Wikipedia scowiki https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.15 first-letter Media Special Collogue Uiser Uiser collogue Wikipedia Wikipedia collogue File File collogue MediaWiki MediaWiki collogue Template Template collogue Help Help collogue Category Category collogue Portal Portal talk Define Define talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1563 921121 918365 2026-08-18T18:07:26Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 921121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=December 2020}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Lunnon | image_skyline = London collage.jpg | imagesize = 270px | image_caption = Frae upper left: [[Ceety o Lunnon]], [[Tower Bridge]] an [[Lunnon Eye]], [[Palace o Wastmeenster]] | image_map = London (European Parliament constituency).svg | mapsize = 180px | map_caption = [[Greater Lunnon|Lunnon region]] in the Unitit Kinrick |settlement_type = | subdivision_type = [[Leet o sovereign states|Sovereign state]] | subdivision_name = [[Unitit Kinrick]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Kintras o the Unitit Kinrick|Kintra]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Ingland]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Regions o Ingland|Region]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Greater Lunnon|Lunnon]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Ceremonial coonties o Ingland|Ceremonial coonties]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Ceety o Lunnon|Ceety]] an [[Greater Lunnon]] | subdivision_type4 = [[Destricts o England|Destricts]] | subdivision_name4 = [[Ceety o Lunnon|Ceety]] an [[Lunnon burgh|32 burghs]] | seat_type = Heidquairters | seat = [[City Hall (Lunnon)|City Hall]] | leader_title = Regional authority | leader_name = [[Greater Lunnon Authority]] | leader_title1 = [[Regional assembly (Ingland)|Regional assembly]] | leader_name1 = [[Lunnon Assembly]] | leader_title2 = [[Mayor o Lunnon]] | leader_name2 = [[Sadiq Khan]] | leader_title3 = [[Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick|UK Pairlament]]<br />*Lunnon&nbsp;Assembly<br />*[[European Pairlament]] | leader_name3 = [[Leet o Pairlamentary constituencies in Lunnon|74 constituencies]]<br />[[Lunnon Assembly constituencies|14 constituencies]]<br />[[Lunnon (European Parliament constituency)|Lunnon constituency]] | established_title = Settled bi [[Roman Empire|Romans]] | established_date = as [[Roman Lunnon|Londinium]], c. 43 AD | aurie_magnitude = | aurie_total_sq_mi = 607 | population_as_of = | population_footnotes =<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/mro/news-release/census-result-shows-increase-in-population-of-london-as-it-tops-8-million/censuslondonnr0712.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-12-18 |archive-date=2015-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019123117/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/mro/news-release/census-result-shows-increase-in-population-of-london-as-it-tops-8-million/censuslondonnr0712.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | total_type = Lunnon | population_as_o = 2015 | population_footnotes = <ref name=gla-pop-2015>{{cite web|title=Population Growth in London, 1939–2015|url=http://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/population-change-1939-2015/resource/0a026346-960e-49e6-b968-a386d2cfe55f|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219160246/http://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/population-change-1939-2015/resource/0a026346-960e-49e6-b968-a386d2cfe55f|archive-date=2015-02-19|website=London Datastore|publisher=Greater London Authority|accessdate=7 July 2015|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> | population_total = 8,630,000 | population_density_km2 = 5,490 | population_blank1_title = [[Greater Lunnon Biggit-up Area|Urban]] | population_blank1 = 9,787,426 | population_blank2_title = [[Lunnon metropolitan area|Metro]] | population_blank2 = 13,879,757 | population_demonym = Lunnoner {{Collapsible list | title = Ethnic groups | frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; <!--NOTICE: This will hide the borders and make rows closer (padding)--> | list_style = text-align:left;display:none; | 1 = '''59.8% [[White fowk|White]]''' | 2 = 44.9% [[White Breetish]] | 3 = 2.2% [[Erse migration tae Great Breetain|White Erse]] | 4 = 12.7% [[Ither White]] | 5 = &nbsp; | 6 = '''5% [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)|Mixed]]''' | 7 = 1.5% [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)#Mixed Black Caribbean an White|Black Caribbean & White]] | 8 = 0.8% [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)#Mixed Black Caribbean an White|Black African & White]] | 9 = 1.2% [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)#Mixed South Asian an White|Sooth Asie & White]] | 10 = 1.5% [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)|Ither mixed]] | 11 = &nbsp; | 12 = '''16.9% [[Breetish Asie|Sooth Asie]]''' | 13 = 6.6% [[Breetish Indie|Indie]] | 14 = 2.7% [[Breetish Pakistanis|Pakistani]] | 15 = 2.7% [[Breetish Bangladeshi|Bangladeshi]] | 16 = 4.9% [[Breetish Asiae|Ither Sooth Asie]] | 17 = &nbsp; | 18 = '''13.3% [[Black Breetish|Black]]''' | 19 = 7% [[Black Breetish|Black African]] | 20 = 4.2% [[Breetish African-Caribbean commonty|Black Caribbean]] | 21 = 2.1% [[Ither Black (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)|Ither Black]] | 22 = &nbsp; | 23 = '''4.9% [[East Asies in the Unitit Kinrick|East Asie]] [[Classification o ethnicity in the Unitit Kinrick|or Ither]]''' | 24 = 1.5% [[Breetish Cheenese|Chinese]] | 25 = 3.4% [[Classification o ethnicity in the Unitit Kinrick|Ither]] | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5yo0HaAk7 |archivedate = 19 May 2011}} | timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | utc_offset = ±0 | timezone_DST = [[Bretish Simmer Time|BST]] | utc_offset_DST = +1 | coordinates = {{coord|51|30|26|N|0|7|39|W|region:GB|display=inline,title}} | elevation_footnotes =<ref name = Elevation>{{Cite journal |url = http://www.wunderground.com/global/stations/03772.html |title = London, United Kingdom Forecast : Weather Underground (weather and elevation at Heathrow Airport) |publisher = The Weather Underground, Inc. |accessdate = 6 June 2008 |format = online |ref = harv |archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0HaAk7?url=http://www.wunderground.com/global/stations/03772.html |archivedate = 2011-05-19 |journal = |url-status = live }}</ref> | elevation_m = 24 | postcode_type = [[Postcodes in the Unitit Kinrick|Postcode areas]] | postcode = {{postcode|E}}, {{postcode|EC}}, {{postcode|N}}, {{postcode|NW}}, {{postcode|SE}}, {{postcode|SW}}, {{postcode|W}}, {{postcode|WC}}, {{postcode|BR}}, {{postcode|CM}}, {{postcode|CR}}, {{postcode|DA}}, {{postcode|EN}}, {{postcode|HA}}, {{postcode|IG}}, {{postcode|KT}}, {{postcode|RM}}, {{postcode|SM}}, {{postcode|TN}}, {{postcode|TW}}, {{postcode|UB}}, {{postcode|WD}} | aurie_code = [[Leet o telephone exchynges in Lunnon|020, 01322, 01689, 01708, 01737, 01895, 01923, 01959, 01992]] | wabsteid = [http://www.london.gov.uk/ london.gov.uk] }} '''Lunnon''' ({{IPA-sco|ˈlʌnən|}}; {{lang-en|London}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/london?showCookiePolicy=true|title=London|accessdate=23 September 2014|publisher=Collins Dictionary|date=n.d.}}</ref>, {{IPA-endia|ˈlʌndən|}}) is the caipital an maist populous ceety o [[Ingland]] an the [[Unitit Kinrick]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html|title=The World Factbook|date=1 February 2014|work=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|accessdate=23 February 2014|archive-date=2019-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107065049/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>. Staunin on the [[River Thames]], Lunnon haes been a major dounset for twa millennia, [[History o Lunnon|its history]] that gangs back tae its foundin bi the [[Roman Empire|Romans]], wha named it ''[[Londinium]]''.<ref name=Lunnon_001>{{cite web |url= http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Permanent/RomanLondon.htm |date= n.d. |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080622181424/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Permanent/RomanLondon.htm |title= Roman London |publisher= [[Museum o Lunnon]] |archivedate= 2008-06-22 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}</ref> Lunnon's auncient core, the [[Ceety o Lunnon]], lairgely retains its {{convert|1.12|sqmi|adj=on}} [[Middle Ages|medieval]] boundaries an in 2011 haed a resident population o 7,375, makin it the smawest [[Ceety status in the Unitit Kinrick|ceety]] in Ingland. Syne the 19t century or mair, the term ''Lunnon'' haes referred tae the metropolis developed aroond this core an aa.<ref name="mills_140">{{Harvnb|Mills|2001|p=140}}</ref> The bulk o this [[conurbation]] forms the [[Greater Lunnon]] [[Metropolitan an non-metropolitan coonties o Ingland|admeenistrative area]] (coterminous wi the Lunnon [[regions o England|region]]),<ref name="region">{{cite web|url=http://www.gos.gov.uk/gol/factgol/London/?a=42496|title=Government Offices for the English Regions, Fact Files: London|publisher=Office for National Statistics|accessdate=4 May 2008|archive-date=2008-01-24|archive-url=https://archive.today/20080124102915/http://www.gos.gov.uk/gol/factgol/London/?a=42496|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref name="elcock">{{Cite book |last= Elcock |first=Howard |title=Local Government: Policy and Management in Local Authorities |url= https://archive.org/details/localgovernmentp0000elco |publisher=Routledge |location= Lunnon |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-415-10167-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/localgovernmentp0000elco/page/n368 368]|ref=harv}}</ref><ref group="note">See an aa: [[Independent ceety#National capitals|Independent ceety § National capitals]].</ref> govrened bi the [[Mayor o Lunnon]] an the [[Lunnon Assembly]].<ref name="politics_uk">{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Bill |author2=Kavanagh, Dennis|author3=Moran, Michael|author4=Norton, Philip |title=Politics UK |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsuk0000unse |publisher=Pearson Education |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4058-2411-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/politicsuk0000unse/page/868 868] |ref=harv |location=Harlow}}</ref><ref group="note">The Lunnon Mayor isnae tae be confused wi the [[Lord Mayor o Lunnon]] wha heids the [[City o Lunnon Corporation]], that administers the ceety o Lunnon.</ref> Lunnon is a leadin [[global ceety]],<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/shortcuts/2013/mar/10/london-capital-of-world-divorce-breakfast |title= London: the everything capital of the world |work=[[The Guardian]] |author= Adewunmi, Bim |date=10 March 2013 |location =Lunnon}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://moreintelligentlife.co.uk/content/ideas/john-parker/what-capital-world?page=full |title= What's The Capital Of The World? |publisher= More Intelligent Life |accessdate= 4 July 2013 |archive-date= 2013-09-22 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130922132807/http://moreintelligentlife.co.uk/content/ideas/john-parker/what-capital-world?page=full |url-status= dead }}</ref> wi strenths in the arts, commerce, eddication, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research an development, tourism, an transport aw contributing tae its prominence.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.forbes.com/pictures/edgl45ghmd/no-1-london |title= The World's Most Influential Cities 2014 |accessdate= 2 March 2015 |publisher= Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/gpci/index_e.html |title= Global Power City Index 2014 |accessdate= 2 March 2015 |publisher= Institute for Urban Strategies&nbsp;– The Mori Memorial Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/london-is-the-most-desirable-city-in-the-world-to-work-in-study-finds-9779868.html |title= London is 'the most desirable city in the world tae work in', study finds |accessdate= 2 March 2015 |publisher= The Independent}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.londonandpartners.com/media-centre/press-releases/2014/20141218london-leads-the-uk-for-worldclass-research |title= London leads the UK for world-class research |accessdate= 2 March 2015 |publisher= Lunnon & Partners |archive-date= 2019-04-01 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190401181841/https://www.londonandpartners.com/media-centre/press-releases/2014/20141218london-leads-the-uk-for-worldclass-research |url-status= dead }}</ref> It is ane o the warld's leadin [[financial centre]]s<ref name="Mastercard">{{cite web |url= http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/insights/pdfs/2008/MCWW_WCoC-Report_2008.pdf |title= Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index 2008 |publisher=Mastercard}}</ref><ref name="Global Financial Centres 10">{{cite web |url=http://zyen.com/PDF/GFCI%2010.pdf |title=Global Financial Centres 9 |publisher=[[Z/Yen]] |year=2011 |access-date=2015-06-04 |archive-date=2011-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008222617/http://zyen.com/PDF/GFCI%2010.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="forbes.com">{{cite news |url= http://www.forbes.com/2008/07/15/economic-growth-gdp-biz-cx_jz_0715powercities.html |title= World's Most Economically Powerful Cities |work= Forbes |location= New York |date= 15 July 2008 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0LhcwS?url=http://www.forbes.com/2008/07/15/economic-growth-gdp-biz-cx_jz_0715powercities.html |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}</ref> an haes the [[Leet o ceeties by GDP|fift-or saxt-lairgest metropolitan area GDP in the warld]] dependin on measurement.<ref group="note">Rankings o ceeties by metropolitan area GDP can vary as a result o differences in the definition o the boundaries an population sizes o the areas compared, exchange rate fluctuations an the method uised tae calculate throu-pit. Lunnon an [[Paris]] are o about similar size in terms o total economic throu-pit that can result in third party sources varyin as tae whit ane o thaim is defined as haein the fifth- an sixth-lairgest ceety GDP in the warld. A report by the McKinsey Global Institute published in 2012 estimatit that Lunnon had a ceety GDP o US$751.8 billion in 2010, compared tae US$764.2 billion for Paris, makkin thaim respectively the saxt- an fift-mucklemaist in the warld. A report by PricewaterhouseCoopers published in November 2009 estimatit that Lunnon haed a ceety GDP measured in purchasing power parity o US$565 billion in 2008, compared tae US$564 billion for Paris, makkin thaim respectively the fift- an saxt-mucklemaist in the warld. The McKinsey Global Institute study uised a metropolitan area wi a population o 14.9 million for Lunnon compared tae 11.8 million for Paris, while the PricewaterhouseCoopers study uised a metropolitan area wi a population o 8.59 million for Lunnon compared tae 9.92 million for Paris.</ref><ref name=forpolgdp>{{cite news |url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/08/13/the_most_dynamic_cities_of_2025 |title=The Most Dynamic Cities of 2025 |accessdate=28 September 2012 |work=Foreign Policy |date=September–October 2012 |archive-date=2012-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104144609/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/08/13/the_most_dynamic_cities_of_2025 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Global ceety GDP rankings 2008-2025">{{cite web |url=http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/Media-Library/Global-city-GDP-rankings-2008-2025-61a.aspx |title=Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025 |publisher=PricewaterhouseCoopers |accessdate=16 November 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0M2ast?url=http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/Media-Library/Global-city-GDP-rankings-2008-2025-61a.aspx |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lunnon is a warld cultural caipital.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/london-capital-of-the-world-766661.html |location=Lunnon |work=The Independent |first=Simon |last=Calder |date=22 December 2007 |title=London, capital of the world}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23389580-london-is-the-world-capital-of-the-21st-century-says-new-york.do |author= Teodorczuk, Tom |title= London is the world capital of the 21st century&nbsp;... says New York |work= Lunnon Evening Standard |date= 20 March 2007 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |archive-date= 2009-11-25 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091125151618/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23389580-london-is-the-world-capital-of-the-21st-century-says-new-york.do |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www2.lse.ac.uk/newsAndMedia/news/archives/2008/culturecapital.aspx |title=London is world capital of culture says LSE expert |publisher=Lunnon School o Economics |date=11 March 2008 |access-date=2015-06-04 |archive-date=2011-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118132607/http://www2.lse.ac.uk/newsAndMedia/news/archives/2008/culturecapital.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/get-involved/consultations/current-consultations/cultural-strategy |title=Cultural Strategy |publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority |date=6 September 2010 |accessdate=10 February 2012 |archive-date=2012-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209210256/http://www.london.gov.uk/get-involved/consultations/current-consultations/cultural-strategy |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is the warld's maist-visitit ceety as measured by international arrivals<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/london-tops-ranking-of-destination-cities-2291794.html |title= London tops ranking of destination cities |accessdate=12 June 2012 |newspaper =The Independent |location =Lunnon |date=1 June 2011}}</ref> an haes the [[World's busiest ceety airport systems by passenger traffic|warld's lairgest ceety airport system]] measured bi passenger traffic.<ref name=capa1>{{cite web |url= http://www.centreforaviation.com/analysis/beijing-to-overtake-london-as-worlds-largest-aviation-hub-massive-new-airport-planned-58776 |title= Beijing tae overtake london as world's largest aviation hub |accessdate=12 June 2012 |publisher=Centre for Aviation}}</ref> Lunnon's 43 varsities form the lairgest concentration o higher education institutes in Europe.<ref name="Lunnon2">{{cite press release |date=20 August 2008 |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/media/press_releases_mayoral/number-international-students-london-continues-grow |title=Number of international students in London continues tae grow |publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0OvJq8?url=http://www.london.gov.uk/media/press_releases_mayoral/number-international-students-london-continues-grow |archivedate=2011-05-19 |access-date=2015-06-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In [[2012 Simmer Olympics|2012]], Lunnon became the first ceety tae host the modren [[Simmer Olympic Gemmes]] three times.<ref name=IOC>{{cite web |url= http://www.olympic.org/media?calendartab=1&articleid=52922 |title=IOC elects London as the Host City of the Games of the XXX Olympiad in 2012 |date=6 July 2005 |publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]] |accessdate=3 June 2006}}</ref> Lunnon haes a diverse range o fowk an culturs, an mair nor 300 leids is spoken wiin Greater Lunnon.<ref name=Lunnon_006>{{cite web |url= http://www.cilt.org.uk/faqs/langspoken.htm |title= Languages spoken in the UK population |publisher= National Centre for Language |accessdate= 6 June 2008 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0PFX8H?url=http://www.cilt.org.uk/faqs/langspoken.htm |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= dead }}</ref> The [[Greater Lunnon Authority]] estimatit its population tae be 8.63 million in 2015,<ref name=gla-pop-2015/> the lairgest o ony [[lairgest ceeties o the European Union by population wiin ceety limits|municipality in the European Union]],<ref name="lairgest_city_eu">{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=384 |title=Largest EU City. Over 7&nbsp;million residents in 2001 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |accessdate=28 June 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5Qd8V9JhM?url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=384 |archivedate=2007-07-26 |url-status=live }}</ref> an accoonting for 12.5 percent o the UK population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.london.gov.uk/datastore/applications/focus-london-population-and-migration |title=Focus on London&nbsp;– Population and Migration &#124; London DataStore |publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority |accessdate=10 February 2012 |archive-date=2010-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101016225915/http://data.london.gov.uk/datastore/applications/focus-london-population-and-migration |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Greater Lunnon Urban area|Lunnon's urban area]] is the seicont [[lairgest urban areas o the European Union|maist populous in the EU]], efter [[Paris]], wi 9,787,426 indwallers accordin tae the 2011 census.<ref name="urbanpopulation">{{cite web | url=http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/articles/747.aspx|title=2011 Census – Built-up areas| publisher=[[Office for National Statistics|ONS]] | accessdate=29 June 2013}}</ref> The [[Lunnon metropolitan area|ceety's metropolitan area]] is the ane o the [[Leet o metropolitan areas in Europe|maist populous in Europe]] wi 13,614,409 indwallers,{{refn|According tae the [[Eurostat|European Statistical Agency]], Lunnon has the lairgest [[lairger Urban Zones|lairger Urban Zone]] that uises [[conurbation]]s an areas o heich population as its definition. A [[lairgest ceeties o the European Union by population wiin ceety limits|ranking o population]] wiin municipal boundaries places Lunnon first. Houaniver, the [[University o Avignon]] in France claims that Paris is first an Lunnon second whan includin the hale urban areaan [[hinterland]], that is the [[lairgest urban areas o the European Union|outlying ceeties as well]].|group=note}}<ref name="appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu show">{{cite web |url= http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=met_pjanaggr3&lang=en |title= Metropolitan Area Populations |publisher=Eurostat |date=30 August 2012 |accessdate=4 May 2013}}</ref> while the [[Greater Lunnon Authority]] pits the population o Lunnon metropolitan region at 21 million.<ref>[http://www.london.gov.uk/thelondonplan/introduction/positioning.jsp The London Plan – Introduction – Positioning London] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407025007/http://www.london.gov.uk/thelondonplan/introduction/positioning.jsp |date=2014-04-07 }}. Greater Lunnon Authority. Retrieved 12 July 2013.</ref> Lunnon wis the [[warld's lairgest ceeties|warld's maist populous ceety]] frae aroond 1831 tae 1925.<ref name=Lunnon_030>{{cite web |url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/i-m/london4.html |title=London: The greatest city |publisher=Channel 4 |accessdate=12 October 2008 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0g3KOn?url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/i-m/london4.html |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> Lunnon conteens fower [[Warld Heritage Steid]]s: the [[Touer o Lunnon]]; [[Kew Gardens]]; the site comprisin the [[Pailace o Wastmeenster]], [[Westminster Abbey]], an [[St Margaret's, Westminster|St Margaret's Kirk]]; an the historic dounset o [[Greenwich]] (in whilk the [[Royal Observatory, Greenwich]] marks the [[Prime Meridian]], 0° [[langitude]], an [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]]).<ref name=Lunnon_005>{{cite web |url= http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/gb|title=Lists: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |accessdate=26 November 2008}}</ref> Ither famous laundmerks include [[Buckingham Palace]], the [[Lunnon Ee]], [[Piccadilly Circus]], [[St Paul's Cathedral]], [[Tower Bridge]], [[Trafalgar squerr]], an [[The Shard]]. Lunnon is home tae numerous [[Leet o museums in Lunnon|museums]], galleries, libraries, [[Sport in Lunnon|sporting events]] an ither cultural institutions, includin the [[British Museum]], [[National Gallery]], [[Tate Modern]], [[British Library]] an 40 [[West End theatre|West End]] theatres.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.whatsonstage.com/index.php?pg=207&story=E8821201275286&title=West+End+Must+Innovate+to+Renovate%2C+Says+Report |title=West End Must Innovate tae Renovate, Says Report |accessdate=15 November 2010 |work=What's On Stage |date=25 January 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0S4x3M?url=http://www.whatsonstage.com/index.php?pg=207 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |location=Lunnon |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Lunnon Unnergrund]] is the auldest unnerground railway network in the warld.<ref name=Metro150>{{cite news |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-20641351 |title=Oyster card celebrates 150th Tube anniversary |work=BBC News |date=10 December 2012 |accessdate=10 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="railwaygazette.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/shanghai-now-the-worlds-longest-metro.html |title=Shanghai now the world's longest metro |date=4 May 2010 |work=[[Railway Gazette International]] |accessdate=4 May 2010 |location=Lunnon |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0Tj3yO?url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/shanghai-now-the-worlds-longest-metro.html |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> == History == ===Toponymy=== [[File:London Thames Sunset panorama - Feb 2008.jpg|thumb|300px|The name ''Lunnon'' mey derive frae the [[River Thames]]]] The [[etymology o Lunnon|etymology o ''Lunnon'']] is uncertain.<ref name="mills_139">{{Harvnb|Mills|2001|p=139}}</ref> It is an auncient name, foond in soorces frae the 2nt century. It is recorded c. 121 as ''[[Londinium]]'', that pynts tae [[Romano-British]] origin.<ref name="mills_139"/> The earliest attemptit explanation, nou disregarded, is attributit tae [[Geoffrey o Monmouth]] in ''[[Historia Regum Britanniae]]''.<ref name="mills_139"/> This haed it that the name originatit frae a supposed [[Lud son o Heli|Keeng Lud]], wha haed allegedly takken ower the ceety an named it ''Kaerlud''.<ref name=Lunnon_009>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/02/books/chapters/02-1st-ackro.html?ex=1225339200&en=b9c2c11ad6e1f435&ei=5070&pagewanted=3|title=London|last=Ackroyd|first=Peter|work=The New York Times |accessdate=28 October 2008 | date=2 December 2001|isbn=978-0-7011-7279-4}}</ref> Frae 1898, it wis commonly acceptit that the name wis o [[Celts|Celtic]] origin an meant ''place belangin tae a man cawed *Londinos''; this explication haes syne been rejeckit.<ref name="mills_139"/> [[Richard Coates]] pit forrit an explication in 1998 that it is derived frae the pre-Celtic [[Auld European hydronymy|Auld European]] ''*(p)lowonida'', meanin 'burn ower wide for tae ford', an suggestit that this wis a name gien tae the pairt o the [[River Thames]] that rins throu Lunnon; frae this, the dounset gained the Celtic form o its name, ''*Lowonidonjon'';<ref name=coates>{{Cite journal|last=Coates|first=Richard|year=1998|title=A new explanation of the name of London|journal=Transactions o the Philological Society|volume=96|issue=2|pages=203–229|url=http://www.doi.org/10.1111/1467-968X.00027|doi=10.1111/1467-968X.00027|ref=harv|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0UqnAy?url=http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1467-968X.00027|archivedate=2011-05-19|access-date=2019-10-24|url-status=live}}</ref> this requires quite a serious amendment houiver. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form ''Londinium'' wi the modren Welsh ''Llundain'', that should demand a form ''*(h)lōndinion'' (as opposed tae *londīnion), frae earlier ''*loundiniom''. The possibility canna be ruled oot that the Welsh name wis borrowed back in frae Inglis at a later date, an for that raison canna be uised as a basis frae that tae reconstruct the oreeginal name. Til 1889, the name "Lunnon" offeecially anerly applee'd tae the [[Ceety o Lunnon]] but syne then it haes referred tae the [[Coonty o Lunnon]], an nou [[Greater Lunnon]] an aa.<ref name="mills_140"/> ===Prehistory=== Twa recent discoveries indicate probable vera auld settlements near the Thames in the Lunnon area. In 1999, the remains o a [[Bronze Age]] bridge war foond on the foreshore north o [[Vauxhall Bridge]].<ref name="Denison">{{cite journal|last=Denison|first=Simon|title=First 'London Bridge' in River Thames at Vauxhall|journal=British Archaeology|date=July 1999|issue=46|url=http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba46/ba46news.html|accessdate=15 April 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0WdLQ0?url=http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba46/ba46news.html|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> This brig aither gaed athort the Thames, or gaed tae a nou lost island in the burn. Dendrology datit the timbers tae 1500 BC.<ref name="Denison"/> In 2010 the foundations o a lairge timmer structur, datit tae 4500 BC, war foond on the Thames foreshore, sooth o Vauxhall Bridge.<ref name="Milne">{{cite web|last=Milne|first=Gustav|title=London's Oldest Foreshore Structure!|url=http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/frog-blog/london-s-oldest-find-discovered-at-vauxhall|work=Frog Blog|publisher=Thames Discovery Programme|accessdate=15 April 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0WtZpl?url=http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/frog-blog/london-s-oldest-find-discovered-at-vauxhall|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> The function o the mesolithic structur is nae kent. Baith structures are on South Bank, at a naitural crossin pynt whaur the [[River Effra]] flows intae the River Thames.<ref name="Milne"/> ===Roman Lunnon=== [[File:Map of London, 1300.svg|thumb|In 1300, the [[Ceety o Lunnon|Ceety]] wis still confined wiin the [[Lunnon Waw|Roman walls]].]] Tho thare is evidence o scattered [[Britons (historical)|Brythonic]] settlements in the area, the first major dounset wis foondit bi the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] efter the invasion o 43&nbsp;AD.<ref name="roman">{{Cite book |title=Roman London |last=Perring |first=Dominic |year=1991 |publisher=Routledge |location=Lunnon |isbn=978-0-203-23133-3|page=1 |ref=harv }}</ref> This anerly lastit til aroond 61, whan the [[Iceni]] tribe led bi [[Boudica|Queen Boudica]] stormed it, burning it tae the grund.<ref name=Lunnon_010>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/timeline/romanbritain_timeline_noflash.shtml|title=British History Timeline&nbsp;—Roman Britain|publisher=BBC|accessdate=7 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0V1GXn?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/timeline/romanbritain_timeline_noflash.shtml|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> The next, heivy planned, incarnation o Londinium prospered an superseded [[Colchester]] as the caipital o the [[Roman Britain|Roman province]] o [[Britannia]] in 100. At its hicht in the 2nt century, Roman Lunnon haed a population o aroond 60,000. ===Anglo-Saxon Lunnon (an Viking period)=== Wi the collapse o Roman rule in the early 5t century, Lunnon ceased tae be a caipital an the walled ceety o Londinium wis effectively abandoned, awtho Roman civilisation continued in the [[St Martin-in-the-Fields]] area until aroond 450.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Past/MissingLink/Themes/TML_themes_Londinium.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108092449/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Past/MissingLink/Themes/TML_themes_Londinium.htm|archivedate=2009-01-08|publisher=Museum o Lunnon|title=The last days of Londinium|accessdate=31 March 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Frae aroond 500, an [[Anglo-Saxon]] dounset kent as [[Anglo-Saxon Lunnon|Lundenwic]] developed in the same area, slichtly tae the wast o the auld Roman ceety.<ref name=Lunnon_011>{{cite web |url= http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Past/MissingLink/Themes/TML_themes_Lundenwic.htm |title= The early years of Lundenwic |publisher= The [[Museum o Lunnon]] |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080610043903/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Past/MissingLink/Themes/TML_themes_Lundenwic.htm |archivedate= 2008-06-10 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}</ref> By aboot 680, it haed revived sufficiently tae become a major port, awtho thare is little evidence o lairge-scale production o goods. Frae the 820s the toun declined acause o repeatit [[Viking]] invasions. Thare three recordit Viking assaults on Lunnon; twa o whilk wis wun tae in 851 an 886 AD, tho thay war defeatit in the attack o 994 AD.<ref name="Viking Attacks">{{cite web|url=https://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/viking_attacklist.html?showall=1|title=Viking Attacks|publisher=web.cn.edu/kwheeler/|accessdate=24 August 2014}}</ref> [[File:Siege of London (MS 1168).jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Hoose o Lancaster|Lancastrian]] siege o Lunnon in 1471 is attacked by a [[Hoose o York|Yorkist]] sally.]] The Vikings established [[Denlaw]] ower a fair feck o the eastren an northren pairt o Ingland wi its mairch gaun frae aboot Lunnon tae [[Chester]]. It wis an area o political an geographical control imposed bi the Viking incursions that wis formally agreed tae bi the [[Dens fowk|Dens]] [[warlord]], [[Guthrum]] an wast-[[Saxon]] [[keeng]], [[Alfred the Great]] in 886 AD. Denlaw lastit in mony pairts o Ingland for centuries tae come. The ''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]'' recordit that Lunnon wis "refounded" by [[Alfred the Great]] in 886. Archaeological research shows that this involved abandonment o Lundenwic an a revival o life an tred wiin the auld Roman walls. Lunnon then grew slowly until aboot 950, efter whilk activity increased dramatically.<ref name="blackwell">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Vince|first= Alan|year=2001|title=London|encyclopedia=The Blackwell Encyclopedia o Anglo-Saxon England |publisher= Blackwell |isbn=978-0-631-22492-1}}</ref> Bi the 11t century, Lunnon wis ayont aw comparison the lairgest toun in Ingland. [[Wastmeenster Abbey]], rebiggit in the [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] style by King [[Edward the Confessor]], wis ane o the grandest kirks in Europe. [[Winchester]] haed aforehaun been the caipital o Anglo-Saxon Ingland, but frae this time on, Lunnon becam the main forum for furren traders an the base for defence in time o war. In the view o [[Frank Stenton]]: "It had the resources, an it was rapidly developing the dignity an the political self-consciousness appropriate tae a national capital."<ref>{{cite book|authorlink=Frank Stenton|last=Stenton|first= Frank|year=1971|title=Anglo-Saxon England|url=https://archive.org/details/anglosaxonenglan0000sten|pages=[https://archive.org/details/anglosaxonenglan0000sten/page/538 538]–539|publisher= Oxford University Press|edition=3rd|isbn=978-0-19-280139-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Blair |first= John |year=2001|title=Westminster|encyclopedia=The Blackwell Encyclopedia o Anglo-Saxon England|publisher= Blackwell |isbn=978-0-631-22492-1}}</ref> ===Middle Ages=== [[File:Westminster Abbey by Canaletto, 1749.jpg|thumb|left|[[Wastmeenster Abbey]], as seen in this pentin (Canaletto, 1749), is a [[World Heritage Site]] an ane o Lunnon's auldest an maist important biggins]] Follaein his victory in the [[Battle o Hastings]], [[William the Conqueror|William, Duke o Normandy]], wis crowned [[Keeng o Ingland]] in the newly finished Wastmeenster Abbey on Christmas Day 1066.<ref name=Lunnon_015>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/normans/1066_06.shtml|title=History&nbsp;– 1066&nbsp;– King William|publisher=BBC|accessdate=5 May 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0Yen4R?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/normans/1066_06.shtml|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> William biggit the [[Touer o Lunnon]], the first o the mony Norman castles in Ingland tae be rebuilt in stone, in the sootheastren corner o the ceety, tae intimidate the native indwallers.<ref name=Lunnon_016>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/architecture_02.shtml|title=A History of British Architecture&nbsp;— White Tower|last=Tinniswood|first=Adrian|authorlink=Adrian Tinniswood|publisher=BBC|accessdate=5 May 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0ZWxtH?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/architecture_02.shtml|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1097, [[William II o Ingland|William II]] began the biggin o [[Wastmeenster Hall]], close bi the abbey o the same name. The hall becam the basis o a new [[Pailace o Wastmeenster]].<ref name=Lunnon_017>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/history/building.cfm|title=UK Parliament&nbsp;— Parliament: The building|date=9 November 2007|publisher=UK Parliament|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311032051/http://www.parliament.uk/about/history/building.cfm|archivedate=2008-03-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_018>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/parliament/guide/palace.htm|title=Palace of Westminster|publisher=UK Parliament|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404171249/http://www.parliament.uk/parliament/guide/palace.htm|archivedate=2008-04-04|url-status=live}}</ref> During the 12t century, the institutions o central government, whilk haed hitherto accompanied the ryal Inglis court as it moved aroond the kintra, grew in size an sophistication an becam increasingly fixed in ane place. In maist cases this wis Wastmeenster, awtho the ryal treasury, haein been moved frae Winchester, came tae rest in the Tower. While the [[Ceety o Wastmeenster]] developed intae a true caipital in governmental terms, its distinct neighbour, the ceety o Lunnon, remained Ingland's lairgest ceety an principal commercial centre, an it flourished unner its ain unique admeenistration, the [[Ceety o Lunnonn Corporation|Corporation o Lunnon]]. In 1100, its population wis aroond 18,000; by 1300 it haed grown tae nearly 100,000.<ref name=Lunnon_019>{{Cite book|last=Schofield|first=John|last2=Vince|first2=Alan|author2-link=Alan Vince|title=Medieval Towns: The Archaeology of British Towns in Their European Setting|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|year=2003|isbn=978-0-8264-6002-8|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Qu7QLC7g7VgC&pg=PA26&lpg=PA26&dq=london+population+1100+-+1300|page=26|ref=harv}}</ref> Disaster struck during the [[Black Death]] in the mid-14t century, when Lunnon lost nearly a third o its population.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/black_01.shtml |title=Black Death |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0ZmE6P?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/black_01.shtml |archivedate=2011-05-19 |publisher=BBC History |accessdate=3 November 2008 |ref=harv |journal= |url-status=live }}</ref> Lunnon wis the focus o the [[Peasants' Revolt]] in 1381.<ref name=Lunnon_020>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/richard_ii_king.shtml|title=Richard II (1367–1400)|publisher=BBC|accessdate=12 October 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0aYnXz?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/richard_ii_king.shtml|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Air modren=== [[File:Great Fire London.jpg|thumb|The [[Great Fire o Lunnon]] destroyed mony pairts o the ceety in 1666.]] [[File:London - John Norden's map of 1593.jpg|thumb|Cairt o Lunnon in 1593. Thare is anly ane bridge athort the Thames, but pairts o Southwark on the sooth bank o the river hae been developed.]] During the [[Tudor period]] the [[Inglis Reformation|Reformation]] produced a gradual shift tae Protestantism, wi much o Lunnon passin frae kirk tae private ainership.<ref name=pevsner>[[Nikolaus Pevsner|Pevsner, Nikolaus]]. ''Lunnon I: The ceeties o Lunnon an Westminster'' rev. edition, 1962. Introduction p. 48.</ref> The traffic in [[woollen]] cloths shipped undyed an undressed frae Lunnon tae the nearby shores o the [[Law Kintras]] whaur it wis considered indispensable.<ref>J. G. Pounds (1976). "An Historical Geography o Europe 450 B.C.-A.D. 1330, Part 1330". p. 430. CUP Archive,</ref> But the tentacles o English maritime enterprise hardly extendit beyond the seas o north-wast Europe. The commercial route tae [[Italy]] an the [[Mediterranean Sea]] normally lay throu [[Antwerp]] an ower the [[Alps]]; ony ships passing throu the [[Strait o Gibraltar]] tae or frae England war likely tae be Italian or [[Dubrovnik|Ragusan]]. Upon the re-openin o the [[Netherlands]] tae English shipping in Januar 1565 thare at ance ensued a strang outburst o commercial activity.<ref>Ramsay, George Daniel (1986). The Queen's Merchants an the Revolt o the Netherlands: The End o the Antwerp Mart. Volume 2, pp. 1 an 62–63. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-1849-7</ref> The [[Royal Exchange, Lunnon|Royal Exchange]] wis foondit.<ref>The life an times o Sir Thomas Gresham, founner o the Royal Exchange: including notices o many o his contemporaries. wi illustrations, Volume 2, pages&nbsp;80–81, John William Burgon, E. Wilson, 1839.</ref> [[Mercantilism]] grew an monopoly trading companies sic as the [[East Indie Company]] war established, wi tred expanding tae the [[New World]]. Lunnon becam the principal [[North Sea]] port, wi migrants arrivin frae England an abroad. The population rose frae an estimatit 50,000 in 1530 tae aboot 225,000 in 1605.<ref name=pevsner/> In the 16t century, [[William Shakespeare]] an his contemporaries lived in Lunnon at a time o hostility tae the development o the [[Elizabethan theatre|theatre]]. By the end o the Tudor period in 1603, Lunnon wis still vera compact. Thare wis an assassination attempt on [[James I o England|James I]] in Westminster, throu the [[Gunpowder Plot]] on 5 November 1605.<ref name=Lunnon_023>{{Cite book |title=James I |url=https://archive.org/details/jamesi0000durs |last=Durston |first=Christopher|year=1993 |publisher=Routledge |location=Lunnon |isbn=978-0-415-07779-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/jamesi0000durs/page/59 59] |ref=harv }}</ref> Lunnon wis [[Bubonic plague|plagued]] by disease in the early 17t century,<ref name=Lunnon_024>{{cite web |url=http://urbanrim.org.uk/plague%20list.htm |title=A List of National Epidemics of Plague in England 1348–1665 |publisher=Urban Rim |date=4 December 2009 |accessdate=3 May 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5gVUqcycW?url=http://urbanrim.org.uk/plague%20list.htm |archivedate=2009-05-04 |url-status=live }}</ref> culminatin in the [[Great Plague o Lunnon|Great Plague]] o 1665–1666, whilk killt up tae 100,000 bodies, or a fift o the population.<ref name=Lunnon_025>{{cite web |url= http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/plague/story.html |title= Story of the plague |publisher= Channel 4 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0bPVKk?url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/plague/story.html |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}</ref> The [[Great Fire o Lunnon]] broke oot in 1666 in Pudding Lane in the ceety an quickly swept throu the widden biggins.<ref name="Samuel Pepys' Diary">{{Cite book | last = Pepys | first = Samuel | authorlink = Samuel Pepys | title = The Diary of Samuel Pepys | volume = 45: August/September 1666 | date = 2 September 1666 | origyear = 1893 | editor = [[Mynors Bright]] (decipherer) | editor2 = [[Henry B. Wheatley]] | url = http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4167/pg4167.html | ref = harv | isbn = 978-0-520-22167-3 | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0bzHYi?url=http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4167/pg4167.html | archivedate = 2011-05-19 | access-date = 2015-06-04 | url-status = live }}</ref> Rebiggin teuk ower ten year an wis supervised by [[Robert Hooke]]<ref name=Lunnon_026>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/after_fire_02.shtml |title=London After the Great Fire: Civil War and Revolution |author=Schofield, John |date=17 February 2011 |publisher=BBC History |accessdate=4 July 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0ckJxq?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/after_fire_02.shtml |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_027>{{cite web |url= http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Special/LondonsBurning/Themes/1405/ |title= Rebuilding after the fire |publisher= Museum o Lunnon |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080201204641/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Special/LondonsBurning/Themes/1405/ |archivedate= 2008-02-01 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_028>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=jX8ZAAAAIAAJ&q=rebuilding+of+london&dq=rebuilding+of+london|title=The Rebuilding of London After the Great Fire|publisher=Thomas Fiddian|year=1940|accessdate=27 April 2008}}</ref> as Surveyor o Lunnon.<ref name=Lunnon_029>The curious life o Robert Hooke, the man who measured Lunnon by Lisa Jardine</ref> In 1708 [[Christopher Wren]]'s masterpiece, [[St Paul's Cathedral]] wis completit. During the [[Georgian era]] new destricts sic as [[Mayfair]] war formed in the wast; an new brigs ower the Thames encouraged development in [[South Lunnon]]. In the east, the [[Port o Lunnon]] expanded downstream. In 1762, [[George III o Great Britain|George III]] acquired [[Buckingham Palace|Buckingham House]] an it wis enlairged ower the next 75 year. During the 18t century, Lunnon wis dogged by crime an the [[Bow Street Runners]] war established in 1750 as a professional police force.<ref>"[http://www.pbs.org/kqed/demonbarber/madding/thieftaker.html Thief Taker, Constable, Police]". Public Broadcasting Service (PBS).</ref> In tot, mair nor 200 offences war punishable by death,<ref>{{cite news |last=Jackson |first=Peter |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8181192.stm |title=Rough justice&nbsp;– Victorian style |work=BBC News |date=3 August 2009 |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> includin petty theft.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,894775,00.html |title=National Affairs: Capital punishment: a fading practice |work=Time |location=New York |date=21 March 1960 |accessdate=13 December 2011 |archive-date=2011-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011174652/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,894775,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Most childer born in the ceety died afore reakin thair third birthday.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/foundling_01.shtml |title=The Foundling Hospital |publisher=BBC History |date=17 February 2011 |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> The [[coffeehouse]] became a popular place tae debate ideas, wi growin [[literacy]] an the development o the [[prentin press]] makkin news widely available; an [[Fleet Street]] became the centre o the British press. Accordin tae Samuel Johnson: {{quote|Ye cannae fin a man, at aw intellectual, wha is willin tae leave Lunnon. Naw, Sir, whan a man is fauchelt Lunnon, he is tired o life; for there in Lunnon aw that life can afford.|[[Samuel Johnson]], 1777<ref name=Lunnon_022>{{cite web |url= http://www.samueljohnson.com/tiredlon.html |title= When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life: Samuel Johnson |ref= harv |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150522151652/http://www.samueljohnson.com/tiredlon.html |archivedate= 2015-05-22 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= dead }}</ref>}} ===Late modren an contemporary=== [[File:British recruits August 1914 Q53234.jpg|thumb|British volunteer recruits in Lunnon, August 1914]] [[File:LondonBombedWWII full.jpg|thumb|A bombed-oot Lunnon street during [[the Blitz]] o the Seicont World War]] Lunnon wis the warld's [[Leet o lairgest ceeties throughout history|lairgest ceety frae aboot 1831 tae 1925]].<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/i-m/london4.html |title=London: The greatest city |publisher=Channel 4 |accessdate=12 October 2008 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0g3KOn?url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/i-m/london4.html |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> Lunnon's overcrowded conditions led tae [[cholera]] epidemics,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/themes/publichealth/cholera.aspx |title=Hidden extras: cholera comes tae Victorian London |publisher=The Science Museum |location=Lunnon |accessdate=13 December 2011 |archive-date=2011-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213064834/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/themes/publichealth/cholera.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> claimin 14,000 lifes in 1848, an 6,000 in 1866.<ref>{{cite web |author= Brown, Robert W. |url= http://www.uncp.edu/home/rwb/london_19c.html |title= London in the Nineteenth Century |publisher= University o North Carolina at Pembroke |accessdate= 13 December 2011 |archive-date= 2011-12-30 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111230164544/http://www.uncp.edu/home/rwb/london_19c.html |url-status= dead }}</ref> risin [[traffic congestion]] led tae the creation o the warld's first local urban rail network. The [[Metropolitan Board o Works]] oversaw infrastructure expansion in the caipital an some surroondin counties; it wis abolished in 1889 when the [[Lunnon County cooncil]] wis creatit oot o those areas o the counties surroondin the caipital. [[German strategic bombin during World War I|Lunnon wis bombed bi the Germans during the First World War]] while during the Seicont World War [[the Blitz]] an ither bombin bi the German ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' killed ower 30,000 Lunnoners an destroyed lairge tracts o housing an ither biggins athort the ceety. Immediately efter the war, the [[1948 Simmer Olympics]] war held at the oreeginal [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley Stadium]], at a time when Lunnon haed barely recovered frae the war. In 1951, the [[Festeeval o Britain]] wis held on the [[Sooth Bank]]. The [[Great Smog]] o 1952 led tae the [[Clean Air Act 1956]], that endit the "[[pea soup fog]]s" for whilk Lunnon haed been notorious. Frae the 1940s onwart, Lunnon became hame tae numerous [[immigrants]], lairgely frae [[Commonweel o Nations|Commonweel]] countries lik [[Jamaica]], Indie, [[Bangladesh]] an [[Pakistan]], makkin Lunnon ane o the maist diverse ceeties in Europe. [[File:London Thames (1930).jpg|thumb|left|A view frae Victoria Touer, in late 1920s.]] Primarily stairtin in the mid-1960s, Lunnon becam a centre for the warldwide [[youth cultur]], exemplified bi the [[Swinging Lunnon]] subculture associatit wi the [[Keeng's Road]], [[Chelsea, Lunnon|Chelsea]] an [[Carnaby Street]]. The role o trendsetter wis revived in the [[punk rock|punk]] era. In 1965 Lunnon's political boundaries wis expandit tae tak intae accoont the growthe o the urban area an a new [[Greater Lunnon cooncil]] wis creatit. Throu [[The Troubles]] in Northren Ireland, Lunnon wis subjectit tae bombin attacks bi the [[Provisional IRA]]. Racial inequality wis hielichtit bi the [[1981 Brixton riot]]. Greater Lunnon's population declined steadily in the decades efter the Seicont World War, frae an estimatit peak o 8.6&nbsp;million in 1939 tae aroond 6.8&nbsp;million in the 1980s. The principal ports for Lunnon moved downstream tae [[Port o Felixstowe|Felixstowe]] an [[Port o Tilbury|Tilbury]], wi the [[Lunnon Docklands]] area becomin a focus for regeneration, includin the [[Canary Wharf]] development. This wis borne oot o Lunnon's ever-increasin role as a major international financial centre during the 1980s. The [[Thames Barrier]] wis completit in the 1980s tae pertect Lunnon against tidal surges frae the [[North Sea]]. The Greater Lunnon cooncil wis abolished in 1986, whilk left Lunnon as the anerly lairge metropolis in the warld wioot a central admeenistration. In 2000, Lunnon-wide govrenment wis restored, wi the creation o the [[Greater Lunnon Authority]]. tae celebrate the stairt o the 21st century, the [[Millennium Dome]], [[Lunnon Eye]] an [[Millennium Bridge (Lunnon)|Millennium Bridge]] war biggit. On 6 Julie 2005 Lunnon wis awairdit the [[2012 Simmer Olympics]], makkin Lunnon the first ceety tae stage the [[Olympic Gemmes]] three times.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/front_page/4655555.stm |title= London beats Paris tae 2012 Games |publisher=BBC Sport |date=6 July 2005 |accessdate=28 September 2012}}</ref> The naxt day (7 Julie 2005) Lunnon's tube network wis hit bi major bomb attacks. In Februar 2015, Greater Lunnon's population wis estimatit tae be 8.6 million, the heichest level syne 1939.<ref>{{cite web|title = London's population hits 8.6m record high|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-31082941|website = BBC News|accessdate = 2015-05-21}}</ref> ==Government== {{Politics o Lunnon}} ===Local government=== {{Main|Local government in Lunnon|History o local government in Lunnon|Leet o heads o Lunnon government}} The admeenistration o Lunnon is formed o twa tiers—a ceety-wide, strategic tier an a local tier. ceety-wide admeenistration is coordinatit bi the [[Greater Lunnon Authority]] (GLA), while local admeenistration is carried oot by 33 smawer authorities.<ref name=Lunnon_032>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/gla/|title=About the Greater London Authority|publisher=Lunnon Government|accessdate=27 September 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0hYGdz?url=http://www.london.gov.uk/gla/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> The GLA consists o twa electit components; the [[Mayor o Lunnon]], wha haes executive powers, an the [[Lunnon Assembly]], whilk scrutinises the mayor's decisions an can accept or reject the mayor's budget proposals ilka year. The headquarters o the GLA is [[City Hall (Lunnon)|City Hall]], [[Southwark]]; the mayor is [[Sadiq Khan]]. The mayor's [[statutory planning]] strategy is published as the [[Lunnon Plan]], whilk daed it's maist recent revision in 2011.<ref name=Lunnon_plan>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/planning/londonplan|title=The London Plan|publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority|accessdate=25 May 2012|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/67vG4jMg5?url=http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/planning/londonplan|archivedate=2012-05-25|url-status=live}}</ref> The local authorities are the cooncils o the 32 [[Lunnon borough]]s an the [[City o Lunnon Corporation]].<ref name=Lunnon_035>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/london/links.jsp|title=Links tae other websites&nbsp;— London boroughs|publisher=Lunnon Government|accessdate=27 September 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019055428/http://www.london.gov.uk/london/links.jsp|archivedate=2007-10-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thay are responsible for maist local services, sic as local planning, schuils, [[social work|social services]], local roads an refuse collection. Certaint functions, sic as [[Waste disposal authorities in Lunnon|waste management]], are providit throu jynt arrangements. In 2009–2010 the combined revenue expenditure by Lunnon cooncils an the GLA amountit tae juist ower £22 billion (£14.7 billion for the boroughs an £7.4 billion for the GLA).<ref>http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/statistics/pdf/1911067.pdf</ref> Policing in Greater Lunnon, except the [[City o Lunnon]], is providit bi the [[Metropolitan Police Service|Metropolitan Police Force]], overseen bi the Mayor throu the [[Mayor's Office for Policing an Crime]] (MOPAC).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/policing-crime/about-mopac |title= About MOPAC |publisher= Greater Lunnon Authority |accessdate= 4 May 2013 |archive-date= 2013-04-11 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130411075040/http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/policing-crime/about-mopac |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://policeauthority.org/Metropolitan/ |title=MPA: Metropolitan Police Authority |publisher= Metropolitan Police Authority |date=22 May 2012 |accessdate=4 May 2013}}</ref> The ceety o Lunnon haes its ain police force&nbsp;– the [[City o Lunnon Police]].<ref name="Policing">{{cite web |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/gla/policing.jsp |title=Policing |publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority |accessdate=25 August 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121173357/http://www.london.gov.uk/gla/policing.jsp |archivedate=2008-01-21 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[British Transport Police]] are responsible for police services on [[National Rail]] an [[Lunnon Unnergrund]] services.<ref name="BTP">{{cite web |url= http://www.btp.police.uk/about_us/areas.aspx |title= Areas |publisher= British Transport Police |accessdate= 25 August 2009 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0hdc31?url=http://www.btp.police.uk/about_us/areas.aspx |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= live }}</ref> The [[Lunnon Fire Brigade]] is the [[statute|statutory]] [[Fire service in the UK|fire an rescue service]] for Greater Lunnon. It is run bi the [[Lunnon Fire an Emergency Planning Authority]] an is the third lairgest fire service in the warld.<ref name="LFB">{{cite web |url=http://www.london-fire.gov.uk/WhoWeAre.asp |title=Who we are |publisher=Lunnon Fire Brigade |accessdate=25 August 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0hzveR?url=http://www.london-fire.gov.uk/WhoWeAre.asp |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[National Health Service]] [[Emergency medical services|ambulance services]] are providit bi the [[Lunnon Ambulance Service|Lunnon Ambulance Service (LAS) NHS Trust]], the lairgest free-at-the-pynt-o-uise emergency ambulance service in the warld.<ref name="LAS">{{cite web |url= http://www.londonambulance.nhs.uk/about_us.aspx |title= About us |publisher= Lunnon Ambulance Service NHS Trust |accessdate= 25 August 2009 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0iCW89?url=http://www.londonambulance.nhs.uk/about_us.aspx |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= live }}</ref> The [[Lunnon Air Ambulance]] charity operates in conjunction wi the LAS whaur required. [[Her Majesty's Coastguard]] an the [[Royal National Lifeboat Institution]] operate on the [[River Thames]],<ref name="Coastguard">{{cite web |url= http://www.mcga.gov.uk/c4mca/mcga07-home/aboutus/mcga-online/mcga-sailing-cg66/dops_-_all-cg66-stationlist.htm |title= Station list |year= 2007 |publisher= Maritime an Coastguard Agency |accessdate= 25 August 2009 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0jzXE7?url=http://www.mcga.gov.uk/c4mca/mcga07-home/aboutus/mcga-online/mcga-sailing-cg66/dops_-_all-cg66-stationlist.htm |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="Lifeboat">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1739401.stm |title=Thames lifeboat service launched |date=2 January 2002 |work=BBC News |accessdate=25 August 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0kXnz9?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1739401.stm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> whilk is unner the jurisdiction o the [[Port o Lunnon Authority]] frae [[Teddington Lock]] tae the sea.<ref name="portLunnonauthority">{{cite web |url=http://www.pla.co.uk/assets/Port_of_London_Act_1968__revised_.pdf |title=Port of London Act 1968 |accessdate=30 November 2013 |archive-date=2013-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005959/http://www.pla.co.uk/assets/Port_of_London_Act_1968__revised_.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===National government=== Lunnon is the seat o the [[Govrenment o the Unitit Kinrick]]. Mony govrenment departments are based close tae the [[Pailace o Wastmeenster]], parteecularly alang [[Whitehall]], includin the [[Prime Minister o the Unitit Kinrick|Prime Minister's]] residence at [[10 Downing Street]].<ref name=Lunnon_036>{{cite web |url= http://www.number10.gov.uk/output/Page1.asp |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080510193022/http://www.number10.gov.uk/output/Page1.asp |archivedate= 2008-05-10 |title= 10 Downing Street&nbsp;— Official Website |accessdate= 26 April 2008 |url-status= live }}</ref> The British Parliament is eften referred tae as the "Mother o Parliaments" (awtho this ''[[sobriquet]]'' wis first applied tae England itself by [[John Bright]])<ref name="Lunnon_037">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/talking_politics/96021.stm |publisher=BBC |accessdate=6 June 2008 |date=3 June 1998 |title=UK Politics: Talking Politics&nbsp;— The 'Mother of Parliaments' |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0l5vww?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/talking_politics/96021.stm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> acause it haes been the model for maist ither [[parliamentary system]]s.<ref name="Lunnon_037"/> Thare are 73 Members o Parliament (MPs) frae Lunnon, who correspond tae local parliamentary [[Leet o Parliamentary constituencies in Greater Lunnon|constituencies]] in the national [[British House o Commons|Parliament]]. As o Juin 2017, 49 are frae the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]], 21 are [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservatives]], an 3 are [[Leeberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrat]].<ref>{{cite web|title = General Election Results 2015|url = http://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/general-election-results-2015|website = Lunnon DataStore|accessdate = 2015-05-10|publisher = [[Greater Lunnon Authority]]|date = 2015-05-08|archive-date = 2016-05-04|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160504063550/http://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/general-election-results-2015|url-status = dead}}</ref> ==Geography== {{Main|Geography o Lunnon}} ===Scope=== [[File:London, United Kingdom.JPG|thumb|Satellite view o inner Lunnon]] [[Greater Lunnon]] is the tap-level administrative subdiveesion coverin Lunnon.<ref group="note">Greater Lunnon isnae a ceety in the sense that the word applies in the Unitit Kinrick, that o havin [[Ceety status in the Unitit Kinrick|ceety status]] grantit by the Crown.</ref> The wee, ancient [[City o Lunnon]] at its core ance contained the hale dounset, but as the urban area grew the [[City o Lunnon Corporation|City Corporation]] resistit attemps tae amalgamate it wi its suburbs, causin "Lunnon" tae be defined in a nummer weys for different purposes.<ref name="chancery">{{Cite journal|author=Beavan,Charles|author2=Bickersteth, Harry|title=Reports of Cases in Chancery, Argued and Determined in the Rolls Court|publisher=Saunners an Benning|year=1865|url=http://books.google.com/?id=YFYDAAAAQAAJ|ref=harv}}</ref> Forty per cent o Greater Lunnon is covered bi the [[Lunnon postal destrict|Lunnon]] post toun, wiin whilk 'Lunnon' forms pairt o postal addresses.<ref name=Lunnon_042>{{Cite book|last=Stationery Office|title=The Inner London Letter Post|publisher=H.M.S.O|year=1980|isbn=978-0-10-251580-0|page=128|ref=harv}}</ref><ref name=map_post>{{Cite book|title=London Postcode and Administrative Boundaries|publisher=Geographers' A-Z Map Company|author=Geographers' A-Z Map Company|year=2008|edition=6|isbn=978-1-84348-592-6|ref=harv}}</ref> The Lunnon telephone [[area code]] (020) covers a lairger area, seemilar in size tae Greater Lunnon, awtho some outer destricts are omeetit an some places juist ootside are included. The Greater Lunnon boundary haes been [[Leet o Greater Lunnon boundary changes|aligned tae the M25 motorway]] in places.<ref name=Lunnon_044>{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/SI/si1993/Uksi_19930441_en_1.htm|title=The Essex, Greater London and Hertfordshire (County and London Borough Boundaries) Order|year=1993|publisher=Office o Public Sector Information|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0lyLLA?url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/SI/si1993/Uksi_19930441_en_1.htm|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> Outward urban expansion is nou preventit bi the [[Metropolitan Green Belt]],<ref name=Lunnon_040>{{Cite book|last=Dilys|first=M Hill|title=Urban Policy and Politics in Britain|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-312-22745-6|page=268|ref=harv}}</ref> awtho the biggit-up area extends beyond the boundary in places, resultin in a separately defined [[Greater Lunnon Urban area]]. Beyond this is the vast [[Lunnon commuter belt]].<ref name=Lunnon_041>{{cite web |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/assembly/reports/plansd/london_regional_200104.pdf |title=London in its Regional Setting |publisher=Lunnon Assembly |accessdate=6 June 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527193714/http://www.london.gov.uk/assembly/reports/plansd/london_regional_200104.pdf |archivedate=2008-05-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Greater Lunnon is split for some purposes intae [[Inner Lunnon]] an [[Outer Lunnon]].<ref name=Lunnon_045>{{cite book |url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1963/cukpga_19630033_en_1 |title=London Government Act 1963 |publisher=Office o Public Sector Information |accessdate=6 May 2008 |isbn=978-0-16-053895-7 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0mVCtM?url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1963/cukpga_19630033_en_1 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> The ceety is split bi the River Thames intae [[North Lunnon|North]] an [[South Lunnon|South]], wi an informal [[central Lunnon]] area in its interior. The coordinates o the nominal centre o Lunnon, tradeetionally considered tae be the oreeginal [[Eleanor Cross]] at [[Charing Cross]] near the junction o [[Trafalgar squerr]] an [[Whitehall]], are approximately {{Coord|51|30|26|N|00|07|39|W|type:city(7,000,000)_region:GB}}.<ref name=Lunnon_039>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2005/08/15/charingcross_feature.shtml|title=London&nbsp;— Features&nbsp;— Where is the Centre of London?|publisher=BBC|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5msV6aAO0?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2005/08/15/charingcross_feature.shtml|archivedate=2010-01-18|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Status=== Athin Lunnon, baith the [[City o Lunnon]] an the [[City o Westminster]] hae [[City status in the Unitit Kinrick|ceety status]] an baith the ceety o Lunnon an the remainder o Greater Lunnon is the [[Ceremonial counties o England|ceremonial counties]].<ref name=Lunnon_049>{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1997/ukpga_19970023_en_1|title=Lieutenancies Act 1997|publisher=OPSI|accessdate=7 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0mpHnm?url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1997/ukpga_19970023_en_1|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> The area o [[Metropolitan an non-metropolitan counties o England#Greater Lunnon|Greater Lunnon]] haes incorporatit area that war ance pairt o the [[Historic counties o England|historic counties]] o [[Middlesex]], [[Kent]], [[Surrey]], [[Essex]] an [[Hertfordshire]].<ref name=Lunnon_050>{{Cite book|last=Barlow|first=I. M. |title=Metropolitan Government|url=https://archive.org/details/metropolitangove0000barl|year=1991|publisher=Routledge|page=[https://archive.org/details/metropolitangove0000barl/page/n363 346]|ref=harv}}</ref> Lunnon's status as the caipital o England, an later the Unitit Kinrick, haes never been grantit or confirmed offeecially—by [[statute]] or in written form.{{refn|According tae the ''Collins English Dictionary'' definition o 'the seat o government',<ref name=Lunnon_061>(1994) ''Collins English Dictionary'', Collins Education plc.</ref> Lunnon isnae the offeecial capital o England, as England disnae hae its ain government. Accordin tae the ''Oxford English Reference Dictionary'' definition o 'the maist important toun'<ref name=Lunnon_062>''Oxford English Reference Dictionary'', Oxford English.</ref> an mony ither authorities.<ref name=Lunnon_063>"HC 501 0304.PDF" (PDF). Parliament Publications</ref>|group=note}} Its poseetion wis formed throu [[constitutional convention (political custom)|constitutional convention]], makkin its status as ''de facto'' caipital a pairt o the [[Constitution o the Unitit Kinrick|UK's unwritten constitution]]. The caipital o Ingland wis moved tae Lunnon frae [[Winchester]] as the [[Pailace o Wastmeenster]] developed in the 12t an 13t centuries tae become the permanent location o the [[Noble court|royal court]], an sicweys the political caipital o the naition.<ref name=Lunnon_060>{{Cite journal |last=Schofield |first=John |date=June 1999 |title=British Archaeology |publisher=British Archaeology |issue=45 |issn=1357-4442 |url=http://www.britarch.ac.uk/BA/ba45/ba45regs.html |accessdate=6 May 2008 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0mw1Sn?url=http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba45/ba45regs.html |archivedate=2011-05-19 |journal= |url-status=live }}</ref> Mair recently, Greater Lunnon haes been defined as a [[Regions o England|region o England]] an in this context is kent as ''Lunnon''.<ref name=region/> ===Topography=== [[File:London in snow 2 February 2009 387.jpg|thumb|The [[Victoria Memorial, Lunnon|Victoria Memorial]] in the snow in 2009]] Greater Lunnon encompasses a tot area o {{convert|1583|km2|sqmi}}, an area that haed a population o 7,172,036 in 2001 an a population density o {{convert|4542|PD/km2|PD/sqmi}}. The extendit area kent as the Lunnon Metropolitan Region or the Lunnon Metropolitan Agglomeration, comprises a tot area o {{convert|8382|km2|sqmi}} haes a population o 13,709,000 an a population density o {{convert|1510|PD/km2|PD/sqmi}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dgcl.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/lu_pour_vous/les_grandes_metropol/downloadFile/attachedFile/metropolislondres.pdf?nocache=1254397828.63 |title=Metropolis: 027 London, World Association of the Major Metropolises |accessdate=3 May 2010 |archive-date=2011-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427084411/http://www.dgcl.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/lu_pour_vous/les_grandes_metropol/downloadFile/attachedFile/metropolislondres.pdf?nocache=1254397828.63 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Modern Lunnon stauns on the [[The burn the Thames|Thames]], its primary geographical featur, a [[Navigability|navigable]] river whilk crosses the ceety frae the sooth-wast tae the east. The [[Thames Valley]] is a [[floodplain]] surroondit by gently rolling hills includin [[Parliament Hill, Lunnon|Parliament Hill]], [[Addington Hills]], an [[Primrose Hill]]. The Thames wis ance a fair bit broader, shallaer burn wi extensive [[marsh]]lands; at heich tide, its shores reakit five times thair present width.