pictures, wi [[Walden Media]], Kerner Entertainment Company, an [[Nickelodeon Movies]], produced [[Charlotte's Web (2006 film)|a live-action/animatit adaptation]] starrin [[Dakota Fanning]] as Fern an [[Julia Roberts]] as the voice o Charlotte, released on December 15, 2006. === Stage === A musical production wis created wi music an lyrics bi [[Charles Strouse]]. === Video game === A [[video game]] o the 2006 film wis developed bi [[Backbone Entertainment]] an published bi [[THQ]] an [[Sega]], an released on December 12, 2006, for the [[Game Boy Advance]], [[Nintendo DS]], [[PlayStation 2]] an [[Personal computer|PC]]. == See also == {{portal|United States|Children's literature}} * [[Leet o best-sellin books]] * ''[[The Tale of Little Pig Robinson]]'' * "[[Low THC cannabis ("Charlotte's web")]] * [[Death in children’s literature]] {{Clear}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Further reading == * {{cite book|last=Griffith|first=John W.|title=Charlotte's web: a pig's salvation|url=https://archive.org/details/charlotteswebpig00grif|year=1993|publisher=Twayne|location=New York|isbn=0805788123}} * {{cite book|last1=Neumeyer|first1=Peter F.|last2=Williams|first2=Garth|last3=White|first3=E. B.|title=The annotated Charlotte's web|url=https://archive.org/details/annotatedcharlot00neum|year=1994|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New York|isbn=0060243872}} * {{cite book|last=White|first=E. B.|others=Illustrated by Maggie Kneen|title=Some pig!: a Charlotte's web picture book|url=https://archive.org/details/somepigcharlotte0000whit|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New York|year=2007|isbn=0060781610}} * {{cite book|last=White|first=E. B.|others=Illustrated by Maggie Kneen|title=Wilbur's adventure: a Charlotte's web picture book|url=https://archive.org/details/wilbursadventure0000whit|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New York|year=2008|isbn=9780060781644}} * {{cite book|last=Sims|first=Michael|title=The story of Charlotte's web: E. B. White's eccentric life in nature and the birth of an American classic|url=https://archive.org/details/storyofcharlotte0000sims|publisher=Walker & Co|location=New York|year=2011|isbn=9780802777546}} == Freemit airtins == {{Wikiquote|Charlotte's Web (book)|Charlotte's Web}} * [https://www.harpercollinschildrens.com/HarperChildrens/kids/gamesandcontests/features/charlottesweb/default.aspx ''Charlotte's Web'' home page at publisher's site] [[Category:1952 American novelles]] [[Category:1952 bairns' novelles]] [[Category:American bairns' novelles]] [[Category:American novels adapted intae films]] [[Category:Beuks about friendship]] [[Category:Bairns' novelles about animals]] [[Category:Fictional speeders]] [[Category:Fictional pigs]] [[Category:Harper & Brothers beuks]] [[Category:Literature featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Newbery Honor-winning works]] [[Category:Pigs in literature]] [[Category:Works bi E. B. White]] 17o055rsxbbyi0w80z1ynelqf0syqnm 915953 915911 2026-04-30T06:52:11Z LivMaddieFan26M3 130544 915953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox beuk | name = Charlotte's Web | image = | caption = Civer o the first edition | author = [[E. B. White]] | illustrator = [[Garth Williams]] | cover_artist = Garth Williams | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | genre = [[Bairns' literatur|Bairns' novelle]] | publisher = [[Harper & Brothers]] | release_date = [[October 15]], [[1952 in literature|1952]] | pages = 192 | isbn = 9780062658753 }} '''''Charlotte's Web''''' is a [[bairns' literatur|bairns' novelle]] bi American author [[E. B. White]] an illustrated bi [[Garth Williams]]. It wis published on October 15, 1952, bi [[Harper & Brothers]]. The novelle tells the story o a [[livestock]] [[pig]] named Wilbur an his friendship wi a [[barn speeder]] named Charlotte. When Wilbur is in danger o bein slaughtered bi the farmer, Charlotte writes messages praisin Wilbur (sic as "Some Pig") in her web in order tae persuade the farmer tae let him live. Written in White's dry, low-key manner, ''Charlotte's Web'' is considered a classic o bairns' literatur, enjoyable tae adults as well as bairns. The description o the experience o swingin on a rope swing at the farm is an aften cited example o rhythm in writin, as the pace o the sentences reflects the motion o the swing. In 2000, ''[[Publishers Weekly]]'' listed the beuk as the best-sellin bairns' paperback o aw time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0203050.html|title=Private Tutor|publisher=Factmonster.com|access-date=May 25, 2014}}</ref> ''Charlotte's Web'' wis adapted intae an [[Charlotte's Web (1973 film)|animatit featur]] bi [[Hanna-Barbera Productions]] an Sagittarius Productions in 1973. Paramount released a [[direct-tae-video]] [[sequel]], ''[[Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure]]'', in the U.S. in 2003 (Universal released the film internationally). A [[Charlotte's Web (2006 film)|live-action film version]] o E. B. White's original story wis released in 2006. A [[Charlotte's Web (video game)|video game based on this adaption]] wis an aa released in 2006. == Plot summary == The beuk begins when John Arable's sow gives birth tae a litter o piglets, an Mr. Arable discovers ane o them is a [[runt]] an decides tae kill it. Houiver, his aicht year old daughter Fern begs him tae let it live. Therefore her father gives it tae Fern as a pet, an she names the piglet Wilbur. Wilbur is hyperactive an always exploring new things. He lives wi Fern for a few weeks an then is sold tae her uncle, Homer Zuckerman. Although Fern visits him at the Zuckermans' farm as aften as she can, her visits decrease as she grows older, an Wilbur gets lonelier day after day. Eventually, a warm an soothin voice tells him that she is going tae be his friend. The next day, he wakes up an meets his new friend: Charlotte, the grey speeder. Wilbur soon becomes a member o the community o animals that live in the cellar o Zuckerman's barn. When the old sheep in the barn cellar tells Wilbur that he is going tae be killed an eaten at Christmas, he turns tae Charlotte for help. Charlotte has the idea o writin words in her web extollin Wilbur's excellence ("some pig," "terrific," "radiant," an eventually "humble"), reasoning that if she can make Wilbur sufficiently famous, he will not be killed. Thanks tae Charlotte's efforts, an wi the assistance o the gluttonous rat Templeton, Wilbur not only lifes, but goes tae the county fair wi Charlotte an wins a prize. Havin reached the end of her natural lifespan, Charlotte dies at the fair. Wilbur repays Charlotte bi bringing home wi him the sac o eggs (her "[[masterpiece|magnum opus]]") she had laid at the fair before dying. When Charlotte's eggs hatch at Zuckerman's farm, most o them leave tae make their own lifes elsewhere, except for three: Joy, Aranea, an Nellie, who remain there as friends tae Wilbur; but none o them can replace Charlotte. == Chairacters == * '''Wilbur''' is a rambunctious [[pig]], the [[runt]] o his [[litter (animal)|litter]]. He is aften strongly emotional. * '''Charlotte A. Cavatica''', or simply Charlotte, is a [[speeder]] that befriends Wilbur. In some passages, she is the [[heroine]] o the story.<ref>{{cite news|title=Charlotte A. Cavatica: Bloodthirsty, Wise And True|work= NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93263496|access-date=September 26, 2010}}</ref> * '''John Arable''' is Wilbur's first owner. * '''Fern Arable''' is John's daughter, that adopts Wilbur when he is a piglet, an later visits him. She is the only human in the story capable o understanding animal conversation. * '''Templeton''' is a [[rat]] that helps Charlotte an Wilbur only when offered food. He serves as a somewhat caustic, self-serving [[comic relief]] tae the plot. * '''Avery Arable''' is the elder brother o Fern an John's son. Like Templeton, he is a source o comic relief. * '''Homer Zuckerman''' is Fern's uncle that keeps Wilbur in his barn. He has a wife, Edith, an an assistant named Lurvy. * '''Other animals''' in Zuckerman's barn, wi whom Wilbur converses, are a disdainful lamb, a talkative goose, an an intelligent "old [[sheep]]". * '''Henry Fussy''' is a boy o Fern's age, o whom Fern becomes fond. * '''Dr. Dorian''' is the family physician/psychologist consulted bi Fern's mother an somethin o a [[wise old man]] chairacter. * '''Uncle''' is a large pig that Charlotte disdains for coarse manners. He is Wilbur's rival at the fair. * '''Charlotte's children''' are the 514 children o Charlotte. Although they were born at the barn, all but three o them go their own ways bi [[balloonin (speeder)|balloonin]]. == Themes == === Death === [[Death]] is a major theme seen throughout ''Charlotte's Web'' an is brought forth bi that o the [[speeder]], Charlotte's, [[Speeder web|web]]. Accordin tae Norton D. Kinghorn, Charlotte's web acts as a barrier that separates two worlds. These worlds are that o life an death.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kinghorn|first=Norton D.|date=Spring 1986|title=The Real Miracle of Charlotte's Web|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/248439|journal=Children's Literature Association Quarterly|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=4–9|doi=10.1353/chq.0.0418|issn=1553-1201|via=}}</ref> Scholar Amy Ratelle says that through Charlotte's continual killin an eatin o [[flies]] throughout the novel, White makes the concept o death normal for Wilbur an for the readers.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ratelle|first=Amy|date=2014|title=Ethics and Edibility in Charlotte's Web|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/565975|journal=The Lion and the Unicorn|language=en|volume=38|issue=3|pages=327–341|doi=10.1353/uni.2014.0026|issn=1080-6563}}</ref> Wilbur constantly has death on his mind at night when he is worryin over whether or not he will be made intae [[meat]] for humans tae consume, but as scholar Sophie Mills notes, Wilbur is able tae avoid death.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mills|first=Sophie|date=2000|title=Pig in the Middle|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1005178904342|journal=Children's Literature in Education|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|pages=107–124|doi=10.1023/A:1005178904342|issn=0045-6713|via=}}</ref> Even though Wilbur is able tae escape his death, Charlotte, the speeder that takes care of Wilbur, is not able tae escape her own death. Charlotte passes away, but accordin tae Trudelle H. Thomas, "Yet even in the face of death, life continues and ultimate goodness wins out".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Trudelle H.|date=2016|title=The Arc of the Rope Swing: Humour, Poetry, and Spirituality in Charlotte’s Web by E.B. White|url=|journal=International Journal of Children's Spirituality|volume=21|pages=201-215|via=}}</ref> Jordan Anne Deveraux explains that E. B. White discusses a few [[realities]] o death. From the novel, readers learn that death can be delayed, but it cannot be avoided forever.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jordan|first=Anne Devereaux|date=1997|title=Appreciating "Charlotte's Web"|url=|journal=Teaching and Learning Literature with Children and Young Adults|volume=7|pages=|via=}}</ref> === Change === For Norton D. Kinghorn, Charlotte's web also acts as a signifier o change. The change Kinghorn refers tae is that o both the human world an the farm/barn world. For both o these worlds change is somethin that cannot be avoided.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kinghorn|first=Norton D.|date=Spring 1986|title=The Real Miracle of Charlotte's Web|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/248439|journal=Children's Literature Association Quarterly|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=4–9|doi=10.1353/chq.0.0418|issn=1553-1201|via=}}</ref> Along wi the changin o the [[saison]]s throughout the novel, the chairacters also go through their own changes. Jordan Anne Deveraux also explains that Wilbur an Fern each go through their changes tae transition from [[childhood]] closer tae adulthood throughout the novel.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jordan|first=Anne Devereaux|date=1997|title=Appreciating "Charlotte's Web"|url=|journal=Teaching and Learning Literature with Children and Young Adults|volume=7|pages=|via=}}</ref> This is evidenced bi Wilbur acceptin death an Fern givin up her dolls. Wilbur grows throughout the novel, allowin him tae become the caretaker o Charlotte's children just as she wis a caretaker for him, as is explained bi scholar Sue Misheff.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Misheff|first=Sue|date=1998|title=Beneath the Web and Over the Stream: The Search for Safe Places in Charlotte's Web and Bridge to Terabithia|url=|journal=Children's Literature in Education|volume=29|pages=|via=}}</ref> But rather than accept the changes that are forced upon them, according tae Sophie Mills, the chairacters aim tae go beyond the limits o change.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mills|first=Sophie|date=2000|title=Pig in the Middle|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1005178904342|journal=Children's Literature in Education|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|pages=107–124|doi=10.1023/A:1005178904342|issn=0045-6713|via=}}</ref> In a different way, Wilbur goes through a change when he switches locations. Amy Ratelle explains that when he moves from Fern's house tae Homer Zuckerman's farm, Wilbur goes from bein a loved pet tae a farm animal. === Innocence === Fern, the little girl in the novel, goes from bein a child tae being more o an adult. As she goes through this change, Kinghorn notes that it can also be considered a fall from [[innocence]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kinghorn|first=Norton D.|date=Spring 1986|title=The Real Miracle of Charlotte's Web|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/248439|journal=Children's Literature Association Quarterly|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=4–9|doi=10.1353/chq.0.0418|issn=1553-1201|via=}}</ref> Wilbur also starts out young an innocent at the beginnin o the novel. A comparison is drawn between the innocence an youth o Fern an Wilbur. Sophie Mills states that the two chairacters can identify wi ane another.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mills|first=Sophie|date=2000|title=Pig in the Middle|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1005178904342|journal=Children's Literature in Education|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|pages=107–124|doi=10.1023/A:1005178904342|issn=0045-6713|via=}}</ref> Both Wilbur an Fern are, at first, horrified bi the realization that life must end; however, bi the end o the novel, both chairacters learn tae accept that everything must die.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jordan|first=Anne Devereaux|date=1997|title=Appreciating "Charlotte's Web"|url=|journal=Teaching and Learning Literature with Children and Young Adults|volume=7|pages=|via=}}</ref> Accordin tae Matthew Scully, the novel presents the difference in the worldview o adults versus the worldview o children. Children, sic as Fern, believe killin another for food is wrong, while adults have learned tae justify this action.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Scully|first=Matthew|date=June 2011|title=Tangled Web; A Children's Classic, and the Moral Dimensions of Animal Farming. (The Story of Charlotte's Web: E. B. White's Eccentric Life in Nature and the Birth of an American Classic)|url=|journal=The Weekly Standard|volume=16|pages=|via=}}</ref> == History == ''Charlotte's Web'' wis published three years after White began writing it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.harpercollinschildrens.com/HarperChildrens/Kids/AuthorsAndIllustrators/AuthorNote.aspx?CId=10499|title=Authors & illustrators: E. B. White: AUTHOR NOTE: A Letter from E. B. White|access-date=May 31, 2009|last=White|first=E. B.|year=2006|work=harpercollinschildrens.com|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers}}</ref> White's editor Ursula Nordstrom said that ane day in 1952, E. B. White arrived at her office an handed her a new manuscript, the only copy o ''Charlotte's Web'' then in existence, which she read soon after an enjoyed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/08/03/lifetimes/white-tales.html|title=Stuart, Wilbur, Charlotte: A Tale of Tales|accessdate=December 22, 2008|last=Nordstrom|first=Ursula|date=May 12, 1974|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Since White published ''Death of a Pig'' in 1948,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideastour/animals/white-full.html|title=Death of a Pig|access-date=August 30, 2011|last=White|first=E.B.|date=January 1948|work=The Atlantic}}</ref> an account o his own failure tae save a sick pig (bought for butchering), ''Charlotte's Web'' can be seen as White's attempt "tae save his pig in retrospect".<ref name=Weales>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/08/03/lifetimes/white-designs.html|title=The Designs of E. B. White|access-date=December 22, 2008|last=Weales|first=Gerald|date=May 24, 1970|work=The New York Times}}</ref> White's overall motivation for the book has not been revealed an he has written: "I haven't told why I wrote the book, but I haven't told you why I sneeze, either. A book is a sneeze".<ref>{{cite web|last=Usher|first=Shaun|title=A book is a sneeze|url=https://www.lettersofnote.com/2013/08/a-book-is-sneeze.html|work=Letters of Note|access-date=August 6, 2013|archive-date=2018-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917232310/http://www.lettersofnote.com/2013/08/a-book-is-sneeze.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> When White met the speeder that originally inspired Charlotte, he called her Charlotte Epeira (after ''Epeira sclopetaria'', the Grey Cross speeder, now known as ''[[Larinioides sclopetarius]]''), before discoverin that the more modern name for that genus wis ''Aranea''.<ref>{{cite book|title=E. B. White: A Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/ebwhite00scot|last=Elledge|first=Scott|year=1984|publisher=W. W. Norton and Company|isbn=0-393-01771-0}}</ref> In the novel, Charlotte gives her full name as "Charlotte A. Cavatica", revealin her as a [[barn speeder]], an [[orb-weaver spider|orb-weaver]] wi the scientific name ''Araneus cavaticus''. The arachnid anatomical terms (mentioned in the beginning o chapter nine) an other information that White used, came mostly from ''American Spiders'' bi [[Willis J. Gertsch]] an ''The Spider Book'' bi [[John Henry Comstock]], both o which combine a sense o poetry wi scientific fact.<ref name=Neumeyer>{{cite journal|last=Neumeyer|first=Peter F.|year=1991|title=Charlotte, Arachnida: The Scientific Sources|journal=The Lion and the Unicorn|volume=19|issue=2|pages=223–231|issn=0147-2593|doi=10.1353/uni.1995.0034}}</ref> White incorporated details from Comstock's accounts o baby speeders, most notably the "flight" o the young speeders on silken parachutes.<ref name=Neumeyer/> White sent Gertsch's book tae illustrator Garth Williams.<ref name=Elledge295>Elledge (1984), p. 295.</ref> Williams' initial drawins depicted a speeder wi a woman's face, an White suggested that he simply draw a realistic speeder instead.<ref>{{cite book|title=Letters of E.B. White|url=https://archive.org/details/lettersofebwhite0000whit_g6j9|last=White|first=E.B.|author2=Dorothy Lobrano Guth (ed.)|year=1976|publisher=Harper and Row|isbn=0-06-014601-X|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lettersofebwhite0000whit_g6j9/page/353 353]–354}}</ref> White originally opened the novel wi an introduction o Wilbur an the barnyard (which later became the third chapter) but decided tae begin the novel bi introducin Fern an her family on the first page.<ref name=Elledge295/> White's publishers were at ane point concerned wi the book's endin an tried tae get White tae change it.<ref name=Letters351>White (1976), p. 351.</ref> ''Charlotte's Web'' has become White's most famous book, but White treasured his privacy an that o the farmyard an barn that helped inspire the novel, which have been kept off limits tae the public according tae his wishes.<ref name=Garfield>{{cite web|url=https://www.bangormetro.com/media/Bangor-Metro/May-2007/E-B-Whites-Web/|title=E.B. White’s Web|access-date=June 17, 2009|last=Garfield|first=Henry|date=May 2007|publisher=Bangor-Metro|dead-url=yes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113170224/http://www.bangormetro.com/media/Bangor-Metro/May-2007/E-B-Whites-Web/|archive-date=January 13, 2009|df=}}</ref> == Reception == ''Charlotte's Web'' wis generally well-reviewed when it wis released. In ''The New York Times'', [[Eudora Welty]] wrote, "As a piece of work it is just about perfect, and just about magical in the way it is done."<ref name=weltynyt>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/11/22/specials/welty-charlotte.html|title=E.B. White’s Web|access-date=June 17, 2009|last=Garfield|first=Henry|date=May 2007|publisher=''The New York Times''|date=October 19, 1952}}</ref> Aside from its paperback sales, ''Charlotte's Web'' is 78th on the all-time bestselling hardback book list. According tae publicity for the 2006 film adaptation, the book has sold more than 45 million copies an been translated intae 23 languages. It wis a [[Newbery Honor]] book for 1953, losin tae ''[[Secret of the Andes]]'' bi [[Ann Nolan Clark]] for the [[Newbery Medal]]. In 1970, White won the [[Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal]], a major prize in the field o children's literature, for ''Charlotte's Web'', along wi his first children's book, ''[[Stuart Little]]'', published in 1945. Seth Lerer, in his book ''Children’s Literature'', finds that Charlotte represents female authorship an creativity, an compares her tae other female chairacters in children's literature sic as Jo March in ''[[Little Women]]'' an Mary Lennox in ''[[The Secret Garden]]''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Children's Literature|url=https://archive.org/details/childrensliterat0000lere_y4v2|last=Lerer|first=Seth|year=2008|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0-226-47300-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/childrensliterat0000lere_y4v2/page/249 249]–251}}</ref> Nancy Larrick brings tae attention the "startling note of realism" in the opening line, "Where's Papa going with that Ax?"<ref>{{cite book|title=A Parent's Guide to Children's Reading|url=https://archive.org/details/parentsguidetoc00larr|first1=Nancy|last1=Larrick|edition=Fifth|year=1982|publisher=The Westminster Press|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|isbn=0-664-32705-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/parentsguidetoc00larr/page/67 67]|chapter=}}</ref> Illustrator [[Henry Cole (illustrator)|Henry Cole]] expressed his deep childhood appreciation o the chairacters an story, an calls Garth Williams' illustrations full o "sensitivity, warmth, humor, and intelligence."<ref>{{cite book|title=The Art of Reading: Forty Illustrators Celebrate RIF's 40th Anniversary|url=https://archive.org/details/artofreadingfort00read|last=Cole|first=Henry|others=Compiled by Reading Is Fundamental|year=2005|publisher=Dutton Books|isbn=0-525-47484-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/artofreadingfort00read/page/33 33]}}</ref> Illustrator Diana Cain Bluthenthal states that Williams' illustrations inspired an influenced her.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Art of Reading: Forty Illustrators Celebrate RIF's 40th Anniversary|url=https://archive.org/details/artofreadingfort00read|last=Bluthenthal|first=Diana Cain|others=Compiled by Reading Is Fundamental|year=2005|publisher=Dutton Books|isbn=0-525-47484-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/artofreadingfort00read/page/30 30]}}</ref> There is an unabridged audio book read bi White himself which reappeared decades after it had originally been recorded.<ref name=Ames/> ''Newsweek'' writes that White reads the story "without artifice and with a mellow charm," and that "White also has a plangency that will make you weep, so don't listen (at least, not to the sad parts) while driving."<ref name=Ames>{{cite journal|last=Ames|first=Katrine|author2=Marc Peyser|date=December 9, 1991|title=For Little Pitchers With Big Ears|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_newsweek-us_newsweek_1991-12-09_118_24/page/n93|journal=Newsweek|issue=24|page=79|location=New York|issn=0028-9604}}</ref> Joe Berk, president o Pathway Sound, had recorded ''Charlotte's Web'' wi White in White's neighbor's house in Maine (which Berk describes as an especially memorable experience) an released the book in LP.<ref name=Schnol/> Bantam released ''Charlotte’s Web'' alongside ''Stuart Little'' on CD in 1991, digitally remastered, havin acquired the two o them for rather a large amount.<ref name=Schnol>{{cite journal|last=Schnol|first=Janet|author2=Joanne Tangorra|date=October 18, 1991|title=Bantam Releases CD/Cassette of E. B. White Titles|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_publishers-weekly_1991-10-18_238_46/page/32|journal=Publishers Weekly|volume=238|issue=46|page=32|issn=0000-0019}}</ref> In 2005, a school teacher in California conceived o a project for her class in which they would send out hundreds o drawings o speeders (each representin Charlotte’s child Aranea going out intae the world so that she can return an tell Wilbur o what she has seen) wi accompanyin letters; they ended up visitin a large number o parks, monuments, an museums, an were hosted bi an/or prompted responses from celebrities an politicians sic as [[John Travolta]] an then-First Lady [[Laura Bush]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.en8848.com.cn/e/DoPrint/?classid=312&id=56672|title=Worldly Web: A traveling spider teaches fourth graders the joys of reading, meeting new people, and experiencing new adventures|publisher=''Readers Digest''|date=June 13, 2007|access-date=November 13, 2012}}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 2003, ''Charlotte's Web'' wis listed at number 170 on the BBC's [[The Big Read]] poll o the UK's 200 "best-loved novels."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/bigread/top200_2.shtml|title="BBC – The Big Read"|publisher=BBC|date=April 2003|access-date=August 28, 2017}}</ref> A 2004 study found that ''Charlotte's Web'' wis a common read-aloud book for third-graders in schools in [[San Diego County, California]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Fisher, Douglas|year=2004|title=Interactive Read-Alouds: Is There a Common Set of Implementation Practices?|journal=[[The Reading Teacher]]|volume=58|issue=1|pages=8¬–17|url=https://www.fisherandfrey.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/rt-read-alouds.pdf|access-date=August 19, 2012|doi=10.1598/rt.58.1.1|display-authors=etal|dead-url=yes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207031123/http://www.fisherandfrey.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/rt-read-alouds.pdf|archive-date=December 7, 2013|df=}}</ref> Based on a 2007 online poll, the [[National Education Association]] named the book ane o its "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children."<ref name=NEA2007>{{cite web|url=https://www.nea.org/grants/13154.htm/|title=Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children|author=National Education Association|year=2007|access-date=August 19, 2012|archive-date=2015-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707175200/http://www.nea.org/grants/13154.htm/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It wis ane o the "Top 100 Chapter Books" o all time in a 2012 poll bi ''[[School Library Journal]]''.<ref name=SLJChapter2012>{{cite web|url=https://blog.schoollibraryjournal.com/afuse8production/2012/07/07/top-100-chapter-book-poll-results/|title=Top 100 Chapter Book Poll Results|author=Elizabeth Bird|publisher=''[[School Library Journal]]'' "A Fuse #8 Production" blog|date=July 7, 2012|access-date=August 19, 2012|archive-date=2012-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101133144/http://blog.schoollibraryjournal.com/afuse8production/2012/07/07/top-100-chapter-book-poll-results/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Its awards an nominations include: * [[Newbery Honor Book]] (1953)<ref>[http://www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/divs/alsc/awardsgrants/bookmedia/newberymedal/newberymedal.cfm Newbery Medal Home Page], [[American Library Association]]</ref> * [[The Horn Book Magazine|Horn Book Fanfare]] (1953)<ref>[http://www.librarything.com/bookaward/A+Horn+Book+Fanfare+Best+Book Book awards: A Horn Book Fanfare Best Book]</ref> * [[Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal]] (1970) (awarded tae White for his children's books: ''Charlotte's Web'' an ''Stuart Little'') * [[Massachusetts Children's Book Award]] (1984)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.salemstate.edu/education/mcba Massachusetts|title=Children's awards|dead-url=yes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208211607/http://www.salemstate.edu/education/mcba|archive-date=February 8, 2009|df=}}</ref> == Adaptations == === Film === The book wis adapted intae [[Charlotte's Web (1973 film)|an animatit featur o the same name]] in 1973 bi [[Hanna-Barbera Productions]] an Sagittarius Productions wi a score bi the [[Sherman Brothers]]. In 2003, a [[direct-tae-video]] sequel tae that film, ''[[Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure]],'' wis released bi [[Paramount Pictures]]. In 2006, Paramount Pictures, wi [[Walden Media]], Kerner Entertainment Company, an [[Nickelodeon Movies]], produced [[Charlotte's Web (2006 film)|a live-action/animatit adaptation]] starrin [[Dakota Fanning]] as Fern an [[Julia Roberts]] as the voice o Charlotte, released on December 15, 2006. === Stage === A musical production wis created wi music an lyrics bi [[Charles Strouse]]. === Video game === A [[video game]] o the 2006 film wis developed bi [[Backbone Entertainment]] an published bi [[THQ]] an [[Sega]], an released on December 12, 2006, for the [[Game Boy Advance]], [[Nintendo DS]], [[PlayStation 2]] an [[Personal computer|PC]]. == See also == {{portal|United States|Children's literature}} * [[Leet o best-sellin books]] * ''[[The Tale of Little Pig Robinson]]'' * "[[Low THC cannabis ("Charlotte's web")]] * [[Death in children’s literature]] {{Clear}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Further reading == * {{cite book|last=Griffith|first=John W.|title=Charlotte's web: a pig's salvation|url=https://archive.org/details/charlotteswebpig00grif|year=1993|publisher=Twayne|location=New York|isbn=0805788123}} * {{cite book|last1=Neumeyer|first1=Peter F.|last2=Williams|first2=Garth|last3=White|first3=E. B.|title=The annotated Charlotte's web|url=https://archive.org/details/annotatedcharlot00neum|year=1994|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New York|isbn=0060243872}} * {{cite book|last=White|first=E. B.|others=Illustrated by Maggie Kneen|title=Some pig!: a Charlotte's web picture book|url=https://archive.org/details/somepigcharlotte0000whit|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New York|year=2007|isbn=0060781610}} * {{cite book|last=White|first=E. B.|others=Illustrated by Maggie Kneen|title=Wilbur's adventure: a Charlotte's web picture book|url=https://archive.org/details/wilbursadventure0000whit|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New York|year=2008|isbn=9780060781644}} * {{cite book|last=Sims|first=Michael|title=The story of Charlotte's web: E. B. White's eccentric life in nature and the birth of an American classic|url=https://archive.org/details/storyofcharlotte0000sims|publisher=Walker & Co|location=New York|year=2011|isbn=9780802777546}} == Freemit airtins == {{Wikiquote|Charlotte's Web (book)|Charlotte's Web}} * [https://www.harpercollinschildrens.com/HarperChildrens/kids/gamesandcontests/features/charlottesweb/default.aspx ''Charlotte's Web'' home page at publisher's site] [[Category:1952 American novelles]] [[Category:1952 bairns' novelles]] [[Category:American bairns' novelles]] [[Category:American novels adapted intae films]] [[Category:Beuks about friendship]] [[Category:Bairns' novelles about animals]] [[Category:Fictional speeders]] [[Category:Fictional pigs]] [[Category:Harper & Brothers beuks]] [[Category:Literature featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Newbery Honor-winning works]] [[Category:Pigs in literature]] [[Category:Works bi E. B. White]] 39q9flwiix9cy18i5439wkmmo9ioedp 915954 915953 2026-04-30T06:52:35Z LivMaddieFan26M3 130544 915954 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox beuk | name = Charlotte's Web | image = | caption = Civer o the first edition | author = [[E. B. White]] | illustrator = [[Garth Williams]] | cover_artist = Garth Williams | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | genre = [[Bairns' literatur|Bairns' novelle]] | publisher = [[Harper & Brothers]] | release_date = [[October 15]], [[1952 in literature|1952]] | pages = 192 | isbn = 9780062658753 }} '''''Charlotte's Web''''' is a [[bairns' literatur|bairns' novelle]] bi American author [[E. B. White]] an illustrated bi [[Garth Williams]]. It wis published on October 15, 1952, bi [[Harper & Brothers]]. The novelle tells the story o a [[livestock]] [[pig]] named Wilbur an his friendship wi a [[barn speeder]] named Charlotte. When Wilbur is in danger o bein slaughtered bi the farmer, Charlotte writes messages praisin Wilbur (sic as "Some Pig") in her web in order tae persuade the farmer tae let him live. Written in White's dry, low-key manner, ''Charlotte's Web'' is considered a classic o bairns' literatur, enjoyable tae adults as well as bairns. The description o the experience o swingin on a rope swing at the farm is an aften cited example o rhythm in writing, as the pace o the sentences reflects the motion o the swing. In 2000, ''[[Publishers Weekly]]'' listed the beuk as the best-sellin bairns' paperback o aw time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0203050.html|title=Private Tutor|publisher=Factmonster.com|access-date=May 25, 2014}}</ref> ''Charlotte's Web'' wis adapted intae an [[Charlotte's Web (1973 film)|animatit featur]] bi [[Hanna-Barbera Productions]] an Sagittarius Productions in 1973. Paramount released a [[direct-tae-video]] [[sequel]], ''[[Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure]]'', in the U.S. in 2003 (Universal released the film internationally). A [[Charlotte's Web (2006 film)|live-action film version]] o E. B. White's original story wis released in 2006. A [[Charlotte's Web (video game)|video game based on this adaption]] wis an aa released in 2006. == Plot summary == The beuk begins when John Arable's sow gives birth tae a litter o piglets, an Mr. Arable discovers ane o them is a [[runt]] an decides tae kill it. Houiver, his aicht year old daughter Fern begs him tae let it live. Therefore her father gives it tae Fern as a pet, an she names the piglet Wilbur. Wilbur is hyperactive an always exploring new things. He lives wi Fern for a few weeks an then is sold tae her uncle, Homer Zuckerman. Although Fern visits him at the Zuckermans' farm as aften as she can, her visits decrease as she grows older, an Wilbur gets lonelier day after day. Eventually, a warm an soothin voice tells him that she is going tae be his friend. The next day, he wakes up an meets his new friend: Charlotte, the grey speeder. Wilbur soon becomes a member o the community o animals that live in the cellar o Zuckerman's barn. When the old sheep in the barn cellar tells Wilbur that he is going tae be killed an eaten at Christmas, he turns tae Charlotte for help. Charlotte has the idea o writin words in her web extollin Wilbur's excellence ("some pig," "terrific," "radiant," an eventually "humble"), reasoning that if she can make Wilbur sufficiently famous, he will not be killed. Thanks tae Charlotte's efforts, an wi the assistance o the gluttonous rat Templeton, Wilbur not only lifes, but goes tae the county fair wi Charlotte an wins a prize. Havin reached the end of her natural lifespan, Charlotte dies at the fair. Wilbur repays Charlotte bi bringing home wi him the sac o eggs (her "[[masterpiece|magnum opus]]") she had laid at the fair before dying. When Charlotte's eggs hatch at Zuckerman's farm, most o them leave tae make their own lifes elsewhere, except for three: Joy, Aranea, an Nellie, who remain there as friends tae Wilbur; but none o them can replace Charlotte. == Chairacters == * '''Wilbur''' is a rambunctious [[pig]], the [[runt]] o his [[litter (animal)|litter]]. He is aften strongly emotional. * '''Charlotte A. Cavatica''', or simply Charlotte, is a [[speeder]] that befriends Wilbur. In some passages, she is the [[heroine]] o the story.<ref>{{cite news|title=Charlotte A. Cavatica: Bloodthirsty, Wise And True|work= NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93263496|access-date=September 26, 2010}}</ref> * '''John Arable''' is Wilbur's first owner. * '''Fern Arable''' is John's daughter, that adopts Wilbur when he is a piglet, an later visits him. She is the only human in the story capable o understanding animal conversation. * '''Templeton''' is a [[rat]] that helps Charlotte an Wilbur only when offered food. He serves as a somewhat caustic, self-serving [[comic relief]] tae the plot. * '''Avery Arable''' is the elder brother o Fern an John's son. Like Templeton, he is a source o comic relief. * '''Homer Zuckerman''' is Fern's uncle that keeps Wilbur in his barn. He has a wife, Edith, an an assistant named Lurvy. * '''Other animals''' in Zuckerman's barn, wi whom Wilbur converses, are a disdainful lamb, a talkative goose, an an intelligent "old [[sheep]]". * '''Henry Fussy''' is a boy o Fern's age, o whom Fern becomes fond. * '''Dr. Dorian''' is the family physician/psychologist consulted bi Fern's mother an somethin o a [[wise old man]] chairacter. * '''Uncle''' is a large pig that Charlotte disdains for coarse manners. He is Wilbur's rival at the fair. * '''Charlotte's children''' are the 514 children o Charlotte. Although they were born at the barn, all but three o them go their own ways bi [[balloonin (speeder)|balloonin]]. == Themes == === Death === [[Death]] is a major theme seen throughout ''Charlotte's Web'' an is brought forth bi that o the [[speeder]], Charlotte's, [[Speeder web|web]]. Accordin tae Norton D. Kinghorn, Charlotte's web acts as a barrier that separates two worlds. These worlds are that o life an death.