<ref name=Lunnon_065>{{cite book |url= http://books.google.com/?id=M9qvtYYhRtAC&pg=PR11&dq=thames+%22iron+age%22+london+wide+geography+shallow+marsh |title=London: A History |first=Francis|last= Sheppard | page=10 |publisher= Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-285369-1 |accessdate=6 June 2008}}</ref> Syne the [[Victorian era]] the Thames haes been extensively [[Thames Embankment|embanked]], an mony o its Lunnon [[Tributaries o the River Thames|tributaries]] nou flow [[Subterranean rivers o Lunnon|unnerground]]. The Thames is a tidal river, an Lunnon is vulnerable tae flooding.<ref name=Lunnon_066>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/yourenv/eff/1190084/natural_forces/flooding/?version=1&lang=_e|title=Flooding|publisher=UK [[Environment Agency]]|accessdate=19 June 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060215080725/http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/yourenv/eff/1190084/natural_forces/flooding/?version=1&lang=_e|archivedate=2006-02-15|url-status=live}}</ref> The threat haes increased ower time acause o a slaw but continuous rise in [[Tide|heich watter]] level bi the slow 'tilting' o Britain (up in the north an doun in the sooth) caused by [[post-glacial rebound]].<ref name=Lunnon_067>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/yourenv/eff/1190084/natural_forces/sealevels/?version=1&lang=_e|title="Sea Levels"&nbsp;– UK Environment Agency|publisher=[[Environment Agency]]|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523225152/http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/yourenv/eff/1190084/natural_forces/sealevels/?version=1&lang=_e|archivedate=2008-05-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1974, a decade o work began on the construction o the [[Thames Barrier]] athort the Thames at [[Woolwich]] tae deal wi this threat. While the barrier is expectit tae function as designed til aboot 2070, concepts for its future enlairgement or redesign is awready bein discussed.<ref>{{cite news|first=David|last=Adam|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/mar/31/thames-flood-barrier-london|title=Thames Barrier gets extra time as London's main flood defence|work=The Guardian|location=UK|date=31 March 2009|accessdate=7 November 2009|ref=harv|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0n91QT?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/mar/31/thames-flood-barrier-london|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Climate=== [[File:Summer Love of Russell Square.jpg|thumb|Average simmertime day temperatures range atween 22°C an 28°C. Awbesit uncommon, temperatures as heich as 40°C hae been recordit]] Lunnon haes a temperate [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfb&#x202f;''), seemilar tae aw o soothren Britain. Maugre its reputation as bein a rainy ceety, Lunnon receives less precipitation ({{convert|601|mm|0|abbr=on}} in a year), than [[Roum]], [[Bordeaux]], [[Toulouse]], [[Naples]] an even [[Sydney]] in Australie.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_066062_All.shtml|title=Climate statistics for Australian locations|work=bom.gov.au}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldweather.org/176/c00604.htm |title=Weather Information for Naples |publisher=Worldweather.org |date=5 October 2006 |accessdate=4 May 2013 |archive-date=2012-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105145214/http://www.worldweather.org/176/c00604.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.meteoam.it/modules.php?name=viewClinoFile&station=289&name_station=Napoli%20CapodichinoVisualizzazione tabella CLINO della stazione / CLINO Averages Listed for the station Napoli Capodichino]{{dead link|date=May 2013}}</ref><ref>[http://www.theweathernetwork.com/ The Weather Network] 18 November 2011</ref><ref>[http://france.meteofrance.com/france/climat_france?CLIMAT_PORTLET.path=climatstationn%2F31069001 Prévisions météo de Météo-France – Climat en France] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160517203416/http://france.meteofrance.com/france/climat_france?CLIMAT_PORTLET.path=climatstationn%2F31069001 |date=2016-05-17 }} 18 November 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.worldweather.org/062/c01058.htm World Weather Information Service – Toulouse] 18 November 2011</ref> Temperature extremes for aw sites in the Lunnon area range frae {{convert|40.2|°C|°F|1}} at [[Heathrow Airport]] during 19 Julie 2022 doun tae {{convert|-17.4|°C|°F|1}} at Northolt during 13 December 1981.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.personal.dundee.ac.uk/~taharley/british_weather_in_january.htm|title=January 1962 weather|accessdate=18 September 2012|archive-date=2015-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903235843/https://www.personal.dundee.ac.uk/~taharley/british_weather_in_january.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1549448971676012546|user=metoffice|title=Here are the highest temperatures across the country today 👇 At least 34 sites have exceeded the UK's previous na…|date=19 Julie 2022}}</ref> Simmers are generally warm an whiles het, Lunnon's average Julie heich is {{convert|24|°C|°F|1}}. On average, Lunnon will see 31 days abuin {{convert|25|°C|°F|1}} ilka year, an 4.2 days abuin {{convert|30.0|°C|°F|1}} ilka year. Throu the [[2003 European heat wave]] thare war 14 consecutive days abuin {{convert|30|°C|°F|1}} an 2 consecutive days whaur temperatures reakit {{convert|38|°C|°F|1}}, leadin tae hunners o heat relatit daiths.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The impact of the 2003 heat wave on daily mortality in England and Wales and the use of rapid weekly mortality estimates|journal=Eurosurveillance|volume=10|issue=7|date=1 July 2005|first1=H|last1=Johnson|first2=RS|last2=Kovats|first3=G|last3=McGregor|first4=J|last4=Stedman|first5=M|last5=Gibbs|first6=H|last6=Walton6|url=http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=558}}</ref> Winters are generally cuil an damp wi little temperature variation. Snowfall daes occur frae time tae time, an can cause traivel disruption whan this happens. Spring an hairst are mixed seasons an can be leesome. As a lairge ceety, Lunnon haes a considerable [[urban heat island]] effect,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://legacy.london.gov.uk/mayor/environment/climate-change/docs/UHI_summary_report.pdf|title=London's Urban Heat Island: A Summary for Decision Makers|publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority|date=October 2006|accessdate=29 April 2015|archive-date=2012-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816015955/http://legacy.london.gov.uk/mayor/environment/climate-change/docs/UHI_summary_report.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> makkin the centre o Lunnon at times {{convert|5|C-change|0|}} warmer than the suburbs an outskirts. The effect o this can be seen ablo whan comparin Lunnon Heathrow that is locatit {{convert|24|km}} wast o Lunnon wi the Lunnon Weather Centre that is locatit in the centre o Lunnon.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ever warmer as temperatures rival France|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1463994/Ever-warmer-as-temperatures-rival-France.html|publisher=Telegraph|date=16 May 2015}}</ref> {{Weather box |location = Lunnon Heathrow 1981-2010 |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan record high C = 17 |Feb record high C = 20 |Mar record high C = 24 |Apr record high C = 29 |May record high C = 33 |Jun record high C = 36 |Jul record high C = 37 |Aug record high C = 38 |Sep record high C = 35 |Oct record high C = 30 |Nov record high C = 21 |Dec record high C = 17 |year record high C = 38.1 |Jan high C = 8 |Feb high C = 8 |Mar high C = 11 |Apr high C = 14 |May high C = 18 |Jun high C = 21 |Jul high C = 24 |Aug high C = 23 |Sep high C = 20 |Oct high C = 16 |Nov high C = 11 |Dec high C = 8 |year high C = 15 |Jan low C = 2 |Feb low C = 2 |Mar low C = 4 |Apr low C = 6 |May low C = 9 |Jun low C = 12 |Jul low C = 14 |Aug low C = 14 |Sep low C = 11 |Oct low C = 8 |Nov low C = 5 |Dec low C = 3 |year low C = 8 |Jan record low C = -22 |Feb record low C = -10 |Mar record low C = -7 |Apr record low C = -4 |May record low C = 0 |Jun record low C = 3 |Jul record low C = 7 |Aug record low C = 7 |Sep record low C = 3 |Oct record low C = -5 |Nov record low C = -6 |Dec record low C = -12 |year record low C= -22 |Jan precipitation mm = 55.2 |Feb precipitation mm = 40.9 |Mar precipitation mm = 41.6 |Apr precipitation mm = 43.7 |May precipitation mm = 49.4 |Jun precipitation mm = 45.1 |Jul precipitation mm = 44.5 |Aug precipitation mm = 49.5 |Sep precipitation mm = 49.1 |Oct precipitation mm = 68.5 |Nov precipitation mm = 59.0 |Dec precipitation mm = 55.2 |year precipitation mm = 601.7 |Jan sun = 61.5 |Feb sun = 77.9 |Mar sun = 114.6 |Apr sun = 168.7 |May sun = 198.5 |Jun sun = 204.3 |Jul sun = 212.0 |Aug sun = 204.7 |Sep sun = 149.3 |Oct sun = 116.5 |Nov sun = 72.6 |Dec sun = 52.0 |year sun = 1632.6 |source 1= <ref name="UK Met Office" >{{cite web |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gcpsvf37b |title=London Heathrow Airport |publisher=Met Office |accessdate=17 September 2014 }}</ref> |source 2= <ref name="Britain's highest recorded temperatures for each day o the year">{{cite web |url=http://www.torro.org.uk/site/hightempsyear.php |title=British Weather Extremes: Daily Maximum Temperatures |publisher=Torro |accessdate=17 September 2014 |archive-date=2015-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824032720/http://www.torro.org.uk/site/hightempsyear.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> }} {{Weather box |location = Lunnon Weather Centre UHI |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan high C = 8.5 |Feb high C = 8.9 |Mar high C = 11.7 |Apr high C = 15.7 |May high C = 18.6 |Jun high C = 22.4 |Jul high C = 23.6 |Aug high C = 23.2 |Sep high C = 20.8 |Oct high C = 16.1 |Nov high C = 11.9 |Dec high C = 8.6 |year high C = 15.8 |Jan mean C = 6.8 |Feb mean C = 6.8 |Mar mean C = 8.8 |Apr mean C = 12.0 |May mean C = 14.8 |Jun mean C = 18.3 |Jul mean C = 19.6 |Aug mean C = 19.4 |Sep mean C = 17.3 |Oct mean C = 13.5 |Nov mean C = 10.0 |Dec mean C = 7.0 |year mean C = 12.8 |Jan low C = 5.0 |Feb low C = 4.7 |Mar low C = 5.8 |Apr low C = 8.2 |May low C = 10.9 |Jun low C = 14.1 |Jul low C = 15.5 |Aug low C = 15.5 |Sep low C = 13.7 |Oct low C = 10.9 |Nov low C = 8.0 |Dec low C = 5.4 |year low C = 9.8 |source 1= <ref name="Lunnon Weather Centre climate data" >{{cite web |url=http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?LANG=en&PLZ=_____&PLZN=_____&WMO=03779&CONT=ukuk&R=0&LEVEL=162&REGION=0003&LAND=UK&MOD=tab&ART=TMX&NOREGION=1&FMM=1&FYY=2001&LMM=12&LYY=2014 |title=London Weather Centre analysis |publisher=weatheronline.co.uk |accessdate=17 November 2014 }}</ref> |source 2= <ref name="Climate Lunnon Weather Centre" >{{cite web |url=http://www.tutiempo.net/en/Climate/London_Weather_Centre/37790.htm |title=climate: Climate London Weather Centre |publisher=Tutiempo |accessdate=17 November 2014 |archive-date=2014-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129042433/http://www.tutiempo.net/en/Climate/London_Weather_Centre/37790.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> }} ===destricts=== {{Main|Leet o destricts o Lunnon}} Lunnon's vast urban area is aften descrievit uisin a set o destrict names, lik [[Bloomsbury]], [[Mayfair]], [[Wembley]] an [[Whitechapel]]. Thay are aither informal designations, reflect the names o villages that hae been absorbed by sprawl, or are superseded administrative units sic as parishes or [[Metropolitan boroughs o the County o Lunnon|umwhile boroughs]]. Siclike names hae remained in uise throu tradeetion, ilk o thaim referrin tae a local area wi its ain distinctive character, but wioot official boundaries. Syne 1965 Greater Lunnon haes been dividit intae 32 [[Lunnon borough]]s in addition tae the ancient ceety o Lunnon.<ref name=Lunnon_071>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/london-life/city-government/boroughs.jsp|title=London boroughs&nbsp;— London Life, GLA|publisher=Lunnon Government|accessdate=3 November 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213025156/http://www.london.gov.uk/london-life/city-government/boroughs.jsp|archivedate=2007-12-13|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_072>{{Cite book |last1=Dogan |first1=Mattei |first2=John D. |last2=Kasarda |title=The Metropolis Era |publisher=Sage |year=1988 |page=99 |isbn=978-0-8039-2603-5 |url= http://books.google.com/?id=_GFPAAAAMAAJ&q=1965,+32+boroughs+of+london&dq=1965,+32+boroughs+of+london |ref=harv}}</ref> The ceety o Lunnon is the main financial destrict,<ref name=Lunnon_073>{{cite web |url= http://www.london.gov.uk/london-life/business-and-jobs/financial-centre.jsp |title= London as a financial centre |publisher= Mayor o Lunnon |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080106051217/http://www.london.gov.uk/london-life/business-and-jobs/financial-centre.jsp |archivedate= 2008-01-06 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= dead }}</ref> an [[Canary Wharf]] haes recently developed intae a new financial an commercial hub in the [[Lunnon Docklands|Docklands]] tae the east. The [[West End o Lunnon|West End]] is Lunnon's main entertainment an shoppin destrict, attracting tourists.<ref name=Lunnon_075>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1608619.stm |title=West End still drawing crowds |work=BBC News |accessdate=6 June 2008 |date=22 October 2001 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0o6fkv?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1608619.stm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[West (Lunnon sub region)|West Lunnon]] includes expensive residential areas whaur properties can sell for tens o millions o pounds.<ref name=Lunnon_076>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/money/2006/apr/17/tax.g2 |title=Super Rich |date=17 April 2006 |newspaper=The Guardian |accessdate=7 June 2008 |location=Lunnon |first=James |last=Meek |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0ofbib?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/money/2006/apr/17/tax.g2 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> The average price for properties in [[Royal Borough o Kensington an Chelsea|Kensington an Chelsea]] is ower £2 million wi a seimilarly heich outlay in maist o [[central Lunnon]].<ref name="Lunnon's Properties">{{cite web|url=http://www.rbkc.gov.uk/planningandconservation/planningpolicy/idoc.ashx%3Fdocid%3Dbf56bda1-575c-435b-92ac-9a71625c1746%26version%3D-1|archivedate=2016-12-30|title=Information on latest house prices in the Royal Borough|publisher=Royal Borough o Kensington an Chelsea|access-date=2022-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230190409/https://www.rbkc.gov.uk/planningandconservation/planningpolicy/idoc.ashx?docid=bf56bda1-575c-435b-92ac-9a71625c1746&version=-1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=GuardAug14>{{cite news |url= http://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/aug/08/housing-london-jump-19-per-cent-year |title= Average house prices in London jump 19 percent in a year |author=Rupert Jones |newspaper=The Guardian |location= Lunnon |date=8 August 2014 |accessdate=24 September 2014}}</ref> The [[East End o Lunnon|East End]] is the area closest tae the oreeginal [[Port o Lunnon]], kent for its heich immigrant population, as weel as for bein ane o the puirest areas in Lunnon.<ref name="East End">{{cite news |url=http://msnbc.msn.com/id/8487518/site/newsweek/ |date=6 July 2005 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060829024354/http://msnbc.msn.com/id/8487518/site/newsweek/ |archivedate=2006-08-29 |title=Tomorrow's East End |newspaper=Newsweek |author=Flynn, Emily |location=New York |access-date=2015-06-04 |url-status=live }}</ref> The surroondin [[North East (Lunnon sub region)|East Lunnon]] area saw a fair bit o Lunnon's early industrial development; nou, [[brownfield land|brownfield]] sites throughout the area are bein redeveloped as pairt o the [[Thames Gateway]] includin the [[Lunnon Riverside]] an [[Lower Lea Valley]], that wis developed intae the [[Olympic Park, Lunnon|Olympic Park]] for the [[Lunnon 2012 Olympic bid|2012 Olympics an Paralympics]].<ref name="East End" /> ===Architecture=== {{Main|Architecture o Lunnon|Leet o tallest biggins an structures in Lunnon}} [[File:Aerial Tower of London.jpg|thumb|right|The Tower of London]] Lunnon's biggins are ower diverse tae be characterised by ony parteecular [[architectural]] style, partly acause o thair varyin ages. Mony grand houses an public biggins, sic as the [[National Gallery]], are biggit frae [[Portland stone]]. Some areas o the ceety, parteecularly those juist wast o the centre, are characterised by white [[stucco]] or whitewashed biggins. Few structures in central Lunnon pre-date the [[Great Fire o Lunnon|Great Fire]] o 1666, thir bein a few trace [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] remains, the [[Tower o Lunnon]] an a few scattered [[Tudor architecture|Tudor]] survivors in the ceety. Faur oot is, for insample, the [[Tudor period]] [[Hampton Court Palace]], England's auldest surviving Tudor palace, biggit by Cardinal [[Thomas Wolsey]] c. 1515.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/hampton_court_01.shtml |title=Hampton Court: The Lost Palace |publisher=BBC History |date=29 March 2011 |author=Foyle, Jonathan |accessdate=16 June 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0pDL3i?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/hampton_court_01.shtml |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}}</ref> [[Christopher Wren|Wren]]'s late 17t-century kirks an the financial institutions o the 18t an 19t centuries lik the [[Royal Exchange, Lunnon|Royal Exchange]] an the [[Bank o England]], tae the early 20t century [[Old Bailey]] an the 1960s [[Barbican Estate]] form pairt o the varied architectural heritage. [[File:30 St Mary Axe from Leadenhall Street.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[30 St Mary Axe]], forby kent as "the Gherkin", touers ower [[St Andrew Undershaft]]]] The disuised, but suin tae be rejuvenated, 1939 [[Battersea Power Station]] bi the burn in the sooth-wast is a local laundmerk, while some railway termini are excellent insamples o [[Victorian architecture]], maist notably [[St Pancras railway station|St. Pancras]] an [[Paddington railway station|Paddington]].<ref name=Lunnon_078>{{cite web |url=http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Paddington_Station.html |title=Paddington Station |publisher=Great biggins |accessdate=6 June 2008 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0pwi86?url=http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Paddington_Station.html |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> The density o Lunnon varies, wi heich employment density in the [[Central Lunnon|central area]], heich residential densities in [[inner Lunnon]] an laicher densities in [[Outer Lunnon]]. [[The Monument]] in the ceety o Lunnon provides views o the surroondin areas while commemoratin the [[Great Fire o Lunnon]], whilk originatit fae a biggin naurhaun. [[Marble Arch]] an [[Wellington Arch]], at the north an sooth ends o [[Park Lane (road)|Park Lane]] respectively, hae royal connections, as dae the [[Albert Memorial]] an [[Royal Albert Hall]] in [[Kensington]]. [[Nelson's Column]] is a nationally recognised monument in [[Trafalgar squerr]], ane o the focal pynts o the ceety centre. Older biggins are mainly brick biggit, maist commonly the yellae [[Lunnon stock brick]] or a warm orange-red variety, eften decoratit wi carvings an white plaster [[moulding (decorative)|mouldings]].<ref name=Lunnon_077>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=A1&xml=/property/2008/03/27/lpgreen127.xml |title=Eco homes: Wooden it be lovely... ? |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |accessdate=12 October 2008 |location=Lunnon |first=Sarah |last=Lonsdale |date=27 March 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0rvzUL?url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> <!-- [[File:Buckingham Palace frae gardens, London, UK - Diliff.jpg|left|thumb|[[Buckingham Palace]] is the official residence o the British monarch]] --> In the dense airts, maist o the concentration is via medium- an heich-rise biggins. Lunnon's skyscrapers lik [[30 St Mary Axe]], [[Tower 42]], the [[Broadgate Tower]] an [[One Canada squerr]] are maistly in the twa financial destricts, the [[City o Lunnon]] an [[Canary Wharf]]. High-rise development is restrictit at certaint sites if it wad obstruct pertectit views o [[St Paul's Cathedral]] an ither historic biggins. Housomeiver, thare a nummer o verra heich skyscrapers in central Lunnon ''(see [[Tall biggins in Lunnon]])'', includin the 72-storey [[Shard Lunnon Bridge]], the [[Leet o heichest biggins in the European Union|heichest biggin in the European Union]]. Other notable modern biggins include [[City Hall (Lunnon)|City Hall]] in [[Southwark]] wi its distinctive oval shape,<ref name=Lunnon_079>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2129199.stm |title=Inside London's new 'glass egg' |date=16 July 2002 |work=BBC News |accessdate=26 April 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0sZ57q?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2129199.stm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> an the [[British Library]] in [[Somers Town, Lunnon|Somers Town]]/[[Keengs Cross, Lunnon|Kings Cross]]. What wis formerly the [[Millennium Dome]], bi the Thames tae the east o Canary Wharf, is nou an entertainment venue cried [[The O2 (Lunnon)|The O2 Arena]]. {{wide image|Horniman London skyline 2013.jpg|1000px|[[The Shard]] dominating the [[City o Lunnon]] skyline, as seen frae [[Forest Hill, Lunnon|Forest Hill]] in July 2013}} ===Natural history=== The Lunnon Natural History Society suggest that Lunnon is "one o the World's Greenest ceeties" wi mair nor 40 percent green space or open watter. Thay indicate that 2000 species o flowering plant hae been foond growin thare an that the [[Tideway|tidal Thames]] supports 120 species o fish.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lnhs.org.uk/index.htm|title=Wildlife in London, England: LNHS Home page|work=lnhs.org.uk|access-date=2015-06-04|archive-date=2007-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212143739/http://www.lnhs.org.uk/Index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thay forby state that ower 60 species o bird nest in [[central Lunnon]] an that thair members hae recordit 47 species o butterflee, 1173 moths an mair nor 270 kinds o speeder aroond Lunnon. Lunnon's [[wetland]] airts support nationally important populations o mony watter birds. Lunnon haes 38 [[Sites o Special Scientific Interest]] (SSSIs), twa [[National Nature Reserves]] an 76 [[Local Nature Reserves]].<ref>Lunnon Natural History Society.</ref> [[Amphibians]] are common in the caipital, includin [[smooth newt]]s livin bi the [[Tate Modern]], an common [[frog]]s, common [[toad]]s, [[palmate newt]]s an [[great crestit newt]]s, housamiver, native reptiles lik [[slow-worm]]s, [[common lizard]]s, [[grass snake]]s an [[Vipera berus|adder]]s, are maistly anly seen in [[outer Lunnon]].<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/jul/27/london-amphibian-reptile-map "London's amphibians and reptile populations mapped". Laurie Tuffrey, ''The Guardian'', Friday 27 July 2012]</ref> [[File:Flickr - Duncan~ - Fox Trot.jpg|thumb|left|Fox on Ayres Street, [[Southwark]], [[South Lunnon]] ]] Amang ither indwallers o Lunnon are 10,000 tods, sae that thare are nou 16 tods for every squerr mile (2.6 squerr kilometres) o Lunnon. Thir urban tods are noticeably bolder than thair kintra cousins, sharin the pavement (sidewalk) wi pedestrians an raisin cubs in people's backyards. Tods hae even sneaked intae the [[Houses o Parliament]], whaur ane wis foond asleep on a filing cabinet. Anither broke intae the grunds o [[Buckingham Palace]], reportedly killin some o Queen Elizabeth II's prized [[pink flamingo]]s. Generally, housamiver, tods an ceety folk appear tae get alang. A survey in 2001 bi the Lunnon-based [[Mammal Society]] foond that 80 percent o Lunnoners liked haein them aroond.<ref>[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/05/foxes-london_2.html "10,000 Foxes Roam London". James Owen in London for ''National Geographic'' News, May 15, 2006]</ref> Other mammals foond in [[Greater Lunnon]] are [[hedgehog]]s, rats, mice, rabbit, shrew, vole, an squirrels,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/richmond-park/richmond-park-attractions/wildlife/mammals|title=Mammals|work=The Royal Parks|access-date=2015-06-04|archive-date=2020-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307135419/https://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/richmond-park/richmond-park-attractions/wildlife/mammals|url-status=dead}}</ref> In wilder areas o [[Outer Lunnon]], sic as [[Epping Forest]], a wide variety o mammals are foond includin [[hare]], [[brock]], field, bank an watter [[laund-moose]], [[wid moose]], [[yellae-neck moose]], [[mowdiwarp]], [[shrew]], an [[wheasel]], in addition tae tod, squirrel an hurcheon. A deid otter wis foond at The Highway, in [[Wapping]], aboot {{convert|1|mi|adj=on}} frae the [[Tower Bridge]], that wad suggest that thay hae begun tae muive back efter bein absence a hunner year frae the ceety.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thisislocallondon.co.uk/news/topstories/946018.londons_first_wild_otter_found/|title=London's first wild otter found|author=Peter Law|work=This Is Local Lunnon}}</ref> Ten o England's eighteen species o [[bat]]s hae been recorded in Epping Forest: soprano, nathusius an common pipistrelles, noctule, serotine, barbastelle, daubenton's, brown Long-eared, natterer's an leisler's.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/green-spaces/epping-forest/wildlife-and-nature/Pages/Mammals.aspx|title=Mammals|work=cityofLunnon.gov.uk|access-date=2015-06-04|archive-date=2015-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318070552/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/green-spaces/epping-forest/wildlife-and-nature/Pages/Mammals.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Amang the strange sights seen in Lunnon hae been a whale in the Thames,<ref>Liam O'Brien, (24 March 2013). [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/dead-whale-found-floating-in-the-thames-estuary-will-be-examined-8547350.html "Dead whale found floating in the Thames Estuary 'will be examined'"]. ''The Independent on Sunday'' (Lunnon).</ref> while The BBC Twa programme "Natural World: Unnatural History o Lunnon", shaws pigeons uisin the [[Lunnon Unnergrund]] tae get aroond the ceety, a [[Pinniped|seal]] that taks fish frae [[fishmonger]]s athoot [[Billingsgate Fish Market]], an tods that will "sit" gif thay're gien sausages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/18428378?print=true|title=BBC Nature - A Question of Nature: How hidden is the UK's wild side?|work=BBC Nature}}</ref> Herds o [[red deer|red]] an [[fallow deer]] roam freely wiin hantle o [[Richmond Park|Richmond]] an [[Bushy Park]]. A cull takes place ilk November an Februar tae ensure nummers can be sustained.<ref name="Deer cull begins">{{cite news | url=http://www.yourlocalguardian.co.uk/news/local/wandsworthnews/10026864.Richmond_Park_deer_cull_begins/ | title=Richmond Park deer cull begins | work=Wandsworth Guardian | date=5 November 2012 | accessdate=9 November 2012 | author=Rachel Bishop | location=Lunnon}}</ref> Epping Forest is kent for its [[fallow deer]] an aa, whilk can frequently be seen in herds tae the north o the Forest. A rare population o [[melanistic]], black fallow deer is forby maintained at the Deer Sanctuary near [[Theydon Bois]]. [[Muntjac deer]], that escaped frae deer parks at the turn o the twentieth century, are foond in the wid. While Lunnoners are accustomed tae wildlife sic as birds an tods sharin the ceety, mair recently urban deer hae becomin a regular featur, an hale herds o [[fallow deer|fallow]] an [[white tailed deer]] come intae residential airts at nicht tae tak advantage o the Lunnon's green spaces.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/in-pictures-londons-urban-deer-9149902.html|title=In pictures: London's urban deer|work=The Evening Standard}}</ref> Thare are in Lunnon mony [[muntjak]] deer an aa, but acause thay are shy it is less common tae see them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.times-series.co.uk/news/9761337.Photographer_snaps_Muntjac_deer_in_Mill_Hill_garden/|title=Photographer snaps Muntjac deer in Mill Hill garden|author=Emma Innes|work=Times Series}}</ref> ==Demography== {{Main|Demographics o Lunnon}} {{Table Lunnon tap 28 birth kintras}}<!--- Ref name=Pop2001 ---> Wi increasin industrialisation, Lunnon's population grew rapidly outthrou the 19t an early 20t centuries, an it wis for some time in the late 19t an early 20t centuries the maist populous ceety in the warld. Its population peaked at 8,615,245 in 1939 immediately afore the outbreak o the Seicont World War, but haed declined tae 7,192,091 at the 2001 Census. Housamiver, the population then grew by juist ower a million atween the 2001 an 2011 Censuses, tae reak 8,173,941 in the latter enumeration.<ref>[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-unitary-authorities-in-wales/chd-we-figure-1.xls "2011 Census. London population"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904221157/https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-unitary-authorities-in-wales/chd-we-figure-1.xls |date=2022-09-04 }}. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 27 May 2015</ref> Houiver, Lunnon's continuous urban area extends ayont the borders o Greater Lunnon an wis home tae 9,787,426 people in 2011,<ref name="urbanpopulation"/> while its wider [[Lunnon metropolitan area|metropolitan area]] haes a population o atween 12 an 14&nbsp;million dependin on the definition uised.<ref name=metro_area_1>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html|title=The Principal Agglomerations o the World|work=City Population|accessdate=3 March 2009|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5rRuMtUmh?url=http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html|archivedate=2010-07-24|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=metro2>{{cite web |url=http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/ESPON2006Projects/StudiesScientificSupportProjects/UrbanFunctions/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf#page=119 |title=British urban pattern: population data |accessdate=22 February 2010 |date=March 2007 |work=ESPON project 1.4.3 Study on Urban Functions |publisher=[[European Spatial Planning Observation Network]] |page=119 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924002318/http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/ESPON2006Projects/StudiesScientificSupportProjects/UrbanFunctions/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf#page=119 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Accordin tae [[Eurostat]], Lunnon is the [[mucklemaist ceeties an metropolitan areas in the European Union (Eurostat)|maist populous ceety an metropolitan area o the European Union]] an the seicont [[Leet o metropolitan areas in Europe|maist populous in Europe]] (or third if [[Istanbul]] is included). in the period 1991–2001 a net 726,000&nbsp;immigrants arrived in Lunnon.<ref name="Immigration">{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article379434.ece |title=Immigration rise increases segregation in British cities |last=Leppard |first=David |date=10 April 2005 |work=The Times |accessdate=8 August 2009 |location=Lunnon |archive-date=2008-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211185641/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article379434.ece |url-status=dead }}{{subscription required}}</ref> The region covers an area o {{convert|1579|km2|sqmi}}. The population density is {{convert|5177|PD/km2|PD/sqmi}},<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.dgcl.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/lu_pour_vous/les_grandes_metropol/downloadFile/attachedFile/metropolislondres.pdf?nocache=1254397828.63 |title=Metropolis World Association o the Major Metropolises |accessdate=3 May 2010 |isbn=978-0-7306-2020-4 |archive-date=2011-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427084411/http://www.dgcl.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/lu_pour_vous/les_grandes_metropol/downloadFile/attachedFile/metropolislondres.pdf?nocache=1254397828.63 |url-status=dead }}</ref> mair nor ten times that o ony ither [[NUTS:UK|British region]].<ref name=Lunnon_087>{{cite web |url= http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/regional_snapshot/RS_Lon.pdf |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080624195152/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/regional_snapshot/RS_Lon.pdf |archivedate= 2008-06-24 |title= Population density o London: by London borough, 2006 |publisher= UK Statistics Authority |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}</ref> In terms o population, Lunnon is the 19t [[World's mucklemaist ceeties|mucklemaist ceety]] an the 18t [[Leet o metropolitan areas by population|mucklemaist metropolitan]] region in the warld. As o 2014, Lunnon haes the mucklemaist nummer o billionaires (British Pound Sterling) in the warld, wi 72 residing in the ceety.<ref name=Billionaires>{{cite news|title='Rich List' counts more than 100 UK billionaires|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-27360032|accessdate=11 May 2014|newspaper=BBC News Online|date=11 May 2014}}</ref> Lunnon ranks as ane o the maist expensive ceeties in the warld, alongside Tokyo an Moscow.<ref name=Lunnon_089>{{cite news |url=http://money.cnn.com/2004/06/11/pf/costofliving/ |title=World's Most Expensive Cities 2004 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=16 August 2007 |date=11 June 2004 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0ygZWg?url=http://money.cnn.com/2004/06/11/pf/costofliving/ |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Ethnic groups=== {{Main|Ethnic groups in Lunnon}} {{Pie chart |thumb = left |caption = Ethnic groups in the 2011 census <ref name=2011censusdemo>[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls "2011 Census: Key Statistics for Local Authorities in England and Wales"] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls |date=2016-01-05 }}. [[Office for National Statistics|ONS]]. Retrieved 3 July 2014</ref> |label1 = White |value1 = 59.8 |color1 = Red |label2 = Asian |value2 = 18.4 |color2 = Orange |label3 = Black |value3 = 13.3 |color3 = Yellow |label4 = Mixed |value4 = 5 |color4 = Green |label5 = Arab |value5 = 1.3 |color5 = Blue |label6 = Other |value6 = 2.1 |color6 = Purple }} Accordin tae the [[Office for National Statistics]], based on the [[Unitit Kinrick Census 2011|2011 Census]] estimates, 59.8 per cent o the 8,173,941 indwallers o Lunnon war [[White people|White]], wi 44.9 per cent [[White British]], 2.2 per cent [[Irish migration tae Great Britain|White Irish]], 0.1 per cent [[Gypsy (term)|gypsy]]/[[Irish traveller]] an 12.1 per cent classifee'd as [[Other White]]. 20.9 per cent o Lunnoners are o [[British Asian|Asian]] an mixed-Asian strynd. 19.7 per cent are o full Asian strynd, wi those o mixed-Asian heritage comprisin 1.2 o the population. [[British Indien|Indiens]] accoont for 6.6 per cent o the population, followed by [[British Pakistanis|Pakistanis]] an [[British Bangladeshi|Bangladeshis]] at 2.7 per cent for ilk o thaim. [[British Chinese|Chinese]] fowks accoont for 1.5 per cent o the population, wi [[British Arabs|Arabs]] comprisin 1.3 per cent. A faur 4.9 per cent are classifee'd as "Other Asian". 15.6 per cent o Lunnon's population are o [[Black British|Black]] an mixed-Black strynd. 13.3 per cent are o fou Black strynd, wi thaim that's o mixed-Black heritage comprisin 2.3 per cent. [[Black British|Black Africans]] accoont for 7.0 per cent o Lunnon's population, wi 4.2 per cent as [[British African-Caribbean community|Black Caribbean]] an 2.1 per cent as "Other Black". 5.0 per cent are o [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)|mixed race]]. athort Lunnon, [[Black British|Black]] an [[British Asian|Asian]] childer outnumber [[White British]] childer by aboot sax tae fower in state schuils.<ref name=Lunnon_094>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1564365/One-fifth-o-children-from-ethnic-minorities.html |title=One fifth o children frae ethnic minorities |author=Paton, Graeme |date=1 October 2007 |work=The Daily Telegraph |accessdate=7 June 2008 |location=Lunnon |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5hYR0tUao?url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1564365/One-fifth-of-children-from-ethnic-minorities.html |archivedate=2009-06-15 |url-status=live }}</ref> Altogether at the 2011 census, o Lunnon's 1,624,768 population aged 0 tae 15, 46.4 per cent war White, 19.8 per cent war Asian, 19 per cent war Black, 10.8 per cent war Mixed an 4 per cent representit anither ethnic group.<ref>{{cite web |author= ONS |url= https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/livelinks/12297.xlsx |title=LC2109EWls - Ethnic group by age |publisher=www.nomisweb.co.uk |accessdate=26 March 2015}}</ref> In Januar 2005, a survey o Lunnon's ethnic an religious diversity claimed that thare war mair nor 300 leids spoken in Lunnon an mair nor 50 non-indigenous communities wi a population o mair nor 10,000.<ref name=Lunnon_090>{{cite news |url= http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jan/21/britishidentity1 |title= Every race, colour, nation and religion on earth |work= The Guardian |location= Lunnon |accessdate= 6 May 2008 |first= Leo |last= Benedictus |date= 21 January 2005 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0zlxGl?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/jan/21/britishidentity1 |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= live }}</ref> figurs frae the [[Office for National Statistics]] shaw that, {{as o|2010|alt=in 2010}}, Lunnon's furren-born population wis 2,650,000 (33 per cent), up frae 1,630,000 in 1997. The 2011 census shawed that 36.7 per cent o [[Greater Lunnon]]'s population war born athoot the UK.<ref name=Lunnon_092>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/H-A.asp |title=Census 2001: London |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] |accessdate=3 June 2006 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo11Wpqv?url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/H-A.asp |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> The table tae the right shows the 30 maist common countries o birth o Lunnon residents in 2011, the date o the last published [[UK Census]].<ref name=Pop2011/> A portion o the German-born population are as lik as tae be British nationals born tae parents servin in the [[British Armed Forces]] in Germany.<ref name=Lunnon_095>{{cite book |url=http://www.ippr.org.uk/publicationsandreports/publication.asp?id=308 |title=Beyond Black and White: Mapping new immigrant communities |last=Kyambi |first=Sarah |date=7 September 2005 |accessdate=20 January 2007 |isbn=978-1-86030-284-8 |publisher=Institute for Public Policy Research |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo11tc6i?url=http://www.ippr.org.uk/publicationsandreports/publication.asp?id=308 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Estimates produced bi the [[Office for National Statistics]] indicate that the five mucklemaist furren-born groups bidin in Lunnon in the period Julie 2009 tae Juin 2010 war those born in [[Indie]], Poland, the Republic o Ireland, Bangladesh an [[Nigerie]].<ref name=Estimates>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/population-by-country-o-birth-and-nationality-jul09-jun10.zip |title=Table 1.4: Estimated population resident in the United Kingdom, by foreign country o birth, July 2009 tae June 2010 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |accessdate=7 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo12D272?url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/population-by-country-of-birth-and-nationality-jul09-jun10.zip |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=dead }} figur given is the central estimate. See the source for 95 per cent [[confidence interval]]s.</ref> ===Releegion=== {{Main|Releegion in Lunnon}} {{bar box |title=[[Releegion in Lunnon|Releegion in Lunnon (2011 census)]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-286262 |title=2011 Census, Key Statistics for Local Authorities in England and Wales |publisher=Ons.gov.uk |date=11 December 2012 |accessdate=4 May 2013 |archive-date=2016-01-05 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-286262 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |titlebar=#ddd |left1=Religion |right1=Percent(%) |float=left |bars= {{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|purple|48.4}} {{bar percent|[[Irreleegion|No releegion]]|violet|20.7}} {{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|12.4}} {{bar percent|Undeclared|black|8.5}} {{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|Orange|5.0}} {{bar percent|[[Jewish]]|Blue|1.8}} {{bar percent|[[Sikhism|Sikh]]|yellow|1.5}} {{bar percent|[[Buddhism|Buddhist]]|Gold|1.0}} {{bar percent|Ither|grey|0.6}} }} Accordin tae the [[2011 UK Census|2011 Census]], the mucklemaist releegious groupins are [[Christianity|Christians]] (48.4 per cent), follaed bi those o [[Irreleegion|no releegion]] (20.7 per cent), [[Islam|Muslims]] (12.4 per cent), nae reponse (8.5 per cent), [[Hinduism|Hindus]] (5.0 per cent), [[Judaism|Jews]] (1.8 per cent), [[Sikhism|Sikhs]] (1.5 per cent), [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] (1.0 per cent) an ither (0.6 per cent). Lunnon haes tradeetionally been Christian, an haes a [[Leet o kirks in Lunnon|hantle o kirks]], parteecularly in the Ceety o Lunnon. The well-kent [[St Paul's Cathedral]] in the Ceety an [[Southwark Cathedral]] sooth o the river are [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] admeenistrative centres,<ref name=Lunnon_096>{{cite web|url=http://www.stpauls.co.uk/page.aspx?theLang=001lngdef&pointerid=97320F44yHMK9hndcXZBD5sVH4m52Yc0|title=About Saint Paul's Cathedral|publisher=Dean an Chapter St Paul's|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407082352/http://www.stpauls.co.uk/page.aspx?theLang=001lngdef&pointerid=97320F44yHMK9hndcXZBD5sVH4m52Yc0|archivedate=2008-04-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> while the [[Archbishop o Canterbury]], principal bishop o the [[Krik o Ingland]] an warldwide [[Anglican Communion]], haes his main residence at [[Lambeth Palace]] in the [[Lunnon Borough o Lambeth]].<ref name=Lunnon_097>{{cite web|url=http://www.lambethpalacelibrary.org/|title=Lambeth Palace Library|publisher=Lambeth Palace Library|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo12b6iD?url=http://www.lambethpalacelibrary.org/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> Important national an royal ceremonies are shared atween [[St Paul's Cathedral|St Paul's]] an [[Westminster Abbey]].<ref name=Lunnon_098>{{cite web|url=http://www.westminster-abbey.org/|title=Westminster Abbey|publisher=Dean an Chapter o Westminster|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo12pvY3?url=http://www.westminster-abbey.org/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> The Abbey is nae tae be confused wi nearby [[Westminster Cathedral]], that is the mucklemaist [[Roman Catholic]] cathedral in [[England an Wales]].<ref name=Lunnon_099>{{cite web|url=http://www.westminstercathedral.org.uk/home.html|title=West Minster Cathedral|publisher=Westminster Cathedral|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327041736/http://www.westminstercathedral.org.uk/home.html|archivedate=2008-03-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Despite the prevalence o Anglican kirks, observance is verra laich wiin the Anglican denomination. Kirk attendance continues on a lang, slaw, steady decline, accordin tae Kirk o Ingland statistics.<ref name=Lunnon_100>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.cofe.anglican.org/info/statistics/2007provisionalattendance.pdf |title=Church o England Statistics |publisher=Church o England |accessdate=6 June 2008 |ref=harv |journal= |archive-date=2014-07-09 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20140709133529/http://www.churchofengland.org/about-us/facts-stats.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:St Paul's Cathedral, 26 August 2012 (2).jpg|thumb|right|[[St Paul's Cathedral]]]] Lunnon is hame tae sizeable [[Muslim]], [[Hindu]], [[Sikh]], an [[Jewish]] commonties an aw. Notable mosques include the [[East Lunnon Mosque]] in Touer Hamlets, [[Lunnon Central Mosque]] on the edge o [[Regent's Park]] an the [[Baitul Futuh]] Mosque o the [[Ahmadiyya Muslim Community]]. Follaein the ile boom, increasin nummers o wealthy Hindus an [[Middle-East]]ren Muslims hae based themselves aroond [[Mayfair]] an [[Knightsbridge]] in Wast Lunnon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sikhchic.com/history/sikhbritons_second_wealthiest_government_report|title=sikhchic.com - The Art and Culture o the Diaspora - Sikh-Britons Second Wealthiest: Government Report|work=sikhchic.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politics.co.uk/comment-analysis/2013/03/14/comment-british-sikhs-are-the-best-example-o-cultural-integ|title=Comment: British Sikhs are the best insample o cultural integration|work=politics.co.uk}}{{Dead link|date=February 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_102>{{cite web |url= http://www.standard.co.uk/news/the-300-billion-arabs-are-coming-6890813.html |author= Bill, Peter |title= The $300&nbsp;billion Arabs are coming |work= Lunnon Evening Standard |date= 29 May 2008 |accessdate= 3 July 2013 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo15MyJm?url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23488244-the-300-billion-arabs-are-coming.do |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= live }}</ref> Thare muckle Muslim commonties in the eastren boroughs o [[Lunnon Borough o Touer Hamlets|Touer Hamlets]] an [[Lunnon Borough o Newham|Newham]].<ref>[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-211026 Census 2001 Key Statistics, Local Authorities in England and Wales] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719020954/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-211026 |date=2012-07-19 }} Office for National Statistics</ref> lairge Hindu communities are in the north-wastren boroughs o [[Lunnon Borough o Harrow|Harrow]] an [[Lunnon Borough o Brent|Brent]]; the latter is hame tae Europe's mucklemaist [[Hindu temple]], [[Neasden Temple]].<ref name=Lunnon_103>{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2005/05/19/hindu_london_feature.shtml |title= Hindu London |date= 6 June 2005 |publisher= BBC Lunnon |accessdate= 3 June 2006 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060218161357/http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2005/05/19/hindu_london_feature.shtml |archivedate= 2006-02-18 |url-status= live }}</ref> Lunnon is hame tae 42 Hindu temples. Thare are Sikh communities in East an West Lunnon, parteecularly in Southall, hame tae ane o the mucklemaist Sikh populations an the mucklemaist Sikh temple ootside Indie.<ref name=Lunnon_104>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2898761.stm |title=£17&nbsp;m Sikh temple opens |date=30 March 2003 |work=BBC News |accessdate=7 June 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo18FMYP?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2898761.stm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> The majority o [[Breetish Jews]] live in Lunnon, wi signeeficant Jewish commonties in [[Stamford Hill]], [[Stanmore]], [[Golders Green]], [[Finchley]], [[Hampstead]], [[Hendon]] an [[Edgware]] in [[North Lunnon]]. [[Bevis Marks Synagogue]] in the [[Ceety o Lunnon]] is affiliatit tae Lunnon's heestoric [[Sephardic]] Jewish commonty. It is the anly synagogue in Europe that haes held regular services continuously for ower 300 year. [[Stanmore an Canons Pairk Synagogue]] haes the mucklemaist membership o ony single Orthodox synagogue in the whole o Europe, owertakin [[Ilford]] synagogue (in Lunnon an aa) in 1998.<ref name=Lunnon_106>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Israel/Partnerships/Regions/Kavimut/Britain+Communities/Stanmore+11.htm |publisher=The Jewish Agency for Israel |title=Stanmore |accessdate=12 October 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo18Qcmw?url=http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Israel/Partnerships/Regions/Kavimut/Britain+Communities/Stanmore+11.htm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> The commonity set up the [[unnon Jewish Forum]] in 2006 in response tae the growin signeeficance o devolved Lunnon Govrenment.<ref name=Lunnon_107>{{cite news |last=Paul |first=Jonny |date=10 December 2006 |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/1178443551.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Dec+10%2C+2006&author=JONNY+PAUL%2C+Jerusalem+Post+correspondent&pub=Jerusalem+Post&edition=&startpage=05&desc=Livingstone+apologizes+to+UK+Jews |title=Livingstone apologizes tae UK's Jews |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |accessdate=5 February 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo19jSJq?url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1164881856232 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Accent=== Thare are mony accents that are tradeetionally thocht on as Lunnon accents. The maist weel kent o the Lunnon accents lang syne acquired the [[Cockney]] label, that is haurd baith in Lunnon itself, an athort the wider [[South East England]] region mair generally.<ref>"Cracking Up!". p. 178. Lulu.com</ref> The accent o a 21st-century 'Lunnoner' varies widely; what is becomin mair an mair common amongst the unner-30s houiver is some fusion o Cockney wi a whole array o 'ethnic' accents, in parteecular [[Caribbean]], that form an accent labelled [[Multicultural Lunnon English]] (MLE).<ref name="MCLE">{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/jafaican-and-tikkiny-drown-out-the-east-ends-cockney-twang-473688.html|title=Jafaican and Tikkiny drown out the East End's Cockney twang|first=Jonathan|last=Brown|work=[[The Independent]]|location=Lunnon|date=11 April 2006|accessdate=22 August 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK682mq?url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/jafaican-and-tikkiny-drown-out-the-east-ends-cockney-twang-473688.html|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref> The ither widely heard an spoken accent is RP ([[Received Pronunciation]]) in various forms, that can aften be haurd in the media an mony o ither traditional professions an ayont this area, tho this accent isnae leemitit tae Lunnon an South East England, an can be haurd selectively atouer the hale UK amang certaint social groupins. ==Economy== {{Main|Economy o Lunnon|Media in Lunnon}} [[File:The City London.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The [[City o Lunnon]] is ane o the lairgest financial centres in the warld.<ref name="Mastercard" /><ref name="forbes.com" />]] Lunnon generates aboot 20 per cent o [[Economy o the Unitit Kinrick|the UK's GDP]]<ref name="Lunnon's place in economy">{{cite web |url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/2CAE66FB-2DD5-41A5-B916-8FFC37276059/0/BC_RS_lpuk_0511_FR.pdf |title=London's place in the UK economy, 2005–06 |publisher=City o Lunnon |accessdate=11 March 2008 |archive-date=2006-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060525075622/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/2CAE66FB-2DD5-41A5-B916-8FFC37276059/0/BC_RS_lpuk_0511_FR.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> (or $446&nbsp;billion in 2005); while the economy o the [[Lunnon metropolitan area]]—[[Leet o ceeties by GDP#Europe, Western|the lairgest in Europe]]—generates aboot 30 per cent o the UK's GDP (or an estimatit $669&nbsp;billion in 2005).<ref name=Lunnon_109>{{cite web|url=http://www.iaurif.org/en/doc/studies/cahiers/cahier_135/pdf/073-85.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624195153/http://www.iaurif.org/en/doc/studies/cahiers/cahier_135/pdf/073-85.pdf|archivedate=2008-06-24|title=The Economic Positioning of Metropolitan Areas in North Western Europe|date=December 2002|publisher=The Institute for Urban Planning an Development o the Paris Île-de-France Region|accessdate=27 August 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lunnon is ane o the pre-eminent financial centres o the warld an vies wi New York ceety as the maist important location for international finance.<ref name="economist1">{{Cite news |title=After the fall |work=[[The Economist]] |date=29 November 2007 |location=Lunnon |url=http://www.economist.com/finance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_TDNDRPTT |accessdate=15 May 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1CAPd8?url=http://www.economist.com/finance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_TDNDRPTT |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="economist2">{{Cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9753240 |title=Financial Centres&nbsp;— Magnets for money |date=13 September 2007 |work=The Economist |location=Lunnon |accessdate=15 May 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1CVVgP?url=http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9753240 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> Lunnon's lairgest industry is finance, an its [[financial export]]s mak it a lairge contributor tae the UK's [[balance o payments]]. Aroond 325,000 fowk wis employed in financial services in Lunnon til mid-2007. Lunnon haes ower 480 owerseas banks, mair nor ony ither ceety in the warld. Ower 85 percent (3.2&nbsp;million) o the employed population o greater Lunnon works in the services industries. Acause o its prominent global role, Lunnon's economy haed been affectit bi the [[Late-2000s financial crisis]]. Housamiver, by 2010 the ceety haes recovered; pit in place new regulatory powers, proceedit tae regain lost ground an re-established Lunnon's economic parity wi New York.<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/21/business/global/21rglofinuk.html?_r=0</ref> The [[City o Lunnon]] is home tae the [[Bank o England]], [[Lunnon Stock Exchange]], an [[Lloyd's o Lunnon]] insurance mercat. Ower hauf o the UK's tap 100 listit companies (the [[FTSE 100]]) an ower 100 o Europe's 500 lairgest companies hae thair headquarters in central Lunnon. Ower 70 per cent o the FTSE 100 are athin Lunnon's metropolitan area, an 75 per cent o [[Fortune 500]] companies hae offices in Lunnon.<ref name=Lunnon_113>{{cite web|url=http://www.londonstockexchange.com/en-gb/|title=London Stock Exchange|year=2008|publisher=Lunnon Stock Exchange plc.|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1FWjWx?url=http://www.londonstockexchange.com/en-gb/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Canary-wharf-one.jpg|thumb|right|[[Canary Wharf]] is ane o the biggest financial centres in Europe an is hame tae some o the [[Leet o tallest biggins in the Unitit Kinrick|UK's tallest biggins]].]] Alang wi [[professional services]], media companies are [[Media in Lunnon|concentratit in Lunnon]] an the media distribution industry is Lunnon's seicont maist competitive sector.<ref name=Lunnon_114>{{cite web |url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/2CAE66FB-2DD5-41A5-B916-8FFC37276059/0/BC_RS_lpuk_0511_FR.pdf |title=London's Place in the UK Economy, 2005–6 |date=November 2005 |work=Oxford Economic Forecasting on behalf o the Corporation o Lunnon |page=19 |accessdate=19 June 2006 |archive-date=2006-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060525075622/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/2CAE66FB-2DD5-41A5-B916-8FFC37276059/0/BC_RS_lpuk_0511_FR.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[BBC]] is a significant employer, while ither broadcasters hae heidquarters aroond the ceety an aa. Mony [[Leet o newspapers in the Unitit Kinrick|naitional newspapers]] are editit in Lunnon. Lunnon is a major retail centre an in 2010 haed the heichest non-food retail sales o ony ceety in the warld, wi a tot spend o aroond £64.2&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/02/17/uk-retail-major-cities-idUKLNE71G00420110217|title=London tops world cities spending league|accessdate=29 April 2011|agency=Reuters|date=17 February 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1FVjQo?url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/02/17/uk-retail-major-cities-idUKLNE71G00420110217|archivedate=2011-05-19|first=Mark|last=Potter|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Port o Lunnon]] is the seicont-lairgest in the Unitit Kinrick, handlin 45&nbsp;million [[tonne]]s o cargo ilka year.<ref name=handling/> Lunnon haes five major business destricts: the ceety, Westminster, Canary Wharf, Camden & Islington an Lambeth & Southwark. One wey tae get an idea o thair relative importance is tae leuk at relative amounts o office space: Greater Lunnon haed 27&nbsp;million m² o office space in 2001, an the ceety conteens the maist space, wi 8&nbsp;million m² o office space. Lunnon haes some o the heichest real estate prices in the warld.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/constructionandproperty/2784634/Highgate-trumps-Chelsea-as-priciest-postcode.html | location=Lunnon | work=The Daily Telegraph | first=Felix | last=Lowe | title=Highgate trumps Chelsea as priciest postcode | date=19 February 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.forbes.com/2007/12/11/postcodes-uk-expensive-forbeslife-cx_po_1212realestate.html | work=Forbes | title=U.K.'s Most Expensive Postcodes | date=12 December 2007}}</ref> A growin nummer o technology companies are based in Lunnon notably in [[East Lunnon Tech ceety]], forby kent as Silicon Roundabout. In Aprile 2014, the ceety wis amang the first tae receive a [[geoTLD]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mydotlondon.com/domain-availability/|title=Availability|work=mydotLunnon.com|access-date=2015-06-04|archive-date=2014-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202113544/http://mydotlondon.com/domain-availability/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Februar 2014 Lunnon wis ranked as the European ceety o the Future <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.londonandpartners.com/media-centre/press-releases/2014/london-named-as-european-city-of-the-future | location=Lunnon | work=Lunnon&Partners | title=London named as European City of the Future | date=17 February 2014 | access-date=2015-06-04 | archive-date=2018-06-25 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625162127/http://www.londonandpartners.com/media-centre/press-releases/2014/london-named-as-european-city-of-the-future | url-status=dead }}</ref> in the 2014/15 leet by [[FDi Magazine]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Europe/European-Cities-and-Regions-of-the-Future-2014-15 | location=Lunnon | work=fDiIntelligence.com | title=European Cities and Regions of the Future 2014/15 | date=17 February 2014 | access-date=2015-06-04 | archive-date=2014-11-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112110111/http://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Europe/European-Cities-and-Regions-of-the-Future-2014-15 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Lunnon haes the heichest property prices o ony European ceety accordin tae the Office for National Statistics an the European Office o Statistics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/uk-european-cities.html|title=City Mayors: UK and European cities compared|work=citymayors.com}}</ref> On average the price per squerr metre in central Lunnon is €24,252 (Aprile 2014). This is higher than the property prices in ither G8 European caipital ceeties; Berlin €3,306, Rome €6,188 an Paris €11,229.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Europe/United-Kingdom/square-meter-prices|title=Price per Square Meter United Kingdom - British Cost per Square Meter|author=Global Property Guide|work=Global Property Guide}}</ref> The gas an electricity distribution networks that manage an operate the touers, cables an pressure systems that deliver energy tae consumers athort the ceety are managed by [[National Grid plc]], [[SGN (company)|SGN]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Gas distributors|url=https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/gas/distribution-networks/gb-gas-distribution-network|website=www.ofgem.gov.uk/|accessdate=15 September 2014}}</ref> an [[UK Power Networks]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Electricity distributor|url=http://www2.nationalgrid.com/uk/Our-company/electricity/Distribution-Network-Operator-Companies/|website=www2.nationalgrid.com/|accessdate=15 September 2014|archive-date=2014-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914184550/http://www2.nationalgrid.com/uk/Our-company/electricity/Distribution-Network-Operator-Companies/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Tourism=== {{Main|Tourism in Lunnon}} [[File:British Museum from NE 2 (cropped).JPG|thumb|250pg|The British Museum]] Lunnon is a popular centre for [[Tourism in Lunnon|tourism]], ane o its prime industries, employin the equivalent o 350,000 fou-time workers in 2003,<ref name=Lunnon_117>{{cite web|url=http://www.personneltoday.com/articles/2005/02/15/27958/london-is-the-hr-centre-of-opportunity-in-the-uk.html|title=London is the HR centre of opportunity in the UK|date=15 February 2005|publisher=PersonnelToday.com|accessdate=3 June 2006|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1GNS8r?url=http://www.personneltoday.com/articles/2005/02/15/27958/london-is-the-hr-centre-of-opportunity-in-the-uk.html|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> while annual expenditure by tourists is aroond £15&nbsp;billion.<ref name=Lunnon_118>"{{cite web |url= http://www.visitlondon.com/uploads/8551importanceoflondon_2004jun.pdf |title= The Importance of Tourism in London |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070628053808/http://www.visitlondon.com/uploads/8551importanceoflondon_2004jun.pdf |archivedate= 2007-06-28 |ref= harv |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}", Visit Lunnon. Retrieved 3 June 2006.</ref> Lunnon attracks ower 14&nbsp;million international visitors a year; that gars it Europe's maist visitit ceety.<ref name=EuromonitorCityRanking>{{cite web|url=http://blog.euromonitor.com/2012/01/euromonitor-internationals-top-city-destinations-ranking1-.html|title=Euromonitor International's Top 100 City Destinations Ranking |publisher=Euromonitor International|date=10 January 2012|accessdate=25 February 2012}}</ref> Lunnon attracts 27&nbsp;million overnicht-stay visitors every year.<ref name="Lunnon 101">"{{cite web |url= http://corporate.visitlondon.com/ems/downloads/8112london101.pdf |title= London 101: One Hundred and One Amazing Facts About London |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070628053808/http://corporate.visitlondon.com/ems/downloads/8112london101.pdf |archivedate= 2007-06-28 |ref= harv |publisher= Visit Lunnon |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= dead }}</ref> In 2010 the ten maist-visitit attractions in Lunnon war:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visitlondon.com/attractions/culture/top-ten-attractions |title=Top 10 London Attractions |publisher=Visit Lunnon |date=1 April 2011 |accessdate=26 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1Gbp7Y?url=http://www.visitlondon.com/attractions/culture/top-ten-attractions |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> # [[British Museum]] # [[Tate Modern]] # [[National Gallery]] # [[Natural History Museum, Lunnon|Natural History Museum]] # [[Imperial War Museum]] # [[Science Museum (Lunnon)|Science Museum]] # [[Victoria an Albert Museum]] # [[Madame Tussauds]] # [[National Maritime Museum]] # [[Tower o Lunnon]] ===Housing crisis=== {{Main|Affordability o housing in the Unitit Kinrick}} Thousans o faimlies athoot hames fin thairsels stuck in emergency accommodation for at least twa year.<ref>{{cite news |title=Housing shortage leaves homeless families 'stuck' in hostels for two years |url= http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/housing-shortage-leaves-homeless-families-stuck-in-hostels-for-two-years-9652684.html |newspaper=The Independent |location= Lunnon |date= 6 August 2014 |author= Emily Dugan |accessdate=11 August 2014}}</ref> A growthe in the nummer o UK households haes led tae the homeless charity [[Shelter (charity)|Shelter]] statin: "This growth is a result o people livin langer, mair fowk livin on thair lanesomes or in weeer hoosehauds, an net migration."<ref>{{cite web |title= Immigration and housing |url= http://england.shelter.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/132030/Factsheet_Immigration_and_housing.pdf |publisher= Shelter |page= 9 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |archive-date= 2014-11-28 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141128122805/http://england.shelter.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/132030/Factsheet_Immigration_and_housing.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref> ==Transport== {{Main|Transport in Lunnon|Infrastructure in Lunnon}} [[File:Black London Cab.jpg|right|thumb|A black Lunnon taxi, forbye kent as a [[hackney carriage]].]] Transport is ane o the fower main area o policy administered bi the Mayor o Lunnon,<ref name=Lunnon_121>{{cite web|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/|title=Transport for London|publisher=Transport for Lunnon|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5msa508h4?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/|archivedate=2010-01-18|url-status=live}}</ref> houiver the mayor's financial control disnae extend tae the langer distance rail network that enters Lunnon. In 2007 he assumed responsibility for some local lines, that nou form the [[Lunnon Overground]] network, adding tae the existin responsibility for the Lunnon Unnergrund, trams an buses. The public transport network is administered by [[Transport for Lunnon]] (TfL) an is ane o the priceymaist in the warld. The lines that formed the Lunnon Unnergrund, as weel as trams an buses, became pairt o an integratit transport system in 1933 when the [[Lunnon Passenger Transport Board]] or ''[[Lunnon Transport (brand)|Lunnon Transport]]'' wis creatit. Transport for Lunnon is nou the statutory corporation responsible for maist aspects o the transport system in Greater Lunnon, an is run by a board an a commissioner appyntit bi the [[Mayor o Lunnon]].<ref name=stat_tfl>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/help/faq.jsp#transport|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019055413/http://www.london.gov.uk/help/faq.jsp#transport|archivedate=2007-10-19|title=How do I find out about transport in London?|publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority|accessdate=5 June 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Aviation=== {{Main|Airports o Lunnon}} [[File:Heathrow Terminal 5C Iwelumo-1.jpg|thumb|[[Lunnon Heathrow Airport]] is the busiest airport in the UK an Europe as well as the seicont busiest in the warld for international passenger traffic. ([[Lunnon Heathrow Terminal 5|Terminal 5]]C is pictured]] Lunnon is a major international air transport hub wi the lairgest ceety airspace in the warld.{{Citation needed|date=November 2014}} Aicht airports uise the wird ''Lunnon'' in thair name, but maist traffic passes throu sax o thir. [[Lunnon Heathrow Airport]], in [[Lunnon Borough o Hillingdon|Hillingdon]], West Lunnon, is the [[World's busiest airport|busiest airport in the warld]] for international traffic, an is the major hub o the naition's banner carrier, [[British Airways]].<ref name=Lunnon_135>{{cite web|url=http://www.heathrowairport.com/|title=BAA Heathrow: Official Website|publisher=BAA|accessdate=27 April 2008|archive-date=2011-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221195656/http://www.heathrowairport.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Mairch 2008 its fift terminal wis opened.<ref name=Lunnon_137>{{cite web|url=http://www.heathrow-airport-uk.info/heathrow-airport-terminal-5.htm|title=Heathrow Airport Terminal 5|publisher=TMC Ltd|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1I83JE?url=http://www.heathrow-airport-uk.info/heathrow-airport-terminal-5.htm|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> Thare war plans for a third runway an a sixth terminal houiver thir war cancelled bi the [[Unitit Kinrick coalition government (2010–present)|Coalition Government]] on 12 Mey 2010.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8678282.stm |title=Heathrow runway plans scrapped by new government |work=BBC News |date=12 May 2010 |accessdate=30 January 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1J2Xuu?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8678282.stm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> Similar traffic, wi some [[Low-cost carrier|cheap]] [[short-haul]] flights, is forbye handled at [[Gatwick Airport]], sooth o Lunnon in [[West Sussex]].<ref name=Lunnon_139>{{cite web|url=http://www.gatwickairport.com/|title=BAA Gatwick: Gatwick Airport|publisher=BAA|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1JBGRX?url=http://www.gatwickairport.com/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Lunnon Stanstit Airport|Stanstit Airport]], north east o Lunnon in [[Essex]], is a local UK hub an [[Lunnon Luton Airport|Luton Airport]] tae the north o Lunnon in [[Bedfordshire]], caters maistly for cheap short-haul flights.<ref name=Lunnon_140>{{cite book|url=http://www.stanstedairport.com/|title=BAA Stansted : Stansted Airport|year=2008|publisher=BAA|accessdate=27 April 2008|isbn=978-0-86039-476-1|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1JkALo?url=http://www.stanstedairport.com/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_141>{{cite book|url=http://www.london-luton.co.uk/en/|title=London Luton Airport|publisher=Lunnon Luton Airport|accessdate=27 April 2008|isbn=978-0-11-510256-1|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1KGPZQ?url=http://www.london-luton.co.uk/en/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Lunnon ceety Airport]], the weeest an maist central airport, in [[Lunnon Borough o Newham|Newham]], East Lunnon, is focused on business travellers, wi a mixtur o fou service short-haul schedult flichts an considerable [[business jet]] traffic.<ref name=Lunnon_142>{{cite web|url=http://www.londoncityairport.com/Default.aspx|title=London City Airport&nbsp;— Corporate Information|publisher=Lunnon ceety Airport Ltd.|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1Kyrhl?url=http://www.londoncityairport.com/Default.aspx|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Lunnon Southend Airport]], east o Lunnon in [[Essex]], is a smawer, regional airport that mainly caters for cheap short-haul flights. The [[Airports Commission]] is due tae report in Summer 2015 on future expansion o airport capacity. ===Rail=== ====Underground an DLR==== [[File:Baker Street tube station MMB 19 S Stock.jpg|thumb|The [[Lunnon Unnergrund]] is the warld's auldest an seicont-langest [[rapid transit]] system]] The [[Lunnon Unnergrund]], commonly referred tae as the Tube, is the auldest<ref name="Metro">{{Cite book |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/londonunderground/1604.aspx |title=London Underground: History|author=Transport for Lunnon |accessdate=30 December 2012|isbn=978-0-904711-30-1 |ref=harv }}</ref> an seicont langest<ref name="railwaygazette.com"/> [[rapid transit|metro]] system in the warld. The system serves 270 [[metro station|stations]]<ref name="facts">{{Cite journal |title=Key facts |publisher=Transport for Lunnon |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/londonunderground/1608.aspx |accessdate=15 October 2009 |ref=harv }}</ref> an wis formed frae several private companies, includin the warld's first unnerground electric line, the [[City an South Lunnon Railway]].<ref name="UrbanRail">{{cite book|url=http://de.geocities.com/u_london/london.htm|title=London Underground|last=Schwandl|first=Robert|year=2001|publisher=UrbanRail.net|accessdate=24 September 2006|isbn=978-3-936573-01-5|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006013919/http://de.geocities.com/u_london/london.htm|archivedate=2006-10-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> It dates frae 1863. Ower three million journeys is made ilk a day on the Underground network, ower 1&nbsp;billion ilk a year.<ref name=Lunnon_124>{{cite press release |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/static/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/7103.html |title=Tube breaks record for passenger numbers |publisher=Transport for Lunnon |date=27 December 2007 |accessdate=5 February 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoJy1HWj?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/static/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/7103.html |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> An investment programme is attemptin tae reduce congestion an impruive reliability, includin £6.5&nbsp;billion (€7.7&nbsp;billion) spent afore the [[2012 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The London 2012 legacy |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/projectsandschemes/25869.aspx|publisher=Transport for Lunnon |accessdate= 11 August 2013}}</ref> The [[Docklands Light Railway]], that opened in 1987, is a seicont, mair local metro system uisin smawer an lighter tram-teep vehicles that serve [[Lunnon Docklands|Docklands]] an [[Greenwich]]. ====Suburban==== [[File:King's Cross Western Concourse.jpg|thumb|[[Keeng's Cross railway station]] Western Concourse]] Thare are 366 [[railway stations]] in the [[Lunnon fare zones|Lunnon Travelcard Zones]] on an extensive abuin-ground suburban railway network. South Lunnon, parteecularly, haes a heich concentration o railways as it haes fewer Underground lines. Maist rail lines terminate aroond the centre o Lunnon, running intae [[Lunnon station group|eighteen terminal stations]], cep for the [[Thameslink]] trains connecting [[Bedford]] in the north an [[Brighton]] in the sooth via [[Lunnon Luton Airport|Luton]] an [[Gatwick Airport|Gatwick]] airports.<ref name="Lunnon_127">{{cite web |url=http://www.firstcapitalconnect.co.uk/Main.php?sEvent=HomePage |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5nDd2BCwh?url=http://www.firstcapitalconnect.co.uk/Main.php?sEvent=HomePage |archivedate=2010-02-01 |title=First Capital Connect |publisher=First Capital Connect |accessdate=27 April 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lunnon haes Britain's busiest station&nbsp;by nummer o passengers – [[Lunnon Waterloo station|Waterloo]], wi ower 184&nbsp;million people uisin the interchange station complex (whilk includes [[Lunnon Waterloo East railway station|Waterloo East]] station) ilka year.<ref name="National Rail Station Usage">{{cite web |url= http://www.rail-reg.gov.uk/server/show/nav.1529 |title= Rail Station Usage |publisher= Office o Rail Regulation |accessdate= 24 October 2009 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5QO6kHRpk?url=http://www.rail-reg.gov.uk/server/show/nav.1529 |archivedate= 2007-07-17 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="Tube exits">{{cite web |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/corporate/modesoftransport/tube/performance/default.asp?onload=entryexit |title=Tube exits |publisher=Transport for Lunnon |accessdate=24 October 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5QW719FI3?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/corporate/modesoftransport/tube/performance/default.asp?onload=entryexit |archivedate=2007-07-22 |url-status=live }}</ref> {{rws|Clapham Junction}} is the busiest station in Europe bi the nummer o trains passing. Wi the need for mair rail capacity in Lunnon, [[Crossrail]] is due tae open in 2018. It will be a new railway line runnin east tae wast throu Lunnon an intae the [[Home Counties]] wi a branch tae [[Heathrow Airport]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.crossrail.co.uk/route/maps/regional-map |title=Crossrail Regional Map |publisher= Crossrail |accessdate=8 September 2013}}</ref> It is Europe's biggest construction project, wi a £15 billion projectit cost.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16289051 |work=BBC News |title= Crossrail's giant tunnelling machines unveiled |date=2 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/crossrail-delayed-to-save-1631bn-2064629.html |newspaper=The Independent on Sunday |location= Lunnon |title= Crossrail delayed tae save £1bn |date=29 August 2010 |first= Mark |last= Leftly}}</ref> ====Inter-city an international==== [[File:St Pancras railway station MMB B9 373213.jpg|thumb|[[St Pancras railway station]] is the main terminal for heich speed [[Eurostar]] an [[HS1]] services, as well as suburban [[Thameslink]] an [[East Midlands Trains]] services.]] Lunnon is the centre o the [[National Rail]] network, wi 70 percent o rail journeys stairtin or endin in Lunnon.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rail|url=http://londonfirst.co.uk/our-focus/londons-transport-infrastructure/rail/|work=Lunnon First|publisher=Lunnon First|accessdate=5 April 2014|archive-date=2014-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407083946/http://londonfirst.co.uk/our-focus/londons-transport-infrastructure/rail/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lik suburban rail services, regional an inter-ceety trains depart frae several termini aroon the ceety centre, linkin Lunnon wi the rest o Britain includin [[Cambridge]], [[Bristol]], [[Cardiff]], [[Exeter]], [[Birmingham]], [[Holyhead]], [[Sheffield]], [[Southampton]], [[Leeds]], [[Manchester]], [[Newcastle-upon-Tyne]], [[Edinburgh]] an [[Glasgow]]. Some international railway services tae [[Continental Europe]] wis operatit during the 20t century as [[boat train]]s, lik the ''[[Admiraal de Ruijter (train)|Admiraal de Ruijter]]'' tae [[Amsterdam]] an the ''[[Night Ferry]]'' tae Paris an Brussels. The openin o the [[Channel Tunnel]] in 1994 connectit Lunnon directly tae the continental rail network, allouin [[Eurostar]] services tae begin. Syne 2007, heich-speed trains link [[St Pancras railway station|St. Pancras International]] wi [[Lille]], [[Paris]], [[Brussels]] an European tourist destinations via the [[High Speed 1]] rail link an the [[Channel Tunnel]].<ref name=Lunnon_128>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurostar.com/dynamic/index.jsp;ERSPRDSession=LJqZB7nyKlW9lVLvZzK534LvMjL519fPDS4R0QGn51CprylVmjH8!685848002 |title=Eurostar |publisher=Eurostar |accessdate=6 June 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoJz4xiY?url=http://www.eurostar.com/dynamic/index.jsp;ERSPRDSession=LJqZB7nyKlW9lVLvZzK534LvMjL519fPDS4R0QGn51CprylVmjH8!685848002 |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The first [[Southeastern (train operating company)|heich-speed domestic]] trains stairtit in Juin 2009 linking [[Kent]] tae Lunnon.<ref name="Southeastern Highspeed">{{cite web |url=http://www.southeasternrailway.co.uk/highspeed/ |title=Highspeed |publisher=Southeastern |accessdate=5 February 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoJzQVXK?url=http://www.southeasternrailway.co.uk/highspeed/ |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thare plans for a [[High Speed 2|seicont heich speed line]] linkin Lunnon tae the Midlands, North West England, an Yorkshire. ====Freight==== Awtho [[rail freight]] levels are far doun compared tae thair heicht, significant quantities o cargo are forby carried intae an oot o Lunnon by rail; chiefly biggin materials an [[landfill]] waste.<ref name="Freight Plan">August 2007, [https://www.tfl.gov.uk/cdn/static/cms/documents/rail-freight-strategy-aug-2007.pdf Rail Freight Strategy], [[Lunnon Rail]]</ref> As a major hub o the British railway network, Lunnon's tracks forby cairy lairge amounts o freight for the ither regions, sic as [[containerisation|container freight]] frae the Channel Tunnel an [[English Channel]] ports, an [[nuclear waste]] for [[nuclear reprocessing|reprocessing]] at [[Sellafield]].<ref name="Freight Plan"/> ===Buses an trams=== [[File:Arriva London bus DW262 (LJ59 GUA), 18 September 2010.jpg|thumb|The [[Lunnon buses|red double decker bus]] is an iconic seembol o Lunnon]] Lunnon's [[Lunnon Buses|bus network]] is ane o the lairgest in the warld, runnin 24 oor a day, wi aboot 8,500 buses, mair nor 700 bus routes an aroond 19,500 bus stops.<ref name="Buses">{{cite web|title=What we do – Buses|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/what-we-do/buses|work=Transport for Lunnon|publisher=Transport for Lunnon|accessdate=5 April 2014}}</ref> In 2013, the network haed mair nor 2 billion commuter trips per annum, mair nor the Underground.<ref name="Buses"/> Aroond £850&nbsp;million is taen in revenue ilk a year. Lunnon haes the lairgest wheelchair accessible network in the warld<ref name=Lunnon_131>{{cite web|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/static/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/3609.html|title=London's bus improvements get Parliamentary seal of approval|date=23 May 2006|publisher=Transport For Lunnon|accessdate=5 February 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1M9NgV?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/static/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/3609.html|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> an, frae the 3rd quarter o 2007, becam mair accessible tae hearin- an sicht- impaired passengers as audio-visual announcements wis introduced. The distinctive reid [[double-decker bus]]es is a international recognised trademark o Lunnon transport alang wi [[Hackney carriage|black cabs]] an the Tube.<ref name=Lunnon_132>{{cite web |url= http://www.londonblackcabs.co.uk/ |title= London Black Cabs |publisher= Lunnon Black Cabs |accessdate= 27 April 2008 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1MLOHV?url=http://www.londonblackcabs.co.uk/ |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_133>{{cite web |url= http://www.tfl.gov.uk/modalpages/2625.aspx |title= Tube |publisher= [[Transport for Lunnon]] |accessdate= 27 April 2008 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yoJwfagc?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/modalpages/2625.aspx |archivedate= 2011-05-20 |url-status= live }}</ref> Lunnon haes a modern tram network, kent as [[Tramlink]], centred on [[Croydon]] in [[South Lunnon]]. The network haes 39 stops an fower routes, an carried 28&nbsp;million bodies in 2013.<ref name=Trams>{{cite web|title=What we do – Trams|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/what-we-do/tramlink|work=Transport for Lunnon|publisher=Transport for Lunnon|accessdate=5 April 2014}}</ref> Syne Juin 2008 [[Transport for Lunnon]] haes completely owned Tramlink, an it plans tae spend £54m by 2015 on maintenance, renewals, upgrades an capacity enhancements.<ref name=Lunnon_134>{{cite web |url= http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/tramlink-factsheet.pdf |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5o8t78IGj?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/tramlink-factsheet.pdf |archivedate= 2010-03-11 |date= Summer 2009 |publisher= Transport for Lunnon |title= Tramlink Factsheet |accessdate= 19 February 2010 |url-status= live }}</ref> ===Cable car=== Lunnon's first an anly cable car, kent as the [[Emirates Air Line (cable car)|Emirates Air Line]], opened in Juin 2012. Crossin the [[River Thames]], linking [[Greenwich Peninsula]] an the [[Royal Docks]] in the east o the ceety, the cable car is integratit wi Lunnon's Oyster Card ticketing system. ===Cycling=== [[File:Blue, Yellow and Red Boris Bikes 2015-05-01.jpg|thumb|[[Santander Cycles|Cycle hire]] docking station|200x200px]] [[Cycling in Lunnon|Cycling]] is an increasingly popular wey tae get aroond Lunnon. The launch o [[Santander Cycles|a cycle hire scheme]] in Julie 2010 haes been successfu an generally weel received. The [[Lunnon Cycling Campaign]] lobbies for better provision.<ref name="Lunnon_122">{{cite web|url=http://www.lcc.org.uk/|title=London Cycling Campaign|date=20 November 2006|publisher=Rosanna Downes|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1Hlskj?url=http://www.lcc.org.uk/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Port an river boats=== Frae bein the lairgest port in the warld, the [[Port o Lunnon]] is nou anly the seicont-lairgest in the Unitit Kinrick, handling 45 million tonnes o cargo each year.<ref name=handling>{{cite web |url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/maritime/ports/provportstats2009 |title=ARCHIVED CONTENT&#93; Provisional Port Statistics 2009 |publisher=Department for Transport&nbsp;– Webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk |accessdate=26 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoJx5cho?url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/maritime/ports/provportstats2009 |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Most o this actually passes throu the [[Port o Tilbury]], ootside the boundary o Greater Lunnon. Lunnon haes frequent river boat services on the Thames kent as [[Thames Clippers]]. Thir run up tae every 20 minutes atween [[Embankment Pier]] an [[North Greenwich Pier]]. The [[Woolwich Ferry]], wi 2.5 million passengers every year,<ref>[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/27762.aspx Transport for London: Woolwich Ferry, 50 years on] Retrieved 8 September 2013</ref> is a frequent service linking the [[North Circular Road|North]] an [[South Circular Road|South Circular]] Roads. Other operators run baith commuter an tourist boat services in Lunnon. ===Roads=== [[File:Rush hour on the A102 - geograph.org.uk - 205323.jpg|thumb|right|The [[A102 road|A102]], near [[Greenwich]]. This wis ane o the few routes proposed in the [[Lunnon Ringways|Ringways Plan]] wiin [[Inner Lunnon]] tae be biggit.]] Awtho the majority o journeys involvin central Lunnon are made bi public transport, car traivel is common in the suburbs. The [[Lunnon Inner Ring Road|inner ring road]] (aroond the ceety centre), the [[A406 road|North]] an [[A205 road|South Circular]] roads (in the suburbs), an the outer orbital [[motorway]] (the [[M25 motorway|M25]], athoot the biggit-up area) encircle the ceety an are intersectit by a nummer o busy radial routes—but verra few motorways penetrate intae [[inner Lunnon]]. A plan for a comprehensive network o motorways atouer the ceety (the [[Lunnon Ringways|Ringways Plan]]) wis prepared in the 1960s but wis maistly cancelt in the air 1970s. The M25 is the langest ring-road motorway in the warld at {{convert|121.5|mi|km|abbr=on}} long.<ref>Campbell, Ken (2000). "Guinness World Records 2001". p. 150.</ref><ref name=Lunnon_143>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/threecounties/travel/m25/m25_facts.shtml |title=Beds, Herts and Bucks Travel&nbsp;— All you need tae know about the M25 |publisher=BBC |date=17 August 1988 |accessdate=20 February 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK0nLrV?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/threecounties/travel/m25/m25_facts.shtml |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[A1 road (Great Britain)|A1]] an [[M1 motorway|M1]] connect Lunnon tae [[Leeds]], an [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]] an [[Edinburgh]]. Lunnon is notorious for its traffic congestion, wi the M25 motorway the busiest stretch in the kintra. The average speed o a car in the rush oor is {{convert|10.6|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Lunnon_147>{{cite news |accessdate=1 September 2009 |url=http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/mar/16/boris-johnson-congestion-charge |title=Boris Johnson mulls 'intelligent' congestion charge system for London |work=The Guardian |location=Lunnon |first=Hélène |last=Mulholland |date=16 March 2009 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK1Mq9U?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/mar/16/boris-johnson-congestion-charge |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2003, a [[Lunnon congestion charge|congestion charge]] wis introduced tae reduce traffic volumes in the ceety centre. Wi a few exceptions, motorists are required tae pey £10 a day tae drive wiin a defined zone encompassing a fair bit o central Lunnon.<ref name="Lunnon_144">{{Cite journal |url= http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/roadusers/congestioncharge/whereandwhen/ |title= Charging Zone |publisher= Transport for Lunnon |accessdate= 7 June 2008 |ref= harv |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK0vSxb?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/roadusers/congestioncharge/whereandwhen/ |archivedate= 2011-05-20 |journal= |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="Lunnon_145">{{cite web |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/roadusers/congestioncharging/6741.aspx |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608124006/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/roadusers/congestioncharging/6741.aspx |archivedate=2008-06-08 |title=Who pays what |publisher=Transport for Lunnon |accessdate=7 June 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> Motorists wha is resident o the defined zone can buy a greatly reduced saison pass.<ref name="Lunnon_146">{{cite web |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/roadusers/congestioncharging/6735.aspx |title=Residents |publisher=Transport for Lunnon |accessdate=7 June 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK17mHL?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/roadusers/congestioncharging/6735.aspx |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Lunnon government initially expectit the Congestion Charge Zone tae increase daily peak period Underground an bus users by 20,000 people, reduce road traffic bi 10 tae 15 per cent, increase traffic speeds by 10 tae 15 per cent, an reduce queues by 20 tae 30 per cent.<ref>Santos, Georgina; Button, Kenneth; Noll, Roger G. "Lunnon Congestion Charging/Comments." Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs. 15287084 (2008): 177,177–234.</ref> Ower the course o several years, the average nummer o cars enterin the centre o Lunnon on a weekday wis reduced frae 195,000 tae 125,000 cars&nbsp;– a 35-per-cent reduction o vehicles driven a day.<ref>Table 3 in Santos, Georgina; Button, Kenneth; Noll, Roger G. "Lunnon Congestion Charging/Comments." Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs.15287084 (2008): 177,177–234.</ref> ==Eddication== {{Main|Eddication in Lunnon}} ===Tertiary eddication=== [[File:Strand102.jpg|thumb|[[Keeng's College Lunnon]], established by Royal Charter haein been foondit by [[Keeng George IV]] an [[Duke o Wellington]] in 1829, is ane o the foundin colleges o the [[University o Lunnon]].]] [[File:Wilkins Building 2, UCL, London - Diliff.jpg|thumb|The Wilkins biggin at [[University College Lunnon]]]] Lunnon is a major centre o heicher eddication lair an research an its 43 varsities form the lairgest concentration o heicher education institutes in Europe.<ref name="Lunnon2"/> In 2008/09 it haed a higher education student population o aroond 412,000 (aboot 17 per cent o the UK tot); oot o thaim, aroond 287,000 wis registered for unnergraduate degrees an 118,000 war studyin at postgraduate level.<ref name=Lunnonhigher>{{cite web|url=http://www.londonhigher.ac.uk/396.html?&no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=95&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=393&cHash=66a6e680d7|title=Numbers of students in London|accessdate=26 August 2010|publisher=Lunnon Higher|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK24fXt?url=http://www.londonhigher.ac.uk/396.html|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008/09 thare war aroond 97,150 international students in Lunnon, aboot 25 per cent o aw international students in the UK.<ref name=Lunnonhigher/> A nummer o warld-leadin education institutions are based in Lunnon. In the 2014/15 ''[[QS World University Rankings]]'', [[Imperial College Lunnon]] is ranked jynt 2nt in the warld (alongside [[The University o Cambridge]]), [[University College Lunnon]] (UCL) is ranked 5t, an [[Keeng's College Lunnon]] (KCL) is ranked 16t.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2014|title=QS World University Rankings – Overall for 2014|accessdate=13 November 2014}}</ref> The [[Lunnon School o Economics]] haes been describit as the warld's leadin social science institution for baith teaching an research.<ref name=Lunnon_156>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/sunday_times_university_guide/article2496158.ece |title=The Sunday Times Good University Guide 2007&nbsp;– Profile for London School of Economics |work=The Sunday Times |location=Lunnon |accessdate=6 June 2008 |date=23 September 2007 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK36cad?url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/sunday_times_university_guide/article2496158.ece |archivedate=2011-05-20 |first=Deirdre |last=Hipwell |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Lunnon Business School]] is considert ane o the warld's leadin business schuils an in 2015 its MBA programme wis ranked seicont best in the warld bi the ''[[Financial Times]]''.<ref name = "ft">{{cite news |url=http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/global-mba-rankings |title=FT Global MBA Rankings |work=Financial Times |location=Lunnon |accessdate=25 January 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK3NXwE?url=http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/global-mba-rankings |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Wi 120,000 students in Lunnon,<ref>{{cite web|title=About us|url=http://www.london.ac.uk/aboutus.html|publisher=University o Lunnon|accessdate=1 December 2014|archive-date=2016-09-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905140556/http://www.london.ac.uk/aboutus.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> the federal [[University o Lunnon]] is the lairgest contact teaching varsity in the UK.<ref>[http://www.hesa.ac.uk/dox/dataTables/studentsAndQualifiers/download/institution0506.xls HESA Statistics: United Kingdom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928044330/http://www.hesa.ac.uk/dox/dataTables/studentsAndQualifiers/download/institution0506.xls |date=2007-09-28 }}. HESA. Retrieved 6 April 2015</ref> It includes fower lairge multi-faculty varsities&nbsp;– [[Keeng's College Lunnon]], [[Queen Mary, University o Lunnon|Queen Mary]], [[Royal Holloway]] an [[University College Lunnon|UCL]]&nbsp;– an a nummer o smawer an mair specialised institutions includin [[Birkbeck College|Birkbeck]], the [[Courtauld Institute o Art]], [[Goldsmiths, University o Lunnon|Goldsmiths]], [[Guildhall School o Music an Drama]], the [[Institute o Education]], the [[Lunnon Business School]], the [[Lunnon School o Economics]], the [[Lunnon School o Hygiene & Tropical Medicine]], the [[Royal Academy o Music]], the [[Central School o Speech an Drama]], the [[Royal Veterinary College]] an the [[School o Oriental an African Studies]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.ac.uk/colleges_institutes.html|title=Colleges and Institutes|accessdate=23 September 2010|publisher=University o Lunnon|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK4QvPy?url=http://www.london.ac.uk/colleges_institutes.html|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref> Members o the University o Lunnon hae thair ain [[University an college admission|admissions]] procedures, an some awaird thair ain degrees. Thare a nummer o varsities in Lunnon that is ootwi the University o Lunnon system, includin [[Brunel University]], [[City University Lunnon]], [[Imperial College Lunnon]], [[Keengston University]], [[Lunnon Metropolitan University]], [[Middlesex University]], [[University o East Lunnon]], [[University o West Lunnon]] an [[University o Westminster]], (wi ower 34,000 students, the lairgest unitary varsity in Lunnon),<ref name=Lunnon_157>[http://www.londonmet.ac.uk/library/o90402_3.pdf About London Met] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124143209/http://www.londonmet.ac.uk/library/o90402_3.pdf |date=2009-01-24 }} Lunnon Metropolitan University, August 2008</ref> [[Lunnon South Bank University]], [[Middlesex University]], [[University o the Arts Lunnon]] (the lairgest varsity o airt, design, fashion, communication an the performin arts in Europe),<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2008/may/01/universityguide.highereducation42|title=University of the Arts London|accessdate=27 August 2010|work=The Guardian|location=Lunnon|date=1 May 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK4mSBu?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2008/may/01/universityguide.highereducation42|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref> [[University o East Lunnon]], the [[University o West Lunnon]] an the [[University o Westminster]]. In addition, thare three international varsities in Lunnon&nbsp;– [[Regent's College]], [[Richmond University]] an [[Schiller International University]]. [[File:Royal College of Music - April 2007.jpg|thumb|The front façade o the [[Royal College o Music]]]] Lunnon is home tae [[Unitit Hospitals|five major medical schools]]&nbsp;– [[Barts an The Lunnon School o Medicine an Dentistry]] (pairt o [[Queen Mary, University o Lunnon|Queen Mary]]), [[Keeng's College Lunnon School o Medicine]] (the lairgest medical schuil in Europe), [[Imperial College School o Medicine]], [[UCL Medical School]] an [[St George's, University o Lunnon]]&nbsp;– an haes numerous affiliatit teaching hospitals. Forbye, it is a major centre for biomedical research, an three o the UK's five [[academic health science centre]]s is based in the ceety&nbsp;– [[Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust|Imperial College Healthcare]], [[Keeng's Health Partners]] an [[UCL Partners]] (the lairgest sic centre in Europe).<ref>{{Cite news |work=The Guardian |location=Lunnon |title=NHS hospitals tae forge £2bn research link-up with university |accessdate=6 September 2010 |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2008/aug/07/health.highereducation |date=7 August 2008 |first=John |last=Carvel |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK5JH6x?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2008/aug/07/health.highereducation |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Thare are a nummer o business schuils in Lunnon, includin the [[Lunnon School o Business an Finance]], [[Cass Business School]] (pairt o [[City University Lunnon]]), [[Hult International Business School]], [[ESCP Europe]], [[European Business School Lunnon]], [[Imperial College Business School]] an the [[Lunnon Business School]]. Lunnon is hame tae mony specialeet arts education institutions an aa, includin the [[Lunnon College o Contemporary Arts (LCCA)]], the [[Academy o Live an Recorded Arts]], the [[Lunnon Contemporary Dance Scuil]], [[Royal Academy o Dramatic Art|RADA]], the [[Royal College o Art]], the [[Royal College o Music]] an [[Trinity Laban]]. ===Primary an secondary education=== The majority o primary an seicontar schuils an faur education colleges in Lunnon is controlt bi the [[Lunnon boroughs]] or otherwise state-funded; leadin ensaumples include [[City an Islington College]], [[Ealing, Hammersmith an West Lunnon College]], [[Leyton Sixth Form College]], [[Tower Hamlets College]] an [[Bethnal Green Academy]]. Thare a nummer o private schuils an colleges in Lunnon an aa, some auld an famous, lik [[City o Lunnon Scuil]], [[Harrow Scuil|Harrow]], [[St Paul's Scuil (Lunnon)|St Paul's Scuil]], [[University College Scuil]], [[Highgate Scuil]] an [[Westminster Scuil]]. ==Cultur== {{Main|Cultur o Lunnon}} ===Leisure an entertainment=== [[File:Open Happiness Piccadilly Circus Blue-Pink Hour 120917-1126-jikatu.jpg|thumb|right|[[Piccadilly Circus]]]] Wiin the [[City o Westminster]], the entertainment destrict o the [[West End o Lunnon|West End]] haes its focus aroond [[Leicester squerr]], whaur Lunnon an warld film [[premieres]] are held, an [[Piccadilly Circus]], wi its giant electronic advertisements.<ref name=Lunnon_160>{{cite web|url=http://www.piccadillylights.co.uk/|title=Piccadilly Lights|publisher=Land Securities|accessdate=3 November 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK7QmKt?url=http://www.piccadillylights.co.uk/|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lunnon's [[West End theatre|theatre]] destrict is here, as is mony cinemas, bars, clubs an restaurants, includin the ceety's [[Chinatown, Lunnon|Chinatown]] destrict (in [[Soho]]), an juist tae the east is [[Royal Opera House|Covent Garden]], an area hoosin speciality shops. The ceety is the hame o [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]], whase musicals hae dominate the West End theatre syne the late 20t century.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=AWaZ1LAFAZEC&dq=lloyd+webber+%22the+most+commercially+successful+composer+in+history.%22&source=gbs_navlinks_s Sondheim and Lloyd-Webber: the new musical] ''The New York Times''.. refert tae Andrew Lloyd Webber as "the maist commercially successful composer in history"</ref> The Unitit Kinrick's [[Royal Ballet]], [[English National Ballet]], [[Royal Opera, Lunnon|Royal Opera]] an [[English National Opera]] are based in Lunnon an perform at the [[Royal Opera House]], the [[Lunnon Coliseum]], [[Sadler's Wells Theatre]] an the [[Royal Albert Hall]] as weel as tourin the kintra.<ref name="Lunnon's Concerts">{{cite web|url=http://www.yourlondon.gov.uk/visiting/topic.jsp?topicid=6482&search_title=Theatres+and+concert+halls|title=Theatres and concert halls.|publisher=Your Lunnon|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080124185332/http://www.yourlondon.gov.uk/visiting/topic.jsp?topicid=6482&search_title=Theatres+and+concert+halls|archivedate=2008-01-24|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Harrods at Night, London - Nov 2012.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Harrods]] in [[Knightsbridge]]]] [[Islington]]'s {{convert|1|mi|km}} lang Upper Street, extendin northlins frae [[Angel, Lunnon|Angel]], haes mair bars an restaurants nor ony ither street in the Unitit Kinrick.<ref name=Lunnon_161>{{Cite journal|title=2001: Public houses|publisher=BBC|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/trail/local_history/city/street_03.shtml?publichouses|accessdate=4 June 2008|ref=harv|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK7ebGH?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/trail/local_history/city/street_03.shtml?publichouses|archivedate=2011-05-20|journal=|url-status=live}}</ref> Europe's busiest shoppin airt is [[Oxford Street]], a shoppin street near {{convert|1|mi|km}} lang, makin it the langest shoppin street in the Unitit Kinrick. Oxford Street is hame tae vast nummers o retailers an [[department stores]], includin the warld-famous [[Selfridges]] [[Flagship store#Retailing|flagship store]].<ref name=Lunnon_162>{{Cite journal| url=http://www.london.gov.uk/londoner/06sep/p7a.jsp| publisher=[[The Lunnoner]]| title=Oxford Street gets its own dedicated local police team| date=September 2006| accessdate=19 June 2007| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930204913/http://www.london.gov.uk/londoner/06sep/p7a.jsp| archivedate=2007-09-30| ref=harv| journal=| url-status=live}}</ref> [[Knightsbridge]], hame tae the equally renowned [[Harrods]] [[department store]], lees tae the sooth-wast. [[File:London, UK (August 2014) - 156.JPG|thumb|right|[[Shakespeare's Globe]] is a modren reconstruction o the Globe Theatre on the sooth bank o the River Thames]] Lunnon is home tae designers [[Vivienne Westwood]], [[John Galliano|Galliano]], [[Stella McCartney]], [[Manolo Blahnik]], an [[Jimmy Choo]] amang others; its renowned airt an fashion schuils mak it an international centre o fashion alang wi [[Paris]], [[Milan]], an [[New York ceety]]. Lunnon offers a great variety o cuisine as a result o its ethnically diverse population. Gastronomic centres include the [[Bangladesh]]i restaurants o [[Brick Lane]] an the [[Chinese food]] restaurants o [[Chinatown, Lunnon|Chinatown]].<ref name=Lunnon_163>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinatownlondon.org/|title=Chinatown&nbsp;— Official website|publisher=Chinatown Lunnon|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK84XXn?url=http://www.chinatownlondon.org/|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thare is a variety o [[Leet o annual events in Lunnon|annual events]], beginnin wi the relatively new [[New Year's Day Parade]], fireworks display at the [[Lunnon Eye]], the warld's seicont lairgest [[street party]], the [[Notting Hill Carnival]] is held durin the late [[August Bank Holiday]] ilka year. Traditional parades include November's [[Lord Mayor's Show]], a centuries-auld event celebrating the annual appointment o a new [[Lord Mayor o the ceety o Lunnon]] wi a procession alang the streets o the ceety, an Juin's [[Trooping the Colour]], a formal military pageant performed by regiments o the [[Commonwealth o Nations|Commonwealth]] an [[British Army|British]] armies tae celebrate the [[Queen's Official Birthday]].<ref name=Lunnon_164>{{cite web|url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page4820.asp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620233221/http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page4820.asp|archivedate=2008-06-20|title=One Queen, Two Birthdays|publisher=Royal Government|accessdate=27 September 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Literature, film an television=== {{Main|Lunnon in fiction|Lunnon in film|Leet o films set in Lunnon|Leet o television shows set in Lunnon|Lunnon Television Archive}} [[File:Keats House.jpg|thumb|[[Keats House]], whaur [[John Keats|Keats]] wrote his ''[[Ode tae a Nightingale]]''. The veelage o [[Hampstead]] haes historically been a literary centre in Lunnon.]] Lunnon haes been the setting for mony works o literature. The literary centres o Lunnon hae tradeetionally been hilly [[Hampstead]] an (syne the early 20t century) [[Bloomsbury]]. Writers closely associatit wi the ceety are the diarist [[Samuel Pepys]], notit for his eyewitness accoont o the [[Great Fire o Lunnon|Great Fire]], [[Charles Dickens]], whose representation o a foggy, snawy, grimy Lunnon o street sweepers an pickpockets haes been a major influence on people's vision o early [[Victorian era|Victorian]] Lunnon, an [[Virginia Woolf]], regarded as ane o the foremost [[modrenism|modrenist]] literary figurs o the 20t century.<ref name="Lunnon in Literature">{{cite web|url=http://www.brynmawr.edu/library/speccoll/guides/london/londoninliterature.shtml|title=London in Literature,|publisher=Bryn Mawr College|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK8S7iR?url=http://www.brynmawr.edu/library/speccoll/guides/london/londoninliterature.shtml|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Sherlock Holmes Museum.jpg|left|thumb|[[Sherlock Holmes Museum]] in [[Baker Street]], bearing the nummer 221B]] The pilgrims in [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]'s late 14t-century ''[[The Canterbury Tales|Canterbury Tales]]'' set oot for [[Canterbury]] frae Lunnon&nbsp;– specifically, frae the [[The Tabard|Tabard]] inn, [[Southwark]]. [[William Shakespeare]] spent a lairge pairt o his life livin an working in Lunnon; his contemporary [[Ben Jonson]] wis forby based thare, an some o his work—maist notably his play ''[[The Alchemist (play)|The Alchemist]]''—wis set in the ceety.<ref name="Lunnon in Literature" /> ''[[A Journal o the Plague Year]]'' (1722) bi [[Daniel Defoe]] is a fictionalisation o the events o the 1665 [[Great Plague o Lunnon|Great Plague]].<ref name="Lunnon in Literature" /> Later important depictions o Lunnon frae the 19t an early 20t centuries are Dickens' novels, an [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s [[Sherlock Holmes]] stories.<ref name="Lunnon in Literature" /> Modern writers pervasively influenced bi the ceety include [[Peter Ackroyd]], author o a "biography" o Lunnon, an [[Iain Sinclair]], wha writes in the genre o [[psychogeography]]. Lunnon haes played a significant role in the film industry, an haes major studios at [[Ealing Studios|Ealing]] an a [[special effect]]s an [[post-production]] community centred in [[Soho]]. [[Working Title Films]] haes its headquarters in Lunnon.<ref name=Lunnon_165>{{cite web|url=http://www.workingtitlefilms.com/|title=Working Title Films|publisher=Universal Studios|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK8c0bN?url=http://www.workingtitlefilms.com/|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref> Lunnon haes been the setting for films includin ''[[Oliver Twist (1948 film)|Oliver Twist]]'' (1948), ''[[Scrooge (1951 film)|Scrooge]]'' (1951), ''[[Peter Pan (1953 film)|Peter Pan]]'' (1953), ''[[101 Dalmatians (1996 film)|The 101 Dalmatians]]'' (1961), ''[[My Fair Lady (film)|My Fair Lady]]'' (1964), ''[[Mary Poppins (film)|Mary Poppins]]'' (1964), ''[[Blowup]]'' (1966), ''[[The Long Good Friday]]'' (1980), ''[[Notting Hill (film)|Notting Hill]]'' (1999), ''[[Love Actually]]'' (2003), ''[[V For Vendetta (film)|V For Vendetta]]'' (2005), ''[[Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber o Fleet Street]]'' (2008) an ''[[The King's Speech]]'' (2010). Notable actors an filmmakers frae Lunnon include; [[Charlie Chaplin]], [[Alfred Hitchcock]], [[Michael Caine]], [[Helen Mirren]], [[Gary Oldman]], [[Christopher Nolan]], [[Jude Law]], [[Tom Hardy]], [[Keira Knightley]] an [[Daniel Day-Lewis]]. As o 2008, the [[British Academy Film Awards]] haes taen place at the [[Royal Opera House]]. Lunnon is a major centre for television production, wi studios includin [[BBC Television Centre]], [[The Fountain Studios]] an [[The Lunnon Studios]]. Mony television programmes hae been set in Lunnon, includin the popular television soap opera ''[[EastEnders]]'', broadcast bi the BBC syne 1985. ===Museums an art galleries=== [[File:Galería Nacional, Londres, Inglaterra, 2014-08-07, DD 035.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[National Gallery|The National Gallery]]]] Lunnon is [[Leet o museums in Lunnon|home tae mony museums]], galleries, an ither institutions, mony o thaim free o admission charges an are major [[tourist attraction]]s as weel as playin a research role. The first o thaim tae be established wis the [[British Museum]] in [[Bloomsbury]], in 1753. oreeginally containin antiquities, naitural history specimens an the national leebrar, the museum nou haes 7&nbsp;million artefacts frae aroond the globe. In 1824 the [[National Gallery]] wis foondit tae hoose the British national collection o Western pentins; this nou occupies a prominent poseetion in [[Trafalgar squerr]]. In the latter hauf o the 19t century the locale o [[South Kensington]] wis developed as "[[Albertopolis]]", a cultural an scientific quarter. Three major national museums are thare: the [[Victoria an Albert Museum]] (for the [[applied arts]]), the [[Natural History Museum, Lunnon|Natural History Museum]] an the [[Lunnon Science Museum|Science Museum]]. The [[National Portrait Gallery, Lunnon|National Portrait Gallery]] wis foondit in 1856 tae hoose depictions o figurs frae British history; its holdings nou comprise the warld's maist extensive collection o portraits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npg.org.uk/about/organisation.php|title=Organisation|publisher=National Portrait Gallery|accessdate=18 November 2013}}</ref> The national gallery o British airt is at [[Tate Britain]], oreeginally established as an annexe o the National Gallery in 1897. The Tate Gallery, as it wis umwhile kent, became a major centre for modern airt an aa; in 2000 this collection muived tae [[Tate Modern]], a new gallery housed in the umwhile [[Bankside Power Station]]. ===Music=== [[File:Royal Albert Hall Crop, London - Nov 2012.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Royal Albert Hall]] hosts concerts an muisical events]] Lunnon is ane o the major [[Classical music|classical]] an [[popular music]] capitals o the warld an is hame tae major muisic corporations, sic as [[EMI]] an [[Warner Music Group]] as weel as countless bands, musicians an industry professionals. The ceety is home tae mony orchestras an concert halls an aa, lik the [[Barbican Arts Centre]] (principal base o the [[Lunnon Symphony Orchestra]] an the [[Lunnon Symphony Chorus]]), [[Cadogan Hall]] ([[Royal Philharmonic Orchestra]]) an the [[Royal Albert Hall]] ([[The Proms]]).<ref name="Lunnon's Concerts" /> Lunnon's twa main opera houses are the [[Royal Opera House]] an the [[Coliseum Theatre]].<ref name="Lunnon's Concerts" /> The UK's lairgest [[pipe organ]] is at the Royal Albert Hall. Other significant instruments are at the cathedrals an major kirks. Several [[conservatoire]]s are wiin the ceety: [[Royal Academy o Music]], [[Royal College o Music]], [[Guildhall School o Music an Drama]] an [[Trinity College o Music]]. [[File:Abbey Rd Studios.jpg|right|thumb|[[Abbey Road Studios]], 3 [[Abbey Road (street)|Abbey Road]], [[St John's Wood]], ceety o Westminster]] Lunnon haes numerous venues for rock an pop concerts, includin lairge arenas sic as [[Earls Court Exhibition Centre|Earls Court]], [[Wembley Arena]] an the [[The O2 Arena (Lunnon)|O₂ Arena]], as weel as mony mid-sized venues, sic as [[Brixton Academy]], the [[Hammersmith Apollo]] an the [[Shepherd's Bush Empire]].<ref name="Lunnon's Concerts" /> Several [[music festivals]], includin the [[Wireless Festival]], are held in Lunnon. The ceety is hame tae the first an oreeginal [[Hard Rock Cafe]] an the [[Abbey Road Studios]] whaur [[The Beatles]] recorded mony o thair hits. In the 1960s, 1970s an 1980s, musicians an groups lik [[Elton John]], [[Pink Floyd]], [[David Bowie]], [[Queen (baund)|Queen]], [[The Kinks]], [[The Rolling Stones]], [[The Who]], [[Eric Clapton]], [[Led Zeppelin]], [[The Small Faces]], [[Iron Maiden]], [[Fleetwood Mac]], [[Elvis Costello]], [[Cat Stevens]], [[The Police]], [[The Cure]], [[Madness (baund)|Madness]], [[The Jam]], [[Dusty Springfield]], [[Phil Collins]], [[Rod Stewart]] an [[Sade (baund)|Sade]], derived thair sound frae the streets an rhythms vibrating throu Lunnon.<ref name="Top40">{{cite book |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2006/04/06/garycrowley_londontop40_feature.shtml |title=London's top 40 artists |date=6 April 2006 |publisher=BBC |accessdate=9 September 2008 |isbn=978-0-89820-135-2}}</ref> Lunnon wis instrumental in the development o [[punk muisic]],<ref name=Lunnon_172>{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d204 |publisher=Allmusic |title=Punk |accessdate=19 February 2010 |archive-date=2011-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426153907/http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d204 |url-status=dead }}</ref> wi figurs sic as the [[Sex Pistols]], [[The Clash]],<ref name="Top40"/> an [[Vivienne Westwood]] aw based in the ceety. Mair recent artists tae emerge frae the Lunnon music scene include [[George Michael]], [[Kate Bush]], [[Seal (muisicker)|Seal]], [[Siouxsie an the Banshees]], [[Bush (baund)|Bush]], the [[Spice Girls]], [[Jamiroquai]], [[Blur (baund)|Blur]], [[The Prodigy]], [[Gorillaz]], [[Mumford & Sons]], [[Coldplay]], [[Amy Winehouse]] an [[Adele]].<ref name="Scene">{{cite web|url=http://www.londonbc.co.uk/history-of-music-in-london.html|title=History of music in London|publisher=The Lunnon Music Scene|accessdate=2 August 2009|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK9hhlR?url=http://www.londonbc.co.uk/history-of-music-in-london.html|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Walker, Tim (28 July 2008). [http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/mumford--sons-the-luminaire-london-878562.html "Mumford & Sons, The Luminaire, London"]. ''The Independent'' (Lunnon). Retrieved 13 October 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/musicblog/2011/dec/09/10-classic-club-nights |title=From the Dug Out and dreads tae DMZ and dubstep: 10 classic club nights |work=Guardian Music Blog |location =Lunnon |author=Warren, Emma |accessdate= 13 October 2012 |date=9 December 2011}}</ref> Lunnon is a centre for urban music an aa. In parteecular, the genres [[UK garage]], [[drum an bass]], [[dubstep]] an [[grime (music)|grime]] evolved in the ceety frae the furren genres o [[hip hop]] an [[reggae]], anent local [[drum an bass]]. Black music station [[BBC Radio 1Xtra]] wis set up tae support the rise o home-grown urban music baith in Lunnon an in the rest o the UK. ==Notable fowk== {{Main|Leet o fowk frae Lunnon}} ==Recreation== ===Parks an open spaces=== {{Main|Parks an open spaces in Lunnon|Royal Parks o Lunnon}} {{see also|Leet o Sites o Special Scientific Interest in Greater Lunnon|Leet o Local Nature Reserves in Greater Lunnon}} {{multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | image1 = Aerial view of Hyde Park.jpg | width1 = 220 | caption1 = Aerial view o [[Hyde Park, Lunnon|Hyde Park]] | alt1 = Hyde Park | image2 = St James's Park Lake – East from the Blue Bridge - 2012-10-06.jpg | width2 = 220 | caption2 = [[St. James's Park]] lake wi the Lunnon Eye in the distance | alt2 = Lake wi Lunnon Eye in the background }} The mucklest pairks in the [[Central Lunnon|central area o Lunnon]] are three o the aicht [[Royal Parks o Lunnon|Royal Parks]], namely [[Hyde Park, Lunnon|Hyde Park]] an its neebur [[Kensington Gardens]] in the wast, an [[Regent's Park]] tae the north.<ref name=Lunnon_080>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/kensington_gardens/|title=Kensington Gardens|year=2008|publisher=The Royal Parks|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0tndiN?url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/kensington_gardens/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hyde Park in parteecular is popular for [[Lunnon#Sports|sports]] an whiles hosts open-air concerts. Regent's Park conteens [[Lunnon Zoo]], the warld's auldest scientific zoo, an is near the tourist attraction o [[Madame Tussauds]] Wax Museum.<ref name=Lunnon_081>{{cite web|url=http://www.madametussauds.com/London/About.aspx|title=Madame Tussauds&nbsp;— Official website|publisher=Madame Tussauds|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0uQJ4x?url=http://www.madametussauds.com/London/About.aspx|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_082>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourist-information-uk.com/madame-tussauds.htm|title=Madame Tussauds&nbsp;— Tourist Information|publisher=Tourist Information UK|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0v6PMD?url=http://www.tourist-information-uk.com/madame-tussauds.htm|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Primrose Hill]] in the northren pairt o Regent's Park at {{convert|256|ft|0}}<ref name=mills>Mills, A., ''Dictionary o Lunnon Place Names'', (2001)</ref> is a popular spot tae view the ceety skyline. Close tae Hyde Park are smawer Royal Parks, [[Green Park]] an [[St. James's Park]].<ref name=Lunnon_083>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/green_park/|title=Green Park|year=2008|publisher=The Royal Parks|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5nE6fuYvF?url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/green_park/|archivedate=2010-02-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> A nummer o lairge parks lie ootside the ceety centre, includin the remainin Royal Parks o [[Greenwich Park]] tae the sooth-east<ref name=Lunnon_170>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/greenwich_park/|title=Greenwich Park|year=2008|publisher=The Royal Parks|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0w5wlZ?url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/greenwich_park/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> an [[Bushy Park]] an [[Richmond Park]] (the lairgest) tae the sooth-wast,<ref name=Lunnon_084>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/bushy_park/|title=Bushy Park|year=2008|publisher=The Royal Parks|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0wb1mJ?url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/bushy_park/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_085>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/richmond_park/|title=Richmond Park|year=2008|publisher=The Royal Parks|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0x5bB5?url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/richmond_park/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Hampton Court Park]] is a royal park an aa, but, acause it conteens a palace, it is administered bi the [[Historic Royal Palaces]], unlik the aicht [[Royal Parks o Lunnon|Royal Parks]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.richmond.gov.uk/home/services/leisure_and_culture/parks_and_open_spaces/park_details.htm?parkId=268 |title=Richmond Borough Council |access-date=2015-06-04 |archive-date=2015-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826172424/http://www.richmond.gov.uk/home/services/leisure_and_culture/parks_and_open_spaces/park_details.htm?parkId=268 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Close tae Richmond Park is [[Kew Gardens]] whilk haes the warld's lairgest collection o livin plants. In 2003, the gardens war pit on the [[Unitit Nations Educational, Scientific an Cultural Organization|UNESCO]] leet o [[Leet o World Heritage Sites o the Unitit Kinrick|World Heritage Sites]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.kew.org/ksheets/pdfs/k16kewhistory.pdf|title= Kew, History & Heritage|author= |work= |publisher= [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]]|accessdate= 24 January 2013|archive-date= 2008-08-29|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080829192523/http://www.kew.org/ksheets/pdfs/k16kewhistory.pdf|url-status= dead}}</ref> Thare a thrang o parks administert bi Lunnon's borough cooncils, includin [[Victoria Park, Lunnon|Victoria Park]] in the [[East End]] an [[Battersea Park]] in the centre. Some mair informal, semi-naitural open spaces exist, includin the {{convert|320|ha|acre|sing=on}} [[Hampstead Heath]] o [[North Lunnon]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/LGNL_Services/Environment_and_planning/Parks_and_open_spaces/Hampstead_Heath/|title=City of London Corporation Hampstead Heath|publisher=City o Lunnon Corporation|accessdate=19 February 2010|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0xBire?url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/LGNL_Services/Environment_and_planning/Parks_and_open_spaces/Hampstead_Heath/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> an [[Epping Forest]], whilk covers 2,476 hectares (6,118.32 acres)<ref>{{cite web |url= http://217.154.230.195/NR/rdonlyres/A3CB6563-4D0D-4C35-AC7F-818C28306E79/0/OS_EF_Dogs.pdf |title= Epping Forest You & Your Dog |work= brochure |publisher= ceety o Lunnon |accessdate= 13 March 2010 |archive-date= 2011-07-04 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110704191340/http://217.154.230.195/NR/rdonlyres/A3CB6563-4D0D-4C35-AC7F-818C28306E79/0/OS_EF_Dogs.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref> in the east. Baith is controlt bi the [[City o Lunnon Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Ramblers |url=http://www.ramblers.org.uk/info/parks/name/c/corporationoflondon.htm |title=Corporation of London Open Spaces |publisher=Ramblers.org.uk |accessdate=12 December 2011 |archive-date=2008-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029232404/http://www.ramblers.org.uk/info/parks/name/c/corporationoflondon.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/green-spaces/Pages/default.aspx|publisher=City o Lunnon|title=Green spaces|accessdate=27 July 2012|archive-date=2012-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721005003/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/green-spaces/Pages/default.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hampstead Heath incorporates [[Kenwood House]], the umwhile [[stately home]] an a popular location in the summer months whaur classical muisical concerts is held bi the lake, attracting thousans o fowk ilka weekend tae enjoy the muisic, scenery an fireworks.<ref name=Lunnon_086>{{cite web|url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.00100200800k00800f|title=Kenwood House|publisher=English Heritage|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0xs5EE?url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.00100200800k00800f|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> Epping Forest is a popular venue for various outdoor activities, includin moontain biking, walking, horse ridin, golf, anglin, an orienteerin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/green-spaces/epping-forest/Pages/default.aspx|title=Epping Forest|work=cityofLunnon.gov.uk|access-date=2015-06-04|archive-date=2012-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120811004010/https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/green-spaces/epping-forest/Pages/default.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Walking=== [[File:Carshalton 2007.jpg|thumb|[[Carshalton]] Ponds, on the [[Wandle Trail]] in the [[Lunnon Borough o Sutton]]]] [[Walking in Lunnon|Walking is a popular recreational activity in Lunnon]]. Areas that provide for walks include [[Wimbledon Common]], [[Epping Forest]], [[Hampton Court Park]], [[Hampstead Heath]], the aicht [[Royal Parks]], canals an disuised railway tracks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.innerlondonramblers.org.uk/ideasforwalks.html|title=Inner London Ramblers - Walk Ideas|author=Phil Marson|work=innerLunnonramblers.org.uk|access-date=2015-06-04|archive-date=2020-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119050940/https://www.innerlondonramblers.org.uk/ideasforwalks.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Access tae canals an rivers haes improved recently, includin the creation o the [[Thames Path]], some {{convert|28|mi|km}} o whilk is wiin [[Greater Lunnon]], an The [[Wandle Trail]]; this rins {{convert|12|mi|km}} throu [[South Lunnon]] alang the [[River Wandle]], a [[tributaries o the River Thames|tributary o the River Thames]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sustrans.org.uk/ncn/map/route/wandle-trail|title=Wandle Trail - Map|work=Sustrans}}</ref> Ither [[long distance path]]s, linkin green spaces, hae been creatit an aa, includin the [[Capital Ring]], the [[Green Chain Walk]], [[Lunnon Outer Orbital Path]] ("Loop"), [[Jubilee Walkway]], [[Lea Valley Walk]], an the [[Diana, Princess o Wales Memorial Walk]].<ref>Ideas for Lunnon walks frae the Inner Lunnon Walking Group</ref> ===Sports=== {{Main|Sport in Lunnon}} {{multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | image1 = Wembley Stadium interior.jpg | width1 = 225 | caption1 = [[Wembley Stadium]], hame o the [[Ingland fitba team]], has a 90,000 capacity. It is the UK's mucklemaist stadium | alt1 = The interior o a empy stadium as viewed frae its upper tier o seatin. The seats is a vivid red an the pick is a vivid green. The pale grey sky is visible throuch a openin in the ceilin abuin the pick. | image2 = Twickenham Stadium - May 2012.jpg | width2 = 225 | caption2 = [[Twickenham Stadium|Twickenham]], hame o the [[Ingland naitional rugby union team|Ingland rugby union team]], has an 82,000 capacity, the warld's lairgest rugby union stadium | alt2 = A rugby union stadium packed wi fans watchin a game | image3 = Centre Court, 28 March 2012.jpg | width3 = 225 | caption3 = [[Centre Court]] at [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]]. First played in 1877, the Championships is the auldest tennis tournament in the warld.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/tennis/06/14/tennis.wimbledon.125th.anniversary.museum/index.html 125 years of Wimbledon: frae birth of lawn tennis tae modren marvels] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218114004/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/tennis/06/14/tennis.wimbledon.125th.anniversary.museum/index.html |date=2020-02-18 }} CNN. Retrieved 28 September 2011</ref> | alt3 = Centre Court, Wimbledon | image4 = Lord's in 2005.jpg | width4 = 225 | caption4 = [[Lord's Cricket Ground]] is widely referred tae as the "hame o cricket".<ref>{{cite web|title=Lord's|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/england/content/ground/57129.html|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|accessdate=22 August 2009}}</ref> | alt4 = A cricket ground during a game }} Lunnon haes hostit the [[Summer Olympic Gemmes|Simmer Olympics]] three times: in [[1908 Summer Olympics|1908]], [[1948 Summer Olympics|1948]], an [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012]].<ref name=Lunnon_173>{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/london-1908-summer-olympics|title=London 1908|publisher=International Olympic Committee|accessdate=5 February 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK9wPnn?url=http://www.olympic.org/london-1908-summer-olympics|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_174>{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/london-1948-summer-olympics|title=London 1948|publisher=International Olympic Committee|accessdate=5 February 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoKBZHIo?url=http://www.olympic.org/london-1948-summer-olympics|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref> It wis chosen in Julie 2005 tae host the 2012 Olympics an [[2012 Summer Paralympics|Paralympics]], makin it the first ceety tae host the modren Gemmes three times.<ref name=IOC/> The ceety wis forby the host o the [[Commonweel Gemmes|Breetish Empire Gemmes]] in [[1934 Breetish Empire Gemmes|1934]].<ref name=Lunnon_175>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecgf.com/countries/intro.asp?loc=ENG|title=England&nbsp;— Introduction|publisher=Commonwealth Games Federation|accessdate=3 November 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoKDfTeZ?url=http://www.thecgf.com/countries/intro.asp?loc=ENG|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2017 Lunnon hostit the [[2017 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships in Athletics]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/other_news/1216135963.html |title=London Defeats Doha tae host 2017 International Athletics Championships |publisher=Gamesbids.com |accessdate=13 December 2011 |archive-date=2011-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113180038/http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/other_news/1216135963.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lunnon's [[Sport in the Unitit Kinrick#Popularity|maist popular sport]] is [[association fitbaw|fitbaw]] an it haes fourteen [[The Football League|League]] fitbaa clubs, includin sax in the [[Premier League]]: [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]], [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], [[Crystal Palace F.C.|Crystal Palace]], [[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens Park Rangers]], [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]], an [[West Ham Unitit F.C.|West Ham United]].<ref name=Lunnon_176>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefa.com/TheFA/ContactUs/Postings/2004/03/premier_league_contacts.htm|title=TheFA.com&nbsp;— Premier League|date=17 January 2004|work=The FA.com|publisher=The Football Association|accessdate=29 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041027030131/http://www.thefa.com/TheFA/ContactUs/Postings/2004/03/premier_league_contacts.htm|archivedate=2004-10-27|url-status=live}}</ref> In Mey 2012, Chelsea becam the first Lunnon club tae win the [[UEFA Champions League]]. Frae 1924, the oreeginal [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley Stadium]] wis the hame o the [[Inglish naitional fitba team]]. It hostit the [[1966 FIFA World Cup Final]], wi Ingland defeatin Wast Germany, an serd as the venue for the [[FA Cup Final]] as weel as [[rugby league]]'s [[Challenge Cup]] final.<ref name=Lunnon_178>{{cite web|url=http://www.wembleystadium.com/GloriousPast/greatmoments/1steverwembleyFACupFinal.htm|title=Wembley Stadium History&nbsp;— Official Website|publisher=Wembley National Stadium Limited.|accessdate=29 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403102710/http://www.wembleystadium.com/GloriousPast/greatmoments/1steverwembleyFACupFinal.htm|archivedate=2008-04-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> The new [[Wembley Stadium]] sers exactly the same purposes an haes a capacity o 90,000.<ref name="Wembley Stadium Facts an figurs">{{Cite journal | url=http://www.wembleystadium.com/pressbox/presspack/factsandFigures.htm | title=Wembley Stadium&nbsp;— Presspack&nbsp;— Facts and Figures | publisher=Wembley National Stadium Limitit | accessdate=6 June 2008 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516051636/http://www.wembleystadium.com/pressbox/presspack/factsandFigures.htm | archivedate=2008-05-16 | journal= | url-status=live }}</ref> Five [[English Premiership (rugby union)|Aviva Premiership]] rugby union teams is based in Lunnon, ([[Lunnon Irish]], [[Saracens F.C.|Saracens]], [[Lunnon Wasps|Wasps]], [[Lunnon Welsh]] an [[Harlequin F.C.|Harlequins]]), awbesit currently anly Harlequins an Saracens play thair hame gemmes wiin Greater Lunnon.<ref name=Lunnon_177>{{cite web |url=http://www.premiershiprugby.com/clubs/index.php |title=Premiership Rugby: Clubs |publisher=Premier Rugby |accessdate=5 August 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoKEiEV8?url=http://www.premiershiprugby.com/clubs/index.php |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Lunnon Scottish F.C.|Lunnon Scottish]] play in the [[RFU Championship]] club an ither rugby union clubs in the ceety include [[Richmond F.C.]], [[Rosslyn Park F.C.]], [[Westcombe Park R.F.C.]] an [[Blackheath F.C.]]. [[Twickenham Stadium]] in sooth-wast Lunnon is the naitional [[rugby union]] stadium, an haes a capacity o 82,000 nou that the new sooth staund haes been completit.<ref name="musiccap">{{Cite press release |publisher=Twickenham Rugby Stadium |title=RFU apply for two additional concerts at Twickenham Stadium in 2007 |url=http://www.rfu.com/microsites/twickenham/index.cfm?StoryID=14822 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625050620/http://www.rfu.com/microsites/twickenham/index.cfm?StoryID=14822 |archivedate=2008-06-25 |date=3 October 2006 |ref=harv |access-date=2015-06-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> While [[rugby league]] is mair popular in the north o England, thare are twa professional rugby league clubs in Lunnon&nbsp;– the seicont tier [[Rugby League National Championship 1|Championship One]] team the [[Lunnon Broncos]] wha play at [[The Hive Stadium|The Hive]] in [[Edgware]] an the third tier [[League 1 (rugby league)|League 1]] team the [[Lunnon Skolars]] frae [[Wood Green]], [[Lunnon Borough o Haringey|Haringey]]; in addition, [[Hemel Stags]] frae [[Hemel Hempstead]] north o Lunnon play in League 1 an aa. Ane o Lunnon's best-kent annual sports competitions is the [[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon Tennis Championships]], held at the [[All England Lawn Tennis an Croquet Club|All England Club]] in the sooth-wastren suburb o [[Wimbledon, Lunnon|Wimbledon]].<ref name=Lunnon_181>{{cite web|url=http://www.wimbledon.org/en_GB/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423182334/http://www.wimbledon.org/en_GB/index.html|archivedate=2008-04-23|title=Wimbledon&nbsp;— official website|publisher=The aw England Tennis an Croquet Club (AELTC)|accessdate=29 April 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> Played in late Juin tae early Julie, it is the auldest tennis tournament in the warld, an widely considered the maist prestigious.<ref>{{cite news|title=Traditional Final: It's Nadal and Federer|work=The New York Times | date=7 May 2008| first=Christopher| last = Clarey| quote = Federer said[:] 'I love playing wi him, especially here at Wimbledon, the most prestigious tournament we have.'| url = http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/05/sports/tennis/05wimbledon.html?ref=tennis|accessdate = 17 July 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia| editor = Will Kaufman & Heidi Slettedahl Macpherson| encyclopedia = Britain an the Americas| title = Tennis|year = 2005 | publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]| volume=1 : Culture, Politics, an History| isbn = 1-85109-431-8| page=958 |quote = this first tennis championship, whilk later evolved intae the Wimbledon Tournament ... continues as the warld's maist prestigious event.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=What Is The Most Prestigious Grand Slam Tennis Tournament?|url= http://www.forbes.com/sites/monteburke/2012/05/30/what-is-the-most-prestigious-grand-slam-tennis-tournament/ |work=Forbes |location= New York |date= 30 May 2012 |accessdate=25 June 2013 |author=Burke, Monte}}</ref> [[Cricket]] in Lunnon is served by twa [[Test cricket]] grunds [[Lord's Cricket Ground|Lord's]] (hame o [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex C.C.C.]]) in [[St John's Wood]]<ref name=Lunnon_179>{{cite web|url=http://www.lords.org/lords-ground/about-lords/|title=About Lord's—the home of cricket&nbsp;— official website|year=2008|publisher=MCC|accessdate=29 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoKGCiA3?url=http://www.lords.org/lords-ground/about-lords/|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> an [[the Oval]] (home o [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey C.C.C.]]) in [[Kennington]].<ref name=Lunnon_180>{{cite web|url=http://www.surreycricket.com/the-brit-oval|title=The Brit Oval&nbsp;— Official Website|year=2008|publisher=Surrey CCC|accessdate=29 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoKH3JOW?url=http://www.surreycricket.com/the-brit-oval|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lord's haes hostit fower finals o the [[Cricket World Cup]]. Ither key events is the annual mass-participation [[Lunnon Marathon]], in whilk some 35,000 runners attemp a {{convert|26.2|mi|km}} course aroond the ceety,<ref name=Lunnon_182>{{cite web |url=http://www.london-marathon.co.uk/site/ |title=Flora London Marathon 2008 |publisher=Lunnon Marathon Ltd |accessdate=29 April 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080426224024/http://www.london-marathon.co.uk/site/ |archivedate=2008-04-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref> an the [[The Boat Race|Oxford an Cambridge Boat Race]] on the [[River Thames]] atween [[Putney]] an [[Mortlake]].<ref name=Lunnon_183>{{cite web |url=http://www.theboatrace.org/ |title=The Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race&nbsp;— Official Website |publisher=The Oxford an Cambridge Boat Race |accessdate=29 April 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoKHGidM?url=http://www.theboatrace.org/ |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Sister ceities == == Twin ceeties == {{Main|Leet o twin touns in the Unitit Kinrick#Lunnon|l1=Leet o touns an ceeties twinned wi Lunnon}} Thare 46 ither places on sax continents namit efter Lunnon. As weel as Lunnon's twinnin, the [[Lunnon burgh]]s hae [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinnins]] wi pairts o ither ceeties the warld ower. Shawn ablo is the leet o ceeties that the [[Greater Lunnon Authority]] haes twinnin arrangements wi: {| |- |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|Peru}} [[Arequipa]], Peru * {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Berlin]], Germany * {{Flagicon|Indie}} [[Delhi]], Indie * {{Flagicon|Colombia}} [[Bogotá]], Colombie |width="80"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|South Africa}} [[Johannesburg]], Sooth Africae * {{Flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysie * {{Flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait Ceety]], Kuwait * {{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Moscow]], Roushie |width="80"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|Unitit States}} [[New York Ceety]], Unitit States * {{Flagicon|Norway}} [[Oslo]], Norawa * {{Flagicon|China}} [[Shanghai]], Cheenae * {{Flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]], Iran |} The follaein ceeties hiv a freendship greement wi Lunnon: {| |- |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|Algeria}} [[Algiers]], Algerie * {{Flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Baku]], Azerbaijan * {{Flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]], Cheenae * {{Flagicon|Romania}} [[Bucharest]], Romanie * {{Flagicon|Argentina}} [[Buenos Aires]], Argentinae |width="80"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|Indie}} [[Delhi]], Indie * {{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh * {{Flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]], Turkey * {{Flagicon|Unitit States}} [[Los Angeles]], Unitit States * {{Flagicon|Indie}} [[Mumbai]], Indie |width="80"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|France}} [[Paris]], Fraunce * {{Flagicon|Montenegro}} [[Podgorica]], Montenegro * {{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Roum]], Italy * {{Flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Sofia]], Bulgarie * {{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Tokyo]], Japan * {{Flagicon|Croatia}} [[Zagreb]], Croatie |} ==Notes== <references group="note"/> == References == {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} {{Commonscat|Lunnon}} [[Category:Lunnon| ]] [[Category:Caipitals in Europe]] [[Category:Ceeties in Ingland]] [[Category:Host ceeties o the Simmer Olympic Gemmes]] [[Category:Populatit places established in the 1st century]] 98mwhpfn6zz1xdvliff09khua6e13m2 0 4329 921153 906705 2026-08-18T20:38:11Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 921153 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = {{nowrap|Federal Democratic Republic o Nepal}} |common_name = Nepal |native_name = {{unbulleted list |{{nobold|{{native name|ne|सङ्घीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र नेपाल|italics=off}}}} |{{small|''Sanghiya Loktāntrik Ganatantra Nepāl''}}}} |image_flag = Flag of Nepal.svg{{!