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kinghorn|first=Norton D.|date=Spring 1986|title=The Real Miracle of Charlotte's Web|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/248439|journal=Children's Literature Association Quarterly|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=4–9|doi=10.1353/chq.0.0418|issn=1553-1201|via=}}</ref> Scholar Amy Ratelle says that through Charlotte's continual killin an eatin o [[flies]] throughout the novel, White makes the concept o death normal for Wilbur an for the readers.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ratelle|first=Amy|date=2014|title=Ethics and Edibility in Charlotte's Web|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/565975|journal=The Lion and the Unicorn|language=en|volume=38|issue=3|pages=327–341|doi=10.1353/uni.2014.0026|issn=1080-6563}}</ref> Wilbur constantly has death on his mind at night when he is worryin over whether or not he will be made intae [[meat]] for humans tae consume, but as scholar Sophie Mills notes, Wilbur is able tae avoid death.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mills|first=Sophie|date=2000|title=Pig in the Middle|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1005178904342|journal=Children's Literature in Education|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|pages=107–124|doi=10.1023/A:1005178904342|issn=0045-6713|via=}}</ref> Even though Wilbur is able tae escape his death, Charlotte, the speeder that takes care of Wilbur, is not able tae escape her own death. Charlotte passes away, but accordin tae Trudelle H. Thomas, "Yet even in the face of death, life continues and ultimate goodness wins out".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Trudelle H.|date=2016|title=The Arc of the Rope Swing: Humour, Poetry, and Spirituality in Charlotte’s Web by E.B. White|url=|journal=International Journal of Children's Spirituality|volume=21|pages=201-215|via=}}</ref> Jordan Anne Deveraux explains that E. B. White discusses a few [[realities]] o death. From the novel, readers learn that death can be delayed, but it cannot be avoided forever.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jordan|first=Anne Devereaux|date=1997|title=Appreciating "Charlotte's Web"|url=|journal=Teaching and Learning Literature with Children and Young Adults|volume=7|pages=|via=}}</ref> === Change === For Norton D. Kinghorn, Charlotte's web also acts as a signifier o change. The change Kinghorn refers tae is that o both the human world an the farm/barn world. For both o these worlds change is somethin that cannot be avoided.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kinghorn|first=Norton D.|date=Spring 1986|title=The Real Miracle of Charlotte's Web|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/248439|journal=Children's Literature Association Quarterly|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=4–9|doi=10.1353/chq.0.0418|issn=1553-1201|via=}}</ref> Along wi the changin o the [[saison]]s throughout the novel, the chairacters also go through their own changes. Jordan Anne Deveraux also explains that Wilbur an Fern each go through their changes tae transition from [[childhood]] closer tae adulthood throughout the novel.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jordan|first=Anne Devereaux|date=1997|title=Appreciating "Charlotte's Web"|url=|journal=Teaching and Learning Literature with Children and Young Adults|volume=7|pages=|via=}}</ref> This is evidenced bi Wilbur acceptin death an Fern givin up her dolls. Wilbur grows throughout the novel, allowin him tae become the caretaker o Charlotte's children just as she wis a caretaker for him, as is explained bi scholar Sue Misheff.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Misheff|first=Sue|date=1998|title=Beneath the Web and Over the Stream: The Search for Safe Places in Charlotte's Web and Bridge to Terabithia|url=|journal=Children's Literature in Education|volume=29|pages=|via=}}</ref> But rather than accept the changes that are forced upon them, according tae Sophie Mills, the chairacters aim tae go beyond the limits o change.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mills|first=Sophie|date=2000|title=Pig in the Middle|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1005178904342|journal=Children's Literature in Education|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|pages=107–124|doi=10.1023/A:1005178904342|issn=0045-6713|via=}}</ref> In a different way, Wilbur goes through a change when he switches locations. Amy Ratelle explains that when he moves from Fern's house tae Homer Zuckerman's farm, Wilbur goes from bein a loved pet tae a farm animal. === Innocence === Fern, the little girl in the novel, goes from bein a child tae being more o an adult. As she goes through this change, Kinghorn notes that it can also be considered a fall from [[innocence]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kinghorn|first=Norton D.|date=Spring 1986|title=The Real Miracle of Charlotte's Web|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/248439|journal=Children's Literature Association Quarterly|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=4–9|doi=10.1353/chq.0.0418|issn=1553-1201|via=}}</ref> Wilbur also starts out young an innocent at the beginnin o the novel. A comparison is drawn between the innocence an youth o Fern an Wilbur. Sophie Mills states that the two chairacters can identify wi ane another.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mills|first=Sophie|date=2000|title=Pig in the Middle|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1005178904342|journal=Children's Literature in Education|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|pages=107–124|doi=10.1023/A:1005178904342|issn=0045-6713|via=}}</ref> Both Wilbur an Fern are, at first, horrified bi the realization that life must end; however, bi the end o the novel, both chairacters learn tae accept that everything must die.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jordan|first=Anne Devereaux|date=1997|title=Appreciating "Charlotte's Web"|url=|journal=Teaching and Learning Literature with Children and Young Adults|volume=7|pages=|via=}}</ref> Accordin tae Matthew Scully, the novel presents the difference in the worldview o adults versus the worldview o children. Children, sic as Fern, believe killin another for food is wrong, while adults have learned tae justify this action.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Scully|first=Matthew|date=June 2011|title=Tangled Web; A Children's Classic, and the Moral Dimensions of Animal Farming. (The Story of Charlotte's Web: E. B. White's Eccentric Life in Nature and the Birth of an American Classic)|url=|journal=The Weekly Standard|volume=16|pages=|via=}}</ref> == History == ''Charlotte's Web'' wis published three years after White began writing it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.harpercollinschildrens.com/HarperChildrens/Kids/AuthorsAndIllustrators/AuthorNote.aspx?CId=10499|title=Authors & illustrators: E. B. White: AUTHOR NOTE: A Letter from E. B. White|access-date=May 31, 2009|last=White|first=E. B.|year=2006|work=harpercollinschildrens.com|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers}}</ref> White's editor Ursula Nordstrom said that ane day in 1952, E. B. White arrived at her office an handed her a new manuscript, the only copy o ''Charlotte's Web'' then in existence, which she read soon after an enjoyed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/08/03/lifetimes/white-tales.html|title=Stuart, Wilbur, Charlotte: A Tale of Tales|accessdate=December 22, 2008|last=Nordstrom|first=Ursula|date=May 12, 1974|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Since White published ''Death of a Pig'' in 1948,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideastour/animals/white-full.html|title=Death of a Pig|access-date=August 30, 2011|last=White|first=E.B.|date=January 1948|work=The Atlantic}}</ref> an account o his own failure tae save a sick pig (bought for butchering), ''Charlotte's Web'' can be seen as White's attempt "tae save his pig in retrospect".<ref name=Weales>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/08/03/lifetimes/white-designs.html|title=The Designs of E. B. White|access-date=December 22, 2008|last=Weales|first=Gerald|date=May 24, 1970|work=The New York Times}}</ref> White's overall motivation for the book has not been revealed an he has written: "I haven't told why I wrote the book, but I haven't told you why I sneeze, either. A book is a sneeze".<ref>{{cite web|last=Usher|first=Shaun|title=A book is a sneeze|url=https://www.lettersofnote.com/2013/08/a-book-is-sneeze.html|work=Letters of Note|access-date=August 6, 2013|archive-date=2018-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917232310/http://www.lettersofnote.com/2013/08/a-book-is-sneeze.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> When White met the speeder that originally inspired Charlotte, he called her Charlotte Epeira (after ''Epeira sclopetaria'', the Grey Cross speeder, now known as ''[[Larinioides sclopetarius]]''), before discoverin that the more modern name for that genus wis ''Aranea''.<ref>{{cite book|title=E. B. White: A Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/ebwhite00scot|last=Elledge|first=Scott|year=1984|publisher=W. W. Norton and Company|isbn=0-393-01771-0}}</ref> In the novel, Charlotte gives her full name as "Charlotte A. Cavatica", revealin her as a [[barn speeder]], an [[orb-weaver spider|orb-weaver]] wi the scientific name ''Araneus cavaticus''. The arachnid anatomical terms (mentioned in the beginning o chapter nine) an other information that White used, came mostly from ''American Spiders'' bi [[Willis J. Gertsch]] an ''The Spider Book'' bi [[John Henry Comstock]], both o which combine a sense o poetry wi scientific fact.<ref name=Neumeyer>{{cite journal|last=Neumeyer|first=Peter F.|year=1991|title=Charlotte, Arachnida: The Scientific Sources|journal=The Lion and the Unicorn|volume=19|issue=2|pages=223–231|issn=0147-2593|doi=10.1353/uni.1995.0034}}</ref> White incorporated details from Comstock's accounts o baby speeders, most notably the "flight" o the young speeders on silken parachutes.<ref name=Neumeyer/> White sent Gertsch's book tae illustrator Garth Williams.<ref name=Elledge295>Elledge (1984), p. 295.</ref> Williams' initial drawins depicted a speeder wi a woman's face, an White suggested that he simply draw a realistic speeder instead.<ref>{{cite book|title=Letters of E.B. White|url=https://archive.org/details/lettersofebwhite0000whit_g6j9|last=White|first=E.B.|author2=Dorothy Lobrano Guth (ed.)|year=1976|publisher=Harper and Row|isbn=0-06-014601-X|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lettersofebwhite0000whit_g6j9/page/353 353]–354}}</ref> White originally opened the novel wi an introduction o Wilbur an the barnyard (which later became the third chapter) but decided tae begin the novel bi introducin Fern an her family on the first page.<ref name=Elledge295/> White's publishers were at ane point concerned wi the book's endin an tried tae get White tae change it.<ref name=Letters351>White (1976), p. 351.</ref> ''Charlotte's Web'' has become White's most famous book, but White treasured his privacy an that o the farmyard an barn that helped inspire the novel, which have been kept off limits tae the public according tae his wishes.<ref name=Garfield>{{cite web|url=https://www.bangormetro.com/media/Bangor-Metro/May-2007/E-B-Whites-Web/|title=E.B. White’s Web|access-date=June 17, 2009|last=Garfield|first=Henry|date=May 2007|publisher=Bangor-Metro|dead-url=yes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113170224/http://www.bangormetro.com/media/Bangor-Metro/May-2007/E-B-Whites-Web/|archive-date=January 13, 2009|df=}}</ref> == Reception == ''Charlotte's Web'' wis generally well-reviewed when it wis released. In ''The New York Times'', [[Eudora Welty]] wrote, "As a piece of work it is just about perfect, and just about magical in the way it is done."<ref name=weltynyt>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/11/22/specials/welty-charlotte.html|title=E.B. White’s Web|access-date=June 17, 2009|last=Garfield|first=Henry|date=May 2007|publisher=''The New York Times''|date=October 19, 1952}}</ref> Aside from its paperback sales, ''Charlotte's Web'' is 78th on the all-time bestselling hardback book list. According tae publicity for the 2006 film adaptation, the book has sold more than 45 million copies an been translated intae 23 languages. It wis a [[Newbery Honor]] book for 1953, losin tae ''[[Secret of the Andes]]'' bi [[Ann Nolan Clark]] for the [[Newbery Medal]]. In 1970, White won the [[Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal]], a major prize in the field o children's literature, for ''Charlotte's Web'', along wi his first children's book, ''[[Stuart Little]]'', published in 1945. Seth Lerer, in his book ''Children’s Literature'', finds that Charlotte represents female authorship an creativity, an compares her tae other female chairacters in children's literature sic as Jo March in ''[[Little Women]]'' an Mary Lennox in ''[[The Secret Garden]]''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Children's Literature|url=https://archive.org/details/childrensliterat0000lere_y4v2|last=Lerer|first=Seth|year=2008|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0-226-47300-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/childrensliterat0000lere_y4v2/page/249 249]–251}}</ref> Nancy Larrick brings tae attention the "startling note of realism" in the opening line, "Where's Papa going with that Ax?"<ref>{{cite book|title=A Parent's Guide to Children's Reading|url=https://archive.org/details/parentsguidetoc00larr|first1=Nancy|last1=Larrick|edition=Fifth|year=1982|publisher=The Westminster Press|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|isbn=0-664-32705-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/parentsguidetoc00larr/page/67 67]|chapter=}}</ref> Illustrator [[Henry Cole (illustrator)|Henry Cole]] expressed his deep childhood appreciation o the chairacters an story, an calls Garth Williams' illustrations full o "sensitivity, warmth, humor, and intelligence."<ref>{{cite book|title=The Art of Reading: Forty Illustrators Celebrate RIF's 40th Anniversary|url=https://archive.org/details/artofreadingfort00read|last=Cole|first=Henry|others=Compiled by Reading Is Fundamental|year=2005|publisher=Dutton Books|isbn=0-525-47484-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/artofreadingfort00read/page/33 33]}}</ref> Illustrator Diana Cain Bluthenthal states that Williams' illustrations inspired an influenced her.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Art of Reading: Forty Illustrators Celebrate RIF's 40th Anniversary|url=https://archive.org/details/artofreadingfort00read|last=Bluthenthal|first=Diana Cain|others=Compiled by Reading Is Fundamental|year=2005|publisher=Dutton Books|isbn=0-525-47484-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/artofreadingfort00read/page/30 30]}}</ref> There is an unabridged audio book read bi White himself which reappeared decades after it had originally been recorded.<ref name=Ames/> ''Newsweek'' writes that White reads the story "without artifice and with a mellow charm," and that "White also has a plangency that will make you weep, so don't listen (at least, not to the sad parts) while driving."<ref name=Ames>{{cite journal|last=Ames|first=Katrine|author2=Marc Peyser|date=December 9, 1991|title=For Little Pitchers With Big Ears|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_newsweek-us_newsweek_1991-12-09_118_24/page/n93|journal=Newsweek|issue=24|page=79|location=New York|issn=0028-9604}}</ref> Joe Berk, president o Pathway Sound, had recorded ''Charlotte's Web'' wi White in White's neighbor's house in Maine (which Berk describes as an especially memorable experience) an released the book in LP.<ref name=Schnol/> Bantam released ''Charlotte’s Web'' alongside ''Stuart Little'' on CD in 1991, digitally remastered, havin acquired the two o them for rather a large amount.<ref name=Schnol>{{cite journal|last=Schnol|first=Janet|author2=Joanne Tangorra|date=October 18, 1991|title=Bantam Releases CD/Cassette of E. B. White Titles|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_publishers-weekly_1991-10-18_238_46/page/32|journal=Publishers Weekly|volume=238|issue=46|page=32|issn=0000-0019}}</ref> In 2005, a school teacher in California conceived o a project for her class in which they would send out hundreds o drawings o speeders (each representin Charlotte’s child Aranea going out intae the world so that she can return an tell Wilbur o what she has seen) wi accompanyin letters; they ended up visitin a large number o parks, monuments, an museums, an were hosted bi an/or prompted responses from celebrities an politicians sic as [[John Travolta]] an then-First Lady [[Laura Bush]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.en8848.com.cn/e/DoPrint/?classid=312&id=56672|title=Worldly Web: A traveling spider teaches fourth graders the joys of reading, meeting new people, and experiencing new adventures|publisher=''Readers Digest''|date=June 13, 2007|access-date=November 13, 2012}}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 2003, ''Charlotte's Web'' wis listed at number 170 on the BBC's [[The Big Read]] poll o the UK's 200 "best-loved novels."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/bigread/top200_2.shtml|title="BBC – The Big Read"|publisher=BBC|date=April 2003|access-date=August 28, 2017}}</ref> A 2004 study found that ''Charlotte's Web'' wis a common read-aloud book for third-graders in schools in [[San Diego County, California]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Fisher, Douglas|year=2004|title=Interactive Read-Alouds: Is There a Common Set of Implementation Practices?|journal=[[The Reading Teacher]]|volume=58|issue=1|pages=8¬–17|url=https://www.fisherandfrey.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/rt-read-alouds.pdf|access-date=August 19, 2012|doi=10.1598/rt.58.1.1|display-authors=etal|dead-url=yes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207031123/http://www.fisherandfrey.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/rt-read-alouds.pdf|archive-date=December 7, 2013|df=}}</ref> Based on a 2007 online poll, the [[National Education Association]] named the book ane o its "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children."<ref name=NEA2007>{{cite web|url=https://www.nea.org/grants/13154.htm/|title=Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children|author=National Education Association|year=2007|access-date=August 19, 2012|archive-date=2015-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707175200/http://www.nea.org/grants/13154.htm/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It wis ane o the "Top 100 Chapter Books" o all time in a 2012 poll bi ''[[School Library Journal]]''.<ref name=SLJChapter2012>{{cite web|url=https://blog.schoollibraryjournal.com/afuse8production/2012/07/07/top-100-chapter-book-poll-results/|title=Top 100 Chapter Book Poll Results|author=Elizabeth Bird|publisher=''[[School Library Journal]]'' "A Fuse #8 Production" blog|date=July 7, 2012|access-date=August 19, 2012|archive-date=2012-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101133144/http://blog.schoollibraryjournal.com/afuse8production/2012/07/07/top-100-chapter-book-poll-results/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Its awards an nominations include: * [[Newbery Honor Book]] (1953)<ref>[http://www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/divs/alsc/awardsgrants/bookmedia/newberymedal/newberymedal.cfm Newbery Medal Home Page], [[American Library Association]]</ref> * [[The Horn Book Magazine|Horn Book Fanfare]] (1953)<ref>[http://www.librarything.com/bookaward/A+Horn+Book+Fanfare+Best+Book Book awards: A Horn Book Fanfare Best Book]</ref> * [[Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal]] (1970) (awarded tae White for his children's books: ''Charlotte's Web'' an ''Stuart Little'') * [[Massachusetts Children's Book Award]] (1984)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.salemstate.edu/education/mcba Massachusetts|title=Children's awards|dead-url=yes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208211607/http://www.salemstate.edu/education/mcba|archive-date=February 8, 2009|df=}}</ref> == Adaptations == === Film === The book wis adapted intae [[Charlotte's Web (1973 film)|an animatit featur o the same name]] in 1973 bi [[Hanna-Barbera Productions]] an Sagittarius Productions wi a score bi the [[Sherman Brothers]]. In 2003, a [[direct-tae-video]] sequel tae that film, ''[[Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure]],'' wis released bi [[Paramount Pictures]]. In 2006, Paramount Pictures, wi [[Walden Media]], Kerner Entertainment Company, an [[Nickelodeon Movies]], produced [[Charlotte's Web (2006 film)|a live-action/animatit adaptation]] starrin [[Dakota Fanning]] as Fern an [[Julia Roberts]] as the voice o Charlotte, released on December 15, 2006. === Stage === A musical production wis created wi music an lyrics bi [[Charles Strouse]]. === Video game === A [[video game]] o the 2006 film wis developed bi [[Backbone Entertainment]] an published bi [[THQ]] an [[Sega]], an released on December 12, 2006, for the [[Game Boy Advance]], [[Nintendo DS]], [[PlayStation 2]] an [[Personal computer|PC]]. == See also == {{portal|United States|Children's literature}} * [[Leet o best-sellin books]] * ''[[The Tale of Little Pig Robinson]]'' * "[[Low THC cannabis ("Charlotte's web")]] * [[Death in children’s literature]] {{Clear}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Further reading == * {{cite book|last=Griffith|first=John W.|title=Charlotte's web: a pig's salvation|url=https://archive.org/details/charlotteswebpig00grif|year=1993|publisher=Twayne|location=New York|isbn=0805788123}} * {{cite book|last1=Neumeyer|first1=Peter F.|last2=Williams|first2=Garth|last3=White|first3=E. B.|title=The annotated Charlotte's web|url=https://archive.org/details/annotatedcharlot00neum|year=1994|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New York|isbn=0060243872}} * {{cite book|last=White|first=E. B.|others=Illustrated by Maggie Kneen|title=Some pig!: a Charlotte's web picture book|url=https://archive.org/details/somepigcharlotte0000whit|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New York|year=2007|isbn=0060781610}} * {{cite book|last=White|first=E. B.|others=Illustrated by Maggie Kneen|title=Wilbur's adventure: a Charlotte's web picture book|url=https://archive.org/details/wilbursadventure0000whit|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New York|year=2008|isbn=9780060781644}} * {{cite book|last=Sims|first=Michael|title=The story of Charlotte's web: E. B. White's eccentric life in nature and the birth of an American classic|url=https://archive.org/details/storyofcharlotte0000sims|publisher=Walker & Co|location=New York|year=2011|isbn=9780802777546}} == Freemit airtins == {{Wikiquote|Charlotte's Web (book)|Charlotte's Web}} * [https://www.harpercollinschildrens.com/HarperChildrens/kids/gamesandcontests/features/charlottesweb/default.aspx ''Charlotte's Web'' home page at publisher's site] [[Category:1952 American novelles]] [[Category:1952 bairns' novelles]] [[Category:American bairns' novelles]] [[Category:American novels adapted intae films]] [[Category:Beuks about friendship]] [[Category:Bairns' novelles about animals]] [[Category:Fictional speeders]] [[Category:Fictional pigs]] [[Category:Harper & Brothers beuks]] [[Category:Literature featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Newbery Honor-winning works]] [[Category:Pigs in literature]] [[Category:Works bi E. B. White]] 17o055rsxbbyi0w80z1ynelqf0syqnm 0 208258 915955 915849 2026-04-30T06:53:17Z LivMaddieFan26M3 130544 915955 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox film | name = Charlotte's Web 2:<br />Wilbur's Great Adventure | director = Mario Piluso | italic title = force | producer = James Wang | screenplay = {{Plainlist| * Elana Lesser * Cliff Ruby }} | based on = {{based on|Chairacters creatit|[[E. B. White]]}} | starring = {{Plainlist| * David Berón * [[Harrison Chad]] * [[Amanda Bynes]] * [[Maria Bamford]] * [[Anndi McAfee]] * [[Charlie Adler]] }} | music = [[Michael Tavera]] | editing = Christopher Hink | studio = {{Plainlist| * [[Paramount Pictures]] * [[Universal Animation Studios|Universal Cartoon Studios]] * [[Nickelodeon Animation Studio|Nickelodeon]] }} | distributor = {{Plainlist| * [[Paramount Home Media Distribution|Paramount Home Entertainment]] (North Americae) * [[Universal Pictures Home Entertainment|Universal Studios Home Video]] (International) }} | released = {{Film date|2003|3|18}} | runtime = 79 meenits | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis }} '''''Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure''''' is a 2003 American [[animation|animatit]] [[direct-tae-video]] [[adventur film]], an the [[sequel]] tae the 1973 animatit film ''[[Charlotte's Web (1973 film)|Charlotte's Web]],'' which wis based on the 1952 bairns' novel [[Charlotte's Web|o the same name]] bi [[E. B. White]]. It wis produced bi [[Paramount Pictures]] (as the logo is seen on warldwide releases), [[Universal Animation Studios|Universal Cartoon Studios]] (as the logo is seen on international releases), an [[Nickelodeon Animation Studio|Nickelodeon]]; an distributed bi [[Paramount Home Media Distribution|Paramount Home Entertainment]] in North Americae an [[Universal Pictures Home Entertainment|Universal Studios Home Entertainment]] overseas. The film centers aroond Wilbur, a pig that lifes on Mr. Zuckerman's farm an is takin care o Nellie, Aranea, an Joy, Charlotte's three daughters. He an aa must save his new freend, a freendly black lamb named Cardigan, frae bein eaten bi an evil tod named Farley. ''Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure'' wis released on Mairch 18, 2003, tae generally unfavorable reviews, wi critics pannin its animation an plot. == Cast == * David Berón as Wilbur * [[Harrison Chad]] as Cardigan * [[Amanda Bynes]] as Nellie * [[Maria Bamford]] as Aranea * [[Anndi McAfee]] as Joy * [[Charlie Adler]] as Templeton * [[Rob Paulsen]] as Farley * [[Debi Derryberry]] as Fern Arable * [[Laraine Newman]] as Gwen * [[Dawnn Lewis]] as Bessie * [[Danny Mann]] as Mr. Hirsch * [[Brenda Vaccaro]] as Mrs. Hirsch * [[Jerry Houser]] as Mr. Zuckerman * Valery Pappas as High Strung Chicken * [[Nika Futterman]] as Baby Rats * [[Julia Duffy]] as Charlotte A. Cavatica * Bridget Sienna as Flo * Bobby Block as Snotty Lamb * [[Ashley Edner]] as Bully Lamb * [[Pat Fraley]] as Donkey * [[Frank Welker]] as Animals' vocal effects == Freemit airtins == * {{AllMovie title|275885}} * {{Bcdb title|57996}} * {{IMDb title|0355315}} * {{Rotten-tomatoes|charlottes_web_2_wilburs_great_adventure}} {{Stub/Fillum}} [[Category:2003 animatit films]] [[Category:2003 filmz]] [[Category:2000s adventur films]] [[Category:2000s American animatit films]] [[Category:2000s comedy-drama films]] [[Category:2000s fantasie films]] [[Category:2000s muisical films]] [[Category:American bairns' animatit films]] [[Category:American bairns' fantasie films]] [[Category:American films]] [[Category:American muisical fantasie films]] [[Category:American sequel films]] [[Category:Animatit films aboot daith]] [[Category:Animatit films aboot freendship]] [[Category:Direct-tae-video sequel films]] [[Category:Inglis-leid films]] [[Category:Films aboot pigs]] [[Category:Films aboot speeders]] [[Category:Films featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Nickelodeon animatit films]] [[Category:Paramount Pictures direct-tae-video films]] [[Category:Paramount Pictures animatit films]] [[Category:Road movies]] [[Category:Universal Animation Studios animatit films]] [[Category:Universal Pictures direct-tae-video animatit films]] 67q49emq0i6ubxbqe8kvrgne8u95zqm 915956 915955 2026-04-30T06:53:30Z LivMaddieFan26M3 130544 915956 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox film | name = Charlotte's Web 2:<br />Wilbur's Great Adventure | director = Mario Piluso | italic title = force | producer = James Wang | screenplay = {{Plainlist| * Elana Lesser * Cliff Ruby }} | based on = {{based on|Chairacters creatit|[[E. B. White]]}} | starring = {{Plainlist| * David Berón * [[Harrison Chad]] * [[Amanda Bynes]] * [[Maria Bamford]] * [[Anndi McAfee]] * [[Charlie Adler]] }} | music = [[Michael Tavera]] | editing = Christopher Hink | studio = {{Plainlist| * [[Paramount Pictures]] * [[Universal Animation Studios|Universal Cartoon Studios]] * [[Nickelodeon Animation Studio|Nickelodeon]] }} | distributor = {{Plainlist| * [[Paramount Home Media Distribution|Paramount Home Entertainment]] (North Americae) * [[Universal Pictures Home Entertainment|Universal Studios Home Video]] (International) }} | released = {{Film date|2003|3|18}} | runtime = 79 meenits | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis }} '''''Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure''''' is a 2003 American [[animation|animatit]] [[direct-tae-video]] [[adventur film]], an the [[sequel]] tae the 1973 animatit film ''[[Charlotte's Web (1973 film)|Charlotte's Web]],'' which wis based on the 1952 bairns' novel [[Charlotte's Web|o the same name]] bi [[E. B. White]]. It wis produced bi [[Paramount Pictures]] (as the logo is seen on warldwide releases), [[Universal Animation Studios|Universal Cartoon Studios]] (as the logo is seen on international releases), an [[Nickelodeon Animation Studio|Nickelodeon]]; an distributed bi [[Paramount Home Media Distribution|Paramount Home Entertainment]] in North Americae an [[Universal Pictures Home Entertainment|Universal Studios Home Entertainment]] overseas. The film centers aroond Wilbur, a pig that lifes on Mr. Zuckerman's farm an is takin care o Nellie, Aranea, an Joy, Charlotte's three daughters. He an aa must save his new freend, a freendly black lamb named Cardigan, frae bein eaten bi an evil tod named Farley. ''Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure'' wis released on Mairch 18, 2003, tae generally unfavorable reviews, wi critics pannin its animation an plot. == Cast == * David Berón as Wilbur * [[Harrison Chad]] as Cardigan * [[Amanda Bynes]] as Nellie * [[Maria Bamford]] as Aranea * [[Anndi McAfee]] as Joy * [[Charlie Adler]] as Templeton * [[Rob Paulsen]] as Farley * [[Debi Derryberry]] as Fern Arable * [[Laraine Newman]] as Gwen * [[Dawnn Lewis]] as Bessie * [[Danny Mann]] as Mr. Hirsch * [[Brenda Vaccaro]] as Mrs. Hirsch * [[Jerry Houser]] as Mr. Zuckerman * Valery Pappas as High Strung Chicken * [[Nika Futterman]] as Baby Rats * [[Julia Duffy]] as Charlotte A. Cavatica * Bridget Sienna as Flo * Bobby Block as Snotty Lamb * [[Ashley Edner]] as Bully Lamb * [[Pat Fraley]] as Donkey * [[Frank Welker]] as Animals' vocal effects == Freemit airtins == * {{AllMovie title|275885}} * {{Bcdb title|57996}} * {{IMDb title|0355315}} * {{Rotten-tomatoes|charlottes_web_2_wilburs_great_adventure}} {{Stub/Fillum}} [[Category:2003 animatit films]] [[Category:2003 films]] [[Category:2000s adventur films]] [[Category:2000s American animatit films]] [[Category:2000s comedy-drama films]] [[Category:2000s fantasie films]] [[Category:2000s muisical films]] [[Category:American bairns' animatit films]] [[Category:American bairns' fantasie films]] [[Category:American films]] [[Category:American muisical fantasie films]] [[Category:American sequel films]] [[Category:Animatit films aboot daith]] [[Category:Animatit films aboot freendship]] [[Category:Direct-tae-video sequel films]] [[Category:Inglis-leid films]] [[Category:Films aboot pigs]] [[Category:Films aboot speeders]] [[Category:Films featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Nickelodeon animatit films]] [[Category:Paramount Pictures direct-tae-video films]] [[Category:Paramount Pictures animatit films]] [[Category:Road movies]] [[Category:Universal Animation Studios animatit films]] [[Category:Universal Pictures direct-tae-video animatit films]] li87f0d2meh0b7ph9xr73tckk6446n7 3 222217 915967 915846 2026-04-30T07:08:03Z LivMaddieFan26M3 130544 915967 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Welcome!''== Hullo, CiphriusKane, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye faer [[Special:Contributions/CiphriusKane|yer werks]]. Some gibbles ye'll fynd uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isnae. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|How tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> &#8211;<span style="font-family:CG Times">[[User:MJL|<span style="color:black">MJL</span>]]&thinsp;[[User talk:MJL|‐'''Tauk'''‐]]^{[[Special:CentralAuth/MJL|☖]]}</span> 10:00, 26 August 2020 (UTC) ==Scots skills== Hullo an walcome. A recommend makin a Uiser page fir yersel, an uisin the 'Babel Uiser Interface' infobox on it to share yer skills in Scots. (https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Babel#sco_-_Scots_(Scots)) [[Uiser:Soothrhins|Soothrhins]] ([[Uiser collogue:Soothrhins|tauk]]) 22:09, 26 August 2020 (UTC) == Thank you == Thank you for doing that. --[[Uiser:LokaloSkotso|LokaloSkotso]] ([[Uiser collogue:LokaloSkotso|tauk]]) 01:22, 30 August 2020 (UTC) == +rollbacker +autopatroller == I have granted you new powers due to your obvious and present need for them. With rollback, you can revert vandalism in a single click. With autopatroller, all pages you create will no longer need to be reviewed by an admin. Use these tools wisely! &#8211;<span style="font-family:CG Times">[[User:MJL|<span style="color:black">MJL</span>]]&thinsp;[[User talk:MJL|‐'''Tauk'''‐]]^{[[Special:CentralAuth/MJL|☖]]}</span> 05:07, 3 September 2020 (UTC) == Just an idea... == Hi CiphriusKane, I really like your list of Scottish topics. If you're looking for suggestions, how about indigenous plants and animals, indigenous races and breeds (kettle, sheep, goats, dogs?), indigenous fruit varieties (apples, maybe?), produce and derived products (cheese?). Also, separate lists of animals, plants etc. would be interesting and maybe even useful for the upcoming edit-a-thon. Just an idea I had when I saw your list. --[[Uiser:Andreas|Andreas]] ([[Uiser collogue:Andreas|tauk]]) 18:41, 24 September 2020 (UTC) :{{Ping|Andreas}} Aye, I'd thought to add a "Nature" section at some point. I'm also happy with adding sublists if it's deemed necessary/neater. All are free to edit the list as necessary (should put that at the top of the page come to think of it) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:18, 24 September 2020 (UTC) ::Glad you don't hate the idea. I was gonna say the "sublists" can go straight into the article namespace but then I checked and found [[Scots plants|this]]. Maybe somebody could turn this into something more useful (for reading folks), along the lines of [[:als:Alemannischi Tiernäme (noch de zoologische Syschtematik)|that]] (Alemannic) or [[:gd:Liosta nam beathach|that]] (Scottish Gaelic) or even [[:rm:Glista da mammals da la Svizra|that]] (Romansh). I would offer a hand but I don't speak ''ae wird o Scots''. --[[Uiser:Andreas|Andreas]] ([[Uiser collogue:Andreas|tauk]]) 20:24, 24 September 2020 (UTC) :::{{Ping|Andreas}} Hmm, I could add a "See forby/Main" on my list for that type of list, but the list I'm making is meant to include specific articles closely associated with Scotland to focus on. Like if there was a list of birds, I'd probably only be listing the golden eagle and osprey (Scotland has a sizeable European golden eagle population I believe, and there's a famous osprey who bred in Scotland until 2014). That said, if ye've any thoughts on flora and fauna that match that criteria go ahead and add them (or list them here if ye're unsure) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 21:10, 24 September 2020 (UTC) ::::Sure, I get the idea of your list. I was just commenting on the "sublist" thing ;D Maybe the [[Teuchit|shochads]] of [[Caithness]] are worth mentioning? They kept cropping up in quick google. ::::By the way, ''did ye ken'' that several other small and mid-size Wikipedias keep similar lists and cross-link them via [[:d:Q12950581]]? Maybe you want to add yours once it reaches your (first) goal of 100 topics. --[[Uiser:Andreas|Andreas]] ([[Uiser collogue:Andreas|tauk]]) 21:40, 24 September 2020 (UTC) :::::{{Ping|Andreas}} Ah, now I see, sorry for the confusion. I've mentioned the wikidata idea to the others in the Scots Leid server, but it seems like a plan. Ye've given me a few things to think about, so thanks. Also I realised I never addressed the editathon point. The one happening in a few days already has a theme of places, but I can easily add nature to the list of potential themes (if I can find where we stuck the theme list...) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 23:37, 24 September 2020 (UTC) ::::::Glad I could do something useful. By the way, would you guys mind a lurker in the discord server? ;D --[[Uiser:Andreas|Andreas]] ([[Uiser collogue:Andreas|tauk]]) 01:06, 25 September 2020 (UTC) Oh, and may I be curious and ask what dialect of Scots you speak? I noticed you use "ae" for English "of", which I haven't seen before. :::::::{{Ping|Andreas}} Sure, all are welcome in the server long as they respect the language and the rules, and it's primarily Doric but I think it's kinda been influenced by Glaswegian a bit by now. Need an invite link for the Discord server? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 01:11, 25 September 2020 (UTC) ::::::::Aye, please. --[[Uiser:Andreas|Andreas]] ([[Uiser collogue:Andreas|tauk]]) 01:21, 25 September 2020 (UTC) :::::::::{{Ping|Andreas}} https://discord.gg/RA4tyaN This should hopefully work [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 01:23, 25 September 2020 (UTC) == A barnstar for you! == {| style="border: 1.5px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7; padding-right: 5px" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Dark Blue Scottish Barnstar.