}}x125px |flag_border = no |image_coat = |symbol_type = Emblem |symbol_width = 100px |national_motto = {{native phrase|sa|जननी जन्मभूमिश्च स्वर्गादपि गरीयसी|italics=off}}<br/>{{native phrase|sco|Mither an Mutherland are Greater nor Heiven|italics=off}} |national_anthem = {{native phrase|ne|[[Sayaun Thunga Phool Ka|सयौं थुँगा फूलका]]|italics=off}}<br/>{{native phrase|sco|Made o Hunders o Flouers|italics=off}}<br><center></center> | anthem = Made o Hunders o Flouers |image_map = Nepal (orthographic projection).svg |image_map2 = Map of Nepal (Political and Administrative).jpg |map_width=220px |capital = [[Kathmandu]] |coordinates = {{Coord|27|42|N|85|19|E|type:city}} |largest_city = caipital |official_languages = [[Nepali leid|Nepali]] |regional_languages = {{hlist|[[Awadhi]]|[[Bhojpuri]]|[[Bajjika]]|[[Gurung leid|Gurung]]|[[Kiranti leids|Kiranti]]|[[Limbu leid|Limbu]]|[[Magar leid|Magar]]|[[Maithili leid|Maithili]]|[[Newar leid|Newar]]|[[Rai leids|Rai]]|[[Sherpa leid|Sherpa]]|[[Tamang leid|Tamang]]|[[Tharu leid|Tharu]]|[[Urdu]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Nepal |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/country/NP |website=Ethnologue |access-date=24 April 2016 |quote=all Regional languages are now considered national language of Nepal}}</ref>}} |ethnic_groups = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%; | title = Ethnic demografie|16.6% [[Chhettri]]|12.2% [[Brahman-Hill]]|7.1% [[Magar fowk|Magar]]|6.6% [[Tharu fowk|Tharu]]|5.8% [[Tamang]]|5% [[Newar]]|4.8% [[Kami]]|4.4% [[Muslim]]|4% [[Yadav]]|2.3% [[Rai (ethnic group)|Rai]]|2% [[Gurung]]|1.8% [[Damai]]/Dholii|1.6% [[Thakuri]]|1.5% [[Limbu]]|1.4% [[Sarki (ethnic group)|Sarki]]|1.4% [[Teli]]|1.3% [[Chamar]]/[[Harijan]]/Ram|1.2% [[Koiri]]/[[Kushwaha]]|19% Ither<ref name=pre-cen/>}} |ethnic_groups_year = [[2011 Nepal census|2011]] |religion = 81.3% [[Hinduism]]<br>9% [[Buddhism]]<br>4.4% [[Islam]]<br>3% [[Kirant Mundhum|Kirant]]<br>1.4% [[Christianity]]<br>0.4% [[Animism]]<br>0.5% [[Irreleegion]]<ref name="2011census">[http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/National%20Report.pdf 2011 Nepal Census Report] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418000000/http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/National%20Report.pdf |date=18 April 2013 }}</ref><ref name=Shrestha2005>{{cite journal|last=Shrestha|first=Khadga Man|title=Religious Syncretism and Context of Buddhism in Modern Nepal|journal=Voice of History|year=2005|volume=20|issue=1|pages=51–60|url=http://www.nepjol.info/index.php/VOH/article/view/85/78|access-date=2017-08-30|archive-date=2017-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810210744/http://www.nepjol.info/index.php/VOH/article/view/85/78|url-status=dead}}</ref> |demonym = [[Nepalis|Nepalese]] |government_type = [[Federal republic|Federal]] [[Pairlamentar seestem|pairlamentar]] [[republic]] |leader_title1 = [[Preses o Nepal|Preses]] |leader_name1 = [[Bidhya Devi Bhandari]] |leader_title2 = [[Vice Preses o Nepal|Vice Preses]] |leader_name2 = [[Nanda Kishor Pun]] |leader_title3 = [[Leet o Prime Meenisters o Nepal|Prime Meenister]] |leader_name3 = [[Sher Bahadur Deuba]] |leader_title4= [[Legislature Pairlament o Nepal|Speaker o Hoose]] |leader_name4 = [[Agni Sapkota|Agni Prasad Sapkota]] |leader_title5 = [[Chief Juistice o Nepal|Chief Juistice]] |leader_name5 = [[Cholendra Shumsher JB Rana]] |legislature = [[Legislatur Pairlament o Nepal|Pairlament]] |sovereignty_type = [[Unification o Nepal|Unification]] |established_event1 = {{nowrap|[[Kinrick o Nepal|Kinrick declared]]}} |established_date1 = 25 September 1768<ref name="Royal Ark">{{cite web|url=http://www.royalark.net/Nepal/nepal5.htm |title=Nepal5 |publisher=Royalark.net |date= |accessdate=14 February 2014}}</ref> |established_event2 = State declared |established_date2 = 15 Januar 2007 |established_event3 = {{nowrap|Republic declared}} |established_date3 = 28 Mey 2008 |area_km2 = 147,181 |area_rank = 95th |area_sq_mi = 56,827 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = 2.8 |population_estimate = 28,825,709 |population_estimate_rank = 48t |population_estimate_year = 2017 |population_census = 26,494,504<ref name=pre-cen>{{cite web |title=National Population and Housing Census 2011 (National Report) |url=http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/National%20Report.pdf |publisher=Central Bureau of Statistics (Nepal) |accessdate=26 November 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418041642/http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/National%20Report.pdf |archivedate=18 April 2013 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418041642/http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/National%20Report.pdf |date=2013-04-18 }}</ref> |population_census_year = 2011 |population_density_km2 = 180 |population_density_sq_mi = 518 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = 62nt |GDP_PPP = $74.020 billion<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_PPP_year = 2016 |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $2,573<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal = {{nowrap|$24.067 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2015&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=subject&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=34&pr1.y=16&c=558&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Nepal|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=12 March 2016}}</ref>}} ((107th)) |GDP_nominal_year = 2016 |GDP_nominal_rank = |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $837<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |Gini = 32.8 <!--number only--> |Gini_year = 2010 |Gini_change = increase |Gini_ref =<ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/|title=Gini Index|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=2 March 2011}}</ref> |Gini_rank = |HDI = 0.558 <!--number only--> |HDI_year = 2016 <!--Please use the year to which the HDI data refers, not the publication year--> |HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf//|date=2017|accessdate=22 March 2017|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|title=Archived copy|archive-date=2018-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226113106/http://hdr.undp.org/en/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |HDI_rank = 144th |currency = [[Nepalese rupee]] |currency_code = NPR |time_zone = [[Nepal Staundart Time]] |utc_offset = [[UTC+05:45|+05:45]] |DST_note = {{nowrap|''[[Daylicht savin time|DST]] nae observed''}} |drives_on = [[Richt- an left-haund traffic|left]] |calling_code = [[Telephone nummers in Nepal|+977]] |cctld = [[.np]]<br>[[.np|.नेपाल]] |area_magnitude = 1 E10 }} '''Nepal''' ({{pron-en|nɛˈpɔːl}} {{respell|ne-PAWL}}<ref>{{OED|Nepal}}</ref> [[Nepali leid|Nepali]]: नेपाल {{IPAudio|Nepal.ogg|[neˈpal]}}), offeecially the '''Federal Democratic Republic o Nepal''', is a landlockt kintra in [[Sooth Asie]]. It is locatit in the [[Himalayas]] an bordered tae the north bi the [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]], an tae the sooth, east, an wast bi the [[Indie|Republic o Indie]]. Wi an aurie o 147,181 square kilometres (56,827 sq mi) an a population o approximately 30 million, Nepal is the warld's 93rd lairgest kintra b land mass<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html | title = The World Factbook : Rank order population | publisher = CIA | access-date = 2010-10-24 | archive-date = 2014-02-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> an the 41st maist populous kintra. [[Kathmandu]] is the naition's caipital an the kintra's lairgest metropolis. Nepal haes a rich geography. The muntainous north haes aicht o the warld's ten tawest muntains, includin the hichtest pynt on Yird, [[Munt Everest]], cawed ''Sagarmatha'' in Nepali. It contains mair nor 240 peaks ower 20,000&nbsp;ft (6,096 m) abuin sea level.<ref>Shaha (1992), p. 1.</ref> The fertile an humid sooth is heavily [[urbanisation|urbanised]]. Bi some measures, [[Hinduism]] is practised bi a lairger majority o fowk in Nepal than in ony ither naition.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/np.html#People |title=CIA Factbook, Nepal, "People" section |publisher=Cia.gov |date= |accessdate=29 July 2009 |archive-date=2010-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229013308/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/np.html#People |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Buddhism]], tho a minority faith in the kintra, is linkt historically wi Nepal as the birthplace o [[Gautama Buddha|the Buddha]]. Thare are 3 different buddhist tradeetions: Himalayan Buddhism, Buddhism o Kathmandu Valley (maistly [[Mahayana]] an [[Vajrayana]]), an an aa the [[Theravada]] Buddhism. Aboot hauf o the population live belaw the internaitional poverty line o $1.25 a day.<ref>[http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDI_2008_EN_Tables.pdf ''Human Development Indices''], Table 3: Human an income poverty, p. 34. Retrieved on 1 Juin 2009</ref> A [[Kinrick o Nepal|monarchy]] throughoot maist o its history, Nepal wis ruled bi the [[Shah dynasty]] o keengs frae 1768, when [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]] unified its mony sma kinricks. In 2006, housomeivver, a decade-lang [[Nepalese Civil War|Fowkrevolution]] bi the [[Communist Pairty o Nepal (Maoist)]] alang wi several weeks o mass protests bi aw major poleetical pairties o Nepal culminatit in a peace accord, an the ensuin elections for the [[constituent assembly]] votit owerwhelmingly in favor o the abdication o the last Nepali monarch [[Gyanendra o Nepal|Gyanendra Shah]] an the establishment o a [[Federal republic|federal]] [[democratic republic]] in 28 Mey 2008.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/news/stories/200807/s2312720.htm?tab=asia | title = Nepal's first president sworn in | publisher = Radio Australia | date = 24 July 2008}}</ref> The first [[Preses o Nepal]], [[Ram Baran Yadav]], wis sworn in on 23 Julie 2008. <br><gallery caption="Nepal"> Kathmandu-Basantapur Chowk-14-2013-gje.jpg|Kathmandu Kathmandu-Kathesimbu-40-2015-gje.jpg|Kathmandu Bhaktapur-74-geschnitzte Kampfszene-2013-gje.jpg|Bhaktapur Patan-Cyasilim Devar-10-Degutale-gje.jpg|Patan Chheplung to Chhuthawa-09-Thado Koshi-Bruecke-2007-gje.jpg|Himalaya Chhukung-126-Berge-2007-gje.jpg|Himalaya Mustang-Ghami to Tsarang-14-rote Wand-2015-gje.jpg|Mustang Changu Narayan-12-Frauen am Ganesha-Altar-2013-gje.jpg|Changu Narayan </gallery> == Notes == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Nepal| ]] [[Category:Federal constitutional republics]] [[Category:Umwhile monarchies o Asie]] [[Category:Landlocked kintras]] [[Category:Least developed kintras]] [[Category:Member states o the Sooth Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]] [[Category:Newar]] [[Category:Sooth Asian kintras]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1768]] [[Category:History o Hinduism|Kingdoms]] [[Category:Umwhile kinricks]] lkmqsamd757uyduf8ecxtxu8a5sa4sf 0 4571 921108 920826 2026-08-18T16:25:40Z Lirazelf 27464 remuivin en.wiki airtins 921108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Australian place | type = city | name = Sydney | state = nsw | image = Sydney Skyline - panoramio (7).jpg | caption = [[Sydney Harbour]] (landmarks include [[Sydney Tower]], [[Fort Denison]], [[The Domain]], [[Sydney Opera House]] an [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]]) | image2 = Free vector map of Sydney city Australia Level 12.svg | image2_alt = Map o the Sydney metropolitan aurie | caption2 = Map o the Sydney metropolitan aurie | coordinates = {{coord|33|51|54|S|151|12|34|E|display=inline,title}} | force_national_map = yes | pop = 5005400 | pop_year = 2016 | pop_footnotes = <ref name="ABSGCCSA">{{cite web|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014–15:ESTIMATED RESIDENT POPULATION – Greater Capital City Statistical Areas (GCCSAs)|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mediareleasesbyReleaseDate/28F51C010D29BFC9CA2575A0002126CC?OpenDocument|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|accessdate=30 March 2017|archive-date=2012-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327212358/http://www8.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mediareleasesbyReleaseDate/28F51C010D29BFC9CA2575A0002126CC?OpenDocument|url-status=dead}} Estimated resident population, 30 June 2016.</ref> | poprank = 1st | density = 400 | density_footnotes = (2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features202014-15?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3218.0&issue=2014-15&num=&view=|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014–15: New South Wales: Population Density|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=30 March 2016|accessdate=31 March 2016|archive-date=2016-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405011204/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features202014-15?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3218.0&issue=2014-15&num=&view=|url-status=dead}}</ref> | established = [[Australia Day|26 Januar]] 1788 | area = 12367.7 | area_footnotes = (GCCSA)<ref name=ABSGCCSAXLS>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~1GSYD/$File/BCP_1GSYD.zip?OpenElement|title=Greater Sydney: Basic Community Profile|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|work=2011 Census Community Profiles|date=28 March 2013|format=xls|accessdate=9 April 2014|archive-date=2022-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107230439/https://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~1GSYD/%24File/BCP_1GSYD.zip?OpenElement|url-status=dead}}</ref> | timezone = [[Australie Eastren Staundart Time|AEST]] | utc = +10 | timezone-dst = [[Australie Eastren Daylicht Time|AEDT]] | utc-dst = +11 | dist1 = 877 | dir1 = NE | location1 = Melbourne | dist2 = 923 | dir2 = S | location2 = Brisbane | dist3 = 287 | dir3 = NE | location3 = Canberra | dist4 = 3936 | dir4 = E | location4 = Perth | dist5 = 1404 | dir5 = E | location5 = Adelaide | lga = various (31) | county = Cumberland | stategov = various (49) | fedgov = various (24) | maxtemp = 22.5 | maxtemp_footnotes = <ref name=metdata>{{BoM Aust stats|site_ref=cw_066062_All|site_name=Sydney (Observatory Hill)|accessdate=15 December 2016}}</ref> | mintemp = 14.5 | mintemp_footnotes = <ref name=metdata/> | rainfall = 1222.7 | rainfall_footnotes = <ref name=metdata/> | footnotes = '''Coordinates''':<ref>{{NSW GNR|id=TRlpoerXGH|title=Sydney|accessdate=28 February 2015}}</ref> }} '''Sydney''' is the state capital o [[New Sooth Wales]] an the mucklemaist an maist populous city in [[Austrailie]]. Sydney is locatit on Austrailie's sooth-east coast o the [[Tasman Sea]]. Inhabitants o Sydney are cried Sydneysiders, comprisin a cosmopolitan an internaitional population o fowk frae numerous places aroond the warld. The steid o the first [[Breetish colony]] in Australie, Sydney wis established in 1788 at [[Sydney Cove]] bi [[Arthur Phillip]], commodore o the [[First Fleet]] as a [[penal colony]]. The city is biggit on hills surroondin [[Port Jackson]] that is aft kent as Sydney Harbour, whaur the iconic [[Sydney Opera Hoose]] an the [[Sydney Harbour Bridge|Harbour Bridge]] featur prominently. The hinterland o the metropolitan area is surroondit bi [[naitional pairks]], an the coastal regions feature mony bays, rivers, inlets an [[Beaches in Sydney|beaches]] includin the kenspecklt [[Bondi Beach]]. Athin the city are mony notable pairks, includin [[Hyde Park, Sydney|Hyde Park]] an the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney|Royal Botanic Gardens]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{Ceeties o Australie}} [[Category:Sydney| ]] [[Category:Ceeties in New Sooth Wales]] [[Category:Host ceeties o the Simmer Olympic Gemmes]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1788]] [[Category:Port ceeties in Australie]] [[Category:Coastal ceeties in Australie]] [[Category:Australie caipital ceeties]] {{Stub/Antip}} {{Stub/Ceity}} hhwrxx7aww1ojozt1vdxudo91gozol4 0 4712 921128 709709 2026-08-18T19:57:57Z Delusion23 10906 redirect [[Sede vacante]] 921128 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Sede vacante]] 4w6yyr4m1lm91m7h756dzx298ymosuj 0 5300 921086 921082 2026-08-18T14:03:26Z PurpleDinosaur585 129975 spellin 921086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|the caipital ceity o Greece|ither uises|Athens (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox Greek Dimos |name= '''Athens''' |name_local= Αθήνα <br /> Athīna |image_map= 2011 Dimos Athineon.png |image_skyline= Athens Montage L.png |imagesize= 300 |caption_skyline= Frae upper left: the [[Acropolis o Athens|Acropolis]], the [[Hellenic Parliament]], the [[Zappeion]], the [[Acropolis Museum]], [[Monastiraki|Monastiraki Square]], vizzy o Athens till the sea. |coordinates = {{coord|37|58|N|23|43|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |periph= [[Attica]] |periphunit = [[Central Athens]] |pop_municipality= 655780 |area_municipality= 38.964 |districts= 7 |mayor= [[Giorgos Kaminis]] |party= Independent |since= 29 December 2010 |demonym= Athenian |elevation_min= 70 |elevation_max= 338 |population_as_of= 2011 |population_urban= 3074160 |area_urban= 412 |population_metro= 3737550 |area_metro= 2928.717 |postal_code= 10x xx, 11x xx, 120 xx |area_code= 21 |licence= Yxx, Zxx, Ixx (excluding ZAx and INx) |website= [http://www.cityofathens.gr/ www.cityofathens.gr] }} '''Athens''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|θ|ɨ|n|z}};<ref>{{cite book |title=Longman pronunciation dictionary |first=John C. |last=Wells |publisher=Longman |location=Harlow, England |year=1990 |isbn=0-582-05383-8 |page=48 }} entry "Athens" </ref> {{lang-ell|Αθήνα}}, ''Athína'', {{IPA-el|aˈθina|}}; {{lang-grc|Ἀθῆναι}}, ''Athēnai'') is the [[Caipital ceity|capital]] an mucklest ceity o [[Greece]]. Athens dominates the [[Attica]] region an is ane o the warld's auldest ceities, wi its [[recordit history]] spannin aroond 3,400 year. [[Classical Athens]], as a landlockit location wis a pouerfu [[Polis|ceity-state]] that kythed alangside the up-biggin o the port o [[Piraeus]]. A heidmaist airt for the airts, learnin an philosophy, hame o [[Plato]]'s [[Platonic Academy|Academy]] an [[Aristotle]]'s [[Lyceum#History|Lyceum]],<ref>{{cite web |website=www.yppo.gr |title=Contents and Principles of the Programme of Unification of the Archaeological Sites of Athens |publisher=Hellenic Ministry of Culture |url=http://www.yppo.gr/4/e4000.jsp?obj_id=90&lhmma_id=3817 |archive-date=2016-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821134233/http://www.yppo.gr/4/e4000.jsp?obj_id=90&lhmma_id=3817 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Greece uncovers 'holy grail' of Greek archeology |author=CNN & Associated Press |publisher=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9701/16/greece.lyceum/index.html |date=16 January 1997 |accessdate=28 March 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071206113529/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9701/16/greece.lyceum/index.html |archivedate=2007-12-06 |url-status=live }}</ref> it is aften cried the [[cradle o ceevilization|cradle]] o wastren civilization an the original o [[democracy]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40773/Athens |title=Athens |quote=Ancient Greek Athenai, historic city and capital of Greece. Many of classical civilization’s intellectual and artistic ideas originated there, and the city is generally considered to be the birthplace of Western civilization|accessdate=31 December 2008}}</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/greeks/greekdemocracy_01.shtml BBC History on Greek Democracy] – Accessed on 26 January 2007</ref> feckly ower the heids o the impact o its cultural an political merits durin the 5t an 4t centuries BC, and in the centuries tae come, on the lave o the than kent [[Europe|European continent]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091028030542/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_1741501460/Ancient_Greece.html Encarta Ancient Greece]from the Internet Archive– Retrieved on 28 February 2012. 31 October 2009.</ref> Nou a cosmopolitan metropolis, modren Athens is at the hert o the economic, financial, industrial, political an cultural life in Greece. In 2008, Athens wis rankit the warld's [[Leet o ceities bi GDP|32t maist gaithered ceity]] bi spendin pouer<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citymayors.com/economics/usb-purchasing-power.html |title=The most expensive and richest cities in the world |publisher=[[City Mayors]] |accessdate=12 May 2008 |year=2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506064245/http://www.citymayors.com/economics/usb-purchasing-power.html |archivedate=2008-05-06 |url-status=live }}</ref> an the 25t maist dearthfu<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citymayors.com/features/cost_survey.html |title=The lives of expatriates in the world’s most expensive cities |publisher=[[City Mayors]] |accessdate=26 December 2008 |year=2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224033730/http://www.citymayors.com/features/cost_survey.html |archivedate=2008-12-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> in a [[UBS AG|UBS]] study. The ceity is named for [[Athena]]. == History == Lang syne, Athens wis a feckfu ceity. It wis kent for the feck o learnin that happent there, an wis hame tae [[Plato|Plato's]] Academy an [[Aristotle|Aristotle's]] [[Lyceum]]. It haed its ain [[constitution]] forbye. The [[Ottoman Turks]] teuk ower Athens in [[1458]]. The Turks turned the [[Parthenon]] intae a [[Muslim]] [[mosque]]. The [[Parthenon]] wis later skaithed in [[1687]] whan gunpouder flistit intil the biggin. Athens wis lowsed frae the Turks durin the Greek Weir o Independence (1821-33). It syne becam the capital o Greece. ==Govrenment== [[File:Prefectures of Attica athens.png|thumb|The umwhile [[Athens Prefectur]] (blue), athin the region o [[Attica]] (grey)]] Athens became the [[Caipital ceity|capital]] o Greece in 1834, follaein [[Nafplio]], the whilk wis the interlocutory capital frae 1829 on. Atour, the municipality o Athens is the capital o the Attica region. ''Athens'' can aither mean the municipality o Athens or the haill Athens [[urban area]], the whilk maks up the "Ceity o Athens" that sprauchles athort the ''Attica Basin''. ===Attica Region=== The '''Athens Metropolitan Area''', sprauchlin ower {{convert|2928.717|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}, is locate athin the {{convert|3808|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} [[Attica]] region. The region taks in the maist peopled pairt o Greece, raxin tae 3,827,624 indwallers in 2011,<ref name=census11/> awtho it is ane o the smawest pairts in the kintra. The Attica region itsel is splitten intae echt [[regional units o Greece|regional units]], ooten whilk the first fower maks up ''Greater Athens'', while the [[Piraeus (regional unit)|regional unit o Piraeus]] maks up ''Greater Piraeus''. Thegither they mak up the contigue biggit-up [[urban area]] o the Greek capital, spannin ower {{convert|412|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Kallikratis>{{PDFlink|1=[http://www.kedke.gr/uploads2010/FEKB129211082010_kallikratis.pdf Kallikratis reform law text]}}</ref> * [[North Athens]] (Urban area) * [[Wast Athens]] (Urban area) * [[Central Athens]] (Urban area) * [[Sooth Athens]] (Urban area) * [[Piraeus (regional unit)|Piraeus]] (Urban area) * [[East Attica]] (Metropolitan area) * [[Wast Attica]] (Metropolitan area) * [[Islands (regional unit)|Islands]] Up till 2010, the first fower regional units abuin made up the abolisht [[Athens Prefectur]] (the whilk is cawed ''Greater Athens'') forbye, whilk wis the maist populous o the [[Prefecturs o Greece]] at the time, accoontin for 2,640,701 fowk (in 2011),<ref name=census11/> athin a area o {{convert|361|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name=area/> ===Athens Municipality=== [[File:Athens dimotiko diamerisma.PNG|thumb|The seiven destricks o Athens municipality]] The [[municipality]] o Athens is the [[Leet o ceities in Greece|maist populous in Greece]], wi a population o 664,046 fowk (in 2011)<ref name=census11/> an a area o {{convert|39|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}},<ref name=area>{{cite web |url=http://www.ypes.gr/topiki.htm |title=Characteristics |work=Hellenic Interior Ministry |publisher=www.ypes.gr |accessdate=6 January 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104231706/http://www.ypes.gr/topiki.htm |archivedate=2007-01-04 |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |url=http://www.ypes.gr/topiki.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-06-16 |archive-date=2007-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104231706/http://www.ypes.gr/topiki.htm |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> formin the hert o the Athens Urban Area athin the ''Attica Basin''. The praisent provost o Athens is [[Giorgos Kaminis]]. The municipality is dividit intae seiven municipal destricts whilk are maistly yaised for admeinistrative ettles. Population data for the 7 municipal destricks o Athens (2001 census):<ref>{{cite web |title=Hellenic Statistical Authority (EL.STAT) |url=https://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/PAGE-themes?p_param=A1604 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420174851/https://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/PAGE-themes?p_param=A1604 |archive-date=2015-04-20 |access-date=2024-03-24}}</ref> 1st: 97,570 2nt: 110,069 3rd: 48,305 4t: 87,672 5t: 95,234 6t: 147,181 7t: 159,483 For Athenians the maist popular wey o dividin the ceity proper is throu its neebourheids siclike as [[Pangrati|Pagkrati]], [[Ambelokipi, Athens|Ambelokipi]], [[Exarcheia]], [[Patissia]], [[Ilissia]], [[Petralona]], [[Koukaki]] an [[Kypseli, Athens|Kypseli]], ilk-ane wi its ain sindry history an particularities. The Athens municipality alsae forms the hert an mids o ''Greater Athens'', whilk consists o the Athens municipality an 34 mae municipalities, themsells dividit intae the foresaid fower regional units. {|class="wikitable" |+ '''Municipalities o Greater Athens''' |- |style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"| {|style="width: 100%; font-size: 80%;" |- |[[Central Athens|Central Section]]: ||1. Ceity o Athens ||2. [[Dafni-Ymittos|Dafni]] ||3. [[Ilioupoli]] ||4. [[Vyronas]] ||5. [[Kaisariani]] ||6. [[Zografou]] ||7. [[Galatsi]] ||8. '''[[Filadelfeia–Chalkidona|Filadelfeia]]''' |} |- |style="text-align:center;"| {|style="width: 100%; font-size: 80%;" |- |[[Wast Athens|Wast Section]]: |- |29. [[Egaleo]] |- |30. [[Agia Varvara]] |- |31. [[Chaidari]] |- |32. [[Peristeri]] |- |33. [[Petroupoli]] |- |34. [[Ilio, Greece|Ilion]] |- |35. [[Agioi Anargyroi]] – [[Kamatero]] |} |style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Athens Municipalities g2.jpg|470px|Athens]] |style="text-align:center;"| {|style="width: 100%; font-size: 80%;" |- |[[North Athens|North Section]]: |- |9. [[Nea Ionia]] |- |10. [[Irakleio, Attica|Irakleio]] |- |11. [[Metamorfosi]] |- |12. [[Lykovrysi]] – [[Pefki]] |- |13. [[Kifissia]] |- |14. [[Penteli, Greece|Penteli]] - [[Melissia]] |- |15. [[Marousi|Amarousio]] |- |16. [[Vrilissia]] |- |17. [[Agia Paraskevi|Ag. Paraskevi]] |- |18. [[Cholargos]] – [[Papagou]] |- |19. [[Chalandri]] |- |20. [[Filothei]] – [[Psychiko]] |} |- |style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"| {|style="width: 100%; font-size: 80%;" |- |[[Sooth Athens|Sooth Section]]:||21. [[Glyfada]] ||22. [[Elliniko-Argyroupoli]] ||23. [[Alimos]] ||24. [[Agios Dimitrios]] ||25. [[Nea Smyrni]] ||26. [[Palaio Faliro|Faliro]] ||27. [[Kallithea]] ||28. [[Moschato–Tavros|Moschato]] |} |} The municipalities o Greater Athens, alang wi the municipalities athin Greater [[Piraeus]] ([[Piraeus (regional unit)|regional unit o Piraeus]]), maks up the Athens Urban Area, while the muckler metropolitan area taks in a curnie ither suburbs an touns surroondin the thrang urban pairt o the Greek capital. == Sports == Athens haes a curnie muckle sports clubs. Amang thaim [[AEK Athens F.C.]], [[Panathinaikos F.C.]] an [[Panionios G.S.S]], basketbaa club [[Maroussi B.C.]] an handbaw club [[Sony Athinaikos Athens]]. === Olympic Gemmes === * [[1896]] - The [[Simmer Olympic Gemmes]] teuk place in Athens. * [[2004]] - The [[Simmer Olympic Gemmes]] teuk place in Athens. == Internaitional relations == === Twin touns – Sister ceities === Athens is [[twin touns an sister ceities|twinned]] wi: {{MultiCol}} *{{flagicon|United States}} [[Athens, Georgie]], [[Unitit States]]<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Athens,GA : Sister Cities |url=http://www.museumstuff.com/learn/topics/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714134505/http://www.museumstuff.com/learn/topics/Athens,_GA::sub::Sister_Cities |archive-date=2011-07-14 |access-date=2024-03-24}}</ref> * {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Barcelona]], [[Spain]] (1999)<ref name="Barcelona">{{cite web|url=http://w3.bcn.es/XMLServeis/XMLHomeLinkPl/0,4022,229724149_257215678_1,00.html|title=Barcelona internacional – Ciutats agermanades|publisher=Ajuntament de Barcelona|language=es|accessdate=13 July 2009|archive-date=2012-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127043638/http://w3.bcn.es/XMLServeis/XMLHomeLinkPl/0,4022,229724149_257215678_1,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]], [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Cheenae]] (2005)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/ |title=Beijing Sister Cities |accessdate=3 January 2007 |work=City of Beijing |publisher=www.ebeijing.gov.cn |archive-date=2010-01-17 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mq6B2fdq?url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beirut.gov.lb/MCMSTest/Menu-Pages/SisterCitiesEN.aspx?NRMODE=Published&NRORIGINALURL=%2fwww%2ebeirut%2egov%2elb%2fMCMSEN%2fTwinning%2bthe%2bCities%2f&NRNODEGUID=%7b18839037-0140-436E-A1AF-7F8F3693C3E6%7d&NRCACHEHINT=NoModifyGuest |title=Twinnings of the city |accessdate=25 January 2008 |work=City of Beirut |publisher=www.beirut.gov.lb |archive-date=2008-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221055403/http://www.beirut.gov.lb/MCMSTest/Menu-Pages/SisterCitiesEN.aspx?NRMODE=Published&NRORIGINALURL=%2Fwww.beirut.gov.lb%2FMCMSEN%2FTwinning+the+Cities%2F&NRNODEGUID=%7B18839037-0140-436E-A1AF-7F8F3693C3E6%7D&NRCACHEHINT=NoModifyGuest%23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{flagicon|Palestine}} [[Bethlehem]], [[State o Palestine|Palestine]] (1986)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.twinningwithpalestine.net/groupsinternational.html |title=Twinning with Palestine |work=Twinning With Palestine |accessdate=26 January 2008 |archive-date=2012-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628210624/http://www.twinningwithpalestine.net/groupsinternational.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="BethlehemTwinning">{{cite web |url=http://www.bethlehem-city.org/Twining.php |title=::Bethlehem Municipality:: |publisher=www.bethlehem-city.org |accessdate=10 October 2009 |archive-date=2010-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724140854/http://www.bethlehem-city.org/Twining.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{flagicon|Romania}} [[Bucharest]], [[Romanie]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ase.ro/engleza/life_bucharest/history.asp |title=Academy of Economic Studies – Short History of Bucharest |accessdate=1 August 2008 |work=Bucharest University of Economics |archive-date=2007-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221121033/http://www.ase.ro/engleza/life_bucharest/history.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{flagicon|USA}} [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], [[United States]] (1997)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chicagosistercities.com/index.php |title=Chicago Sister Cities |accessdate=3 January 2007 |work=City of Chicago |publisher=www.chicagosistercities.com |archive-date=2013-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311160401/http://www.chicagosistercities.com/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{flagicon|Peru}} [[Cusco]], [[Peru]] (1991)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.municusco.gob.pe/ver.php?id=6 |title=Ciudades Hermanas |language=Spanish |work=Municipalidad del Cusco |publisher=www.municusco.gob.pe |accessdate=25 January 2008 |archive-date=2009-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803122352/http://www.municusco.gob.pe/ver.php?id=6 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=94185 |publisher=Radikal |language=Turkish |date=3 November 2003 |title=İstanbul'a 49 kardeş |last=Erdem |first=Selim Efe |accessdate=25 January 2008 |work=Radikal}}</ref> {{ColBreak}} * {{flagicon|USA}} [[Los Angeles]], [[Californie]], [[Unitit States]] (1984)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lacity.org/sistercities/ |title=Los Angeles Sister Cities |accessdate=3 January 2007 |work=City of Los Angeles |publisher=www.lacity.org |archive-date=2007-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104020957/http://www.lacity.org/sistercities/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Moscow]], [[Roushie]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mos.ru/wps/portal/!ut/p/c1/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3izECfXQHMPIwODQFMTAyMXFwNnFydvYwN3I6B8pFm8AQ7gaEBAdzjIPtwqDAwg8njM9_PIz03VL8iNMMgycVQEANg5rCU!/dl2/d1/L3dJVkkvd0xNQUJrQUVrQSEhL1lCcHhKRjFOQUEhIS82XzZUQkVRN0gyMDBRNTQwMkREMENEQkszMDA1LzdfNlRCRVE3SDIwMFE1NDAyREQwQ0RCSzMwODc!?nID=6_6TBEQ7H200Q5402DD0CDBK30G2&cID=6_6TBEQ7H200Q5402DD0CDBK30G2&documentId=102289#7_6TBEQ7H200Q5402DD0CDBK3087 |title=Moscow International Relations |date=June 2007 |accessdate=31 July 2008 |work=Moscow City Government |archive-date=2017-10-10 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010203243/http://www.mos.ru/wps/portal/!ut/p/c1/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3izECfXQHMPIwODQFMTAyMXFwNnFydvYwN3I6B8pFm8AQ7gaEBAdzjIPtwqDAwg8njM9_PIz03VL8iNMMgycVQEANg5rCU!/dl2/d1/L3dJVkkvd0xNQUJrQUVrQSEhL1lCcHhKRjFOQUEhIS82XzZUQkVRN0gyMDBRNTQwMkREMENEQkszMDA1LzdfNlRCRVE3SDIwMFE1NDAyREQwQ0RCSzMwODc!?nID=6_6TBEQ7H200Q5402DD0CDBK30G2&cID=6_6TBEQ7H200Q5402DD0CDBK30G2&documentId=102289#7_6TBEQ7H200Q5402DD0CDBK3087 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Naples]], [[Italy]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/5931 |title=Gemellaggi |language=Italian |work=Comune di Napoli |accessdate=1 September 2008 |archive-date=2013-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722204102/http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/5931 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{flagicon|Cyprus}} [[Nicosia]], [[Cyprus]] (1988)<ref>{{cite web |title=Nicosia:Twin Cities |url=http://www.nicosia.org.cy/english/lefkosia_twins_athens.shtm |accessdate=25 January 2008 |work=Nicosia Municipality |publisher=www.nicosia.org.cy |archive-date=2011-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524003246/http://www.nicosia.org.cy/english/lefkosia_twins_athens.shtm |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Seoul]], [[Republic o Korea|Sooth Korea]] (2006)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html |title=International Cooperation: Sister Cities |accessdate=26 January 2008 |work=Seoul Metropolitan Government |publisher=www.seoul.go.kr |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210175055/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html |archivedate=2007-12-10 |url-status=live }}</ref> * {{flagicon|Albania}} [[Tirana]], [[Albanie]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tirana.gov.al/common/images/International%20Relations.pdf |title=Twinning Cities: International Relations |accessdate=25 January 2008 |work=Municipality of Tirana |publisher=www.tirana.gov.al |archive-date=2011-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010042121/http://www.tirana.gov.al/common/images/International%20Relations.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{flagicon|USA}} [[Washington, D.C.]], [[Unitit States]] (2000)<ref>{{cite web |title=Protocol and International Affairs: Sister-City Agreements |url=http://os.dc.gov/os/cwp/view,a,1206,q,522336.asp |accessdate=25 January 2008 |work=District of Columbia |publisher=os.dc.gov |archive-date=2008-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513185356/http://os.dc.gov/os/cwp/view%2Ca%2C1206%2Cq%2C522336.asp#sister |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{ColBreak}} === Pairtnerships === * {{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Belgrade]], [[Serbie]] (1966)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=1225698 |title=International Cooperation |accessdate=26 January 2008 |work=Grad Beograd |publisher=www.beograd.rs |archive-date=2012-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828072526/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=1225698 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{flagicon|Armenia}} [[Yerevan]], [[Armenie]] (1993)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yerevan.am/index.php?page=athina&lang=eng |title=International Cooperation: Sister Cities: Athens |accessdate=26 January 2008 |work=Yerevan Municipality |publisher=www.yerevan.am |archive-date=2009-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113231957/http://www.yerevan.am/index.php?page=athina&lang=eng |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{flagicon|France}} [[Paris]], [[Fraunce]] (2000) * {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Cali|Santiago de Cali]], [[Colombie]] {{EndMultiCol}} == References == {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{sisterlinks|voy=Athens}} ;Offeecial * [http://www.cityofathens.gr/en/ Cityofathens.gr] – Ceity o Athens offeecial wabsteid * [http://www.visitgreece.gr/en/main_cities/athens Athens] The offeecial wabsteid o the Greek Naitional Tourism Organisation {{Geographic location |Centre=Athens |North=[[Nea Filadelfeia]], [[Nea Ionia]] an [[Galatsi]] |Northeast=[[Psychiko]], [[Neo Psychiko]] an [[Papagou]] |East=[[Zografou]] an [[Kaisariani]] |Southeast=[[Vyronas]], [[Ymittos]] an [[Dafni, Attica|Dafni]] |South= [[Nea Smyrni]] |Southwest=[[Kallithea]] |West=[[Egaleo|Aigaleo]] an [[Tavros]] |Northwest=[[Peristeri]] }} {{Warld Beuk Caipital}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Athens| ]]<!--leave the empty space as standard--> [[Category:Populatit places in Central Athens]] [[Category:Auncient Greek ceities]] [[Category:Caipitals in Europe]] [[Category:Populatit coastal places in Greece]] [[Category:Ceity-states]] [[Category:Greek prefectural caipitals]] [[Category:Greek regional caipitals]] [[Category:Populatit places established in the 3rd millennium BC]] [[Category:Tourism in Greece]] [[Category:Auncient Greek steids in Greece]] [[Category:Populatit places in Auncient Greece]] [[Category:Roman steids in Greece]] {{Stub/Europe}} {{Stub/Ceity}} j2e06ey9s1lac01jcopedsxjjg0e064 0 6141 921129 905930 2026-08-18T20:00:10Z ~2026-45365-99 135911 remuive "en:wiki" airtin 921129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name={{transl|ur|ISO|Urdu}} |nativename={{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ur|اردو}}}} Lashkari (لشکری) |pronunciation={{IPA-hns|ˈʊrd̪u|lang}} |image=URDUARAB.PNG |imagesize=200px |imagecaption='''Urdu''' in [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic]] script <br>([[Nastaʿlīq script|Nastaʿlīq]] style) |states= [[Pakistan]], [[Indie]], [[Bangladesh]] ("Bihari"), [[Nepal]]<!--, [[Mauritius]], [[Sooth Africae]]--><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/urd | title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Seventeenth edition, Urdu | publisher=Ethnologue | accessdate=March 5, 2013}}</ref> |region = |speakers = 66 million |date = 2007 |ref = <ref>[[Nationalencyklopedin]] "Världens 100 största språk 2007" The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007</ref> |speakers2=Tot (only Urdu): 104 million (2010)<ref>{{cite web|last=Katsiavriades, Qureshi|first=Kryss, Talaat|title=The 30 Most Spoken Languages of the World|url=http://www.krysstal.com/spoken.html|accessdate=5 March 2013}}</ref> <br>Tot (includin [[Hindi]]): 490 million (2010)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/other/guide/urdu/steps.shtml |title=A Guide to Urdu |publisher=BBC |date= |accessdate=2012-01-31 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120525125610/www.bbc.co.uk/languages/other/guide/urdu/steps.shtml |archivedate=2012-05-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |familycolor=Indo-European |fam2=[[Indo-Iranian leids|Indo-Iranian]] |fam3=[[Indo-Aryan leids|Indo-Aryan]] |fam4=[[Central zone]] |fam5=[[Wastren Hindi]] |fam6=[[Hindustani leid|Hindustani]]<ref name=ELL2>{{ELL2|Hindustani}}</ref> |fam7= Seann Punjabi<ref>Bailey, T. Grahame. "Urdu: the Name and the Language." The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2 (1930): 391-400.</ref><ref>Khalid, Kanwal. "LAHORE DURING THE GHANAVID PERIOD."</ref> |script=[[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Urdu alphabet]] <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Nastaʿlīq script|Nastaʿlīq]])<br>[[Devanagari]]<br>[[Urdu Braille]] |nation={{flag|Pakistan}}<br>{{flag|Indie}} (states o [[Jammu an Kashmir]],<br> [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Delhi]]) |agency=[[Naitional Leid Authority]] (Pakistan);<br /> [[Naitional Cooncil for Promotion o Urdu Leid|Naitional Cooncil for Promotion <br>o Urdu Leid]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urducouncil.nic.in/ |title=National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language |publisher=Urducouncil.nic.in |date= |accessdate=2011-12-18}}</ref> (Indie) |iso1=ur|iso2=urd|iso3=urd|lingua=59-AAF-q (wi Hindi,<br>includin 58 varieties:<br> 59-AAF-qaa tae 59-AAF-qil) |map=Urdu_official-language_areas.png |mapcaption={{legend|#FFCC2E|Auries where Urdu is offeecial or cooffeecial}} {{legend|#FDF72F|(Ither) auries where Hindi is offeecial}} |notice= }} '''Urdu''' {{IPA|ˈ|urdu}} ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|'''اُردُو'''}}}}, {{transl|ur|''Urdū''}}, {{IPA-hns|ʊrˈd̪u|pron|hi-Urdu.ogg}}), forby said '''Lashkari''' ('''لشکری''' ˈləʃkəri)<ref>http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/uoc/PDF-FILES/(13)%20Kanwal%20Khalid-90-3-2015.pdf</ref>, is the heidmaist leid that is spak in [[Pakistan]]. It is in mony weys seemilar tae [[Hindi]] whan spak (the twa is mutually intelligable) it haes a different writin seestem that's taen frae the [[Arabic]]. There's 60-80 million native speakers, an 160 million tot. {{-}} ====== Letter Names and [[Phoneme]]s ====== {| class="wikitable sortable" style=text-align:center |- ! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Isolated<br/>[[Letter (alphabet)|Letter]]<br/> {{ref|Nastaliq_forms|[N]}} ! colspan=4 | [[Phoneme]] ! colspan=3 | Urdu [[Letter (alphabet)|Letter]] [[Name]] {{sfn|Delacy|2003|p=XV–XVI}}<ref name=user.uni-hannover /> ! rowspan=2 | Unicode <br/> <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic">{{cite web |title=Extended Arabic Letter |url=https://unicode.org/ <!-- original url, now broken = https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/list-unicodeset.jsp?a=\p{subhead=Extended%20Arabic%20letter} --> |website=unicode.org |accessdate=7 May 1920<!-- implausible data as a placeholder, i accidentally deleted the version of this that had the info, and since then the unicode website has gone offline -->}}</ref><ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6">{{cite web |title=Based on ISO 8859-6 |url=https://unicode.org/ <!-- original url, now broken = https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/list-unicodeset.jsp?a=\p{subhead=Based%20on%20ISO%208859-6} -->|website=unicode.org |accessdate=7 May 1920<!-- implausible date as a placeholder -->}}</ref> ! colspan=2 | [[Nummer]] in <br/> Urdu [[alphabet]] |- ! [[Internaitional Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] ! [[Scots]] [[Letter (alphabet)|Letter]] ! style=font-size:90% | closest [[Phoneme]] in [[Scots]] ! style=font-size:90% | closest [[Phoneme]] in [[Inglis]] ! Nastaliq <br/> {{ref|fonts_1|[footnote 1]}} ! diacritics <br/> <ref name=user.uni-hannover /> ! Romanizations <ref name="user.uni-hannover" >{{cite web | title=Urdu Alphabet | url=http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/urdu-alphabet.html | website=www.user.uni-hannover.de | accessdate=29 February 2020 | archive-date=2019-09-11 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911052959/http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/urdu-alphabet.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="kindle project fluency" >{{cite book |last1=Project Fluency |title=Urdu: The Complete Urdu Learning Course for Beginners: Start Speaking Basic Urdu Immediately |page=Kindle Locations 66–67 |edition=Kindle |isbn=978-1539047803 |date=7 October 2016 }}</ref> ! ! <ref name=user.uni-hannover /> |- <!-- U+0627 {{lang|ur| الِف }} | alif <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 1= |=U+0627 - ا‎ - alef - ALEF<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ا | ا ]]}}}} | {{IPA| /ɑː/ /ā/ <br/> /ʔ/ /–/ }} <br/> <small>{{citation needed|i don't think it can do anything by itself without a vowel attached اَ اِ اُ آ but i guess they don't write those? but if we're regarding every possible diacritic that could be implied, shouldn't this list be much longer? And include the first letter of اردو / اُردو as some variation of u?|date=February 2020}}</small> | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|الف}}}} | {{lang|ur| الِف }} | ''alif''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''alef''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0627 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ا | U+0627 ]] | 1 | 1 |- <!-- {{lang|ur| بے }} | bē <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 2= |=U+0628 - ب‎ - beh - BEH<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ب | ب ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/b/}} | | (example needed) | B in "bat" | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|بے}}}} | {{lang|ur| بے }} | ''bē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''beh''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0628 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ب | U+0628 ]] | 2 | 2 |- <!-- {lang|ur| پـے }} | pē <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 3= |=U+067E - پ‎ - peh<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: پ | پ ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/p/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|پے}}}} | {{lang|ur| پے }} | ''pē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''peh''<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> <!--''pē''--> | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=067E ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: پ | U+067E ]] | 3 | 3 |- <!-- U+062A {{lang|ur| تے }} | tē <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 4= |=U+062A - ت‎ - teh - TEH<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ت | ت ]]}}}} | style=background:#f7ffef; | {{IPA|/t̪/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|تے}}}} | {{lang|ur| تے }} | ''tē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''teh''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <!--''tē''--> | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062A ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ت | U+062A ]] | 4 | 4 |- <!-- {{lang|ur| ٹے }} | ṭē <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 5= |=U+0679 - ٹ‎ - tteh<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ٹ | ٹ ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/ʈ/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٹے }}}} | {{lang|ur| ٹے }} | ''ṭē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''tteh''<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> <!--''ṭē''--> | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0679 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ٹ | U+0679 ]] | 5 | 5 |- <!-- U+062B {{lang|ur| ثے }} <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 6= |=U+062B - ث‎ - theh - THEH<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ث | ث ]]}}}} | style=background:#f7efff; | {{IPA|/s/}} | style=background:#f7efff; | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ثے }}}} | {{lang|ur| ثے }} | ''sē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''s̱ē'' | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062B ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ث | U+062B ]] | 6 | 6 |- <!-- jīm <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 7= |=U+062C - ج‎ - jeem - JEEM<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ج | ج ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| جيم }}}} | {{lang|ur| جِيم }} | ''jīm''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''jeem''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <!--''jīm''--> | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062C ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ج | U+062C ]] | 7 | 7 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: چ | چ ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| چے }}}} | {{lang|ur| چے }} | ''čē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''cē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''tcheh''<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0686 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: چ | U+0686 ]] | 8 | 8 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ح | ح ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/ɦ/}} | | (example needed) | | style=white-space:nowrap; style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| بڑی حے }}}} | style=white-space:nowrap; | {{lang|ur| بَڑی حے }} | ''baṛī ħē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''baṛī ḥē''   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062D ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ح | U+062D ]] | 9 | 9 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: خ | خ ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/x/}} | "guttural" Kh <ref name="Aabid Kashani Ultimate" /> | ch in "loch" <ref name="Aabid Kashani Ultimate">{{cite book | last1=Kashani | first1=Aabid | title=Urdu: The Ultimate Beginners Learning Guide: Master The Fundamentals Of The Urdu Language | date=2019 | publisher=Dirk Alan Llorens? | edition=Kindle}}</ref> <!-- Kashani, Aabid. Urdu: The Ultimate Beginners Learning Guide. KindleEdition. Publication Date: February 24, 2020 --> | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| خے }}}} | {{lang|ur| خے }} | ''xē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''khē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''khah''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> / ''k͟hē''   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062E ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: خ | U+062E ]] | 10 | 10 |- <!-- U+062F {{lang|ur| دال }} | dāl <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 11= |=U+062F - د‎ - dal - DAL<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: د | د ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/d/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|دال}}}} | {{lang|ur| دال }} | ''dāl''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''dal''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <!--''dāl''-->   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062F ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: د | U+062F ]] | 11 | 11 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ڈ | ڈ ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/ɖ/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ڈال }}}} | {{lang|ur| ڈال }} | ''ḍāl''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''ddal''<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> <!--''ḍāl''--> | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0688 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ڈ | U+0688 ]] | 12 | 12 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ذ | ذ ]]}}}} | style=background:#dff7ff; | {{IPA|/z/}} | style=background:#dff7ff; | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ذال }}}} | {{lang|ur| ذال }} | ''zāl''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''ẕāl'' | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0630 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ذ | U+0630 ]] | 13 | 13 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ر | ر ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/r/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| رے }}}} | {{lang|ur| رے }} | ''rē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''reh''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <!--''rē''-->   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0631 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ر | U+0631 ]] | 14 | 14 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ڑ | ڑ ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/ɽ/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ڑے }}}} | {{lang|ur| ڑے }} | ''ṛē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''rreh''<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> <!--''ṛē''-->   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0691 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ڑ | U+0691 ]] | 15 | 15 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ز | ز ]]}}}} | style=background:#dff7ff; | {{IPA|/z/}} | style=background:#dff7ff; | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| زے }}}} | {{lang|ur| زے }} | ''zē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''zey'' <!--''zē''-->   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0632 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ز | U+0632 ]] | 16 | 16 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ژ | ژ ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/ʒ/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ژے }}}} | {{lang|ur| ژے }} | ''žē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''zhē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> <!--''zhē''-->   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0698 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ژ | U+0698 ]] | 17 | 17 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: س | س ]]}}}} | style=background:#f7efff; | {{IPA|/s/}} | style=background:#f7efff; | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| سین }}}} | {{lang|ur| سِين }} | ''sīn''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''seen''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <!--''sīn''-->   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0633 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: س | U+0633 ]] | 18 | 18 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ش | ش ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/ʃ/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| شین }}}} | {{lang|ur| شِين }} | ''šīn''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''shīn''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''sheen''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <!--''shīn''-->   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0634 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ش | U+0634 ]] | 19 | 19 |- <!-- U+0635 {{lang|ur| صْواد }} | swād <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 20= |=U+0635 - ص‎ - sad - SAD<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ص | ص ]]}}}} | style=background:#f7efff; | {{IPA|/s/}} | style=background:#f7efff; | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| صاد }}}} | {{lang|ur| صْواد }} | ''swād''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''sad''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> / ''ṣwād''   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0635 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ص | U+0635 ]] | 20 | 20 |- | colspan=2 style="font-size:125%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ض | ض ]]}}}} | style=background:#dff7ff; | {{IPA|/z/}} | style=background:#dff7ff; | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ضاد }}}} | {{lang|ur| ضْواد }} | ''żwād''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''ẓwād''   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0636 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ض | U+0636 ]] | 21 | 21 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ط | ط ]]}}}} | style=background:#f7ffef; | {{IPA|/t/}} <!--is this one also dental? as it is here it seems like it's the closest to European T, but they always translate English and German T as ٹ the retroflex --> | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| طوے }}}} | {{lang|ur| طوئے }} | ''tō’ē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''tah''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> / ''tōē'' / ''t̤o'ē'' / ''toy'' | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0637 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ط | U+0637 ]] | 22 | 22 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ظ | ظ ]]}}}} | style=background:#dff7ff; | {{IPA|/z/}} | style=background:#dff7ff; | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ظوے }}}} | {{lang|ur| ظوئے }} | ''zō’ē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''zōē'' / ''z̤o'ē''   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0638 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ظ | U+0638 ]] | 23 | 23 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ع | ع ]]}}}} | {{IPA| /ɑː/ /oː/ /eː/ <br/> /ʔ/ /ʕ/ /∅/ }} <br/> {{ref|ayn|(footnote)}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| عین }}}} | {{lang|ur| عَيْن }} | ''‘ain''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''ain''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> ''ayn'' <!--''‘ain''-->   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0639 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ع | U+0639 ]] | 24 | 24 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: غ | غ ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/ɣ/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| غین }}}} | {{lang|ur| غَيْن }} | ''ğain''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''ghain''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> / ''g͟hain'' | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=063A ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: غ | U+063A ]] | 25 | 25 |- <!-- U+0641 {{lang|ur| فے }} | fē <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 26= |=U+0641 - ف‎ - feh - FEH<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ف | ف ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/f/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| فے }}}} | {{lang|ur| فے }} | ''fē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''feh''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <!-- ''fē'' --> | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0641 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ف | U+0641 ]] | 26 | 26 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ق | ق ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/q/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|قاف}}}} | {{lang|ur| قاف }} | ''qāf''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''qaf''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <!--''qāf''--> | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0642 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ق | U+0642 ]] | 27 | 27 |- <!-- U+0643 - ك‎ - kaf - KAF<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |- <!-- U+06A9 {{lang|ur| کاف }} | kāf <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 28= |=U+06A9 - ک‎ - keheh<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> -->   | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ک | ک ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/k/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| کاف }}}} | {{lang|ur| کاف }} | ''kāf''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''[[kāf]]''   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06A9 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ک | U+06A9 ]] | 28 | 28 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: گ | گ ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/ɡ/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| گاف }}}} | {{lang|ur| گاف }} | ''gāf''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''gaf''<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> <!--''gāf''-->   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06AF ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: گ | U+06AF ]] | 29 | 29 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ل | ل ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/l/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| لام }}}} | {{lang|ur| لام }} | ''lām''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''lam''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <!--''lām''-->   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0644 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ل | U+0644 ]] | 30 | 30 |- <!-- U+0645 {{lang|ur| مِيم }} | mīm <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 31= |=U+0645 - م‎ - meem - MEEM<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: م | م ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/m/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| میم }}}} | {{lang|ur| مِيم }} | ''mīm''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''meem''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <!--''mīm''-->   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0645 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: م | U+0645 ]] | 31 | 31 |- <!-- U+0646 {{lang|ur| نُون }} | nūn <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 32 U+0646 - ن‎ - noon - NOON<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ن | ن ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/n/ /ɲ/ <br/> /ɳ/ /ŋ/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|نون}}}} | {{lang|ur| نُون }} | ''nūn''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''noon''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <!--''nūn''-->   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0646 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ن | U+0646 ]] | 32 | rowspan=3 | 32 |- <!-- U+06BA {{lang|ur| نُونِ غُنّہ }} | nūn-e ğunnah <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 32a= = U+06BA - ں‎ - noon ghunna<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ں | ں ]]}}}} | rowspan=2 | {{IPA|/[[Nasal vowel| ◌̃ ]]/}} <!--leave the spaces so the brackets don't eat the diacritic --> | rowspan=2 | | rowspan=2 | (example needed) | rowspan=2 | | rowspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:120%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| نون غنہ }}}} | rowspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap" | {{lang|ur| نُونِ غُنّہ }} | rowspan=2 | ''nūn-e ğunnah''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''noon ghunna''<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> / ''nūn g͟hunnah'' | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06BA ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ں | U+06BA ]] | rowspan=2 | 33 |- | colspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ٘ | ◌٘ ]]}}}} &nbsp; {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ٘ |  ٘ ]]}}}} &nbsp; {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh|[[:wiktionary: ـ | ــ٘ـ ]]}}}} | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0658 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ٘ | U+0658 ]] |- <!-- U+0648 {{lang|ur| واؤ }} | ''vāō'' / ''wāō''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 33= |=U+0648 - و‎ - waw - WAW<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: و | و ]]}}}} | {{IPA| /ʋ/ /ʊ/ /uː/ /oː/ /ɔː/ }} <br/> {{ref|W_V_regional|[V/W]}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| واؤ }}}} | {{lang|ur| واؤ }} | ''vāō''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> /  ''wāō''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''waw''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> / ''wā'o'' | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0648 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: و | U+0648 ]] | 34 | 33 |- <!-- U+06C1 {{lang|ur| گول ہـے }} | gōl hē <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 34= |=U+06C1 - ہ‎ - heh goal<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ہ | ہ ]]}}}} | rowspan=2 | {{IPA| /ɦ/ /ɑː/ /e:/ }} | rowspan=2 | | rowspan=2 | (example needed) | rowspan=2 | | style=white-space:nowrap;font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| گول ہے }}}} | style=white-space:nowrap | {{lang|ur| گول ہے }} | ''gōl hē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''heh goal''<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> / ''gol hē'' | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06C1 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ہ | U+06C1 ]] | 35 | rowspan=3 | 34 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ه | ه ]]}}}} | style=white-space:nowrap;font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| چهوٹی هے }}}} | {{lang|ur| چهوٹی هے }} | čhōṭī hē <ref name=user.uni-hannover /> | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0647 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ه | U+0647 ]] <br/> <ref name=user.uni-hannover /> | Arabic <br/> {{ref|gol_choti_arabic|[footnote]}} |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ھ | ھ ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/ʰ/}} or {{IPA|/ʱ/}} | | (example needed) | | style=white-space:nowrap;font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| دو چشمی ہے }}}} | style=white-space:nowrap; | {{lang|ur| دوچَشْمی ہے }} | ''dō-čašmī hē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / <br/> ''heh&nbsp;doachashmee''<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> <br/> / ''do-cashmī hē'' | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06BE ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ھ | U+06BE ]] | 36 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ی | ی ]]}}}} | {{IPA| /j/ /iː/ /ɑː/ }} | | (example needed) | | style=white-space:nowrap;font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| چھوٹی يے }}}} | style=white-space:nowrap | {{lang|ur| چھوٹی يے }} | ''čhōṭī yē''<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> / ''choṭī yē''   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06CC ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ی | U+06CC ]] | 38 | rowspan=2 | 35 <!-- hannover ref #35 --> |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ے | ے ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/ɛː/ /eː/}} | | (example needed) | | style=white-space:nowrap; style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| بڑی يے }}}} | style=white-space:nowrap; | {{lang|ur| بَڑی يے }} | ''baṛī yē''<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> / ''yeh&nbsp;barree''<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06D2 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ے | U+06D2 ]] | 39 |- <!-- U+0621 <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref #0 | U+0626 <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 35a= |=U+0674 - ٴ‎ - high hamza<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |- <!-- U+0621 - ء‎ - hamza - HAMZA<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> | style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ء | ء ]]}}}} | style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh|[[:wiktionary: ء | ء ]]}}}} | rowspan=2 | {{IPA|/ʔ/ /∅/}} | rowspan=2 | {{ref|hamza|(footnote)}} | rowspan=2 | (example needed) | rowspan=2 | | rowspan=2 style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ہمزہ }}}} | rowspan=2 | {{lang|ur|ہَمْزه}} | rowspan=2 | ''hamzah''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''hamza''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0621 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ء | U+0621 ]] | rowspan=2 | 37 | rowspan=2 | 0 or 35 |- | style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ئ | ئ ]]}}}} | style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh|[[:wiktionary: ئ | ئ ]]}}}} | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0626 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ئ | U+0626 ]] |- |} [[File:Lashkari Zaban calligraphy.png|thumb|270px|Tiotal cànain Lashkari ann an sgriobt Nastaliq.]] {{note|fonts_nastaliq|Nastaliq:}} See [[Nastaʿlīq]]. {{note|W_V_regional|V/W:}} {{note|hamza|Hamza:}} In the Urdu, hamza ء is silent in aw its forms apairt fae whan it is uised as hamza-e-izafat. The main hamza ء uiss in the Urdu is fur tae indicate a vowel cluster. In Urdu words, Hamza ء is aye attatcht ئ tae a form resemmlin the Arabic ى alef maksura [citation needit]. {{note|ayn|Ayn:}} Ayn ع in its initial عـ an final ـع poseition is uisually silent and is replaced by the forerinnin or follaein vowel soun. {{note|gol_choti_arabic|Arabic Ha:}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Hindustani leid]] [[Category:Urdu|*]] [[Category:Indo-Aryan leids]] b5lvcuo1i8pvdeienhpnx3psdcd8ytw 921145 921129 2026-08-18T20:25:34Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921145 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name= {{transl|ur|ISO|Urdu}} |nativename= {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ur|اردو}}}} Lashkari (لشکری) |pronunciation= {{IPA-hns|ˈʊrd̪u|lang}} |image= URDUARAB.PNG |imagesize= 200px |imagecaption= '''Urdu''' in [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic]] script <br>([[Nastaʿlīq script|Nastaʿlīq]] style) |states= [[Pakistan]], [[Indie]], [[Bangladesh]] ("Bihari"), [[Nepal]]<!--, [[Mauritius]], [[Sooth Africae]]--><ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.ethnologue.com/language/urd | title= Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Seventeenth edition, Urdu | publisher=Ethnologue | accessdate=March 5, 2013}}</ref> |speakers = 66 million |date = 2007 |ref = <ref>[[Nationalencyklopedin]] "Världens 100 största språk 2007" The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007</ref> |speakers2=Tot (only Urdu): 104 million (2010)<ref>{{cite web|last=Katsiavriades, Qureshi|first=Kryss, Talaat|title=The 30 Most Spoken Languages of the World|url=http://www.krysstal.com/spoken.html|accessdate=5 March 2013}}</ref> <br>Tot (includin [[Hindi]]): 490 million (2010)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/other/guide/urdu/steps.shtml |title=A Guide to Urdu |publisher=BBC |date= |accessdate=2012-01-31 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120525125610/www.bbc.co.uk/languages/other/guide/urdu/steps.shtml |archivedate=2012-05-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |familycolor= Indo-European |fam2= [[Indo-Iranian leids|Indo-Iranian]] |fam3= [[Indo-Aryan leids|Indo-Aryan]] |fam4= [[Central zone]] |fam5= [[Wastren Hindi]] |fam6= [[Hindustani leid|Hindustani]]<ref name= ELL2>{{ELL2|Hindustani}}</ref> |fam7= Seann Punjabi<ref>Bailey, T. Grahame. "Urdu: the Name and the Language." The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2 (1930): 391-400.</ref><ref>Khalid, Kanwal. "LAHORE DURING THE GHANAVID PERIOD."</ref> |script= [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Urdu alphabet]] <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Nastaʿlīq script|Nastaʿlīq]])<br>[[Devanagari]]<br>[[Urdu Braille]] |nation= {{flag|Pakistan}}<br>{{flag|Indie}} (states o [[Jammu an Kashmir]],<br> [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Delhi]]) |agency=[[Naitional Leid Authority]] (Pakistan);<br /> [[Naitional Cooncil for Promotion o Urdu Leid|Naitional Cooncil for Promotion <br>o Urdu Leid]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urducouncil.nic.in/ |title=National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language |publisher=Urducouncil.nic.in |date= |accessdate=2011-12-18}}</ref> (Indie) |iso1=ur|iso2=urd|iso3=urd|lingua=59-AAF-q (wi Hindi,<br>includin 58 varieties:<br> 59-AAF-qaa tae 59-AAF-qil) |map=Urdu_official-language_areas.png |mapcaption= {{legend|#FFCC2E|Auries where Urdu is offeecial or cooffeecial}} {{legend|#FDF72F|(Ither) auries where Hindi is offeecial}} }} '''Urdu''' {{IPA|ˈ|urdu}} ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|'''اُردُو'''}}}}, {{transl|ur|''Urdū''}}, {{IPA-hns|ʊrˈd̪u|pron|hi-Urdu.ogg}}), forby said '''Lashkari''' ('''لشکری''' ˈləʃkəri)<ref>http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/uoc/PDF-FILES/(13)%20Kanwal%20Khalid-90-3-2015.pdf</ref>, is the heidmaist leid that is spak in [[Pakistan]]. It is in mony weys seemilar tae [[Hindi]] whan spak (the twa is mutually intelligable) it haes a different writin seestem that's taen frae the [[Arabic]]. There's 60-80 million native speakers, an 160 million tot. {{-}} ====== Letter Names and [[Phoneme]]s ====== {| class="wikitable sortable" style=text-align:center |- ! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Isolated<br/>[[Letter (alphabet)|Letter]]<br/> {{ref|Nastaliq_forms|[N]}} ! colspan=4 | [[Phoneme]] ! colspan=3 | Urdu [[Letter (alphabet)|Letter]] [[Name]] {{sfn|Delacy|2003|p=XV–XVI}}<ref name=user.uni-hannover /> ! rowspan=2 | Unicode <br/> <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic">{{cite web |title=Extended Arabic Letter |url=https://unicode.org/ <!-- original url, now broken = https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/list-unicodeset.jsp?a=\p{subhead=Extended%20Arabic%20letter} --> |website=unicode.org |accessdate=7 May 1920<!-- implausible data as a placeholder, i accidentally deleted the version of this that had the info, and since then the unicode website has gone offline -->}}</ref><ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6">{{cite web |title=Based on ISO 8859-6 |url=https://unicode.org/ <!-- original url, now broken = https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/list-unicodeset.jsp?a=\p{subhead=Based%20on%20ISO%208859-6} -->|website=unicode.org |accessdate=7 May 1920<!-- implausible date as a placeholder -->}}</ref> ! colspan=2 | [[Nummer]] in <br/> Urdu [[alphabet]] |- ! [[Internaitional Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] ! [[Scots]] [[Letter (alphabet)|Letter]] ! style=font-size:90% | closest [[Phoneme]] in [[Scots]] ! style=font-size:90% | closest [[Phoneme]] in [[Inglis]] ! Nastaliq <br/> {{ref|fonts_1|[footnote 1]}} ! diacritics <br/> <ref name=user.uni-hannover /> ! Romanizations <ref name="user.uni-hannover" >{{cite web | title=Urdu Alphabet | url=http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/urdu-alphabet.html | website=www.user.uni-hannover.de | accessdate=29 February 2020 | archive-date=2019-09-11 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911052959/http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/urdu-alphabet.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="kindle project fluency" >{{cite book |last1=Project Fluency |title=Urdu: The Complete Urdu Learning Course for Beginners: Start Speaking Basic Urdu Immediately |page=Kindle Locations 66–67 |edition=Kindle |isbn=978-1539047803 |date=7 October 2016 }}</ref> ! ! <ref name=user.uni-hannover /> |- <!-- U+0627 {{lang|ur| الِف }} | alif <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 1= |=U+0627 - ا‎ - alef - ALEF<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ا | ا ]]}}}} | {{IPA| /ɑː/ /ā/ <br/> /ʔ/ /–/ }} <br/> <small>{{citation needed|i don't think it can do anything by itself without a vowel attached اَ اِ اُ آ but i guess they don't write those? but if we're regarding every possible diacritic that could be implied, shouldn't this list be much longer? And include the first letter of اردو / اُردو as some variation of u?|date=February 2020}}</small> | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|الف}}}} | {{lang|ur| الِف }} | ''alif''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''alef''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0627 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ا | U+0627 ]] | 1 | 1 |- <!-- {{lang|ur| بے }} | bē <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 2= |=U+0628 - ب‎ - beh - BEH<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ب | ب ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/b/}} | | (example needed) | B in "bat" | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|بے}}}} | {{lang|ur| بے }} | ''bē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''beh''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0628 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ب | U+0628 ]] | 2 | 2 |- <!-- {lang|ur| پـے }} | pē <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 3= |=U+067E - پ‎ - peh<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: پ | پ ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/p/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|پے}}}} | {{lang|ur| پے }} | ''pē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''peh''<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> <!--''pē''--> | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=067E ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: پ | U+067E ]] | 3 | 3 |- <!-- U+062A {{lang|ur| تے }} | tē <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 4= |=U+062A - ت‎ - teh - TEH<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ت | ت ]]}}}} | style=background:#f7ffef; | {{IPA|/t̪/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|تے}}}} | {{lang|ur| تے }} | ''tē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''teh''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <!--''tē''--> | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062A ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ت | U+062A ]] | 4 | 4 |- <!-- {{lang|ur| ٹے }} | ṭē <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 5= |=U+0679 - ٹ‎ - tteh<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ٹ | ٹ ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/ʈ/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٹے }}}} | {{lang|ur| ٹے }} | ''ṭē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''tteh''<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> <!--''ṭē''--> | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0679 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ٹ | U+0679 ]] | 5 | 5 |- <!-- U+062B {{lang|ur| ثے }} <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 6= |=U+062B - ث‎ - theh - THEH<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ث | ث ]]}}}} | style=background:#f7efff; | {{IPA|/s/}} | style=background:#f7efff; | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ثے }}}} | {{lang|ur| ثے }} | ''sē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''s̱ē'' | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062B ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ث | U+062B ]] | 6 | 6 |- <!-- jīm <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 7= |=U+062C - ج‎ - jeem - JEEM<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ج | ج ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| جيم }}}} | {{lang|ur| جِيم }} | ''jīm''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''jeem''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <!--''jīm''--> | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062C ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ج | U+062C ]] | 7 | 7 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: چ | چ ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| چے }}}} | {{lang|ur| چے }} | ''čē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''cē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''tcheh''<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0686 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: چ | U+0686 ]] | 8 | 8 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ح | ح ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/ɦ/}} | | (example needed) | | style=white-space:nowrap; style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| بڑی حے }}}} | style=white-space:nowrap; | {{lang|ur| بَڑی حے }} | ''baṛī ħē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''baṛī ḥē''   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062D ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ح | U+062D ]] | 9 | 9 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: خ | خ ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/x/}} | "guttural" Kh <ref name="Aabid Kashani Ultimate" /> | ch in "loch" <ref name="Aabid Kashani Ultimate">{{cite book | last1=Kashani | first1=Aabid | title=Urdu: The Ultimate Beginners Learning Guide: Master The Fundamentals Of The Urdu Language | date=2019 | publisher=Dirk Alan Llorens? | edition=Kindle}}</ref> <!-- Kashani, Aabid. Urdu: The Ultimate Beginners Learning Guide. KindleEdition. Publication Date: February 24, 2020 --> | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| خے }}}} | {{lang|ur| خے }} | ''xē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''khē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''khah''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> / ''k͟hē''   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062E ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: خ | U+062E ]] | 10 | 10 |- <!-- U+062F {{lang|ur| دال }} | dāl <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 11= |=U+062F - د‎ - dal - DAL<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: د | د ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/d/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|دال}}}} | {{lang|ur| دال }} | ''dāl''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''dal''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <!--''dāl''-->   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062F ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: د | U+062F ]] | 11 | 11 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ڈ | ڈ ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/ɖ/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ڈال }}}} | {{lang|ur| ڈال }} | ''ḍāl''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''ddal''<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> <!--''ḍāl''--> | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0688 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ڈ | U+0688 ]] | 12 | 12 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ذ | ذ ]]}}}} | style=background:#dff7ff; | {{IPA|/z/}} | style=background:#dff7ff; | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ذال }}}} | {{lang|ur| ذال }} | ''zāl''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''ẕāl'' | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0630 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ذ | U+0630 ]] | 13 | 13 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ر | ر ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/r/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| رے }}}} | {{lang|ur| رے }} | ''rē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''reh''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <!--''rē''-->   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0631 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ر | U+0631 ]] | 14 | 14 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ڑ | ڑ ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/ɽ/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ڑے }}}} | {{lang|ur| ڑے }} | ''ṛē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''rreh''<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> <!--''ṛē''-->   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0691 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ڑ | U+0691 ]] | 15 | 15 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ز | ز ]]}}}} | style=background:#dff7ff; | {{IPA|/z/}} | style=background:#dff7ff; | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| زے }}}} | {{lang|ur| زے }} | ''zē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''zey'' <!--''zē''-->   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0632 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ز | U+0632 ]] | 16 | 16 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ژ | ژ ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/ʒ/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ژے }}}} | {{lang|ur| ژے }} | ''žē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''zhē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> <!--''zhē''-->   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0698 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ژ | U+0698 ]] | 17 | 17 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: س | س ]]}}}} | style=background:#f7efff; | {{IPA|/s/}} | style=background:#f7efff; | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| سین }}}} | {{lang|ur| سِين }} | ''sīn''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''seen''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <!--''sīn''-->   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0633 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: س | U+0633 ]] | 18 | 18 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ش | ش ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/ʃ/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| شین }}}} | {{lang|ur| شِين }} | ''šīn''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''shīn''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''sheen''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <!--''shīn''-->   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0634 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ش | U+0634 ]] | 19 | 19 |- <!-- U+0635 {{lang|ur| صْواد }} | swād <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 20= |=U+0635 - ص‎ - sad - SAD<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ص | ص ]]}}}} | style=background:#f7efff; | {{IPA|/s/}} | style=background:#f7efff; | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| صاد }}}} | {{lang|ur| صْواد }} | ''swād''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''sad''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> / ''ṣwād''   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0635 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ص | U+0635 ]] | 20 | 20 |- | colspan=2 style="font-size:125%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ض | ض ]]}}}} | style=background:#dff7ff; | {{IPA|/z/}} | style=background:#dff7ff; | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ضاد }}}} | {{lang|ur| ضْواد }} | ''żwād''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''ẓwād''   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0636 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ض | U+0636 ]] | 21 | 21 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ط | ط ]]}}}} | style=background:#f7ffef; | {{IPA|/t/}} <!--is this one also dental? as it is here it seems like it's the closest to European T, but they always translate English and German T as ٹ the retroflex --> | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| طوے }}}} | {{lang|ur| طوئے }} | ''tō’ē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''tah''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> / ''tōē'' / ''t̤o'ē'' / ''toy'' | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0637 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ط | U+0637 ]] | 22 | 22 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ظ | ظ ]]}}}} | style=background:#dff7ff; | {{IPA|/z/}} | style=background:#dff7ff; | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ظوے }}}} | {{lang|ur| ظوئے }} | ''zō’ē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''zōē'' / ''z̤o'ē''   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0638 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ظ | U+0638 ]] | 23 | 23 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ع | ع ]]}}}} | {{IPA| /ɑː/ /oː/ /eː/ <br/> /ʔ/ /ʕ/ /∅/ }} <br/> {{ref|ayn|(footnote)}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| عین }}}} | {{lang|ur| عَيْن }} | ''‘ain''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''ain''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> ''ayn'' <!--''‘ain''-->   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0639 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ع | U+0639 ]] | 24 | 24 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: غ | غ ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/ɣ/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| غین }}}} | {{lang|ur| غَيْن }} | ''ğain''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''ghain''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> / ''g͟hain'' | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=063A ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: غ | U+063A ]] | 25 | 25 |- <!-- U+0641 {{lang|ur| فے }} | fē <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 26= |=U+0641 - ف‎ - feh - FEH<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ف | ف ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/f/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| فے }}}} | {{lang|ur| فے }} | ''fē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''feh''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <!-- ''fē'' --> | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0641 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ف | U+0641 ]] | 26 | 26 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ق | ق ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/q/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|قاف}}}} | {{lang|ur| قاف }} | ''qāf''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''qaf''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <!--''qāf''--> | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0642 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ق | U+0642 ]] | 27 | 27 |- <!-- U+0643 - ك‎ - kaf - KAF<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |- <!-- U+06A9 {{lang|ur| کاف }} | kāf <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 28= |=U+06A9 - ک‎ - keheh<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> -->   | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ک | ک ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/k/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| کاف }}}} | {{lang|ur| کاف }} | ''kāf''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''[[kāf]]''   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06A9 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ک | U+06A9 ]] | 28 | 28 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: گ | گ ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/ɡ/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| گاف }}}} | {{lang|ur| گاف }} | ''gāf''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''gaf''<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> <!--''gāf''-->   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06AF ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: گ | U+06AF ]] | 29 | 29 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ل | ل ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/l/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| لام }}}} | {{lang|ur| لام }} | ''lām''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''lam''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <!--''lām''-->   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0644 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ل | U+0644 ]] | 30 | 30 |- <!-- U+0645 {{lang|ur| مِيم }} | mīm <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 31= |=U+0645 - م‎ - meem - MEEM<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: م | م ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/m/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| میم }}}} | {{lang|ur| مِيم }} | ''mīm''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''meem''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <!--''mīm''-->   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0645 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: م | U+0645 ]] | 31 | 31 |- <!-- U+0646 {{lang|ur| نُون }} | nūn <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 32 U+0646 - ن‎ - noon - NOON<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ن | ن ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/n/ /ɲ/ <br/> /ɳ/ /ŋ/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|نون}}}} | {{lang|ur| نُون }} | ''nūn''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''noon''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <!--''nūn''-->   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0646 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ن | U+0646 ]] | 32 | rowspan=3 | 32 |- <!-- U+06BA {{lang|ur| نُونِ غُنّہ }} | nūn-e ğunnah <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 32a= = U+06BA - ں‎ - noon ghunna<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ں | ں ]]}}}} | rowspan=2 | {{IPA|/[[Nasal vowel| ◌̃ ]]/}} <!--leave the spaces so the brackets don't eat the diacritic --> | rowspan=2 | | rowspan=2 | (example needed) | rowspan=2 | | rowspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:120%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| نون غنہ }}}} | rowspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap" | {{lang|ur| نُونِ غُنّہ }} | rowspan=2 | ''nūn-e ğunnah''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''noon ghunna''<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> / ''nūn g͟hunnah'' | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06BA ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ں | U+06BA ]] | rowspan=2 | 33 |- | colspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ٘ | ◌٘ ]]}}}} &nbsp; {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ٘ |  ٘ ]]}}}} &nbsp; {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh|[[:wiktionary: ـ | ــ٘ـ ]]}}}} | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0658 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ٘ | U+0658 ]] |- <!-- U+0648 {{lang|ur| واؤ }} | ''vāō'' / ''wāō''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 33= |=U+0648 - و‎ - waw - WAW<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: و | و ]]}}}} | {{IPA| /ʋ/ /ʊ/ /uː/ /oː/ /ɔː/ }} <br/> {{ref|W_V_regional|[V/W]}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| واؤ }}}} | {{lang|ur| واؤ }} | ''vāō''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> /  ''wāō''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''waw''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> / ''wā'o'' | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0648 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: و | U+0648 ]] | 34 | 33 |- <!-- U+06C1 {{lang|ur| گول ہـے }} | gōl hē <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 34= |=U+06C1 - ہ‎ - heh goal<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ہ | ہ ]]}}}} | rowspan=2 | {{IPA| /ɦ/ /ɑː/ /e:/ }} | rowspan=2 | | rowspan=2 | (example needed) | rowspan=2 | | style=white-space:nowrap;font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| گول ہے }}}} | style=white-space:nowrap | {{lang|ur| گول ہے }} | ''gōl hē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''heh goal''<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> / ''gol hē'' | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06C1 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ہ | U+06C1 ]] | 35 | rowspan=3 | 34 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ه | ه ]]}}}} | style=white-space:nowrap;font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| چهوٹی هے }}}} | {{lang|ur| چهوٹی هے }} | čhōṭī hē <ref name=user.uni-hannover /> | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0647 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ه | U+0647 ]] <br/> <ref name=user.uni-hannover /> | Arabic <br/> {{ref|gol_choti_arabic|[footnote]}} |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ھ | ھ ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/ʰ/}} or {{IPA|/ʱ/}} | | (example needed) | | style=white-space:nowrap;font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| دو چشمی ہے }}}} | style=white-space:nowrap; | {{lang|ur| دوچَشْمی ہے }} | ''dō-čašmī hē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / <br/> ''heh&nbsp;doachashmee''<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> <br/> / ''do-cashmī hē'' | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06BE ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ھ | U+06BE ]] | 36 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ی | ی ]]}}}} | {{IPA| /j/ /iː/ /ɑː/ }} | | (example needed) | | style=white-space:nowrap;font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| چھوٹی يے }}}} | style=white-space:nowrap | {{lang|ur| چھوٹی يے }} | ''čhōṭī yē''<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> / ''choṭī yē''   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06CC ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ی | U+06CC ]] | 38 | rowspan=2 | 35 <!-- hannover ref #35 --> |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ے | ے ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/ɛː/ /eː/}} | | (example needed) | | style=white-space:nowrap; style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| بڑی يے }}}} | style=white-space:nowrap; | {{lang|ur| بَڑی يے }} | ''baṛī yē''<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> / ''yeh&nbsp;barree''<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06D2 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ے | U+06D2 ]] | 39 |- <!-- U+0621 <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref #0 | U+0626 <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 35a= |=U+0674 - ٴ‎ - high hamza<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |- <!-- U+0621 - ء‎ - hamza - HAMZA<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> | style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ء | ء ]]}}}} | style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh|[[:wiktionary: ء | ء ]]}}}} | rowspan=2 | {{IPA|/ʔ/ /∅/}} | rowspan=2 | {{ref|hamza|(footnote)}} | rowspan=2 | (example needed) | rowspan=2 | | rowspan=2 style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ہمزہ }}}} | rowspan=2 | {{lang|ur|ہَمْزه}} | rowspan=2 | ''hamzah''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''hamza''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0621 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ء | U+0621 ]] | rowspan=2 | 37 | rowspan=2 | 0 or 35 |- | style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ئ | ئ ]]}}}} | style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh|[[:wiktionary: ئ | ئ ]]}}}} | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0626 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ئ | U+0626 ]] |- |} [[File:Lashkari Zaban calligraphy.png|thumb|270px|Tiotal cànain Lashkari ann an sgriobt Nastaliq.]] {{note|fonts_nastaliq|Nastaliq:}} See [[Nastaʿlīq]]. {{note|W_V_regional|V/W:}} {{note|hamza|Hamza:}} In the Urdu, hamza ء is silent in aw its forms apairt fae whan it is uised as hamza-e-izafat. The main hamza ء uiss in the Urdu is fur tae indicate a vowel cluster. In Urdu words, Hamza ء is aye attatcht ئ tae a form resemmlin the Arabic ى alef maksura [citation needit]. {{note|ayn|Ayn:}} Ayn ع in its initial عـ an final ـع poseition is uisually silent and is replaced by the forerinnin or follaein vowel soun. {{note|gol_choti_arabic|Arabic Ha:}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Hindustani leid]] [[Category:Urdu|*]] [[Category:Indo-Aryan leids]] 3a86zms4gxi8mdny1punvtjjt6kds52 0 7432 921120 916410 2026-08-18T16:36:43Z Lirazelf 27464 remuive en.wiki airtin 921120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> |official_name = Manchester |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = "[[Cottonopolis]]", "[[List of warehouses in Manchester|Warehouse City]]", [[Madchester]] |settlement_type = [[ceety status in the United Kingdom|City]] and [[Metropolitan borough]] |motto = "Concilio Et Labore" <small>''"By wisdom and effort"''</small> <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = Montage of Manchester 2012.jpg |imagesize = 270px |image_caption = Clockwise from top: Skyline of Manchester City Centre, [[Beetham Tower, Manchester|Beetham Tower]], [[Manchester Civil Justice Centre]], [[Midland Hotel, Manchester|Midland Hotel]], [[One Angel Square]], [[Manchester Town Hall]] |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield =Arms of the City of Manchester.svg |shield_link =Symbols of Manchester |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |blank_emblem_link = |image_map =Manchester UK locator map.svg |mapsize = |map_caption = Manchester shown within [[Greater Manchester]] |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Sovereign state]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|United Kingdom}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Countries of the United Kingdom|Constituent country]] |subdivision_name1 = {{flag|England}} |subdivision_type2 = [[Regions of England|Region]] |subdivision_name2 = [[North West England]] |subdivision_type3 = [[ceety region (United Kingdom)|City region]] |subdivision_name3 = [[Greater Manchester Statutory City Region|Manchester]] |subdivision_type4 = [[Ceremonial counties of England|Ceremonial county]] |subdivision_name4 = {{flag|Greater Manchester}} |subdivision_type5 = [[Historic counties of England|Historic county]] |subdivision_name5 = [[Lancashire]]<br/> <small>(north of [[River Mersey]])</small><br/> [[Cheshire]]<br/> <small>(south of [[River Mersey]])</small> <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |governing_body = [[Manchester City Council]] |government_type = [[Metropolitan borough]] |leader_title = [[Executive arrangements#Leader and cabinet|Leadership]] |leader_name = Leader and Cabinet |leader_title1 = [[Political make-up of local councils in the United Kingdom#Unitary authorities|Executive]] |leader_name1 = {{English district control|GSS=E08000003}} |leader_title2 = Leader |leader_name2 = [[Sir Richard Leese]] |leader_title3 = [[Lord Mayor of Manchester|Lord Mayor]] |leader_name3 = [[Carl Austin-Behan]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.manchester.gov.uk/info/200033/councillors_and_decision-making/1158/the_lord_mayor_s_office |title=Manchester's Lord Mayor |publisher=Manchester.gov.uk |accessdate=24 July 2015 |archive-date=2019-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503180954/https://www.manchester.gov.uk/info/200033/councillors_and_decision-making/1158/the_lord_mayor_s_office |url-status=dead }}</ref> |leader_title4 = [[Manchester City Council#Chief Executive|Chief Executive]] |leader_name4 = [[Joanne Roney]] |established_title = Founded |established_date = 1st century |established_title2 = Town charter |established_date2 = 1301 |established_title3 = City status |established_date3 = [[List of cities in the United Kingdom|29 March 1853]] |seat_type = Administrative HQ |seat = Manchester <small>([[Manchester Town Hall|Town Hall]])</small> <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = Imperial |total_type= [[ceety]] |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = {{English district area|GSS=E08000003}} |area_rank = [[List of English districts by area|{{English district area rank|GSS=E08000003}}]] |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = 630.3 |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = {{English statistics year}} |population_total = {{English district population|GSS = E08000003}} |population_footnotes = |population_rank = [[List of English districts by population|{{English district rank|GSS = E08000003}}]] |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1 = |population_density_km2 = {{English district density|GSS=E08000003}} |population_blank2_title = Ethnicity<ref name=2011censusdemo>{{cite web |title=2011 Census – Key statistics for local authorities in England and Wales |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics|ONS]] |accessdate=7 November 2013 |archive-date=2016-01-05 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref> |population_blank2 = White groups (66.7% )<br /> Asian (14.4%)<br />Black (8.6%)<br />Mixed (4.7%)<br />Chinese (2.7%)<br />Arab (1.9%)<br /> Other (1.2%) |population_density_sq_mi = |population_urban = 2,553,379 ([[List of urban areas in the United Kingdom|2nd]]) |population_density_urban_km2 = 4051 |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_metro = 2,794,000 ([[List of metropolitan areas in the United Kingdom|3rd]]) |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_demonym = [[List of people from Manchester|Mancunian]]<br/>Manc (''colloq''.) <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time]] |utc_offset = +0 | timezone_DST = [[British Summer Time]] | utc_offset_DST = +1 |coordinates = {{coord|53|28|N|2|14|W|region:GB|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use tags--> |elevation_m = 38 |elevation_ft = 125 |blank_name_sec1 = [[Government Statistical Service|GSS]] code |blank_info_sec1 = E08000003 |blank1_name_sec1 = [[NUTS of the United Kingdom|NUTS 3 code]] |blank1_info_sec1 = UKD33 |blank2_name_sec1 = [[Ordnance Survey National Grid|OS grid reference]] |blank2_info_sec1 = {{gbmappingsmall|SJ838980}} |blank3_name_sec1 = [[List of motorways in the United Kingdom|Motorways]] |blank3_info_sec1 = [[M56 motorway|M56]]<br>[[M60 motorway|M60]]<br>[[A57(M) motorway (Great Britain)|A57(M)]]<br>[[A635(M) motorway|A635(M)]] |blank4_name_sec1 = [[Highways England#The strategic road network|Trunk primary routes]] |blank4_info_sec1 = [[A5103 road|A5103]] |blank5_name_sec1 = [[UK railway stations|Major railway stations]] |blank5_info_sec1 = [[Manchester Airport station|Manchester Airport]] ([[United Kingdom railway station categories|B]])<br>[[Manchester Oxford Road railway station|Manchester Oxford Road]] ([[United Kingdom railway station categories|C1]])<br>[[Manchester Piccadilly station|Manchester Piccadilly]] ([[United Kingdom railway station categories|A]])<br>[[Manchester Victoria station|Manchester Victoria]] ([[United Kingdom railway station categories|B]]) |blank6_name_sec1 = [[List of modern tramway & light rail systems in England|Tramways]] |blank6_info_sec1 = [[Manchester Metrolink|Metrolink]] |blank7_name_sec1 = [[Leet o airports in the Unitit Kinrick an the Breetish Croun Dependencies|Internaitional airports]] |blank7_info_sec1 = [[Manchester Airport|Manchester]] ([[International Air Transport Association airport code|MAN]]) <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = [[Leet o postcode auries in the Unitit Kinrick|Postcode auries]] |postal_code = [[M postcode area|M]]<br/>[[WA postcode area|WA]] |area_code_type = [[Leet o diallin codes in the Unitit Kinrick|Diallin code]] |area_code = 0161 |iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GB|GB-MAN]] |blank_name_sec2 = [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] |blank_info_sec2 = [[American dollar|US$]] 92.3&nbsp;billion <ref name="brookingsgdp">{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports2/2015/01/22-global-metro-monitor|title=Global city GDP 2013–2014|publisher=Brookings Institution|accessdate=25 March 2015}}</ref> |blank1_name_sec2 = - Per capita |blank1_info_sec2 = [[American dollar|US$]] 35,029<ref name="brookingsgdp" /> |blank2_name_sec2 = [[Leet o MPs electit in the Unitit Kinrick general election, 2015|MPs]] |blank2_info_sec2 = [[Graham Stringer]] ([[Labour Pairty (UK)|L]])<br/>[[Lucy Powell]] ([[Labour Pairty (UK)|L]])<br/>[[Gerald Kaufman|Sir Gerald Kaufman]] ([[Labour Pairty (UK)|L]])<br/>Jeff Smith ([[Labour Pairty (UK)|L]])<br/>[[Mike Kane]] ([[Labour Pairty (UK)|L]]) |blank3_name_sec2 = Councillors |blank3_info_sec2 = 96 |blank4_name_sec2 = [[European Pairlament]] |blank4_info_sec2 = [[North West England (European Pairlament constituency)|North Wast Ingland]] |blank5_name_sec2 = [[Leet o law enforcement agencies in the Unitit Kinrick|Polis aurie]] |blank5_info_sec2 = [[Greater Manchester Police|Greater Manchester]] |blank6_name_sec2 = [[Fire services in the Unitit Kinrick|Fire service]] |blank6_info_sec2 = [[Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service|Greater Manchester]] |blank7_name_sec2 = [[Emergency medical services in the Unitit Kinrick|Ambulance service]] |blank7_info_sec2 = [[North West Ambulance Service|North West]] |website = [http://www.manchester.gov.uk/ www.manchester.gov.uk] |footnotes = }} [[File:Ordnance Survey One-Inch Sheet 101 Manchester, Published 1947.jpg|thumb|left|Manchester, 1947]] '''Manchester''' ("Mahnchestur") is a ceety an metropolitan borough o [[Greater Manchester]], in nor-wast [[Ingland]]. Mair nor 452,000 fowk bide in the ceety, but 2,240,230 bides in the surroondin area. The ceety haes a lang history, datin back tae the Roman era. The rowth o [[cotton]] in [[Great Breetain]] led tae Manchester becomin an industrial ceety. The Manchester Ship Canal alloued ships tae muive faurther up tae the ceety in the 18t century. Cotton factories an textile mills becam employers o monie fowk in Manchester an the local airt. Manchester's main sport is nae dout [[fitbaw]] as the ceety is hame tae Ingland's twa maist muckle fitbaw teams [[Manchester United]] an [[Manchester City]]. United play thair hame gemmes at Auld Trafford in Greater Manchester, the maist muckle fitbaw stadium in the [[Unitit Kinrick]]. Thay war the maist succesfu Inglis fitbaw team syne the beginin o the [[Inglis Premiership]]. Syne the Premiership began thay hiv wan the 8 League teetles. == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Ceeties in North Wast Ingland]] {{Stub/Ingland}} {{Stub/Ceety}} pv9qkpylqgntjpx81xrdyn05f5g4wpc 921149 921120 2026-08-18T20:33:38Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Manchester |nickname = "[[Cottonopolis]]", "[[List of warehouses in Manchester|Warehouse City]]", [[Madchester]] |settlement_type = [[ceety status in the United Kingdom|City]] and [[Metropolitan borough]] |motto = "Concilio Et Labore" <small>''"By wisdom and effort"''</small> |image_skyline = Montage of Manchester 2012.jpg |imagesize = 270px |image_caption = Clockwise from top: Skyline of Manchester City Centre, [[Beetham Tower, Manchester|Beetham Tower]], [[Manchester Civil Justice Centre]], [[Midland Hotel, Manchester|Midland Hotel]], [[One Angel Square]], [[Manchester Town Hall]] |image_shield = Arms of the City of Manchester.svg |shield_link = Symbols of Manchester |image_map = Manchester UK locator map.svg |map_caption = Manchester shown within [[Greater Manchester]] |subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Sovereign state]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|United Kingdom}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Countries of the United Kingdom|Constituent country]] |subdivision_name1 = {{flag|England}} |subdivision_type2 = [[Regions of England|Region]] |subdivision_name2 = [[North West England]] |subdivision_type3 = [[ceety region (United Kingdom)|City region]] |subdivision_name3 = [[Greater Manchester Statutory City Region|Manchester]] |subdivision_type4 = [[Ceremonial counties of England|Ceremonial county]] |subdivision_name4 = {{flag|Greater Manchester}} |subdivision_type5 = [[Historic counties of England|Historic county]] |subdivision_name5 = [[Lancashire]]<br/> <small>(north of [[River Mersey]])</small><br/> [[Cheshire]]<br/> <small>(south of [[River Mersey]])</small> |governing_body = [[Manchester City Council]] |government_type = [[Metropolitan borough]] |leader_title = [[Executive arrangements#Leader and cabinet|Leadership]] |leader_name = Leader and Cabinet |leader_title1 = [[Political make-up of local councils in the United Kingdom#Unitary authorities|Executive]] |leader_name1 = {{English district control|GSS=E08000003}} |leader_title2 = Leader |leader_name2 = [[Sir Richard Leese]] |leader_title3 = [[Lord Mayor of Manchester|Lord Mayor]] |leader_name3 = [[Carl Austin-Behan]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.manchester.gov.uk/info/200033/councillors_and_decision-making/1158/the_lord_mayor_s_office |title=Manchester's Lord Mayor |publisher=Manchester.gov.uk |accessdate=24 July 2015 |archive-date=2019-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503180954/https://www.manchester.gov.uk/info/200033/councillors_and_decision-making/1158/the_lord_mayor_s_office |url-status=dead }}</ref> |leader_title4 = [[Manchester City Council#Chief Executive|Chief Executive]] |leader_name4 = [[Joanne Roney]] |established_title = Founded |established_date = 1st century |established_title2 = Town charter |established_date2 = 1301 |established_title3 = City status |established_date3 = [[List of cities in the United Kingdom|29 March 1853]] |seat_type = Administrative HQ |seat = Manchester <small>([[Manchester Town Hall|Town Hall]])</small> |unit_pref = Imperial |total_type= [[ceety]] |area_total_km2 = {{English district area|GSS=E08000003}} |area_rank = [[List of English districts by area|{{English district area rank|GSS=E08000003}}]] |area_urban_km2 = 630.3 |population_as_of = {{English statistics year}} |population_total = {{English district population|GSS = E08000003}} |population_rank = [[List of English districts by population|{{English district rank|GSS = E08000003}}]] |population_density_km2 = {{English district density|GSS=E08000003}} |population_blank2_title = Ethnicity<ref name=2011censusdemo>{{cite web |title=2011 Census – Key statistics for local authorities in England and Wales |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics|ONS]] |accessdate=7 November 2013 |archive-date=2016-01-05 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref> |population_blank2 = White groups (66.7% )<br /> Asian (14.4%)<br />Black (8.6%)<br />Mixed (4.7%)<br />Chinese (2.7%)<br />Arab (1.9%)<br /> Other (1.2%) |population_urban = 2,553,379 ([[List of urban areas in the United Kingdom|2nd]]) |population_density_urban_km2 = 4051 |population_metro = 2,794,000 ([[List of metropolitan areas in the United Kingdom|3rd]]) |population_demonym = [[List of people from Manchester|Mancunian]]<br/>Manc (''colloq''.) |timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time]] |utc_offset = +0 | timezone_DST = [[British Summer Time]] | utc_offset_DST = +1 |coordinates = {{coord|53|28|N|2|14|W|region:GB|display=inline}} |elevation_m = 38 |elevation_ft = 125 |blank_name_sec1 = [[Government Statistical Service|GSS]] code |blank_info_sec1 = E08000003 |blank1_name_sec1 = [[NUTS of the United Kingdom|NUTS 3 code]] |blank1_info_sec1 = UKD33 |blank2_name_sec1 = [[Ordnance Survey National Grid|OS grid reference]] |blank2_info_sec1 = {{gbmappingsmall|SJ838980}} |blank3_name_sec1 = [[List of motorways in the United Kingdom|Motorways]] |blank3_info_sec1 = [[M56 motorway|M56]]<br>[[M60 motorway|M60]]<br>[[A57(M) motorway (Great Britain)|A57(M)]]<br>[[A635(M) motorway|A635(M)]] |blank4_name_sec1 = [[Highways England#The strategic road network|Trunk primary routes]] |blank4_info_sec1 = [[A5103 road|A5103]] |blank5_name_sec1 = [[UK railway stations|Major railway stations]] |blank5_info_sec1 = [[Manchester Airport station|Manchester Airport]] ([[United Kingdom railway station categories|B]])<br>[[Manchester Oxford Road railway station|Manchester Oxford Road]] ([[United Kingdom railway station categories|C1]])<br>[[Manchester Piccadilly station|Manchester Piccadilly]] ([[United Kingdom railway station categories|A]])<br>[[Manchester Victoria station|Manchester Victoria]] ([[United Kingdom railway station categories|B]]) |blank6_name_sec1 = [[List of modern tramway & light rail systems in England|Tramways]] |blank6_info_sec1 = [[Manchester Metrolink|Metrolink]] |blank7_name_sec1 = [[Leet o airports in the Unitit Kinrick an the Breetish Croun Dependencies|Internaitional airports]] |blank7_info_sec1 = [[Manchester Airport|Manchester]] ([[International Air Transport Association airport code|MAN]]) |postal_code_type = [[Leet o postcode auries in the Unitit Kinrick|Postcode auries]] |postal_code = [[M postcode area|M]]<br/>[[WA postcode area|WA]] |area_code_type = [[Leet o diallin codes in the Unitit Kinrick|Diallin code]] |area_code = 0161 |iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GB|GB-MAN]] |blank_name_sec2 = [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] |blank_info_sec2 = [[American dollar|US$]] 92.3&nbsp;billion <ref name="brookingsgdp">{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports2/2015/01/22-global-metro-monitor|title=Global city GDP 2013–2014|publisher=Brookings Institution|accessdate=25 March 2015}}</ref> |blank1_name_sec2 = - Per capita |blank1_info_sec2 = [[American dollar|US$]] 35,029<ref name="brookingsgdp" /> |blank2_name_sec2 = [[Leet o MPs electit in the Unitit Kinrick general election, 2015|MPs]] |blank2_info_sec2 = [[Graham Stringer]] ([[Labour Pairty (UK)|L]])<br/>[[Lucy Powell]] ([[Labour Pairty (UK)|L]])<br/>[[Gerald Kaufman|Sir Gerald Kaufman]] ([[Labour Pairty (UK)|L]])<br/>Jeff Smith ([[Labour Pairty (UK)|L]])<br/>[[Mike Kane]] ([[Labour Pairty (UK)|L]]) |blank3_name_sec2 = Councillors |blank3_info_sec2 = 96 |blank4_name_sec2 = [[European Pairlament]] |blank4_info_sec2 = [[North West England (European Pairlament constituency)|North Wast Ingland]] |blank5_name_sec2 = [[Leet o law enforcement agencies in the Unitit Kinrick|Polis aurie]] |blank5_info_sec2 = [[Greater Manchester Police|Greater Manchester]] |blank6_name_sec2 = [[Fire services in the Unitit Kinrick|Fire service]] |blank6_info_sec2 = [[Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service|Greater Manchester]] |blank7_name_sec2 = [[Emergency medical services in the Unitit Kinrick|Ambulance service]] |blank7_info_sec2 = [[North West Ambulance Service|North West]] |website = [http://www.manchester.gov.uk/ www.manchester.gov.uk] }} [[File:Ordnance Survey One-Inch Sheet 101 Manchester, Published 1947.jpg|thumb|left|Manchester, 1947]] '''Manchester''' ("Mahnchestur") is a ceety an metropolitan borough o [[Greater Manchester]], in nor-wast [[Ingland]]. Mair nor 452,000 fowk bide in the ceety, but 2,240,230 bides in the surroondin area. The ceety haes a lang history, datin back tae the Roman era. The rowth o [[cotton]] in [[Great Breetain]] led tae Manchester becomin an industrial ceety. The Manchester Ship Canal alloued ships tae muive faurther up tae the ceety in the 18t century. Cotton factories an textile mills becam employers o monie fowk in Manchester an the local airt. Manchester's main sport is nae dout [[fitbaw]] as the ceety is hame tae Ingland's twa maist muckle fitbaw teams [[Manchester United]] an [[Manchester City]]. United play thair hame gemmes at Auld Trafford in Greater Manchester, the maist muckle fitbaw stadium in the [[Unitit Kinrick]]. Thay war the maist succesfu Inglis fitbaw team syne the beginin o the [[Inglis Premiership]]. Syne the Premiership began thay hiv wan the 8 League teetles. == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Ceeties in North Wast Ingland]] {{Stub/Ingland}} {{Stub/Ceety}} 3h534fln07yv20l7ygtss1ljiu5ifdg 0 10945 921110 918933 2026-08-18T16:26:51Z Lirazelf 27464 remuivin en.wiki airtins 921110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = Toronto |official_name = City of Toronto |settlement_type = Ceety |nickname = T.O., T-Dot, Hogtown, The Queen City, Toronto the Good, The City Within a Park<!-- Do not add Centre of the Universe, since there are no valid citations for that term, and it is originally a popular nickname for NYC not Toronto --><!-- Do not add El Toro, since it is just a marketing ploy by Eye Weekly --><!-- Do not add York, Upper Canada, since it is a historical name, not a nickname --> |motto = Diversity Our Strength |image_skyline = Toronto - ON - Skyline bei Nacht.jpg <!-- Please do not change the infobox image without starting a discussion on the talk page and reaching consensus --> |image_caption = |image_flag = Toronto_Flag.svg |flag_link = Flag of Toronto |flag_size = 125px |image_shield = Toronto_Coat_of_Arms.jpg |shield_link = Coat o airms o Toronto |shield_size = 85px |image_blank_emblem = |image_map = Toronto_Location_in_Ontario.png |mapsize = 220px |map_caption = Location o Toronto an its [[census metropolitan aurie]] in the province o [[Ontario]] |pushpin_map = Canada |pushpin_map_caption = Location o Toronto in Canadae |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[:Canada]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces an territories o Canadae|Province]] |subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Ontario}} |subdivision_type2 = [[Amalgamation o Toronto|Destricts]] |subdivision_name2 = [[East York]], [[Etobicoke]], [[North York]], [[Old Toronto]], [[Scarborough, Ontario|Scarborough]], [[York, Ontario|York]] |leader_title = [[Mayor o Toronto|Mayor]] |leader_name = [[Rob Ford]] |leader_title1 = Cooncil |leader_name1 = [[Toronto City Council]] |leader_title2 = [[Member o Parliament (Canadae)|MPs]] |leader_name2 ={{Collapsible list |title = Leet o MPs |frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; |title_style = |list_style = text-align:left;display:none; |1=[[Mark Adler]] |2=[[Carolyn Bennett]] |3=[[John Carmichael (politeecian)|John Carmichael]] |4=[[Andrew Cash]] |5=[[Corneliu Chisu]] |6=[[Olivia Chow]] |7=[[Joe Daniel]] |8=[[Kirsty Duncan]] |9=[[Dan Harris (politeecian)|Dan Harris]] |10=[[Roxanne James]] |11=[[Jim Karygiannis]] |12=[[Matthew Kellway]] |13=[[Chungsen Leung]] |14=[[John McKay (politeecian)|John McKay]] |15=[[Peggy Nash]] |16=[[Joe Oliver (politeecian)|Joe Oliver]] |17=[[Ted Opitz]] |18=[[Bob Rae]] |19=[[Craig Scott (politeecian)|Craig Scott]] |20=[[Judy Sgro]] |21=[[Rathika Sitsabaiesan]] |22=[[Mike Sullivan (Canadian politeecian)|Mike Sullivan]] |23=[[Bernard Trottier]] }} |leader_title3 = [[Member o Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|MPPs]] |leader_name3 ={{Collapsible list |title = Leet o MPPs |frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; |title_style = <!-- (optional) --> |list_style = text-align:left;display:none; |1=[[Laura Albanese]] |2=[[Bas Balkissoon]] |3=[[Lorenzo Berardinetti]] |4=[[Margarett Best]] |5=[[Laurel Broten]] |6=[[Donna Cansfield]] |7=[[David Caplan]] |8=[[Michael Colle|Mike Colle]] |9=[[Cheri DiNovo]] |10=[[Brad Duguid]] |11=[[Eric Hoskins]] |12=[[Monte Kwinter]] |13=[[Rosario Marchese]] |14=[[Glen Murray (politeecian)|Glen Murray]] |15=[[Gerry Phillips]] |16=[[Michael Prue]] |17=[[Shafiq Qaadri]] |18=[[Tony Ruprecht]] |19=[[Mario Sergio (politeecian)|Mario Sergio]] |20=[[Peter Tabuns]] |21=[[Kathleen Wynne]] |22=[[David Zimmer]] }} |settled_title = Settled |settled_date = 1750 (as [[Fort Rouillé]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/education/toronto_e.php |title=The real story of how Toronto got its name &#124; Earth Sciences |publisher=Geonames.nrcan.gc.ca |date=September 18, 2007 |accessdate=February 10, 2012 |archive-date=2011-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209114921/http://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/education/toronto_e.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> |established_title = Established |established_date = 27 August 1793 (as [[York, Upper Canadae|York]]) |established_title1 = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporatit]] |established_date1 = 6 Mairch 1834 (as Toronto) |established_title2 = [[Merger (politics)|Amalgamated]] |established_date2 = 1 Januar 1998 (frae [[Metropolitan Toronto]]) |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = Metric |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 630 |area_metro_km2 = 7125 |area_urban_km2 = 1749 |elevation_m = 76 |area_footnotes =<ref name="SC2011cd">{{SCref |unit=cd |3520}}</ref> |population_note = |population_footnotes = |population_as_of = 2011 |population_total = 2,615,060<!-- Do not change this figure until the 2016 census is released --> ([[List of the 100 largest municipalities in Canada by population|1st]]) |population_density_km2 = 4149 |population_metro = 5,583,064 ([[List of the 100 largest metropolitan areas in Canada|1st]])<!-- Do not change this figure until the 2016 census is released --> |population_urban = 5,132,794 ([[List of the 100 largest urban areas in Canada|1st]])<!-- Do not change this figure until the 2016 census is released --> |population_blank1_title = [[Demonym]] |population_blank1 = Torontonian |population_footnotes =<ref name="SC2011cd" /> |timezone = [[Eastren Time Zone|EST]] |utc_offset = -5 |timezone_DST = [[Eastren Daylicht Time|EDT]] |utc_offset_DST = -4 |postal_code_type = Postal code span |postal_code = [[Leet o M postal codes o Canadae|M]] |area_code = [[Aurie codes 416, 647 an 437|416, 647]] |website = {{URL|http://www.toronto.ca/}} |coordinates = {{coord|43|42|59.72|N|79|20|26.47|W|region:CA-ON|display=inline,title}} |blank_name = [[National Topographic System|NTS]] Map |blank_info = 030M11 |blank1_name = [[Geographical Names Board of Canada|GNBC]] Code |blank1_info = FEUZB }} '''Toronto''' is the lairgest ceety in [[Canadae]] an the caipital an lairgest ceety in the province o [[Ontario]]. It is locatit in [[Soothren Ontario]] on the northwastren shore o [[Lake Ontario]]. Wi ower 2.5 million residents, it is the fift maist populous municipality in [[North Americae]]. Toronto is at the hert o the [[Greater Toronto Area]] (GTA), an is pairt o a densely populated region in Soothren Ontario kent as the [[Golden Horseshoe]], which is hame tae ower 8.1 million residents—approximately 25% o Canadae's population. The [[census metropolitan aurie]] (CMA) haed a population o 5,113,149, an the Greater Toronto Aurie haed a population o 5,555,912 in the 2006 Census. As Canadae's economic caipital, Toronto is considered an alpha warld ceety bi the Globalisation an Warld Ceeties (GaWC) study group an is ane o the [[Global Financial Centres Index|top financial centres]] in the warld. Toronto's leadin economic sectors include finance, business services, telecommunications, aerospace, transportation, media, airts, film, telly production, publishin, software production, medical research, eddication, tourism an sports industries. The [[Toronto Stock Exchynge]], the [[Leet o stock exchynges|warld's aicht lairgest in terms o market value]], is heidquartered in the ceety, along with the maist Canadaen corporate heidquarters o a major Canadian ceety. Toronto's population is [[cosmopolitanism|cosmopolitan]] an [[internaitional]], reflectin its role as an important destination for [[Immigration tae Canadae|immigrants tae Canadae]]. Toronto is ane o the warld's maist diverse ceeties bi percentage o non-native-born residents, as aboot 49% o the population war born ootside o Canadae. In addition, Toronto wis ranked as the maist expensive Canadaen ceety in which tae live. Residents o Toronto ar cried ''[[Leet o fowk frae Toronto|Torontonians]]''. == Govrenment == {{Main|Municipal govrenment o Toronto}} [[File:Toronto City Hall night view.jpg|thumb|[[Toronto Ceety Hall]] at nicht]] Toronto is a [[single-tier municipality]] govrened bi a [[Mayor–cooncil government|mayor–council system]]. The structure o the municipal government is stipulatit bi the [[Ceety o Toronto Act]]. The [[Mayor o Toronto]] is electit bi direct popular vote tae serve as the [[Heid o govrenment|chief executive]] o the ceety. The [[Toronto Ceety Cooncil]] is a [[unicameralism|unicameral]] legislative body, comprisin 44 cooncillors representin geographical [[Ward (kintra subdiveesion)|wards]] throughoot the ceety. The mayor an members o the ceety cooncil serve fower-year terms athoot [[term limit]]s. (Till the [[Toronto municipal election, 2006|2006 municipal election]], the mayor an ceety cooncillors served three-year terms.) At the stairt o the 2007 term, the ceety cooncil will hae seven staundin committees, each consistin o a Chairman, a vice-chair an fower ither cooncillors. The Mayor names the committee chairs an the remainin membership o the committees is appointit bi Ceety Cooncil. An executive committee is formed bi the chairs o each o staundin committee, alang wi the mayor, the deputy mayor an fower ither councillors. Cooncillors are an aa appointit tae owersee the [[Toronto Transit Commission]] an the [[Toronto Police Services Board]]. The ceety haes fower community cooncils that consider local matters. Ceety Cooncil haes delegatit final decision-makin authority on local, routine matters, while ithers - like plannin an zonin issues - are recommendit tae the ceety cooncil. Each ceety cooncillor serves as a member on a community cooncil. There are aboot 40 subcommittees an advisory committees appointit bi the ceety cooncil. These bodies are made up o ceety councillors an private citizen volunteers. Examples include the Pedestrian Committee, Waste Diversion Task Force 2010, an the [[Task Force to Bring Back the Don]]. Toronto haed an operatin budget o [[Canadian dollar|C$]]7.6&nbsp;billion in 2006. The ceety receives fundin frae the [[Govrenment o Ontario]] in addition tae tax revenues an uiser fees, spendin 36% on provincially mandatit programmes, 53% on major municipal purposes such as the [[Toronto Public Library]] an the [[Toronto Zoo]], an 11% on caipital financin an non-programme expenditures. ==Sports== Toronto haes a professional [[ice hockey]] team, the [[Toronto Maple Leafs]] ([[National Hockey League|NHL]]), an a professional [[Canadian fitbaa]] team, the [[Toronto Argonauts]] ([[Canadian Football League|CFL]]). == Sister ceeties == {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} ;Pairtnership Ceeties {| class="wikitable" "text-align:left;font-size:100%;"| |- ! style="background:#3399EE; color:white; height:17px; width:120px;"| Kintra ! ! style="background:#3399EE; color:white; width:140px;"| Ceety ! ! style="background:#3399EE; color:white; width:150px;"| State / Region ! ! style="background:#3399EE; color:white; width:40px;"| Syne |- style="color:black; background:white;" |! !| {{Flagicon|China}} [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Cheenae]] |! !| [[File:中華人民共和國國徽.svg|25px]] [[Chongqing]] |! !| [[File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|25px]] [[Soothwast Cheenae]] |! !| 1986 |- style="color:black; background:white;" |! !| [[File:Flag of the United States.svg|25px]] [[Unitit States]] |! !| [[File:Flag of Chicago, Illinois.svg|25px|border]] [[Chicago]] |! !| [[File:Flag of Illinois.svg|25px|border]] [[Illinois]] |! !| 1991 |- style="color:black; background:white;" |! !| [[File:Flag of Germany.svg|25px]] [[Germany]] |! !| [[File:DEU Frankfurt am Main COA.svg|25px]] [[Frankfurt]] |! !| [[File:Flag of Hesse.svg|25px|border]] [[Hesse]] |! !| 1989 |- style="color:black; background:white;" |! !| [[File:Flag of Italy.svg|25px|border]] [[Italy]] |! !| [[File:CoA Città di Milano.svg|25px]] [[Milan]] |! !| [[File:Flag of Lombardy.svg|25px]] [[Lombardy]] |! !| 2002 |} {{col-2}} ;Friendship Ceeties {| class="wikitable" "text-align:left;font-size:100%;"| |- ! style="background:#3399EE; color:white; height:17px; width:120px;"| Kintra ! ! style="background:#3399EE; color:white; width:140px;"| Ceety ! ! style="background:#3399EE; color:white; width:150px;"| State / Region ! ! style="background:#3399EE; color:white; width:40px;"| Syne |- style="color:black; background:white;" |! !| [[File:Flag of Vietnam.svg|25px]] [[Vietnam]] |! !| [[File:Coat of arms of Vietnam.svg|25px]] [[Ho Chi Minh Ceety]] |! !| [[File:Flag of Vietnam.svg|25px]] [[Southern Vietnam]] |! !| 2006 |- style="color:black; background:white;" |! !| [[File:Flag of Ukraine.svg|25px]] [[Ukraine]] |! !| [[File:COA of Kyiv Kurovskyi.svg|25px]] [[Kiev]] |! !| [[File:Flag of Kyiv Oblast.svg|25px]] [[Kiev Oblast]] |! !| 1991 |- style="color:black; background:white;" |! !| [[File:Flag of Ecuador.svg|25px]] [[Ecuador]] |! !| [[File:Coat of Arms of Quito.svg|25px]] [[Quito]] |! !| [[File:Bandera Provincia Pichincha.svg|25px]] [[Pichincha Province|Pichincha]] |! !| 2006 |- style="color:black; background:white;" |! !| [[File:Flag of Japan.svg|25px|border]] [[Japan]] |! !| [[File:Flag of Sagamihara, Kanagawa.svg|25px|border]] [[Sagamihara]] |! !| [[File:Flag of Japan.svg|25px|border]] [[Kantō region|Kantō]] |! !| 1991 |- style="color:black; background:white;" |! !| [[File:Flag of Poland.svg|25px|border]] [[Poland]] |! !| [[File:POL Warszawa COA.svg|25px]] [[Warsaw]] |! !| [[File:POL województwo mazowieckie flag.svg|25px]] [[Masovia]] |! !| 1990 |} {{col-end}} ==References== {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == {{wikivoyage}} * [http://www.toronto.ca/ Toronto.ca], The offeecial Ceety o Toronto Wabsiteid * [http://www.torontotourism.com/ Tourism Toronto] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041101085511/http://www.torontotourism.com/ |date=2004-11-01 }}, bi the Toronto Convention & Visitors Association {{Commonscat}} {{Geographic location |Center=Toronto |North=[[Vaughan]], [[Markham, Ontario|Markham]] |Northeast= |East=[[Pickering, Ontario|Pickering]] |Southeast= |South=''[[Lake Ontario]]'' |Southwest= |West=[[Mississauga]] |Northwest=[[Brampton]] }} {{Greater Toronto Area}} [[Category:Toronto| ]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1793]] {{Stub/Canadae}} i3m3hqdga7fu5hy5g3xy3wwc7csokb9 0 11023 921107 903480 2026-08-18T16:24:05Z Lirazelf 27464 remuive en.wiki airtins 921107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Tallinn |native_name = |image_skyline = |imagesize = 290 |image_caption = Frae tap: Auld Toun, [[KUMU (museum)|KUMU]], [[Tallinn Sang Festival Grunds]], [[Kadriorg Palace]], [[Waws o Tallinn|Viru Gate]], Ceety Centre |image_flag = Flag of Tallinn.svg |image_shield = Coat of arms of Tallinn (greater).svg |pushpin_map = Estonia |subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Estonie}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Coonties o Estonie|Coonty]] |subdivision_name1 = [[File:Flag of et-Harju maakond.svg|25px]] [[Harju Coonty]] |leader_party = [[Estonie Centre Pairty|Centre Pairty]] |leader_title = [[Mayor]] |leader_name = [[{{#property:P6}}]] |established_title = <!-- First settled --> |established_date = |established_title1 = First appeared on map |established_date1 = 1154 |established_title2 = Toun richts |established_date2 = 1248 |area_total_km2 = 159.2 |area_total_sq_mi = 61.5 |population_as_of = 1 Aprile 2017<ref name="registered_population">{{cite web|url=http://www.tallinn.ee/Tallinna-elanike-arv|title=Tallinna elanike arv|trans-title=Number of Tallinn residents|publisher=Tallinn city government|date=1 June 2016|accessdate=14 June 2016|language=Estonian}}</ref> |population_total = 444591 |population_rank = [[Leet o ceeties an touns in Estonie|1st]] ([[Lairgest ceeties o the European Union bi population within ceety limits|67t]] in EU) |population_density_km2 = auto |population_density_sq_mi =auto |population_metro = 542983<ref name="urban audit">{{cite web|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tgs00080&plugin=1 |title=Total population in Urban Audit cities |publisher=European Commission |date=14 June 2013 |accessdate=29 September 2013}}</ref> |timezone = [[Eastren European Time|EET]] |utc_offset = +2 |timezone_DST = [[Eastren European Simmer Time|EEST]] |utc_offset_DST = +3 |coordinates = {{coord|59|26|14|N|24|44|43|E|region:EE|display=inline,title}} |website = [http://www.tallinn.ee/eng www.tallinn.ee] |footnotes = }} '''Tallinn''' is the caipital an the lairgest ceety in [[Estonie]]. It is situatit on the northren coast o the kintra, on the banks o the [[Gulf o Finland]], 80&nbsp;km (50&nbsp;mi) sooth o [[Helsinki]], wast o [[Saunt Petersburg]]. == Toponymie == === Historical names === In 1154 a toun cried ''Qlwn''<ref>Fasman, The Geographer's Library, pp.17</ref> or ''Qalaven'' (possible derivations of ''Kalevan'' or ''Kolyvan'')<ref name="TUE"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Birnbaum's Eastern Europe |last=Birnbaum |first=Stephen |authorlink= |year=1992 |publisher=Harper Perennial |location= |isbn=9780062780195 |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?source=ig&hl=en&rlz=&=&q=%22who%20called%20the%20settlement%20Kolyvan%22&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wp }}</ref> wis put on the warld cairt o the [[Almoravid]] bi cartographer [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]] who describit it as ''a sma toun like a lairge castle'' amang the touns o ''Astlanda''. It haes been suggestit that the ''Quwri in Astlanda'' mey hae denotit the predecessor toun o the day's Tallinn.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Geographer's Library |last=Fasman |first=Jon |authorlink= |year=2006 |publisher=Penguin |location= |isbn=9780143036623 |page=17 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bE2oerrW_IkC&pg=PA17&dq }}</ref><ref>"A glance at the history and geology of Tallinn" by Jaak Nõlvak. In [http://www.gi.ee/WOGOGOB/wogogob_web.pdf Wogogob 2004: Conference Materials] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720125323/http://www.gi.ee/WOGOGOB/wogogob_web.pdf |date=2011-07-20 }}</ref> The earliest names o Tallinn include ''Kolyvan'' ({{Lang-ru|Колывань}}) kent frae East Slavic chronicles, the name possibly derivin frae the Estonian mythical hero ''[[Kalev (mythology)|Kalev]]''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Handbook of Russian Literature |last=Terras |first=Victor |authorlink= |year=1990 |publisher=Yale University Press |location= |isbn=9780300048681 |page=68 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VjKh2gkCudAC&pg=PA68&dq }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Esthonian Review |last= |first= |authorlink= |year= |publisher=University of California |location= |isbn= |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-D9DAAAAIAAJ&q=%22the+old+Russian+name+for+Reval+has+been+retained+(Kolyvan+from+Kalev)%22&dq=%22the+old+Russian+name+for+Reval+has+been+retained+(Kolyvan+from+Kalev)%22}}</ref> Up tae the 13t century the Scandinavians an [[Henry o Livonie]] in his chronicle cried the toun Lindanisa: ''Lyndanisse'' in [[Dens leid|Dens]],<ref>{{dk icon}} In 1219 [[Valdemar II o Denmark]], leadin the Dens Fleet in connection wi the [[Livonian Crusade]], landit in an Estonian toun o Lindanisse</ref><ref>[https://runeberg.org/salmonsen/2/7/0518.html SALMONSENS KONVERSATIONS LEKSIKON]</ref><ref>{{de icon}} Reval's ältester Estnischer Name Lindanisse, Verhandlungen der gelehrten estnischen Gesellschaft zu Dorpat. Band 3, Heft 1. Dorpat 1854, p. 46–47</ref> ''Lindanäs'' in Swadish, an aa mentioned as ''Ledenets'' in [[Auld East Slavic leid|Auld East Slavic]]. Accordin tae some theories the name derived frae meethical Linda, the wife o Kalev an the mither o [[Kalevipoeg]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Modern Encyclopedia of Russian and Soviet History |url=https://archive.org/details/modernencycloped0043unse |last=Wieczynski |first=Joseph |authorlink= |year=1976 |publisher=Academic International Press |location= |isbn=9780875690643 |page=[https://archive.org/details/modernencycloped0043unse/page/n239 230] }}</ref> who in an Estonian legend carried rocks tae her husband's grave that formed the [[Toompea]] hill.<ref>{{cite book |title="Racundra's" First Cruise |last=Ransome |first=Arthur |authorlink= |year=1923 |publisher=B.W. Huebsc |location= |isbn= |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?q=%22The+old+giant+Kalev+died+here+at+Reval%2C+and+Linda+heaped+stone+after+stone+upon+his+grave+and+so+made+that+proud+hill%22&btnG=Search+Books }}</ref><br /> It haes been an aa suggestit that in the context the meanin o ''linda'' in the airchaic Estonian leid, that is seemilar tae ''lidna'' in [[Votic leid|Votic]], haed the same meanin as ''linna'' or ''linn'' later on meanin a castle or toun in Inglis. Accordin tae the suggestion ''nisa'' wad hae haed the same meanin as ''niemi'' (meanin [[peninsula]] in Inglis) in an auld Finnish form o the name ''Kesoniemi''.<ref>{{cite book |title=ITÄMEREN SUOMALAISET SAKSALAISEN VALLOITUKSEN AIKANA |last=VIRKKUNEN |first=A. H. |language=[[Finnish leid|Finnish]]|authorlink= |year=1907 |publisher=Suomen Muinaismuistoyhdistys |location= |isbn= |page=91 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=OK4MAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA91 }}</ref> Ither than ''Kesoniemi'' kent auncient historical names o Tallinn in [[Finnish leid|Finnish]] include ''Rääveli''. The Icelandic ''[[Njal's Saga]]'' mentions Tallinn an caws it Rafala, which is a variant o the name Raphael. Efter the Dens conquest in 1219 the toun became kent in the [[German leid|German]], [[Swadish leid|Swadish]] an [[Dens leid|Dens]] leids as Reval ({{lang-la|Revalia}}, {{lang-sco|Reffel}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Leask |first1=David |title=How the unassuming housing area of Burdiehouse has been revealed as ground zero for a rediscovery of Scots ‘exonyms’ |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/19224853.unassuming-housing-area-burdiehouse-revealed-ground-zero-rediscovery-scots-exonyms/ |access-date=4 August 2024 |work=The Herald |date=11 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>). The name oreeginatit frae (Laitin) ''Revelia'' (Estonian) ''[[Revala]]'' or ''Rävala'', the adjacent auncient name o the surroonding Estonian coonty. === Modren name === [[File:Old town of Tallinn 06-03-2012.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The auld toun]] The oreegin o the name "Tallinn(a)" is certaint tae be [[Estonian leid|Estonian]], awtho the oreeginal meanin o the name is debatit. It is uisually thocht tae be derived frae "''Taani-linn(a)''" (meanin "[[Denmark|Dens]]-castle/toun"; [[Laitin]]: [[Castrum Danorum]]) efter the Danes biggit the castle in place o the Estonian stranghauld at Lindanisse. Housomeivver, it coud an aa hae come frae "''tali-linna''" ("winter-castle/toun"), or "''talu-linna''" ("hoose/farmstead-castle/toun"). The element ''-linna'', lik [[Germanic leids|Germanic]] ''-[[burg]]'' an [[Slavic leids|Slavic]] ''-[[grad (geography)|grad]]'' / ''-[[gorod]]'', oreeginally meant "fortress" but is uised as a suffix in the formation o toun names. The previously uised offeecial German name {{Audio|Reval.ogg|'''Reval'''}} ({{lang-ru|Ревель}}) wis replaced efter Estonie became independent in 1918–1920. At first baith forms ''Tallinna'' an ''Tallinn'' wur uised.<ref>{{cite book |title=Tallinn In Your Pocket |last=Singer |first=Nat A. |authorlink= Steve Roman |year=2008 |publisher=In Your Pocket |location= |isbn=0014062690 |page=11 |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PZdt1EnuafsC&pg=PA13&dq |accessdate= }}</ref> The [[United States Board on Geographic Names]] adoptit the form ''Tallinn'' atween Juin 1923 an Juin 1927.<ref>{{cite book |title=Decisions of the United States Geographic Board |author=United States Geographic Board |authorlink= |year= 1908|publisher=The Board. |location= |isbn= |page= |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=F40tAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA8-PA39&dq}}</ref> The form ''Tallinna'' appearin in modren times in [[Estonian leid|Estonian]] denotes the [[genitive case]] o the name, as in ''Tallinna Reisisadam'' (''Port o Tallinn''). Ither variations o modren spellins include '''Tallinna''' in [[Finnish leid|Finnish]] an '''Таллин''' in [[Roushie leid|Roushie]]. A form '''Tallin''' derivin frae the [[Romanization o Roushie]] spellin o the name ''Таллин'' <ref>{{cite book |title=Russian at Your Fingertips |last=Young |first=Jekaterina |authorlink= |year=1990 |publisher=Routledge |location= |isbn=0415029309 |page=100 |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rve6qRtMPYUC&pg=RA1-PA100&dq}}</ref> wis uised internaitionally an aw durin the era Estonie wis annexed bi the Soviet Union. == History == {{see an aw|Timeline o Tallinn history}} {{Infobox World Heritage Site | WHS = Historic Centre (Auld Toun) o Tallinn | Image = [[File:Reval-8371.jpg|250px|The historical Auld Toun]] | State Party = Estonia | Type = Cultural | Criteria = ii, iv | ID = 822bis | Region = Europe an North America | Year = 1997 | Session = 21st | Link = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/822 }} [[File:VanaToomas1530.jpg|thumb|right|150px|The oreeginal [[Auld Thomas]] (1530)]] The first traces o human dounset foond in Tallinn's ceety centre bi [[aircheologist]]s are aboot 5000 year auld. The comb ceramic pottery foond on the steid dates tae aboot 3000 BC an corded ware pottery c. 2500 BC.