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Scots Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Have I ever told you that you are the best anti-vandalism fighter and copy editor on this entire site? Well, you are!<br />I know you said you weren't interested, but you seriously would make a great admin. I sincerely look forward to your future contributions keeping up your great track record!! &#8211;<span style="font-family:CG Times">[[User:MJL|<span style="color:black">MJL</span>]]&thinsp;[[User talk:MJL|‐'''Tauk'''‐]]^{[[Special:CentralAuth/MJL|☖]]}</span> 06:08, 13 October 2020 (UTC) |} == Ratko Janev == Thanks for adding him.[[Special:Contributions/178.148.109.252|178.148.109.252]] ([[User talk:178.148.109.252|talk]]) 22:25, 1 November 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next Scots Wiki editathon - 14 & 15 November== Hey there, as you attended one of our previous editathons, thought you might like to know about the next one! 14 & 15 November, details [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon November 2020|on the event page]], the theme is '''Weemin an Minorities fae Scotland an Ulster.''' :) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 12:41, 10 November 2020 (UTC) == Sub categories == (en) I suggested at the editathon that People (Fowk) could be divided intae a group fir STEM ( Science Technology Engineering Medicine) an Nurses. And a subcategory for Scottish suffragettes /suffragists who are notable weemen who suffered fir tae give weemen votes. [[Uiser:Kaybeesquared|Kaybeesquared]] ([[Uiser collogue:Kaybeesquared|tauk]]) 19:09, 15 November 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next editathon== Hey there, as a previous attendee of a Scots Wiki editathon, I thought you might like to know about the [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|December event, Sat 12 & Sun 13th.]] In addition to the usual wiki support, this month I'm really excited to say that we'll have '''language support in place from the Scots Language Centre''', who'll be online between 12-3 on Zoom on Saturday with us to help with any of your queries. * [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-december-2020-tickets-131613729207 Eventbrite link to sign up to Saturday Zoom session] * [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|On-wiki event page]] Hope to see you there! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:49, 8 Dizember 2020 (UTC) == {{en}} Sunday 13th December - extra zoom session with the Scots Language Centre! == We've added another session for the [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|editathon this weekend,]] with the folks from the SLC. Join us on Zoom for editing 12-3 on Sunday now too; we can help with wiki and language queries :) [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-december-2020-sunday-13th-tickets-132517919665 Book your place on Eventbrite here.] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 16:34, 11 Dizember 2020 (UTC) == Hello, == I'll try to back off now to be honest. I don't want to cause ''any'' trouble at all. Thank you and sorry. Signed Tom AKA ([[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 12:34, 17 Dizember 2020 (UTC)) == [[Princess Marie Auguste o Thurn an Taxis]] -> Princess Maria Augusta o Thurn an Taxis == Hello, sorry to bother you. Would you be able to move the above link to Princess Maria Augusta o Thurn an Taxis at all? Thank you, sorry again but Happy New Year too. Signed Tom. [[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 20:36, 1 Januar 2021 (UTC) == Cleanup == Hi, I'm continuing with my cleanup of the misuse of Scots words, and now I'm onto ''lairge''. The way I understand it, "lairge" only refers to large numbers/plentifulness, while "muckle" is about physical size. Am I right? --[[User:Corsicanwarrah|Корсикэн-Уара]] ([[Uiser collogue:Corsicanwarrah|That's how you do fake Cyrillic properly and phonetically]]) 10:17, 8 Januar 2021 (UTC) :{{ping|Corsicanwarrah}} I believe either or can be used, but muckle/muckler/mucklest is preferred for size, that is correct. If this is about me removing the Fixscots template on [[eagle]], it's because I fixed the Scots back in October [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 14:29, 8 Januar 2021 (UTC) == re: == Hi, tha mi troimh-chèile, duilich. An urrainn dhut a cheartachadh?--[[Uiser:Tom Ravensburger|Tom Ravensburger]] ([[Uiser collogue:Tom Ravensburger|tauk]]) 14:47, 8 Januar 2021 (UTC) == re: == I have already created the page in Scottish Gaelic, the first one remains to be corrected (do it in Scottish)--[[Uiser:Tom Ravensburger|Tom Ravensburger]] ([[Uiser collogue:Tom Ravensburger|tauk]]) 15:08, 8 Januar 2021 (UTC) == Clubaichean de churaidhean saoghal ball-coise FIFA == Hi, the content is now ok, but i can't change the title, should be put: List FIFA of football clubs world champions. But in scots I do not know how to write it, you can do it? :-) --[[Uiser:Tom Ravensburger|Tom Ravensburger]] ([[Uiser collogue:Tom Ravensburger|tauk]]) 19:07, 9 Januar 2021 (UTC) == Leet o warld champion fitba clubs == hello, ok, i add. See forby, this article in other wiki is annex o ''FIFA club warld cup'' an ''Intercontinental Cup''. In my opinion it has notability as it is the sum o tha teetles officially recognized bi FIFA--[[Uiser:Tom Ravensburger|Tom Ravensburger]] ([[Uiser collogue:Tom Ravensburger|tauk]]) 06:08, 10 Januar 2021 (UTC) == Intercontinental Cup == I created this page, it was necessary, I can't link it to other languages, can you do it?--[[Uiser:Tom Ravensburger|Tom Ravensburger]] ([[Uiser collogue:Tom Ravensburger|tauk]]) 08:35, 10 Januar 2021 (UTC) == Sorry about the edits I make == Hi, sorry to bother you but I’m sorry for the edits I make in English because I’m an English person. I enjoy writing articles to build the encyclopedia. [[Uiser:RedhotRod4|RedhotRod4]] ([[Uiser collogue:RedhotRod4|tauk]]) 10:44, 16 Januar 2021 (UTC) :{{ping|RedhotRod4}} Hey, in that case I'd encourage ye to make articles in yer personal userspace then ask for them to be translated. If ye're interested in learning to write Scots, we've got a [https://discord.gg/RA4tyaN Scots language Discord server] where we'd be happy to help. The other issue with the articles is the lack of substance to them. While there is some minor substance to [[Damageplan]], it'd still be good to have more content with references. The [[Frankenstrat]] article as it stands could easily be merged with [[Eddie Van Halen]] as per our [[Wikipedia:Notability|notability policy]] regarding broad articles before specific articles (thanks for expanding that article by the way. It's a better start but still could do with a bit of polish) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 12:15, 16 Januar 2021 (UTC) Uh...ok. [[Uiser:RedhotRod4|RedhotRod4]] ([[Uiser collogue:RedhotRod4|tauk]]) 12:21, 16 Januar 2021 (UTC) == New uiser warnin template for Notability == Hullo, a hae pit thegither a new uiser warnin template whan airticle's [[Wikipedia:Notability|notability]] is bein speirt. A hae noted hou ti uise it (as thair is some customisation) [[Wikipedia:Redd_Up#Notability_Speirt|here]]. [[Uiser:Soothrhins|soothrhins]] ([[Uiser collogue:Soothrhins|tauk]]) 21:52, 19 Januar 2021 (UTC) :{{ping|Soothrhins}} The extra text pairt o the template micht need a bit o wirk as it dupes the text an maks reid airtins (see [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uiser_collogue:124.169.246.158&oldid=833961 iss edit] fur an ensaumple) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 04:57, 22 Januar 2021 (UTC) ::<code><nowiki>{{{2|}}}</nowiki></code> was used twice: In the <code>if</code> for multiple violations(?) and for the "Extra text". I changed the first one to <code><nowiki>{{{3|}}}</nowiki></code> for now because the second one ("Extra text") is used in the documentation. --[[Uiser:Andreas|<span style="color:#cb005f">Lacey</span>]] ^{([[Uiser collogue:Andreas|<span style="color:#cb005f">tauk</span>]])} 20:19, 22 Januar 2021 (UTC) :::{{ping|Andreas}} {{ping|CiphriusKane}} Thanks! [[Uiser:Soothrhins|soothrhins]] ([[Uiser collogue:Soothrhins|tauk]]) 14:11, 24 Januar 2021 (UTC) == Leet o warld champion fitba clubs == I don't know who made this mess: the page in question has been merged with the page of the FIFA world federation, they are two things that have nothing to do with each other, one is the world federation, the other is the list of world champions clubs released by FIFA, you can correct?--[[Uiser:Kanoawi|Kanoawi]] ([[Uiser collogue:Kanoawi|tauk]]) 11:44, 23 Januar 2021 (UTC) : {{ping|Kanoawi}} Hey, I was the one who merged the articles. The list was tagged as a violation of our [[Wikipedia:Notability|notability policy]] in relation to article quality (zero context about the list, lack of sufficient sources) and was left untouched for over the stated improvement duration (1 week) so I merged it into FIFA, as it's basically just a list of clubs recognised by FIFA and the FIFA article itself is lacking. The alternate was I delete the list article outright, and we favour merging over deletion where possible. Should the list page be brought up to scratch, then it needn't be merged. Also, saying that the list of clubs '''recognised by FIFA''' is unrelated to FIFA seems contradictory [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 12:04, 23 Januar 2021 (UTC) =={{en}} January editathon== Just a wee reminder that the next scots wiki editathon takes place this weekend, Sat 30 & Sun 31 January. If you'd like help improving your written scots skills, then folks from the Scots Language Centre will be on Zoom on [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-january-2021-saturday-30th-tickets-137925028473 Saturday (15:00-17:00 GMT)] and [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-january-2021-sunday-31st-tickets-137925646321 Sunday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] to do some collaborative editing, and I'll be around to help with any wiki queries. Feedback last time was that the language support was really helpful (and fun!), and we'd love to see you. We're looking mainly at improving articles to do with politics, particularly articles about politicians. More info, article lists, and sign up details on the event page: [[wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Januar 2021|Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Januar 2021.]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 09:57, 27 Januar 2021 (UTC) == Frog article == Hi — I see you've been involved with the 'Frog' page on the Scots Wikipedia. I thought I might bring it to your attention that the page has been vandalised (overwritten with text from the Middle English Wikipedia) — I'm not savvy enough to fix the change myself but I hope flagging it is enough. [[Uiser:Æolus|Æolus]] ([[Uiser collogue:Æolus|tauk]]) 21:41, 31 Januar 2021 (UTC) =={{en}} Thanks for taking part in the January editathon!== Just as it says above - thanks for taking part. You can see [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/E_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Editathon_30-31_Januar_(30-31_Januar_2021) the results of January's event here], I reckon we did pretty well. Hope to see you at the next one! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 18:07, 3 Februar 2021 (UTC) == Hello, == This is Tom, I nopticed that my block has since been removed (I think it was for 3 months, THINK) and I was wondering IF I could contribute A BIT now? I mrean in terms of correcting spellings and small points like that not creating 900 articles an hour I mean so fear not [lol] But yes that was my question. I asked you as I think you were the user who blocked me (as I said I THINK it was you) Signed Tom. [[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 16:07, 13 Februar 2021 (UTC) : Hey Tom, the block was actually only one month which expired a few days ago. The concern I have is that even outside of mass creation of pages, yer Scots ability is still lacking, such as [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gloria,_Princess_o_Thurn_an_Taxis&diff=prev&oldid=817654 this edit] which somehow turned English into incorrect English, let alone into Scots. Probably the best idea is to make suggestions for changes on relevant talk pages so that experienced Scots speakers can make the changes properly. This was one of the proposals on the AN thread which saw support. I'd suggest focusing on proving that existing articles are notable by themselves, rather than on making more genealogy pages. : If ye agree with this, I can inform the AN discussion and get consensus for the deal, with a possible stipulation that ye get an article namespace block to ensure enforcement, along with a single reminder per new IP, to account for yer memory problems and IP changes. This deal will also entail that ye stop maligning other editors, including accusing them of being spiteful. : I get ye want to help which is why I'm nae reblocking ye, but yer actions have had an adverse effect on other editors. If I may borrow yer words, keep in mind that we're human. How does this sound? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 05:28, 14 Februar 2021 (UTC) ::Yo, just saw this. I didn't accuse anyone on scowiki being spieful, that was some of the enwiki users. I can honestky say that everyone I 've encountered on scowiki have/has been lovely to be honest so I can't fault that a all. And ok, that makes sense as in bettering the pages that already exist I agree because as ye said my scots is lacking *blushes* but yes ok thank you for the swift reply too and happy Valentine's Day [lol] signed Tom [[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 18:08, 14 Februar 2021 (UTC) :::"that was some of the enwiki users" This is what I mean by maligning other users. Slandering them here is part of the reason why I blocked ye, because it indicates to me that ye think it's fine to disparage them because it was a different wiki. I dinnae care where it happened, or why, or whether or nae they've edited here or even ken this wiki exists, calling other users spiteful is out of line [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 07:00, 15 Februar 2021 (UTC) ::::It's purely frustration on my part, I'm not excusing it and I totally see your point but it is just sheer frustration and disappointment. Sorry :( [[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 14:18, 16 Februar 2021 (UTC) :::::Tom, this'll be yer reminder to keep to talk pages rather than editing articles directly. Also, I need ye to explicitly state that ye agree with the terms of the deal before I present it to the AN [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:38, 16 Februar 2021 (UTC) == [[Friedrich, Duke o Mecklenburg-Grabow]] -> Duke Friedrich o Mecklenburg, Prince o Grabow == Hello, would you be able to move the above to the latter at all? I did some research and his title is wrong (my fault ''entirely'' having made it in the first place) Prince of/o Grabow was/wis in fact his title/teetle, not/nae Duke o Mecklenburg-Grabow. I also added a reference to his article too. Hope you're well, I must admit I'm quite proud of the addition of a reference to be honest [lol] forever in your debt signed Tom. [[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 14:15, 16 Februar 2021 (UTC) :'''Nae done''' - The source ye linked says Duke of Mecklenburg-Grabow. Provide a reliable source saying otherwise or it remains as is [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:38, 16 Februar 2021 (UTC) ::However, rywiki says Grabow wis an appanage an dewiki says he wis styled *Prince* [o Grabow] plus, ruwiki has his page as *Frederick of Mecklenburg, Prince of Grabowsk(i)* the reference I added wis more to do with where he wis buried (I wis going create a ''Category:Buirials at the Schelfkirche, Schwerin'', in the very distant future, that's all that was for) [[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 19:45, 17 Februar 2021 (UTC) The main point is he wasn't the Duke of/o *MG but the Prince of/o G. :::Wikipedia isnae a valid source, and neither of those pages list him as Duke and Prince in the title. The de wiki lists neither. Also, ye've technically broken the terms of the deal I proposed now, only reason I've nae blocked is because the deal wisnae ratified by the community [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 07:21, 18 Februar 2021 (UTC) ::::Ok, so I have located a source that does mention his title being an appanage BUT it reads prety much exactly the same as dewiki so I'm a bit confused right now. [https://wollongongmemorialgardens.com.au/history/search-our-records/deceased-search?sq_content_src=%2BdXJsPWh0dHBzJTNBJTJGJTJGZGUud2lraXBlZGlhLm9yZyUyRndpa2klMkZGcmllZHJpY2hfenVfTWVja2xlbmJ1cmcmYWxsPTE%3D ''Friedrich , Duke of Mecklenburg [-Schwerin], sometimes wrongly: Friedrich I , called Prince von Grabow (born February 13, 1638 in Schwerin , † April 28, 1688 in Grabow ) was an apanaged prince in Grabow.'' ] [[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 18:32, 18 Februar 2021 (UTC) what terms? :::::It's likely a mirror site then, and all this is saying to me is that the page should maybe be called "Freidrich o Mecklenburg" without any titles. As for the terms, scroll up [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:39, 18 Februar 2021 (UTC) ==Mairch editathon== {{en}}Just a wee reminder that the next scots wiki editathon takes place this weekend, Sat 20 & Sun 11 march, we'll be looking at Scots & Irish media & art. If you'd like to come and edit socially, then myself and folks from the Scots Language Centre will be on Zoom on [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-march-2021-saturday-20th-tickets-145533926893 Saturday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] and [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-march-2021-sunday-21st-tickets-145534247853 Sunday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] to do some collaborative editing, and I'll be around to help with any wiki queries. More info, article lists, and dashboard sign up details on the event page: [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Mairch 2021]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 15:29, 19 Mairch 2021 (UTC) == RedhotRod4 == Hullo, CiphriusKane. I’m NinjaRobotPirate, an I can confirm that [[Uiser:RedhotRod4]] is a sockpuppet of PoliceOfficer124, an eeditor on enwiki. Thanks foar blockin the account. I speak a bit of French, but I do have an understanding of Scots as well. {{unsigned|89.168.3.43}} 00:46, 19 Mairch 2021 (UTC) :The abeen message wisna sent bi NinjaRobotPirate, but prolly bi PoliceOfficer124, impersonation wis confirmt [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:08, 20 Mairch 2021 (UTC) == Greetings fellow earthling. == Hope all is well on your end, I wanted to ask your permission to create a small page about María Francisca Fernanda Fitz-James Stuart y Stolberg-Gedern (to correspond with the sister article on eswiki) and wanted to ask your permission before jumping the gun and creating it and then going a bit mad and making 10 others then being labelled god only knows what. So am I ok to do this? (I have also found a few online references to include in to the creation of said article. It may interest you to know, that I've emailed the stewards but am still awaiting a response, I even emailed User:Jimbo Wales but again am awaiting a response and am still praying desperately. I'll check this later signed Tom. [[Special:Contributions/31.125.215.135|31.125.215.135]] ([[User talk:31.125.215.135|talk]]) 13:27, 12 Mey 2021 (UTC) :Tom, you've got a community block. This means that you will only be allowed to edit if you can convince the community to unblock you, both on here and on enwiki. So no, you're not making any more pages, especially not badly translated genealogy pages. Rightfully I should be blocking this IP as well, but I'm not going to yet, not unless you give me a reason to [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 20:53, 12 Mey 2021 (UTC) ::Hello, thank you for giving me the chance to reply too, as I said I have emailed the stewards seeking assistance but don't hold out much hope that anyone will be overly helpful plus I'm not convinced Jimbo will even acknowledge me, plus I'm far to scared to write on his en talkpage for fear of being blocked or generally moaned at. How can I actually get any help from people via email though, it's easy for people to dismiss others via email, I doubt these people would be as dismissive in person but then we'll never know. I honestly don't know what else or whom else to contact (I also contacted an en admin via email and she ignored me, then I found her on Twitter and she blocked me. :| prior to me saying I just need your help I don't want your bank details. Also, I initially started making pages on here to try to make people aware that several pagenames on enwiki are in fact wrong, for example #en wiki : Maria Theresa of Spain vs sco [[Marie Thérèse o Austrick]] (She was a Habsburg of Spain, but an Archduchess of Austria, thus Spain is incorrect, even her grave says M T of A in French obviously) #en wiki : Charles of Mecklenburg-Güstrow vs sco [[Karl, Hereditary Prince o Mecklenburg-Güstrow]] (heir to the throne and thus styled Hereditary Prince) #en wiki : María Josefa Pimentel, Duchess of Osuna vs sco : [[María Josefa Pimentel y Téllez-Girón, Duchess o Osuna]] (Spanish nobility uses paternal names first followed by maternal maiden names thus en is incorrect and misleading) #en wiki Ángela Téllez-Girón, 16th Duchess of Osuna vs sco [[Ángela Téllez-Girón y Duque de Estrada, 16t Duchess o Osuna]] (same situation as above) I honestly don't know what to do. This is all so frustrating and unfair, as I said I doubt I'd be ignored in person. Pleaseeeeeeeeee help me. :( signed Tom [[Special:Contributions/31.125.215.135|31.125.215.135]] ([[User talk:31.125.215.135|talk]]) 13:56, 13 Mey 2021 (UTC) :::Frankly all these pages should be VfD'd. This wiki is not your playpen [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 15:16, 13 Mey 2021 (UTC) :::Also Tom, let me make myself clear: it is the communities that you have to ask to be unblocked. The COMMUNITIES. Not the stewards, not Jimbo Wales, not me, the communities. Evading your block just because you don't like it is why you keep being blocked [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 15:23, 13 Mey 2021 (UTC) ::::I was unaware that I had to contact the communities to be fair. How do I go about doing so, as I've not even heard of this (thank you for informing me of this though) :::::[[:en:Wikipedia:Unblock_Ticket_Request_System]] Use this for enwiki, and for here, post [[Template:Unblock]] with your appeal on your IP talk page. Make it clear that you understand why you were blocked and what you will do differently, and most importantly do not make negative aspersions about anybody in your appeal. Calling others bullies and claiming vendettas is a surefire way to having an instant decline [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:19, 13 Mey 2021 (UTC) ::::::OH I SEE, so just to be clear, I'm putting the unblock template on SeaSnail's talk page yes? I'm a tiny bit scared to do so for fear of just immeadiately being blocked to be honest =[ signed Tom. [[Special:Contributions/31.125.215.135|31.125.215.135]] ([[User talk:31.125.215.135|talk]]) 10:09, 14 Mey 2021 (UTC) :::::::Naw, on your IP talk page. There is no way we can unblock the SeaSnail account [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 01:16, 15 Mey 2021 (UTC) ::::::::Oh you mean the talk page for ''' 31.125.215.135'''? Because I haven't edited enwiki on this IP address though so surely it'd make more sense to do it on SeaSnails as that's the one that's blocked? Signed Tom [[Special:Contributions/31.125.215.135|31.125.215.135]] ([[User talk:31.125.215.135|talk]]) 13:08, 15 Mey 2021 (UTC) Tom, I'm going to level with you here. Any unblock appeal you make is probably going to fail. In your last appeal, you immediately resorted to personal attacks, and that was six weeks ago. The standard offer on enwiki has six months minimum good behaviour from what I understand, and this includes no block evasion or personal attacks. If I help you with the appeals any further, I'm just setting you up for failure [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 21:16, 15 Mey 2021 (UTC) :::::::: hello, sorry for the late reply, I saw you had replied when I was on my phone but the screen is too small for me to see what I was actually typing (I'm 75% blind as a result of the previously mentioned brain injury I had in 2012 so I'm writing this on my laptop. Anyway, I do genuinely feel that the way I have been treated has been totally fair, I highly doubt people would have treated me like this if if was in person but because this is the internet it's ok to treat other human beings like dirt, apart from the fact I have made hundreds on articles (on scowiki alone) ''some'' of which I ''think'' have been deleted presumably due to the poor linguistics so fine but I also though Wikipedia was for everyone? Not just a lucky few. I set up SeaSnail using an email address for a faceboik account I have (email address is lmadebourbon@gmail.com look it up IF you don't believe me) and my ip address at that point was not blocked so thought it would be ok but MY email was blocked (tom.june13@gmail.com) so it does sort of feel like I can never win :| as I have said to you countless times (and probably other) I'm a hguman being, with feelings I don't deserve to be treated like a bad person when I'm not, plus I've never vandalised Wikipedia corrected yes, but not vandalised. Signed Tom [[Special:Contributions/31.125.215.135|31.125.215.135]] ([[User talk:31.125.215.135|talk]]) 16:12, 17 Mey 2021 (UTC) : Six months Tom. That is the minimum I expect you to wait before making any further appeals. I'll also be blocking this IP because you were on thin ice as it was, but resorting to casting aspersions again cracked it [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 08:11, 20 Mey 2021 (UTC) :: Tom, I have advised CK to not unblock you under any circumstances without my approval. My talk page is [[uiser collogue:MJL|here]] to discuss your next appeal in 6 months.<br />Please consider editing [https://familypedia.wikia.org/wiki/Family_History_and_Genealogy_Wiki the Family History and Genealogy Wiki]; it's more attuned to your interests anyways.<br />In the meantime, please stop bothering CiphriusKane about this. &#8211;<span style="font-family:CG Times, times">[[User:MJL|<span style="color:black">MJL</span>]]&thinsp;[[User talk:MJL|‐'''Tauk'''‐]]^{[[Special:CentralAuth/MJL|☖]]}</span> 18:32, 21 Mey 2021 (UTC) == {{en}} Next Editathon == Heya, heads up that the next Editathon will take place this weekend (5 & 6 June), we're looking at Scots in STEM as a starting point. More info on the event page [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Juin 2021|here.]] Hope to see ou at the Zoom sessions! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:09, 3 Juin 2021 (UTC) == Invitation for Functionary consultation 2021 == Greetings, Admins of the emerging community, I'm letting you know in advance about a meeting I'd like to invite you to regarding the [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] and the community's ownership of its future enforcement. I'm still in the process of putting together the details, but I wanted to share the date with you: 10/11 July, 2021. I do not have a time on this date yet, but I will let you soon. We have created a [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Functionary consultations/June and July 2021|meta page]] with basic information. Please take a look at the meta page and sign up your name under the appropriate section. Thank you for your time.--[[User:BAnand (WMF)|BAnand (WMF)]] 15:14, 10 June 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:BAnand (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=MassMessage/Lists/UCoC_Group&oldid=21568660 --> == Translation request == Hello. Can you translate and upload the articles [[:en:Flag of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic]], [[:en:Emblem of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic]] and [[:en:Anthem of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic]] in Scots Wikipedia? They should not be long. Yours sincerely, [[Uiser:Multituberculata|Multituberculata]] ([[Uiser collogue:Multituberculata|tauk]]) 15:16, 1 Julie 2021 (UTC) == [[Lycalopex]] == How is my Scots on the article [[Lycalopex]]? Also, due to my passion in righting the Scots Wikipedia, I've been rewriting increasingly large sections of articles (about animals, for the time being) in what I think is correct Scots. Am I at risk of becoming the new AG? --[[User:Corsicanwarrah|Корсикэн-Уара]] ([[Uiser collogue:Corsicanwarrah|юзер толк]]) 17:56, 18 Julie 2021 (UTC) == Honda 70== Dear I have corrected from Honda 70 to Honda CD70 and you had deleted the link, kindly note that Honda CD70 is the brand and it is the largest selling motorcycle in Pakistan. Please revert your changes... :It's unnecessary external airtins in the body ae the airticle. We'r nae here tae be an advertisn platform fur the bike [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 10:20, 19 Julie 2021 (UTC) == Hello == Hello, please save the [[Qaem Shahr]] article and link it to the wiki data item. Thanks [[Uiser:Viera iran|Viera iran]] ([[Uiser collogue:Viera iran|tauk]]) 13:56, 25 Julie 2021 (UTC) == Restore Charlotte's Web == The page [[Charlotte's Web]] wis delytit, but had useful content. Can ye restore it? Thank ye. [[Special:Contributions/104.58.147.208|104.58.147.208]] ([[User talk:104.58.147.208|talk]]) 02:20, 1 November 2021 (UTC) :Please note: that page had been taen fae [[:en:Charlotte's Web]]. [[Special:Contributions/104.58.147.208|104.58.147.208]] ([[User talk:104.58.147.208|talk]]) 02:22, 1 November 2021 (UTC) ::A'v undeletit the airticle as requestit. Deletion raisonin leuked shaky ti me onyweys [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 05:14, 1 November 2021 (UTC) :::The page still needs tae be translated some more. Can ye work on it? Also, can ye restore [[Descendants 3]]? It too seemed tae be a shaky deletion bi a non-Scots global admin. [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:53F0:AD70:7455:930:5B0D:E8DF|2600:1700:53F0:AD70:7455:930:5B0D:E8DF]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:53F0:AD70:7455:930:5B0D:E8DF|talk]]) 20:57, 25 November 2021 (UTC) ::::Also, Charlotte's Web needs tae be connected tae Wikidata. [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:53F0:AD70:7455:930:5B0D:E8DF|2600:1700:53F0:AD70:7455:930:5B0D:E8DF]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:53F0:AD70:7455:930:5B0D:E8DF|talk]]) 20:59, 25 November 2021 (UTC) == DRV == I suggest you block 2601:43:0:3970:0:0:0:0/64 instead. IP users on this particular ISP can hop IP's in a /64 range pretty easily (switching from devices, opening a new browser window) [[Uiser:Wizzito|Wizzito]] ([[Uiser collogue:Wizzito|tauk]]) 20:46, 19 December 2021 (UTC) == How we will see unregistered users == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin=content/> Hi! You get this message because you are an admin on a Wikimedia wiki. When someone edits a Wikimedia wiki without being logged in today, we show their IP address. As you may already know, we will not be able to do this in the future. This is a decision by the Wikimedia Foundation Legal department, because norms and regulations for privacy online have changed. Instead of the IP we will show a masked identity. You as an admin '''will still be able to access the IP'''. There will also be a new user right for those who need to see the full IPs of unregistered users to fight vandalism, harassment and spam without being admins. Patrollers will also see part of the IP even without this user right. We are also working on [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|better tools]] to help. If you have not seen it before, you can [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|read more on Meta]]. If you want to make sure you don’t miss technical changes on the Wikimedia wikis, you can [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|subscribe]] to [[m:Tech/News|the weekly technical newsletter]]. We have [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|two suggested ways]] this identity could work. '''We would appreciate your feedback''' on which way you think would work best for you and your wiki, now and in the future. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|let us know on the talk page]]. You can write in your language. The suggestions were posted in October and we will decide after 17 January. Thank you. /[[m:User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]<section end=content/> </div> 18:19, 4 Januar 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Target_lists/Admins2022(6)&oldid=22532666 --> == (en) Zoom editing session & guest speaker - Thursday 20th January == Hey there! Just a wee reminder that we've got a social editing session this evening as part of the January writing drive, 7-9, featuring guest speaker Dr Michael Dempster from the Scots Language Centre! [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/245743775247 You can sign up on Eventbrite here]. Be great to see you! [[Uiser:Lirazelf|Lirazelf]] ([[Uiser collogue:Lirazelf|tauk]]) 11:02, 20 Januar 2022 (UTC) == Barnstar! == {| style="border: 1.5px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7; padding-right: 5px" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Dark Blue Scottish Barnstar.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Scots Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | <var>This barnstar is bein gien as an awaird tae ken yer contreebution tae the Scots wiki bi gien a haun in the Januar 2022 Writin Drive</var> [[Uiser:Lirazelf|Lirazelf]] ([[Uiser collogue:Lirazelf|tauk]]) 17:40, 26 Januar 2022 (UTC) |} [[Uiser:Lirazelf|Lirazelf]] ([[Uiser collogue:Lirazelf|tauk]]) 17:40, 26 Januar 2022 (UTC) ==Whauriver ye be...== ...lang may yer lum reek! == Scots question. == Is it true that in the Scots language, "in" means the same thing in both English & Scots? I am still not the best at Scots at the moment, especially with the Scottish equivalent of "sight words". Could you redirect me to some resources for learning Scots? It would be greatly helpful and appreciated as I am having some difficulty finding nice resources. Best Regards, [[Uiser:L&#39;Mainerque|L&#39;Mainerque]] ([[Uiser collogue:L&#39;Mainerque|tauk]]) 00:57, 8 October 2022 (UTC) :(en) {{ping|L'Mainerque}} Yep, though some people spell it as i and drop the n. "an" would mean either "an" or "and" in English. As for resources, Michael Dempster has a 10-hour course on Scots [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLmk3hiyUEgWl7Qa9pBGN3r94ahQiSXJ2U here] and there's a Scots language Discord server [https://discord.gg/sMceZgcd here] [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 01:04, 8 October 2022 (UTC) ::(en) @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] I figured, I thought "an" meant both "and" & "in" from something I read, but I wasn't 100% sure. I will take a look onto that 10hr course & I have joined the Discord. ::Thank you so much, ::[[Uiser:L&#39;Mainerque|L&#39;Mainerque]] ([[Uiser collogue:L&#39;Mainerque|tauk]]) 01:14, 8 October 2022 (UTC) == CrossWiki spam == Hello, [[NateNet]] article is a CrossWiki spam created by the same user on all Wikis. Thanks. [[Uiser:Wooze|Wooze]] ([[Uiser collogue:Wooze|tauk]]) 20:24, 24 October 2022 (UTC) :(en) I'm aware and am addressing the situation, but thanks for the heads up [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 20:33, 24 October 2022 (UTC) == WE NEED YOU BACK == Can you please come back to editing and change xxxtenacion’s picture from the mugshot to something better!!!! 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏 [[Special:Contributions/24.121.43.130|24.121.43.130]] ([[User talk:24.121.43.130|talk]]) 06:48, 6 December 2022 (UTC) == Quick question / main page == Hi there. I'm [[Uiser:Alison]] - bureaucrat and admin on the [[:ga:Príomhleathanach|Irish]] and [[:gv:Ard-ghuillag|Manx Wikipedias]]. I just happened to stop by and saw that the mainpage here could use a little makeover. I did this successfully for both the Irish and Manx wikis, including setting up daily rolling content, updating the CSS and Modules, etc. I don't speak Scots, I have to say, so would need a little bit of your help on a few things - but I can easily handle all the technical stuff. Let me know what you think - [[Uiser:Alison|Alison]] ([[Uiser collogue:Alison|tauk]]) 21:40, 27 December 2022 (UTC) :(en) {{ping|Alison}} Hey, I appreciate the offer. The main page is something that's not been touched since Leidgate, so could probably do with a fresh coat of paint, so to speak. If you're willing, we can talk more in the E Scots Leid discord server ([https://discord.gg/YfgwV4He invite]), as while I try and keep discussions onwiki I feel like this could benefit from real time chat, plus there's other editors on there that prefer Discord over onwiki discussions [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 14:31, 28 December 2022 (UTC) == River Duin == See [[Collogue:River Doon|Collogue]] [[Uiser:Nogger|Nogger]] ([[Uiser collogue:Nogger|tauk]]) 22:23, 23 Januar 2023 (UTC) :A aareidy replied there, an a still sey it's conjectur [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 22:25, 23 Januar 2023 (UTC) == Discouraged == Hello Ciphrius. I can see that according to your userpage you're feeling a bit discouraged at the moment. Keep up the good work here. I always enjoy chatting with you on Discord, it actually helps me learn more about different cultures without having to travel to them! (no I'm not going to rewrite this in Scots, I can read it but not speak it. If I did I would probably sound like someone trying to sound like [[Shrek]]) [[Uiser:Blaze Wolf|Blaze Wolf]] ([[Uiser collogue:Blaze Wolf|tauk]]) 14:10, 30 Januar 2023 (UTC) == Non-free use rationale == How dae ye uplaid ''non-free'' files? It airts tae a Wikimedia commons link.