<ref>{{cite news |first=Askur |last=Alas |language=[[Estonian language|Estonian]] |title=The mystery of Tallinn's Central Square |url=http://www.ekspress.ee/2008/10/29/eesti-uudised/5040-vabaduse-platsi-mysteerium-kuhu-kadus-kaks-sajandit-ajalugu |publisher=EE |accessdate=29 October 2008 |archive-date=2008-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081105044712/http://www.ekspress.ee/2008/10/29/eesti-uudised/5040-vabaduse-platsi-mysteerium-kuhu-kadus-kaks-sajandit-ajalugu |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1050 the first fortress wis biggit on Tallinn [[Toompea]].<ref name="TUE">{{cite book |title=Toward an Understanding of Europe |last=Ertl |first=Alan |year=2008 |publisher=Universal-Publishers |isbn=978-1-59942-983-0 |page=381 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=X9PGRaZt-zcC&pg=PA381 }}</ref> As an important port for tred atween Roushie an Scandinavie, it became a target for the expansion o the [[Teutonic Knichts]] an the Kinrick o Denmark durin the period o [[Northren Crusades]] in the beginnin o the 13t century whan [[Roman Catholic Kirk|Christianity]] wis forcibly imposed on the local population. Dens rule o Tallinn an Northren Estonie stairtit in 1219. In 1285 the ceety, then kent as Reval, became the northmaist member o the [[Hanseatic League]]&nbsp;– a mercantile an militar alliance o [[Germans|German]]-dominatit ceeties in Northren Europe. The Danes sauld Reval alang wi thair ither laund possessions in northren Estonie tae the [[Teutonic Knichts]] in 1346. Medieval Reval enjoyed a strategic poseetion at the crossroads o tred atween Wastren an Northren Europe an Roushie. The ceety, wi a population o 8,000, wis vera well fortifee'd wi ceety waws an 66 defence touers. A [[wather vane]], the figur o a auld warrior cried [[Auld Thomas]], wis put on tap o the spire o the [[Tallinn Toun Haw]] in 1530 that became the seembol for the ceety. Wi the stairt o the [[Protestant Reformation]] the [[Germans|German]] influence became even stranger as the ceety wis convertit tae [[Lutheranism]]. In 1561 Reval poleetically became a [[Dominions o Swaden|dominion]] o Swaden. Durin the [[Great Northren War]], plague stricken Tallinn alang wi Swadish Estonie an Livonie capitulatit tae [[Roushie Empire|Imperial Roushie]] in 1710, but the local sel-govrenment institutions (Magistracy o Reval an Chivalry o Estonie) retained thair cultural an economical autonomy athin Imperial Roushie as the [[Duchy o Estonie]]. The Magistracy o Reval wis abolisht in 1889. The 19t century brocht industrialization o the ceety an the port kept its importance. Durin the last decades o the century [[Roushification]] measurs became stranger. The auldest fitbaa club in Estonie, Meteor Tallinn wis foondit in 1908 in the destrict Lasnamäe. On 24 Februar 1918, the Independence Manifesto wis proclaimed in Reval, suin tae be Tallinn, follaeed bi [[German Empire|Imperial German]] occupation an a war o unthirldom wi Roushie. On 2 Februar 1920, the [[Treaty o Tartu (Roushie–Estonian)|Tartu Peace Treaty]] wis signed wi Soviet Roushie, whaurin Roushie acknawledgit the unthirldom o the Estonie Republic. Tallinn became the caipital o a unthirlt Estonie. Efter Warld War II stairtit, Estonie wis annexed bi the Soviet Union (USSR) in 1940, an later occupee'd bi [[Nazi Germany]] frae 1941 tae 1944. Efter the Nazi retreat in 1944, it wis again annexed bi the USSR. Efter annexation intae the Soviet Union, Tallinn became the caipital o the [[Estonie Soviet Socialist Republic|Estonie SSR]]. Durin the [[1980 Simmer Olympics]], the sailin (then kent as yachtin) events wur held at [[Pirita (subdestrict)|Pirita]], north-east o central Tallinn. Mony biggins, sic as the "Olümpia" hotel, the new Main Post Office biggin, an the Regatta Center, wur biggit for the Olympics. In August 1991 an independent democratic Estonian state wis re-established and a period of quick development tae a modren European caipital ensued. Tallinn became the caipital o a de facto independent kintra ance again on 20 August 1991. Tallinn haes historically consistit o three pairts: * The [[Toompea]] (''Domberg'') or "Cathedral Hill", which wis the seat o the central authority: first the Dens captains, then the [[komtur]]s o the Teutonic Order, an Swadish an Roushie govrenors. It wis till 1877 a separate toun (''Dom zu Reval''), the residence o the aristocracy; it is the day the seat o the [[Riigikogu|Estonie pairlament]], [[Govrenment o Estonie|govrenment]] an some embassies an residencies. * The Auld Toun, which is the auld [[Hanseatic League|Hanseatic]] toun, the "ceety o the ceetizens", wis no admeenistratively unitit wi Cathedral Hill till the late 19t century. It wis the centre o the medieval tred on which it grew prosperous. * The Estonie toun forms a crescent tae the sooth o the Auld Toun, whaur the [[Estonies]] came tae settle. It wis no till the mid-19t century that ethnic Estonies replacit the local [[Baltic Germans]] as the majority amang the residents o Tallinn. The ceety o Tallinn haes niver been razit an pillagit; that wis the fate o Tartu, the varsity toun {{convert|200|km|0|abbr=on}} sooth, which wis pillagit in 1397 bi the Teutonic Order. Aroond 1524 Catholic kirks in mony touns in Estonie, includin Tallinn, war pillaged as pairt o the Reformational fervor: this occurred throuoot Europe. Awtho extensively bombed bi Soviet air forces durin the later stages o Warld War II, hintle o the medieval Auld Toun still retains its chairm. The Tallinn Auld Toun (includin ''Toompea'') became a [[UNESCO]] [[Warld Heritage Steid|Warld Cultural Heritage]] steid in 1997. At the end o the 15t century a new {{convert|159|m|2|abbr=on}} heich [[Gothic airchitectur|Gothic]] spire wis biggit for [[St. Olaf's Kirk, Tallinn|St. Olaf's Kirk]]. atween 1549 an 1625 it wis the tawest biggin in the warld. Efter several fires an follaein rebiggin, its owerall hicht is nou {{convert|123|m|2|abbr=on}}. {{Wide image|Raekoja plats (Tallinn).jpg|500px|Panorama o the central Toun Haw Square (Raekoja plats)}} {{Wide image|Tallinn-panorama.jpg|500px|Auld Toun o Tallinn}} == Admeenistrative destricts == [[File:Districts of Tallinn.jpg|thumb|right|Destricts o Tallinn]] {| style="float:right; margin-left:5px; margin-right:0;" |- !Destrict !Aurie !Population |- | 1. [[Haabersti]] || align=right | 18.6&nbsp;km² || align=right | 42,839 |- | 2. [[Kesklinn, Tallinn|Kesklinn]] (centre) || align=right | 28.0&nbsp;km² || align=right | 52,820 |- | 3. [[Kristiine]] || align=right | 9.4&nbsp;km² || align=right | 30,274 |- | 4. [[Lasnamäe]] || align=right | 30.0&nbsp;km² || align=right | 116,490 |- | 5. [[Mustamäe]] || align=right | 8.0&nbsp;km² || align=right | 64,425 |- | 6. [[Nõmme]] || align=right | 28.0&nbsp;km² || align=right | 39,049 |- | 7. [[Pirita]] || align=right | 18.7&nbsp;km² || align=right | 17,019 |- | 8. [[Põhja-Tallinn]] || align=right | 17.3&nbsp;km² || align=right | 56,914 |} For local govrenment purposes, Tallinn is subdividit intae 8 admeenistrative destricts ({{lang-et|linnaosad}}, singular ''linnaosa''). The destrict governments are ceety institutions that fulfill, in the territory o thair destrict, the functions assigned tae thaiem biy Tallinn legislation an [[statute]]s. Each destrict govrenment is managit bi an Elder ({{lang-et|linnaosavanem}}). He or she is appointit bi the Ceety Govrenment on the nomination o the Mayor an efter haein heard the opinion o the Admeenistrative Cooncils. The function o the Admeenistrative Cooncils is tae recommend, tae the Ceety Govrenment an Commissions o the Ceety Cooncil, hou the destricts shoud be admeenistered. {{-}} == Internaitional relations == === Twin touns – sister ceeties === Tallinn participates in internaitional [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|toun twinnin]] schemes tae foster guid internaitional relations. Pairtners include: {| cellpadding="10" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | * {{flagicon|United States}} [[Annapolis, Maryland|Annapolis]], Unitit States * {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Białystok]], Poland * {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Dartford]], Unitit Kinrick * {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Gdańsk]], Poland * {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Gdynia]], Poland || * {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Ghent]], Belgium * {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Gothenburg]], Swaden * {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Groningen]], Netherlands<ref name="Graz">{{cite web |url=http://www.graz.at/cms/beitrag/10045157/606819/ |title=Twin Towns - Graz Online - English Version |publisher=www.graz.at |accessdate=2010-01-05 |archive-date=2010-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131044827/http://www.graz.at/cms/beitrag/10045157/606819 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Groningen">{{cite web|url=http://www.groningen.nl/functies/pagfunctie.cfm?parameter=1285|title=''Groningen - Partner Cities''|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2008 Gemeente Groningen, Kreupelstraat 1,9712 HW Groningen|accessdate=2008-12-08|archive-date=2007-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926211207/http://www.groningen.nl/functies/pagfunctie.cfm?parameter=1285|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Kiel]], Germany * {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Kotka]], Finland (1955) || * {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Łomża]], Poland * {{flagicon|USA}} [[Los Gatos, Californie|Los Gatos]], Unitit States * {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Malmö]], Swaden<ref name="Malmö twinning">{{cite web|url=http://www.malmo.se/faktaommalmopolitik/internationelltsamarbete/vanortssamarbetet.4.33aee30d103b8f15916800032874.html|title=Malmö stads vänortssamarbete|publisher=© 2004–2009 Malmö stad, 205 80 Malmö, Organisationsnummer: 212000-1124|language=Swadish|accessdate=2009-06-27|archive-date=2007-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928003810/http://www.malmo.se/faktaommalmopolitik/internationelltsamarbete/vanortssamarbetet.4.33aee30d103b8f15916800032874.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{flagicon|USA}} [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], [[Oregon]], United States * {{flagicon|Latvia}} [[Riga]], Latvie<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/Riga_Municipality/Twin_cities_of_Riga/default.htm |title=Twin cities of Riga |publisher=[[Riga City Council]] |accessdate=2009-07-27 |archive-date=2008-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204021323/http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/Riga_Municipality/Twin_cities_of_Riga/default.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> || * {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Moscow]], Roushie * {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Saunt Petersburg]], Roushie * {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Schwerin]], Germany * {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Venice]], Italy * {{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Vilnius]], Lithuanie<ref name="Vilnius twinning">{{cite web|url=http://www.tallinn.ee/est/g1471s41613|title=Vilniuse sõpruslinnad|publisher=© 2002–2009 Tallinn|language=Estonian|accessdate=2009-09-12|archive-date=2011-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927103248/http://www.tallinn.ee/est/g1471s41613|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Tallinn| ]] [[Category:Ceeties an touns in Estonie]] [[Category:Caipitals in Europe]] {{Stub/Balt}} {{Stub/Ceety}} hy51r7omi0zv88vwrtgz52jfhp0elrq 921157 921107 2026-08-18T20:43:07Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Tallinn |imagesize = 290 |image_caption = Frae tap: Auld Toun, [[KUMU (museum)|KUMU]], [[Tallinn Sang Festival Grunds]], [[Kadriorg Palace]], [[Waws o Tallinn|Viru Gate]], Ceety Centre |image_flag = Flag of Tallinn.svg |image_shield = Coat of arms of Tallinn (greater).svg |pushpin_map = Estonia |subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Estonie}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Coonties o Estonie|Coonty]] |subdivision_name1 = [[File:Flag of et-Harju maakond.svg|25px]] [[Harju Coonty]] |leader_party = [[Estonie Centre Pairty|Centre Pairty]] |leader_title = [[Mayor]] |leader_name = [[{{#property:P6}}]] |established_title1 = First appeared on map |established_date1 = 1154 |established_title2 = Toun richts |established_date2 = 1248 |area_total_km2 = 159.2 |area_total_sq_mi = 61.5 |population_as_of = 1 Aprile 2017<ref name="registered_population">{{cite web|url=http://www.tallinn.ee/Tallinna-elanike-arv|title=Tallinna elanike arv|trans-title=Number of Tallinn residents|publisher=Tallinn city government|date=1 June 2016|accessdate=14 June 2016|language=Estonian}}</ref> |population_total = 444591 |population_rank = [[Leet o ceeties an touns in Estonie|1st]] ([[Lairgest ceeties o the European Union bi population within ceety limits|67t]] in EU) |population_density_km2 = auto |population_density_sq_mi = auto |population_metro = 542983<ref name="urban audit">{{cite web|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tgs00080&plugin=1 |title=Total population in Urban Audit cities |publisher=European Commission |date=14 June 2013 |accessdate=29 September 2013}}</ref> |timezone = [[Eastren European Time|EET]] |utc_offset = +2 |timezone_DST = [[Eastren European Simmer Time|EEST]] |utc_offset_DST = +3 |coordinates = {{coord|59|26|14|N|24|44|43|E|region:EE|display=inline,title}} |website = [http://www.tallinn.ee/eng www.tallinn.ee] }} '''Tallinn''' is the caipital an the lairgest ceety in [[Estonie]]. It is situatit on the northren coast o the kintra, on the banks o the [[Gulf o Finland]], 80&nbsp;km (50&nbsp;mi) sooth o [[Helsinki]], wast o [[Saunt Petersburg]]. == Toponymie == === Historical names === In 1154 a toun cried ''Qlwn''<ref>Fasman, The Geographer's Library, pp.17</ref> or ''Qalaven'' (possible derivations of ''Kalevan'' or ''Kolyvan'')<ref name="TUE"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Birnbaum's Eastern Europe |last=Birnbaum |first=Stephen |authorlink= |year=1992 |publisher=Harper Perennial |location= |isbn=9780062780195 |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?source=ig&hl=en&rlz=&=&q=%22who%20called%20the%20settlement%20Kolyvan%22&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wp }}</ref> wis put on the warld cairt o the [[Almoravid]] bi cartographer [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]] who describit it as ''a sma toun like a lairge castle'' amang the touns o ''Astlanda''. It haes been suggestit that the ''Quwri in Astlanda'' mey hae denotit the predecessor toun o the day's Tallinn.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Geographer's Library |last=Fasman |first=Jon |authorlink= |year=2006 |publisher=Penguin |location= |isbn=9780143036623 |page=17 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bE2oerrW_IkC&pg=PA17&dq }}</ref><ref>"A glance at the history and geology of Tallinn" by Jaak Nõlvak. In [http://www.gi.ee/WOGOGOB/wogogob_web.pdf Wogogob 2004: Conference Materials] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720125323/http://www.gi.ee/WOGOGOB/wogogob_web.pdf |date=2011-07-20 }}</ref> The earliest names o Tallinn include ''Kolyvan'' ({{Lang-ru|Колывань}}) kent frae East Slavic chronicles, the name possibly derivin frae the Estonian mythical hero ''[[Kalev (mythology)|Kalev]]''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Handbook of Russian Literature |last=Terras |first=Victor |authorlink= |year=1990 |publisher=Yale University Press |location= |isbn=9780300048681 |page=68 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VjKh2gkCudAC&pg=PA68&dq }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Esthonian Review |last= |first= |authorlink= |year= |publisher=University of California |location= |isbn= |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-D9DAAAAIAAJ&q=%22the+old+Russian+name+for+Reval+has+been+retained+(Kolyvan+from+Kalev)%22&dq=%22the+old+Russian+name+for+Reval+has+been+retained+(Kolyvan+from+Kalev)%22}}</ref> Up tae the 13t century the Scandinavians an [[Henry o Livonie]] in his chronicle cried the toun Lindanisa: ''Lyndanisse'' in [[Dens leid|Dens]],<ref>{{dk icon}} In 1219 [[Valdemar II o Denmark]], leadin the Dens Fleet in connection wi the [[Livonian Crusade]], landit in an Estonian toun o Lindanisse</ref><ref>[https://runeberg.org/salmonsen/2/7/0518.html SALMONSENS KONVERSATIONS LEKSIKON]</ref><ref>{{de icon}} Reval's ältester Estnischer Name Lindanisse, Verhandlungen der gelehrten estnischen Gesellschaft zu Dorpat. Band 3, Heft 1. Dorpat 1854, p. 46–47</ref> ''Lindanäs'' in Swadish, an aa mentioned as ''Ledenets'' in [[Auld East Slavic leid|Auld East Slavic]]. Accordin tae some theories the name derived frae meethical Linda, the wife o Kalev an the mither o [[Kalevipoeg]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Modern Encyclopedia of Russian and Soviet History |url=https://archive.org/details/modernencycloped0043unse |last=Wieczynski |first=Joseph |authorlink= |year=1976 |publisher=Academic International Press |location= |isbn=9780875690643 |page=[https://archive.org/details/modernencycloped0043unse/page/n239 230] }}</ref> who in an Estonian legend carried rocks tae her husband's grave that formed the [[Toompea]] hill.<ref>{{cite book |title="Racundra's" First Cruise |last=Ransome |first=Arthur |authorlink= |year=1923 |publisher=B.W. Huebsc |location= |isbn= |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?q=%22The+old+giant+Kalev+died+here+at+Reval%2C+and+Linda+heaped+stone+after+stone+upon+his+grave+and+so+made+that+proud+hill%22&btnG=Search+Books }}</ref><br /> It haes been an aa suggestit that in the context the meanin o ''linda'' in the airchaic Estonian leid, that is seemilar tae ''lidna'' in [[Votic leid|Votic]], haed the same meanin as ''linna'' or ''linn'' later on meanin a castle or toun in Inglis. Accordin tae the suggestion ''nisa'' wad hae haed the same meanin as ''niemi'' (meanin [[peninsula]] in Inglis) in an auld Finnish form o the name ''Kesoniemi''.<ref>{{cite book |title=ITÄMEREN SUOMALAISET SAKSALAISEN VALLOITUKSEN AIKANA |last=VIRKKUNEN |first=A. H. |language=[[Finnish leid|Finnish]]|authorlink= |year=1907 |publisher=Suomen Muinaismuistoyhdistys |location= |isbn= |page=91 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=OK4MAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA91 }}</ref> Ither than ''Kesoniemi'' kent auncient historical names o Tallinn in [[Finnish leid|Finnish]] include ''Rääveli''. The Icelandic ''[[Njal's Saga]]'' mentions Tallinn an caws it Rafala, which is a variant o the name Raphael. Efter the Dens conquest in 1219 the toun became kent in the [[German leid|German]], [[Swadish leid|Swadish]] an [[Dens leid|Dens]] leids as Reval ({{lang-la|Revalia}}, {{lang-sco|Reffel}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Leask |first1=David |title=How the unassuming housing area of Burdiehouse has been revealed as ground zero for a rediscovery of Scots ‘exonyms’ |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/19224853.unassuming-housing-area-burdiehouse-revealed-ground-zero-rediscovery-scots-exonyms/ |access-date=4 August 2024 |work=The Herald |date=11 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>). The name oreeginatit frae (Laitin) ''Revelia'' (Estonian) ''[[Revala]]'' or ''Rävala'', the adjacent auncient name o the surroonding Estonian coonty. === Modren name === [[File:Old town of Tallinn 06-03-2012.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The auld toun]] The oreegin o the name "Tallinn(a)" is certaint tae be [[Estonian leid|Estonian]], awtho the oreeginal meanin o the name is debatit. It is uisually thocht tae be derived frae "''Taani-linn(a)''" (meanin "[[Denmark|Dens]]-castle/toun"; [[Laitin]]: [[Castrum Danorum]]) efter the Danes biggit the castle in place o the Estonian stranghauld at Lindanisse. Housomeivver, it coud an aa hae come frae "''tali-linna''" ("winter-castle/toun"), or "''talu-linna''" ("hoose/farmstead-castle/toun"). The element ''-linna'', lik [[Germanic leids|Germanic]] ''-[[burg]]'' an [[Slavic leids|Slavic]] ''-[[grad (geography)|grad]]'' / ''-[[gorod]]'', oreeginally meant "fortress" but is uised as a suffix in the formation o toun names. The previously uised offeecial German name {{Audio|Reval.ogg|'''Reval'''}} ({{lang-ru|Ревель}}) wis replaced efter Estonie became independent in 1918–1920. At first baith forms ''Tallinna'' an ''Tallinn'' wur uised.<ref>{{cite book |title=Tallinn In Your Pocket |last=Singer |first=Nat A. |authorlink= Steve Roman |year=2008 |publisher=In Your Pocket |location= |isbn=0014062690 |page=11 |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PZdt1EnuafsC&pg=PA13&dq |accessdate= }}</ref> The [[United States Board on Geographic Names]] adoptit the form ''Tallinn'' atween Juin 1923 an Juin 1927.<ref>{{cite book |title=Decisions of the United States Geographic Board |author=United States Geographic Board |authorlink= |year= 1908|publisher=The Board. |location= |isbn= |page= |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=F40tAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA8-PA39&dq}}</ref> The form ''Tallinna'' appearin in modren times in [[Estonian leid|Estonian]] denotes the [[genitive case]] o the name, as in ''Tallinna Reisisadam'' (''Port o Tallinn''). Ither variations o modren spellins include '''Tallinna''' in [[Finnish leid|Finnish]] an '''Таллин''' in [[Roushie leid|Roushie]]. A form '''Tallin''' derivin frae the [[Romanization o Roushie]] spellin o the name ''Таллин'' <ref>{{cite book |title=Russian at Your Fingertips |last=Young |first=Jekaterina |authorlink= |year=1990 |publisher=Routledge |location= |isbn=0415029309 |page=100 |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rve6qRtMPYUC&pg=RA1-PA100&dq}}</ref> wis uised internaitionally an aw durin the era Estonie wis annexed bi the Soviet Union. == History == {{see an aw|Timeline o Tallinn history}} {{Infobox World Heritage Site | WHS = Historic Centre (Auld Toun) o Tallinn | Image = [[File:Reval-8371.jpg|250px|The historical Auld Toun]] | State Party = Estonia | Type = Cultural | Criteria = ii, iv | ID = 822bis | Region = Europe an North America | Year = 1997 | Session = 21st | Link = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/822 }} [[File:VanaToomas1530.jpg|thumb|right|150px|The oreeginal [[Auld Thomas]] (1530)]] The first traces o human dounset foond in Tallinn's ceety centre bi [[aircheologist]]s are aboot 5000 year auld. The comb ceramic pottery foond on the steid dates tae aboot 3000 BC an corded ware pottery c. 2500 BC.<ref>{{cite news |first=Askur |last=Alas |language=[[Estonian language|Estonian]] |title=The mystery of Tallinn's Central Square |url=http://www.ekspress.ee/2008/10/29/eesti-uudised/5040-vabaduse-platsi-mysteerium-kuhu-kadus-kaks-sajandit-ajalugu |publisher=EE |accessdate=29 October 2008 |archive-date=2008-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081105044712/http://www.ekspress.ee/2008/10/29/eesti-uudised/5040-vabaduse-platsi-mysteerium-kuhu-kadus-kaks-sajandit-ajalugu |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1050 the first fortress wis biggit on Tallinn [[Toompea]].<ref name="TUE">{{cite book |title=Toward an Understanding of Europe |last=Ertl |first=Alan |year=2008 |publisher=Universal-Publishers |isbn=978-1-59942-983-0 |page=381 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=X9PGRaZt-zcC&pg=PA381 }}</ref> As an important port for tred atween Roushie an Scandinavie, it became a target for the expansion o the [[Teutonic Knichts]] an the Kinrick o Denmark durin the period o [[Northren Crusades]] in the beginnin o the 13t century whan [[Roman Catholic Kirk|Christianity]] wis forcibly imposed on the local population. Dens rule o Tallinn an Northren Estonie stairtit in 1219. In 1285 the ceety, then kent as Reval, became the northmaist member o the [[Hanseatic League]]&nbsp;– a mercantile an militar alliance o [[Germans|German]]-dominatit ceeties in Northren Europe. The Danes sauld Reval alang wi thair ither laund possessions in northren Estonie tae the [[Teutonic Knichts]] in 1346. Medieval Reval enjoyed a strategic poseetion at the crossroads o tred atween Wastren an Northren Europe an Roushie. The ceety, wi a population o 8,000, wis vera well fortifee'd wi ceety waws an 66 defence touers. A [[wather vane]], the figur o a auld warrior cried [[Auld Thomas]], wis put on tap o the spire o the [[Tallinn Toun Haw]] in 1530 that became the seembol for the ceety. Wi the stairt o the [[Protestant Reformation]] the [[Germans|German]] influence became even stranger as the ceety wis convertit tae [[Lutheranism]]. In 1561 Reval poleetically became a [[Dominions o Swaden|dominion]] o Swaden. Durin the [[Great Northren War]], plague stricken Tallinn alang wi Swadish Estonie an Livonie capitulatit tae [[Roushie Empire|Imperial Roushie]] in 1710, but the local sel-govrenment institutions (Magistracy o Reval an Chivalry o Estonie) retained thair cultural an economical autonomy athin Imperial Roushie as the [[Duchy o Estonie]]. The Magistracy o Reval wis abolisht in 1889. The 19t century brocht industrialization o the ceety an the port kept its importance. Durin the last decades o the century [[Roushification]] measurs became stranger. The auldest fitbaa club in Estonie, Meteor Tallinn wis foondit in 1908 in the destrict Lasnamäe. On 24 Februar 1918, the Independence Manifesto wis proclaimed in Reval, suin tae be Tallinn, follaeed bi [[German Empire|Imperial German]] occupation an a war o unthirldom wi Roushie. On 2 Februar 1920, the [[Treaty o Tartu (Roushie–Estonian)|Tartu Peace Treaty]] wis signed wi Soviet Roushie, whaurin Roushie acknawledgit the unthirldom o the Estonie Republic. Tallinn became the caipital o a unthirlt Estonie. Efter Warld War II stairtit, Estonie wis annexed bi the Soviet Union (USSR) in 1940, an later occupee'd bi [[Nazi Germany]] frae 1941 tae 1944. Efter the Nazi retreat in 1944, it wis again annexed bi the USSR. Efter annexation intae the Soviet Union, Tallinn became the caipital o the [[Estonie Soviet Socialist Republic|Estonie SSR]]. Durin the [[1980 Simmer Olympics]], the sailin (then kent as yachtin) events wur held at [[Pirita (subdestrict)|Pirita]], north-east o central Tallinn. Mony biggins, sic as the "Olümpia" hotel, the new Main Post Office biggin, an the Regatta Center, wur biggit for the Olympics. In August 1991 an independent democratic Estonian state wis re-established and a period of quick development tae a modren European caipital ensued. Tallinn became the caipital o a de facto independent kintra ance again on 20 August 1991. Tallinn haes historically consistit o three pairts: * The [[Toompea]] (''Domberg'') or "Cathedral Hill", which wis the seat o the central authority: first the Dens captains, then the [[komtur]]s o the Teutonic Order, an Swadish an Roushie govrenors. It wis till 1877 a separate toun (''Dom zu Reval''), the residence o the aristocracy; it is the day the seat o the [[Riigikogu|Estonie pairlament]], [[Govrenment o Estonie|govrenment]] an some embassies an residencies. * The Auld Toun, which is the auld [[Hanseatic League|Hanseatic]] toun, the "ceety o the ceetizens", wis no admeenistratively unitit wi Cathedral Hill till the late 19t century. It wis the centre o the medieval tred on which it grew prosperous. * The Estonie toun forms a crescent tae the sooth o the Auld Toun, whaur the [[Estonies]] came tae settle. It wis no till the mid-19t century that ethnic Estonies replacit the local [[Baltic Germans]] as the majority amang the residents o Tallinn. The ceety o Tallinn haes niver been razit an pillagit; that wis the fate o Tartu, the varsity toun {{convert|200|km|0|abbr=on}} sooth, which wis pillagit in 1397 bi the Teutonic Order. Aroond 1524 Catholic kirks in mony touns in Estonie, includin Tallinn, war pillaged as pairt o the Reformational fervor: this occurred throuoot Europe. Awtho extensively bombed bi Soviet air forces durin the later stages o Warld War II, hintle o the medieval Auld Toun still retains its chairm. The Tallinn Auld Toun (includin ''Toompea'') became a [[UNESCO]] [[Warld Heritage Steid|Warld Cultural Heritage]] steid in 1997. At the end o the 15t century a new {{convert|159|m|2|abbr=on}} heich [[Gothic airchitectur|Gothic]] spire wis biggit for [[St. Olaf's Kirk, Tallinn|St. Olaf's Kirk]]. atween 1549 an 1625 it wis the tawest biggin in the warld. Efter several fires an follaein rebiggin, its owerall hicht is nou {{convert|123|m|2|abbr=on}}. {{Wide image|Raekoja plats (Tallinn).jpg|500px|Panorama o the central Toun Haw Square (Raekoja plats)}} {{Wide image|Tallinn-panorama.jpg|500px|Auld Toun o Tallinn}} == Admeenistrative destricts == [[File:Districts of Tallinn.jpg|thumb|right|Destricts o Tallinn]] {| style="float:right; margin-left:5px; margin-right:0;" |- !Destrict !Aurie !Population |- | 1. [[Haabersti]] || align=right | 18.6&nbsp;km² || align=right | 42,839 |- | 2. [[Kesklinn, Tallinn|Kesklinn]] (centre) || align=right | 28.0&nbsp;km² || align=right | 52,820 |- | 3. [[Kristiine]] || align=right | 9.4&nbsp;km² || align=right | 30,274 |- | 4. [[Lasnamäe]] || align=right | 30.0&nbsp;km² || align=right | 116,490 |- | 5. [[Mustamäe]] || align=right | 8.0&nbsp;km² || align=right | 64,425 |- | 6. [[Nõmme]] || align=right | 28.0&nbsp;km² || align=right | 39,049 |- | 7. [[Pirita]] || align=right | 18.7&nbsp;km² || align=right | 17,019 |- | 8. [[Põhja-Tallinn]] || align=right | 17.3&nbsp;km² || align=right | 56,914 |} For local govrenment purposes, Tallinn is subdividit intae 8 admeenistrative destricts ({{lang-et|linnaosad}}, singular ''linnaosa''). The destrict governments are ceety institutions that fulfill, in the territory o thair destrict, the functions assigned tae thaiem biy Tallinn legislation an [[statute]]s. Each destrict govrenment is managit bi an Elder ({{lang-et|linnaosavanem}}). He or she is appointit bi the Ceety Govrenment on the nomination o the Mayor an efter haein heard the opinion o the Admeenistrative Cooncils. The function o the Admeenistrative Cooncils is tae recommend, tae the Ceety Govrenment an Commissions o the Ceety Cooncil, hou the destricts shoud be admeenistered. {{-}} == Internaitional relations == === Twin touns – sister ceeties === Tallinn participates in internaitional [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|toun twinnin]] schemes tae foster guid internaitional relations. Pairtners include: {| cellpadding="10" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | * {{flagicon|United States}} [[Annapolis, Maryland|Annapolis]], Unitit States * {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Białystok]], Poland * {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Dartford]], Unitit Kinrick * {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Gdańsk]], Poland * {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Gdynia]], Poland || * {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Ghent]], Belgium * {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Gothenburg]], Swaden * {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Groningen]], Netherlands<ref name="Graz">{{cite web |url=http://www.graz.at/cms/beitrag/10045157/606819/ |title=Twin Towns - Graz Online - English Version |publisher=www.graz.at |accessdate=2010-01-05 |archive-date=2010-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131044827/http://www.graz.at/cms/beitrag/10045157/606819 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Groningen">{{cite web|url=http://www.groningen.nl/functies/pagfunctie.cfm?parameter=1285|title=''Groningen - Partner Cities''|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2008 Gemeente Groningen, Kreupelstraat 1,9712 HW Groningen|accessdate=2008-12-08|archive-date=2007-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926211207/http://www.groningen.nl/functies/pagfunctie.cfm?parameter=1285|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Kiel]], Germany * {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Kotka]], Finland (1955) || * {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Łomża]], Poland * {{flagicon|USA}} [[Los Gatos, Californie|Los Gatos]], Unitit States * {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Malmö]], Swaden<ref name="Malmö twinning">{{cite web|url=http://www.malmo.se/faktaommalmopolitik/internationelltsamarbete/vanortssamarbetet.4.33aee30d103b8f15916800032874.html|title=Malmö stads vänortssamarbete|publisher=© 2004–2009 Malmö stad, 205 80 Malmö, Organisationsnummer: 212000-1124|language=Swadish|accessdate=2009-06-27|archive-date=2007-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928003810/http://www.malmo.se/faktaommalmopolitik/internationelltsamarbete/vanortssamarbetet.4.33aee30d103b8f15916800032874.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{flagicon|USA}} [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], [[Oregon]], United States * {{flagicon|Latvia}} [[Riga]], Latvie<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/Riga_Municipality/Twin_cities_of_Riga/default.htm |title=Twin cities of Riga |publisher=[[Riga City Council]] |accessdate=2009-07-27 |archive-date=2008-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204021323/http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/Riga_Municipality/Twin_cities_of_Riga/default.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> || * {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Moscow]], Roushie * {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Saunt Petersburg]], Roushie * {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Schwerin]], Germany * {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Venice]], Italy * {{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Vilnius]], Lithuanie<ref name="Vilnius twinning">{{cite web|url=http://www.tallinn.ee/est/g1471s41613|title=Vilniuse sõpruslinnad|publisher=© 2002–2009 Tallinn|language=Estonian|accessdate=2009-09-12|archive-date=2011-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927103248/http://www.tallinn.ee/est/g1471s41613|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Tallinn| ]] [[Category:Ceeties an touns in Estonie]] [[Category:Caipitals in Europe]] {{Stub/Balt}} {{Stub/Ceety}} 4vwgtvq65bsz1drg5mn776qh22a8fv6 0 12485 921100 907101 2026-08-18T16:17:44Z Lirazelf 27464 remuive en.wiki airtin 921100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Other uses|Kharkiv (disambiguation)|Kharkov (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox settlement |name=Kharkiv (Харків)<br>Kharkov (Харьков) |image_skyline= |imagesize=290px |image_caption=[[Freedom Square, Kharkiv]] |imagesize= |image_caption=Freedom Square |image_flag=Kharkiv-town-flag.svg |image_shield=Coat of arms of Kharkiv.svg |shield_size = 90px |image_blank_emblem = Logo of Kharkiv, Ukraine.png |image_map = |nickname=The First Capital<ref>[http://atn.kharkov.ua/newsread.php?id=2042&mode=print Первая столица]{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. АТН, 19 декабря 2002 г. {{ref-ru}}</ref> |map_caption = Map o Ukraine with Kharkiv highlighted |pushpin_map = Ukraine |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{UKR}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Oblast]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Kharkiv Oblast]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Ukraine|Raion]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Kharkiv Raion]] |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = [[Ihor Terekhov]] |established_title = Foondit |established_date = 1655-56<ref name="GSE">{{cite book|title=Харьков|url=http://bse.sci-lib.com/article118553.html|publisher=Great Soviet Encyclopedia}}</ref> |established_title2 = |established_date2 = |parts_type = Districts |parts_style = <!-- Use "list" (for list), "coll" (for collapsed list), "para" (for paragraph format). Default is "list" if up to 5 items, then--> |parts = List of 9 |p1 = Shevchenkivskyi Raion |p2 = Novobavarskyi Raion |p3 = Kyivsky Raion |p4 = Slobidskyi Raion |p5 = Kholodnohirskyi Raion |p6 = Saltivskyi Raion |p7 = Nemyshlianskyi Raion |p8 = Industrialnyi Raion |p9 = Osnovianskyi Raion |area_total_km2 = 350 |population_as_of = 1 October 2012 |population_total = 1,442,910<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uprstat.kharkov.ukrtel.net/ua/stat/stat_inf/demograf/tab1.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-04-07 |archive-date=2012-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201011656/http://uprstat.kharkov.ukrtel.net/ua/stat/stat_inf/demograf/tab1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |population_metro = 1,732,400 |population_density_km2 = 4500 |timezone = EET |utc_offset = +2 |timezone_DST = EEST |utc_offset_DST = +3 |coordinates = {{coord|50|0|16.11|N|36|13|53.21|E|type:city_region:UA|display=inline,title}} |elevation_m = 152 |postal_code_type = Postal code |postal_code = 61001—61499 |blank_name = [[Licence plate]] |blank_info = ХА, 21 (auld) |blank1_name = [[Toun twinnin|Sister ceeties]] |blank1_info = <small>[[Belgorod]], [[Bologna]], [[Cincinnati]], [[Kaunas]], [[Lille]], [[Moscow]], [[Nizhny Novgorod]], [[Nuremberg]], [[Poznań]], [[Saunt Petersburg]], [[Tianjin]], [[Jinan]], [[Kutaisi]], [[Varna]], [[Rishon LeZion]], [[Brno]], [[Daugavpils]]</small> |website = http://www.city.kharkov.ua/en |footnotes = }} '''Kharkiv''' ({{lang-uk|Харків}}, {{IPA-uk|ˈxɑrkiw|pron}};<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/316419/Kharkiv Kharkiv on Encyclopædia Britannica]</ref>) or '''Kharkov''' ({{lang-ru|Харьков}}) is the seicont lairgest ceety in [[Ukraine]]. Foondit in 1654, Kharkiv became the first ceety in Ukraine whaur the [[Ukrainian SSR|Soviet pouer]] wis proclaimed an [[Fowk's Secretariat|Soviet government]] wis formed. Nou it is the [[caipita|admeenistrative centre]] o the [[Kharkiv Oblast|Kharkiv]] [[oblast]] ([[Admeenistrative diveesions o Ukraine|province]]), as well as the admeenistrative centre o the surroondin [[Kharkivskyi Raion]] ([[Admeenistrative diveesions o Ukraine|destrict]]) athin the oblast. The ceety is locatit in the northeast o the kintra. As o 2006, its population is 1,461,300.<ref name="ukrcensus1">{{cite web |url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/city/ |title=Results / General results of the census / Number of cities |accessdate=August 28, 2006 |work=[[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 Ukrainian Census]] |archive-date=2006-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060109012020/http://ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/city/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kharkiv is a major cultural, scienteefic, educational, transport an industrial centre o Ukraine, wi 60 scienteefic Institutes, 30 establishments o heicer eddication, 6 museums, 7 theatres an 80 libraries. Its industry specializes maistly in [[machinery]]. Thare are hunders o industrial companies in the ceety. Amang them are warld famous giants lik the [[Morozov Design Bureau]] an the [[Malyshev Tank Factory]], leaders in [[tank]] production syne the 1930s; [[Khartron]] ([[aerospace]] an nuclear [[electronics]]); an the Turboatom [[turbine]]s producer. Thare is an unnergrund [[Kharkiv Metro|rapid-transit seestem]] (metro) wi aboot 38.1&nbsp;km (24&nbsp;mi) o track an 29&nbsp;stations. A well-kent laundmerk o Kharkiv is the [[Freedom Square, Kharkiv|Freedom Square]] (''Maidan Svobody'' umwhile kent as ''Dzerzhinsky Square''), which is currently the saxt lairgest ceety square in Europe, an the [[Leet o ceety squares bi size|12t lairgest square in the warld]]. == Internaitional relations == === Twin touns - Sister ceeties === Kharkiv is currently [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kharkov.vbelous.net/sisttown.htm |title=Sister cities of Kharkiv|accessdate=May 4, 2007|language=Russian}}</ref> {| cellpadding="10" |- valign="top" | * {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Moscow]], [[Roushie]] * {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Saunt Petersburg]], [[Roushie]] * {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Brno]], [[Czech Republic]] (syne 2008)<ref name="Brno">{{cite web|url=http://www.brno.cz/index.php?nav02=1985&nav01=34&nav03=1010&nav04=1016&nav05=1249&nav06=1272|title=Brno - Partnerská města|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2006-2009 [http://www.brno.cz/index.php?nav01=70&nav02=2224 City of Brno]|language=Czech|accessdate=2009-07-17|archive-date=2011-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523100252/http://www2.brno.cz/index.php?nav02=1985&nav01=34&nav03=1010&nav04=1016&nav05=1249&nav06=1272|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Bologna]], [[Italy]] * {{flagicon|France}} [[Lille]], [[Fraunce]] <ref name=Lille.fr>{{cite web|url=http://www.mairie-lille.fr/sections/site-en/Menu_horizontal_haut/discovering-lille/lille-facts-figures/lille-facts-figures|title=Lile Facts & Figures|work=Mairie-Lille.fr|accessdate=2007-12-17|archive-date=2009-02-10|archive-url=https://archive.today/20090210192016/http://www.mairie-lille.fr/sections/site-en/Menu_horizontal_haut/discovering-lille/lille-facts-figures/lille-facts-figures|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]], [[Germany]] * {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Poznań]], [[Poland]] <ref name="PoznańTwinning">''{{cite web|url=http://www.poznan.pl/mim/public/publikacje/pages.html?co=list&id=19&ch=20&instance=1017&lang=pl|title=Poznań Official Website - Twin Towns|accessdate=2008-11-29|publisher=[[File:Flag of Poland.svg|border|10px]] {{fontcolor|Green|(in [[Pols leid|{{fontcolor|Green|Polish}}]])}} [[copyright|©]] 1998-2008 Urząd Miasta Poznania }}''</ref> * {{flagicon|United States}} [[Cincinnati]], [[Unitit States]] * {{flagicon|China}} [[Tianjin]], [[Cheenae]] * {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Varna]], [[Bulgarie]] * {{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Kaunas]], [[Lithuanie]] * {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Belgorod]], [[Roushie]] * {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Nizhny Novgorod]], [[Roushie]] * {{flagicon|Georgia}} [[Kutaisi]], [[Georgie (kintra)|Georgie]] * {{flagicon|China}} [[Jinan]], [[Cheenae]] * {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Rishon LeZion]], [[Israel]] * {{flagicon|Latvia}} [[Daugavpils]], [[Latvie]] |} == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{Cities in Ukraine}} [[Category:Kharkiv|*]] [[Category:Ceeties in Kharkiv Oblast]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1654]] 2ytasy87vj9nf6tm55afpaa5uyacwy3 921166 921100 2026-08-18T20:50:55Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921166 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Other uses|Kharkiv (disambiguation)|Kharkov (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox settlement |name=Kharkiv (Харків)<br>Kharkov (Харьков) |imagesize= 290px |image_caption= [[Freedom Square, Kharkiv]] |image_caption= Freedom Square |image_flag= Kharkiv-town-flag.svg |image_shield= Coat of arms of Kharkiv.svg |shield_size = 90px |image_blank_emblem = Logo of Kharkiv, Ukraine.png |nickname= The First Capital<ref>[http://atn.kharkov.ua/newsread.php?id=2042&mode=print Первая столица]{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. АТН, 19 декабря 2002 г. {{ref-ru}}</ref> |map_caption = Map o Ukraine with Kharkiv highlighted |pushpin_map = Ukraine |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{UKR}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Oblast]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Kharkiv Oblast]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Ukraine|Raion]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Kharkiv Raion]] |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = [[Ihor Terekhov]] |established_title = Foondit |established_date = 1655-56<ref name="GSE">{{cite book|title=Харьков|url=http://bse.sci-lib.com/article118553.html|publisher=Great Soviet Encyclopedia}}</ref> |parts_type = Districts |parts = List of 9 |p1 = Shevchenkivskyi Raion |p2 = Novobavarskyi Raion |p3 = Kyivsky Raion |p4 = Slobidskyi Raion |p5 = Kholodnohirskyi Raion |p6 = Saltivskyi Raion |p7 = Nemyshlianskyi Raion |p8 = Industrialnyi Raion |p9 = Osnovianskyi Raion |area_total_km2 = 350 |population_as_of = 1 October 2012 |population_total = 1,442,910<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uprstat.kharkov.ukrtel.net/ua/stat/stat_inf/demograf/tab1.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-04-07 |archive-date=2012-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201011656/http://uprstat.kharkov.ukrtel.net/ua/stat/stat_inf/demograf/tab1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |population_metro = 1,732,400 |population_density_km2 = 4500 |timezone = EET |utc_offset = +2 |timezone_DST = EEST |utc_offset_DST = +3 |coordinates = {{coord|50|0|16.11|N|36|13|53.21|E|type:city_region:UA|display=inline,title}} |elevation_m = 152 |postal_code_type = Postal code |postal_code = 61001—61499 |blank_name = [[Licence plate]] |blank_info = ХА, 21 (auld) |blank1_name = [[Toun twinnin|Sister ceeties]] |blank1_info = <small>[[Belgorod]], [[Bologna]], [[Cincinnati]], [[Kaunas]], [[Lille]], [[Moscow]], [[Nizhny Novgorod]], [[Nuremberg]], [[Poznań]], [[Saunt Petersburg]], [[Tianjin]], [[Jinan]], [[Kutaisi]], [[Varna]], [[Rishon LeZion]], [[Brno]], [[Daugavpils]]</small> |website = http://www.city.kharkov.ua/en }} '''Kharkiv''' ({{lang-uk|Харків}}, {{IPA-uk|ˈxɑrkiw|pron}};<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/316419/Kharkiv Kharkiv on Encyclopædia Britannica]</ref>) or '''Kharkov''' ({{lang-ru|Харьков}}) is the seicont lairgest ceety in [[Ukraine]]. Foondit in 1654, Kharkiv became the first ceety in Ukraine whaur the [[Ukrainian SSR|Soviet pouer]] wis proclaimed an [[Fowk's Secretariat|Soviet government]] wis formed. Nou it is the [[caipita|admeenistrative centre]] o the [[Kharkiv Oblast|Kharkiv]] [[oblast]] ([[Admeenistrative diveesions o Ukraine|province]]), as well as the admeenistrative centre o the surroondin [[Kharkivskyi Raion]] ([[Admeenistrative diveesions o Ukraine|destrict]]) athin the oblast. The ceety is locatit in the northeast o the kintra. As o 2006, its population is 1,461,300.<ref name="ukrcensus1">{{cite web |url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/city/ |title=Results / General results of the census / Number of cities |accessdate=August 28, 2006 |work=[[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 Ukrainian Census]] |archive-date=2006-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060109012020/http://ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/city/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kharkiv is a major cultural, scienteefic, educational, transport an industrial centre o Ukraine, wi 60 scienteefic Institutes, 30 establishments o heicer eddication, 6 museums, 7 theatres an 80 libraries. Its industry specializes maistly in [[machinery]]. Thare are hunders o industrial companies in the ceety. Amang them are warld famous giants lik the [[Morozov Design Bureau]] an the [[Malyshev Tank Factory]], leaders in [[tank]] production syne the 1930s; [[Khartron]] ([[aerospace]] an nuclear [[electronics]]); an the Turboatom [[turbine]]s producer. Thare is an unnergrund [[Kharkiv Metro|rapid-transit seestem]] (metro) wi aboot 38.1&nbsp;km (24&nbsp;mi) o track an 29&nbsp;stations. A well-kent laundmerk o Kharkiv is the [[Freedom Square, Kharkiv|Freedom Square]] (''Maidan Svobody'' umwhile kent as ''Dzerzhinsky Square''), which is currently the saxt lairgest ceety square in Europe, an the [[Leet o ceety squares bi size|12t lairgest square in the warld]]. == Internaitional relations == === Twin touns - Sister ceeties === Kharkiv is currently [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kharkov.vbelous.net/sisttown.htm |title=Sister cities of Kharkiv|accessdate=May 4, 2007|language=Russian}}</ref> {| cellpadding="10" |- valign="top" | * {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Moscow]], [[Roushie]] * {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Saunt Petersburg]], [[Roushie]] * {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Brno]], [[Czech Republic]] (syne 2008)<ref name="Brno">{{cite web|url=http://www.brno.cz/index.php?nav02=1985&nav01=34&nav03=1010&nav04=1016&nav05=1249&nav06=1272|title=Brno - Partnerská města|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2006-2009 [http://www.brno.cz/index.php?nav01=70&nav02=2224 City of Brno]|language=Czech|accessdate=2009-07-17|archive-date=2011-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523100252/http://www2.brno.cz/index.php?nav02=1985&nav01=34&nav03=1010&nav04=1016&nav05=1249&nav06=1272|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Bologna]], [[Italy]] * {{flagicon|France}} [[Lille]], [[Fraunce]] <ref name=Lille.fr>{{cite web|url=http://www.mairie-lille.fr/sections/site-en/Menu_horizontal_haut/discovering-lille/lille-facts-figures/lille-facts-figures|title=Lile Facts & Figures|work=Mairie-Lille.fr|accessdate=2007-12-17|archive-date=2009-02-10|archive-url=https://archive.today/20090210192016/http://www.mairie-lille.fr/sections/site-en/Menu_horizontal_haut/discovering-lille/lille-facts-figures/lille-facts-figures|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]], [[Germany]] * {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Poznań]], [[Poland]] <ref name="PoznańTwinning">''{{cite web|url=http://www.poznan.pl/mim/public/publikacje/pages.html?co=list&id=19&ch=20&instance=1017&lang=pl|title=Poznań Official Website - Twin Towns|accessdate=2008-11-29|publisher=[[File:Flag of Poland.svg|border|10px]] {{fontcolor|Green|(in [[Pols leid|{{fontcolor|Green|Polish}}]])}} [[copyright|©]] 1998-2008 Urząd Miasta Poznania }}''</ref> * {{flagicon|United States}} [[Cincinnati]], [[Unitit States]] * {{flagicon|China}} [[Tianjin]], [[Cheenae]] * {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Varna]], [[Bulgarie]] * {{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Kaunas]], [[Lithuanie]] * {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Belgorod]], [[Roushie]] * {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Nizhny Novgorod]], [[Roushie]] * {{flagicon|Georgia}} [[Kutaisi]], [[Georgie (kintra)|Georgie]] * {{flagicon|China}} [[Jinan]], [[Cheenae]] * {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Rishon LeZion]], [[Israel]] * {{flagicon|Latvia}} [[Daugavpils]], [[Latvie]] |} == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{Cities in Ukraine}} [[Category:Kharkiv|*]] [[Category:Ceeties in Kharkiv Oblast]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1654]] f9l8czczk7lbhk00ip3vit6v24b16v8 0 12913 921181 878524 2026-08-19T05:35:51Z ~2026-45178-68 135930 /* */ spelling 921181 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox information appliance |title = PlayStation 3 |logo = |caption = |image= [[File:PS3Versions.png|frameless|upright=1.15|Oreeginal model, DualShock 3 controller an Slim model]] |developer = [[Sony Computer Entertainment|SCEI]] |manufacturer = [[Sony EMCS]], [[Foxconn]], [[Asus|ASUSTeK]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xbitlabs.com/news/multimedia/display/20060718235111.html|title=Asustek Computer Ships PlayStation 3 Consoles|last=Shilov|first=Anton|publisher=X-bit labs|accessdate=2007-05-05|date=2006-07-18|archive-date=2016-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404144902/http://www.xbitlabs.com/news/multimedia/display/20060718235111.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |family = [[PlayStation]] |type = [[Video gemme console]] |generation = [[History o video gemme consoles (sevent generation)|Sevent generation]] |releasedate = {{vgrelease|JP=November 11, 2006|Unitit States|US|November 17, 2006}}{{vgrelease|[[Europe|EU]]/[[Australie|AUS]]|March 23, 2007}} <div class="noprint"></div> |unitssold=80&nbsp;million<br/><small>(as o November 2, 2013)</small><ref name="WorldPS3Sales">{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/playstation3-sales-reach-80-million-units-worldwide-230771611.html |title=PlayStation 3 Sales Reach 80 Million Units Worldwide |accessdate=November 6, 2013 |publisher=[[Sony Computer Entertainment]]}}</ref> <noinclude>Template:PlayStation 3 sales</noinclude> |media = *[[Blu-ray Disc]] (PlayStation 3 gemme disc) *[[DVD]] *[[Compact Disc]] *[[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]] gemme disc *[[PlayStation 2]] gemme disc <small>(1st & 2nt generations anly)</small> *[[Super Audio CD]] <small>(1st & 2nt generations anly)</small> *[[Digital distribution]] |os = [[XrossMediaBar]]<br/>[[PlayStation 3 seestem saftware|Seestem saftware version 4.55]]<br/>({{start date and age|2014|02|06}})<ref>{{cite web| title = Update Features (ver 4.55)| accessdate = February 7, 2014| url = http://uk.playstation.com/ps3/support/system-software/detail/item679451/Update-features-%28ver-4-55%29/| archive-date = 2014-05-16| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140516044716/http://uk.playstation.com/ps3/support/system-software/detail/item679451/Update-features-(ver-4-55)/| url-status = dead}}</ref> |CPU = 3.2&nbsp;GHz [[Cell (microprocessor)|Cell Broadband Engine]] wi 1 [[Cell (microprocessor)#Power Processor Element (PPE)|PPE]] & 7 [[Cell (microprocessor)#Synergistic Processing Elements (SPE)|SPEs]] |storage = 2.5-inch SATA [[haird disk|haird drive]]<br/><small>(20&nbsp;GB, 40&nbsp;GB, 60&nbsp;GB, 80&nbsp;GB, 120&nbsp;GB, 160&nbsp;GB, 250&nbsp;GB, 320&nbsp;GB or 500&nbsp;GB included)</small> (upgradeable) |GPU = 550&nbsp;MHz [[NVIDIA]]/[[Sony Computer Entertainment|SCEI]] [[RSX 'Reality Synthesizer']] |Memory = 256&nbsp;MB system an 256&nbsp;MB video |controllers= [[Sixaxis]], [[DualShock#DualShock 3|DualShock 3]], [[Logitech Driving Force GT]], [[PlayStation 3 accessories#Logitech Cordless Precision Controller|Logitech Cordless Precision controller]], staundart [[PlayStation 3 accessories#USB controllers|USB controller]]s, [[GT Force]], [[Rhythm gemme]] controllers, [[PlayStation Move]], PlayStation 3 Blu-ray Remote Control, [[GunCon|GunCon 3]], [[PlayStation Portable]], Keybuird an Moose |connectivity= {{Collapsible list |title=([[PlayStation 3 accessories#AV cables|details]]) | '''Flash memory input'''* *[[MemoryStick|MemoryStick/PRO/Duo]] *[[Secure Digital caird|SD]]/[[MultiMediaCard|MMC]] *[[CompactFlash]]/[[Microdrive]] '''Audio/video ootput''' *[[High-Definition Multimedia Interface|HDMI 1.3a]] oot **[[HDMI#CEC|CEC]] (BRAVIA sync)** *[[S/PDIF]] oot <small>([[TOSLINK]])</small> *AV Multi oot **[[Composite video]]/[[stereophonic sound|stereo]] audio cable*** **[[S-Video]] cable **[[SCART]] cable **[[YPbPr|Component video]] cable **[[D-Terminal]] cable '''Other''' *IEEE 802.11[[IEEE 802.11#802.11b|b]]/[[IEEE 802.11#802.11g|g]] [[Wi-Fi]]**** *[[Bluetooth|Bluetooth 2.0 (EDR)]] *2 × [[Universal Serial Bus|USB 2.0]] :(''4 × in 60&nbsp;GB launch model'') *Wired gigabit [[Ethernet]] ---- <nowiki>*</nowiki>''60&nbsp;GB an CECHExx 80&nbsp;GB models''<br/>**''Slim models anly''<br/>***''Includit in box''<br/>****''Aw except 20&nbsp;GB model'' }} |display= {{Collapsible list |title=Video ootput formats | *[[Composite video]]<br/><small>[[480i]], [[PAL|576i]]&nbsp;(PAL)</small> *[[S-Video]]<br/><small>480i, 576i&nbsp;(PAL)</small> *RGB&nbsp;[[SCART]]<br/><small>480i, 576i&nbsp;(PAL)</small> *[[Component Video|Component]]&nbsp;([[YPbPr|YP_BP_R]])<br/><small>480i, 576i&nbsp;(PAL), [[480p]], [[576p]], [[720p]], [[1080i]], [[1080p]]</small> *[[D-Terminal]]<br/><small>480i&nbsp;(D1), 480p&nbsp;(D2), 720p&nbsp;(D4), 1080i&nbsp;(D3), 1080p&nbsp;(D5)</small> *[[HDMI]]<br/><small>480p, 576p, 720p, 1080i, 1080p</small> }} |Sound= {{Collapsible list |title=Audio ootput formats | '''A/V-Multi''' *Analog stereo '''TOSLINK''' *[[LPCM]] {{-}}<small>2ch</small>{{-}}<small>44.1&nbsp;kHz, 48&nbsp;kHz, 88&nbsp;kHz, 176.4&nbsp;kHz</small> *[[Dolby Digital]] 5.1 *[[DTS (soond seestem)|DTS]] 5.1 *AAC '''HDMI''' *LPCM{{-}}<small>2ch, 5.1ch, 7.1ch</small>{{-}}<small>44.1&nbsp;kHz, 48&nbsp;kHz, 88&nbsp;kHz, 96&nbsp;kHz, 176.4&nbsp;kHz, 192&nbsp;kHz</small> *[[DTS-HD Master Audio]] Bitstream <small>([[#Model comparison|slim models anly]])</small>* *[[Dolby TrueHD]] Bitstream <small>([[#Model comparison|slim models anly]])</small>* *Dolby Digital 5.1 *DTS 5.1 *AAC <nowiki>*</nowiki><small>Aw models can decode Dolby TrueHD an as o firmware 2.30 DTS-HD Master Audio, tae be ootput as LPCM. Ootput o the raw undecodit stream is leemitit tae slim models.</small><ref name="HDbitstream">{{cite web|url=http://playstation.joystiq.com/2009/08/21/ps3-slim-gains-ability-to-bitstream-dolby-truehd-dts-hd-ma/|title=PS3 Slim gains ability to bitstream Dolby TrueHD, DTS-HD MA|publisher=Joystiq|date=2009-08-21|accessdate=2010-03-22|archive-date=2010-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309093511/http://playstation.joystiq.com/2009/08/21/ps3-slim-gains-ability-to-bitstream-dolby-truehd-dts-hd-ma|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} |onlineservice = [[PlayStation Network]] |compatibility = [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]] <small>(aw models)</small><br/>[[PlayStation 2]] <small>(20&nbsp;GB, 60&nbsp;GB an some (CECHExx) 80&nbsp;GB models)</small> |predecessor=[[PlayStation 2]] |successor =[[PlayStation 4]] |website = {{url|http://playstation.com/ps3/}} }} The '''PlayStation 3''', プレイステーション3; Pureisutēshon Surī, officially abbreviated as '''''PS3'''''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uk.playstation.com/games-media/news/articles/detail/item229653/Entertainment-on-PS3-has-a-new-look/|title=Entertainment on PS3 has a new look|date=2009-08-18|publisher=[[Sony Computer Entertainment|Sony Computer Entertainment Europe]]|accessdate=2009-09-01|archive-date=2010-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129113011/http://uk.playstation.com/games-media/news/articles/detail/item229653/Entertainment-on-PS3-has-a-new-look/|url-status=dead}}</ref> is the third home [[Video Game Console|video game console]] produced by [[Sony Computer Entertainment]] an the successor to the [[PlayStation 2]] as part of the [[PlayStation|PlayStation series]]. The PlayStation 3 competes with [[Microsoft]]'s [[Xbox 360]] an [[Nintendo]]'s [[Wii]] as part of the [[7th Gen|7th Generation]] of video game consoles. == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Playstation 3}} [[Category:PlayStation 3| ]] [[Category:2006 introductions]] [[Category:2000s toys]] [[Category:2010s toys]] [[Category:Backwart-compatible video gemme consoles]] [[Category:Blu-ray Disc]] [[Category:Cell BE airchitectur]] [[Category:PlayStation (buist)]] [[Category:Regionless gemme consoles]] [[Category:Seivent-generation video gemme consoles]] [[Category:Sony consoles]] [[Category:2017 disestablishments in Japan]] [[Category:Products an services disconteena'd in 2017]] hyjyuo59skgcpql4rthyn5x9u2v2yf2 921187 921181 2026-08-19T10:32:21Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Revertit edit o ~2026-45178-68, chynged back tae last version bi CiphriusKane 878524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox information appliance |title = PlayStation 3 |logo = |caption = |image= [[File:PS3Versions.png|frameless|upright=1.15|Oreeginal model, DualShock 3 controller an Slim model]] |developer = [[Sony Computer Entertainment|SCEI]] |manufacturer = [[Sony EMCS]], [[Foxconn]], [[Asus|ASUSTeK]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xbitlabs.com/news/multimedia/display/20060718235111.html|title=Asustek Computer Ships PlayStation 3 Consoles|last=Shilov|first=Anton|publisher=X-bit labs|accessdate=2007-05-05|date=2006-07-18|archive-date=2016-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404144902/http://www.xbitlabs.com/news/multimedia/display/20060718235111.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |family = [[PlayStation]] |type = [[Video gemme console]] |generation = [[History o video gemme consoles (sevent generation)|Sevent generation]] |releasedate = {{vgrelease|JP=November 11, 2006|Unitit States|US|November 17, 2006}}{{vgrelease|[[Europe|EU]]/[[Australie|AUS]]|March 23, 2007}} <div class="noprint"></div> |unitssold=80&nbsp;million<br/><small>(as o November 2, 2013)</small><ref name="WorldPS3Sales">{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/playstation3-sales-reach-80-million-units-worldwide-230771611.html |title=PlayStation 3 Sales Reach 80 Million Units Worldwide |accessdate=November 6, 2013 |publisher=[[Sony Computer Entertainment]]}}</ref> <noinclude>Template:PlayStation 3 sales</noinclude> |media = *[[Blu-ray Disc]] (PlayStation 3 gemme disc) *[[DVD]] *[[Compact Disc]] *[[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]] gemme disc *[[PlayStation 2]] gemme disc <small>(1st & 2nt generations anly)</small> *[[Super Audio CD]] <small>(1st & 2nt generations anly)</small> *[[Digital distribution]] |os = [[XrossMediaBar]]<br/>[[PlayStation 3 seestem saftware|Seestem saftware version 4.55]]<br/>({{start date and age|2014|02|06}})<ref>{{cite web| title = Update Features (ver 4.55)| accessdate = February 7, 2014| url = http://uk.playstation.com/ps3/support/system-software/detail/item679451/Update-features-%28ver-4-55%29/| archive-date = 2014-05-16| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140516044716/http://uk.playstation.com/ps3/support/system-software/detail/item679451/Update-features-(ver-4-55)/| url-status = dead}}</ref> |CPU = 3.2&nbsp;GHz [[Cell (microprocessor)|Cell Broadband Engine]] wi 1 [[Cell (microprocessor)#Power Processor Element (PPE)|PPE]] & 7 [[Cell (microprocessor)#Synergistic Processing Elements (SPE)|SPEs]] |storage = 2.5-inch SATA [[haird disk|haird drive]]<br/><small>(20&nbsp;GB, 40&nbsp;GB, 60&nbsp;GB, 80&nbsp;GB, 120&nbsp;GB, 160&nbsp;GB, 250&nbsp;GB, 320&nbsp;GB or 500&nbsp;GB included)</small> (upgradeable) |GPU = 550&nbsp;MHz [[NVIDIA]]/[[Sony Computer Entertainment|SCEI]] [[RSX 'Reality Synthesizer']] |Memory = 256&nbsp;MB system an 256&nbsp;MB video |controllers= [[Sixaxis]], [[DualShock#DualShock 3|DualShock 3]], [[Logitech Driving Force GT]], [[PlayStation 3 accessories#Logitech Cordless Precision Controller|Logitech Cordless Precision controller]], staundart [[PlayStation 3 accessories#USB controllers|USB controller]]s, [[GT Force]], [[Rhythm gemme]] controllers, [[PlayStation Move]], PlayStation 3 Blu-ray Remote Control, [[GunCon|GunCon 3]], [[PlayStation Portable]], Keybuird an Moose |connectivity= {{Collapsible list |title=([[PlayStation 3 accessories#AV cables|details]]) | '''Flash memory input'''* *[[MemoryStick|MemoryStick/PRO/Duo]] *[[Secure Digital caird|SD]]/[[MultiMediaCard|MMC]] *[[CompactFlash]]/[[Microdrive]] '''Audio/video ootput''' *[[High-Definition Multimedia Interface|HDMI 1.3a]] oot **[[HDMI#CEC|CEC]] (BRAVIA sync)** *[[S/PDIF]] oot <small>([[TOSLINK]])</small> *AV Multi oot **[[Composite video]]/[[stereophonic sound|stereo]] audio cable*** **[[S-Video]] cable **[[SCART]] cable **[[YPbPr|Component video]] cable **[[D-Terminal]] cable '''Other''' *IEEE 802.11[[IEEE 802.11#802.11b|b]]/[[IEEE 802.11#802.11g|g]] [[Wi-Fi]]**** *[[Bluetooth|Bluetooth 2.0 (EDR)]] *2 × [[Universal Serial Bus|USB 2.0]] :(''4 × in 60&nbsp;GB launch model'') *Wired gigabit [[Ethernet]] ---- <nowiki>*</nowiki>''60&nbsp;GB an CECHExx 80&nbsp;GB models''<br/>**''Slim models anly''<br/>***''Includit in box''<br/>****''Aw except 20&nbsp;GB model'' }} |display= {{Collapsible list |title=Video ootput formats | *[[Composite video]]<br/><small>[[480i]], [[PAL|576i]]&nbsp;(PAL)</small> *[[S-Video]]<br/><small>480i, 576i&nbsp;(PAL)</small> *RGB&nbsp;[[SCART]]<br/><small>480i, 576i&nbsp;(PAL)</small> *[[Component Video|Component]]&nbsp;([[YPbPr|YP_BP_R]])<br/><small>480i, 576i&nbsp;(PAL), [[480p]], [[576p]], [[720p]], [[1080i]], [[1080p]]</small> *[[D-Terminal]]<br/><small>480i&nbsp;(D1), 480p&nbsp;(D2), 720p&nbsp;(D4), 1080i&nbsp;(D3), 1080p&nbsp;(D5)</small> *[[HDMI]]<br/><small>480p, 576p, 720p, 1080i, 1080p</small> }} |Sound= {{Collapsible list |title=Audio ootput formats | '''A/V-Multi''' *Analog stereo '''TOSLINK''' *[[LPCM]] {{-}}<small>2ch</small>{{-}}<small>44.1&nbsp;kHz, 48&nbsp;kHz, 88&nbsp;kHz, 176.4&nbsp;kHz</small> *[[Dolby Digital]] 5.1 *[[DTS (soond seestem)|DTS]] 5.1 *AAC '''HDMI''' *LPCM{{-}}<small>2ch, 5.1ch, 7.1ch</small>{{-}}<small>44.1&nbsp;kHz, 48&nbsp;kHz, 88&nbsp;kHz, 96&nbsp;kHz, 176.4&nbsp;kHz, 192&nbsp;kHz</small> *[[DTS-HD Master Audio]] Bitstream <small>([[#Model comparison|slim models anly]])</small>* *[[Dolby TrueHD]] Bitstream <small>([[#Model comparison|slim models anly]])</small>* *Dolby Digital 5.1 *DTS 5.1 *AAC <nowiki>*</nowiki><small>Aw models can decode Dolby TrueHD an as o firmware 2.30 DTS-HD Master Audio, tae be ootput as LPCM. Ootput o the raw undecodit stream is leemitit tae slim models.</small><ref name="HDbitstream">{{cite web|url=http://playstation.joystiq.com/2009/08/21/ps3-slim-gains-ability-to-bitstream-dolby-truehd-dts-hd-ma/|title=PS3 Slim gains ability to bitstream Dolby TrueHD, DTS-HD MA|publisher=Joystiq|date=2009-08-21|accessdate=2010-03-22|archive-date=2010-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309093511/http://playstation.joystiq.com/2009/08/21/ps3-slim-gains-ability-to-bitstream-dolby-truehd-dts-hd-ma|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} |onlineservice = [[PlayStation Network]] |compatibility = [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]] <small>(aw models)</small><br/>[[PlayStation 2]] <small>(20&nbsp;GB, 60&nbsp;GB an some (CECHExx) 80&nbsp;GB models)</small> |predecessor=[[PlayStation 2]] |successor =[[PlayStation 4]] |website = {{url|http://playstation.com/ps3/}} }} The '''PlayStation 3''', プレイステーション3; Pureisutēshon Surī, offeecially abbreviatit as '''''PS3'''''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uk.playstation.com/games-media/news/articles/detail/item229653/Entertainment-on-PS3-has-a-new-look/|title=Entertainment on PS3 has a new look|date=2009-08-18|publisher=[[Sony Computer Entertainment|Sony Computer Entertainment Europe]]|accessdate=2009-09-01|archive-date=2010-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129113011/http://uk.playstation.com/games-media/news/articles/detail/item229653/Entertainment-on-PS3-has-a-new-look/|url-status=dead}}</ref> is the third hame [[video gemme console]] produced bi [[Sony Computer Entertainment]] an the successor tae the [[PlayStation 2]] as pairt o the [[PlayStation|PlayStation series]]. The PlayStation 3 competes wi [[Microsoft]]'s [[Xbox 360]] an [[Nintendo]]'s [[Wii]] as pairt o the [[History o video gemme consoles (seivent generation)|seivent generation]] o video gemme consoles. == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Playstation 3}} [[Category:PlayStation 3| ]] [[Category:2006 introductions]] [[Category:2000s toys]] [[Category:2010s toys]] [[Category:Backwart-compatible video gemme consoles]] [[Category:Blu-ray Disc]] [[Category:Cell BE airchitectur]] [[Category:PlayStation (buist)]] [[Category:Regionless gemme consoles]] [[Category:Seivent-generation video gemme consoles]] [[Category:Sony consoles]] [[Category:2017 disestablishments in Japan]] [[Category:Products an services disconteena'd in 2017]] sziljxn1o38j86x0j4kne45575cizlz 921188 921187 2026-08-19T10:33:03Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox information appliance |title = PlayStation 3 |image= [[File:PS3Versions.png|frameless|upright=1.15|Oreeginal model, DualShock 3 controller an Slim model]] |developer = [[Sony Computer Entertainment|SCEI]] |manufacturer = [[Sony EMCS]], [[Foxconn]], [[Asus|ASUSTeK]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xbitlabs.com/news/multimedia/display/20060718235111.html|title=Asustek Computer Ships PlayStation 3 Consoles|last=Shilov|first=Anton|publisher=X-bit labs|accessdate=2007-05-05|date=2006-07-18|archive-date=2016-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404144902/http://www.xbitlabs.com/news/multimedia/display/20060718235111.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |family = [[PlayStation]] |type = [[Video gemme console]] |generation = [[History o video gemme consoles (sevent generation)|Sevent generation]] |releasedate = {{vgrelease|JP=November 11, 2006|Unitit States|US|November 17, 2006}}{{vgrelease|[[Europe|EU]]/[[Australie|AUS]]|March 23, 2007}} <div class="noprint"></div> |unitssold=80&nbsp;million<br/><small>(as o November 2, 2013)</small><ref name="WorldPS3Sales">{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/playstation3-sales-reach-80-million-units-worldwide-230771611.html |title=PlayStation 3 Sales Reach 80 Million Units Worldwide |accessdate=November 6, 2013 |publisher=[[Sony Computer Entertainment]]}}</ref> <noinclude>Template:PlayStation 3 sales</noinclude> |media = *[[Blu-ray Disc]] (PlayStation 3 gemme disc) *[[DVD]] *[[Compact Disc]] *[[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]] gemme disc *[[PlayStation 2]] gemme disc <small>(1st & 2nt generations anly)</small> *[[Super Audio CD]] <small>(1st & 2nt generations anly)</small> *[[Digital distribution]] |os = [[XrossMediaBar]]<br/>[[PlayStation 3 seestem saftware|Seestem saftware version 4.55]]<br/>({{start date and age|2014|02|06}})<ref>{{cite web| title = Update Features (ver 4.55)| accessdate = February 7, 2014| url = http://uk.playstation.com/ps3/support/system-software/detail/item679451/Update-features-%28ver-4-55%29/| archive-date = 2014-05-16| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140516044716/http://uk.playstation.com/ps3/support/system-software/detail/item679451/Update-features-(ver-4-55)/| url-status = dead}}</ref> |CPU = 3.2&nbsp;GHz [[Cell (microprocessor)|Cell Broadband Engine]] wi 1 [[Cell (microprocessor)#Power Processor Element (PPE)|PPE]] & 7 [[Cell (microprocessor)#Synergistic Processing Elements (SPE)|SPEs]] |storage = 2.5-inch SATA [[haird disk|haird drive]]<br/><small>(20&nbsp;GB, 40&nbsp;GB, 60&nbsp;GB, 80&nbsp;GB, 120&nbsp;GB, 160&nbsp;GB, 250&nbsp;GB, 320&nbsp;GB or 500&nbsp;GB included)</small> (upgradeable) |GPU = 550&nbsp;MHz [[NVIDIA]]/[[Sony Computer Entertainment|SCEI]] [[RSX 'Reality Synthesizer']] |Memory = 256&nbsp;MB system an 256&nbsp;MB video |controllers= [[Sixaxis]], [[DualShock#DualShock 3|DualShock 3]], [[Logitech Driving Force GT]], [[PlayStation 3 accessories#Logitech Cordless Precision Controller|Logitech Cordless Precision controller]], staundart [[PlayStation 3 accessories#USB controllers|USB controller]]s, [[GT Force]], [[Rhythm gemme]] controllers, [[PlayStation Move]], PlayStation 3 Blu-ray Remote Control, [[GunCon|GunCon 3]], [[PlayStation Portable]], Keybuird an Moose |connectivity= {{Collapsible list |title=([[PlayStation 3 accessories#AV cables|details]]) | '''Flash memory input'''* *[[MemoryStick|MemoryStick/PRO/Duo]] *[[Secure Digital caird|SD]]/[[MultiMediaCard|MMC]] *[[CompactFlash]]/[[Microdrive]] '''Audio/video ootput''' *[[High-Definition Multimedia Interface|HDMI 1.3a]] oot **[[HDMI#CEC|CEC]] (BRAVIA sync)** *[[S/PDIF]] oot <small>([[TOSLINK]])</small> *AV Multi oot **[[Composite video]]/[[stereophonic sound|stereo]] audio cable*** **[[S-Video]] cable **[[SCART]] cable **[[YPbPr|Component video]] cable **[[D-Terminal]] cable '''Other''' *IEEE 802.11[[IEEE 802.11#802.11b|b]]/[[IEEE 802.11#802.11g|g]] [[Wi-Fi]]**** *[[Bluetooth|Bluetooth 2.0 (EDR)]] *2 × [[Universal Serial Bus|USB 2.0]] :(''4 × in 60&nbsp;GB launch model'') *Wired gigabit [[Ethernet]] ---- <nowiki>*</nowiki>''60&nbsp;GB an CECHExx 80&nbsp;GB models''<br/>**''Slim models anly''<br/>***''Includit in box''<br/>****''Aw except 20&nbsp;GB model'' }} |display= {{Collapsible list |title=Video ootput formats | *[[Composite video]]<br/><small>[[480i]], [[PAL|576i]]&nbsp;(PAL)</small> *[[S-Video]]<br/><small>480i, 576i&nbsp;(PAL)</small> *RGB&nbsp;[[SCART]]<br/><small>480i, 576i&nbsp;(PAL)</small> *[[Component Video|Component]]&nbsp;([[YPbPr|YP_BP_R]])<br/><small>480i, 576i&nbsp;(PAL), [[480p]], [[576p]], [[720p]], [[1080i]], [[1080p]]</small> *[[D-Terminal]]<br/><small>480i&nbsp;(D1), 480p&nbsp;(D2), 720p&nbsp;(D4), 1080i&nbsp;(D3), 1080p&nbsp;(D5)</small> *[[HDMI]]<br/><small>480p, 576p, 720p, 1080i, 1080p</small> }} |Sound= {{Collapsible list |title=Audio ootput formats | '''A/V-Multi''' *Analog stereo '''TOSLINK''' *[[LPCM]] {{-}}<small>2ch</small>{{-}}<small>44.1&nbsp;kHz, 48&nbsp;kHz, 88&nbsp;kHz, 176.4&nbsp;kHz</small> *[[Dolby Digital]] 5.1 *[[DTS (soond seestem)|DTS]] 5.1 *AAC '''HDMI''' *LPCM{{-}}<small>2ch, 5.1ch, 7.1ch</small>{{-}}<small>44.1&nbsp;kHz, 48&nbsp;kHz, 88&nbsp;kHz, 96&nbsp;kHz, 176.4&nbsp;kHz, 192&nbsp;kHz</small> *[[DTS-HD Master Audio]] Bitstream <small>([[#Model comparison|slim models anly]])</small>* *[[Dolby TrueHD]] Bitstream <small>([[#Model comparison|slim models anly]])</small>* *Dolby Digital 5.1 *DTS 5.1 *AAC <nowiki>*</nowiki><small>Aw models can decode Dolby TrueHD an as o firmware 2.30 DTS-HD Master Audio, tae be ootput as LPCM. Ootput o the raw undecodit stream is leemitit tae slim models.