[[Uiser:That Northern Irish Historian|That Northern Irish Historian]] ([[Uiser collogue:That Northern Irish Historian|tauk]]) 00:45, 5 Mey 2023 (UTC) :Try [[Special:Upload]] [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 00:58, 5 Mey 2023 (UTC) ::'The action that ye hae requestit is leemitit til uisers in the groop: [[Wikipedia:Admeenistraters|Admeenistraters]].' [[Uiser:That Northern Irish Historian|That Northern Irish Historian]] ([[Uiser collogue:That Northern Irish Historian|tauk]]) 17:05, 29 Mey 2023 (UTC) == Uill feumaidh mi cuideachadh. == Uill feumaidh mi cuideachadh. Carson a tha thu ag aontachadh. Chan eil fios agam ciamar a dh 'fheumas mi a'raf a th' ann. Dè an seòrsa dùilean a tha thu ag iarraidh? [[Special:Contributions/172.103.168.17|172.103.168.17]] ([[User talk:172.103.168.17|talk]]) 01:51, 2 Juin 2023 (UTC) == Hey == Feumaidh mi cuideachadh le Scot cànan. An urrainn dhut innse dhomh dè an riatanas a th 'ann airson Wikipedia? [[Uiser:Gracewan2012|Gracewan2012]] ([[Uiser collogue:Gracewan2012|tauk]]) 01:59, 2 Juin 2023 (UTC) :Ye kin stairt bi pittin yer messages in the [[Scots leid]], fit is the leid o iss projeck, insteid ae Scottish Gaelic, an stappin wi editin fae yer IP. A cannna actual spik Scottish Gaelic [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:05, 2 Juin 2023 (UTC) == Recreation of some deleted pages for Car manufacturers == @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] Hi Ciphrius! Please can you recreate some deleted pages about Car manufacturers which you deleted them on Scots Wikipedia: * Aston Martin * Audi * Bentley * Chevrolet * Jeep * Nissan * Porsche * Škoda Auto * Volvo Cars In addition, can you create a new page for the newborn German Car manufacturer Borgward: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgward and also for Cadillac: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac and VinFast: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/VinFast which are missing on Scots Wikipedia. Thanks [[Uiser:EDASHI|EDASHI]] ([[Uiser collogue:EDASHI|tauk]]) 05:36, 11 September 2023 (UTC) :(en) Those articles were all deleted for being [[Scotched English|Scotched]], and checking over the deleted revisions they were also extremely threadbare and quantity-over-quality creations (i.e. 1-2 unsourced sentences). Given how much of this wiki is still like that, I'm disinclined to recreate those pages myself but I'll not stop anybody that wishes to (re)create the pages while addressing the issues I listed [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 11:20, 11 September 2023 (UTC) == Hertenin an speirin == Aye aye! Gaun yersel! Keep on giein it laldie! Cud ye please gies a haun wi the wirds that's misscotched in the airticles, kettegories an templates? Dae ye ken hou tae modifee mony kettegories at aince? Fur ensaumple, chyngin 'establishment' tae 'estaiblishment' as i [[:Category:1997 establishments]]? [[Uiser:Munci|Munci]] ([[Uiser collogue:Munci|tauk]]) 18:01, 16 October 2023 (UTC) :{{ping|Munci}} Hiv ye gien HotCat ae twirl? Ye cin pit it up bi gangin ti [[Special:Preferences]], dabbin the "Gadgets" heider an tickin the HotCat box? An sairie fur the lang reply, internet wis oot the past week [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:03, 23 October 2023 (UTC) ::Thank ye, A'd haurd o HotCat bit A didnae ken hou tae wirk it ir whit it daes. A'll gie hit a shot! Nae bather! [[Uiser:Munci|Munci]] ([[Uiser collogue:Munci|tauk]]) 15:30, 5 November 2023 (UTC) :::A'd advise uisin "mak" ower "creaut". Whiles there is hits fur creaut in Gilmour's Corpus, it's rare sae a'v been in the wey ae changin aa the "creaut"/"ceaut"/"craeft" on the wiki ti "mak", bit it's yer walin [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:38, 5 November 2023 (UTC) == Hebrew == Thanks a lot for your edit to [[Template:lang-he]]. Still "lang-he-n" and "lang-he-a" to go, pretty please... -[[User:Corsicanwarrah|Корсикэн-Уара]] ([[Uiser collogue:Corsicanwarrah|юзер толк]]) 18:08, 29 October 2023 (UTC) :Deen, still some airtins til Ebreu left bit sud aa jist be airticle-level insteid ae template level [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 18:45, 29 October 2023 (UTC) == TNA == Im anly copypastin A want tae rename the page tae total nonstop action, the uiser wha eeditit put it wrong, the company is namit Total Nonstop Action no TNA Wrestling that's why a did whita did juist correctin uiser mistak. [[Uiser:TNAFan55|TNAFan55]] ([[Uiser collogue:TNAFan55|tauk]]) 13:28, 5 Februar 2024 (UTC) :{{ping|TNAFan55}} An in daein sae, ye essentially erased the airticle's edit history. The CC-BY-SA license requires attreibution ti be gien/keppit up, hence foo come ye flit pages ti preserv the edit history, ye dinna jist copypaste it acause aat remuives the edit history an gies ye credit fur edits ye didna mak insteid ae the actual awthor [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 13:38, 5 Februar 2024 (UTC) ::Lorg mi an cànan Albannach. Faodaidh tu na h-artaigilean ùra a leantainn. ::([[Uiser:Ahmed brens|Ahmed brens]] ([[Uiser collogue:Ahmed brens|tauk]]) 20:34, 16 Februar 2024 (UTC)) == Is this page in Scots, or phonetically spelled English == [[Electronic cigarette]] [[Special:Contributions/2601:644:907E:A450:159E:4B95:CCA0:7C0|2601:644:907E:A450:159E:4B95:CCA0:7C0]] ([[User talk:2601:644:907E:A450:159E:4B95:CCA0:7C0|talk]]) 17:36, 14 Mairch 2024 (UTC) This too: [[Ford Vedette]] [[Special:Contributions/2601:644:907E:A450:159E:4B95:CCA0:7C0|2601:644:907E:A450:159E:4B95:CCA0:7C0]] ([[User talk:2601:644:907E:A450:159E:4B95:CCA0:7C0|talk]]) 17:40, 14 Mairch 2024 (UTC) == The Missin Links == There's a lot o missin links in many Scots airticles. They arenae doin any guid tae the airticles, so should I remove them? [[Uiser:EVTOfficial|EVTOfficial]] ([[Uiser collogue:EVTOfficial|tauk]]) 00:31, 5 Juin 2024 (UTC) :{{ping|EVTOfficial}} Ay, remuiv reid airtins an categories. Thay wis pit ower athoot thocht anent foo appropriate thay war fur iss wiki [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 09:18, 6 Juin 2024 (UTC) == Thank you for your hard work == Thank you. Can you tell if [[Special:Contributions/Crotot|User:Crotot]] is a Scots speaker? They wrote almost all the pages in [[:Category:Ceeties in North Dakota]], such as [[Ashley, North Dakota]]. [[Uiser:Foxes die!|Foxes die!]] ([[Uiser collogue:Foxes die!|tauk]]) 18:38, 21 Juin 2024 (UTC) :(en) Looks like they just did a heap of copypasting and managed to make the lairge/muckle mistake, so there's a high chance that they were just copying out of the same faulty dictionary as the others, but they're nae X1-eligible on that grounds [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 18:46, 21 Juin 2024 (UTC) ::Does X1 only apply to the users here? https://quarry.wmcloud.org/query/49315 [[Uiser:Foxes die!|Foxes die!]] ([[Uiser collogue:Foxes die!|tauk]]) 21:17, 21 Juin 2024 (UTC) :::(en) It applies to a specific subset of 11 users ay, those targeted in the Massive Kirkyaird cleanup. It acts as an extension intending to catch articles that were invalid either due to other edits (e.g. file moves, vandalism) or, in one user's case, due to using alts that were excluded. I'd also rather avoid naming said users in edit summaries because most of them never meant any harm, some of them just got carried away [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 21:38, 21 Juin 2024 (UTC) == Translate == Hello. Unfortunately, I don’t know Scots language, but I can help. I began to rework articles about Ukrainian administrative units, since in 2020 an administrative-territorial reform was carried out in Ukraine, according to which new districts and a new administrative unit were created - the hromadas (громади) instead of city, town and village councils. Do you know how the word ''громада'' is translated into Scots? [[Uiser:VolnyiLev|VolnyiLev]] ([[Uiser collogue:VolnyiLev|tauk]]) 06:04, 25 Juin 2024 (UTC) :(en) Literally it'd be "territorial commonity" if the enwiki article is accurate [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:48, 25 Juin 2024 (UTC) == Novi Sad railway station windae-canapy coup == Please sort oot the airticle wi spellin mistaks. I'm awfy grateful. [[Special:Contributions/188.255.145.157|188.255.145.157]] ([[User talk:188.255.145.157|talk]]) 22:58, 2 November 2024 (UTC) == Thank you for being a medical contributors! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Wiki Project Med Foundation logo.svg|130px]] |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" |'''The 2024 Cure Award''' |- | style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" |In 2024 you '''[[mdwiki:WikiProjectMed:WikiProject_Medicine/Stats/Top_medical_editors_2024_(all)|were one of the top medical editors in your language]]'''. Thank you from [[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med]] for helping bring free, complete, accurate, up-to-date health information to the public. We really appreciate you and the vital work you do! Wiki Project Med Foundation is a [[meta:Wikimedia_thematic_organizations|thematic organization]] whose mission is to improve our health content. '''[[meta:Wiki_Project_Med#People_interested|Consider joining for 2025]]''', there are no associated costs. Additionally one of our primary efforts revolves around translating health content. We invite you to '''[https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/index.php try our new workflow]''' if you have not already. Our dashboard automatically [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/leaderboard.php collects statistics] of your efforts and we are working on [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/fixwikirefs.php tools to automatically improve formating]. |} Thanks again :-) -- [[mdwiki:User:Doc_James|<span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>]] along with the rest of the team at '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' 06:24, 26 Januar 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Doc James@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Top_Other_Language_Editors_2024&oldid=28172893 --> == Notable films == Hi, I disagree with deleting film articles on the basis of notability when they are obviously notable, just not properly referenced, regards [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 19:30, 30 Apryle 2025 (UTC) :{{ping|Atlantic306}} then impruiv them! Or is iss wiki meant ti hae nae form ae quality control an ivery airticle aat's ae sentence lang athoot references be allooed ti staan? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:32, 30 Apryle 2025 (UTC) :: It's just as much your responsibility to improve the articles before deleting them. On the english wiki articles are kept if they are notable topics not based on their current appearance, [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 19:36, 30 Apryle 2025 (UTC) :::{{ping|Atlantic306}} Iss isna enwiki tho, an enwiki didna hae ae bunch ae lairners rinnin aroon wi fauty dictionairs puttin fuck aa effort inti thair airticle churn spam [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:38, 30 Apryle 2025 (UTC) ::::From the Scots notability page: "If ye jalous that a topic or airticle isnae 'notable', ye shuid leuk for soorces yersel." this provision is being ignored. Maybe they should be deleted on low quality grounds and not Scottish rather than notability, [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 19:53, 30 Apryle 2025 (UTC) :::::{{ping|Atlantic306}} There's iss as weel: "Seiven days ar than gien ti mak impruivments that kythe 'notability'. The tag shuidna be taen awa in that week. Syne, action maun be taen tae mell wi anither airticle or delete it if nae impruivments war made." Maist o the film pages dinna hae ony page aat thay kin be mellt inti. It gets treatit as a enwiki PROD essentially. An it's ironic aat ye gie bein law quality as bein ae raeson fan ye wis remuivin tags fur aat exac raeson [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 04:09, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) :As asked [[#Restore Charlotte's Web|before]], can ye restore [[Descendants 3]]? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|talk]]) 17:22, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::Gin ye wint it remak it fine, bit leukin ower it a didna restore it back then acause a didna dispute the raeson fur the deletion [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:53, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) :::I need help with the translation. Same for [[Descendants (2015 film)]] and [[Descendants 2]]. There are also many missing articles in [[Template:Disney theatrical animatit featurs]]. [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|talk]]) 18:57, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::::Template's pit up fur deletion. Yet anither ridiculous "enwiki has it so scowiki needs it too" case [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:13, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) :Could you help with the translation on the Descendants pages? I personally think that these Disney animated films deserve pages. If I start some, could you help me? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|talk]]) 19:22, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::Also, another template: [[Template:Walt Disney Animation Studios]]. [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|talk]]) 19:27, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) :::Another thing, [[robbery]] and [[God]] are really short articles, should they be deleted? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|talk]]) 20:29, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::::Bein short is in itsel nae ae threipin fur deletion, an a hae ti speir at ye, seein as it's clear aat yer lackin the Scots skills, fit tuils is ye uisin fur yer owersettins? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 21:18, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::::An ti be frank a'd raither fowk focus on reddin up fit we hae insteid ae eikin ti the pile, an navboxen aat's 95% reid airtins is uissless, as the pint ae the navbox is ti navigate atween relatit pages, nae gie ae list ae suggestit pages [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 21:21, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) :OK, I have to be clear. I wasn't actually using a machine translation, but now I see the problem, I was "scotching" basically. That's what I was asking about with the two Descendants pages, do they need fixing? I had written these before the big controversy happened. Since then, I've tried to get low quality pages deleted. Even that was for a petty reason, because of [[Bambi]] being deleted for this reason. I actually would like a proper page about Bambi. {{ping|Atlantic306}}, do you know if you could bring Bambi into scowiki? I've seen you edit the English version. Speaking of which, there is an error on it. The section "sequel" should be "follow-up", because Bambi II isn't a sequel, but a midquel. As for robbery and God, could they be expanded? The former is also unreferenced. I've also looked in the film categories and found more pages that might be X1, AmaryllisGardener created several. {{ping|Cobra 3000}}, would you be interested in creating any Disney pages in sco or gdwiki? Gdwiki had some stubs that were deleted for being low quality. They include a few that still exist in sco, which are [[The Fox and the Hound]], [[The Lion King]], [[Lady and the Tramp]], [[Oliver & Company]], [[Finding Nemo]], and [[The Princess and the Frog]]. These were like the X1 deleted articles, even if they weren't "scotcher" pages, but really short and unreferenced pages. Finally, shouldn't Template:Walt Disney Animation Studios be put up for deletion? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|talk]]) 21:53, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::I mean I can help out if you want! It would be a good opportunity to provide Scots versions of the stories in the form of plot synopses! [[Uiser:Cobra 3000|Cobra!]] ([[Uiser collogue:Cobra 3000|tauk]]) 00:24, 2 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::Actually, it might a good idea for an editathon topic. I’ll speak to Wikimedia aboot it! [[Uiser:Cobra 3000|Cobra!]] ([[Uiser collogue:Cobra 3000|tauk]]) 00:25, 2 Mey 2025 (UTC) == Notable films == Hi, these film articles have notability proving references [[Avatar (2009 film)]] and [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]] yet have been tagged for notability anyway. I think this ip editor is going too fast with his nominations, [https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:988C:F8D7:BDCB:9475 shown here] imv [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 19:57, 6 Mey 2025 (UTC) :The feck ae the references is in the infobox an baith films is twa sentences lang aat near eneuch jist seys "This film exists"; infoboxes shid complement airticles, nae be the hale o thaim, fit is happenin there. Stick the text fae ROTK ontil [[The Lord of the Rings]] an there's nae quality lost (an aat's prolly fit a'll dae), aat's the issue here. The film pages exist acause sumbidy decidit aat machine owersettins an airticle quantity maittert mair nor actual airticle quality [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 18:23, 8 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::Doesn't Avatar qualify as an X1 article? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:9DB:4232:8292:CA26|2600:1700:C910:2960:9DB:4232:8292:CA26]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:9DB:4232:8292:CA26|talk]]) 18:37, 16 Mey 2025 (UTC) :::Normally ay bit gien aa iss collogue anent it a'm haudin aff on actin on it jist yet [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 07:55, 17 Mey 2025 (UTC) == Useless templates == There are more useless templates linked at [[The Princess and the Frog]]. Shouldn't they be put up for deletion? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:29E3:3D04:1789:D81|2600:1700:C910:2960:29E3:3D04:1789:D81]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:29E3:3D04:1789:D81|talk]]) 23:43, 15 Mey 2025 (UTC) :Gie me a list ae aa the templates then. Aat wey a kin jist dae a batch nomination raither nor takkin potshots at the templates [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 08:45, 16 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::Walt Disney Animation Studios, Ron Clements an John Musker, John Lasseter, an Randy Newman. Also found [[Template:GoldenGlobeBestMotionPictureMusicalComedy 1981-2000]] linked at [[Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)]]. Also, what to do about pages nominated for deletion like [[The Dark Knight (film)]]? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:9DB:4232:8292:CA26|2600:1700:C910:2960:9DB:4232:8292:CA26]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:9DB:4232:8292:CA26|talk]]) 18:36, 16 Mey 2025 (UTC) :::The other pages nominated for deletion: [[The Dark Knight Rises]], [[Local Hero]], [[Gregory's Girl]], and [[Gandhi (film)]]. [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:A473:DF3C:6B58:544F|2600:1700:C910:2960:A473:DF3C:6B58:544F]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:A473:DF3C:6B58:544F|talk]]) 00:56, 17 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::::A'm able ti chack the category masel, a dinna need ti be telt fit ti dae [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 07:49, 17 Mey 2025 (UTC) :::::When will the templates be put up for deletion? And for the nominated pages, when will they be deleted? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:5C9E:745B:E1C3:14A9|2600:1700:C910:2960:5C9E:745B:E1C3:14A9]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:5C9E:745B:E1C3:14A9|talk]]) 19:44, 17 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::::::A'm seein gin there's alternates acause despite fit it micht seem lik a'm nae wintin ti tak ae axe ti aahing a see, an the wiki's nae gaun disappear acause it's a bit delayed noo is it? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 21:45, 17 Mey 2025 (UTC) == Jock Stein == Hi, this diff [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jock_Stein&diff=prev&oldid=904946 here] may need suppressing, regards [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 19:35, 16 Mey 2025 (UTC) :Dealt wi't afore a leukit at iss message, bit ta fur reportin it [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 08:00, 17 Mey 2025 (UTC) == Category:Cleanup tagged airticles withoot a raison field == What to do about these pages? I tried replacing them with the fixscots template, but was warned that that was wrong. Also, what to do about the deletion candidates and those useless templates linked at [[The Princess and the Frog]]? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:9D8F:B7C1:BDBA:E2B4|2600:1700:C910:2960:9D8F:B7C1:BDBA:E2B4]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:9D8F:B7C1:BDBA:E2B4|talk]]) 18:47, 2 Juin 2025 (UTC) == Notice of expiration of your sysop right == <div dir="ltr">Hi, as part of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], this is an automated reminder to let you know that your permission "sysop" (Administrators) will expire on 2025-06-30 01:22:50. Please renew this right if you would like to continue using it. <i>In other languages: [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot/Messages/default|click here]]</i> [[Uiser:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[Uiser collogue:Leaderbot|tauk]]) 19:45, 23 Juin 2025 (UTC)</div> == Monthly cleanup categories == To change "from" to "fae" ([[Special:Redirect/logid/409338]]), edit line 370 in [[Module:Message box]] to say <blockquote>local preposition = 'fae'</blockquote> You can see examples on [[:pt:Módulo:Message box|Portuguese Wikipedia]], [[:vi:Mô đun:Message box|Vietnamese Wikipedia]], [[:ru:Модуль:Message box|Russian Wikipedia]]. This will change all pages in categories of this form ([https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=intitle%3Afrom&title=Special%3ASearch&profile=advanced&fulltext=1&ns14=1]). Eventually those categories will become empty but the pages may need to be purged first - I am not sure. [[Special:Contributions/96.79.100.209|96.79.100.209]] ([[User talk:96.79.100.209|talk]]) 17:32, 14 Julie 2025 (UTC) :Okay seems aat wirked, ta [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:55, 15 Julie 2025 (UTC) == JJS == Hello CiphriusKane, Help me rather than threatening me, thank you--[[Uiser:Jean700|Jean700]] ([[Uiser collogue:Jean700|tauk]]) 14:20, 23 Julie 2025 (UTC) :Excep there wisna ony threit. Ye postit ae setence-lang "airticle" aat makkit a vague claim wi nae claim thewarts notability, sae a taggit as sic. Gin iss wis enwiki aat airticle wid hae been deletit aareidies [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 14:27, 23 Julie 2025 (UTC) help me be useful--[[Uiser:Jean700|Jean700]] ([[Uiser collogue:Jean700|tauk]]) 06:53, 24 Julie 2025 (UTC) :Ye kin help yersel bi stendin oot the airticle insteid ae churnin oot fit leuks lik x-wiki spam. Turn it inti summat aat isna a sentence lang an claims aat French airt stairtit in the 1950s an we'll see anent the notability tag [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:32, 24 Julie 2025 (UTC) == Thanks for that == Thanks for accepting the changes [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2025-63184-6|&#126;2025-63184-6]] ([[Uiser collogue:&#126;2025-63184-6|talk]]) 16:32, 16 September 2025 (UTC) == Update request == Hello, CiphriusKane. Can you rename [[Prince Andrew, Duke o York]] into the Scots version of [[Andra Mountbatten Windsor]]? After all his titles, honours and styles were stripped of him on 30 October 2025, he became plain (Mr.) Andrew Mountbatten Windsor. Here is the official statement from Buckingham Palace: https://www.royal.uk/news-and-activity/2025-10-30/a-statement-from-buckingham-palace Yours sincerely, [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2025-30714-02|&#126;2025-30714-02]] ([[Uiser collogue:&#126;2025-30714-02|talk]]) 17:31, 1 November 2025 (UTC) == Clarification == A think there's been a misunderstanding here, so let me separate things clearly. ==== ScotsCheck (Uiser:BZPN/ScotsCheck/…) ==== The Translations, Dictionary-en, an Dictionary-sco pages belong tae '''ma personal on-wiki script'''. They are user-space working leets used only by that gadget in ma ain browser. They are '''nae a bot whitelist'''. They are '''nae''' community-approved standards. They are '''nae''' applied automatically by ony account. They are simply ma '''private working notes''', adjusted as A analyse scowiki airticles. If a translation entry is wrang (e.g. "ay" or "basit"), that juist means ma working leet needs corrected - it disnae affect the bot at aw. ==== The bot ([[Uiser:ScotsBot]]) ==== (EN for clarity) The bot executes only the tasks listed at '''[[Uiser:ScotsBot/Tasks]]'''. It does '''not''' read or use the on-wiki ScotsCheck dictionaries. It does not use the Translations page. It does not perform automatic oversettins. At present, the bot is inactive an waitin on the flag. There is currently '''no''' active, community-approved whitelist in operation (located by default at [[Uiser:BZPN/Whitelist.json]]). The bot is '''not''' applying translation replacements (and ''never'' was). If anything looked like oversetting in recent changes, that was my manual edit via my own script interface - not a bot action. ====enwiki block==== A received a community block in October 2025 related tae a content dispute an conduct issues on that project. It wis nae connected tae ony bots, automation, technical misuse, etc. There has been nae cross-wiki abuse, nae undisclosed bot activity, an nae sanctions related tae automation. A'm registered on ScoWiki for about a year, though A only started contributing recently. Scowiki is a separate project, an ma work here has been transparent an open tae scrutiny. A'm a trusted editor on other Wikimedia projects, including simplewiki, plwiki, mediawiki and others. If there are concerns about oversight or safeguards, A'm entirely willing tae operate under supervision. Best regards, [[Uiser:BZPN|BZPN]] ([[Uiser collogue:BZPN|tauk]]) 00:25, 14 Februar 2026 (UTC) :Bot eesers need ti be trowstit members o the commonity. Ye stairtit editin twa weeks back an clearly dinna hae the leid skills ti edit, sae fit wye is it aat yer daein the same sort o botlik edits aat got heaps o bad press? Ye didna ask ti rin the script an e'en gied the impression aat ye'd nae dae iss sort o hing. E'en leukin inti simplewiki an plwiki a'm seein mair reid flags, lik the Discord ban an a hefty block log on plwiki, an fit's iss anent a UCOC case? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 00:39, 14 Februar 2026 (UTC) ::I am responding in English because of your previous comment stating that ''"it's pretty obvious that they're not a Scots speaker"'' was personally humiliating. As I am learning Scots, I won't understand everything perfectly, but that does not justify personal attacks. Writing a full article on scowiki requires careful attention, just as composing text in Scots requires time and effort. The fact that I am learning Scots does not make me less capable or less committed to producing good quality contributions. Back to the point: I have several points to avoid further misunderstandings. First: user scripts. As stated on [[:en:WP:JAVASCRIPT]]: ''"You take full responsibility for any actions taken using any user script. You must read and abide by all relevant Wikipedia policies when using this tool; failure to do so may result in being blocked from editing.''" My script runs on-wiki, requires manual interaction, and does not perform any automatic edits. At no point have I violated any scowiki rules or policies. My edits are fully auditable in page histories. Also, your comments regarding my alleged "bot-like" (suspected "automatic") edits, supposed inexperience, and prior conduct on other wikis constitute a serious personal attack. I am not a vandal, nor have I violated local community norms. Targeting actions from other Wikimedia projects, including blocks or Discord issues, is inappropriate. This approach lacks [[:en:WP:AGF|AGF]] and creates an unfair, hostile environment. Your messages, especially drawing attention to prior blocks and suggesting misconduct, may fall under UCoC 3.1, which includes behaviour intended to outrage or intimidate a person, e.g. by hounding, i.e., repeated critique or questioning across projects, intended to discourage or upset. I encourage you to read and follow the global standards under UCoC and to evaluate my edits and actions on their merits within scowiki. Mischaracterizing my contributions based on assumptions or other projects is discriminatory and contrary to the standards. I am fully willing to discuss any ''legitimate'' concerns about edits on scowiki, and pause certain changes if the community requests. It is late here, so I will be signing off for now. Good night. [[Uiser:BZPN|BZPN]] ([[Uiser collogue:BZPN|tauk]]) 01:15, 14 Februar 2026 (UTC) :::Did ye tell that ti the fowks aat opponed yer simplewiki RfA based on yer UCOC case, Discord ban an ban on plwiki? Acause iss message leuks gey seemlir ti the kind o hing aat wis raised in ither places. A wis giein ye a chance ti explain in yer ain wirds, an it seems yer walin ti come oot fur a fecht. :::As fur "learning Scots", pairt o the raeson aat the wiki's in sic a mess is acause o fowks "learning Scots", fowks aat wi aa gweed intentions managed ti cause sic a mess wi bad owersettins aat there wis discussion anent shuttin the hale projeck doon, an fae fit a'm seein ye wis daein the same hing. We hae tasks fur learners, an it disna incluid rinnin gadgets based on clearly fauty lists. A wis daein spotchecks on seyed lists, nae fu analysis, an a'd wager a'd fin mair wrang wi thaim. An the mix o Scots an Inglis in yer messages disna gie mense ti the idea aat ye hae the needit skills fur editin. :::As fur me bringin ap reid flags, a need ti ken aat a kin trowst the bot operator, an crosswiki behaviour kin be a gweed indcator o sumbidy's reliability. Gin yer bein baured fur battlegrund behaviour an wikilawyerin an shawin aat same behaviour here, then fit wye shid a conclude differently fae enwiki an sey ye kin be trowstit? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:15, 14 Februar 2026 (UTC) ::::Either ye want the ScotsBot for whit it actually daes, as clearly set oot in the documentation, or me an the bot will step awa fae this wiki tae save ye ony mair bother, hostility, or accusations. The choice is yours. [[Uiser:BZPN|BZPN]] ([[Uiser collogue:BZPN|tauk]]) 08:28, 14 Februar 2026 (UTC) :::::Bye then [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:55, 14 Februar 2026 (UTC) == Request tae upload an eemage == Hullo @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]], coud ye please dounload [[:fi:Tiedosto:13_Reasons_Why_tv-series_poster.jpg|this poster]] fur this series here fur local uise in the airticle, in accordance wi copyricht law ? Thank ye. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 03:49, 25 Mairch 2026 (UTC) :{{ping|Mr.Murdoch78}} Deen. As a'm nae shuir fit ye intend fur ti mak eese o't a'v left aat field in the license blank, sae please fill it in [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 06:36, 25 Mairch 2026 (UTC) == Request tae upload eemages == Hullo @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]], A'll need tae upload some eemages tae the wiki. Is thare a role A can uise tae avoid haein tae gae throu ye ilka time an baitherin ye? A woud lik tae hae Rowback richts tae undae unwantit chynges an aa. Coud ye upload the eemages here? A'll tak care o eikin the information. * [[:en:File:The_Night_We_Met.jpg|The Night We Met airtwirk]] * [[:en:File:Katherine_Langford_as_Hannah_Baker.jpg|Pictur o Katherine Langford as Hannah Baker]] * [[:en:File:Clay_Jensen.png|Pictur o Dylan Minnette as Clay Jensen]] * [[:en:File:A_Star_is_Born.png|''A Star Is Born'' film poster]] * ''[[:en:File:From_title_card.jpg|From]]'' * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lewis_Capaldi_-_Someone_You_Loved.png ''Someone You Loved'' airtwirk] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lewis_Capaldi_-_Wish_You_the_Best.png Wish You the Best airtwirk] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SurvivebyLewisCapaldi.webp Survive airtwirk] *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ed_Sheeran_Perfect_Single_cover.jpg Perfect airtwirk] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shape_Of_You_(Official_Single_Cover)_by_Ed_Sheeran.png Shape of You airtwirk] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Photograph_(Ed_Sheeran_song)_cover.png Photograph airtwirk] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_Notice_-_film_promotional_image.jpg ''Red Notice'' film poster] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:YOU_Tv_Series_LOGO.png Logo o the telly series ''YOU''] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Up_(2009_film).jpg ''Up ''film poster] Thank ye ! [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 01:33, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :A'm nae shuir anent the image uploadin richt, bit gien foo yer still failin ti gie proper attreibution fur yer owersettins an violatin Wikipaedia's CC-BY-SA licence a'd be temptit ti decline aat request [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 06:21, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) ::Aw credits an information regardin copyricht on eemages sic as films/series posters an sang/album airtwirks can be foond wi the eemage in ilka link. Whan owersettin airticles frae the Inglis Wikipaedia, hou dae A comply wi the Wikipaedia's CC-BY-SA licence? Dae A need tae eik a template tae the airticle's collogue page? Coud ye shaw me an ensaumple frae an airticle sae A can correct ma mistak an avoid repeatin it? [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 11:08, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :::[[:en:Wikipedia:Translation#Attribution_requirements]]. A'll leuk at the images in a bit [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 11:12, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) ::::A juist mak the chynge tae comply wi Wikipaedia's CC-BY-SA license on the airticle [[History o Fraunce]], is that correct? [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 22:43, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :::::Ay, bit dinna eese "eedit[s]". The Scots wird is "edit[s]" an a'v jist nae gotten roon ti gettin rid o the fake spellin [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 22:45, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) ::::::A'v jist edited the Lord Huron airtin, is it correct nou? [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 22:53, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :::::::Ay, ye dinna need ti speir at me aifter ivery een. Fit yer daein is fine noo [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 22:54, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) ::::::::Thank ye fur yer help! :) [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 23:04, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :Okay leukin ower the requests... :From/A Star Is Born/Someone You Loved/Wish You the Best/Survive/Perfect/Shape of You/Red Notice dinna hae airticles sae we canna hae the images :YOU is ap fur deletion sae naw. There's a file on Commons :Langford/Minnette dinna need images o thair chairacters, an a'd really raither ye nae mak chairacter pages fur thaim. There's better places ti pit yer efforts nor inti makkin airticles fur fictional chairacters :Up a'll get roon ti at sum pint iss week [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 14:47, 22 Apryle 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:11, 28 Apryle 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472482 --> eyvj471moi49i90qah2ao6lay14eju1 915968 915967 2026-04-30T07:08:21Z LivMaddieFan26M3 130544 915968 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, CiphriusKane, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye faer [[Special:Contributions/CiphriusKane|yer werks]]. Some gibbles ye'll fynd uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isnae. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|How tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> &#8211;<span style="font-family:CG Times">[[User:MJL|<span style="color:black">MJL</span>]]&thinsp;[[User talk:MJL|‐'''Tauk'''‐]]^{[[Special:CentralAuth/MJL|☖]]}</span> 10:00, 26 August 2020 (UTC) ==Scots skills== Hullo an walcome. A recommend makin a Uiser page fir yersel, an uisin the 'Babel Uiser Interface' infobox on it to share yer skills in Scots. (https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Babel#sco_-_Scots_(Scots)) [[Uiser:Soothrhins|Soothrhins]] ([[Uiser collogue:Soothrhins|tauk]]) 22:09, 26 August 2020 (UTC) == Thank you == Thank you for doing that. --[[Uiser:LokaloSkotso|LokaloSkotso]] ([[Uiser collogue:LokaloSkotso|tauk]]) 01:22, 30 August 2020 (UTC) == +rollbacker +autopatroller == I have granted you new powers due to your obvious and present need for them. With rollback, you can revert vandalism in a single click. With autopatroller, all pages you create will no longer need to be reviewed by an admin. Use these tools wisely! &#8211;<span style="font-family:CG Times">[[User:MJL|<span style="color:black">MJL</span>]]&thinsp;[[User talk:MJL|‐'''Tauk'''‐]]^{[[Special:CentralAuth/MJL|☖]]}</span> 05:07, 3 September 2020 (UTC) == Just an idea... == Hi CiphriusKane, I really like your list of Scottish topics. If you're looking for suggestions, how about indigenous plants and animals, indigenous races and breeds (kettle, sheep, goats, dogs?), indigenous fruit varieties (apples, maybe?), produce and derived products (cheese?). Also, separate lists of animals, plants etc. would be interesting and maybe even useful for the upcoming edit-a-thon. Just an idea I had when I saw your list. --[[Uiser:Andreas|Andreas]] ([[Uiser collogue:Andreas|tauk]]) 18:41, 24 September 2020 (UTC) :{{Ping|Andreas}} Aye, I'd thought to add a "Nature" section at some point. I'm also happy with adding sublists if it's deemed necessary/neater. All are free to edit the list as necessary (should put that at the top of the page come to think of it) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:18, 24 September 2020 (UTC) ::Glad you don't hate the idea. I was gonna say the "sublists" can go straight into the article namespace but then I checked and found [[Scots plants|this]]. Maybe somebody could turn this into something more useful (for reading folks), along the lines of [[:als:Alemannischi Tiernäme (noch de zoologische Syschtematik)|that]] (Alemannic) or [[:gd:Liosta nam beathach|that]] (Scottish Gaelic) or even [[:rm:Glista da mammals da la Svizra|that]] (Romansh). I would offer a hand but I don't speak ''ae wird o Scots''. --[[Uiser:Andreas|Andreas]] ([[Uiser collogue:Andreas|tauk]]) 20:24, 24 September 2020 (UTC) :::{{Ping|Andreas}} Hmm, I could add a "See forby/Main" on my list for that type of list, but the list I'm making is meant to include specific articles closely associated with Scotland to focus on. Like if there was a list of birds, I'd probably only be listing the golden eagle and osprey (Scotland has a sizeable European golden eagle population I believe, and there's a famous osprey who bred in Scotland until 2014). That said, if ye've any thoughts on flora and fauna that match that criteria go ahead and add them (or list them here if ye're unsure) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 21:10, 24 September 2020 (UTC) ::::Sure, I get the idea of your list. I was just commenting on the "sublist" thing ;D Maybe the [[Teuchit|shochads]] of [[Caithness]] are worth mentioning? They kept cropping up in quick google. ::::By the way, ''did ye ken'' that several other small and mid-size Wikipedias keep similar lists and cross-link them via [[:d:Q12950581]]? Maybe you want to add yours once it reaches your (first) goal of 100 topics. --[[Uiser:Andreas|Andreas]] ([[Uiser collogue:Andreas|tauk]]) 21:40, 24 September 2020 (UTC) :::::{{Ping|Andreas}} Ah, now I see, sorry for the confusion. I've mentioned the wikidata idea to the others in the Scots Leid server, but it seems like a plan. Ye've given me a few things to think about, so thanks. Also I realised I never addressed the editathon point. The one happening in a few days already has a theme of places, but I can easily add nature to the list of potential themes (if I can find where we stuck the theme list...) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 23:37, 24 September 2020 (UTC) ::::::Glad I could do something useful. By the way, would you guys mind a lurker in the discord server? ;D --[[Uiser:Andreas|Andreas]] ([[Uiser collogue:Andreas|tauk]]) 01:06, 25 September 2020 (UTC) Oh, and may I be curious and ask what dialect of Scots you speak? I noticed you use "ae" for English "of", which I haven't seen before. :::::::{{Ping|Andreas}} Sure, all are welcome in the server long as they respect the language and the rules, and it's primarily Doric but I think it's kinda been influenced by Glaswegian a bit by now. Need an invite link for the Discord server? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 01:11, 25 September 2020 (UTC) ::::::::Aye, please. --[[Uiser:Andreas|Andreas]] ([[Uiser collogue:Andreas|tauk]]) 01:21, 25 September 2020 (UTC) :::::::::{{Ping|Andreas}} https://discord.gg/RA4tyaN This should hopefully work [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 01:23, 25 September 2020 (UTC) == A barnstar for you! == {| style="border: 1.5px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7; padding-right: 5px" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Dark Blue Scottish Barnstar.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Scots Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Have I ever told you that you are the best anti-vandalism fighter and copy editor on this entire site? Well, you are!<br />I know you said you weren't interested, but you seriously would make a great admin. I sincerely look forward to your future contributions keeping up your great track record!! &#8211;<span style="font-family:CG Times">[[User:MJL|<span style="color:black">MJL</span>]]&thinsp;[[User talk:MJL|‐'''Tauk'''‐]]^{[[Special:CentralAuth/MJL|☖]]}</span> 06:08, 13 October 2020 (UTC) |} == Ratko Janev == Thanks for adding him.[[Special:Contributions/178.148.109.252|178.148.109.252]] ([[User talk:178.148.109.252|talk]]) 22:25, 1 November 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next Scots Wiki editathon - 14 & 15 November== Hey there, as you attended one of our previous editathons, thought you might like to know about the next one! 14 & 15 November, details [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon November 2020|on the event page]], the theme is '''Weemin an Minorities fae Scotland an Ulster.''' :) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 12:41, 10 November 2020 (UTC) == Sub categories == (en) I suggested at the editathon that People (Fowk) could be divided intae a group fir STEM ( Science Technology Engineering Medicine) an Nurses. And a subcategory for Scottish suffragettes /suffragists who are notable weemen who suffered fir tae give weemen votes. [[Uiser:Kaybeesquared|Kaybeesquared]] ([[Uiser collogue:Kaybeesquared|tauk]]) 19:09, 15 November 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next editathon== Hey there, as a previous attendee of a Scots Wiki editathon, I thought you might like to know about the [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|December event, Sat 12 & Sun 13th.]] In addition to the usual wiki support, this month I'm really excited to say that we'll have '''language support in place from the Scots Language Centre''', who'll be online between 12-3 on Zoom on Saturday with us to help with any of your queries. * [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-december-2020-tickets-131613729207 Eventbrite link to sign up to Saturday Zoom session] * [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|On-wiki event page]] Hope to see you there! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:49, 8 Dizember 2020 (UTC) == {{en}} Sunday 13th December - extra zoom session with the Scots Language Centre! == We've added another session for the [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|editathon this weekend,]] with the folks from the SLC. Join us on Zoom for editing 12-3 on Sunday now too; we can help with wiki and language queries :) [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-december-2020-sunday-13th-tickets-132517919665 Book your place on Eventbrite here.] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 16:34, 11 Dizember 2020 (UTC) == Hello, == I'll try to back off now to be honest. I don't want to cause ''any'' trouble at all. Thank you and sorry. Signed Tom AKA ([[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 12:34, 17 Dizember 2020 (UTC)) == [[Princess Marie Auguste o Thurn an Taxis]] -> Princess Maria Augusta o Thurn an Taxis == Hello, sorry to bother you. Would you be able to move the above link to Princess Maria Augusta o Thurn an Taxis at all? Thank you, sorry again but Happy New Year too. Signed Tom. [[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 20:36, 1 Januar 2021 (UTC) == Cleanup == Hi, I'm continuing with my cleanup of the misuse of Scots words, and now I'm onto ''lairge''. The way I understand it, "lairge" only refers to large numbers/plentifulness, while "muckle" is about physical size. Am I right? --[[User:Corsicanwarrah|Корсикэн-Уара]] ([[Uiser collogue:Corsicanwarrah|That's how you do fake Cyrillic properly and phonetically]]) 10:17, 8 Januar 2021 (UTC) :{{ping|Corsicanwarrah}} I believe either or can be used, but muckle/muckler/mucklest is preferred for size, that is correct. If this is about me removing the Fixscots template on [[eagle]], it's because I fixed the Scots back in October [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 14:29, 8 Januar 2021 (UTC) == re: == Hi, tha mi troimh-chèile, duilich. An urrainn dhut a cheartachadh?--[[Uiser:Tom Ravensburger|Tom Ravensburger]] ([[Uiser collogue:Tom Ravensburger|tauk]]) 14:47, 8 Januar 2021 (UTC) == re: == I have already created the page in Scottish Gaelic, the first one remains to be corrected (do it in Scottish)--[[Uiser:Tom Ravensburger|Tom Ravensburger]] ([[Uiser collogue:Tom Ravensburger|tauk]]) 15:08, 8 Januar 2021 (UTC) == Clubaichean de churaidhean saoghal ball-coise FIFA == Hi, the content is now ok, but i can't change the title, should be put: List FIFA of football clubs world champions. But in scots I do not know how to write it, you can do it? :-) --[[Uiser:Tom Ravensburger|Tom Ravensburger]] ([[Uiser collogue:Tom Ravensburger|tauk]]) 19:07, 9 Januar 2021 (UTC) == Leet o warld champion fitba clubs == hello, ok, i add. See forby, this article in other wiki is annex o ''FIFA club warld cup'' an ''Intercontinental Cup''. In my opinion it has notability as it is the sum o tha teetles officially recognized bi FIFA--[[Uiser:Tom Ravensburger|Tom Ravensburger]] ([[Uiser collogue:Tom Ravensburger|tauk]]) 06:08, 10 Januar 2021 (UTC) == Intercontinental Cup == I created this page, it was necessary, I can't link it to other languages, can you do it?--[[Uiser:Tom Ravensburger|Tom Ravensburger]] ([[Uiser collogue:Tom Ravensburger|tauk]]) 08:35, 10 Januar 2021 (UTC) == Sorry about the edits I make == Hi, sorry to bother you but I’m sorry for the edits I make in English because I’m an English person. I enjoy writing articles to build the encyclopedia. [[Uiser:RedhotRod4|RedhotRod4]] ([[Uiser collogue:RedhotRod4|tauk]]) 10:44, 16 Januar 2021 (UTC) :{{ping|RedhotRod4}} Hey, in that case I'd encourage ye to make articles in yer personal userspace then ask for them to be translated. If ye're interested in learning to write Scots, we've got a [https://discord.gg/RA4tyaN Scots language Discord server] where we'd be happy to help. The other issue with the articles is the lack of substance to them. While there is some minor substance to [[Damageplan]], it'd still be good to have more content with references. The [[Frankenstrat]] article as it stands could easily be merged with [[Eddie Van Halen]] as per our [[Wikipedia:Notability|notability policy]] regarding broad articles before specific articles (thanks for expanding that article by the way. It's a better start but still could do with a bit of polish) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 12:15, 16 Januar 2021 (UTC) Uh...ok. [[Uiser:RedhotRod4|RedhotRod4]] ([[Uiser collogue:RedhotRod4|tauk]]) 12:21, 16 Januar 2021 (UTC) == New uiser warnin template for Notability == Hullo, a hae pit thegither a new uiser warnin template whan airticle's [[Wikipedia:Notability|notability]] is bein speirt. A hae noted hou ti uise it (as thair is some customisation) [[Wikipedia:Redd_Up#Notability_Speirt|here]]. [[Uiser:Soothrhins|soothrhins]] ([[Uiser collogue:Soothrhins|tauk]]) 21:52, 19 Januar 2021 (UTC) :{{ping|Soothrhins}} The extra text pairt o the template micht need a bit o wirk as it dupes the text an maks reid airtins (see [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uiser_collogue:124.169.246.158&oldid=833961 iss edit] fur an ensaumple) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 04:57, 22 Januar 2021 (UTC) ::<code><nowiki>{{{2|}}}</nowiki></code> was used twice: In the <code>if</code> for multiple violations(?) and for the "Extra text". I changed the first one to <code><nowiki>{{{3|}}}</nowiki></code> for now because the second one ("Extra text") is used in the documentation. --[[Uiser:Andreas|<span style="color:#cb005f">Lacey</span>]] ^{([[Uiser collogue:Andreas|<span style="color:#cb005f">tauk</span>]])} 20:19, 22 Januar 2021 (UTC) :::{{ping|Andreas}} {{ping|CiphriusKane}} Thanks! [[Uiser:Soothrhins|soothrhins]] ([[Uiser collogue:Soothrhins|tauk]]) 14:11, 24 Januar 2021 (UTC) == Leet o warld champion fitba clubs == I don't know who made this mess: the page in question has been merged with the page of the FIFA world federation, they are two things that have nothing to do with each other, one is the world federation, the other is the list of world champions clubs released by FIFA, you can correct?--[[Uiser:Kanoawi|Kanoawi]] ([[Uiser collogue:Kanoawi|tauk]]) 11:44, 23 Januar 2021 (UTC) : {{ping|Kanoawi}} Hey, I was the one who merged the articles. The list was tagged as a violation of our [[Wikipedia:Notability|notability policy]] in relation to article quality (zero context about the list, lack of sufficient sources) and was left untouched for over the stated improvement duration (1 week) so I merged it into FIFA, as it's basically just a list of clubs recognised by FIFA and the FIFA article itself is lacking. The alternate was I delete the list article outright, and we favour merging over deletion where possible. Should the list page be brought up to scratch, then it needn't be merged. Also, saying that the list of clubs '''recognised by FIFA''' is unrelated to FIFA seems contradictory [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 12:04, 23 Januar 2021 (UTC) =={{en}} January editathon== Just a wee reminder that the next scots wiki editathon takes place this weekend, Sat 30 & Sun 31 January. If you'd like help improving your written scots skills, then folks from the Scots Language Centre will be on Zoom on [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-january-2021-saturday-30th-tickets-137925028473 Saturday (15:00-17:00 GMT)] and [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-january-2021-sunday-31st-tickets-137925646321 Sunday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] to do some collaborative editing, and I'll be around to help with any wiki queries. Feedback last time was that the language support was really helpful (and fun!), and we'd love to see you. We're looking mainly at improving articles to do with politics, particularly articles about politicians. More info, article lists, and sign up details on the event page: [[wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Januar 2021|Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Januar 2021.]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 09:57, 27 Januar 2021 (UTC) == Frog article == Hi — I see you've been involved with the 'Frog' page on the Scots Wikipedia. I thought I might bring it to your attention that the page has been vandalised (overwritten with text from the Middle English Wikipedia) — I'm not savvy enough to fix the change myself but I hope flagging it is enough. [[Uiser:Æolus|Æolus]] ([[Uiser collogue:Æolus|tauk]]) 21:41, 31 Januar 2021 (UTC) =={{en}} Thanks for taking part in the January editathon!== Just as it says above - thanks for taking part. You can see [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/E_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Editathon_30-31_Januar_(30-31_Januar_2021) the results of January's event here], I reckon we did pretty well. Hope to see you at the next one! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 18:07, 3 Februar 2021 (UTC) == Hello, == This is Tom, I nopticed that my block has since been removed (I think it was for 3 months, THINK) and I was wondering IF I could contribute A BIT now? I mrean in terms of correcting spellings and small points like that not creating 900 articles an hour I mean so fear not [lol] But yes that was my question. I asked you as I think you were the user who blocked me (as I said I THINK it was you) Signed Tom. [[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 16:07, 13 Februar 2021 (UTC) : Hey Tom, the block was actually only one month which expired a few days ago. The concern I have is that even outside of mass creation of pages, yer Scots ability is still lacking, such as [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gloria,_Princess_o_Thurn_an_Taxis&diff=prev&oldid=817654 this edit] which somehow turned English into incorrect English, let alone into Scots. Probably the best idea is to make suggestions for changes on relevant talk pages so that experienced Scots speakers can make the changes properly. This was one of the proposals on the AN thread which saw support. I'd suggest focusing on proving that existing articles are notable by themselves, rather than on making more genealogy pages. : If ye agree with this, I can inform the AN discussion and get consensus for the deal, with a possible stipulation that ye get an article namespace block to ensure enforcement, along with a single reminder per new IP, to account for yer memory problems and IP changes. This deal will also entail that ye stop maligning other editors, including accusing them of being spiteful. : I get ye want to help which is why I'm nae reblocking ye, but yer actions have had an adverse effect on other editors. If I may borrow yer words, keep in mind that we're human. How does this sound? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 05:28, 14 Februar 2021 (UTC) ::Yo, just saw this. I didn't accuse anyone on scowiki being spieful, that was some of the enwiki users. I can honestky say that everyone I 've encountered on scowiki have/has been lovely to be honest so I can't fault that a all. And ok, that makes sense as in bettering the pages that already exist I agree because as ye said my scots is lacking *blushes* but yes ok thank you for the swift reply too and happy Valentine's Day [lol] signed Tom [[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 18:08, 14 Februar 2021 (UTC) :::"that was some of the enwiki users" This is what I mean by maligning other users. Slandering them here is part of the reason why I blocked ye, because it indicates to me that ye think it's fine to disparage them because it was a different wiki. I dinnae care where it happened, or why, or whether or nae they've edited here or even ken this wiki exists, calling other users spiteful is out of line [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 07:00, 15 Februar 2021 (UTC) ::::It's purely frustration on my part, I'm not excusing it and I totally see your point but it is just sheer frustration and disappointment. Sorry :( [[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 14:18, 16 Februar 2021 (UTC) :::::Tom, this'll be yer reminder to keep to talk pages rather than editing articles directly. Also, I need ye to explicitly state that ye agree with the terms of the deal before I present it to the AN [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:38, 16 Februar 2021 (UTC) == [[Friedrich, Duke o Mecklenburg-Grabow]] -> Duke Friedrich o Mecklenburg, Prince o Grabow == Hello, would you be able to move the above to the latter at all? I did some research and his title is wrong (my fault ''entirely'' having made it in the first place) Prince of/o Grabow was/wis in fact his title/teetle, not/nae Duke o Mecklenburg-Grabow. I also added a reference to his article too. Hope you're well, I must admit I'm quite proud of the addition of a reference to be honest [lol] forever in your debt signed Tom. [[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 14:15, 16 Februar 2021 (UTC) :'''Nae done''' - The source ye linked says Duke of Mecklenburg-Grabow. Provide a reliable source saying otherwise or it remains as is [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:38, 16 Februar 2021 (UTC) ::However, rywiki says Grabow wis an appanage an dewiki says he wis styled *Prince* [o Grabow] plus, ruwiki has his page as *Frederick of Mecklenburg, Prince of Grabowsk(i)* the reference I added wis more to do with where he wis buried (I wis going create a ''Category:Buirials at the Schelfkirche, Schwerin'', in the very distant future, that's all that was for) [[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 19:45, 17 Februar 2021 (UTC) The main point is he wasn't the Duke of/o *MG but the Prince of/o G. :::Wikipedia isnae a valid source, and neither of those pages list him as Duke and Prince in the title. The de wiki lists neither. Also, ye've technically broken the terms of the deal I proposed now, only reason I've nae blocked is because the deal wisnae ratified by the community [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 07:21, 18 Februar 2021 (UTC) ::::Ok, so I have located a source that does mention his title being an appanage BUT it reads prety much exactly the same as dewiki so I'm a bit confused right now. [https://wollongongmemorialgardens.com.au/history/search-our-records/deceased-search?sq_content_src=%2BdXJsPWh0dHBzJTNBJTJGJTJGZGUud2lraXBlZGlhLm9yZyUyRndpa2klMkZGcmllZHJpY2hfenVfTWVja2xlbmJ1cmcmYWxsPTE%3D ''Friedrich , Duke of Mecklenburg [-Schwerin], sometimes wrongly: Friedrich I , called Prince von Grabow (born February 13, 1638 in Schwerin , † April 28, 1688 in Grabow ) was an apanaged prince in Grabow.'' ] [[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 18:32, 18 Februar 2021 (UTC) what terms? :::::It's likely a mirror site then, and all this is saying to me is that the page should maybe be called "Freidrich o Mecklenburg" without any titles. As for the terms, scroll up [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:39, 18 Februar 2021 (UTC) ==Mairch editathon== {{en}}Just a wee reminder that the next scots wiki editathon takes place this weekend, Sat 20 & Sun 11 march, we'll be looking at Scots & Irish media & art. If you'd like to come and edit socially, then myself and folks from the Scots Language Centre will be on Zoom on [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-march-2021-saturday-20th-tickets-145533926893 Saturday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] and [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-march-2021-sunday-21st-tickets-145534247853 Sunday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] to do some collaborative editing, and I'll be around to help with any wiki queries. More info, article lists, and dashboard sign up details on the event page: [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Mairch 2021]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 15:29, 19 Mairch 2021 (UTC) == RedhotRod4 == Hullo, CiphriusKane. I’m NinjaRobotPirate, an I can confirm that [[Uiser:RedhotRod4]] is a sockpuppet of PoliceOfficer124, an eeditor on enwiki. Thanks foar blockin the account. I speak a bit of French, but I do have an understanding of Scots as well. {{unsigned|89.168.3.43}} 00:46, 19 Mairch 2021 (UTC) :The abeen message wisna sent bi NinjaRobotPirate, but prolly bi PoliceOfficer124, impersonation wis confirmt [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:08, 20 Mairch 2021 (UTC) == Greetings fellow earthling. == Hope all is well on your end, I wanted to ask your permission to create a small page about María Francisca Fernanda Fitz-James Stuart y Stolberg-Gedern (to correspond with the sister article on eswiki) and wanted to ask your permission before jumping the gun and creating it and then going a bit mad and making 10 others then being labelled god only knows what. So am I ok to do this? (I have also found a few online references to include in to the creation of said article. It may interest you to know, that I've emailed the stewards but am still awaiting a response, I even emailed User:Jimbo Wales but again am awaiting a response and am still praying desperately. I'll check this later signed Tom. [[Special:Contributions/31.125.215.135|31.125.215.135]] ([[User talk:31.125.215.135|talk]]) 13:27, 12 Mey 2021 (UTC) :Tom, you've got a community block. This means that you will only be allowed to edit if you can convince the community to unblock you, both on here and on enwiki. So no, you're not making any more pages, especially not badly translated genealogy pages. Rightfully I should be blocking this IP as well, but I'm not going to yet, not unless you give me a reason to [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 20:53, 12 Mey 2021 (UTC) ::Hello, thank you for giving me the chance to reply too, as I said I have emailed the stewards seeking assistance but don't hold out much hope that anyone will be overly helpful plus I'm not convinced Jimbo will even acknowledge me, plus I'm far to scared to write on his en talkpage for fear of being blocked or generally moaned at. How can I actually get any help from people via email though, it's easy for people to dismiss others via email, I doubt these people would be as dismissive in person but then we'll never know. I honestly don't know what else or whom else to contact (I also contacted an en admin via email and she ignored me, then I found her on Twitter and she blocked me. :| prior to me saying I just need your help I don't want your bank details. Also, I initially started making pages on here to try to make people aware that several pagenames on enwiki are in fact wrong, for example #en wiki : Maria Theresa of Spain vs sco [[Marie Thérèse o Austrick]] (She was a Habsburg of Spain, but an Archduchess of Austria, thus Spain is incorrect, even her grave says M T of A in French obviously) #en wiki : Charles of Mecklenburg-Güstrow vs sco [[Karl, Hereditary Prince o Mecklenburg-Güstrow]] (heir to the throne and thus styled Hereditary Prince) #en wiki : María Josefa Pimentel, Duchess of Osuna vs sco : [[María Josefa Pimentel y Téllez-Girón, Duchess o Osuna]] (Spanish nobility uses paternal names first followed by maternal maiden names thus en is incorrect and misleading) #en wiki Ángela Téllez-Girón, 16th Duchess of Osuna vs sco [[Ángela Téllez-Girón y Duque de Estrada, 16t Duchess o Osuna]] (same situation as above) I honestly don't know what to do. This is all so frustrating and unfair, as I said I doubt I'd be ignored in person. Pleaseeeeeeeeee help me. :( signed Tom [[Special:Contributions/31.125.215.135|31.125.215.135]] ([[User talk:31.125.215.135|talk]]) 13:56, 13 Mey 2021 (UTC) :::Frankly all these pages should be VfD'd. This wiki is not your playpen [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 15:16, 13 Mey 2021 (UTC) :::Also Tom, let me make myself clear: it is the communities that you have to ask to be unblocked. The COMMUNITIES. Not the stewards, not Jimbo Wales, not me, the communities. Evading your block just because you don't like it is why you keep being blocked [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 15:23, 13 Mey 2021 (UTC) ::::I was unaware that I had to contact the communities to be fair. How do I go about doing so, as I've not even heard of this (thank you for informing me of this though) :::::[[:en:Wikipedia:Unblock_Ticket_Request_System]] Use this for enwiki, and for here, post [[Template:Unblock]] with your appeal on your IP talk page. Make it clear that you understand why you were blocked and what you will do differently, and most importantly do not make negative aspersions about anybody in your appeal. Calling others bullies and claiming vendettas is a surefire way to having an instant decline [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:19, 13 Mey 2021 (UTC) ::::::OH I SEE, so just to be clear, I'm putting the unblock template on SeaSnail's talk page yes? I'm a tiny bit scared to do so for fear of just immeadiately being blocked to be honest =[ signed Tom. [[Special:Contributions/31.125.215.135|31.125.215.135]] ([[User talk:31.125.215.135|talk]]) 10:09, 14 Mey 2021 (UTC) :::::::Naw, on your IP talk page. There is no way we can unblock the SeaSnail account [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 01:16, 15 Mey 2021 (UTC) ::::::::Oh you mean the talk page for ''' 31.125.215.135'''? Because I haven't edited enwiki on this IP address though so surely it'd make more sense to do it on SeaSnails as that's the one that's blocked? Signed Tom [[Special:Contributions/31.125.215.135|31.125.215.135]] ([[User talk:31.125.215.135|talk]]) 13:08, 15 Mey 2021 (UTC) Tom, I'm going to level with you here. Any unblock appeal you make is probably going to fail. In your last appeal, you immediately resorted to personal attacks, and that was six weeks ago. The standard offer on enwiki has six months minimum good behaviour from what I understand, and this includes no block evasion or personal attacks. If I help you with the appeals any further, I'm just setting you up for failure [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 21:16, 15 Mey 2021 (UTC) :::::::: hello, sorry for the late reply, I saw you had replied when I was on my phone but the screen is too small for me to see what I was actually typing (I'm 75% blind as a result of the previously mentioned brain injury I had in 2012 so I'm writing this on my laptop. Anyway, I do genuinely feel that the way I have been treated has been totally fair, I highly doubt people would have treated me like this if if was in person but because this is the internet it's ok to treat other human beings like dirt, apart from the fact I have made hundreds on articles (on scowiki alone) ''some'' of which I ''think'' have been deleted presumably due to the poor linguistics so fine but I also though Wikipedia was for everyone? Not just a lucky few. I set up SeaSnail using an email address for a faceboik account I have (email address is lmadebourbon@gmail.com look it up IF you don't believe me) and my ip address at that point was not blocked so thought it would be ok but MY email was blocked (tom.june13@gmail.com) so it does sort of feel like I can never win :| as I have said to you countless times (and probably other) I'm a hguman being, with feelings I don't deserve to be treated like a bad person when I'm not, plus I've never vandalised Wikipedia corrected yes, but not vandalised. Signed Tom [[Special:Contributions/31.125.215.135|31.125.215.135]] ([[User talk:31.125.215.135|talk]]) 16:12, 17 Mey 2021 (UTC) : Six months Tom. That is the minimum I expect you to wait before making any further appeals. I'll also be blocking this IP because you were on thin ice as it was, but resorting to casting aspersions again cracked it [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 08:11, 20 Mey 2021 (UTC) :: Tom, I have advised CK to not unblock you under any circumstances without my approval. My talk page is [[uiser collogue:MJL|here]] to discuss your next appeal in 6 months.<br />Please consider editing [https://familypedia.wikia.org/wiki/Family_History_and_Genealogy_Wiki the Family History and Genealogy Wiki]; it's more attuned to your interests anyways.<br />In the meantime, please stop bothering CiphriusKane about this. &#8211;<span style="font-family:CG Times, times">[[User:MJL|<span style="color:black">MJL</span>]]&thinsp;[[User talk:MJL|‐'''Tauk'''‐]]^{[[Special:CentralAuth/MJL|☖]]}</span> 18:32, 21 Mey 2021 (UTC) == {{en}} Next Editathon == Heya, heads up that the next Editathon will take place this weekend (5 & 6 June), we're looking at Scots in STEM as a starting point. More info on the event page [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Juin 2021|here.]] Hope to see ou at the Zoom sessions! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:09, 3 Juin 2021 (UTC) == Invitation for Functionary consultation 2021 == Greetings, Admins of the emerging community, I'm letting you know in advance about a meeting I'd like to invite you to regarding the [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] and the community's ownership of its future enforcement. I'm still in the process of putting together the details, but I wanted to share the date with you: 10/11 July, 2021. I do not have a time on this date yet, but I will let you soon. We have created a [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Functionary consultations/June and July 2021|meta page]] with basic information. Please take a look at the meta page and sign up your name under the appropriate section. Thank you for your time.--[[User:BAnand (WMF)|BAnand (WMF)]] 15:14, 10 June 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:BAnand (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=MassMessage/Lists/UCoC_Group&oldid=21568660 --> == Translation request == Hello. Can you translate and upload the articles [[:en:Flag of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic]], [[:en:Emblem of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic]] and [[:en:Anthem of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic]] in Scots Wikipedia? They should not be long. Yours sincerely, [[Uiser:Multituberculata|Multituberculata]] ([[Uiser collogue:Multituberculata|tauk]]) 15:16, 1 Julie 2021 (UTC) == [[Lycalopex]] == How is my Scots on the article [[Lycalopex]]? Also, due to my passion in righting the Scots Wikipedia, I've been rewriting increasingly large sections of articles (about animals, for the time being) in what I think is correct Scots. Am I at risk of becoming the new AG? --[[User:Corsicanwarrah|Корсикэн-Уара]] ([[Uiser collogue:Corsicanwarrah|юзер толк]]) 17:56, 18 Julie 2021 (UTC) == Honda 70== Dear I have corrected from Honda 70 to Honda CD70 and you had deleted the link, kindly note that Honda CD70 is the brand and it is the largest selling motorcycle in Pakistan. Please revert your changes... :It's unnecessary external airtins in the body ae the airticle. We'r nae here tae be an advertisn platform fur the bike [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 10:20, 19 Julie 2021 (UTC) == Hello == Hello, please save the [[Qaem Shahr]] article and link it to the wiki data item. Thanks [[Uiser:Viera iran|Viera iran]] ([[Uiser collogue:Viera iran|tauk]]) 13:56, 25 Julie 2021 (UTC) == Restore Charlotte's Web == The page [[Charlotte's Web]] wis delytit, but had useful content. Can ye restore it? Thank ye. [[Special:Contributions/104.58.147.208|104.58.147.208]] ([[User talk:104.58.147.208|talk]]) 02:20, 1 November 2021 (UTC) :Please note: that page had been taen fae [[:en:Charlotte's Web]]. [[Special:Contributions/104.58.147.208|104.58.147.208]] ([[User talk:104.58.147.208|talk]]) 02:22, 1 November 2021 (UTC) ::A'v undeletit the airticle as requestit. Deletion raisonin leuked shaky ti me onyweys [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 05:14, 1 November 2021 (UTC) :::The page still needs tae be translated some more. Can ye work on it? Also, can ye restore [[Descendants 3]]? It too seemed tae be a shaky deletion bi a non-Scots global admin. [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:53F0:AD70:7455:930:5B0D:E8DF|2600:1700:53F0:AD70:7455:930:5B0D:E8DF]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:53F0:AD70:7455:930:5B0D:E8DF|talk]]) 20:57, 25 November 2021 (UTC) ::::Also, Charlotte's Web needs tae be connected tae Wikidata. [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:53F0:AD70:7455:930:5B0D:E8DF|2600:1700:53F0:AD70:7455:930:5B0D:E8DF]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:53F0:AD70:7455:930:5B0D:E8DF|talk]]) 20:59, 25 November 2021 (UTC) == DRV == I suggest you block 2601:43:0:3970:0:0:0:0/64 instead. IP users on this particular ISP can hop IP's in a /64 range pretty easily (switching from devices, opening a new browser window) [[Uiser:Wizzito|Wizzito]] ([[Uiser collogue:Wizzito|tauk]]) 20:46, 19 December 2021 (UTC) == How we will see unregistered users == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin=content/> Hi! You get this message because you are an admin on a Wikimedia wiki. When someone edits a Wikimedia wiki without being logged in today, we show their IP address. As you may already know, we will not be able to do this in the future. This is a decision by the Wikimedia Foundation Legal department, because norms and regulations for privacy online have changed. Instead of the IP we will show a masked identity. You as an admin '''will still be able to access the IP'''. There will also be a new user right for those who need to see the full IPs of unregistered users to fight vandalism, harassment and spam without being admins. Patrollers will also see part of the IP even without this user right. We are also working on [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|better tools]] to help. If you have not seen it before, you can [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|read more on Meta]]. If you want to make sure you don’t miss technical changes on the Wikimedia wikis, you can [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|subscribe]] to [[m:Tech/News|the weekly technical newsletter]]. We have [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|two suggested ways]] this identity could work. '''We would appreciate your feedback''' on which way you think would work best for you and your wiki, now and in the future. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|let us know on the talk page]]. You can write in your language. The suggestions were posted in October and we will decide after 17 January. Thank you. /[[m:User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]<section end=content/> </div> 18:19, 4 Januar 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Target_lists/Admins2022(6)&oldid=22532666 --> == (en) Zoom editing session & guest speaker - Thursday 20th January == Hey there! Just a wee reminder that we've got a social editing session this evening as part of the January writing drive, 7-9, featuring guest speaker Dr Michael Dempster from the Scots Language Centre! [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/245743775247 You can sign up on Eventbrite here]. Be great to see you! [[Uiser:Lirazelf|Lirazelf]] ([[Uiser collogue:Lirazelf|tauk]]) 11:02, 20 Januar 2022 (UTC) == Barnstar! == {| style="border: 1.5px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7; padding-right: 5px" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Dark Blue Scottish Barnstar.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Scots Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | <var>This barnstar is bein gien as an awaird tae ken yer contreebution tae the Scots wiki bi gien a haun in the Januar 2022 Writin Drive</var> [[Uiser:Lirazelf|Lirazelf]] ([[Uiser collogue:Lirazelf|tauk]]) 17:40, 26 Januar 2022 (UTC) |} [[Uiser:Lirazelf|Lirazelf]] ([[Uiser collogue:Lirazelf|tauk]]) 17:40, 26 Januar 2022 (UTC) ==Whauriver ye be...== ...lang may yer lum reek! == Scots question. == Is it true that in the Scots language, "in" means the same thing in both English & Scots? I am still not the best at Scots at the moment, especially with the Scottish equivalent of "sight words". Could you redirect me to some resources for learning Scots? It would be greatly helpful and appreciated as I am having some difficulty finding nice resources. Best Regards, [[Uiser:L&#39;Mainerque|L&#39;Mainerque]] ([[Uiser collogue:L&#39;Mainerque|tauk]]) 00:57, 8 October 2022 (UTC) :(en) {{ping|L'Mainerque}} Yep, though some people spell it as i and drop the n. "an" would mean either "an" or "and" in English. As for resources, Michael Dempster has a 10-hour course on Scots [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLmk3hiyUEgWl7Qa9pBGN3r94ahQiSXJ2U here] and there's a Scots language Discord server [https://discord.gg/sMceZgcd here] [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 01:04, 8 October 2022 (UTC) ::(en) @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] I figured, I thought "an" meant both "and" & "in" from something I read, but I wasn't 100% sure. I will take a look onto that 10hr course & I have joined the Discord. ::Thank you so much, ::[[Uiser:L&#39;Mainerque|L&#39;Mainerque]] ([[Uiser collogue:L&#39;Mainerque|tauk]]) 01:14, 8 October 2022 (UTC) == CrossWiki spam == Hello, [[NateNet]] article is a CrossWiki spam created by the same user on all Wikis. Thanks. [[Uiser:Wooze|Wooze]] ([[Uiser collogue:Wooze|tauk]]) 20:24, 24 October 2022 (UTC) :(en) I'm aware and am addressing the situation, but thanks for the heads up [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 20:33, 24 October 2022 (UTC) == WE NEED YOU BACK == Can you please come back to editing and change xxxtenacion’s picture from the mugshot to something better!!!! 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏 [[Special:Contributions/24.121.43.130|24.121.43.130]] ([[User talk:24.121.43.130|talk]]) 06:48, 6 December 2022 (UTC) == Quick question / main page == Hi there. I'm [[Uiser:Alison]] - bureaucrat and admin on the [[:ga:Príomhleathanach|Irish]] and [[:gv:Ard-ghuillag|Manx Wikipedias]]. I just happened to stop by and saw that the mainpage here could use a little makeover. I did this successfully for both the Irish and Manx wikis, including setting up daily rolling content, updating the CSS and Modules, etc. I don't speak Scots, I have to say, so would need a little bit of your help on a few things - but I can easily handle all the technical stuff. Let me know what you think - [[Uiser:Alison|Alison]] ([[Uiser collogue:Alison|tauk]]) 21:40, 27 December 2022 (UTC) :(en) {{ping|Alison}} Hey, I appreciate the offer. The main page is something that's not been touched since Leidgate, so could probably do with a fresh coat of paint, so to speak. If you're willing, we can talk more in the E Scots Leid discord server ([https://discord.gg/YfgwV4He invite]), as while I try and keep discussions onwiki I feel like this could benefit from real time chat, plus there's other editors on there that prefer Discord over onwiki discussions [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 14:31, 28 December 2022 (UTC) == River Duin == See [[Collogue:River Doon|Collogue]] [[Uiser:Nogger|Nogger]] ([[Uiser collogue:Nogger|tauk]]) 22:23, 23 Januar 2023 (UTC) :A aareidy replied there, an a still sey it's conjectur [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 22:25, 23 Januar 2023 (UTC) == Discouraged == Hello Ciphrius. I can see that according to your userpage you're feeling a bit discouraged at the moment. Keep up the good work here. I always enjoy chatting with you on Discord, it actually helps me learn more about different cultures without having to travel to them! (no I'm not going to rewrite this in Scots, I can read it but not speak it. If I did I would probably sound like someone trying to sound like [[Shrek]]) [[Uiser:Blaze Wolf|Blaze Wolf]] ([[Uiser collogue:Blaze Wolf|tauk]]) 14:10, 30 Januar 2023 (UTC) == Non-free use rationale == How dae ye uplaid ''non-free'' files? It airts tae a Wikimedia commons link.[[Uiser:That Northern Irish Historian|That Northern Irish Historian]] ([[Uiser collogue:That Northern Irish Historian|tauk]]) 00:45, 5 Mey 2023 (UTC) :Try [[Special:Upload]] [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 00:58, 5 Mey 2023 (UTC) ::'The action that ye hae requestit is leemitit til uisers in the groop: [[Wikipedia:Admeenistraters|Admeenistraters]].' [[Uiser:That Northern Irish Historian|That Northern Irish Historian]] ([[Uiser collogue:That Northern Irish Historian|tauk]]) 17:05, 29 Mey 2023 (UTC) == Uill feumaidh mi cuideachadh. == Uill feumaidh mi cuideachadh. Carson a tha thu ag aontachadh. Chan eil fios agam ciamar a dh 'fheumas mi a'raf a th' ann. Dè an seòrsa dùilean a tha thu ag iarraidh? [[Special:Contributions/172.103.168.17|172.103.168.17]] ([[User talk:172.103.168.17|talk]]) 01:51, 2 Juin 2023 (UTC) == Hey == Feumaidh mi cuideachadh le Scot cànan. An urrainn dhut innse dhomh dè an riatanas a th 'ann airson Wikipedia? [[Uiser:Gracewan2012|Gracewan2012]] ([[Uiser collogue:Gracewan2012|tauk]]) 01:59, 2 Juin 2023 (UTC) :Ye kin stairt bi pittin yer messages in the [[Scots leid]], fit is the leid o iss projeck, insteid ae Scottish Gaelic, an stappin wi editin fae yer IP. A cannna actual spik Scottish Gaelic [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:05, 2 Juin 2023 (UTC) == Recreation of some deleted pages for Car manufacturers == @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] Hi Ciphrius! Please can you recreate some deleted pages about Car manufacturers which you deleted them on Scots Wikipedia: * Aston Martin * Audi * Bentley * Chevrolet * Jeep * Nissan * Porsche * Škoda Auto * Volvo Cars In addition, can you create a new page for the newborn German Car manufacturer Borgward: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgward and also for Cadillac: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac and VinFast: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/VinFast which are missing on Scots Wikipedia. Thanks [[Uiser:EDASHI|EDASHI]] ([[Uiser collogue:EDASHI|tauk]]) 05:36, 11 September 2023 (UTC) :(en) Those articles were all deleted for being [[Scotched English|Scotched]], and checking over the deleted revisions they were also extremely threadbare and quantity-over-quality creations (i.e. 1-2 unsourced sentences). Given how much of this wiki is still like that, I'm disinclined to recreate those pages myself but I'll not stop anybody that wishes to (re)create the pages while addressing the issues I listed [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 11:20, 11 September 2023 (UTC) == Hertenin an speirin == Aye aye! Gaun yersel! Keep on giein it laldie! Cud ye please gies a haun wi the wirds that's misscotched in the airticles, kettegories an templates? Dae ye ken hou tae modifee mony kettegories at aince? Fur ensaumple, chyngin 'establishment' tae 'estaiblishment' as i [[:Category:1997 establishments]]? [[Uiser:Munci|Munci]] ([[Uiser collogue:Munci|tauk]]) 18:01, 16 October 2023 (UTC) :{{ping|Munci}} Hiv ye gien HotCat ae twirl? Ye cin pit it up bi gangin ti [[Special:Preferences]], dabbin the "Gadgets" heider an tickin the HotCat box? An sairie fur the lang reply, internet wis oot the past week [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:03, 23 October 2023 (UTC) ::Thank ye, A'd haurd o HotCat bit A didnae ken hou tae wirk it ir whit it daes. A'll gie hit a shot! Nae bather! [[Uiser:Munci|Munci]] ([[Uiser collogue:Munci|tauk]]) 15:30, 5 November 2023 (UTC) :::A'd advise uisin "mak" ower "creaut". Whiles there is hits fur creaut in Gilmour's Corpus, it's rare sae a'v been in the wey ae changin aa the "creaut"/"ceaut"/"craeft" on the wiki ti "mak", bit it's yer walin [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:38, 5 November 2023 (UTC) == Hebrew == Thanks a lot for your edit to [[Template:lang-he]]. Still "lang-he-n" and "lang-he-a" to go, pretty please... -[[User:Corsicanwarrah|Корсикэн-Уара]] ([[Uiser collogue:Corsicanwarrah|юзер толк]]) 18:08, 29 October 2023 (UTC) :Deen, still some airtins til Ebreu left bit sud aa jist be airticle-level insteid ae template level [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 18:45, 29 October 2023 (UTC) == TNA == Im anly copypastin A want tae rename the page tae total nonstop action, the uiser wha eeditit put it wrong, the company is namit Total Nonstop Action no TNA Wrestling that's why a did whita did juist correctin uiser mistak. [[Uiser:TNAFan55|TNAFan55]] ([[Uiser collogue:TNAFan55|tauk]]) 13:28, 5 Februar 2024 (UTC) :{{ping|TNAFan55}} An in daein sae, ye essentially erased the airticle's edit history. The CC-BY-SA license requires attreibution ti be gien/keppit up, hence foo come ye flit pages ti preserv the edit history, ye dinna jist copypaste it acause aat remuives the edit history an gies ye credit fur edits ye didna mak insteid ae the actual awthor [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 13:38, 5 Februar 2024 (UTC) ::Lorg mi an cànan Albannach. Faodaidh tu na h-artaigilean ùra a leantainn. ::([[Uiser:Ahmed brens|Ahmed brens]] ([[Uiser collogue:Ahmed brens|tauk]]) 20:34, 16 Februar 2024 (UTC)) == Is this page in Scots, or phonetically spelled English == [[Electronic cigarette]] [[Special:Contributions/2601:644:907E:A450:159E:4B95:CCA0:7C0|2601:644:907E:A450:159E:4B95:CCA0:7C0]] ([[User talk:2601:644:907E:A450:159E:4B95:CCA0:7C0|talk]]) 17:36, 14 Mairch 2024 (UTC) This too: [[Ford Vedette]] [[Special:Contributions/2601:644:907E:A450:159E:4B95:CCA0:7C0|2601:644:907E:A450:159E:4B95:CCA0:7C0]] ([[User talk:2601:644:907E:A450:159E:4B95:CCA0:7C0|talk]]) 17:40, 14 Mairch 2024 (UTC) == The Missin Links == There's a lot o missin links in many Scots airticles. They arenae doin any guid tae the airticles, so should I remove them? [[Uiser:EVTOfficial|EVTOfficial]] ([[Uiser collogue:EVTOfficial|tauk]]) 00:31, 5 Juin 2024 (UTC) :{{ping|EVTOfficial}} Ay, remuiv reid airtins an categories. Thay wis pit ower athoot thocht anent foo appropriate thay war fur iss wiki [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 09:18, 6 Juin 2024 (UTC) == Thank you for your hard work == Thank you. Can you tell if [[Special:Contributions/Crotot|User:Crotot]] is a Scots speaker? They wrote almost all the pages in [[:Category:Ceeties in North Dakota]], such as [[Ashley, North Dakota]]. [[Uiser:Foxes die!|Foxes die!]] ([[Uiser collogue:Foxes die!|tauk]]) 18:38, 21 Juin 2024 (UTC) :(en) Looks like they just did a heap of copypasting and managed to make the lairge/muckle mistake, so there's a high chance that they were just copying out of the same faulty dictionary as the others, but they're nae X1-eligible on that grounds [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 18:46, 21 Juin 2024 (UTC) ::Does X1 only apply to the users here? https://quarry.wmcloud.org/query/49315 [[Uiser:Foxes die!|Foxes die!]] ([[Uiser collogue:Foxes die!|tauk]]) 21:17, 21 Juin 2024 (UTC) :::(en) It applies to a specific subset of 11 users ay, those targeted in the Massive Kirkyaird cleanup. It acts as an extension intending to catch articles that were invalid either due to other edits (e.g. file moves, vandalism) or, in one user's case, due to using alts that were excluded. I'd also rather avoid naming said users in edit summaries because most of them never meant any harm, some of them just got carried away [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 21:38, 21 Juin 2024 (UTC) == Translate == Hello. Unfortunately, I don’t know Scots language, but I can help. I began to rework articles about Ukrainian administrative units, since in 2020 an administrative-territorial reform was carried out in Ukraine, according to which new districts and a new administrative unit were created - the hromadas (громади) instead of city, town and village councils. Do you know how the word ''громада'' is translated into Scots? [[Uiser:VolnyiLev|VolnyiLev]] ([[Uiser collogue:VolnyiLev|tauk]]) 06:04, 25 Juin 2024 (UTC) :(en) Literally it'd be "territorial commonity" if the enwiki article is accurate [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:48, 25 Juin 2024 (UTC) == Novi Sad railway station windae-canapy coup == Please sort oot the airticle wi spellin mistaks. I'm awfy grateful. [[Special:Contributions/188.255.145.157|188.255.145.157]] ([[User talk:188.255.145.157|talk]]) 22:58, 2 November 2024 (UTC) == Thank you for being a medical contributors! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Wiki Project Med Foundation logo.svg|130px]] |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" |'''The 2024 Cure Award''' |- | style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" |In 2024 you '''[[mdwiki:WikiProjectMed:WikiProject_Medicine/Stats/Top_medical_editors_2024_(all)|were one of the top medical editors in your language]]'''. Thank you from [[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med]] for helping bring free, complete, accurate, up-to-date health information to the public. We really appreciate you and the vital work you do! Wiki Project Med Foundation is a [[meta:Wikimedia_thematic_organizations|thematic organization]] whose mission is to improve our health content. '''[[meta:Wiki_Project_Med#People_interested|Consider joining for 2025]]''', there are no associated costs. Additionally one of our primary efforts revolves around translating health content. We invite you to '''[https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/index.php try our new workflow]''' if you have not already. Our dashboard automatically [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/leaderboard.php collects statistics] of your efforts and we are working on [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/fixwikirefs.php tools to automatically improve formating]. |} Thanks again :-) -- [[mdwiki:User:Doc_James|<span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>]] along with the rest of the team at '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' 06:24, 26 Januar 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Doc James@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Top_Other_Language_Editors_2024&oldid=28172893 --> == Notable films == Hi, I disagree with deleting film articles on the basis of notability when they are obviously notable, just not properly referenced, regards [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 19:30, 30 Apryle 2025 (UTC) :{{ping|Atlantic306}} then impruiv them! Or is iss wiki meant ti hae nae form ae quality control an ivery airticle aat's ae sentence lang athoot references be allooed ti staan? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:32, 30 Apryle 2025 (UTC) :: It's just as much your responsibility to improve the articles before deleting them. On the english wiki articles are kept if they are notable topics not based on their current appearance, [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 19:36, 30 Apryle 2025 (UTC) :::{{ping|Atlantic306}} Iss isna enwiki tho, an enwiki didna hae ae bunch ae lairners rinnin aroon wi fauty dictionairs puttin fuck aa effort inti thair airticle churn spam [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:38, 30 Apryle 2025 (UTC) ::::From the Scots notability page: "If ye jalous that a topic or airticle isnae 'notable', ye shuid leuk for soorces yersel." this provision is being ignored. Maybe they should be deleted on low quality grounds and not Scottish rather than notability, [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 19:53, 30 Apryle 2025 (UTC) :::::{{ping|Atlantic306}} There's iss as weel: "Seiven days ar than gien ti mak impruivments that kythe 'notability'. The tag shuidna be taen awa in that week. Syne, action maun be taen tae mell wi anither airticle or delete it if nae impruivments war made." Maist o the film pages dinna hae ony page aat thay kin be mellt inti. It gets treatit as a enwiki PROD essentially. An it's ironic aat ye gie bein law quality as bein ae raeson fan ye wis remuivin tags fur aat exac raeson [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 04:09, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) :As asked [[#Restore Charlotte's Web|before]], can ye restore [[Descendants 3]]? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|talk]]) 17:22, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::Gin ye wint it remak it fine, bit leukin ower it a didna restore it back then acause a didna dispute the raeson fur the deletion [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:53, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) :::I need help with the translation. Same for [[Descendants (2015 film)]] and [[Descendants 2]]. There are also many missing articles in [[Template:Disney theatrical animatit featurs]]. [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|talk]]) 18:57, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::::Template's pit up fur deletion. Yet anither ridiculous "enwiki has it so scowiki needs it too" case [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:13, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) :Could you help with the translation on the Descendants pages? I personally think that these Disney animated films deserve pages. If I start some, could you help me? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|talk]]) 19:22, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::Also, another template: [[Template:Walt Disney Animation Studios]]. [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|talk]]) 19:27, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) :::Another thing, [[robbery]] and [[God]] are really short articles, should they be deleted? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|talk]]) 20:29, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::::Bein short is in itsel nae ae threipin fur deletion, an a hae ti speir at ye, seein as it's clear aat yer lackin the Scots skills, fit tuils is ye uisin fur yer owersettins? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 21:18, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::::An ti be frank a'd raither fowk focus on reddin up fit we hae insteid ae eikin ti the pile, an navboxen aat's 95% reid airtins is uissless, as the pint ae the navbox is ti navigate atween relatit pages, nae gie ae list ae suggestit pages [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 21:21, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) :OK, I have to be clear. I wasn't actually using a machine translation, but now I see the problem, I was "scotching" basically. That's what I was asking about with the two Descendants pages, do they need fixing? I had written these before the big controversy happened. Since then, I've tried to get low quality pages deleted. Even that was for a petty reason, because of [[Bambi]] being deleted for this reason. I actually would like a proper page about Bambi. {{ping|Atlantic306}}, do you know if you could bring Bambi into scowiki? I've seen you edit the English version. Speaking of which, there is an error on it. The section "sequel" should be "follow-up", because Bambi II isn't a sequel, but a midquel. As for robbery and God, could they be expanded? The former is also unreferenced. I've also looked in the film categories and found more pages that might be X1, AmaryllisGardener created several. {{ping|Cobra 3000}}, would you be interested in creating any Disney pages in sco or gdwiki? Gdwiki had some stubs that were deleted for being low quality. They include a few that still exist in sco, which are [[The Fox and the Hound]], [[The Lion King]], [[Lady and the Tramp]], [[Oliver & Company]], [[Finding Nemo]], and [[The Princess and the Frog]]. These were like the X1 deleted articles, even if they weren't "scotcher" pages, but really short and unreferenced pages. Finally, shouldn't Template:Walt Disney Animation Studios be put up for deletion? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|talk]]) 21:53, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::I mean I can help out if you want! It would be a good opportunity to provide Scots versions of the stories in the form of plot synopses! [[Uiser:Cobra 3000|Cobra!]] ([[Uiser collogue:Cobra 3000|tauk]]) 00:24, 2 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::Actually, it might a good idea for an editathon topic. I’ll speak to Wikimedia aboot it! [[Uiser:Cobra 3000|Cobra!]] ([[Uiser collogue:Cobra 3000|tauk]]) 00:25, 2 Mey 2025 (UTC) == Notable films == Hi, these film articles have notability proving references [[Avatar (2009 film)]] and [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]] yet have been tagged for notability anyway. I think this ip editor is going too fast with his nominations, [https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:988C:F8D7:BDCB:9475 shown here] imv [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 19:57, 6 Mey 2025 (UTC) :The feck ae the references is in the infobox an baith films is twa sentences lang aat near eneuch jist seys "This film exists"; infoboxes shid complement airticles, nae be the hale o thaim, fit is happenin there. Stick the text fae ROTK ontil [[The Lord of the Rings]] an there's nae quality lost (an aat's prolly fit a'll dae), aat's the issue here. The film pages exist acause sumbidy decidit aat machine owersettins an airticle quantity maittert mair nor actual airticle quality [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 18:23, 8 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::Doesn't Avatar qualify as an X1 article? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:9DB:4232:8292:CA26|2600:1700:C910:2960:9DB:4232:8292:CA26]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:9DB:4232:8292:CA26|talk]]) 18:37, 16 Mey 2025 (UTC) :::Normally ay bit gien aa iss collogue anent it a'm haudin aff on actin on it jist yet [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 07:55, 17 Mey 2025 (UTC) == Useless templates == There are more useless templates linked at [[The Princess and the Frog]]. Shouldn't they be put up for deletion? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:29E3:3D04:1789:D81|2600:1700:C910:2960:29E3:3D04:1789:D81]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:29E3:3D04:1789:D81|talk]]) 23:43, 15 Mey 2025 (UTC) :Gie me a list ae aa the templates then. Aat wey a kin jist dae a batch nomination raither nor takkin potshots at the templates [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 08:45, 16 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::Walt Disney Animation Studios, Ron Clements an John Musker, John Lasseter, an Randy Newman. Also found [[Template:GoldenGlobeBestMotionPictureMusicalComedy 1981-2000]] linked at [[Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)]]. Also, what to do about pages nominated for deletion like [[The Dark Knight (film)]]? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:9DB:4232:8292:CA26|2600:1700:C910:2960:9DB:4232:8292:CA26]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:9DB:4232:8292:CA26|talk]]) 18:36, 16 Mey 2025 (UTC) :::The other pages nominated for deletion: [[The Dark Knight Rises]], [[Local Hero]], [[Gregory's Girl]], and [[Gandhi (film)]]. [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:A473:DF3C:6B58:544F|2600:1700:C910:2960:A473:DF3C:6B58:544F]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:A473:DF3C:6B58:544F|talk]]) 00:56, 17 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::::A'm able ti chack the category masel, a dinna need ti be telt fit ti dae [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 07:49, 17 Mey 2025 (UTC) :::::When will the templates be put up for deletion? And for the nominated pages, when will they be deleted? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:5C9E:745B:E1C3:14A9|2600:1700:C910:2960:5C9E:745B:E1C3:14A9]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:5C9E:745B:E1C3:14A9|talk]]) 19:44, 17 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::::::A'm seein gin there's alternates acause despite fit it micht seem lik a'm nae wintin ti tak ae axe ti aahing a see, an the wiki's nae gaun disappear acause it's a bit delayed noo is it? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 21:45, 17 Mey 2025 (UTC) == Jock Stein == Hi, this diff [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jock_Stein&diff=prev&oldid=904946 here] may need suppressing, regards [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 19:35, 16 Mey 2025 (UTC) :Dealt wi't afore a leukit at iss message, bit ta fur reportin it [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 08:00, 17 Mey 2025 (UTC) == Category:Cleanup tagged airticles withoot a raison field == What to do about these pages? I tried replacing them with the fixscots template, but was warned that that was wrong. Also, what to do about the deletion candidates and those useless templates linked at [[The Princess and the Frog]]? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:9D8F:B7C1:BDBA:E2B4|2600:1700:C910:2960:9D8F:B7C1:BDBA:E2B4]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:9D8F:B7C1:BDBA:E2B4|talk]]) 18:47, 2 Juin 2025 (UTC) == Notice of expiration of your sysop right == <div dir="ltr">Hi, as part of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], this is an automated reminder to let you know that your permission "sysop" (Administrators) will expire on 2025-06-30 01:22:50. Please renew this right if you would like to continue using it. <i>In other languages: [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot/Messages/default|click here]]</i> [[Uiser:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[Uiser collogue:Leaderbot|tauk]]) 19:45, 23 Juin 2025 (UTC)</div> == Monthly cleanup categories == To change "from" to "fae" ([[Special:Redirect/logid/409338]]), edit line 370 in [[Module:Message box]] to say <blockquote>local preposition = 'fae'</blockquote> You can see examples on [[:pt:Módulo:Message box|Portuguese Wikipedia]], [[:vi:Mô đun:Message box|Vietnamese Wikipedia]], [[:ru:Модуль:Message box|Russian Wikipedia]]. This will change all pages in categories of this form ([https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=intitle%3Afrom&title=Special%3ASearch&profile=advanced&fulltext=1&ns14=1]). Eventually those categories will become empty but the pages may need to be purged first - I am not sure. [[Special:Contributions/96.79.100.209|96.79.100.209]] ([[User talk:96.79.100.209|talk]]) 17:32, 14 Julie 2025 (UTC) :Okay seems aat wirked, ta [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:55, 15 Julie 2025 (UTC) == JJS == Hello CiphriusKane, Help me rather than threatening me, thank you--[[Uiser:Jean700|Jean700]] ([[Uiser collogue:Jean700|tauk]]) 14:20, 23 Julie 2025 (UTC) :Excep there wisna ony threit. Ye postit ae setence-lang "airticle" aat makkit a vague claim wi nae claim thewarts notability, sae a taggit as sic. Gin iss wis enwiki aat airticle wid hae been deletit aareidies [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 14:27, 23 Julie 2025 (UTC) help me be useful--[[Uiser:Jean700|Jean700]] ([[Uiser collogue:Jean700|tauk]]) 06:53, 24 Julie 2025 (UTC) :Ye kin help yersel bi stendin oot the airticle insteid ae churnin oot fit leuks lik x-wiki spam. Turn it inti summat aat isna a sentence lang an claims aat French airt stairtit in the 1950s an we'll see anent the notability tag [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:32, 24 Julie 2025 (UTC) == Thanks for that == Thanks for accepting the changes [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2025-63184-6|&#126;2025-63184-6]] ([[Uiser collogue:&#126;2025-63184-6|talk]]) 16:32, 16 September 2025 (UTC) == Update request == Hello, CiphriusKane. Can you rename [[Prince Andrew, Duke o York]] into the Scots version of [[Andra Mountbatten Windsor]]? After all his titles, honours and styles were stripped of him on 30 October 2025, he became plain (Mr.) Andrew Mountbatten Windsor. Here is the official statement from Buckingham Palace: https://www.royal.uk/news-and-activity/2025-10-30/a-statement-from-buckingham-palace Yours sincerely, [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2025-30714-02|&#126;2025-30714-02]] ([[Uiser collogue:&#126;2025-30714-02|talk]]) 17:31, 1 November 2025 (UTC) == Clarification == A think there's been a misunderstanding here, so let me separate things clearly. ==== ScotsCheck (Uiser:BZPN/ScotsCheck/…) ==== The Translations, Dictionary-en, an Dictionary-sco pages belong tae '''ma personal on-wiki script'''. They are user-space working leets used only by that gadget in ma ain browser. They are '''nae a bot whitelist'''. They are '''nae''' community-approved standards. They are '''nae''' applied automatically by ony account. They are simply ma '''private working notes''', adjusted as A analyse scowiki airticles. If a translation entry is wrang (e.g. "ay" or "basit"), that juist means ma working leet needs corrected - it disnae affect the bot at aw. ==== The bot ([[Uiser:ScotsBot]]) ==== (EN for clarity) The bot executes only the tasks listed at '''[[Uiser:ScotsBot/Tasks]]'''. It does '''not''' read or use the on-wiki ScotsCheck dictionaries. It does not use the Translations page. It does not perform automatic oversettins. At present, the bot is inactive an waitin on the flag. There is currently '''no''' active, community-approved whitelist in operation (located by default at [[Uiser:BZPN/Whitelist.json]]). The bot is '''not''' applying translation replacements (and ''never'' was). If anything looked like oversetting in recent changes, that was my manual edit via my own script interface - not a bot action. ====enwiki block==== A received a community block in October 2025 related tae a content dispute an conduct issues on that project. It wis nae connected tae ony bots, automation, technical misuse, etc. There has been nae cross-wiki abuse, nae undisclosed bot activity, an nae sanctions related tae automation. A'm registered on ScoWiki for about a year, though A only started contributing recently. Scowiki is a separate project, an ma work here has been transparent an open tae scrutiny. A'm a trusted editor on other Wikimedia projects, including simplewiki, plwiki, mediawiki and others. If there are concerns about oversight or safeguards, A'm entirely willing tae operate under supervision. Best regards, [[Uiser:BZPN|BZPN]] ([[Uiser collogue:BZPN|tauk]]) 00:25, 14 Februar 2026 (UTC) :Bot eesers need ti be trowstit members o the commonity. Ye stairtit editin twa weeks back an clearly dinna hae the leid skills ti edit, sae fit wye is it aat yer daein the same sort o botlik edits aat got heaps o bad press? Ye didna ask ti rin the script an e'en gied the impression aat ye'd nae dae iss sort o hing. E'en leukin inti simplewiki an plwiki a'm seein mair reid flags, lik the Discord ban an a hefty block log on plwiki, an fit's iss anent a UCOC case? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 00:39, 14 Februar 2026 (UTC) ::I am responding in English because of your previous comment stating that ''"it's pretty obvious that they're not a Scots speaker"'' was personally humiliating. As I am learning Scots, I won't understand everything perfectly, but that does not justify personal attacks. Writing a full article on scowiki requires careful attention, just as composing text in Scots requires time and effort. The fact that I am learning Scots does not make me less capable or less committed to producing good quality contributions. Back to the point: I have several points to avoid further misunderstandings. First: user scripts. As stated on [[:en:WP:JAVASCRIPT]]: ''"You take full responsibility for any actions taken using any user script. You must read and abide by all relevant Wikipedia policies when using this tool; failure to do so may result in being blocked from editing.''" My script runs on-wiki, requires manual interaction, and does not perform any automatic edits. At no point have I violated any scowiki rules or policies. My edits are fully auditable in page histories. Also, your comments regarding my alleged "bot-like" (suspected "automatic") edits, supposed inexperience, and prior conduct on other wikis constitute a serious personal attack. I am not a vandal, nor have I violated local community norms. Targeting actions from other Wikimedia projects, including blocks or Discord issues, is inappropriate. This approach lacks [[:en:WP:AGF|AGF]] and creates an unfair, hostile environment. Your messages, especially drawing attention to prior blocks and suggesting misconduct, may fall under UCoC 3.1, which includes behaviour intended to outrage or intimidate a person, e.g. by hounding, i.e., repeated critique or questioning across projects, intended to discourage or upset. I encourage you to read and follow the global standards under UCoC and to evaluate my edits and actions on their merits within scowiki. Mischaracterizing my contributions based on assumptions or other projects is discriminatory and contrary to the standards. I am fully willing to discuss any ''legitimate'' concerns about edits on scowiki, and pause certain changes if the community requests. It is late here, so I will be signing off for now. Good night. [[Uiser:BZPN|BZPN]] ([[Uiser collogue:BZPN|tauk]]) 01:15, 14 Februar 2026 (UTC) :::Did ye tell that ti the fowks aat opponed yer simplewiki RfA based on yer UCOC case, Discord ban an ban on plwiki? Acause iss message leuks gey seemlir ti the kind o hing aat wis raised in ither places. A wis giein ye a chance ti explain in yer ain wirds, an it seems yer walin ti come oot fur a fecht. :::As fur "learning Scots", pairt o the raeson aat the wiki's in sic a mess is acause o fowks "learning Scots", fowks aat wi aa gweed intentions managed ti cause sic a mess wi bad owersettins aat there wis discussion anent shuttin the hale projeck doon, an fae fit a'm seein ye wis daein the same hing. We hae tasks fur learners, an it disna incluid rinnin gadgets based on clearly fauty lists. A wis daein spotchecks on seyed lists, nae fu analysis, an a'd wager a'd fin mair wrang wi thaim. An the mix o Scots an Inglis in yer messages disna gie mense ti the idea aat ye hae the needit skills fur editin. :::As fur me bringin ap reid flags, a need ti ken aat a kin trowst the bot operator, an crosswiki behaviour kin be a gweed indcator o sumbidy's reliability. Gin yer bein baured fur battlegrund behaviour an wikilawyerin an shawin aat same behaviour here, then fit wye shid a conclude differently fae enwiki an sey ye kin be trowstit? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:15, 14 Februar 2026 (UTC) ::::Either ye want the ScotsBot for whit it actually daes, as clearly set oot in the documentation, or me an the bot will step awa fae this wiki tae save ye ony mair bother, hostility, or accusations. The choice is yours. [[Uiser:BZPN|BZPN]] ([[Uiser collogue:BZPN|tauk]]) 08:28, 14 Februar 2026 (UTC) :::::Bye then [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:55, 14 Februar 2026 (UTC) == Request tae upload an eemage == Hullo @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]], coud ye please dounload [[:fi:Tiedosto:13_Reasons_Why_tv-series_poster.jpg|this poster]] fur this series here fur local uise in the airticle, in accordance wi copyricht law ? Thank ye. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 03:49, 25 Mairch 2026 (UTC) :{{ping|Mr.Murdoch78}} Deen. As a'm nae shuir fit ye intend fur ti mak eese o't a'v left aat field in the license blank, sae please fill it in [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 06:36, 25 Mairch 2026 (UTC) == Request tae upload eemages == Hullo @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]], A'll need tae upload some eemages tae the wiki. Is thare a role A can uise tae avoid haein tae gae throu ye ilka time an baitherin ye? A woud lik tae hae Rowback richts tae undae unwantit chynges an aa. Coud ye upload the eemages here? A'll tak care o eikin the information. * [[:en:File:The_Night_We_Met.jpg|The Night We Met airtwirk]] * [[:en:File:Katherine_Langford_as_Hannah_Baker.jpg|Pictur o Katherine Langford as Hannah Baker]] * [[:en:File:Clay_Jensen.png|Pictur o Dylan Minnette as Clay Jensen]] * [[:en:File:A_Star_is_Born.png|''A Star Is Born'' film poster]] * ''[[:en:File:From_title_card.jpg|From]]'' * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lewis_Capaldi_-_Someone_You_Loved.png ''Someone You Loved'' airtwirk] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lewis_Capaldi_-_Wish_You_the_Best.png Wish You the Best airtwirk] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SurvivebyLewisCapaldi.webp Survive airtwirk] *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ed_Sheeran_Perfect_Single_cover.jpg Perfect airtwirk] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shape_Of_You_(Official_Single_Cover)_by_Ed_Sheeran.png Shape of You airtwirk] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Photograph_(Ed_Sheeran_song)_cover.png Photograph airtwirk] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_Notice_-_film_promotional_image.jpg ''Red Notice'' film poster] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:YOU_Tv_Series_LOGO.png Logo o the telly series ''YOU''] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Up_(2009_film).jpg ''Up ''film poster] Thank ye ! [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 01:33, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :A'm nae shuir anent the image uploadin richt, bit gien foo yer still failin ti gie proper attreibution fur yer owersettins an violatin Wikipaedia's CC-BY-SA licence a'd be temptit ti decline aat request [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 06:21, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) ::Aw credits an information regardin copyricht on eemages sic as films/series posters an sang/album airtwirks can be foond wi the eemage in ilka link. Whan owersettin airticles frae the Inglis Wikipaedia, hou dae A comply wi the Wikipaedia's CC-BY-SA licence? Dae A need tae eik a template tae the airticle's collogue page? Coud ye shaw me an ensaumple frae an airticle sae A can correct ma mistak an avoid repeatin it? [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 11:08, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :::[[:en:Wikipedia:Translation#Attribution_requirements]]. A'll leuk at the images in a bit [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 11:12, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) ::::A juist mak the chynge tae comply wi Wikipaedia's CC-BY-SA license on the airticle [[History o Fraunce]], is that correct? [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 22:43, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :::::Ay, bit dinna eese "eedit[s]". The Scots wird is "edit[s]" an a'v jist nae gotten roon ti gettin rid o the fake spellin [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 22:45, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) ::::::A'v jist edited the Lord Huron airtin, is it correct nou? [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 22:53, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :::::::Ay, ye dinna need ti speir at me aifter ivery een. Fit yer daein is fine noo [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 22:54, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) ::::::::Thank ye fur yer help! :) [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 23:04, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :Okay leukin ower the requests... :From/A Star Is Born/Someone You Loved/Wish You the Best/Survive/Perfect/Shape of You/Red Notice dinna hae airticles sae we canna hae the images :YOU is ap fur deletion sae naw. There's a file on Commons :Langford/Minnette dinna need images o thair chairacters, an a'd really raither ye nae mak chairacter pages fur thaim. There's better places ti pit yer efforts nor inti makkin airticles fur fictional chairacters :Up a'll get roon ti at sum pint iss week [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 14:47, 22 Apryle 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. 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If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:11, 28 Apryle 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472482 --> gcss534q0mjwu875ibu7psta89cgexp 0 224520 915930 806858 2026-04-29T21:53:42Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915930 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}}{{Infobox person wikidata}} {{Short description|15t/16t-centurie Scots makar}} '''William Stewart''' (c. 1476{{snd}}c. 1548) wis a Scots [[makar]] writin in the foremaist hauf o the 16t-centurie. ==Life== William Stewart wis ieroe o yin o [[Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan|Alexander Stewart, Earl o Buchan]]'s luve-bairns. He was eddicated at the [[Varsity o Saunt Aundraes|Varsity o St. Andras]]. Destined for the kirk, he later becam a courtier. In 1527 he haudit a pension fae [[James V o Scotland]], and the hindermaist doss (o £40) was recorded in the accounts o 1541.<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Stewart, William|volume=25|page=914}}</ref> He dee'd afore 1560.<ref name="DNB">{{cite DNB|wstitle=Stewart, William (1481?-1550?)}}</ref> ==Works== Stewart wrate a batch o advice poems fur the young [[James V o Scotland]] an set ower [[Hector Boece]]'s Latin ''History of Scotland'' intae Scots verse. He wis the bard mentioned twice in [[David Lyndsay]]'s ''Complaynt of the Papingo'', an wis mentioned by [[John Rolland]] in his [[prologue]] tae the ''Seven Sages'' forby.<ref>Turnbull, vol. 1, (1858), pp. ix-xiii.</ref> Thare wur twa students wi his name at St. Andras Varsity at the same time, giein rise tae maybe aye confusions o identity; in the ''Buik of Chronicles'', Stewart said he wis thare fur 14 year. Althou it haes forordinar bin guessed Stewart wrate baith the owersettin an the court poems, critic [[Matthew McDiarmid]] attributed the settin ower tae the ither William Stewart.<ref>MacDonald (1996), p. 182 fn. 11, citing Jack, RDS, ed., ''History of Scottish Literature'', vol. 1 (1988), p. 36.</ref> ===Court poetry=== Some o Stewart's survivin poems descreive life in the Stewart court, an speil on the annoy felt bi courtiers howpin fur ryal favour an reward. This stanza is fae ''First Lerges'', (largesse) referring tae [[New Year|'new yeirday']] gifts expected fae the Scots exchequer;<ref>MacDonald (1996), 196.</ref><blockquote>The thesaur and compttrollar,<br>Thay bade me cum I wait nocht quhair,<br>And thay suld gar I wait nocht quhay,<br>Gif me I wat nocht quhat full fair,<br>For lerges of this new yeirday.<ref>[http://xtf.lib.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=chadwyck_ep/uvaGenText/tei/chep_1.2332.xml&query=thing See the whole poem here (Bannatyne Manuscript)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331072024/https://xtf.lib.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=chadwyck_ep/uvaGenText/tei/chep_1.2332.xml&query=thing |date=2024-03-31 }}: Craigie, W. A., ed., ''Maitland Folio Manuscript'', vol. 1, STS (1919), 248-9.</ref></blockquote> ===Owersettin o Boece=== A metrical version o the ''Latin History of Scotland'' bi [[Hector Boece]] wis commissioned either bi James V or his mither [[Margaret Tudor]]. The wirk wis published in Latin at Paris in 1527. James requested [[John Bellenden]] to set it ower intae Scots prose an Stewart intae Scots verse. Bellenden's version appeared in 1536, bit Stewart's, whilk wis begun in 1531, remained in manuscript til 1858, whin it was published in the [[Rolls Series]];<ref name="EB1911"/> it was edited by [[William Barclay Turnbull]] fae a unique manuscript whilk, efter bein in the possession o Hew Craufurd o Cloverhill, Bishop [[John Moore (bishop o Ely)|John Moore]], an George I, gaed tae [[Varsity o Cambridge|Cambridge Varsity]] Leibrary. Stewart shows a knawledge o the works o [[John Major (philosopher)|John Major]], [[Jean Froissart]], an [[John o Fordun]]. In pairts he amplified the original.<ref name="DNB"/> He gied a prologue; in thare his narrator, Discretion's cuisin, explains that Inglismen destroyed aw the screiven historical records o Scotland thay cuid find in the [[Wars o Scots Unthirldom|Scots Wars o Unthirldom]] in the time o [[William Wallace]]. She says that scraps o buiks an memories preserved at [[Iona Abbey]] formed Boece's soorce material;<blockquote>Our auld storeis befoir thir mony yeir,<br>Thai war distroyit all with Inglismen,<br>In Wallace weir as it eith to ken;<br>Syne efterwart, quhen that thai wreit the storie,<br>Auld eldaris deidis to put into memorie,<br>Tha maid thair buikis, thair tractatis, and thair tabillis,<br>Part by gues, and part be fenyeit fabillis;<br>Part tha fand in ald broades of bukkis,<br>Part in lous quarris lyand wer in nukkis,<br>* * * * * *<br>Ane abbay sumtyme of authoritie,<br>In Iona yle within the occident se,<br>And in that place thair wes thir storeis fund,<br>Sum in lowss quarris and uther sum weill bund.<ref>Turnbull, vol. 1, (1858), pp. 3-4, from lines 79-103</ref></blockquote> ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==Further readin== * Hadley Williams, Janet, 'Dunbar & his immediate heirs', in Mapstone, Sally, ed., ''William Dunbar, The Nobill Poet'', Tuckwell (2001), 93-100, {{ISBN|1-86232-196-5}} * MacDonald, A. A., 'William Stewart and Court Poetry', in Hadley Williams, Janet, ed., ''Stewart Style 1513–1542'', Tuckwell (1996), 179–200, {{ISBN|1-898410-82-8}} * [https://archive.org/details/buikcroniclissc01stewgoog Turnbull, William B., ed., ''The Buik of the Chroniclis of Scotland by William Stewart'', 3 vols, Rolls Series, Longman (1858)] '''Attribution:''' {{DNB|wstitle=Stewart, William (1481?-1550?)}} {{Makars}} {| class="metadata plainlinks stub" role="presentation" style="background:transparent" |[[File:RobertBurns.jpg|alt=Stub icon|30x30px]] |''This airticle anent a makar is a [[wikipedia:Stub|stub]]. Ye can help Wikipaedia bi [//sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Stewart_(makar)&action=edit expandin it].''<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="position: absolute; right: 15px; display: none;"> * [[Template:Makar-stub|<abbr title="View this template">v</abbr>]] * [[Template collogue:Makar-stub|<abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr>]] * [//sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Makar-stub&action=edit <abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr>] </div> |} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Stewart, William}} [[Category:Coort o James V of Scotland]] [[Category:Makars]] [[Category:Lallans poets]] [[Category:16t-centurie Scots writers]] [[Category:16t-centurie male writers]] [[Category:16t-centurie Scots poets]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity of St Andras]] [[Category:Middle Scots poets]] mcpyv4p5a78ezdd06hv23vr1tex35xx 3 232728 915965 915842 2026-04-30T06:57:25Z LivMaddieFan26M3 130544 915965 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Mr.Murdoch78, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/Mr.Murdoch78|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> ==Doctor actor list== Hey, wid ye be okay wi pittin [[Leet o actors wha hae pleyed the Doctor|iss airticle]] inti the [[Doctor Who]] airticle insteid? Gien the state o aat airticle, haein a separate airticle jist fur the actors seems disproportionate [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 14:34, 10 August 2025 (UTC) :Hullo @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] an thank ye fur the walcome text. It's true that haein a separate airticle jist fur the actors seems disproportionate, but Ah dinnae kent hou tae put all the names o the actors wha pleyed the doctor in the infobox. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 00:52, 12 August 2025 (UTC) ::We kin aye anchor it bi pittin <nowiki>[[#The Doctor]]</nowiki> or <nowiki>[[Doctor Who#The Doctor]]</nowiki> in the infobox insteid (an ditch the companion airtin). Is ye needin me ti mell the airticles or dae ye wint ti dae it yersel? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:00, 12 August 2025 (UTC) == Template:Walt Disney Animation Studios == Could you add more pages that are linked from Template:Walt Disney Animation Studios? The one I want the most is Bambi. Much obliged. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-20655-26|&#126;2026-20655-26]] ([[Uiser collogue:&#126;2026-20655-26|talk]]) 00:58, 4 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :Hullo, A wil creaut the Bambi airticle fur ye whan A hae time, an meybe some ither airticles relatit tae Walt Disney Studio. Thank ye fur yer suggeestion tae impruive the Scots Wikipaedia, hae a guid day. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 01:02, 5 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :When's the Bumbi airticle gonna be created? [[Uiser:LivMaddieFan2026|LivMaddieFan2026]] ([[Uiser collogue:LivMaddieFan2026|tauk]]) 20:03, 28 Apryle 2026 (UTC) == Spellins == Kin a ask faar yer gettin yer spellins? Sum o thaim is gey unco, lik "haw" fur "how" an "wham" fur "whom" [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 22:39, 6 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :Hullo @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]], A dinnae uise "haw" but "hou" fur "how". A maistly owerset airticles frae the Inglis Wikipaedia, bytimes A forget tae owerset certain wirds. A micht mak typos owin tae fatigue an aa. A dae ma best tae mak guid contreibutions tae the Scots Wikipaedia. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 00:51, 7 Apryle 2026 (UTC) ::https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dark_Knight&diff=next&oldid=907356 Ye eesed "haw" here an gin yer owersettin ye maun attreibut the oreiginal airticle ti abide bi Wikipaedia's Creative Commons license (the ideal method is ti pit a airtin ti the exact revision in the edit summary, bit jist <nowiki>[[:en:PAGENAME]]</nowiki> wirks in a pinch as weel). A'm jist askin acause we'v hid trouble in the past wi fowks relyin ower hivily on a bad dictionair aat heezed ap certain rare spellins as commonplace. Gif ye hae Discord, there's a [[WP:DISCORD|server]] fur spikkers aat we eese fur wiki wirk as weel [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:10, 7 Apryle 2026 (UTC) iarwge2hr5use4nto0ujyr7r01vxmp6 915966 915965 2026-04-30T06:57:40Z LivMaddieFan26M3 130544 915966 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Mr.Murdoch78, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/Mr.Murdoch78|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> ==Doctor actor list== Hey, wid ye be okay wi pittin [[Leet o actors wha hae pleyed the Doctor|iss airticle]] inti the [[Doctor Who]] airticle insteid? Gien the state o aat airticle, haein a separate airticle jist fur the actors seems disproportionate [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 14:34, 10 August 2025 (UTC) :Hullo @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] an thank ye fur the walcome text. It's true that haein a separate airticle jist fur the actors seems disproportionate, but Ah dinnae kent hou tae put all the names o the actors wha pleyed the doctor in the infobox. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 00:52, 12 August 2025 (UTC) ::We kin aye anchor it bi pittin <nowiki>[[#The Doctor]]</nowiki> or <nowiki>[[Doctor Who#The Doctor]]</nowiki> in the infobox insteid (an ditch the companion airtin). Is ye needin me ti mell the airticles or dae ye wint ti dae it yersel? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:00, 12 August 2025 (UTC) == Template:Walt Disney Animation Studios == Could you add more pages that are linked from Template:Walt Disney Animation Studios? The one I want the most is Bambi. Much obliged. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-20655-26|&#126;2026-20655-26]] ([[Uiser collogue:&#126;2026-20655-26|talk]]) 00:58, 4 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :Hullo, A wil creaut the Bambi airticle fur ye whan A hae time, an meybe some ither airticles relatit tae Walt Disney Studio. Thank ye fur yer suggeestion tae impruive the Scots Wikipaedia, hae a guid day. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 01:02, 5 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :When's the Bambi airticle gonna be created? [[Uiser:LivMaddieFan2026|LivMaddieFan2026]] ([[Uiser collogue:LivMaddieFan2026|tauk]]) 20:03, 28 Apryle 2026 (UTC) == Spellins == Kin a ask faar yer gettin yer spellins? Sum o thaim is gey unco, lik "haw" fur "how" an "wham" fur "whom" [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 22:39, 6 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :Hullo @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]], A dinnae uise "haw" but "hou" fur "how". A maistly owerset airticles frae the Inglis Wikipaedia, bytimes A forget tae owerset certain wirds. A micht mak typos owin tae fatigue an aa. A dae ma best tae mak guid contreibutions tae the Scots Wikipaedia. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 00:51, 7 Apryle 2026 (UTC) ::https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dark_Knight&diff=next&oldid=907356 Ye eesed "haw" here an gin yer owersettin ye maun attreibut the oreiginal airticle ti abide bi Wikipaedia's Creative Commons license (the ideal method is ti pit a airtin ti the exact revision in the edit summary, bit jist <nowiki>[[:en:PAGENAME]]</nowiki> wirks in a pinch as weel). A'm jist askin acause we'v hid trouble in the past wi fowks relyin ower hivily on a bad dictionair aat heezed ap certain rare spellins as commonplace. Gif ye hae Discord, there's a [[WP:DISCORD|server]] fur spikkers aat we eese fur wiki wirk as weel [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:10, 7 Apryle 2026 (UTC) 3zy4tow5b1uyq7s1qeuj752ua2m8sku 0 233336 915925 915826 2026-04-29T21:40:22Z ~2026-26146-39 130529 915925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Scots cultural and nationalist organisation}} {{Infobox political party |name = Siol nan Gaidheal |native_name = Sìol nan Gàidheal |native_name_lang = gd |logo = Siol nan Gaidheal Flag.svg |caption = Black and white saltire used by the group. |founded = {{ubl|1978 (original organisation)|1987 (second incarnation)|1997 (current incarnation)}} |founder = {{ubl|Tom Moore (original organisation)|Jackie Stokes (later incarnations)}} |newspaper = ''Firinn Albannach'' (1980s) |ideology = {{ubl|[[Scottish nationalism|Scots naitionalism]]|[[Scottish republicanism|Scots republicanism]]|[[Scottish independence|Scots unthirldom]]|[[Cultural nationalism]]|[[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic revival]]|[[Anti-imperialism]]|[[Ultranaitionalism]] (self-description; disputed meanin)|[[Socialism]] (disputed)}} |website = {{Official website|[http://www.siol-nan-gaidheal.org/}}](http://www.siol-nan-gaidheal.org/}}) }} '''Siol nan Gaidheal''' or '''Sìol nan Gàidheal''' ({{IPA|gd|ˈʃiəl̪ˠ nə ˈŋɛː.əl̪ˠ|}}, meanin “Seed o the Gaels”) is a Scots cultural, republican and nationalist organisation. It describes itsel as a “cultural and fraternal organisation”.<ref name="when">{{cite book|title=Scottish National Party (SNP) Leaders|last=Mitchell|first=James|year=2016|isbn=9781785901232|publisher=Biteback Publishing}}</ref> The organisation has been associated wi [[Scottish independence|Scots independence]], [[Scottish republicanism|Scots republicanism]], [[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic revival]] and radical nationalist politics. It has existed in multiple incarnations syne its foondin in 1978, and its ideology and activities hae been the subject o significant debate. ==Aims an ideology== {{Expand section|date=June 2018}} Sìol nan Gàidheal describes itsel as a cultural organisation concerned wi Scots sovereignty, identity an cultural revival. The organisation has descrived itsel as "ultra-nationalist", a term it links tae the thocht o [[Hugh MacDiarmid]] an the [[1320 Club]], combinin elements o cultural nationalism, [[Marxism-Leninism]], an anti-imperialism.<ref>{{cite web|url=[http://www.siol-nan-gaidheal.org/hstoom.htm|title=History](http://www.siol-nan-gaidheal.org/hstoom.htm|title=History) of our Movement|website=Siol nan Gaidheal|access-date=28 April 2026}}</ref> Issues o ''Firinn Albannach'' shaw a range o ideological influences, includin anti-NATO positions, anti-imperialism, support for a socialist republic, an criticism o baith Labour an communist pairties.<ref>{{cite web|url=[http://www.scottishrepublicansocialistmovement.org/Pages/ArchivesFirinnAlbannach.aspx|title=Firinn](http://www.scottishrepublicansocialistmovement.org/Pages/ArchivesFirinnAlbannach.aspx|title=Firinn) Albannach archive|website=Scottish Republican Socialist Movement|access-date=28 April 2026}}</ref> The organisation has an aw produced material critical o globalisation an multiculturalism, an has uised the leid o "settler colonialism" in relation tae demographic chynges in Scotland.<ref>{{cite web|url=[http://www.siol-nan-gaidheal.org/demog.htm|title=Demography](http://www.siol-nan-gaidheal.org/demog.htm|title=Demography): The White Settler Phenomenon|website=Siol nan Gaidheal|access-date=28 April 2026}}</ref> Ither statements bi the organisation emphasise civic inclusion, statin that mony fowk o English origin livin in Scotland "hae legitimately exercised choice" an are walcomed as pairt o Scots society.<ref>{{cite web|url=[http://www.siol-nan-gaidheal.org/citizen.htm|title=Citizenship](http://www.siol-nan-gaidheal.org/citizen.htm|title=Citizenship) in the New Scotland|website=Siol nan Gaidheal|access-date=28 April 2026}}</ref> ==Reception== {{Expand section|date=April 2026}} The organisation has been descrived in a variety o weys bi commentators, includin as [[traditionalist]], ultranationalist, ethnonationalist an, bi some critics, [[proto-fascist]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Scottish Nation|last=Devine}}</ref> Supporters an members reject thir characterisations. They argie that the organisation reflects a form o left-leanin, anti-imperialist an culturally-focused Scots nationalism. In a Facebook reply, SnG claimed that their organisation's logo represents "baith oor Celtic heritage an the interwoven strands o AW the peoples wha hae become Scots an pairt o oor heritage." == References == {{Reflist}} h8ggcoq2vo9370vej5o3l10ucfckh92 915926 915925 2026-04-29T21:40:32Z ~2026-26146-39 130529 915926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Scots cultural and nationalist organisation}} {{Infobox political party |name = Siol nan Gaidheal |native_name = Sìol nan Gàidheal |native_name_lang = gd |logo = Siol nan Gaidheal Flag.svg |caption = Black and white saltire used by the group. |founded = {{ubl|1978 (original organisation)|1987 (second incarnation)|1997 (current incarnation)}} |founder = {{ubl|Tom Moore (original organisation)|Jackie Stokes (later incarnations)}} |newspaper = ''Firinn Albannach'' (1980s) |ideology = {{ubl|[[Scottish nationalism|Scots naitionalism]]|[[Scottish republicanism|Scots republicanism]]|[[Scottish independence|Scots unthirldom]]|[[Cultural nationalism]]|[[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic revival]]|[[Anti-imperialism]]|[[Ultranaitionalism]] (self-description; disputed meanin)|[[Socialism]] (disputed)}} |website = {{Official website|[http://www.siol-nan-gaidheal.org/}}](http://www.siol-nan-gaidheal.org/}}'''Siol nan Gaidheal''' or '''Sìol nan Gàidheal''' ({{IPA|gd|ˈʃiəl̪ˠ nə ˈŋɛː.əl̪ˠ|}}, meanin “Seed o the Gaels”) is a Scots cultural, republican and nationalist organisation. It describes itsel as a “cultural and fraternal organisation”.<ref name="when">{{cite book|title=Scottish National Party (SNP) Leaders|last=Mitchell|first=James|year=2016|isbn=9781785901232|publisher=Biteback Publishing}}</ref> The organisation has been associated wi [[Scottish independence|Scots independence]], [[Scottish republicanism|Scots republicanism]], [[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic revival]] and radical nationalist politics. It has existed in multiple incarnations syne its foondin in 1978, and its ideology and activities hae been the subject o significant debate. ==Aims an ideology== {{Expand section|date=June 2018}} Sìol nan Gàidheal describes itsel as a cultural organisation concerned wi Scots sovereignty, identity an cultural revival. The organisation has descrived itsel as "ultra-nationalist", a term it links tae the thocht o [[Hugh MacDiarmid]] an the [[1320 Club]], combinin elements o cultural nationalism, [[Marxism-Leninism]], an anti-imperialism.<ref>{{cite web|url=[http://www.siol-nan-gaidheal.org/hstoom.htm|title=History](http://www.siol-nan-gaidheal.org/hstoom.htm|title=History) of our Movement|website=Siol nan Gaidheal|access-date=28 April 2026}}</ref> Issues o ''Firinn Albannach'' shaw a range o ideological influences, includin anti-NATO positions, anti-imperialism, support for a socialist republic, an criticism o baith Labour an communist pairties.<ref>{{cite web|url=[http://www.scottishrepublicansocialistmovement.org/Pages/ArchivesFirinnAlbannach.aspx|title=Firinn](http://www.scottishrepublicansocialistmovement.org/Pages/ArchivesFirinnAlbannach.aspx|title=Firinn) Albannach archive|website=Scottish Republican Socialist Movement|access-date=28 April 2026}}</ref> The organisation has an aw produced material critical o globalisation an multiculturalism, an has uised the leid o "settler colonialism" in relation tae demographic chynges in Scotland.<ref>{{cite web|url=[http://www.siol-nan-gaidheal.org/demog.htm|title=Demography](http://www.siol-nan-gaidheal.org/demog.htm|title=Demography): The White Settler Phenomenon|website=Siol nan Gaidheal|access-date=28 April 2026}}</ref> Ither statements bi the organisation emphasise civic inclusion, statin that mony fowk o English origin livin in Scotland "hae legitimately exercised choice" an are walcomed as pairt o Scots society.<ref>{{cite web|url=[http://www.siol-nan-gaidheal.org/citizen.htm|title=Citizenship](http://www.siol-nan-gaidheal.org/citizen.htm|title=Citizenship) in the New Scotland|website=Siol nan Gaidheal|access-date=28 April 2026}}</ref> ==Reception== {{Expand section|date=April 2026}} The organisation has been descrived in a variety o weys bi commentators, includin as [[traditionalist]], ultranationalist, ethnonationalist an, bi some critics, [[proto-fascist]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Scottish Nation|last=Devine}}</ref> Supporters an members reject thir characterisations. They argie that the organisation reflects a form o left-leanin, anti-imperialist an culturally-focused Scots nationalism. In a Facebook reply, SnG claimed that their organisation's logo represents "baith oor Celtic heritage an the interwoven strands o AW the peoples wha hae become Scots an pairt o oor heritage." == References == {{Reflist}} da9gwo7r0gtcrtnqyg8ucn64zp7s5xs 915927 915926 2026-04-29T21:41:13Z ~2026-26146-39 130529 915927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Scots cultural and nationalist organisation}} {{Infobox political party |name = Siol nan Gaidheal |native_name = Sìol nan Gàidheal |native_name_lang = gd |logo = Siol nan Gaidheal Flag.svg |caption = Black and white saltire used by the group. |founded = {{ubl|1978 (original organisation)|1987 (second incarnation)|1997 (current incarnation)}} |founder = {{ubl|Tom Moore (original organisation)|Jackie Stokes (later incarnations)}} |newspaper = ''Firinn Albannach'' (1980s) |ideology = {{ubl|[[Scottish nationalism|Scots naitionalism]]|[[Scottish republicanism|Scots republicanism]]|[[Scottish independence|Scots unthirldom]]|[[Cultural nationalism]]|[[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic revival]]|[[Anti-imperialism]]|[[Ultranaitionalism]] (self-description; disputed meanin)|[[Socialism]] (disputed)}} |website = {{Official website|[http://www.siol-nan-gaidheal.org/}}](http://www.siol-nan-gaidheal.org/}}'''Siol nan Gaidheal''' or '''Sìol nan Gàidheal''' ({{IPA|gd|ˈʃiəl̪ˠ nə ˈŋɛː.əl̪ˠ|}}, meanin “Seed o the Gaels”) is a Scots cultural, republican and nationalist organisation. It describes itsel as a “cultural and fraternal organisation”.<ref name="when">{{cite book|title=Scottish National Party (SNP) Leaders|last=Mitchell|first=James|year=2016|isbn=9781785901232|publisher=Biteback Publishing}}</ref> The organisation has been associated wi [[Scots unthirldom]], [[Scottish republicanism|Scots republicanism]], [[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic revival]] and radical nationalist politics. It has existed in multiple incarnations syne its foondin in 1978, and its ideology and activities hae been the subject o significant debate. ==Aims an ideology== {{Expand section|date=June 2018}} Sìol nan Gàidheal describes itsel as a cultural organisation concerned wi Scots sovereignty, identity an cultural revival. The organisation has descrived itsel as "ultra-nationalist", a term it links tae the thocht o [[Hugh MacDiarmid]] an the [[1320 Club]], combinin elements o cultural nationalism, [[Marxism-Leninism]], an anti-imperialism.<ref>{{cite web|url=[http://www.siol-nan-gaidheal.org/hstoom.htm|title=History](http://www.siol-nan-gaidheal.org/hstoom.htm|title=History) of our Movement|website=Siol nan Gaidheal|access-date=28 April 2026}}</ref> Issues o ''Firinn Albannach'' shaw a range o ideological influences, includin anti-NATO positions, anti-imperialism, support for a socialist republic, an criticism o baith Labour an communist pairties.<ref>{{cite web|url=[http://www.scottishrepublicansocialistmovement.org/Pages/ArchivesFirinnAlbannach.aspx|title=Firinn](http://www.scottishrepublicansocialistmovement.org/Pages/ArchivesFirinnAlbannach.aspx|title=Firinn) Albannach archive|website=Scottish Republican Socialist Movement|access-date=28 April 2026}}</ref> The organisation has an aw produced material critical o globalisation an multiculturalism, an has uised the leid o "settler colonialism" in relation tae demographic chynges in Scotland.<ref>{{cite web|url=[http://www.siol-nan-gaidheal.org/demog.htm|title=Demography](http://www.siol-nan-gaidheal.org/demog.htm|title=Demography): The White Settler Phenomenon|website=Siol nan Gaidheal|access-date=28 April 2026}}</ref> Ither statements bi the organisation emphasise civic inclusion, statin that mony fowk o English origin livin in Scotland "hae legitimately exercised choice" an are walcomed as pairt o Scots society.<ref>{{cite web|url=[http://www.siol-nan-gaidheal.org/citizen.htm|title=Citizenship](http://www.siol-nan-gaidheal.org/citizen.htm|title=Citizenship) in the New Scotland|website=Siol nan Gaidheal|access-date=28 April 2026}}</ref> ==Reception== {{Expand section|date=April 2026}} The organisation has been descrived in a variety o weys bi commentators, includin as [[traditionalist]], ultranationalist, ethnonationalist an, bi some critics, [[proto-fascist]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Scottish Nation|last=Devine}}</ref> Supporters an members reject thir characterisations. They argie that the organisation reflects a form o left-leanin, anti-imperialist an culturally-focused Scots nationalism. In a Facebook reply, SnG claimed that their organisation's logo represents "baith oor Celtic heritage an the interwoven strands o AW the peoples wha hae become Scots an pairt o oor heritage." == References == {{Reflist}} fhgjtuqq7xtouoiu03dn3rg3lp5bhk0 915931 915927 2026-04-29T21:55:16Z CiphriusKane 74958 Remuiv pairty jist heezin itsel ap an whitewashin itsel 915931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox political party |name = Siol nan Gaidheal |native_name = Sìol nan Gàidheal |native_name_lang = gd |logo = Siol nan Gaidheal Flag.svg |caption = Black and white saltire used by the group. |founded = {{ubl|1978 (original organisation)|1987 (second incarnation)|1997 (current incarnation)}} |founder = {{ubl|Tom Moore (original organisation)|Jackie Stokes (later incarnations)}} |newspaper = ''Firinn Albannach'' (1980s) |ideology = {{ubl|[[Scottish nationalism|Scots naitionalism]]|[[Scottish republicanism|Scots republicanism]]|[[Scottish independence|Scots unthirldom]]|[[Cultural nationalism]]|[[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic revival]]|[[Anti-imperialism]]|[[Ultranaitionalism]] (self-description; disputed meanin)|[[Socialism]] (disputed)}} |website = {{Official website|[http://www.siol-nan-gaidheal.org/}}](http://www.siol-nan-gaidheal.org/}}'''Siol nan Gaidheal''' or '''Sìol nan Gàidheal''' ({{IPA|gd|ˈʃiəl̪ˠ nə ˈŋɛː.əl̪ˠ|}}, meanin “Seed o the Gaels”) is a Scots cultural, republican and nationalist organisation. It describes itsel as a “cultural and fraternal organisation”.<ref name="when">{{cite book|title=Scottish National Party (SNP) Leaders|last=Mitchell|first=James|year=2016|isbn=9781785901232|publisher=Biteback Publishing}}</ref> The organisation has been associated wi [[Scots unthirldom]], [[Scottish republicanism|Scots republicanism]], [[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic revival]] and radical nationalist politics. It has existed in multiple incarnations syne its foondin in 1978, and its ideology and activities hae been the subject o significant debate. == References == {{Reflist}} n5hnb4ud4qy9ls2dn61eq8wbdifnhac 0 233383 915946 915828 2026-04-30T00:26:20Z Themeramisin 129811 915946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{notability|date=28 Apryle 2026}} '''Actin''' is an activity i which a story is telt bi means o its enactment bi an actor o actress wha acts a character—[[film]], [[telly]],[[theatre]] or any other medium thon makes use o the mimetic mode. fr47audo0u7wkrajiqzjt47xwi5syh8 915947 915946 2026-04-30T00:28:08Z Themeramisin 129811 915947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{notability|date=28 Apryle 2026}} '''Actin''' is an activity i which a story is telt bi means o its enactment bi an actor o actress wha acts a character—[[film]], [[telly]],[[theatre]] or any other medium thon makes use o the mimetic mode. [[File:Acting-performaustralia.jpg|alt=|thumb| ]] iqfcq3wc577jtbb85io51t80slrvy13 915948 915947 2026-04-30T00:29:32Z Themeramisin 129811 915948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{notability|date=28 Apryle 2026}} '''Actin''' is an activity i which a story is telt bi means o its enactment bi an actor o actress wha acts a character—i [[film]], [[telly]],[[theatre]] or any other medium thon makes use o the mimetic mode. [[File:Acting-performaustralia.jpg|alt=|thumb| ]] cmrky4pov7hdqn6o4i5f8csfabo80ka 915949 915948 2026-04-30T00:29:54Z Themeramisin 129811 915949 wikitext text/x-wiki {{notability|date=28 Apryle 2026}} '''Actin''' is an activity i which a story is telt bi means o its enactment bi an actor o actress wha acts a character—i [[film]], [[telly]], [[theatre]] or any other medium thon makes use o the mimetic mode. [[File:Acting-performaustralia.jpg|alt=|thumb| ]] 6obb4mmxecdibmely5nvz937saj0iqu 915950 915949 2026-04-30T00:30:41Z Themeramisin 129811 915950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{notability|date=28 Apryle 2026}} '''Actin''' is an activity i which a story is telt bi means o its enactment bi an actor o actress wha acts a character—i [[film]], [[telly]], [[theatre]] or any other medium thon makes use o the mimetic mode. tdte663di3hr06i2oe3ecbgzgev5xez 0 233388 915923 2026-04-29T21:35:05Z ~2026-26146-39 130529 Made page wi "{{Short description|Scots nationalist paramilitar organisation}} {{Use British English|date=August 2018}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}} {{Infobox militant organization | name = Scots National Liberation Airmy | logo = SNLA logo.png | caption = A reconstructed logo o the Scots National Liberation Airmy. | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = Tartan Terrorists | founder = [[Adam Busby]] | foundation =..." 915923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Scots nationalist paramilitar organisation}} {{Use British English|date=August 2018}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}} {{Infobox militant organization | name = Scots National Liberation Airmy | logo = SNLA logo.png | caption = A reconstructed logo o the Scots National Liberation Airmy. | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = Tartan Terrorists | founder = [[Adam Busby]] | foundation = | dates = {{Start date|1980}}–present (on ceasefire syne 2012)<ref name="PSC"/> | dissolved = | merger = | split = | predecessor = | merged = | successor = | country = [[Scotland]] | allegiance = | motives = | area = | headquarters = | newspaper = | ideology = [[Scottish nationalism|Scots nationalism]]<br>[[Scottish republicanism|Scots republicanism]]<br>[[Scottish unthirldom|Scots unthirldom]] | position = | crimes = [[Letter bombs]], [[arson]] | attacks = | status = | size = | revenue = | financing = | partof = | allies = Scots Separatist Group (political wing) | opponents = [[United Kingdom]] | battles = | flag = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | module = | module2 = | module3 = | module4 = | module5 = | module6 = }} The '''Scots National Liberation Airmy''' ('''SNLA'''), aften nicknamed the '''''Tartan Terrorists''''', is a [[Scottish naitionalism|Scots naitionalist]] [[paramilitary]] group which aims tae bring aboot [[Scottish unthirldom|Scots unthirldom]] frae the [[Unitit Kinrick]]. The group wis foondit in 1980 by [[Adam Busby]], a former sodger frae [[Paisley, Renfrewshire|Paisley]], efter the [[1979 Scottish devolution referendum]], which the organisation claims wis fixed. The group’s activities mainly involved sendin [[letter bombs]] tae [[Govrenment o the Unitit Kinrick|UK govrenment]] officials, carryin oot [[arson]] attacks, and makin numerous hoax threats o violence,<ref name="DL">{{Cite book|last=Leslie|first=David|title=Inside A Terrorist Group, The Story of the SNLA|year=2006|url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1tbfMgEACAAJ}}](https://books.google.com/books?id=1tbfMgEACAAJ}})</ref> afore declarin a ceasefire in 2012, tae allou debates leadin up tae the [[Scots independence referendum, 2014|Scots Unthirldom Referendum o 2014]] tae tak place.<ref name="PSC">{{cite web|url=[https://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-press-and-journal-aberdeen-and-aberdeenshire/20120120/283811440534985?srsltid=AfmBOoo8aztaJw7mjlcCEwRh7v6Kc3czVyiXiSy_a0Q6CuURL-r4drhx|title='Tartan](https://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-press-and-journal-aberdeen-and-aberdeenshire/20120120/283811440534985?srsltid=AfmBOoo8aztaJw7mjlcCEwRh7v6Kc3czVyiXiSy_a0Q6CuURL-r4drhx|title='Tartan) Terrorists' Lay Down Weapons|newspaper=[[The Press and Journal]]|date=20 January 2012}}</ref> ==History== ===Formation=== The SNLA wis foondit in 1980 by Adam Busby, a former sodger wha served in the [[Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders]].<ref name="TWP">{{cite news|title=Scottish terrorist group targets women politicians|date=4 March 2002|first1=Dominic|last1=Kennedy|first2=Stewart|last2=Tendler|newspaper=[[The Times]]}}</ref><ref name="TT">[[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1850234.stm](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1850234.stm) Who are the 'tartan terrorists'?] BBC News Website, 2 March 2002</ref><ref name="IND">{{cite web|url=[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/the-return-of-our-fiends-in-the-north-9245285.html|title=The](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/the-return-of-our-fiends-in-the-north-9245285.html|title=The) return of our fiends in the north|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=6 March 2002}}</ref> Busby wis also a foondin member o the [[Scottish Republican Socialist Movement|Scots Republican Socialist Pairty (SRSP)]], and a former member o the [[Scots National Pairty]], haein joined the [[Dumbarton]] branch on his 16th birthday.<ref name="DL"/><ref name="HF1">{{cite news|url=[https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12334125.real-life-world-of-a-fantasist/|title=Real-life](https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12334125.real-life-world-of-a-fantasist/|title=Real-life) world of a fantasist|newspaper=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]]|date=15 March 1997|archive-date=27 September 2023|archive-url=[https://archive.today/20230927092251/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12334125.real-life-world-of-a-fantasist/}}](https://archive.today/20230927092251/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12334125.real-life-world-of-a-fantasist/}})</ref> The SNLA wis formed in the wake o the 1979 Scots devolution referendum.<ref name="PSC"/> This referendum had resultit in a majority o voters (51.6%) supportin the establishment o a [[Scots Pairlament|devolved parliament]] in Scotland, but as there wis only a 64% voter turnout, the Yes vote represented only 32.9% o registered voters. This didnae meet the requirement for at least 40% o voters votin in favour, per the [[Scotland Act 1978]], sae the devolved parliament wisnae established.<ref name="remember">{{cite news|url=[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/politics97/devolution/scotland/briefing/scotbrief1.shtml#1979|title=1979](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/politics97/devolution/scotland/briefing/scotbrief1.shtml#1979|title=1979) Remembered |first=Brian|last=Taylor|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC|access-date=10 June 2024}}</ref> Busby felt that this ootcome cried for a mair forcefu approach towards achievin unthirldom, on the grounds that there wis "nae constitutional wey forrit".<ref name="DL"/> ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [[https://archive.today/20121211180527/http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?perpetrator=2854](https://archive.today/20121211180527/http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?perpetrator=2854) Attacks attributed tae the SNLA on the START database] [[Category:Terrorism in Scotland]] [[Category:Scottish nationalist organisations]] [[Category:1980 establishments in Scotland]] [[Category:Organizations established in 1980]] [[Category:Paramilitary organisations based in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Republicanism in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Scottish republicanism]] [[Category:Arson in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Anti-English sentiment in Scotland]] 57hmpi7y148iyjq7ph2hehvi0a4xq18 915924 915923 2026-04-29T21:35:33Z ~2026-26146-39 130529 915924 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}} {{Infobox militant organization | name = Scots National Liberation Airmy | logo = SNLA logo.png | caption = A reconstructed logo o the Scots National Liberation Airmy. | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = Tartan Terrorists | founder = [[Adam Busby]] | foundation = | dates = {{Start date|1980}}–present (on ceasefire syne 2012)<ref name="PSC"/> | dissolved = | merger = | split = | predecessor = | merged = | successor = | country = [[Scotland]] | allegiance = | motives = | area = | headquarters = | newspaper = | ideology = [[Scottish nationalism|Scots nationalism]]<br>[[Scottish republicanism|Scots republicanism]]<br>[[Scottish unthirldom|Scots unthirldom]] | position = | crimes = [[Letter bombs]], [[arson]] | attacks = | status = | size = | revenue = | financing = | partof = | allies = Scots Separatist Group (political wing) | opponents = [[United Kingdom]] | battles = | flag = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | module = | module2 = | module3 = | module4 = | module5 = | module6 = }} The '''Scots National Liberation Airmy''' ('''SNLA'''), aften nicknamed the '''''Tartan Terrorists''''', is a [[Scottish naitionalism|Scots naitionalist]] [[paramilitary]] group which aims tae bring aboot [[Scottish unthirldom|Scots unthirldom]] frae the [[Unitit Kinrick]]. The group wis foondit in 1980 by [[Adam Busby]], a former sodger frae [[Paisley, Renfrewshire|Paisley]], efter the [[1979 Scottish devolution referendum]], which the organisation claims wis fixed. The group’s activities mainly involved sendin [[letter bombs]] tae [[Govrenment o the Unitit Kinrick|UK govrenment]] officials, carryin oot [[arson]] attacks, and makin numerous hoax threats o violence,<ref name="DL">{{Cite book|last=Leslie|first=David|title=Inside A Terrorist Group, The Story of the SNLA|year=2006|url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1tbfMgEACAAJ}}](https://books.google.com/books?id=1tbfMgEACAAJ}})</ref> afore declarin a ceasefire in 2012, tae allou debates leadin up tae the [[Scots independence referendum, 2014|Scots Unthirldom Referendum o 2014]] tae tak place.<ref name="PSC">{{cite web|url=[https://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-press-and-journal-aberdeen-and-aberdeenshire/20120120/283811440534985?srsltid=AfmBOoo8aztaJw7mjlcCEwRh7v6Kc3czVyiXiSy_a0Q6CuURL-r4drhx|title='Tartan](https://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-press-and-journal-aberdeen-and-aberdeenshire/20120120/283811440534985?srsltid=AfmBOoo8aztaJw7mjlcCEwRh7v6Kc3czVyiXiSy_a0Q6CuURL-r4drhx|title='Tartan) Terrorists' Lay Down Weapons|newspaper=[[The Press and Journal]]|date=20 January 2012}}</ref> ==History== ===Formation=== The SNLA wis foondit in 1980 by Adam Busby, a former sodger wha served in the [[Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders]].<ref name="TWP">{{cite news|title=Scottish terrorist group targets women politicians|date=4 March 2002|first1=Dominic|last1=Kennedy|first2=Stewart|last2=Tendler|newspaper=[[The Times]]}}</ref><ref name="TT">[[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1850234.stm](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1850234.stm) Who are the 'tartan terrorists'?] BBC News Website, 2 March 2002</ref><ref name="IND">{{cite web|url=[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/the-return-of-our-fiends-in-the-north-9245285.html|title=The](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/the-return-of-our-fiends-in-the-north-9245285.html|title=The) return of our fiends in the north|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=6 March 2002}}</ref> Busby wis also a foondin member o the [[Scottish Republican Socialist Movement|Scots Republican Socialist Pairty (SRSP)]], and a former member o the [[Scots National Pairty]], haein joined the [[Dumbarton]] branch on his 16th birthday.<ref name="DL"/><ref name="HF1">{{cite news|url=[https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12334125.real-life-world-of-a-fantasist/|title=Real-life](https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12334125.real-life-world-of-a-fantasist/|title=Real-life) world of a fantasist|newspaper=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]]|date=15 March 1997|archive-date=27 September 2023|archive-url=[https://archive.today/20230927092251/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12334125.real-life-world-of-a-fantasist/}}](https://archive.today/20230927092251/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12334125.real-life-world-of-a-fantasist/}})</ref> The SNLA wis formed in the wake o the 1979 Scots devolution referendum.<ref name="PSC"/> This referendum had resultit in a majority o voters (51.6%) supportin the establishment o a [[Scots Pairlament|devolved parliament]] in Scotland, but as there wis only a 64% voter turnout, the Yes vote represented only 32.9% o registered voters. This didnae meet the requirement for at least 40% o voters votin in favour, per the [[Scotland Act 1978]], sae the devolved parliament wisnae established.<ref name="remember">{{cite news|url=[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/politics97/devolution/scotland/briefing/scotbrief1.shtml#1979|title=1979](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/politics97/devolution/scotland/briefing/scotbrief1.shtml#1979|title=1979) Remembered |first=Brian|last=Taylor|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC|access-date=10 June 2024}}</ref> Busby felt that this ootcome cried for a mair forcefu approach towards achievin unthirldom, on the grounds that there wis "nae constitutional wey forrit".<ref name="DL"/> ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [[https://archive.today/20121211180527/http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?perpetrator=2854](https://archive.today/20121211180527/http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?perpetrator=2854) Attacks attributed tae the SNLA on the START database] [[Category:Terrorism in Scotland]] [[Category:Scottish nationalist organisations]] [[Category:1980 establishments in Scotland]] [[Category:Organizations established in 1980]] [[Category:Paramilitary organisations based in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Republicanism in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Scottish republicanism]] [[Category:Arson in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Anti-English sentiment in Scotland]] qbwy9pgmxk9ywiwoh9bx05aosgs2vws 915935 915924 2026-04-29T22:22:40Z Atlantic306 30244 fixed reference 915935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}} {{Infobox militant organization | name = Scots National Liberation Airmy | logo = SNLA logo.png | caption = A reconstructed logo o the Scots National Liberation Airmy. | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = Tartan Terrorists | founder = [[Adam Busby]] | foundation = | dates = {{Start date|1980}}–present (on ceasefire syne 2012)<ref name="PSC"/> | dissolved = | merger = | split = | predecessor = | merged = | successor = | country = [[Scotland]] | allegiance = | motives = | area = | headquarters = | newspaper = | ideology = [[Scottish nationalism|Scots nationalism]]<br>[[Scottish republicanism|Scots republicanism]]<br>[[Scottish unthirldom|Scots unthirldom]] | position = | crimes = [[Letter bombs]], [[arson]] | attacks = | status = | size = | revenue = | financing = | partof = | allies = Scots Separatist Group (political wing) | opponents = [[United Kingdom]] | battles = | flag = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | module = | module2 = | module3 = | module4 = | module5 = | module6 = }} The '''Scots National Liberation Airmy''' ('''SNLA'''), aften nicknamed the '''''Tartan Terrorists''''', is a [[Scottish naitionalism|Scots naitionalist]] [[paramilitary]] group which aims tae bring aboot [[Scottish unthirldom|Scots unthirldom]] frae the [[Unitit Kinrick]]. The group wis foondit in 1980 by [[Adam Busby]], a former sodger frae [[Paisley, Renfrewshire|Paisley]], efter the [[1979 Scottish devolution referendum]], which the organisation claims wis fixed. The group’s activities mainly involved sendin [[letter bombs]] tae [[Govrenment o the Unitit Kinrick|UK govrenment]] officials, carryin oot [[arson]] attacks, and makin numerous hoax threats o violence,<ref name="DL">{{Cite book|last=Leslie|first=David|title=Inside A Terrorist Group, The Story of the SNLA|year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1tbfMgEACAAJ}}</ref> afore declarin a ceasefire in 2012, tae allou debates leadin up tae the [[Scots independence referendum, 2014|Scots Unthirldom Referendum o 2014]] tae tak place.<ref name="PSC">{{cite web|url=[https://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-press-and-journal-aberdeen-and-aberdeenshire/20120120/283811440534985?srsltid=AfmBOoo8aztaJw7mjlcCEwRh7v6Kc3czVyiXiSy_a0Q6CuURL-r4drhx|title='Tartan](https://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-press-and-journal-aberdeen-and-aberdeenshire/20120120/283811440534985?srsltid=AfmBOoo8aztaJw7mjlcCEwRh7v6Kc3czVyiXiSy_a0Q6CuURL-r4drhx|title='Tartan) Terrorists' Lay Down Weapons|newspaper=[[The Press and Journal]]|date=20 January 2012}}</ref> ==History== ===Formation=== The SNLA wis foondit in 1980 by Adam Busby, a former sodger wha served in the [[Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders]].<ref name="TWP">{{cite news|title=Scottish terrorist group targets women politicians|date=4 March 2002|first1=Dominic|last1=Kennedy|first2=Stewart|last2=Tendler|newspaper=[[The Times]]}}</ref><ref name="TT">[[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1850234.stm](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1850234.stm) Who are the 'tartan terrorists'?] BBC News Website, 2 March 2002</ref><ref name="IND">{{cite web|url=[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/the-return-of-our-fiends-in-the-north-9245285.html|title=The](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/the-return-of-our-fiends-in-the-north-9245285.html|title=The) return of our fiends in the north|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=6 March 2002}}</ref> Busby wis also a foondin member o the [[Scottish Republican Socialist Movement|Scots Republican Socialist Pairty (SRSP)]], and a former member o the [[Scots National Pairty]], haein joined the [[Dumbarton]] branch on his 16th birthday.<ref name="DL"/><ref name="HF1">{{cite news|url=[https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12334125.real-life-world-of-a-fantasist/|title=Real-life](https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12334125.real-life-world-of-a-fantasist/|title=Real-life) world of a fantasist|newspaper=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]]|date=15 March 1997|archive-date=27 September 2023|archive-url=[https://archive.today/20230927092251/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12334125.real-life-world-of-a-fantasist/}}](https://archive.today/20230927092251/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12334125.real-life-world-of-a-fantasist/}})</ref> The SNLA wis formed in the wake o the 1979 Scots devolution referendum.<ref name="PSC"/> This referendum had resultit in a majority o voters (51.6%) supportin the establishment o a [[Scots Pairlament|devolved parliament]] in Scotland, but as there wis only a 64% voter turnout, the Yes vote represented only 32.9% o registered voters. This didnae meet the requirement for at least 40% o voters votin in favour, per the [[Scotland Act 1978]], sae the devolved parliament wisnae established.<ref name="remember">{{cite news|url=[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/politics97/devolution/scotland/briefing/scotbrief1.shtml#1979|title=1979](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/politics97/devolution/scotland/briefing/scotbrief1.shtml#1979|title=1979) Remembered |first=Brian|last=Taylor|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC|access-date=10 June 2024}}</ref> Busby felt that this ootcome cried for a mair forcefu approach towards achievin unthirldom, on the grounds that there wis "nae constitutional wey forrit".<ref name="DL"/> ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [[https://archive.today/20121211180527/http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?perpetrator=2854](https://archive.today/20121211180527/http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?perpetrator=2854) Attacks attributed tae the SNLA on the START database] [[Category:Terrorism in Scotland]] [[Category:Scottish nationalist organisations]] [[Category:1980 establishments in Scotland]] [[Category:Organizations established in 1980]] [[Category:Paramilitary organisations based in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Republicanism in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Scottish republicanism]] [[Category:Arson in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Anti-English sentiment in Scotland]] g1n0qnoxqsr077lpdi2oputepizumml 915937 915935 2026-04-29T22:28:47Z Atlantic306 30244 fixing references 915937 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}} {{Infobox militant organization | name = Scots National Liberation Airmy | logo = SNLA logo.png | caption = A reconstructed logo o the Scots National Liberation Airmy. | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = Tartan Terrorists | founder = [[Adam Busby]] | foundation = | dates = {{Start date|1980}}–present (on ceasefire syne 2012)<ref name="PSC"/> | dissolved = | merger = | split = | predecessor = | merged = | successor = | country = [[Scotland]] | allegiance = | motives = | area = | headquarters = | newspaper = | ideology = [[Scottish nationalism|Scots nationalism]]<br>[[Scottish republicanism|Scots republicanism]]<br>[[Scottish unthirldom|Scots unthirldom]] | position = | crimes = [[Letter bombs]], [[arson]] | attacks = | status = | size = | revenue = | financing = | partof = | allies = Scots Separatist Group (political wing) | opponents = [[United Kingdom]] | battles = | flag = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | module = | module2 = | module3 = | module4 = | module5 = | module6 = }} The '''Scots National Liberation Airmy''' ('''SNLA'''), aften nicknamed the '''''Tartan Terrorists''''', is a [[Scottish naitionalism|Scots naitionalist]] [[paramilitary]] group which aims tae bring aboot [[Scottish unthirldom|Scots unthirldom]] frae the [[Unitit Kinrick]]. The group wis foondit in 1980 by [[Adam Busby]], a former sodger frae [[Paisley, Renfrewshire|Paisley]], efter the [[1979 Scottish devolution referendum]], which the organisation claims wis fixed. The group’s activities mainly involved sendin [[letter bombs]] tae [[Govrenment o the Unitit Kinrick|UK govrenment]] officials, carryin oot [[arson]] attacks, and makin numerous hoax threats o violence,<ref name="DL">{{Cite book|last=Leslie|first=David|title=Inside A Terrorist Group, The Story of the SNLA|year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1tbfMgEACAAJ}}</ref> afore declarin a ceasefire in 2012, tae allou debates leadin up tae the [[Scots independence referendum, 2014|Scots Unthirldom Referendum o 2014]] tae tak place.<ref name="PSC">{{cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-press-and-journal-aberdeen-and-aberdeenshire/20120120/283811440534985?srsltid=AfmBOoo8aztaJw7mjlcCEwRh7v6Kc3czVyiXiSy_a0Q6CuURL-r4drhx|title='Tartan Terrorists' Lay Down Weapons|newspaper=[[The Press and Journal]]|date=20 January 2012}}</ref> ==History== ===Formation=== The SNLA wis foondit in 1980 by Adam Busby, a former sodger wha served in the [[Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders]].<ref name="TWP">{{cite news|title=Scottish terrorist group targets women politicians|date=4 March 2002|first1=Dominic|last1=Kennedy|first2=Stewart|last2=Tendler|newspaper=[[The Times]]}}</ref><ref name="TT">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1850234.stm|website=news.bbc.co.uk|title=Who are the 'tartan terrorists'?]date=2 March 2002}}</ref><ref name="IND">{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/the-return-of-our-fiends-in-the-north-9245285.html|title=The return of our fiends in the north|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=6 March 2002}}</ref> Busby wis also a foondin member o the [[Scottish Republican Socialist Movement|Scots Republican Socialist Pairty (SRSP)]], and a former member o the [[Scots National Pairty]], haein joined the [[Dumbarton]] branch on his 16th birthday.<ref name="DL"/><ref name="HF1">{{cite news|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12334125.real-life-world-of-aworld of a fantasist|newspaper=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]]|date=15 March 1997|archive-date=27 September 2023|archive-url=[https://archive.today/20230927092251/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12334125.real-life-world-of-a-fantasist/}}](https://archive.today/20230927092251/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12334125.real-life-world-of-a-fantasist/}})</ref> The SNLA wis formed in the wake o the 1979 Scots devolution referendum.<ref name="PSC"/> This referendum had resultit in a majority o voters (51.6%) supportin the establishment o a [[Scots Pairlament|devolved parliament]] in Scotland, but as there wis only a 64% voter turnout, the Yes vote represented only 32.9% o registered voters. This didnae meet the requirement for at least 40% o voters votin in favour, per the [[Scotland Act 1978]], sae the devolved parliament wisnae established.<ref name="remember">{{cite news|url=[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/politics97/devolution/scotland/briefing/scotbrief1.shtml#1979|title=1979](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/politics97/devolution/scotland/briefing/scotbrief1.shtml#1979|title=1979) Remembered |first=Brian|last=Taylor|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC|access-date=10 June 2024}}</ref> Busby felt that this ootcome cried for a mair forcefu approach towards achievin unthirldom, on the grounds that there wis "nae constitutional wey forrit".<ref name="DL"/> ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [[https://archive.today/20121211180527/http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?perpetrator=2854](https://archive.today/20121211180527/http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?perpetrator=2854) Attacks attributed tae the SNLA on the START database] [[Category:Terrorism in Scotland]] [[Category:Scottish nationalist organisations]] [[Category:1980 establishments in Scotland]] [[Category:Organizations established in 1980]] [[Category:Paramilitary organisations based in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Republicanism in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Scottish republicanism]] [[Category:Arson in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Anti-English sentiment in Scotland]] rhcyjblgwui2ipmd23xqcartk5chdih 915939 915937 2026-04-29T22:36:20Z Atlantic306 30244 fixed references and removed archive today links as the site has been banned on Wikipedia for infecting users with malicious code 915939 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}} {{Infobox militant organization | name = Scots National Liberation Airmy | logo = SNLA logo.png | caption = A reconstructed logo o the Scots National Liberation Airmy. | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = Tartan Terrorists | founder = [[Adam Busby]] | foundation = | dates = {{Start date|1980}}–present (on ceasefire syne 2012)<ref name="PSC"/> | dissolved = | merger = | split = | predecessor = | merged = | successor = | country = [[Scotland]] | allegiance = | motives = | area = | headquarters = | newspaper = | ideology = [[Scottish nationalism|Scots nationalism]]<br>[[Scottish republicanism|Scots republicanism]]<br>[[Scottish unthirldom|Scots unthirldom]] | position = | crimes = [[Letter bombs]], [[arson]] | attacks = | status = | size = | revenue = | financing = | partof = | allies = Scots Separatist Group (political wing) | opponents = [[United Kingdom]] | battles = | flag = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | module = | module2 = | module3 = | module4 = | module5 = | module6 = }} The '''Scots National Liberation Airmy''' ('''SNLA'''), aften nicknamed the '''''Tartan Terrorists''''', is a [[Scottish naitionalism|Scots naitionalist]] [[paramilitary]] group which aims tae bring aboot [[Scottish unthirldom|Scots unthirldom]] frae the [[Unitit Kinrick]]. The group wis foondit in 1980 by [[Adam Busby]], a former sodger frae [[Paisley, Renfrewshire|Paisley]], efter the [[1979 Scottish devolution referendum]], which the organisation claims wis fixed. The group’s activities mainly involved sendin [[letter bombs]] tae [[Govrenment o the Unitit Kinrick|UK govrenment]] officials, carryin oot [[arson]] attacks, and makin numerous hoax threats o violence,<ref name="DL">{{Cite book|last=Leslie|first=David|title=Inside A Terrorist Group, The Story of the SNLA|year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1tbfMgEACAAJ}}</ref> afore declarin a ceasefire in 2012, tae allou debates leadin up tae the [[Scots independence referendum, 2014|Scots Unthirldom Referendum o 2014]] tae tak place.<ref name="PSC">{{cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-press-and-journal-aberdeen-and-aberdeenshire/20120120/283811440534985?srsltid=AfmBOoo8aztaJw7mjlcCEwRh7v6Kc3czVyiXiSy_a0Q6CuURL-r4drhx|title='Tartan Terrorists' Lay Down Weapons|newspaper=[[The Press and Journal]]|date=20 January 2012}}</ref> ==History== ===Formation=== The SNLA wis foondit in 1980 by Adam Busby, a former sodger wha served in the [[Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders]].<ref name="TWP">{{cite news|title=Scottish terrorist group targets women politicians|date=4 March 2002|first1=Dominic|last1=Kennedy|first2=Stewart|last2=Tendler|newspaper=[[The Times]]}}</ref><ref name="TT">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1850234.stm|website=news.bbc.co.uk|title=Who are the 'tartan terrorists'?]date=2 March 2002}}</ref><ref name="IND">{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/the-return-of-our-fiends-in-the-north-9245285.html|title=The return of our fiends in the north|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=6 March 2002}}</ref> Busby wis also a foondin member o the [[Scottish Republican Socialist Movement|Scots Republican Socialist Pairty (SRSP)]], and a former member o the [[Scots National Pairty]], haein joined the [[Dumbarton]] branch on his 16th birthday.<ref name="DL"/><ref name="HF1">{{cite news|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12334125.real-life-world-of-a-fantasist/|title=Real Life World of a Fantasist|newspaper=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]]|date=15 March 1997|archive-date=27 September 2023}}</ref> The SNLA wis formed in the wake o the 1979 Scots devolution referendum.<ref name="PSC"/> This referendum had resultit in a majority o voters (51.6%) supportin the establishment o a [[Scots Pairlament|devolved parliament]] in Scotland, but as there wis only a 64% voter turnout, the Yes vote represented only 32.9% o registered voters. This didnae meet the requirement for at least 40% o voters votin in favour, per the [[Scotland Act 1978]], sae the devolved parliament wisnae established.<ref name="remember">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/politics97/devolution/scotland/briefing/scotbrief1.shtml#1979|title=1979 Remembered|first=Brian|last=Taylor|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC|access-date=10 June 2024}}</ref> Busby felt that this ootcome cried for a mair forcefu approach towards achievin unthirldom, on the grounds that there wis "nae constitutional wey forrit".<ref name="DL"/> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Terrorism in Scotland]] [[Category:Scottish nationalist organisations]] [[Category:1980 establishments in Scotland]] [[Category:Organizations established in 1980]] [[Category:Paramilitary organisations based in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Republicanism in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Scottish republicanism]] [[Category:Arson in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Anti-English sentiment in Scotland]] it6h9hjz6v11pmekfe5msoz17ohkgsc 915940 915939 2026-04-29T22:39:03Z Atlantic306 30244 /* Formation */ typo 915940 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}} {{Infobox militant organization | name = Scots National Liberation Airmy | logo = SNLA logo.png | caption = A reconstructed logo o the Scots National Liberation Airmy. | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = Tartan Terrorists | founder = [[Adam Busby]] | foundation = | dates = {{Start date|1980}}–present (on ceasefire syne 2012)<ref name="PSC"/> | dissolved = | merger = | split = | predecessor = | merged = | successor = | country = [[Scotland]] | allegiance = | motives = | area = | headquarters = | newspaper = | ideology = [[Scottish nationalism|Scots nationalism]]<br>[[Scottish republicanism|Scots republicanism]]<br>[[Scottish unthirldom|Scots unthirldom]] | position = | crimes = [[Letter bombs]], [[arson]] | attacks = | status = | size = | revenue = | financing = | partof = | allies = Scots Separatist Group (political wing) | opponents = [[United Kingdom]] | battles = | flag = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | module = | module2 = | module3 = | module4 = | module5 = | module6 = }} The '''Scots National Liberation Airmy''' ('''SNLA'''), aften nicknamed the '''''Tartan Terrorists''''', is a [[Scottish naitionalism|Scots naitionalist]] [[paramilitary]] group which aims tae bring aboot [[Scottish unthirldom|Scots unthirldom]] frae the [[Unitit Kinrick]]. The group wis foondit in 1980 by [[Adam Busby]], a former sodger frae [[Paisley, Renfrewshire|Paisley]], efter the [[1979 Scottish devolution referendum]], which the organisation claims wis fixed. The group’s activities mainly involved sendin [[letter bombs]] tae [[Govrenment o the Unitit Kinrick|UK govrenment]] officials, carryin oot [[arson]] attacks, and makin numerous hoax threats o violence,<ref name="DL">{{Cite book|last=Leslie|first=David|title=Inside A Terrorist Group, The Story of the SNLA|year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1tbfMgEACAAJ}}</ref> afore declarin a ceasefire in 2012, tae allou debates leadin up tae the [[Scots independence referendum, 2014|Scots Unthirldom Referendum o 2014]] tae tak place.<ref name="PSC">{{cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-press-and-journal-aberdeen-and-aberdeenshire/20120120/283811440534985?srsltid=AfmBOoo8aztaJw7mjlcCEwRh7v6Kc3czVyiXiSy_a0Q6CuURL-r4drhx|title='Tartan Terrorists' Lay Down Weapons|newspaper=[[The Press and Journal]]|date=20 January 2012}}</ref> ==History== ===Formation=== The SNLA wis foondit in 1980 by Adam Busby, a former sodger wha served in the [[Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders]].<ref name="TWP">{{cite news|title=Scottish terrorist group targets women politicians|date=4 March 2002|first1=Dominic|last1=Kennedy|first2=Stewart|last2=Tendler|newspaper=[[The Times]]}}</ref><ref name="TT">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1850234.stm|website=news.bbc.co.uk|title=Who are the 'tartan terrorists'?|date=2 March 2002}}</ref><ref name="IND">{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/the-return-of-our-fiends-in-the-north-9245285.html|title=The return of our fiends in the north|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=6 March 2002}}</ref> Busby wis also a foondin member o the [[Scottish Republican Socialist Movement|Scots Republican Socialist Pairty (SRSP)]], and a former member o the [[Scots National Pairty]], haein joined the [[Dumbarton]] branch on his 16th birthday.<ref name="DL"/><ref name="HF1">{{cite news|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12334125.real-life-world-of-a-fantasist/|title=Real Life World of a Fantasist|newspaper=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]]|date=15 March 1997|archive-date=27 September 2023}}</ref> The SNLA wis formed in the wake o the 1979 Scots devolution referendum.<ref name="PSC"/> This referendum had resultit in a majority o voters (51.6%) supportin the establishment o a [[Scots Pairlament|devolved parliament]] in Scotland, but as there wis only a 64% voter turnout, the Yes vote represented only 32.9% o registered voters. This didnae meet the requirement for at least 40% o voters votin in favour, per the [[Scotland Act 1978]], sae the devolved parliament wisnae established.<ref name="remember">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/politics97/devolution/scotland/briefing/scotbrief1.shtml#1979|title=1979 Remembered|first=Brian|last=Taylor|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC|access-date=10 June 2024}}</ref> Busby felt that this ootcome cried for a mair forcefu approach towards achievin unthirldom, on the grounds that there wis "nae constitutional wey forrit".<ref name="DL"/> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Terrorism in Scotland]] [[Category:Scottish nationalist organisations]] [[Category:1980 establishments in Scotland]] [[Category:Organizations established in 1980]] [[Category:Paramilitary organisations based in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Republicanism in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Scottish republicanism]] [[Category:Arson in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Anti-English sentiment in Scotland]] ljetvkujzufgh6zy0rv1fiuonarf8rh 0 233389 915932 2026-04-29T22:01:22Z ~2026-26146-39 130529 Made page wi "{{Infobox militant organization|name=Arm nan Gaidheal|country=[[Scotland]]|dates=|active=1980s-1990s|ideology=[[Scottish nationalism|Scots nationalism]]<br>[[Scottish republicanism|Scots republicanism]]<br>[[Scottish unthirldom|Scots unthirldom]]}} '''Arm nan Gaidheal''' ([[Scots Gaelic]] for Airmy o the Gael), sometimes cawed AnG wis a Scots [[paramilitary]] fychtin for [[Scots unthirldom]] active in the 1980s. It wis mentioned in [[Siol nan Gaidheal]]'s newspaper cawed Firi..." 915932 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox militant organization|name=Arm nan Gaidheal|country=[[Scotland]]|dates=|active=1980s-1990s|ideology=[[Scottish nationalism|Scots nationalism]]<br>[[Scottish republicanism|Scots republicanism]]<br>[[Scottish unthirldom|Scots unthirldom]]}} '''Arm nan Gaidheal''' ([[Scots Gaelic]] for Airmy o the Gael), sometimes cawed AnG wis a Scots [[paramilitary]] fychtin for [[Scots unthirldom]] active in the 1980s. It wis mentioned in [[Siol nan Gaidheal]]'s newspaper cawed Firinn Albannach, an it statit that SnG wisnae directly linked wi AnG, but they did support them.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Firinn Albannach|url=https://www.parliament.scot/help/79056.aspx|url-status=bot: unknown|url=http://www.scottishrepublicansocialistmovement.org/Documents/Fir%205%201-3.PDF|language=en}}</ref> AnG did mony [[petrol bombins]] an [[arson]] attacks across [[Scotland]] tae force Scots unthirldom.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Scots Daily Express|url=https://www.parliament.scot/help/79056.aspx|url-status=bot: unknown|url=https://www.scottishdailyexpress.co.uk/comment/history-hate-siol-nan-gaidheal-27337403|language=en}}</ref> It ceased operations aroon the 1990s. == References == {{reflist}} dn3c9nz2v3e4797nuipz4trrajstg2k 916010 915932 2026-04-30T11:55:43Z CiphriusKane 74958 916010 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Please dinnae remuive or change this AfD message until the issue is settled --> <!-- The nomination page for this airticle awreidy existed whan this tag wis eikit. Gin this wis acause the airticle haed been nominatit for deletion afore, an ye wish tae renominate it, please replace "page=Arm nan Gaidheal" wi "page=Arm nan Gaidheal (2nt nomination)" ablo afore gaun on wi the nomination. -->{{Airticle for deletion/dated|page=Arm nan Gaidheal|timestamp=20260430115543|year=2026|month=Apryle|day=30|substed=yes}} <!-- For administrator uise anely: {{Old AfD multi|page=Arm nan Gaidheal|date=30 Apryle 2026|result='''keep'''}} --> <!-- End o AfD message, feel free tae edit ayont this pynt --> {{Infobox militant organization|name=Arm nan Gaidheal|country=[[Scotland]]|dates=|active=1980s-1990s|ideology=[[Scottish nationalism|Scots nationalism]]<br>[[Scottish republicanism|Scots republicanism]]<br>[[Scottish unthirldom|Scots unthirldom]]}} '''Arm nan Gaidheal''' ([[Scots Gaelic]] for Airmy o the Gael), sometimes cawed AnG wis a Scots [[paramilitary]] fychtin for [[Scots unthirldom]] active in the 1980s. It wis mentioned in [[Siol nan Gaidheal]]'s newspaper cawed Firinn Albannach, an it statit that SnG wisnae directly linked wi AnG, but they did support them.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Firinn Albannach|url=https://www.parliament.scot/help/79056.aspx|url-status=bot: unknown|url=http://www.scottishrepublicansocialistmovement.org/Documents/Fir%205%201-3.PDF|language=en}}</ref> AnG did mony [[petrol bombins]] an [[arson]] attacks across [[Scotland]] tae force Scots unthirldom.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Scots Daily Express|url=https://www.parliament.scot/help/79056.aspx|url-status=bot: unknown|url=https://www.scottishdailyexpress.co.uk/comment/history-hate-siol-nan-gaidheal-27337403|language=en}}</ref> It ceased operations aroon the 1990s. == References == {{reflist}} 9cqsey1kw0theiqr1nednj2kzftda15 0 233390 915942 2026-04-30T00:18:33Z Themeramisin 129811 Created by translating the opening section from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348942823|Acting]]" 915942 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Acting''' is a activity i which a story is telt bi means o its enactment bi an actor wha acts a character—i [./Https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film film], [./Https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telly telly], [./Https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre theatre], or any other medium thon makes use o the mimetic mode. 5zuuiyqp9lw7c97bro9cjhp3e89i8bw 915944 915942 2026-04-30T00:19:55Z Themeramisin 129811 915944 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Acting''' is an activity i which a story is telt bi means o its enactment bi an actor o actress wha acts a character i any other medium thon makes use o the mimetic mode. tjkma2uh68ik7vtk8pa8sz5ebax9vuj 915945 915944 2026-04-30T00:20:20Z CiphriusKane 74958 Reguidin tae [[Actin]] 915945 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Actin]] d6z5vk4dw7m8ggs7z3zxyrw3krksl5r 3 233393 916005 2026-04-30T09:15:56Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Walcome tae the Scots Wikipaedia ! 916005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Walcome}} [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 09:15, 30 Apryle 2026 (UTC) cue2tp7ylmiq8zg65pnwwouxl7g9n57 3 233394 916006 2026-04-30T09:19:55Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Walcome tae the Scots Wikipaedia ! 916006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Walcome}} [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 09:19, 30 Apryle 2026 (UTC) flqpht7zw59mo3j2t9q25sqbtn0ur46 3 233395 916007 2026-04-30T09:20:23Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Walcome tae the Scots Wikipaedia ! 916007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Walcome}} [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 09:20, 30 Apryle 2026 (UTC) magrrobvkgn7oz6w2t2dm8olvjdfqmy 4 233396 916009 2026-04-30T11:55:39Z CiphriusKane 74958 Made page wi "{{subst:afd2|pg={{subst:SUBPAGENAME}}|cat=U|text=Disna seem lik ae independently notable organisation. Ainly references a kin fin is aither fitnotes in airticles anent ither topics or unreliable}} ~~~~" 916009 wikitext text/x-wiki ===[[Arm nan Gaidheal]]=== {{REMOVE THIS TEMPLATE WHEN CLOSING THIS AfD|U}} :{{la|Arm nan Gaidheal}} – (<includeonly>[[Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Arm nan Gaidheal|View AfD]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Log/2026 Apryle 30#{{anchorencode:Arm nan Gaidheal}}|View log]]</noinclude>{{int:dot-separator}} <span class="plainlinks">[http://toolserver.org/~snottywong/cgi-bin/votecounter.cgi?page=Wikipedia:Votes_for_deletion/Arm_nan_Gaidheal Stats]</span>) :({{Find sources|Arm nan Gaidheal}}) Disna seem lik ae independently notable organisation. Ainly references a kin fin is aither fitnotes in airticles anent ither topics or unreliable [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 11:55, 30 Apryle 2026 (UTC) 1vcqv5kehkoaeih2n99h2tw5em1dd64