</small><ref name="HDbitstream">{{cite web|url=http://playstation.joystiq.com/2009/08/21/ps3-slim-gains-ability-to-bitstream-dolby-truehd-dts-hd-ma/|title=PS3 Slim gains ability to bitstream Dolby TrueHD, DTS-HD MA|publisher=Joystiq|date=2009-08-21|accessdate=2010-03-22|archive-date=2010-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309093511/http://playstation.joystiq.com/2009/08/21/ps3-slim-gains-ability-to-bitstream-dolby-truehd-dts-hd-ma|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} |onlineservice = [[PlayStation Network]] |compatibility = [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]] <small>(aw models)</small><br/>[[PlayStation 2]] <small>(20&nbsp;GB, 60&nbsp;GB an some (CECHExx) 80&nbsp;GB models)</small> |predecessor=[[PlayStation 2]] |successor =[[PlayStation 4]] |website = {{url|http://playstation.com/ps3/}} }} The '''PlayStation 3''', プレイステーション3; Pureisutēshon Surī, offeecially abbreviatit as '''''PS3'''''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uk.playstation.com/games-media/news/articles/detail/item229653/Entertainment-on-PS3-has-a-new-look/|title=Entertainment on PS3 has a new look|date=2009-08-18|publisher=[[Sony Computer Entertainment|Sony Computer Entertainment Europe]]|accessdate=2009-09-01|archive-date=2010-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129113011/http://uk.playstation.com/games-media/news/articles/detail/item229653/Entertainment-on-PS3-has-a-new-look/|url-status=dead}}</ref> is the third hame [[video gemme console]] produced bi [[Sony Computer Entertainment]] an the successor tae the [[PlayStation 2]] as pairt o the [[PlayStation|PlayStation series]]. The PlayStation 3 competes wi [[Microsoft]]'s [[Xbox 360]] an [[Nintendo]]'s [[Wii]] as pairt o the [[History o video gemme consoles (seivent generation)|seivent generation]] o video gemme consoles. == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Playstation 3}} [[Category:PlayStation 3| ]] [[Category:2006 introductions]] [[Category:2000s toys]] [[Category:2010s toys]] [[Category:Backwart-compatible video gemme consoles]] [[Category:Blu-ray Disc]] [[Category:Cell BE airchitectur]] [[Category:PlayStation (buist)]] [[Category:Regionless gemme consoles]] [[Category:Seivent-generation video gemme consoles]] [[Category:Sony consoles]] [[Category:2017 disestablishments in Japan]] [[Category:Products an services disconteena'd in 2017]] hskztumy92c0r9qyb7v278qwjpqvjlc 0 14752 921132 901354 2026-08-18T20:08:58Z ~2026-45365-99 135911 remuive "en:wiki" airtin 921132 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = Hanoi |native_name = ''Thành phố Hà Nội'' |type = [[Municipalities o Vietnam|Municipality]] |image_skyline = Hanoi Montage.jpg |image_caption = (frae left) tap: [[Long Bien Brig]], river naur [[Perfume Pagoda]]; middle: [[Turtle Touer]], bottom: Temple o Leeteratur, [[Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum]], [[Hanoi Opera Hoose]] |imagesize = 250px |image_flag = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type =Emblem o Hanoi |blank_emblem_size =100px |image_map = LocationVietnamHaNoi3.png |map_caption = Provincial location in Vietnam |coordinates = {{coord|21|2|0|N|105|51|00|E|region:VN|display=inline,title}} |elevation_m = <!-- division --> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Vietnam}} |subdivision_type1 = Central ceety |subdivision_name1 = Hanoi |parts_type = [[Destricts o Vietnam|Destricts]] |parts_style=para |p1 = 29 <!-- Politics --> |government_type = |leader_title1 = Pairty's Secretary (Bí thư Thành ủy) |leader_name1 = [[Phạm Quang Nghị]] |leader_title2 = Fowkcooncil's Preses (Chủ tịch Hội đồng Nhân Dân) |leader_name2 = [[Ngô Thị Doãn Thanh]] |leader_title3 = Fowkcommittee's Preses (Chủ tịch Ủy ban Nhân Dân) |leader_name3 = [[Nguyễn Thế Thảo]] |established_title = Foondit, Caipital o the [[Đại Việt]] |established_date = 1010 |established_title2 = Caipital o Vietnam |established_date2 = 1 September 1945 |area_total_km2 = 3344.7 |area_urban_km2 = 186.22 |parts_type = [[Demonym]] |parts_style=para |p1 = Hanoians |population_as_of = 2014 |population_note = |population_total = 7,087,700 |population_rank = [[Leet o ceeties in Vietnam|2nt in Vietnam]] |population_footnotes =<ref name="Statistic office Hanoi">[http://www.gso.gov.vn/default.aspx?tabid=512&idmid=5&ItemID=14277 Statistical Handbook of Vietnam 2014], General Statistics Office Of Vietnam</ref> |population_density_km2 = auto |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_mi2 = |timezone = ICT |utc_offset = +7 |postal_code_type = <!--ZIP code, Postcode, Postal code... --> |postal_code = 10000 |website = [http://www.english.hanoi.gov.vn hanoi.gov.vn] |footnotes = }} '''Hanoi''' ({{lang-vi|Hà Nội}}) {{audio|Ha_noi.ogg|pronunciation}}, estimatit population nearly 6.5 million (2009),<ref name="balita.ph">{{cite web|url = http://balita.ph/2009/08/15/vietnams-population-soars-to-85-8-million/|title = Vietnam's Population Soars|publisher = balita.ph|access-date = 2011-01-02|archive-date = 2013-07-03|archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/6HqNmjoUB?url=http://balita.ph/2009/08/15/vietnams-population-soars-to-85-8-million/|url-status = dead}}</ref> is the [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] an seicont-lairgest ceety o [[Vietnam]]. Frae 1010 till 1802, it wis the maist important poleetical centre o Vietnam. It wis eclipsed bi [[Huế]] durin the [[Nguyễn Dynasty]] as the caipital o Vietnam, but Hanoi servit as the caipital o [[French Indocheenae]] frae 1902 tae 1954. Frae 1954 tae 1976, it wis the caipital o [[North Vietnam]]. The ceety is locatit on the richt bank o the [[Red River (Vietnam)|Red River]]. Hanoi is locatit at 1,760&nbsp;km (1,090&nbsp;mi) north o [[Ho Chi Minh Ceety]]. ==History== === Pre-history === Hanoi haes been inhabitit syne at least 3000 BC. Ane o the first kent permanent dounsets is the [[Co Loa Citadel|Co Loa citadel]] foondit aroond 200 BC. Hanoi haes haed mony names throughoot history, aw o thaim o Sino-Vietnamese oreegin. Durin the Cheenese domination o Vietnam, it wis kent first as '''Long Biên''', than '''Tống Bình''' ({{zh|c={{linktext|宋|平}}}}, ''Sòngpíng'', "[[Liu Song Dynasty|Song]] Peace") an '''Long Đỗ''' ({{zh|c={{linktext|龍|肚}}}}, ''Lóngdù'', "Dragonbelly"). In 866, it wis turned intae a citadel an namit '''Đại La''' ({{zh|c={{linktext|大|羅}}}}, ''Dàluó'', "Big Net"). === Thăng Long, Đông Đô, Đông Quan, Đông Kinh === In 1010, [[Ly Thai To]], the first ruler o the [[Lý Dynasty]], muivit the caipital o [[Đại Việt]] tae the steid o the Đại La Citadel. Claimin tae hae seen a draigon ascendin the Reid River, he renamit the site '''Thăng Long''' ({{linktext|昇|龍}}, "Risin Dragon") - a name still uised poetically tae this day. Thăng Long remained the caipital o Đại Việt till 1397, when it wis muivit tae [[Thanh Hóa]], than kent as Tây Đô ({{linktext|西|都}}), the "Wastren Caipital". Thăng Long than became '''Đông Đô''' ({{linktext|東|都}}), the "Eastren Caipital." In 1408, the Cheenese [[Ming Dynasty]] attackit an occupee'd Vietnam, chyngin Đông Đô's name tae "Eastren Gatewa" ({{zh|c={{linktext|東|關}}}}, ''Dōngguān''), '''Đông Quan''' in Vietnamese. In 1428, the Vietnamese owerthrew the Cheenese unner the leadership o [[Lê Lợi]], whae later foondit the [[Lê Dynasty]] an renamed Đông Quan '''Đông Kinh''' ({{linktext|東|京}}, "Eastren Caipital") or [[Tonkin]]. Richt efter the end o the [[Tây Sơn Dynasty]], it wis namit '''Bắc Thành''' ({{linktext|北|城}}, "Northren Citadel"). === Durin Nguyễn Dynasty an French colonial era === In 1802, when the [[Nguyễn Dynasty]] wis established an muivit the caipital tae [[Huế]], the auld name Thăng Long wis modifee'd tae acome '''Thăng Long''' ({{linktext|昇|'''隆'''}}, "Ascendin & Flourishin"). In 1831, the Nguyễn emperor [[Minh Mạng]] renamit it Hà Nội ({{linktext|河|内}}, "Atween Rivers" or "River Interior"). Hanoi wis occupee'd bi the [[French Third Republic|French]] in 1873 an passed tae thaim ten year later. As '''Hanoï''', it became the caipital o [[French Indocheenae]] efter 1887. === Durin twa wars === The ceety wis occupee'd bi the Japanese in 1940 an leeberatit in 1945, whan it briefly became the seat o the [[Viet Minh]] govrenment efter [[Ho Chi Minh]] proclaimit the unthirldom o Vietnam. Housomeivver, the French returned an reoccupee'd the ceety in 1946. Efter nine year o fechtin atween the French an Viet Minh forces, Hanoi became the caipital o an unthirlt [[North Vietnam]] in 1954. Durin the [[Vietnam War]], Hanoi's transportation facilities wur disruptit bi the bombin o brigs an railweys. Thir wur aw, housomeivver, promptly repaired. Follaein the end o the war, Hanoi became the caipital o a reunifee'd Vietnam whan North an [[Sooth Vietnam]] wur reunitit on 2 Julie 1976. === Modren Hanoi === On 29 Mey 2008, it wis decidit that [[Ha Tay Province]], [[Vĩnh Phúc Province|Vĩnh Phúc]]'s [[Mê Linh]] destrict an 4 communes o [[Lương Sơn Destrict]], [[Hoa Binh]] be mergit intae the metropolitan aurie o Hanoi frae 1 August 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html |work=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency |title=Country files (GNS) |accessdate=2007-04-06 |archive-date=2012-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823004343/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hanoi's tot aurie than increased tae 334,470 hectares in 29 subdiveesions<ref name="dantri.com.vn">{{cite web | url=http://dantri.com.vn/Sukien/Hon-90-dai-bieu-Quoc-hoi-tan-thanh-mo-rong-Ha-oi/2008/5/234655.vip | title=Hơn 90% đại biểu Quốc hội tán thành mở rộng Hà Nội | work=Dantri | accessdate=2008-05-29 }}</ref> wi the new population bein 6,232,940.,<ref name="dantri.com.vn"/> effectively triplin its size. The [[Hanoi Caipital Region]] ({{lang|vi|''Vùng Thủ đô Hà Nội''}}), a metropolitan aurie coverin Hanoi an 6 surroondin provinces unner its admeenistration, will hae a aurie o 13,436 square kilometres wi a population o 15 million bi 2020. ==Destricts== Hanoi is dividit intae 10 inner destricts, 1 toun an 18 ooter destricts.<ref name="hanoi.gov.vn">{{cite web |url=http://www.hanoi.gov.vn/ |title=Cổng giao tiếp điện tử Thành Phố Hà Nội |publisher=Hanoi.gov.vn |date=2009-06-26 |accessdate=2010-06-18 |archive-date=2009-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221120439/http://www.hanoi.gov.vn/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ( [[Hà Đông]] haes been transform tae an inner destrict, an [[Sơn Tây]] haes been degradit tae a toun) [[File:Bản đồ Hà Nội.png|thumb]] {| class="wikitable" |- style="font-size:120%;" !colspan=5| Subdiveesions o Hanoi |- ! Provincial Ceeties/Destricts<ref name="hanoi.gov.vn"/> !! Wairds<ref name="hanoi.gov.vn"/> !! Aurie (km²)<ref name="hanoi.gov.vn"/> !! Population<ref name="hanoi.gov.vn"/> |- | colspan=5 | ''1 toun'' |- | [[Sơn Tây]] || 15 || 113.474 || 181,831 |- | colspan=5 | ''10 Urban Destricts (Quận)'' |- | [[Ba Dinh Destrict|Ba Đình]]|| 14 || 9.224 || 228,352 |- | [[Cau Giay|Cầu Giấy]] || 8 || 12.04 || 147,000 |- | [[Dong Da|Đống Đa]] || 21 || 9.96 || 352,000 |- | [[Hai Ba Trung destrict|Hai Bà Trưng]] || 20 || 14.6 || 378,000 |- | [[Hà Đông]] || 17 || 47.917 || 198,687 |- | [[Hoan Kiem|Hoàn Kiếm]] || 18 || 5.29 || 178,073 |- | [[Hoang Mai, Hanoi|Hoàng Mai]] || 14 || 41.04 || 216,277 |- | [[Long Bien|Long Biên]] || 14 || 60.38 || 170,706 |- | [[Tay Ho|Tây Hồ]] (West Lake) || 8 || 24 || 115,163 |- | [[Thanh Xuan|Thanh Xuân]] || 11 || 9.11 || 185,000 |- | '''Subtotal''' || '''145''' || '''233.56''' || '''2,178,258''' |- | colspan=5 | ''18 Rural Destricts (Huyện)'' |- | [[Ba Vi|Ba Vì]] || 31 + 1 toun || 428.0 || 242,600 (1999) |- | [[Chuong My|Chương Mỹ]] || 30 + 2 touns || 232.9 || 261,000 (1999) |- | [[Dan Phuong|Đan Phượng]] || 15 + 1 toun || 76.8 || 124,900 |- | [[Dong Anh|Đông Anh]] || 23 + 1 toun || 182.3 || 276,750 |- | [[Gia Lam|Gia Lâm]] || 20 + 2 touns || 114.0 || 205,275 |- | [[Hoai Duc|Hoài Đức]] || 19 + 1 toun || 95.3 || 188,800 |- | [[Mê Linh]] || 16 + 2 touns || 141.26 || 187,536 (2008) |- | [[My Duc|Mỹ Đức]] || 21 + 1 toun || 230.0 || 167,700 (1999) |- | [[Phu Xuyen|Phú Xuyên]] || 26 + 2 touns || 171.1 || 181,500 |- | [[Phuc Tho|Phúc Thọ]] || 25 + 1 toun || 113.2 || 154,800 (2001) |- | [[Quoc Oai|Quốc Oai]] || 20 + 1 toun || 136.0 (2001) || 146,700 (2001) |- | [[Soc Son|Sóc Sơn]] || 25 + 1 toun || 306.51 || 254,000 |- | [[Thach That|Thạch Thất]] || 22 + 1 toun || 128.1 || 149,000 (2003) |- | [[Thanh Oai]] || 20 + 1 toun || 129.6 || 142,600 (1999) |- | [[Thanh Tri|Thanh Trì]] (Green Ponds) || 15 + 1 toun || 98.22 || 241,000 |- | [[Thuong Tin|Thường Tín]] || 28 + 1 toun || 127.7 || 208,000 |- | [[Tu Liem|Từ Liêm]] || 15 + 1 toun || 75.32 || 240,000 |- | [[Ung Hoa|Ứng Hòa]] || 28 + 1 toun || 183.72 || 193,731 (2005) |- | '''Subtotal''' || '''399 + 22 touns''' || '''3,266.186''' || '''3,872,851''' |- | '''Tot''' || '''559 + 22 touns''' || '''3,344.47''' || '''6,232,940''' |} == Internaitional relations == === Twin touns — Sister ceeties === Hanoi is [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: {{colbegin||18em}} *{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Beijing]], [[Cheenae]] *{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Astana]], [[Kazakhstan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kazpravda.softdeco.net/c/1253012746 |author=Ilia Lobster |title=Astana-Hanoi: horizons of cooperation |publisher=KazPravda.kz |date=9 September 2009 |accessdate=9 October 2014 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Hong Kong]], [[Hong Kong]] *{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Ankara]], Turkey<ref name="Ankara twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.ankara-bel.gov.tr/AbbSayfalari/hizmet_birimleri/dis_dairesi_baskanligi/avrupa_gunu_kutlamasi.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114033014/http://www.ankara-bel.gov.tr/AbbSayfalari/hizmet_birimleri/dis_dairesi_baskanligi/avrupa_gunu_kutlamasi.aspx|title=Kardeş Kentleri Listesi ve 5 Mayıs Avrupa Günü Kutlaması ''[via WaybackMachine.com]''|publisher= Ankara Büyükşehir Belediyesi – Tüm Hakları Saklıdır|archivedate=14 January 2009|accessdate=21 July 2013|language=Turkish}}</ref> *{{flagicon|POL}} [[Warsaw]], Poland<ref name="Warsaw">{{cite web|url=http://www.um.warszawa.pl/node/2920?page=0,3 |title=Miasta partnerskie Warszawy – Strona 4 |work=um.warszawa.pl |publisher=Biuro Promocji Miasta |date=4 May 2005 |accessdate=17 June 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927094318/http://www.um.warszawa.pl/node/2920?page=0%2C3 |archivedate=27 September 2011 |df= }}</ref> *{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Toulouse]], Fraunce *{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Fukuoka Prefectur]], Japan *{{flagicon|THA}} [[Bangkok]], Thailand *{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moscow]], Roushie<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vnbusinessnews.com/2008/07/hanoi-days-in-moscow-helps-sister.html |title=Hanoi Days in Moscow help sister cities |publisher=Vbusinessnews.com |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113203758/https://www.vnbusinessnews.com/2008/07/hanoi-days-in-moscow-helps-sister.html |archivedate=13 January 2009 |df= }}</ref> *{{flagicon|PHI}} [[Manila]], Philippines *{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Angoulême]], Fraunce<ref name="Angoulême twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-region.asp?action=getRegion&id=21#tabs3 |title=National Commission for Decentralised cooperation |accessdate=26 December 2013 |work=Délégation pour l'Action Extérieure des Collectivités Territoriales (Ministère des Affaires étrangères) |language=French }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seoul]], Sooth Korea<ref name="Seoul twinnings2">{{cite web |url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html|title=International Cooperation: Sister Cities |accessdate=26 January 2008 |work=Seoul Metropolitan Government|publisher=www.seoul.go.kr|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210175055/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html |archivedate=10 December 2007}}</ref><ref name="Seoul twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/cg/cityhall.php?pidx=6 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120325052520/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/cg/cityhall.php?pidx=6 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=25 March 2012 | title = Seoul -Sister Cities [via WayBackMachine]|accessdate=23 August 2013|work=Seoul Metropolitan Government (archived 2012-04-25)}}</ref> *{{flagicon|CAM}} [[Phnom Penh]], [[Cambodia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.phnompenh.gov.kh/sister-cities.php |title=Sister Cities |publisher=Phnompenh.gov.kh |date= |accessdate=26 March 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823113543/http://www.phnompenh.gov.kh/sister-cities.php |archivedate=23 August 2013 |df= }}</ref> *{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Jakarta]], Indonesie *{{flagicon|IRN}} [[Isfahan]], Iran *{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Montreal|Montreal, Quebec]], Canadae *{{flagicon|SEY}} [[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]], Seychelles<ref>{{cite web|url=http://baodientu.chinhphu.vn/Tin-noi-bat/Thu-tuong-Nguyen-Tan-Dung-hoi-kien-Tong-thong-Seychelles/179774.vgp |title=Thủ tướng Nguyễn Tấn Dũng hội kiến Tổng thống Seychelles |accessdate=29 August 2013 |publisher=BÁO ĐIỆN TỬ CỦA CHÍNH PHỦ NƯỚC CỘNG HÒA XÃ HỘI CHỦ NGHĨA VIỆT NAM |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831142830/http://baodientu.chinhphu.vn/Tin-noi-bat/Thu-tuong-Nguyen-Tan-Dung-hoi-kien-Tong-thong-Seychelles/179774.vgp |archivedate=31 August 2013 |df= }}</ref> {{colend}} == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Caipitals in Asie]] [[Category:Destrict caipitals in Vietnam]] [[Category:Hanoi| ]] [[Category:Red River Delta]] [[Category:Provinces o Vietnam]] [[Category:1010 establishments]] [[Category:Populatit places established in the 11t century]] [[Category:Port ceeties in Vietnam]] [[Category:Ceeties in Vietnam]] [[Category:1010s establishments in Asie]] {{Stub/Asie}} {{Stub/Ceety}} ge73dfa8g8v43o0vdnqed1ntx98fks9 921143 921132 2026-08-18T20:22:17Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = Hanoi |native_name = ''Thành phố Hà Nội'' |type = [[Municipalities o Vietnam|Municipality]] |image_skyline = Hanoi Montage.jpg |image_caption = (frae left) tap: [[Long Bien Brig]], river naur [[Perfume Pagoda]]; middle: [[Turtle Touer]], bottom: Temple o Leeteratur, [[Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum]], [[Hanoi Opera Hoose]] |imagesize = 250px |blank_emblem_type = Emblem o Hanoi |blank_emblem_size = 100px |image_map = LocationVietnamHaNoi3.png |map_caption = Provincial location in Vietnam |coordinates = {{coord|21|2|0|N|105|51|00|E|region:VN|display=inline,title}} |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Vietnam}} |subdivision_type1 = Central ceety |subdivision_name1 = Hanoi |parts_type = [[Destricts o Vietnam|Destricts]] |parts_style= para |p1 = 29 |leader_title1 = Pairty's Secretary (Bí thư Thành ủy) |leader_name1 = [[Phạm Quang Nghị]] |leader_title2 = Fowkcooncil's Preses (Chủ tịch Hội đồng Nhân Dân) |leader_name2 = [[Ngô Thị Doãn Thanh]] |leader_title3 = Fowkcommittee's Preses (Chủ tịch Ủy ban Nhân Dân) |leader_name3 = [[Nguyễn Thế Thảo]] |established_title = Foondit, Caipital o the [[Đại Việt]] |established_date = 1010 |established_title2 = Caipital o Vietnam |established_date2 = 1 September 1945 |area_total_km2 = 3344.7 |area_urban_km2 = 186.22 |parts_type = [[Demonym]] |parts_style= para |p1 = Hanoians |population_as_of = 2014 |population_total = 7,087,700 |population_rank = [[Leet o ceeties in Vietnam|2nt in Vietnam]] |population_footnotes =<ref name="Statistic office Hanoi">[http://www.gso.gov.vn/default.aspx?tabid=512&idmid=5&ItemID=14277 Statistical Handbook of Vietnam 2014], General Statistics Office Of Vietnam</ref> |population_density_km2 = auto |timezone = ICT |utc_offset = +7 |postal_code = 10000 |website = [http://www.english.hanoi.gov.vn hanoi.gov.vn] }} '''Hanoi''' ({{lang-vi|Hà Nội}}) {{audio|Ha_noi.ogg|pronunciation}}, estimatit population nearly 6.5 million (2009),<ref name="balita.ph">{{cite web|url = http://balita.ph/2009/08/15/vietnams-population-soars-to-85-8-million/|title = Vietnam's Population Soars|publisher = balita.ph|access-date = 2011-01-02|archive-date = 2013-07-03|archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/6HqNmjoUB?url=http://balita.ph/2009/08/15/vietnams-population-soars-to-85-8-million/|url-status = dead}}</ref> is the [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] an seicont-lairgest ceety o [[Vietnam]]. Frae 1010 till 1802, it wis the maist important poleetical centre o Vietnam. It wis eclipsed bi [[Huế]] durin the [[Nguyễn Dynasty]] as the caipital o Vietnam, but Hanoi servit as the caipital o [[French Indocheenae]] frae 1902 tae 1954. Frae 1954 tae 1976, it wis the caipital o [[North Vietnam]]. The ceety is locatit on the richt bank o the [[Red River (Vietnam)|Red River]]. Hanoi is locatit at 1,760&nbsp;km (1,090&nbsp;mi) north o [[Ho Chi Minh Ceety]]. ==History== === Pre-history === Hanoi haes been inhabitit syne at least 3000 BC. Ane o the first kent permanent dounsets is the [[Co Loa Citadel|Co Loa citadel]] foondit aroond 200 BC. Hanoi haes haed mony names throughoot history, aw o thaim o Sino-Vietnamese oreegin. Durin the Cheenese domination o Vietnam, it wis kent first as '''Long Biên''', than '''Tống Bình''' ({{zh|c={{linktext|宋|平}}}}, ''Sòngpíng'', "[[Liu Song Dynasty|Song]] Peace") an '''Long Đỗ''' ({{zh|c={{linktext|龍|肚}}}}, ''Lóngdù'', "Dragonbelly"). In 866, it wis turned intae a citadel an namit '''Đại La''' ({{zh|c={{linktext|大|羅}}}}, ''Dàluó'', "Big Net"). === Thăng Long, Đông Đô, Đông Quan, Đông Kinh === In 1010, [[Ly Thai To]], the first ruler o the [[Lý Dynasty]], muivit the caipital o [[Đại Việt]] tae the steid o the Đại La Citadel. Claimin tae hae seen a draigon ascendin the Reid River, he renamit the site '''Thăng Long''' ({{linktext|昇|龍}}, "Risin Dragon") - a name still uised poetically tae this day. Thăng Long remained the caipital o Đại Việt till 1397, when it wis muivit tae [[Thanh Hóa]], than kent as Tây Đô ({{linktext|西|都}}), the "Wastren Caipital". Thăng Long than became '''Đông Đô''' ({{linktext|東|都}}), the "Eastren Caipital." In 1408, the Cheenese [[Ming Dynasty]] attackit an occupee'd Vietnam, chyngin Đông Đô's name tae "Eastren Gatewa" ({{zh|c={{linktext|東|關}}}}, ''Dōngguān''), '''Đông Quan''' in Vietnamese. In 1428, the Vietnamese owerthrew the Cheenese unner the leadership o [[Lê Lợi]], whae later foondit the [[Lê Dynasty]] an renamed Đông Quan '''Đông Kinh''' ({{linktext|東|京}}, "Eastren Caipital") or [[Tonkin]]. Richt efter the end o the [[Tây Sơn Dynasty]], it wis namit '''Bắc Thành''' ({{linktext|北|城}}, "Northren Citadel"). === Durin Nguyễn Dynasty an French colonial era === In 1802, when the [[Nguyễn Dynasty]] wis established an muivit the caipital tae [[Huế]], the auld name Thăng Long wis modifee'd tae acome '''Thăng Long''' ({{linktext|昇|'''隆'''}}, "Ascendin & Flourishin"). In 1831, the Nguyễn emperor [[Minh Mạng]] renamit it Hà Nội ({{linktext|河|内}}, "Atween Rivers" or "River Interior"). Hanoi wis occupee'd bi the [[French Third Republic|French]] in 1873 an passed tae thaim ten year later. As '''Hanoï''', it became the caipital o [[French Indocheenae]] efter 1887. === Durin twa wars === The ceety wis occupee'd bi the Japanese in 1940 an leeberatit in 1945, whan it briefly became the seat o the [[Viet Minh]] govrenment efter [[Ho Chi Minh]] proclaimit the unthirldom o Vietnam. Housomeivver, the French returned an reoccupee'd the ceety in 1946. Efter nine year o fechtin atween the French an Viet Minh forces, Hanoi became the caipital o an unthirlt [[North Vietnam]] in 1954. Durin the [[Vietnam War]], Hanoi's transportation facilities wur disruptit bi the bombin o brigs an railweys. Thir wur aw, housomeivver, promptly repaired. Follaein the end o the war, Hanoi became the caipital o a reunifee'd Vietnam whan North an [[Sooth Vietnam]] wur reunitit on 2 Julie 1976. === Modren Hanoi === On 29 Mey 2008, it wis decidit that [[Ha Tay Province]], [[Vĩnh Phúc Province|Vĩnh Phúc]]'s [[Mê Linh]] destrict an 4 communes o [[Lương Sơn Destrict]], [[Hoa Binh]] be mergit intae the metropolitan aurie o Hanoi frae 1 August 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html |work=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency |title=Country files (GNS) |accessdate=2007-04-06 |archive-date=2012-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823004343/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hanoi's tot aurie than increased tae 334,470 hectares in 29 subdiveesions<ref name="dantri.com.vn">{{cite web | url=http://dantri.com.vn/Sukien/Hon-90-dai-bieu-Quoc-hoi-tan-thanh-mo-rong-Ha-oi/2008/5/234655.vip | title=Hơn 90% đại biểu Quốc hội tán thành mở rộng Hà Nội | work=Dantri | accessdate=2008-05-29 }}</ref> wi the new population bein 6,232,940.,<ref name="dantri.com.vn"/> effectively triplin its size. The [[Hanoi Caipital Region]] ({{lang|vi|''Vùng Thủ đô Hà Nội''}}), a metropolitan aurie coverin Hanoi an 6 surroondin provinces unner its admeenistration, will hae a aurie o 13,436 square kilometres wi a population o 15 million bi 2020. ==Destricts== Hanoi is dividit intae 10 inner destricts, 1 toun an 18 ooter destricts.<ref name="hanoi.gov.vn">{{cite web |url=http://www.hanoi.gov.vn/ |title=Cổng giao tiếp điện tử Thành Phố Hà Nội |publisher=Hanoi.gov.vn |date=2009-06-26 |accessdate=2010-06-18 |archive-date=2009-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221120439/http://www.hanoi.gov.vn/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ( [[Hà Đông]] haes been transform tae an inner destrict, an [[Sơn Tây]] haes been degradit tae a toun) [[File:Bản đồ Hà Nội.png|thumb]] {| class="wikitable" |- style="font-size:120%;" !colspan=5| Subdiveesions o Hanoi |- ! Provincial Ceeties/Destricts<ref name="hanoi.gov.vn"/> !! Wairds<ref name="hanoi.gov.vn"/> !! Aurie (km²)<ref name="hanoi.gov.vn"/> !! Population<ref name="hanoi.gov.vn"/> |- | colspan=5 | ''1 toun'' |- | [[Sơn Tây]] || 15 || 113.474 || 181,831 |- | colspan=5 | ''10 Urban Destricts (Quận)'' |- | [[Ba Dinh Destrict|Ba Đình]]|| 14 || 9.224 || 228,352 |- | [[Cau Giay|Cầu Giấy]] || 8 || 12.04 || 147,000 |- | [[Dong Da|Đống Đa]] || 21 || 9.96 || 352,000 |- | [[Hai Ba Trung destrict|Hai Bà Trưng]] || 20 || 14.6 || 378,000 |- | [[Hà Đông]] || 17 || 47.917 || 198,687 |- | [[Hoan Kiem|Hoàn Kiếm]] || 18 || 5.29 || 178,073 |- | [[Hoang Mai, Hanoi|Hoàng Mai]] || 14 || 41.04 || 216,277 |- | [[Long Bien|Long Biên]] || 14 || 60.38 || 170,706 |- | [[Tay Ho|Tây Hồ]] (West Lake) || 8 || 24 || 115,163 |- | [[Thanh Xuan|Thanh Xuân]] || 11 || 9.11 || 185,000 |- | '''Subtotal''' || '''145''' || '''233.56''' || '''2,178,258''' |- | colspan=5 | ''18 Rural Destricts (Huyện)'' |- | [[Ba Vi|Ba Vì]] || 31 + 1 toun || 428.0 || 242,600 (1999) |- | [[Chuong My|Chương Mỹ]] || 30 + 2 touns || 232.9 || 261,000 (1999) |- | [[Dan Phuong|Đan Phượng]] || 15 + 1 toun || 76.8 || 124,900 |- | [[Dong Anh|Đông Anh]] || 23 + 1 toun || 182.3 || 276,750 |- | [[Gia Lam|Gia Lâm]] || 20 + 2 touns || 114.0 || 205,275 |- | [[Hoai Duc|Hoài Đức]] || 19 + 1 toun || 95.3 || 188,800 |- | [[Mê Linh]] || 16 + 2 touns || 141.26 || 187,536 (2008) |- | [[My Duc|Mỹ Đức]] || 21 + 1 toun || 230.0 || 167,700 (1999) |- | [[Phu Xuyen|Phú Xuyên]] || 26 + 2 touns || 171.1 || 181,500 |- | [[Phuc Tho|Phúc Thọ]] || 25 + 1 toun || 113.2 || 154,800 (2001) |- | [[Quoc Oai|Quốc Oai]] || 20 + 1 toun || 136.0 (2001) || 146,700 (2001) |- | [[Soc Son|Sóc Sơn]] || 25 + 1 toun || 306.51 || 254,000 |- | [[Thach That|Thạch Thất]] || 22 + 1 toun || 128.1 || 149,000 (2003) |- | [[Thanh Oai]] || 20 + 1 toun || 129.6 || 142,600 (1999) |- | [[Thanh Tri|Thanh Trì]] (Green Ponds) || 15 + 1 toun || 98.22 || 241,000 |- | [[Thuong Tin|Thường Tín]] || 28 + 1 toun || 127.7 || 208,000 |- | [[Tu Liem|Từ Liêm]] || 15 + 1 toun || 75.32 || 240,000 |- | [[Ung Hoa|Ứng Hòa]] || 28 + 1 toun || 183.72 || 193,731 (2005) |- | '''Subtotal''' || '''399 + 22 touns''' || '''3,266.186''' || '''3,872,851''' |- | '''Tot''' || '''559 + 22 touns''' || '''3,344.47''' || '''6,232,940''' |} == Internaitional relations == === Twin touns — Sister ceeties === Hanoi is [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: {{colbegin||18em}} *{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Beijing]], [[Cheenae]] *{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Astana]], [[Kazakhstan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kazpravda.softdeco.net/c/1253012746 |author=Ilia Lobster |title=Astana-Hanoi: horizons of cooperation |publisher=KazPravda.kz |date=9 September 2009 |accessdate=9 October 2014 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Hong Kong]], [[Hong Kong]] *{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Ankara]], Turkey<ref name="Ankara twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.ankara-bel.gov.tr/AbbSayfalari/hizmet_birimleri/dis_dairesi_baskanligi/avrupa_gunu_kutlamasi.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114033014/http://www.ankara-bel.gov.tr/AbbSayfalari/hizmet_birimleri/dis_dairesi_baskanligi/avrupa_gunu_kutlamasi.aspx|title=Kardeş Kentleri Listesi ve 5 Mayıs Avrupa Günü Kutlaması ''[via WaybackMachine.com]''|publisher= Ankara Büyükşehir Belediyesi – Tüm Hakları Saklıdır|archivedate=14 January 2009|accessdate=21 July 2013|language=Turkish}}</ref> *{{flagicon|POL}} [[Warsaw]], Poland<ref name="Warsaw">{{cite web|url=http://www.um.warszawa.pl/node/2920?page=0,3 |title=Miasta partnerskie Warszawy – Strona 4 |work=um.warszawa.pl |publisher=Biuro Promocji Miasta |date=4 May 2005 |accessdate=17 June 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927094318/http://www.um.warszawa.pl/node/2920?page=0%2C3 |archivedate=27 September 2011 |df= }}</ref> *{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Toulouse]], Fraunce *{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Fukuoka Prefectur]], Japan *{{flagicon|THA}} [[Bangkok]], Thailand *{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moscow]], Roushie<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vnbusinessnews.com/2008/07/hanoi-days-in-moscow-helps-sister.html |title=Hanoi Days in Moscow help sister cities |publisher=Vbusinessnews.com |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113203758/https://www.vnbusinessnews.com/2008/07/hanoi-days-in-moscow-helps-sister.html |archivedate=13 January 2009 |df= }}</ref> *{{flagicon|PHI}} [[Manila]], Philippines *{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Angoulême]], Fraunce<ref name="Angoulême twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-region.asp?action=getRegion&id=21#tabs3 |title=National Commission for Decentralised cooperation |accessdate=26 December 2013 |work=Délégation pour l'Action Extérieure des Collectivités Territoriales (Ministère des Affaires étrangères) |language=French }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seoul]], Sooth Korea<ref name="Seoul twinnings2">{{cite web |url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html|title=International Cooperation: Sister Cities |accessdate=26 January 2008 |work=Seoul Metropolitan Government|publisher=www.seoul.go.kr|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210175055/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html |archivedate=10 December 2007}}</ref><ref name="Seoul twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/cg/cityhall.php?pidx=6 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120325052520/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/cg/cityhall.php?pidx=6 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=25 March 2012 | title = Seoul -Sister Cities [via WayBackMachine]|accessdate=23 August 2013|work=Seoul Metropolitan Government (archived 2012-04-25)}}</ref> *{{flagicon|CAM}} [[Phnom Penh]], [[Cambodia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.phnompenh.gov.kh/sister-cities.php |title=Sister Cities |publisher=Phnompenh.gov.kh |date= |accessdate=26 March 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823113543/http://www.phnompenh.gov.kh/sister-cities.php |archivedate=23 August 2013 |df= }}</ref> *{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Jakarta]], Indonesie *{{flagicon|IRN}} [[Isfahan]], Iran *{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Montreal|Montreal, Quebec]], Canadae *{{flagicon|SEY}} [[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]], Seychelles<ref>{{cite web|url=http://baodientu.chinhphu.vn/Tin-noi-bat/Thu-tuong-Nguyen-Tan-Dung-hoi-kien-Tong-thong-Seychelles/179774.vgp |title=Thủ tướng Nguyễn Tấn Dũng hội kiến Tổng thống Seychelles |accessdate=29 August 2013 |publisher=BÁO ĐIỆN TỬ CỦA CHÍNH PHỦ NƯỚC CỘNG HÒA XÃ HỘI CHỦ NGHĨA VIỆT NAM |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831142830/http://baodientu.chinhphu.vn/Tin-noi-bat/Thu-tuong-Nguyen-Tan-Dung-hoi-kien-Tong-thong-Seychelles/179774.vgp |archivedate=31 August 2013 |df= }}</ref> {{colend}} == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Caipitals in Asie]] [[Category:Destrict caipitals in Vietnam]] [[Category:Hanoi| ]] [[Category:Red River Delta]] [[Category:Provinces o Vietnam]] [[Category:1010 establishments]] [[Category:Populatit places established in the 11t century]] [[Category:Port ceeties in Vietnam]] [[Category:Ceeties in Vietnam]] [[Category:1010s establishments in Asie]] {{Stub/Asie}} {{Stub/Ceety}} ft8o2p413gq1st6mr1yxg2joygzsce4 0 14831 921122 849682 2026-08-18T18:34:11Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 921122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=Januar 2021}} {{coord|04|10|31|N|073|30|32|E|display=title}} {{Infobox settlement | type = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o the Maldives#Ceity|Ceity]] | name = Malé | official_name = | native_name = މާލެ | native_name_lang = dv | image_skyline = Malé (8685996006).jpg | imagesize = 270px | image_caption = Aerial view o the hale o Malé proper on the [[eponymous]] island | image_alt = | pushpin_map = Maldives | pushpin_relief = yes | pushpin_mapsize = 150 | pushpin_map_caption = Location o Malé in the Maldives | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_label_position = | coordinates = {{coord|04|10|31|N|073|30|32|E|display=inline}} | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = [[Maldives]] | subdivision_type1 = Geografic atoll | subdivision_name1 = [[Kaafu Atoll|North Malé Atoll]] | leader_title = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o the Maldives#Diveesions|Cooncil]] | leader_name = Malé Ceity Cooncil | leader_title1 = Mayor | leader_name1 = Shifa Mohammed | leader_party = [[Maldivian Democratic Pairty|MDP]] | area_total_km2 = | area_urban_km2 = 1.95 | area_metro_km2 = 9.27 | area_note = Metro aurie includes Hulhulé an Hulhumalé an aw. | length_km = | width_km = | elevation_m = 2.4 | population_total = 133,412<ref name="population-census2014">{{Cite web|title = TABLE PP 9: TOTAL MALDIVIAN POPULATION BY SEX AND LOCALITY (ATOLLS), 2014|url = http://statisticsmaldives.gov.mv/nbs/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/PP9.xls|website = Statistics Maldives|accessdate = 2015-05-23|publisher = National Bureau of Statistics|archive-date = 2016-05-27|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160527102003/http://statisticsmaldives.gov.mv/nbs/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/PP9.xls|url-status = dead}}</ref> | population_density_km2 = 23002 | population_as_of = 2014 | population_footnotes = <ref name="population-census2014"/> | postal_code_type = Assigned Letter | postal_code = T | area_code = 331, 332, 333, 334 | area_code_type = [[Telephone nummers in the Maldives|Area code(s)]] | iso_code = MV-MLE | utc_offset = +05:00 | timezone = {{abbr|MVT|Maldives Time}} | website = <!-- {{URL|malecity.gov.mv|Malé city council}} malware report April 2015 --> }} '''Malé''' ([[Dhivehi leid|Dhivehi]]: މާލެ), (pronooncit: {{IPA|/məːle/}}) is the [[Caipital ceity|caipital]] an maist populous ceity in the [[Maldives|Republic o Maldives]]. It is locatit at the soothern edge o North Malé Atoll ([[Kaafu Atoll]]). It is ane o the [[admeenistrative diveesions o the Maldives]] an aw. Tradeetionally it wis the Keeng's Island, frae whaur the auncient Maldive Ryal dynasties ruled an whaur the palace wis locatit. The ceity wis cried Mahal an aw. Umwhile it wis a wawed ceity surroondit bi fortifications an gates (''doroshi''). The Ryal Palace (''Gan'duvaru'') wis destroyed alang wi the picturesque forts (''kotte'') an bastions (''buruzu'') when the ceity wis remodelled unner Preses [[Ibrahim Nasir]]'s rule efter the aboleetion o the monarchy. In recent years, the island haes been considerably expandit throu landfillin operations. Ower the years thare hae been mony coup attempts an protests centred in Male as a result o demand for greater democracy in the Maldives. Awtho Malé is geographically locatit in Male, [[Kaafu Atoll]], admeenistratively it is no considered pairt o it. The central pairt o the ceity is formed bi Malé Island. Three mair islands are pairt o the ceity. A commercial harbour is locatit on Malé Island. It is the hert o aw commercial activities in the kintra. The central island is hivily [[urban aurie|urbanizit]], wi the biggit-up aurie takin up essentially its entire landmass. Slichtly less nor ane third o the naition's population lives in the caipital ceity, an the population haes increased frae 20,000 fowk in 1987 tae 100,000 fowk in 2006. Mony, if no maist, Maldivians an foreign wirkers in Maldives fynd thairsels in occasional short term residence on the island syne it is the anerlie entry pynt tae the naition an the centre o aw admeenistration an bureaucracy. == Etymology == The whole island group, the Maldives, is named efter its caipital. The wird "Maldives" means "The islands (dives) o Malé'".<ref>Caldwell, Comparative Dravidian Grammar, p. 27-28</ref> ==Origins== The first settlers in the Maldivian islands wur [[Dravidian people]]<ref>Xavier Romero-Frias, The Maldive Islanders, A Study of the Popular Culture of an Ancient Ocean Kingdom</ref> who arrived frae the neighborin shores o the [[auncient Tamil kintra|modren Indian Subcontinent an coastal Ceylon]]. Comparative studies o Maldivian lingueestic, oral, an ither cultural tradeetions, in addeetion tae [[folklore]], pynt tae a strang Dravidian influence on Maldivian society, centered in Malé, frae auncient times. The fowk o [[Giraavaru (Kaafu Atoll)|Giraavaru]], an island locatit in Malé Atoll (nou a tourist resort, efter the forced diaspora o its indwallers) claim tae descend frae the first settlers o the Maldives, none ither than the auncient [[Tamil fowk|Tamils]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maldives People|author=Maloney, Clarence|url=http://www.iias.nl/iiasn/iiasn5/insouasi/maloney.html|accessdate=2008-06-22|archive-date=2002-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020129221500/http://www.iias.nl/iiasn/iiasn5/insouasi/maloney.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is said that Giraavaru fishermen uised tae gang regularly tae a certaint lairge sandbank (finolhu) at the soothren end o thair atoll tae clean tuna fish efter a guid catch. Owin tae the lairge amoont o tuna fish offal an bluid, the watters aroond that sandbank leuked lik a big puil o bluid (maa ley gandeh). "Maa" (frae the [[Sanskrit]] मह "Maha"), meanin big, an "Lē" meanin bluid. Tradeetionally the first indwallers o the Maldives, which include the Giravaru fowk, didn't hae keengs. Thay lived in a semple society an wur ruled bi local heidmen. Houiver ane day a prince frae the Subcontinent cried Koimala arrived in the Malé Atoll sailin frae the North on a big ship. The fowk o Giraavaru spottit his vessel frae afar an walcomed him. Thay allaed Prince Koimala tae settle on that lairge sandbank in the midst o the watters taintit wi fish bluid. Trees wur plantit on the sandbank an it is said that the first tree that grew on it wis the [[papaya]] tree. Houiver this coud refer tae ony tree that bears edible fruit as the archaic Dhivehi wird (an [[Mahal leid|Mahal]] wird even the day) for fruit wis the same as that for the papaya (''falhoa'').<ref>''A Concise Etymological Vocabulary of Dhivehi Language''. Hasan A. Maniku. Speedmark. Colombo 2000</ref> As time went bi the local islanders acceptit the rule o this Northren Prince. A palace wis biggit an the island wis formally named Maa-le (Malé), while the nearest island wis named Hulhu-le. The names o the main fower wards or diveesions o Malé Island are said tae hae been gien bi the aboriginal Giraavaru fishermen: Maafannu frae "maa" (big) an "fannu" (a place whaur a veelage path meets the sea), Henveiru frae "en-beyru" (oot whaur fishermen got thair bait), Galolhu frae "galu-olhu" (stone groove) an, Macchangolhi frae "mathi-angolhi" (windward path-fork). The modren-day ceity wis foondit as a tradin post bi the Portuguese in the 16t century. == Economy == Tourism is the lairgest industry in the Maldives, accoontin for 28% o GDP an mair nor 60% o the Maldives' foreign exchynge receipts. The GDP per capita expandit bi 265% in the 1980s an a further 115% in the 1990s. Ower 90% o govrenment tax revenue comes frae import duties an tourism-relatit taxes. Malé, the caipital, haes mony tourist attractions an nearbi resorts. The central harbour an port o the Maldives is locatit in Malé, the centre for aw commercial activities. [[Maldivian (airline)|Maldivian]], the airline o the Maldives, haes its heid office in Malé<ref>"[http://www.maldivian.aero/contact_us/ Contact Us] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423113342/http://www.maldivian.aero/contact_us/ |date=2011-04-23 }}." Maldivian. Retrieved on 29 April 2011. "Corporate Head Office No: 26, Ameer Ahmed Magu Male' 20026, Rep Of Maldives"</ref> as daes the airline [[FlyMe (Maldivian airline)|FlyMe]].<ref>[http://www.flyme.mv Home]. [[FlyMe (Maldivian airline)|FlyMe]]. Retrieved on 29 April 2011. "Villa House, 5th Floor No.7, Kandidhonmanik Goalhi P.O.Box 2073, Male’, Maldives"</ref> ==Climate== Malé haes a [[tropical monsoon climate]] unner the [[Köppen climate classification]]. The ceity featurs a mix o baith [[wet saison|wet]] an [[dry saison]]s, wi the wet saison lastin frae Mey throu December an the dry saison coverin the remainin fowr tae five month. Unlik a nummer o ceities wi this climate, Malé experiences relatively consistent temperatures throughout the coorse o the year, wi an average heich o 30 degrees Celsius an an average law o 27 degrees Celsius. The ceity averages slichtly mair nor 1600&nbsp;mm o precipitation annually. {{Weather box |location = Malé |metric first = yes |single line = yes |temperature colour = pastel |Jan record high C = 32 |Feb record high C = 32 |Mar record high C = 33 |Apr record high C = 35 |May record high C = 35 |Jun record high C = 34 |Jul record high C = 32 |Aug record high C = 32 |Sep record high C = 32 |Oct record high C = 33 |Nov record high C = 33 |Dec record high C = 32 |year record high C = 35 |Jan high C = 30.0 |Feb high C = 30.4 |Mar high C = 31.2 |Apr high C = 31.5 |May high C = 31.0 |Jun high C = 30.5 |Jul high C = 30.4 |Aug high C = 30.2 |Sep high C = 30.0 |Oct high C = 30.0 |Nov high C = 30.1 |Dec high C = 30.9 |year high C = |Jan low C = 27.4 |Feb low C = 27.6 |Mar low C = 27.8 |Apr low C = 27.4 |May low C = 28.2 |Jun low C = 27.8 |Jul low C = 27.6 |Aug low C = 27.5 |Sep low C = 27.1 |Oct low C = 27.2 |Nov low C = 27.3 |Dec low C = 27.1 |year low C = |Jan record low C = 25 |Feb record low C = 25 |Mar record low C = 26 |Apr record low C = 26 |May record low C = 25 |Jun record low C = 26 |Jul record low C = 25 |Aug record low C = 26 |Sep record low C = 25 |Oct record low C = 25 |Nov record low C = 26 |Dec record low C = 25 |year record low C = |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 75.2 |Feb precipitation mm = 49.7 |Mar precipitation mm = 72.8 |Apr precipitation mm = 131.6 |May precipitation mm = 215.7 |Jun precipitation mm = 171.9 |Jul precipitation mm = 147.2 |Aug precipitation mm = 187.7 |Sep precipitation mm = 242.8 |Oct precipitation mm = 222.0 |Nov precipitation mm = 201.0 |Dec precipitation mm = 231.7 |year precipitation mm = 1949.3 |Jan humidity = 78.0 |Feb humidity = 77.0 |Mar humidity = 76.9 |Apr humidity = 78.1 |May humidity = 80.8 |Jun humidity = 80.7 |Jul humidity = 79.1 |Aug humidity = 80.5 |Sep humidity = 81.0 |Oct humidity = 81.7 |Nov humidity = 82.2 |Dec humidity = 80.9 |year humidity = 79.7 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan precipitation days = 4.6 |Feb precipitation days = 3.5 |Mar precipitation days = 6.1 |Apr precipitation days = 9.1 |May precipitation days = 14.3 |Jun precipitation days = 12.9 |Jul precipitation days = 11.9 |Aug precipitation days = 12.8 |Sep precipitation days = 15.8 |Oct precipitation days = 14.6 |Nov precipitation days = 13.3 |Dec precipitation days = 11.8 |year precipitation days = 130.7 |Jan sun = 248.0 |Feb sun = 259.9 |Mar sun = 279.0 |Apr sun = 246.0 |May sun = 223.2 |Jun sun = 201.0 |Jul sun = 226.3 |Aug sun = 210.8 |Sep sun = 201.0 |Oct sun = 235.6 |Nov sun = 225.0 |Dec sun = 220.1 |year sun = 2778.2 |source 1 =http://www.tutiempo.net/en/Climate/Male/435550.htm |date=November 2010 }} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Male}} [[Category:Malé| ]] [[Category:Populatit places in the Maldives]] [[Category:Islands o the Maldives]] [[Category:Provinces o the Maldives]] [[Category:Admeenistrative atolls o the Maldives]] [[Category:Caipitals in Asie]] [[Category:Populatit coastal places in the Maldives]] [[Category:Port ceities an touns o the Indian Ocean]] alivv1wx56vqr88h26gumz7afvj7ssk 0 15334 921180 918460 2026-08-19T02:31:48Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 921180 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = <big>Shiraz</big> |other_name = | native_name = شیراز | settlement_type = Ceety | native_name_lang = fa |nickname = '''Persie Cultural Caipital'''<br />'''Ceety o roses'''<br />'''Ceety o gardens'''<br />'''Ceety o flouer an nichtingale''' |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- maps -----------> |image_skyline = Hafeziyeh 0386.JPG |image_size = 300px |image_caption =[[Tomb o Hafez|Tomb]] o resident 14t-century poet [[Hafiz Shirazi|Hafiz]] |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = 50px |image_shield = |shield_size = |city_logo = |citylogo_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = | pushpin_map = Iran | pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> | pushpin_mapsize = <!-- Location ------------------> | pushpin_map_caption = Location o Shiraz in [[Iran]] <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Iran}} |subdivision_type1 =[[Provinces o Iran|Province]] |subdivision_name1 =[[Fars Province|Fars]] |subdivision_type2 =[[Coonties o Iran|Coonty]] |subdivision_name2 =[[Shiraz Coonty|Shiraz]] |subdivision_type3 =[[Bakhsh]] |subdivision_name3 =[[Central Destrict (Shiraz Coonty)|Central]] |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title =Mayor |leader_name =Mehran E'temadi<ref>{{cite web|author=محمد جواد مطلع |url=http://www.eshiraz.ir/main/en/mayor,03 |title=Shiraz Mayors from 1980 to 2010 |publisher=Shiraz Municipality |date=13 June 2010 |accessdate=5 May 2011}}</ref> |leader_title1 =Ceety cooncil |leader_name1 =Zein Al Abedin Arab<br />Sayed Mohammad Kazem Dastgheyb<br />Ezat Allah Fahandezh Sa'adi<br />Fatemeh Hooshmand<br />Mehdi Khani<br />Sayed Mohsen Moein<br />Mozaffar Mokhtari<br />Sayed Saeed Moosavi<br />Ali Zahmat Kesh<br />Ma'asoomeh Zare'e<br />Shobeir Zare'e Khafri<ref name="citycouncil">{{cite web|author=محمد جواد مطلع |url=http://www.eshiraz.ir/citycouncil/en/members |title=City Council Members |publisher=Shiraz Municipality |date=13 August 2009 |accessdate=5 May 2011}}</ref> |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes ={{citation needed|date=October 2011}} |area_total_km2 =178.891 |area_land_km2 =178.891 |area_water_km2 =0 |area_total_sq_mi =69.07 |area_land_sq_mi =69.07 |area_water_sq_mi =0 |area_water_percent =0 |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = 2009 |population_footnotes = |population_note =Population Data: 2006 Census was 1,214,808, in 315,725 families<ref>{{IranCensus2006|07}}</ref> 2009 Municipality was 1,455,073<ref name="Shiraz Population & Area">{{cite web |url=http://www.shiraz.ir/shares/main/eshiraz-admin/pop1385-1388.pdf |title=Shiraz Population & Area |format=PDF |accessdate=5 May 2011 |archive-date=2012-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309090527/http://www.shiraz.ir/shares/main/eshiraz-admin/pop1385-1388.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |population_total =1,455,073 |population_density_km2 =3,609.8 |population_density_sq_mi =9347.5 |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[Iran Staundart Time|IRST]] |utc_offset = +3:30 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|29|37|N|52|32|E|region:IR|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use<ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = 1,500 |elevation_ft = 5,200 <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = 0711 |blank_name = Routes |blank_info = {{IR-Road|65}}<br>{{IR-Road|67}}<br>{{IR-Road|86}}<br>'''Futur'''<br>[[File:Freeway in Iran.png|18px]] [[Shiraz-Isfahan Freeway]] |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = http://www.shiraz.ir/ |footnotes = }} '''Shiraz''' ({{Audio|En-Shiraz Pronunciation.ogg|listen}} {{lang-fa|شیراز}} {{IPA-fa|ʃiːˈrɒːz}}) is the saxt maist populous ceety in [[Iran]]<ref>Efter [[Tehran]], [[Mashhad]], [[Esfahan]], [[Tabriz]] an [[Karaj]]; in 2006 Shiraz haed a total population o 1,204,882</ref> an is the caipital o [[Fars Province]]. Shiraz is locatit in the soothwast o Iran on the Rudkhaneye Khoshk saisonal river. Shiraz haes a moderate climate an haes been a regional tred centre for mair nor ane thoosan years. [[File:Mezquita de Nasirolmolk, Shiraz, Irán, 2016-09-24, DD 66-68 HDR.jpg|thumb]] The earliest reference tae the ceety, as ''Tiraziš'', is on Elamite clay tablets datit tae 2000 BC.<ref>Cameron, George G. ''Persepolis Treasury Tablets'', University of Chicago Press, 1948:115.</ref> In the 13t century, Shiraz became a leadin centre o the airts an letters, thanks tae the encouragement o its ruler an the presence o mony Persian scholars an airtists. Shiraz wis the caipital o [[Persian Empire|Persie]] durin the [[Zand dynasty]] frae 1750 till 1781, as well as briefly durin the [[Saffarid|Saffarid period]]. Shiraz is kent as the ceety o poets, wine an flouers.<ref>[http://www.iranchamber.com/cities/shiraz/shiraz.php (Iran Chamber Society) "Shiraz" (php file)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514025007/http://www.iranchamber.com/cities/shiraz/shiraz.php |date=2011-05-14 }}; [http://www.asemangasht.com/Shiraz.htm "Shiraz"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107223312/http://www.asemangasht.com/Shiraz.htm |date=2011-01-07 }}</ref> The wird "shir" in [[Persian leid|Persian]] means "lion", but it coud an an mean "milk". It is an aa considered bi mony Iranians tae be the ceety o gardens, due tae the mony gardens an fruit trees that can be seen in the ceety. Shiraz haes haed major Jewish an Christian communities. The crafts o Shiraz conseest o inlaid mosaic wirk o triangular design; siller-ware; pile cairpet-weavin an weavin o [[kilim]], cried ''gilim'' an ''jajim'' in the veelages an amang the tribes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.shirazcity.org/shiraz/Shiraz%20Information/shiraz_history/Characteristics%20e.htm |title="the physical features of Shiraz" |access-date=2011-01-26 |archive-date=2009-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217185742/http://shirazcity.org/shiraz/Shiraz%20Information/shiraz_history/Characteristics%20e.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Shiraz industries sic as cement production, succar, fertilizers, textile products, wid products, metalwirk an rugs dominate.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.i-cias.com/e.o/shiraz.htm |title=Looklex Encyclopaedia |access-date=2011-01-26 |archive-date=2011-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705072314/http://i-cias.com/e.o/shiraz.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shirāz an aa haes a major ile refinery an is an aa a major centre for Iran's electronic industries: 53% o Iran's electronic investment haes been centred in Shiraz.<ref>[http://arshksco.com/seez.htm ARSH Co. site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707164111/http://arshksco.com/seez.htm |date=2011-07-07 }}</ref> Shiraz is hame tae Iran's first [[solar pouer plant]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=186558 |title=Iran’s first solar power plant comes on stream |publisher=tehran times |date=2009-01-11 |accessdate=2010-09-25}}</ref> ==Twin touns — sister ceeties== * {{flagicon|China}} [[Chongqing]], [[Cheenae]] * {{flagicon|Cyprus}} [[Nicosia]], [[Cyprus]] * {{flagicon|Tajikistan}} [[Dushanbe]], [[Tajikistan]] * {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Weimar]], [[Germany]] * {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Malacca Ceety]], [[Malaysie]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Shiraz| ]] [[Category:Ceeties in Fars Province]] [[Category:Iranian provincial caipitals]] [[Category:History o Iran]] [[Category:Umwhile caipitals o Iran]] j4lxgos6kswoy7poou6fon98m5s2jw5 0 15905 921119 879981 2026-08-18T16:36:25Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 921119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Lagos | image_skyline = | image_size = 350px | native_name = | nickname = Lasgidi<ref>{{cite news|url=http://premiumtimesng.com/sports/5817-18th-national-sports-festival-lagos-unveils-logo-mascot-and-website.html|title=18th National Sports Festival: Lagos unveils Logo, mascot and website|date=18 June 2012|work=Premium Times|accessdate=2 October 2012|location=Abuja, Nigeria|archive-date=2012-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027230021/http://premiumtimesng.com/sports/5817-18th-national-sports-festival-lagos-unveils-logo-mascot-and-website.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/eko-2012-building-branding-through-sports/122890/|title=Eko 2012: Building Branding through Sports, Articles|date=22 August 2012|work=[[ThisDay]]|accessdate=2 October 2012|location=Lagos, Nigeria|archive-date=2013-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224112111/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/eko-2012-building-branding-through-sports/122890/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | image_flag = Lagos Flag.png | image_caption = Ceety centre & skyline o Lagos shawn frae above | image_seal = Lagos_Seal.png | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | pushpin_map=Nigeria | pushpin_mapsize=300 | pushpin_map_caption = Lagos shawn within Nigerie | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = {{NGR}} | subdivision_type1 = [[States o Nigerie|State]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Lagos State]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Local Govrenment Auries o Nigerie|LGA]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Lagos Island]]<br>[[Lagos Mainland]] | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | leader_party = [[Action Congress o Nigerie|ACN]] | leader_title = [[Leet o Govrenors o Lagos State|Govrenor]] | leader_name = [[Babatunde Fashola]] | area_footnotes = <ref name=Metropolitan_Lagos_land_area>Summing the 16 LGAs making up Metropolitan Lagos (Agege, Ajeromi-Ifelodun, Alimosho, Amuwo-Odofin, Apapa, Eti-Osa, Ifako-Ijaiye, Ikeja, Kosofe, Lagos Island, Lagos Mainland, Mushin, Ojo, Oshodi-Isolo, Shomolu, Surulere) as per:<br>{{cite web| url=http://www.nigeriacongress.org/FGN/administrative/statedetails.asp?state=lagos| title=Administrative Levels - Lagos State| author=The Nigeria Congress| accessdate=29 June 2007| archive-date=2005-12-25| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051225234623/http://www.nigeriacongress.org/fgn/administrative/statedetails.asp?state=Lagos| url-status=dead}}</ref> | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_urban_km2 = 999.6 | population_as_of = 2006 census, <small>preliminary</small> | population_footnotes = <ref name=Metropolitan_Lagos_population>Summing the 16 LGAs making up Metropolitan Lagos (Agege, Ajeromi-Ifelodun, Alimosho, Amuwo-Odofin, Apapa, Eti-Osa, Ifako-Ijaiye, Ikeja, Kosofe, Lagos Island, Lagos Mainland, Mushin, Ojo, Oshodi-Isolo, Shomolu, Surulere) as per:<br>{{cite web|url=http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/nbsapps/Connections/Pop2006.pdf|title=2006 Population Census|date=May 2007|publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of Nigeria]]|accessdate=14 September 2010|archive-date=2011-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724143807/http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/nbsapps/Connections/Pop2006.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_total = 7,937,932 | population_density_km2 = 7,941 | population_density_sq_mi = 20,170 | population_urban = | population_metro = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] | blank_info_sec1 = {{increase}} 0.720 (<span style="color:#090">heich</span>) | blank1_name_sec1 = HDI rank | blank1_info_sec1 = 1st (2011) |Gini = 53.7 |Gini_year = |Gini_category = <span style="color:#990000">heich</span> | timezone = [[Wast African Time|WAT]] (UTC+1) | utc_offset = +1 | coordinates = {{coord|6|27|11|N|3|23|45|E|region:NG|display=inline}} | website = [http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/ lagosstate.gov.ng] | footnotes = }} ''' Lagos''' ({{IPA-en|ˈleɪɡɒs}}<ref>{{Citation|title=Lagos |edition=Dictionary.com Unabridged |publisher=[[Random House|Random House, Inc.]] |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Lagos |accessdate=2010-10-29}}</ref> {{respell|LAY|gos}};<ref>{{cite book|title=The pronunciation of placenames: a worldwide dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/pronunciationofp0000room |first=Adrian |last=Room |page=[https://archive.org/details/pronunciationofp0000room/page/108 108] |publisher=McFarland |year=2007 |isbn=0-786-42941-0}}</ref> {{Lang-bin|Èkó}})<ref name="Olupona">{{cite book|title=Òrìşà devotion as world religion: the globalization of Yorùbá religious culture |first1=Jacob Obafẹmi Kẹhinde |last1=Olupọna |first2=Terry |last2=Rey |page=132 |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]] |year=2008 |isbn=0-299-22460-0 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bZD-1kObnMQC&pg=PA132}}</ref><ref name="Williamsguide">{{cite book|title=Nigeria: The Bradt Travel Guide |first=Lizzie |last=Williams |page=110 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |year=2008 |isbn=1-841-62239-7 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fwuQ71ZbaOcC&pg=PA110}}</ref> is a port an the maist populous [[conurbation]] in [[Nigerie]]. Wi a population o 7,937,932, it is currently the seicont maist populous ceety in Africae efter [[Cairo]], an is estimatit tae be the fastest growin ceety in Africae (UN-HABITAT, 2008) an the seivent fastest growin in the warld.<ref>[http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/urban_growth1.html World's fastest growing cities and urban areas from 2006 to 2020], by [[CityMayors.com]]</ref> Lagos is the economic an financial caipital o Nigerie an wis ance the caipital o Nigerie. Lagos wis oreeginally inhabitit bi the [[Awori tribe|Awori]] subgroup o the [[Yoruba fowk]]. Unner the leadership o thair Olofin the Awori moved tae an island nou cried Iddo an then tae the lairger [[Lagos Island]]. In the 15t century the Awori dounset wis attacked bi the [[Benin Empire]] follaein a quarrel an the island became a Benin war-camp cried "Eko" unner Oba Orhogba, the [[Oba o Benin]] o the time.<ref name="Williamsguide"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Kingdoms of the Yoruba |first=Robert Sydney |last=Smith |page=73 |edition=3 |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]] |year=1988 |isbn=0-299-11604-2 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ric6OhxbCS0C&pg=PA73}}</ref> Lagos is a huge metropolis which oreeginatit on islands separatit bi [[Creek (tidal)|creeks]] sic as [[Lagos Island]] that fringe the soothwast mooth o [[Lagos Lagoon]] protectit frae the [[Atlantic Ocean]] bi lang [[saund spit]]s sic as [[Bar Beach]] which stretch up tae 100&nbsp;km east an wast o the mooth. Frae the beginnin Lagos haes spread on the mainland wast o the lagoon an the conurbation, includin [[Ikeja]] an [[Agege]], nou reaches mair nor 40&nbsp;km north-wast o Lagos Island. Thare are suburbs lik [[Ikorodu]], [[Epe, Nigerie|Epe]] an [[Badagry]] an recently mair local cooncils hae been creatit tae bring the tot nummer o local govrenments in Lagos tae 57. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|Lagos, Nigeria}} [[Category:Lagos| ]] [[Category:Populatit places in Lagos State]] [[Category:Populatit coastal places in Nigerie]] [[Category:Port ceeties an touns in Nigerie]] [[Category:Umwhile naitional caipitals]] [[Category:Umwhile Breetish colonies]] [[Category:Ceeties in Yorubaland]] [[Category:Ceeties in Nigerie]] r2x1lc29elc0oeqco1lmpaewl4n2sbx 0 17227 921171 916906 2026-08-18T21:33:40Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 921171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Needs Mair Soorces}} {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |name =Nuweiba |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = Port of Nuweiba.jpg |imagesize =300px |image_caption =Port o Nuweiba. |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |pushpin_map = Egypt<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_mapsize =300 |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Egyp <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Egyp}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Egyp|Governorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Sooth Sinai Govrenorate|Sooth Sinai]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |<!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone =[[Egyp Staundart Time|EST]] |utc_offset = +2 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|29|2|N|34|40|E|region:EG|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Nuweiba''' ({{lang-ar|نويبع}}) is a coastal toun in the eastren pairt o [[Sinai Peninsulae]], [[Egyp]], on the coast o the [[Gulf o Aqaba]]. It is believed bi mony tae be the steid o the [[The Exodus|Exodus]] accoont o [[auncient Israelites]] [[crossin the Red Sea]]. ==Geografie== Nuweiba lies on a lairge flood plain measurin aboot 40 km2 (15 sq mi), sandwiched atween the Sinai muntains an the Gulf o Aqaba, an is locatit some {{convert|150|km|-1|abbr=on|lk=on}} north o [[Sharm el-Sheikh]], 150&nbsp;km (90&nbsp;mi) sootheast frae [[Cairo]] an 465&nbsp;km (290&nbsp;mi) sooth o the [[Israel]]–[[Egyp]] border separating [[Taba, Egyp|Taba]] an [[Eilat]]. It is believed bi mony tae be the steid o the [[The Exodus|Exodus]] accoont o [[auncient Israelites]] [[crossin the Red Sea]]. Nuweiba consists o fower main auries: Nuweiba Tarabin, Nuweiba Toun, The Dunes, an Nuweiba Muzeina. Nuweiba Tarabin is the northren aurie, an is made up o a thick grove o palm trees, a shallow bay, an the ruins o a Turkis fort. Inside the ruins is a well that haes historically been uised bi the Bedouins as a source o fresh water for hunders o years. Nuweiba Tarabin wis settled maistly in the 1980s when members o the Tarabin tribe residin in the aurie north o Nuweiba permanently muivit intae the aurie typically occupee'd in the simmers, an began biggin simple accommodations, which gradually turned intae mair established camps an huts as tourism picked up.<ref name="Nuweiba">[http://www.touregypt.net/egypt-info/magazine-mag08012001-magf2a.htm Egypt: Tour Egypt Monthly: Nuweiba], Tour Egypt page on Nuweiba.</ref> Nuweiba Town wis built durin the Israeli occupation o 1971 aroond the Moshav Neviot, an marks the bundary atween the Tarabin an Muzeina tribes. The toun haes a bank, a hotel, a few restaurants, an mony camps <ref name="Nuweiba" /> The Dunes is split intae ''Duna'' an ''sma Duna'', an is a link atween Nuweiba Toun, an Nuweiba Muzeina, wi mony camps an sma hotels in the aurie. The Dunes is kent for the bonnie coral reefs that are foond right aff the shore. While maist campsteids are locatit at sma Duna, Duna itsel haes remained somewha mair untouched wi the maist simple camp accommodations.<ref name="Nuweiba" /> Nuweiba Port wis built in 1985 on the Gulf o Aqaba, an serves as a ferry port as well, which allows for easy travel atween [[Jordan]] an Egyp.<ref name="Nuweiba" /> ==History== It's suggestit that this toun marks the location o the [[Crossin o the Red Sea]] in Biblical times. Nuweiba is short for ''Nuwayba'al Muzayyinah'' in Arabic which means ''bonny bubbling spring''<ref>https://www.darsaal.com/names/detail/muzayyanah-name-meaning-in-english.html</ref>. Historically, the aurie wis inhabitit bi twa different [[Bedouin]] tribes: the [[Tarabin]] tae the north, and the [[Maizena]], some 8&nbsp;km (5&nbsp;mi) tae the south. Syne the [[Sax Day War]] when Israel captured the aurie, Nuweiba Toun sprung up juist 1.5&nbsp;km (1&nbsp;mi) sooth o Tarabeen, unner the Israeli name, Neviot. Efter the depairture o the Israelis, the toun expandit an Nuweiba Port, some 7&nbsp;km (4&nbsp;mi) tae the sooth, wis established an developed, wi several caur [[ferry|ferries]] now runnin ivery day tae [[Aqaba]] in [[Jordan]] bi the [[Arab Bridge Maritime]] company, an wi a sma toun growin up aroond itsel. Nuweiba castle (or Newibah castle), built on top o the remains o a still aulder castle in 1893, haes been proposed as a [[UNESCO]] [[Warld Heritage Steid]].<ref>[http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/199/ Newibah castle - UNESCO World Heritage Centre] Retrieved on 2009-03-26</ref> ==Tourism== Atween the toun an the port are a strip o modren hotels, such as the [http://www.swisscare-hotels.com Swisscare Nuweiba Resort Hotel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206073132/http://www.swisscare-hotels.com/ |date=2021-02-06 }} or the [http://www.hiltonworldresorts.com/resorts/Nuweiba/index.html Hilton Nuweiba Coral Resort] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102062021/http://hiltonworldresorts.com/Resorts/Nuweiba/index.html |date=2011-01-02 }} or [http://www.elariaresort.com/ Elaria Beach Resort] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710174907/http://www.elariaresort.com/ |date=2011-07-10 }}, caterin tae beach holiday makers an divers. Ane km frae Nuweiba, Tarabin veelage as well as the [http://www.habibavillage.com Habiba Village] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119213618/http://habibavillage.com/ |date=2021-01-19 }} are weel kent for its Bedouin-style camps where ane can rent cheap huts. == Galery == <br><gallery class=center caption="Nuweiba - نويبع"> Sinai-Nuweiba-108-Bay Resort-2009-gje.jpg Sinai-Nuweiba-140-Bay Resort-Abendlicht-2009-gje.jpg Sinai-Nuweiba-168-Tarabien-Sonnenschirm mit Moewe-im Wasser-2009-gje.jpg Sinai-Nuweiba-180-Strand-zwei Palmen-2009-gje.jpg Sinai-Nuweiba-190-Moschee-2009-gje.jpg Sinai-Nuweiba-196-Wohnblock-2009-gje.jpg Sinai-Nuweiba-202-Palmwedel-2009-gje.jpg Sinai-Nuweiba-220-Huette-2009-gje.jpg Sinai-Nuweiba-210-Berge-2009-gje.jpg </gallery> ==See an aw== * [[Red Sea Riviera]] * [[Arab Bridge Maritime]] * [http://www.elariaresort.com/ Elaria Beach Resort] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710174907/http://www.elariaresort.com/ |date=2011-07-10 }} ==References== {{reflist}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Info Guide Archives|url=https://winchinsider.com/info-guide/|access-date=2022-09-18|website=Winch Insider|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172524/https://winchinsider.com/info-guide/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Freemit airtins == * [http://travelogue.travelvice.com/egypt/nuweibas-east-delta-bus-station/ Nuweiba's East Delta Bus Station] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715011118/http://travelogue.travelvice.com/egypt/nuweibas-east-delta-bus-station/ |date=2014-07-15 }} * [http://www.allaboutsinai.com Practical Online Guide for Travellin aroond Sinai] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325095430/http://www.allaboutsinai.com/ |date=2009-03-25 }} * [http://www.sinaiweekly.com Sinai Local Magazine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610101625/https://sinaiweekly.com/ |date=2021-06-10 }} * [http://www.sharmsearch.com Sharm El Sheikh, Dahab & Nuweiba search ingine, fynd hotels, divin centers, excursion providers, restaurants, nichtclubs etc.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109055926/http://sharmsearch.com/ |date=2014-01-09 }} * [http://www.livefromsinai.com Broadcasting videos frae Sinai] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313141727/http://www.livefromsinai.com/ |date=2008-03-13 }} * [http://www.exploresinai.com The Path Less Traveled] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822005901/http://www.exploresinai.com/ |date=2009-08-22 }} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Populatit places in Sooth Sinai Govrenorate]] [[Category:Cultural Steids on the UNESCO Warld Heritage Tentative Leet]] [[Category:Port ceeties an touns in Egyp]] [[Category:Populatit coastal places in Egyp]] [[Category:Umwhile Israeli dounsets]] [[Category:Seaside resorts in Egyp]] a7zyj3o4qrflqvw0kavqr7pkl0q7vg3 0 19125 921098 911571 2026-08-18T16:15:29Z Lirazelf 27464 remuive en.wiki airtin 921098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Italian comune | name = Campagnano di Roma | official_name = Comune di Campagnano di Roma | native_name = | image_skyline = Municipio Campagnano.jpg | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = Town Haw. | image_shield = Campagnano_di_Roma-Stemma.png | shield_alt = | shield_size = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | coordinates = {{coord|42|8|N|12|23|E|type:city(9,639)_region:IT|display=inline}} | coordinates_footnotes = | region = [[Lazio]] | province = [[Province o Roum|Roum]] (RM) | frazioni = | mayor_party = | mayor = Francesco Mazzei | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 46.1 | population_footnotes = | population_total = 9639 | population_as_of = Dec. 2004 | pop_density_footnotes = | population_demonym = Campagnanesi | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 270 | twin1 = | twin1_country = | saint = Sts. [[John the Baptist]] an [[Celestine V|Celestine]] | day = 29 August | postal_code = 00063 | area_code = 06 | website = {{official|http://www.comunecampagnano.it/}} | footnotes = }} '''Campagnano di Roma''' is a ''[[comune]]'' (municipality) in the [[Province o Roum]] in the [[Italy|Italian]] region o [[Lazio]], locatit aboot 30&nbsp;km northwast o [[Roum]]. It wis first mentioned in 1076, haein been carved oot o the great estate assembled on the Roman pattern bi [[Pape Adrian I]], ca. 780, his ''[[Domusculta]] Capracorum''. Campagnano di Roma borders the follaein municipalities: [[Anguillara Sabazia]], [[Formello]], [[Magliano Romano]], [[Mazzano Romano]], [[Nepi]], [[Roum]], [[Sacrofano]], [[Trevignano Romano]]. The Airchaeological Pairk o [[Veii]] is nearbi. It is the location o the ACI Vallelunga Circuit. ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.comunecampagnano.it/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612084340/http://www.comunecampagnano.it/ |date=2008-06-12 }} {{clear}} {{Province o Roum}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Campagnano Di Roma}} llp2vdmdpm42xqt31p8b9y201d4njbt 921167 921098 2026-08-18T20:52:11Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921167 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Italian comune | name = Campagnano di Roma | official_name = Comune di Campagnano di Roma | image_skyline = Municipio Campagnano.jpg | image_caption = Town Haw. | image_shield = Campagnano_di_Roma-Stemma.png | coordinates = {{coord|42|8|N|12|23|E|type:city(9,639)_region:IT|display=inline}} | region = [[Lazio]] | province = [[Province o Roum|Roum]] (RM) | mayor = Francesco Mazzei | area_total_km2 = 46.1 | population_total = 9639 | population_as_of = Dec. 2004 | population_demonym = Campagnanesi | elevation_m = 270 | saint = Sts. [[John the Baptist]] an [[Celestine V|Celestine]] | day = 29 August | postal_code = 00063 | area_code = 06 | website = {{official|http://www.comunecampagnano.it/}} }} '''Campagnano di Roma''' is a ''[[comune]]'' (municipality) in the [[Province o Roum]] in the [[Italy|Italian]] region o [[Lazio]], locatit aboot 30&nbsp;km northwast o [[Roum]]. It wis first mentioned in 1076, haein been carved oot o the great estate assembled on the Roman pattern bi [[Pape Adrian I]], ca. 780, his ''[[Domusculta]] Capracorum''. Campagnano di Roma borders the follaein municipalities: [[Anguillara Sabazia]], [[Formello]], [[Magliano Romano]], [[Mazzano Romano]], [[Nepi]], [[Roum]], [[Sacrofano]], [[Trevignano Romano]]. The Airchaeological Pairk o [[Veii]] is nearbi. It is the location o the ACI Vallelunga Circuit. ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.comunecampagnano.it/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612084340/http://www.comunecampagnano.it/ |date=2008-06-12 }} {{clear}} {{Province o Roum}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Campagnano Di Roma}} 3wm7x6pr390hmzsrj14e3jn8ju067sy 0 32287 921139 878819 2026-08-18T20:18:27Z ~2026-45365-99 135911 921139 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hermonsnow.jpg|250px|left|thumb|[[Moont Hermon]], as seen frae the peak o [[Moont Bental]].]] The '''Anti-Lebanon muntains''' is the Wastren name for the '''Eastren Lebanon Muntain Range''' ({{Lang-ar|جبال لبنان الشرقية}}), which are a soothwast-northeast-trendin [[muntain range]] atween [[Sirie]] an [[Lebanon]].<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/27617/Anti-Lebanon-Mountains Encyclopædia Britannica - Anti-Lebanon Mountains]</ref> Its Wastren name (Anti-Lebanon) comes frae the Greek wird for ‘opposite’. The majority o the muntain range lees in [[Sirie]]. The border atween [[Sirie]] an [[Lebanon]] is lairgely defined alang the crest o the range. At its soothren end it is an aw athin the [[Golan Hichts]]. The range lees east o an parallel (opposite) tae the [[Munt Lebanon]] range. Tae the wast lees the [[Beqaa Valley]] in the north an the [[Hasbani River]] valley in the sooth. These valleys separate it frae the Lebanon range in central Lebanon. Tae the east, in Sirie, lees the Eastren Plateau which contains the ceety o [[Damascus]]. The Anti-Lebanon range is approximately 150&nbsp;km in length. Tae the north, it extends tae amaist the latitude o the Sirie ceety o [[Homs]] afore dying oot. Tae the sooth, the range coalesces wi the Golan Hichts plateau but includes the heichest peaks o [[Munt Hermon]] (''Jabal el-Shaykh'', in Arabic), at 2,814 metres, an [[Ta'la't Musa]], at 2,669 metres. These peaks are snaw-covered for hintle o the year an are locatit on the Lebanese-Sirie border. {{Coord|34|00|N|36|30|E|region:SY_type:mountain|display=title}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Further readin== *{{Cite DGRG|last=James |first=Edward Boucher |wstitle=Antilibanus |volume=1 |pages=140,141}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Anti-Lebanon Mountains}} [[Category:Muntains o Lebanon]] [[Category:Muntain ranges o Asie]] [[Category:Muntain ranges o Sirie]] p51wrsruhkko8194ndy4cfr4nsv9m6o 0 32540 921172 896351 2026-08-18T23:45:35Z Cobra 3000 28371 Cleaned up airticle an pit in tags 921172 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Needs Mair Soorces}}{{Infobox Ukrainian oblast | name = Volyn Oblast | Ukrainian_name = Волинська область | TransliteratedName = Volyns’ka oblast’ | image_flag = Volyn flag.svg | image_shield = Coat of Arms of Volyn Oblast.svg | image_map = Map of Ukraine political simple Oblast Wolhynien.png | nickname = Volyn | admin_center = [[Lutsk]] | governor = Borys Klymchuk<ref>{{uk icon}} [http://da-ta.com.ua/effort_authority/3820.htm Клімчук Борис Петрович], Database DA-TA</ref> | governor_party = | chairman = Volodymyr Voitovich<ref name=Voitovich/> | chairman_party = [[Fowkpairty (Ukraine)|Fowkpairty]]<ref name=Voitovich>{{uk icon}} [http://www.unian.net/ukr/news/news-407190.html У крісло голови облради сіла людина Литвина], [[UNIAN]] (November 19, 2010)</ref> | council_seats = 80 | raions = 4 | city_raions = | cities = 11 | CMTs = 22 | villages = 1053 | area_rank = 20t | area_total_km2 = 20144 | population_as_of = 2006 | population_rank = 24t | population = 1036891 | Density = 51.5 | postal_code = [[Ukrainian postal codes|43xxx-45xxx]] | PostalCodePrefix = [[Leet o postal codes#U-Z]] | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:UA|UA-07]] | FIPS_code = [[Leet o FIPS region codes (S-U)#UP: Ukraine|UP24]] | area_code = [[Aurie code#Ukraine|+380-33]] | website = [http://www.voladm.gov.ua/ www.voladm.gov.ua] }} '''Volyn Oblast''' ({{lang-uk|Волинська область}}, translit. ''Volyns’ka oblast’''; an aw referred tae as '''Volyn’''') is an [[admeenistrative diveesions o Ukraine|oblast]] (province) in north-wastren [[Ukraine]]. Its [[Caipital ceety|admeenistrative center]] is [[Lutsk]]. ''Kovel'' is the wastmaist toun an the last station in Ukraine o the rail line runnin frae [[Kiev]] tae [[Warsaw]]. ==History== Volyn wis ance pairt o [[Kievan Rus']] afore becomin an independent local principality an an integral pairt o the [[Halych-Volynie]], ane o Kievan Rus' [[successor state]]s. In the 15t century, the aurie came unner the control o neighbourin [[Grand Duchy o Lithuanie]], in 1569 passin ower tae [[Pols-Lithuanie Commonwalth|Poland]] an then in 1795, until Warld War I, tae the [[Roushie Empire]] whaur it wis a pairt o the ''Volynskaya [[Guberniya]]''. In the interwar period maist o the territory, organizit as [[Wołyń Voivodeship (1921–1939)|Wołyń Voivodeship]] wis unner [[Seicont Pols Republic|Pols]] control. In 1939 when follaeing the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop pact]] Poland wis invadit an dividit bi [[Nazi Germany]] an the Soviet Union, Volyn jynt the [[Soviet Ukraine]], an on December 4, 1939 the oblast wis organizit. Mony Ukrainians rejoicit at the "reunification", but the Pols minority suffered a cruel fate. Thoosans o Poles, especially retired Pols officers an intelligentsia wur deportit tae Siberie an ither auries in the deths o the Soviet Union. A heich proportion o thir deportees dee'd in the extreme conditions o Soviet labour camps an maist wur niver able tae return tae Volyn again. In 1941 Volyn alang wi the Soviet Union wis invadit bi the [[Nazism|Nazi]] Germany's [[Operation Barbarossa|Barbarossa Offensive]]. Nazis completit thair [[holocaust]] o the [[Jews]] o Volhynie in late 1942. Pairtisan activity stairtit in Volyn in 1941, suin efter German occupation. Pairtisans wur involvit in the [[Rail War campaign]] against German supply lines an wur kent for thair efficiency in gatherin intelligence an for sabotage. The region formit the basis o several netwirks an mony members o the local population servit wi the partisans. The Poles in the aurie became pairt o the [[Pols Hame Airmy]], which aften unnerteuk operations wi the pairtisan muivement. [[Image:Ukraine Fluesse mitName Oblast Wolhynien.png|left|thumb|Rivers in the destrict]] The [[Ukrainian Insurgent Airmy]] (UPA) began operatin in the region in 1942 an then spread tae ither regions o Ukraine. UPA units focht the German Airmy, Pols Hame Airmy, then the [[Soviet]]s for mony years efter Warld War II. Unner the false promise o an independent Ukraine, UPA supportit bi Nazi Germany began tae target ethnic minorities (Poles, Jews, Roushie, amang ithers) for liquidation. Some 30,000 tae 60,000 Poles (Pols soorces gae even heicher figurs) an aroond 2,000 or mair Ukrainians war killed in retaliation (see [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia]]). In Januar 1944 the [[Red Airmy]] recaptured the territory frae the Nazis. In the immediate eftermath o Warld War II the Pols-Soviet mairch wis redrawn based on the [[Curzon line]]. Volyn, alang wi the neighbourin provinces became an integral pairt o the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]]. Maist Poles who remained in the eastren region wur transferred tae the [[Recovered Territories]] o wastren Poland (the umwhile eastmaist provinces o Germany) whose German population haed been expelled. Some o the Ukrainians on the wastren side, notably aroond the ceety o Kholm ([[Chełm]] in Pols), wur an aw alloued tae muive tae Ukraine. The aurie unnerwent rapid industrialisation includin the construction o the Lutskiy Avtomobilnyi Zavod. Nivertheless the aurie remains ane o the maist landwart throuoot the umwhile Soviet Union. It currently ranks amangst Ukraine's poorest auries, likely due tae a lack o investment an a declinin infrastructur. Some o its launds are on the edge o the aurie affectit bi the [[Chernobyl disaster]]. ==Historical Steids== The follaein historical-cultural steids wur nominatit for the [[Seiven Wonders o Ukraine]]. * [[Lutsk Verkhniy Zamok|Upper Castle]] * [[Volodymyr-Volynsky historical-cultural complex]] * [[Villa-museum o Lesia Ukrainka]] * [[Paintin o the Holm's Virgin Mary]] ==Politics== ;Umwhile Chairmen o Oblast Cooncil * - 2006 Vasyl Dmytruk [[Lytvyn's Fowk Bloc|Lytvyn's Bloc]] * 2006 - Anatoliy Hrytsiuk ==Subdiveesions== The Volyn Oblast is admeenistratively subdividit intae 16 [[raions]] ([[destrict]]s), as well as 4 ceeties ([[municipality|municipalities]]) which are directly subordinate tae the oblast govrenment: Kovel, [[Novovolynsk]], [[Volodymyr-Volynskyi]], an the administrative centre o the oblast, Lutsk. {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 style="text-align:left; border:1px solid #ddd; font-size:90%; " summary="Raions o the Volyn Oblast an their caipital ceeties" |+ style="background:#ddd; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:left; font-size:111%; font-weight:bold; padding:.5em 0;" | Raions o the Volyn Oblast |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! || style="text-align:left; font-weight:normal;" | In Scots ! style="text-align:left; font-weight:normal;" | In Ukrainian ! style="text-align:left; font-weight:normal;" | Admeenistrative Center |- style="vertical-align:top;" |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0; " | || [[Horokhivskyi Raion]] | Горохівський район <br />''Horokhivs'kyi raion'' | [[Horokhiv]] <br />''(Ceety)'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | || [[Ivanychivskyi Raion]] | Іваничівський район <br />''Ivanychivs'kyi raion'' | [[Ivanychi]] <br />''([[Urban-type settlement]])'' |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0; " | || [[Kamin-Kashyrskyi Raion]] | Камінь-Каширський район <br />''Kamin'-Kashyrs'kyi raion'' | [[Kamin-Kashyrskyi]] <br />''(Ceety)'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | || [[Kivertsivskyi Raion]] | Ківерцівський район <br />''Kivertsivs'kyi raion'' | [[Kivertsi]] <br />''(Ceety)'' |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0; " | || [[Kovelskyi Raion]] | Ковельський район <br />''Kovels'kyi raion'' | [[Kovel]] <br />''(Ceety)'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | || [[Lokachynskyi Raion]] | Локачинський район <br />''Lokachyns'kyi raion'' | [[Lokachi]] <br />''(Urban-type settlement)'' |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0;" | || [[Lutskyi Raion]] | Луцький район <br />''Luts'kyi raion'' | [[Lutsk]] <br />''(Ceety)'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | || [[Lyubeshivskyi Raion]] | Любешівський район <br />''Lyubeshivs'kyi raion'' | [[Lyubeshiv]] <br />''(Urban-type settlement)'' |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0;" | || [[Lyubomlskyi Raion]] | Любомльський район <br />''Lyubomls'kyi raion'' | [[Lyuboml]] <br />''(Ceety)'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | || [[Manevytskyi Raion]] | Маневицький район <br />''Manevyts'kyi raion'' | [[Manevychi]] <br />''(Ceety)'' |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0;" | || [[Ratnivskyi Raion]] | Ратнівський район <br />''Ratnivs'kyi raion'' | [[Ratne]] <br />''(Urban-type settlement)'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | || [[Rozhyshchenskyi Raion]] | Рожищенський район <br />''Rozhyshchens'kyi raion'' | [[Rozhysche]] <br />''(Ceety)'' |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0;" | || [[Shatskyi Raion]] | Шацький район <br />''Shats'kyi raion'' | [[Shatsk, Ukraine|Shatsk]] <br />''(Ceety)'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | || [[Starovyzhivskyi Raion]] | Старовижівський район <br />''Starovyzhivs'kyi raion'' | [[Stara Vyzhivka]] <br />''(Urban-type settlement)'' |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0;" | || [[Turiyskyi Raion]] | Турійський район <br />''Turiys'kyi raion'' | [[Turiysk]] <br />''(Urban-type settlement)'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | || [[Volodymyr-Volynskyi Raion]] | Володимир-Волинський район <br />''Volodymyr-Volynskyi raion'' | [[Volodymyr-Volynskyi]] <br />''(Ceety)'' |} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.lutsk.ua/lutsk_ua/english/english.html Lutsk ceety cooncil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204135504/http://www.lutsk.ua/lutsk_ua/english/english.html |date=2007-02-04 }} {{en icon}} * [http://www.voladm.gov.ua/ Volyn Oblast State Admeenistration] {{uk icon}} * [http://www.volynregion.org/ Volyn Region (Newspaper)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805003224/http://volynregion.org/ |date=2009-08-05 }} {{uk icon}} * [http://kravchuk.ucoz.com/photo/2 Pictur album] {{uk icon}} {{Geographic Location (8-way) | Northwest = {{flag|Poland}} <br> [[Lublin Voivodeship]] | North = {{flag|Belaroushie}} <br> [[Brest Region]] | Northeast = {{flag|Belaroushie}} <br> [[Brest Region]] | West = {{flag|Poland}} <br> [[Lublin Voivodeship]] | Centre = Lutsk | East = [[Rivne Oblast]] | Southwest = [[Lviv Oblast]] | South = [[Lviv Oblast]] | Southeast = [[Rivne Oblast]]}}{{Stub/Ukraine}}{{Admeenistrative diveesions o Ukraine}} [[Category:Volyn Oblast| ]] [[Category:Oblasts o Ukraine]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1939]] i3r2w766vxjzq2ojzn98xhbinysa296 921173 921172 2026-08-18T23:47:34Z Cobra 3000 28371 Remuived maist reid airtins 921173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Needs Mair Soorces}}{{Infobox Ukrainian oblast | name = Volyn Oblast | Ukrainian_name = Волинська область | TransliteratedName = Volyns’ka oblast’ | image_flag = Volyn flag.svg | image_shield = Coat of Arms of Volyn Oblast.svg | image_map = Map of Ukraine political simple Oblast Wolhynien.png | nickname = Volyn | admin_center = [[Lutsk]] | governor = Borys Klymchuk<ref>{{uk icon}} [http://da-ta.com.ua/effort_authority/3820.htm Клімчук Борис Петрович], Database DA-TA</ref> | governor_party = | chairman = Volodymyr Voitovich<ref name=Voitovich/> | chairman_party = [[Fowkpairty (Ukraine)|Fowkpairty]]<ref name=Voitovich>{{uk icon}} [http://www.unian.net/ukr/news/news-407190.html У крісло голови облради сіла людина Литвина], [[UNIAN]] (November 19, 2010)</ref> | council_seats = 80 | raions = 4 | city_raions = | cities = 11 | CMTs = 22 | villages = 1053 | area_rank = 20t | area_total_km2 = 20144 | population_as_of = 2006 | population_rank = 24t | population = 1036891 | Density = 51.5 | postal_code = [[Ukrainian postal codes|43xxx-45xxx]] | PostalCodePrefix = [[Leet o postal codes#U-Z]] | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:UA|UA-07]] | FIPS_code = [[Leet o FIPS region codes (S-U)#UP: Ukraine|UP24]] | area_code = [[Aurie code#Ukraine|+380-33]] | website = [http://www.voladm.gov.ua/ www.voladm.gov.ua] }} '''Volyn Oblast''' ({{lang-uk|Волинська область}}, translit. ''Volyns’ka oblast’''; an aw referred tae as '''Volyn’''') is an [[admeenistrative diveesions o Ukraine|oblast]] (province) in north-wastren [[Ukraine]]. Its [[Caipital ceety|admeenistrative center]] is [[Lutsk]]. Kovel is the wastmaist toun an the last station in Ukraine o the rail line runnin frae [[Kiev]] tae [[Warsaw]]. ==History== Volyn wis ance pairt o [[Kievan Rus']] afore becomin an independent local principality an an integral pairt o the Halych-Volynie, ane o Kievan Rus' successor states. In the 15t century, the aurie came unner the control o neighbourin [[Grand Duchy o Lithuanie]], in 1569 passin ower tae Poland an then in 1795, until Warld War I, tae the [[Roushie Empire]] whaur it wis a pairt o the ''Volynskaya Guberniya''. In the interwar period maist o the territory, organizit as Wołyń Voivodeship wis unner Pols control. In 1939 when follaeing the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact Poland wis invadit an dividit bi [[Nazi Germany]] an the Soviet Union, Volyn jynt the Soviet Ukraine, an on December 4, 1939 the oblast wis organizit. Mony Ukrainians rejoicit at the "reunification", but the Pols minority suffered a cruel fate. Thoosans o Poles, especially retired Pols officers an intelligentsia wur deportit tae Siberie an ither auries in the deths o the Soviet Union. A heich proportion o thir deportees dee'd in the extreme conditions o Soviet labour camps an maist wur niver able tae return tae Volyn again. In 1941 Volyn alang wi the Soviet Union wis invadit bi the [[Nazism|Nazi]] Germany's [[Operation Barbarossa|Barbarossa Offensive]]. Nazis completit thair [[holocaust]] o the [[Jews]] o Volhynie in late 1942. Pairtisan activity stairtit in Volyn in 1941, suin efter German occupation. Pairtisans wur involvit in the Rail War campaign against German supply lines an wur kent for thair efficiency in gatherin intelligence an for sabotage. The region formit the basis o several netwirks an mony members o the local population servit wi the partisans. The Poles in the aurie became pairt o the Pols Hame Airmy, which aften unnerteuk operations wi the pairtisan muivement. [[Image:Ukraine Fluesse mitName Oblast Wolhynien.png|left|thumb|Rivers in the destrict]] The Ukrainian Insurgent Airmy (UPA) began operatin in the region in 1942 an then spread tae ither regions o Ukraine. UPA units focht the German Airmy, Pols Hame Airmy, then the [[Soviet]]s for mony years efter Warld War II. Unner the false promise o an independent Ukraine, UPA supportit bi Nazi Germany began tae target ethnic minorities (Poles, Jews, Roushie, amang ithers) for liquidation. Some 30,000 tae 60,000 Poles (Pols soorces gae even heicher figurs) an aroond 2,000 or mair Ukrainians war killed in retaliation. In Januar 1944 the [[Red Airmy]] recaptured the territory frae the Nazis. In the immediate eftermath o Warld War II the Pols-Soviet mairch wis redrawn based on the Curzon line. Volyn, alang wi the neighbourin provinces became an integral pairt o the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]]. Maist Poles who remained in the eastren region wur transferred tae the Recovered Territories o wastren Poland (the umwhile eastmaist provinces o Germany) whose German population haed been expelled. Some o the Ukrainians on the wastren side, notably aroond the ceety o Kholm (Chełm in Pols), wur an aw alloued tae muive tae Ukraine. The aurie unnerwent rapid industrialisation includin the construction o the Lutskiy Avtomobilnyi Zavod. Nivertheless the aurie remains ane o the maist landwart throuoot the umwhile Soviet Union. It currently ranks amangst Ukraine's poorest auries, likely due tae a lack o investment an a declinin infrastructur. Some o its launds are on the edge o the aurie affectit bi the [[Chernobyl disaster]]. ==Historical Steids== The follaein historical-cultural steids wur nominatit for the Seiven Wonders o Ukraine. * Upper Castle * Volodymyr-Volynsky historical-cultural complex * Villa-museum o Lesia Ukrainka * Paintin o the Holm's Virgin Mary ==Politics== ;Umwhile Chairmen o Oblast Cooncil * - 2006 Vasyl Dmytruk Lytvyn's Bloc * 2006 - Anatoliy Hrytsiuk ==Subdiveesions== The Volyn Oblast is admeenistratively subdividit intae 16 [[raions]] (destricts), as well as 4 ceeties ([[municipality|municipalities]]) which are directly subordinate tae the oblast govrenment: Kovel, Novovolynsk, [[Volodymyr-Volynskyi]], an the administrative centre o the oblast, Lutsk. {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 style="text-align:left; border:1px solid #ddd; font-size:90%; " summary="Raions o the Volyn Oblast an their caipital ceeties" |+ style="background:#ddd; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:left; font-size:111%; font-weight:bold; padding:.5em 0;" | Raions o the Volyn Oblast |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! || style="text-align:left; font-weight:normal;" | In Scots ! style="text-align:left; font-weight:normal;" | In Ukrainian ! style="text-align:left; font-weight:normal;" | Admeenistrative Center |- style="vertical-align:top;" |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0; " | || [[Horokhivskyi Raion]] | Горохівський район <br />''Horokhivs'kyi raion'' | [[Horokhiv]] <br />''(Ceety)'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | || [[Ivanychivskyi Raion]] | Іваничівський район <br />''Ivanychivs'kyi raion'' | [[Ivanychi]] <br />''([[Urban-type settlement]])'' |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0; " | || [[Kamin-Kashyrskyi Raion]] | Камінь-Каширський район <br />''Kamin'-Kashyrs'kyi raion'' | [[Kamin-Kashyrskyi]] <br />''(Ceety)'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | || [[Kivertsivskyi Raion]] | Ківерцівський район <br />''Kivertsivs'kyi raion'' | [[Kivertsi]] <br />''(Ceety)'' |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0; " | || [[Kovelskyi Raion]] | Ковельський район <br />''Kovels'kyi raion'' | [[Kovel]] <br />''(Ceety)'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | || [[Lokachynskyi Raion]] | Локачинський район <br />''Lokachyns'kyi raion'' | [[Lokachi]] <br />''(Urban-type settlement)'' |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0;" | || [[Lutskyi Raion]] | Луцький район <br />''Luts'kyi raion'' | [[Lutsk]] <br />''(Ceety)'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | || [[Lyubeshivskyi Raion]] | Любешівський район <br />''Lyubeshivs'kyi raion'' | [[Lyubeshiv]] <br />''(Urban-type settlement)'' |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0;" | || [[Lyubomlskyi Raion]] | Любомльський район <br />''Lyubomls'kyi raion'' | [[Lyuboml]] <br />''(Ceety)'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | || [[Manevytskyi Raion]] | Маневицький район <br />''Manevyts'kyi raion'' | [[Manevychi]] <br />''(Ceety)'' |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0;" | || [[Ratnivskyi Raion]] | Ратнівський район <br />''Ratnivs'kyi raion'' | [[Ratne]] <br />''(Urban-type settlement)'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | || [[Rozhyshchenskyi Raion]] | Рожищенський район <br />''Rozhyshchens'kyi raion'' | [[Rozhysche]] <br />''(Ceety)'' |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0;" | || [[Shatskyi Raion]] | Шацький район <br />''Shats'kyi raion'' | [[Shatsk, Ukraine|Shatsk]] <br />''(Ceety)'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | || [[Starovyzhivskyi Raion]] | Старовижівський район <br />''Starovyzhivs'kyi raion'' | [[Stara Vyzhivka]] <br />''(Urban-type settlement)'' |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0;" | || [[Turiyskyi Raion]] | Турійський район <br />''Turiys'kyi raion'' | [[Turiysk]] <br />''(Urban-type settlement)'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | || [[Volodymyr-Volynskyi Raion]] | Володимир-Волинський район <br />''Volodymyr-Volynskyi raion'' | [[Volodymyr-Volynskyi]] <br />''(Ceety)'' |} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.lutsk.ua/lutsk_ua/english/english.html Lutsk ceety cooncil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204135504/http://www.lutsk.ua/lutsk_ua/english/english.html |date=2007-02-04 }} {{en icon}} * [http://www.voladm.gov.ua/ Volyn Oblast State Admeenistration] {{uk icon}} * [http://www.volynregion.org/ Volyn Region (Newspaper)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805003224/http://volynregion.org/ |date=2009-08-05 }} {{uk icon}} * [http://kravchuk.ucoz.com/photo/2 Pictur album] {{uk icon}} {{Geographic Location (8-way) | Northwest = {{flag|Poland}} <br> [[Lublin Voivodeship]] | North = {{flag|Belaroushie}} <br> [[Brest Region]] | Northeast = {{flag|Belaroushie}} <br> [[Brest Region]] | West = {{flag|Poland}} <br> [[Lublin Voivodeship]] | Centre = Lutsk | East = [[Rivne Oblast]] | Southwest = [[Lviv Oblast]] | South = [[Lviv Oblast]] | Southeast = [[Rivne Oblast]]}}{{Stub/Ukraine}}{{Admeenistrative diveesions o Ukraine}} [[Category:Volyn Oblast| ]] [[Category:Oblasts o Ukraine]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1939]] 1uczn5q35zkkic6i0afqq53jy6tjguh 921176 921173 2026-08-19T01:41:28Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921176 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Needs Mair Soorces}} {{Infobox Ukrainian oblast | name = Volyn Oblast | Ukrainian_name = Волинська область | TransliteratedName = Volyns’ka oblast’ | image_flag = Volyn flag.svg | image_shield = Coat of Arms of Volyn Oblast.svg | image_map = Map of Ukraine political simple Oblast Wolhynien.png | nickname = Volyn | admin_center = [[Lutsk]] | governor = Borys Klymchuk<ref>{{uk icon}} [http://da-ta.com.ua/effort_authority/3820.htm Клімчук Борис Петрович], Database DA-TA</ref> | chairman = Volodymyr Voitovich<ref name=Voitovich/> | chairman_party = [[Fowkpairty (Ukraine)|Fowkpairty]]<ref name=Voitovich>{{uk icon}} [http://www.unian.net/ukr/news/news-407190.html У крісло голови облради сіла людина Литвина], [[UNIAN]] (November 19, 2010)</ref> | council_seats = 80 | raions = 4 | cities = 11 | CMTs = 22 | villages = 1053 | area_rank = 20t | area_total_km2 = 20144 | population_as_of = 2006 | population_rank = 24t | population = 1036891 | Density = 51.5 | postal_code = [[Ukrainian postal codes|43xxx-45xxx]] | PostalCodePrefix = [[Leet o postal codes#U-Z]] | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:UA|UA-07]] | FIPS_code = [[Leet o FIPS region codes (S-U)#UP: Ukraine|UP24]] | area_code = [[Aurie code#Ukraine|+380-33]] | website = [http://www.voladm.gov.ua/ www.voladm.gov.ua] }} '''Volyn Oblast''' ({{lang-uk|Волинська область}}, translit. ''Volyns’ka oblast’''; an aw referred tae as '''Volyn’''') is an [[admeenistrative diveesions o Ukraine|oblast]] (province) in north-wastren [[Ukraine]]. Its [[Caipital ceety|admeenistrative center]] is [[Lutsk]]. Kovel is the wastmaist toun an the last station in Ukraine o the rail line runnin frae [[Kiev]] tae [[Warsaw]]. ==History== Volyn wis ance pairt o [[Kievan Rus']] afore becomin an independent local principality an an integral pairt o the Halych-Volynie, ane o Kievan Rus' successor states. In the 15t century, the aurie came unner the control o neighbourin [[Grand Duchy o Lithuanie]], in 1569 passin ower tae Poland an then in 1795, until Warld War I, tae the [[Roushie Empire]] whaur it wis a pairt o the ''Volynskaya Guberniya''. In the interwar period maist o the territory, organizit as Wołyń Voivodeship wis unner Pols control. In 1939 when follaeing the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact Poland wis invadit an dividit bi [[Nazi Germany]] an the Soviet Union, Volyn jynt the Soviet Ukraine, an on December 4, 1939 the oblast wis organizit. Mony Ukrainians rejoicit at the "reunification", but the Pols minority suffered a cruel fate. Thoosans o Poles, especially retired Pols officers an intelligentsia wur deportit tae Siberie an ither auries in the deths o the Soviet Union. A heich proportion o thir deportees dee'd in the extreme conditions o Soviet labour camps an maist wur niver able tae return tae Volyn again. In 1941 Volyn alang wi the Soviet Union wis invadit bi the [[Nazism|Nazi]] Germany's [[Operation Barbarossa|Barbarossa Offensive]]. Nazis completit thair [[holocaust]] o the [[Jews]] o Volhynie in late 1942. Pairtisan activity stairtit in Volyn in 1941, suin efter German occupation. Pairtisans wur involvit in the Rail War campaign against German supply lines an wur kent for thair efficiency in gatherin intelligence an for sabotage. The region formit the basis o several netwirks an mony members o the local population servit wi the partisans. The Poles in the aurie became pairt o the Pols Hame Airmy, which aften unnerteuk operations wi the pairtisan muivement. [[Image:Ukraine Fluesse mitName Oblast Wolhynien.png|left|thumb|Rivers in the destrict]] The Ukrainian Insurgent Airmy (UPA) began operatin in the region in 1942 an then spread tae ither regions o Ukraine. UPA units focht the German Airmy, Pols Hame Airmy, then the [[Soviet]]s for mony years efter Warld War II. Unner the false promise o an independent Ukraine, UPA supportit bi Nazi Germany began tae target ethnic minorities (Poles, Jews, Roushie, amang ithers) for liquidation. Some 30,000 tae 60,000 Poles (Pols soorces gae even heicher figurs) an aroond 2,000 or mair Ukrainians war killed in retaliation. In Januar 1944 the [[Red Airmy]] recaptured the territory frae the Nazis. In the immediate eftermath o Warld War II the Pols-Soviet mairch wis redrawn based on the Curzon line. Volyn, alang wi the neighbourin provinces became an integral pairt o the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]]. Maist Poles who remained in the eastren region wur transferred tae the Recovered Territories o wastren Poland (the umwhile eastmaist provinces o Germany) whose German population haed been expelled. Some o the Ukrainians on the wastren side, notably aroond the ceety o Kholm (Chełm in Pols), wur an aw alloued tae muive tae Ukraine. The aurie unnerwent rapid industrialisation includin the construction o the Lutskiy Avtomobilnyi Zavod. Nivertheless the aurie remains ane o the maist landwart throuoot the umwhile Soviet Union. It currently ranks amangst Ukraine's poorest auries, likely due tae a lack o investment an a declinin infrastructur. Some o its launds are on the edge o the aurie affectit bi the [[Chernobyl disaster]]. ==Historical Steids== The follaein historical-cultural steids wur nominatit for the Seiven Wonders o Ukraine. * Upper Castle * Volodymyr-Volynsky historical-cultural complex * Villa-museum o Lesia Ukrainka * Paintin o the Holm's Virgin Mary ==Politics== ;Umwhile Chairmen o Oblast Cooncil * - 2006 Vasyl Dmytruk Lytvyn's Bloc * 2006 - Anatoliy Hrytsiuk ==Subdiveesions== The Volyn Oblast is admeenistratively subdividit intae 16 [[raions]] (destricts), as well as 4 ceeties ([[municipality|municipalities]]) which are directly subordinate tae the oblast govrenment: Kovel, Novovolynsk, [[Volodymyr-Volynskyi]], an the administrative centre o the oblast, Lutsk. {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 style="text-align:left; border:1px solid #ddd; font-size:90%; " summary="Raions o the Volyn Oblast an their caipital ceeties" |+ style="background:#ddd; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:left; font-size:111%; font-weight:bold; padding:.5em 0;" | Raions o the Volyn Oblast |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! || style="text-align:left; font-weight:normal;" | In Scots ! style="text-align:left; font-weight:normal;" | In Ukrainian ! style="text-align:left; font-weight:normal;" | Admeenistrative Center |- style="vertical-align:top;" |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0; " | || [[Horokhivskyi Raion]] | Горохівський район <br />''Horokhivs'kyi raion'' | [[Horokhiv]] <br />''(Ceety)'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | || [[Ivanychivskyi Raion]] | Іваничівський район <br />''Ivanychivs'kyi raion'' | [[Ivanychi]] <br />''([[Urban-type settlement]])'' |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0; " | || [[Kamin-Kashyrskyi Raion]] | Камінь-Каширський район <br />''Kamin'-Kashyrs'kyi raion'' | [[Kamin-Kashyrskyi]] <br />''(Ceety)'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | || [[Kivertsivskyi Raion]] | Ківерцівський район <br />''Kivertsivs'kyi raion'' | [[Kivertsi]] <br />''(Ceety)'' |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0; " | || [[Kovelskyi Raion]] | Ковельський район <br />''Kovels'kyi raion'' | [[Kovel]] <br />''(Ceety)'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | || [[Lokachynskyi Raion]] | Локачинський район <br />''Lokachyns'kyi raion'' | [[Lokachi]] <br />''(Urban-type settlement)'' |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0;" | || [[Lutskyi Raion]] | Луцький район <br />''Luts'kyi raion'' | [[Lutsk]] <br />''(Ceety)'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | || [[Lyubeshivskyi Raion]] | Любешівський район <br />''Lyubeshivs'kyi raion'' | [[Lyubeshiv]] <br />''(Urban-type settlement)'' |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0;" | || [[Lyubomlskyi Raion]] | Любомльський район <br />''Lyubomls'kyi raion'' | [[Lyuboml]] <br />''(Ceety)'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | || [[Manevytskyi Raion]] | Маневицький район <br />''Manevyts'kyi raion'' | [[Manevychi]] <br />''(Ceety)'' |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0;" | || [[Ratnivskyi Raion]] | Ратнівський район <br />''Ratnivs'kyi raion'' | [[Ratne]] <br />''(Urban-type settlement)'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | || [[Rozhyshchenskyi Raion]] | Рожищенський район <br />''Rozhyshchens'kyi raion'' | [[Rozhysche]] <br />''(Ceety)'' |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0;" | || [[Shatskyi Raion]] | Шацький район <br />''Shats'kyi raion'' | [[Shatsk, Ukraine|Shatsk]] <br />''(Ceety)'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | || [[Starovyzhivskyi Raion]] | Старовижівський район <br />''Starovyzhivs'kyi raion'' | [[Stara Vyzhivka]] <br />''(Urban-type settlement)'' |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0;" | || [[Turiyskyi Raion]] | Турійський район <br />''Turiys'kyi raion'' | [[Turiysk]] <br />''(Urban-type settlement)'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | || [[Volodymyr-Volynskyi Raion]] | Володимир-Волинський район <br />''Volodymyr-Volynskyi raion'' | [[Volodymyr-Volynskyi]] <br />''(Ceety)'' |} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.lutsk.ua/lutsk_ua/english/english.html Lutsk ceety cooncil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204135504/http://www.lutsk.ua/lutsk_ua/english/english.html |date=2007-02-04 }} {{en icon}} * [http://www.voladm.gov.ua/ Volyn Oblast State Admeenistration] {{uk icon}} * [http://www.volynregion.org/ Volyn Region (Newspaper)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805003224/http://volynregion.org/ |date=2009-08-05 }} {{uk icon}} * [http://kravchuk.ucoz.com/photo/2 Pictur album] {{uk icon}} {{Geographic Location (8-way) | Northwest = {{flag|Poland}} <br> [[Lublin Voivodeship]] | North = {{flag|Belaroushie}} <br> [[Brest Region]] | Northeast = {{flag|Belaroushie}} <br> [[Brest Region]] | West = {{flag|Poland}} <br> [[Lublin Voivodeship]] | Centre = Lutsk | East = [[Rivne Oblast]] | Southwest = [[Lviv Oblast]] | South = [[Lviv Oblast]] | Southeast = [[Rivne Oblast]]}}{{Stub/Ukraine}}{{Admeenistrative diveesions o Ukraine}} [[Category:Volyn Oblast| ]] [[Category:Oblasts o Ukraine]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1939]] 9695rrmg197y6fky9az0n44zsh9trzf 0 36515 921099 905634 2026-08-18T16:17:12Z Lirazelf 27464 remuive en.wiki airtins 921099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox U.S. state |official_name = Commonwealth of Virginia |image_flag = Flag of Virginia.svg |name = Virginie |anthem = "[[Our Great Virginia]]" |flag_alt = Navy blue flag with the circular Seal of Virginia centered on it. |image_seal = Seal of Virginia.svg |flag_link = Banner o Virginie |seal_link = Seal o Virginie |nickname = Old Dominion, Mother of Presidents |motto = {{nowrap|{{lang|la|[[Sic semper tyrannis]]}}}}<br />{{nowrap|(Scots: Sicweys Ayeweys tae Teerants)}}<ref name=factpack>{{cite web |url=http://legis.state.va.us/1_cap_class/class_media/4_5_pdfs/factpack-1.pdf |title=Factpack |publisher=[[Virginia General Assembly]] |date=January 11, 2007 |accessdate=October 14, 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028193205/http://legis.state.va.us/1_cap_class/class_media/4_5_pdfs/factpack-1.pdf |archivedate=October 28, 2008 |df= }} {{Cite web |url=http://legis.state.va.us/1_cap_class/class_media/4_5_pdfs/factpack-1.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-03-11 |archive-date=2008-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028193205/http://legis.state.va.us/1_cap_class/class_media/4_5_pdfs/factpack-1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |image_map = Virginia in United States.svg |OfficialLang = English |Languages = {{plainlist| *English 86% *Spanish 6% *Other 8%}} |population_demonym = Virginian |LargestCity = [[Virginia Beach, Virginie|Virginia Beach]] |seat = [[Richmond, Virginie|Richmond]] |LargestMetro = [[Washington metropolitan aurie|Washington-Arlington-Alexandria]] |area_rank = 35t |area_total_sq_mi = 42,774.2 |area_total_km2 = 110,785.67 |width_mi = 200 |width_km = 320 |length_mi = 430 |length_km = 690 |area_water_percent = 7.4 |Latitude = 36°&nbsp;32′&nbsp;N tae 39°&nbsp;28′&nbsp;N |Longitude = 75°&nbsp;15′&nbsp;W tae 83°&nbsp;41′&nbsp;W |population_rank = 12t |population_as_of = 2019 |2010Pop = 8,535,519 |MedianHouseholdIncome = $71,535<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0&selectedRows=%7B%22states%22:%7B%22virginia%22:%7B%7D%7D%7D&sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22Location%22,%22sort%22:%22asc%22%7D|website=The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation|title=Median Annual Household Income|year=2017|accessdate=March 16, 2019}}</ref> |2000DensityUS = 206.7 |2000Density = 79.8 |population_density_rank = 14t |IncomeRank = 10t |elevation_max_point = [[Munt Rogers (Virginie)|Munt Rogers]]<ref name=mtrogers>{{harvnb|Burnham|Burnham|2018|pp=277}}</ref> |elevation_max_ft = 5,729 |elevation_max_m = 1746 |elevation_ft = 950 |elevation_m = 290 |elevation_min_point = [[Atlantic Ocean]] |elevation_min_m = 0 |elevation_min_ft = 0 |Former = Colony o Virginie |AdmittanceDate = 25 Juin 1788 |AdmittanceOrder = 10t |Governor = {{nowrap|[[Ralph Northam]] ([[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|D]])}} |Lieutenant Governor = {{nowrap|[[Justin Fairfax]] (D)}} |Legislature = [[Virginie General Assemmly|General Assemmly]] |Upperhouse = [[Senate o Virginie|Senate]] |Lowerhouse = [[Virginie Hoose o Delegates|Hoose o Delegates]] |Judiciary = [[Supreme Coort o Virginie]] |Senators = {{plainlist| *{{nowrap|[[Mark Warner]] (D)}} *{{nowrap|[[Tim Kaine]] (D)}}}} |Representative = {{plainlist| *7 Democrats *4 Republicans}} |timezone1 = [[Eastren Time Zone|Eastern]] |utc_offset1 = −05:00 |timezone1_DST = [[Eastren Daylicht Time|EDT]] |utc_offset1_DST = −04:00 |iso_code = US-VA |postal_code = VA |TradAbbreviation = Va. |website = www.virginia.gov |LargestCounty = [[Fairfax Coonty, Virginie|Fairfax Coonty]] |ElectoralVotes = 13 |SecededDate = 17 Apryle 1861 |ReadmittanceDate = 26 Januar 1870 }} '''Virginie''' ({{lang-en|Virginia}}), offeecially the '''Commonweel o Virginie''', is a [[U.S. state]] locatit in the [[Sooth Atlantic States|Sooth Atlantic region]] o the [[Unitit States]]. Virginia is nicknamit the "Old Dominion" an whiles the "Mother o Presidents" efter the aicht U.S. preses born thare. The geography an climate o the Commonwalth are shapit bi the [[Blue Ridge Mountains]] an the [[Chesapeake Bay]], which provide habitat for hintle o its flora an fauna. The caipital o the [[Commonwalth (U.S. state)|Commonwalth]] is [[Richmond, Virginie|Richmond]]; an [[Virginia Beach, Virginie|Virginia Beach]] is the maist muckle ceety. [[Fairfax Coonty, Virginie|Fairfax Coonty]] is the maist populous poleetical subdiveesion. The Commonwalth's population is ower aicht million. ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Relatit information== {{Navboxes |title = <span style="font-size:11pt;">Topics relatit tae Virginia</span> <br /> ''The Old Dominion'' |list = {{Virginia|expanded}} {{13colonies}} {{Confederate States o Americae}} |state=expanded}} {{Unitit States poleetical diveesions}} {{Geographic location | Northwest = {{flag|West Virginia}} | North = {{flag|Maryland}} | Northeast = {{flag|Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia}} | West = {{flag|Kentucky}} | Centre = '' Virginia'': {{•}} [[Index of Virginia-related articles|Index]] | East = [[Chesapeake Bay]] | Southwest = {{flag|Tennessee}} | South = {{flag|North Carolina}} | Southeast = [[Atlantic Ocean]] }} {{Succession |preceded=[[New Hampshire]] |office=[[Leet o U.S. states bi date o statehuid]] |years=Ratified [[Constitution o the Unitit States o Americae|Constitution]] on 25 Juin 1788 (10th) |succeeded=[[New York]] }} [[Category:Virginie| ]] [[Category:Umwhile Breetish colonies]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1607]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1788]] [[Category:States o the Confederate States o Americae]] [[Category:States o the Soothren Unitit States]] [[Category:States o the Unitit States]] {{Stub/USA}} 7ia1j4oie6uexn49jk36fbdnbmeiej8 0 36550 921106 886734 2026-08-18T16:21:25Z Lirazelf 27464 remuive en.wiki airtin 921106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox U.S. state |Name = Warshington |Fullname = State of Washington |Flag = Flag of Washington.svg |Flaglink = [[Flag o Washington|Flag]] |Seal =Seal_of_Washington.svg |Map = Washington in United States.svg |Nickname = The Evergreen State |Motto = Alki ([[Chinook Wawa]]: "Eventually" or "Bi an bi")<ref>[http://www.leg.wa.gov/Symbols/Pages/default.aspx State Symbols]</ref> |StateAnthem = Washington, My Home |Former = Washington Territory |Capital = [[Olympia, Washington|Olympia]] |LargestCity = [[Seattle]] |SecondLargestCity = [[Spokane]] |LargestMetro = [[Seattle metropolitan aurie|Seattle Metropolitan Aurie]] |BorderingStates = [[Idaho]], [[Oregon]] |Demonym = Washingtonian |Governor = [[Jay Inslee]] (D) |Lieutenant Governor = [[Denny Heck]] (D) |Legislature = [[Washington State Legislatur|State Legislatur]] |Upperhouse = [[Washington State Senate|State Senate]] |Lowerhouse = [[Washington Hoose o Representatives|Hoose o Representatives]] |Senators = [[Patty Murray]] (D)<br />[[Maria Cantwell]] (D) |Representative = 8 Democrats, 2 Republicans |PostalAbbreviation = WA |AreaRank = 18th |TotalAreaUS = 71,300 |TotalArea = 184,827 |LandAreaUS = 66,544 |LandArea = 172,587 |WaterAreaUS = 4,756 |WaterArea = 12,237 |PCWater = 6.6 |PopRank = 13t |2000Pop = 7,288,000 (2016 est)<ref>https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045216/53</ref> |DensityRank = 25t |2000DensityUS = 103 |2000Density = 39.6 |MedianHouseholdIncome = $58,078 |IncomeRank = 10t |AdmittanceOrder = 42nt |AdmittanceDate = 11 November 1889 |TimeZone = [[Paceefic Time Zone|Paceefic]]: [[Coordinatit Universal Time|UTC]] [[Paceefic Staundart Time|-8]]/[[Paceefic Daylicht Time|-7]] |Longitude = 116° 55′ W tae 124° 46′ W |Latitude = 45° 33′ N tae [[49t parallel north|49° N]] |WidthUS = 240 |Width =400 |LengthUS = 360 |Length = 580 |HighestPoint = [[Mount Rainier]]<ref name=USGS>{{cite web|url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html|title=Elevations and Distances in the United States|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|year=2001|accessdate=October 24, 2011|archive-date=2012-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722022527/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=NAVD88>Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]].</ref><ref>The summit of [[Mount Rainier]] is the [[List of the most prominent summits of North America|most prominent point]] in the [[Contiguous United States]].</ref> |HighestElevUS = 14,417 |HighestElev = 4,394 |MeanElevUS = 1,700 |MeanElev = 520 |LowestPoint = Paceefic Ocean<ref name=USGS/> |LowestElevUS = 0 |LowestElev = 0 |ISOCode = US-WA |ElectoralVotes = 11 |Website = access.wa.gov }} '''Washington''' ({{IPA-en|ˈwɑʃɪŋtən|-|en-us-Washington.ogg}}) is a state in the [[Paceefic Northwast]] region o the [[Unitit States]] locatit benorth [[Oregon]], bewast [[Idaho]] an besooth the Canadian province o [[Breetish Columbie]], on the coast o the Paceefic Ocean. Washington wis cairvit oot o the wastren pairt o [[Washington Territory]] whilk haed been gien ower bi Breetain in 1846 bi the [[Oregon Treaty]] fur tae redd up the [[Oregon Boondary Dispute]]. It wis admittit tae the Union as the 42nt state in 1889. == References == {{reflist|30em}} == Fremmit airtins == *[http://access.wa.gov/ State o Washington wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716195702/http://access.wa.gov/ |date=2011-07-16 }} * {{Navboxes |title= [[File:Nuvola apps kpdf2.png|25px]] Topics relatit tae the State of Washington |list1= {{Washington|expanded}} {{WAMilitary}} |state=expanded}} {{Unitit States poleetical diveesions}} {{Geographic location| Northwest = [[Vancouver Island]] | North = {{flag|Canadae}}<br />{{flag|Breetish Columbie}} | Northeast = | West = Paceefic Ocean | Centre = ''Washington'': • | East = {{flag|Idaho}} | Southwest = | South = {{flag|Oregon}} | Southeast = }} {{succession | preceded = [[Montana]] | office = [[Leet o U.S. states bi date o statehuid]] | years = Admittit on 11 November 1889 (42nt) | succeeded = [[Idaho]] }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Washington (state)}} [[Category:Washington (state)| ]] [[Category:States o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Paceefic Northwast]] [[Category:Wast Coast o the Unitit States]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1889]] {{Stub/USA}} 11s6mgpiqiw0tfuzu3t3q77eixyfpyu 0 36666 921101 884701 2026-08-18T16:18:57Z Lirazelf 27464 remuive en.wiki airtin 921101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox department <!-- See Template:Infobox department for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Seine-Saint-Denis | native_name = | native_name_lang = fr<!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> | type = [[Depairtments o Fraunce|Depairtment]] | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_shield = Blason département fr Seine-Saint-Denis.svg | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Seine-Saint-Denis-Position.svg | map_alt = | map_caption = Location o Seine-Saint-Denis in Fraunce | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|48|54|N|02|29|E|region:FR_type:adm2nd_scale:1000000_source:frwiki|display=inline}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] | subdivision_name = [[Fraunce]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Regions o Fraunce|Region]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]] | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type = [[Prefecturs in Fraunce|Prefectur]] | seat = [[Bobigny]] | parts_type = [[Subprefecturs in Fraunce|Subprefecturs]] | parts_style = para | p1 = [[Le Raincy]]<br>[[Saint-Denis]] | government_footnotes = | leader_party = [[Socialist Pairty (Fraunce)|PS]] | leader_title = [[Preses o the General Cooncil]] | leader_name = [[Claude Bartolone]] | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_magnitude = | area_footnotes = {{ref|area|1}} | area_total_km2 = 236 | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_min_m = | elevation_max_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = 1502340 | population_as_of = 2007 | population_rank = [[Leet o French departments bi population|6t]] | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | blank_name_sec1 = [[Depairtments o Fraunce|Depairtment number]] | blank_info_sec1 = 93 | blank_name_sec2 = [[Arrondissements o Fraunce|Arrondissements]] | blank_info_sec2 = [[arrondissements o the Seine-Saint-Denis depairtment|3]] | blank1_name_sec2 = [[Cantons in Fraunce|Cantons]] | blank1_info_sec2 = [[cantons o the Seine-Saint-Denis depairtment|40]] | blank2_name_sec2 = [[Communes in Fraunce|Communes]] | blank2_info_sec2 = [[communes o the Seine-Saint-Denis depairtment|40]] | timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset1 = +1 | timezone1_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset1_DST = +2 | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = | website = | footnotes = {{note|area|1}} French Land Register data, which exclude [[estuary|estuaries]], an lakes, ponds, an glaciers lairger than 1 km² }} '''Seine-Saint-Denis''' ({{IPA-fr|sɛn.sɛ̃.də.ni}}) is a [[Fraunce|French]] [[depairtments o Fraunce|depairtment]] locatit in the [[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]] [[regions o Fraunce|region]]. In local [[slang]], it is kent as "'''quatre-vingt treize'''" (i.e. "ninety-three") or "'''neuf trois'''" (i.e. "nine three"), efter the offeecial admeenistrative nummer o the depairtment, 93. The indwallers is cried ''Séquano-Dionysiens''. == Geografie == Seine-Saint-Denis is locatit tae the northeast o [[Paris]]. It haes a surface aurie o anerly 236&nbsp;km², makkin it ane o the smawest depairtments in Fraunce. Seine-Saint-Denis an twa ither sma depairtments, [[Hauts-de-Seine]] an [[Val-de-Marne]], form a ring aroond Paris, kent as the ''[[Petite Couronne]]'' ("little croun"). Thay fuirm, thegither wi [[Paris]] an fower ither depairtments, the region o [[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]].<br> [[Image:Petite couronne.png]] == Admeenistration== Seine-Saint-Denis is made up o 3 [[Arrondissements o Fraunce|depairtmental arrondissements]] an 40 [[communes o Fraunce|communes]]: [[Image:Administrative_map_93.png|300px]] <table> <tr> <th width="33.3%">[[Arrondissement o Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Arrondissement o<br>Saint-Denis]]</th> <th width="33.3%">[[Arrondissement o Bobigny|Arrondissement o<br>Bobigny]]</th> <th width="33.3%">[[Arrondissement o Le Raincy|Arrondissement o<br>Le Raincy]]</th> </tr> <td valign="top"> #[[Saint-Ouen, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Ouen]] #[[Aubervilliers]] #[[Saint-Denis]] #[[L'Île-Saint-Denis]] #[[Épinay-sur-Seine]] #[[Villetaneuse]] #[[Pierrefitte-sur-Seine]] #[[Stains]] #[[La Courneuve]] </td> <td valign="top"> <ol start=10> <li>[[Dugny]] <li>[[Le Bourget]] <li>[[Drancy]] <li>[[Bobigny]] <li>[[Bondy]] <li>[[Les Pavillons-sous-Bois]] <li>[[Noisy-le-Sec]] <li>[[Romainville]] <li>[[Pantin]] <li>[[Le Pré-Saint-Gervais]] <li>[[Les Lilas]] <li>[[Bagnolet]] <li>[[Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis|Montreuil]] <li>[[Rosny-sous-Bois]] <li>[[Villemomble]] </td> <td valign="top"> <ol start=25> <li>[[Neuilly-Plaisance]] <li>[[Neuilly-sur-Marne]] <li>[[Noisy-le-Grand]] <li>[[Gournay-sur-Marne]] <li>[[Gagny]] <li>[[Le Raincy]] <li>[[Clichy-sous-Bois]] <li>[[Montfermeil]] <li>[[Coubron]] <li>[[Vaujours]] <li>[[Livry-Gargan]] <li>[[Sevran]] <li>[[Aulnay-sous-Bois]] <li>[[Le Blanc-Mesnil]] <li>[[Villepinte, Seine-Saint-Denis|Villepinte]] <li>[[Tremblay-en-France]] </td> </tr> </table> == History == Seine-Saint-Denis wis creatut in Januar 1968, throu the implementation o a law passed in Julie 1964. It wis formit frae the pairt o the (hitherto lairger) [[Seine (depairtment)|Seine depairtment]] tae the north an north-east o the [[Boulevard Périphérique|Paris ring road]] (an the line o the auld ceety waws), thegither wi a sma slice takken frae [[Seine-et-Oise]]. Seine-Saint-Denis haes a history as a veritable [[left-wing]] stranghauld, belangin the ''[[ceinture rouge|ceinture rouge (red belt)]]'' o [[Paris]]. The [[French Communist Pairty]] inspecially haes maintained a continued strang presence in the depairtment, an still controls the ceety cooncils in ceeties lik [[Saint-Denis]], [[Bobigny]], [[Le Blanc-Mesnil]] an [[La Courneuve]]. Till 2008, Seine-Saint-Denis an [[Val-de-Marne]] wis the anerlie depairtments whare the Communist Pairty haed a majority in the [[General councils (France)|general cooncils]] but the 2008 cantonal elections saw the socialists acome the strangest group at the Seine-Saint-Denis general cooncil (while the Communist Pairty gained a majority in [[Allier]]). A commune o Seine-Saint-Denis, [[Clichy-sous-Bois]], wis the scene o the daith o twa young fowk whilk spairkit the naitionwide [[2005 ceevil unrest in Fraunce|riots o hairst 2005]]. In October - November, 9,000 caurs wur burned an 3,000 rioters wur arrestit. == Demographics == Seine-Saint-Denis is the French depairtment wi the heichest proportion o [[immigration|immigrants]]: 21.7% at the 1999 census (see table belaw). This figur disna include the childer o immigrants born on French soil as weel as some native elites frae umwhile French colonies an fowk wha came frae [[owerseas Fraunce]]. The ratio o ethnic minorities is difficult tae estimate accurately as French law prohibits the collection o ethnic data for census takkin purposes. Housomeivver estimates suggest thare 500,000 [[Islam|Muslim]]s oot o a tot population o 1.4 million. Saint-Denis is hame tae the Union o French Islamic Organizations (UOIF) in the Bourget destrict, which annually hosts ane o Europe's major Muslim conferences, Paris-le-Bourget. In 2005, 56.7 % o young unner 18 wur o foreign oreegin includin 38% o African origin (22% frae [[Maghreb]] an 16% frae [[Sub-Saharan Africae]]). [[Islam]] is the main releegion.<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html Michèle Tribalat : "L'islam reste une menace"]'', [[Le Monde]], 13 octobre 2011</ref><ref>[[Michèle Tribalat]], ''Les yeux grands fermés'', Denoël, 2010</ref> ===Place o birth o residents=== {{France immigration |collectivity_name=Seine-Saint-Denis |census_year=1999 |metropolitan_France=72.5 |outside_metropolitan_France=27.5 |overseas_France=3.1 |foreign_French= 2.7 |EU-15=4.4 |non-EU-15=17.3 }} == Culture == A nummer o [[hip hop muisic|hip hop]] airtists come frae Seine-Saint-Denis, includin ane o the first major hip hop baunds in Fraunce, [[Suprême NTM]] (JoeyStarr an Kool Shen), as weel as [[Lord Kossity]], or mair recent acts like Tandem, [[Sofiane (rapper)|Sofiane Zermani]] or [[Sefyu]]. == Miscellaneous topics == Seine-Saint-Denis wis scheduled tae be the steid o a [[Warld's Fair|2004 Internaitional Exhibition]]. Housomeivver this event wis cancelled. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{fr icon}} [http://www.seine-saint-denis.pref.gouv.fr/ Prefectur wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070117023730/http://www.seine-saint-denis.pref.gouv.fr/ |date=2007-01-17 }} {{Depairtments o Fraunce}} [[Category:Seine-Saint-Denis| ]] 1ydilrcl7lk86g69o5ss49qgqt858aw 921165 921101 2026-08-18T20:49:41Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox department | name = Seine-Saint-Denis | native_name_lang = fr | type = [[Depairtments o Fraunce|Depairtment]] | image_shield = Blason département fr Seine-Saint-Denis.svg | image_map = Seine-Saint-Denis-Position.svg | map_caption = Location o Seine-Saint-Denis in Fraunce | coordinates = {{coord|48|54|N|02|29|E|region:FR_type:adm2nd_scale:1000000_source:frwiki|display=inline}} | subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] | subdivision_name = [[Fraunce]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Regions o Fraunce|Region]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]] | seat_type = [[Prefecturs in Fraunce|Prefectur]] | seat = [[Bobigny]] | parts_type = [[Subprefecturs in Fraunce|Subprefecturs]] | parts_style = para | p1 = [[Le Raincy]]<br>[[Saint-Denis]] | leader_party = [[Socialist Pairty (Fraunce)|PS]] | leader_title = [[Preses o the General Cooncil]] | leader_name = [[Claude Bartolone]] | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = {{ref|area|1}} | area_total_km2 = 236 | population_total = 1502340 | population_as_of = 2007 | population_rank = [[Leet o French departments bi population|6t]] | population_density_km2 = auto | blank_name_sec1 = [[Depairtments o Fraunce|Depairtment number]] | blank_info_sec1 = 93 | blank_name_sec2 = [[Arrondissements o Fraunce|Arrondissements]] | blank_info_sec2 = [[arrondissements o the Seine-Saint-Denis depairtment|3]] | blank1_name_sec2 = [[Cantons in Fraunce|Cantons]] | blank1_info_sec2 = [[cantons o the Seine-Saint-Denis depairtment|40]] | blank2_name_sec2 = [[Communes in Fraunce|Communes]] | blank2_info_sec2 = [[communes o the Seine-Saint-Denis depairtment|40]] | timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset1 = +1 | timezone1_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset1_DST = +2 | footnotes = {{note|area|1}} French Land Register data, which exclude [[estuary|estuaries]], an lakes, ponds, an glaciers lairger than 1 km² }} '''Seine-Saint-Denis''' ({{IPA-fr|sɛn.sɛ̃.də.ni}}) is a [[Fraunce|French]] [[depairtments o Fraunce|depairtment]] locatit in the [[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]] [[regions o Fraunce|region]]. In local [[slang]], it is kent as "'''quatre-vingt treize'''" (i.e. "ninety-three") or "'''neuf trois'''" (i.e. "nine three"), efter the offeecial admeenistrative nummer o the depairtment, 93. The indwallers is cried ''Séquano-Dionysiens''. == Geografie == Seine-Saint-Denis is locatit tae the northeast o [[Paris]]. It haes a surface aurie o anerly 236&nbsp;km², makkin it ane o the smawest depairtments in Fraunce. Seine-Saint-Denis an twa ither sma depairtments, [[Hauts-de-Seine]] an [[Val-de-Marne]], form a ring aroond Paris, kent as the ''[[Petite Couronne]]'' ("little croun"). Thay fuirm, thegither wi [[Paris]] an fower ither depairtments, the region o [[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]].<br> [[Image:Petite couronne.png]] == Admeenistration== Seine-Saint-Denis is made up o 3 [[Arrondissements o Fraunce|depairtmental arrondissements]] an 40 [[communes o Fraunce|communes]]: [[Image:Administrative_map_93.png|300px]] <table> <tr> <th width="33.3%">[[Arrondissement o Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Arrondissement o<br>Saint-Denis]]</th> <th width="33.3%">[[Arrondissement o Bobigny|Arrondissement o<br>Bobigny]]</th> <th width="33.3%">[[Arrondissement o Le Raincy|Arrondissement o<br>Le Raincy]]</th> </tr> <td valign="top"> #[[Saint-Ouen, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Ouen]] #[[Aubervilliers]] #[[Saint-Denis]] #[[L'Île-Saint-Denis]] #[[Épinay-sur-Seine]] #[[Villetaneuse]] #[[Pierrefitte-sur-Seine]] #[[Stains]] #[[La Courneuve]] </td> <td valign="top"> <ol start=10> <li>[[Dugny]] <li>[[Le Bourget]] <li>[[Drancy]] <li>[[Bobigny]] <li>[[Bondy]] <li>[[Les Pavillons-sous-Bois]] <li>[[Noisy-le-Sec]] <li>[[Romainville]] <li>[[Pantin]] <li>[[Le Pré-Saint-Gervais]] <li>[[Les Lilas]] <li>[[Bagnolet]] <li>[[Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis|Montreuil]] <li>[[Rosny-sous-Bois]] <li>[[Villemomble]] </td> <td valign="top"> <ol start=25> <li>[[Neuilly-Plaisance]] <li>[[Neuilly-sur-Marne]] <li>[[Noisy-le-Grand]] <li>[[Gournay-sur-Marne]] <li>[[Gagny]] <li>[[Le Raincy]] <li>[[Clichy-sous-Bois]] <li>[[Montfermeil]] <li>[[Coubron]] <li>[[Vaujours]] <li>[[Livry-Gargan]] <li>[[Sevran]] <li>[[Aulnay-sous-Bois]] <li>[[Le Blanc-Mesnil]] <li>[[Villepinte, Seine-Saint-Denis|Villepinte]] <li>[[Tremblay-en-France]] </td> </tr> </table> == History == Seine-Saint-Denis wis creatut in Januar 1968, throu the implementation o a law passed in Julie 1964. It wis formit frae the pairt o the (hitherto lairger) [[Seine (depairtment)|Seine depairtment]] tae the north an north-east o the [[Boulevard Périphérique|Paris ring road]] (an the line o the auld ceety waws), thegither wi a sma slice takken frae [[Seine-et-Oise]]. Seine-Saint-Denis haes a history as a veritable [[left-wing]] stranghauld, belangin the ''[[ceinture rouge|ceinture rouge (red belt)]]'' o [[Paris]]. The [[French Communist Pairty]] inspecially haes maintained a continued strang presence in the depairtment, an still controls the ceety cooncils in ceeties lik [[Saint-Denis]], [[Bobigny]], [[Le Blanc-Mesnil]] an [[La Courneuve]]. Till 2008, Seine-Saint-Denis an [[Val-de-Marne]] wis the anerlie depairtments whare the Communist Pairty haed a majority in the [[General councils (France)|general cooncils]] but the 2008 cantonal elections saw the socialists acome the strangest group at the Seine-Saint-Denis general cooncil (while the Communist Pairty gained a majority in [[Allier]]). A commune o Seine-Saint-Denis, [[Clichy-sous-Bois]], wis the scene o the daith o twa young fowk whilk spairkit the naitionwide [[2005 ceevil unrest in Fraunce|riots o hairst 2005]]. In October - November, 9,000 caurs wur burned an 3,000 rioters wur arrestit. == Demographics == Seine-Saint-Denis is the French depairtment wi the heichest proportion o [[immigration|immigrants]]: 21.7% at the 1999 census (see table belaw). This figur disna include the childer o immigrants born on French soil as weel as some native elites frae umwhile French colonies an fowk wha came frae [[owerseas Fraunce]]. The ratio o ethnic minorities is difficult tae estimate accurately as French law prohibits the collection o ethnic data for census takkin purposes. Housomeivver estimates suggest thare 500,000 [[Islam|Muslim]]s oot o a tot population o 1.4 million. Saint-Denis is hame tae the Union o French Islamic Organizations (UOIF) in the Bourget destrict, which annually hosts ane o Europe's major Muslim conferences, Paris-le-Bourget. In 2005, 56.7 % o young unner 18 wur o foreign oreegin includin 38% o African origin (22% frae [[Maghreb]] an 16% frae [[Sub-Saharan Africae]]). [[Islam]] is the main releegion.<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html Michèle Tribalat : "L'islam reste une menace"]'', [[Le Monde]], 13 octobre 2011</ref><ref>[[Michèle Tribalat]], ''Les yeux grands fermés'', Denoël, 2010</ref> ===Place o birth o residents=== {{France immigration |collectivity_name=Seine-Saint-Denis |census_year=1999 |metropolitan_France=72.5 |outside_metropolitan_France=27.5 |overseas_France=3.1 |foreign_French= 2.7 |EU-15=4.4 |non-EU-15=17.3 }} == Culture == A nummer o [[hip hop muisic|hip hop]] airtists come frae Seine-Saint-Denis, includin ane o the first major hip hop baunds in Fraunce, [[Suprême NTM]] (JoeyStarr an Kool Shen), as weel as [[Lord Kossity]], or mair recent acts like Tandem, [[Sofiane (rapper)|Sofiane Zermani]] or [[Sefyu]]. == Miscellaneous topics == Seine-Saint-Denis wis scheduled tae be the steid o a [[Warld's Fair|2004 Internaitional Exhibition]]. Housomeivver this event wis cancelled. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{fr icon}} [http://www.seine-saint-denis.pref.gouv.fr/ Prefectur wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070117023730/http://www.seine-saint-denis.pref.gouv.fr/ |date=2007-01-17 }} {{Depairtments o Fraunce}} [[Category:Seine-Saint-Denis| ]] s4eoikwyaie4f2minz7jjuapun6hakx 0 37993 921131 912491 2026-08-18T20:05:57Z ~2026-45365-99 135911 remuive "en:wiki" airtin 921131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox U.S. state | Name = Mississippi | Fullname = State of Mississippi | Flag = | Bird = [[Mockingbird]] | Tree = [[Magnolia]] | Flower = [[Magnolia blossom]] | Flaglink = | Seal = Seal of Mississippi (2014).svg | Seallink = [[Seal o Mississippi|Seal]] | Map = Mississippi in United States.svg | Nickname = "The Magnolia State", "The Hospitality State" | Motto = ''Virtute et Armis'' | MottoEnglish = By Valor and Arms | Former = Mississippi Territory | Music = Mississippi is known for the [[blues]] | Demonym = Mississippian | Capital = [[Jackson, Mississippi|Jackson]] | OfficialLang = [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] | LargestCity = capital | Largest Metro = [[Jackson metropolitan aurie]] | Governor = [[Phil Bryant]] ([[Republican Pairty (Unitit States)|R]]) | Lieutenant Governor = [[Tate Reeves]] (R) | Legislature = [[Mississippi Legislature]] | Upperhouse = State Senate | Lowerhouse = Hoose o Representatives | Senators = {{Plainlist| * [[Cindy Hyde-Smith]] (R) * [[Roger Wicker]] (R) }} | Representative = 3 Republicans, 1 Democrat | PostalAbbreviation = MS | TradAbbreviation = Miss. | AreaRank = 32nt | TotalAreaUS = 48,430 | TotalArea = 125,443 | LandAreaUS = 46,952 | LandArea = 121,607 | WaterAreaUS = 1,521 | WaterArea = 3,940 | PCWater = 3% | PopRank = 32nt | 2010Pop = 2,992,333 (2015 est)<ref name="PopEstUS">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2015/tables/NST-EST2015-01.csv|format=CSV|title=Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015|date=December 26, 2015|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|accessdate=December 26, 2015}}</ref> | DensityRank = 32nd | 2000DensityUS = 63.5 | 2000Density = 24.5 | MedianHouseholdIncome = $36,338 | IncomeRank = 50t | AdmittanceOrder = 20t | AdmittanceDate = 10 Dizember 1817 | TimeZone = [[Central Time Zone (North Americae)|Central]]: [[Coordinatit Universal Time|UTC]] [[Central Staundart Time|−6]]/[[Central Daylicht Time|−5]] | Latitude = 30° 12′ N tae 35° N | Longitude = 88° 06′ W tae 91° 39′ W | WidthUS = 170 | Width = 275 | LengthUS = 340 | Length = 545 | HighestPoint = [[Woodall Mountain]]<ref>{{cite ngs|designation=Knob Reset|id=EG1487}}</ref><ref name=USGS>{{cite web |url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |year=2001 |accessdate=October 24, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015012701/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archivedate=2011-10-15 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=NAVD88>Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]].</ref> | HighestElevUS = 807 | HighestElev = 246.0 | MeanElevUS = 300 | MeanElev = 90 | LowestPoint = [[Gulf o Mexico]]<ref name=USGS /> | LowestElevUS = 0 | LowestElev = 0 | ISOCode = US-MS | Website = www.ms.gov }} {{Infobox U.S. state symbols | Flag = Flag of Mississippi.svg | Seal = Seal of Mississippi (2014).svg | Coat of arms = Coat of arms of Mississippi.svg | Name = Mississippi | Amphibian = | Bird = {{Plainlist| * [[Northren mockingbird]] * (''Mimus polyglottos'') }} | Butterfly = {{Plainlist| * [[Papilio troilus|Spicebush swallowtail]] * (''Papilio troilus'') }} | Crustacean = | Fish = {{Plainlist| * [[Largemouth bass]] * (''Micropterus salmoides'') }} | Flower = [[Magnolia]] | Grass = | Insect = {{Plainlist| * [[Wastren honey bee]] * (''Apis mellifera'') }} | Mammal = [[White-tailed deer]] (''Odocoileus virginianus'') | Reptile = {{Plainlist| * [[American alligator]] * (''Alligator mississippiensis'') }} | Tree = {{Plainlist| * [[Magnolia grandiflora|Southern magnolia]] * (''Magnolia grandiflora'') }} | Beverage = [[Milk]] | Colors = reid an blue | Dance = [[Clogging]] | Dinosaur = | Food = [[Sweet potato]] | Fossil = | Gemstone = [[Emerald]] | Mineral = [[Gowd]] | Motto = ''[[Virtute et armis]]'' | Musical Instrument = | Poem = | Rock = [[Granite]] | Shell = {{Plainlist| * [[Eastern oyster]] * (Crassostrea virginica) }} | Ships = | Slogan = ''First Flight'' (unoffeecial) | Soil = | Song = "[[Go, Mississippi]]" | Sport = | Tartan = | Toy = | Other = | Route Marker = Ellipse sign 15.svg | Quarter = 2002 MS Proof.png | QuarterReleaseDate = 2002 }} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' is a [[U.S. state|state]] locatit in the [[sootheastren Unitit States|sootheastren region]] o the [[Unitit States]]. Mississippi is the [[Leet o U.S. states an territories bi aurie|32nt maist extensive]] an [[Leet o U.S. states bi population|32nt maist populous]] o the [[Leet o states an territories o the Unitit States|50 Unitit States]]. It is mairchit bi [[Tennessee]] tae the north, [[Alabama]] tae the east, the [[Gulf of Mexico]] an [[Louisiana]] tae the sooth, an [[Arkansas]] an Louisiana tae the wast. The state's wastren boundary is lairgely defined bi the [[Mississippi River]]. [[Jackson, Mississippi|Jackson]], wi a population o approximately 175,000 fowk, is baith the state's [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] an [[Leet o municipalities in Mississippi|lairgest ceety]]. The state is hivily forestit ootside the [[Mississippi Delta]] aurie, that is the aurie atween the Mississippi an Yazoo rivers. Afore the [[American Ceevil War]], maist development in the state wis alang riverfronts, as the watterweys wae creetical for transportation. Lairge gangs o sclaves war uised tae wirk on cotton plantations. Efter the war, [[freedmen]] begoud tae clear the bottomlands tae the interior, in the process sellin aff timmer an buyin property. Bi the end o the 19t century, [[African Americans]] made up twa-thirds o the Delta's property awners, but timmer an railwey companies acquired muckle o the laund efter the financial creesis, that occurred whan blacks war facin increasin racial discrimination an disfranchisement in the state. Clearin o the laund for plantations altered the Delta's ecology, increasin the severity o fluidin alang the Mississippi bi takkin oot trees an bushes that haed absorbed excess watters. Muckle laund is nou held bi agribusinesses. A lairgely rural state wi agricultural auries dominatit bi industrial farms, Mississippi is ranked law or last amang the states in sic meisurs as heal, eddicational attainment, an median hoosehaud income.<ref name="America's Health Rankings">{{cite web |url= http://www.americashealthrankings.org/MS |title= Mississippi Annual State Health Rankings - 2013 |website= America's Health Rankings |accessdate= October 5, 2014 |archive-date= 2016-04-24 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160424025323/http://www.americashealthrankings.org/MS |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.statemaster.com/graph/edu_per_of_peo_who_hav_com_hig_sch_inc_equ-completed-high-school-including-equivalency |title= Percent of People Who Have Completed High School (Including Equivalency) statistics – states compared – Statemaster |publisher= |accessdate= October 5, 2014 |archive-date= 2014-10-06 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141006083106/http://www.statemaster.com/graph/edu_per_of_peo_who_hav_com_hig_sch_inc_equ-completed-high-school-including-equivalency |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://proximityone.com/stmhi0910.htm|title=State Median Household Income Patterns: 1990–2010 |publisher= U.S. Census Bureau |accessdate= August 6, 2012 }}</ref> The state's [[catfish]] [[aquacultur]] farms produce the majority o farm-raised catfish consumed in the Unitit States.<ref>[http://msucares.com/aquaculture/catfish/ "Aquaculture: Catfish"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409072110/http://msucares.com/aquaculture/catfish/ |date=2016-04-09 }}, Mississippi State University</ref> Syne the 1930s an the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] o African Americans tae the North an Wast, the majority o Mississippi's population haes been white, awtho the state still haes the heichest percentage o black residents o ony U.S. state. Frae the early 19t century tae the 1930s, its residents war majority black, an afore the American Ceevil War that population wis componed lairgely o African-American sclaves. [[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|Democratic Party]] whites reteened poleetical pouer throu disfranchisement an [[Jim Crow laws]]. In the first hauf o the 20t century, nearly 400,000 rural blacks left the state for wirk an opportunities in northren an midwastren ceeties, wi anither wave o migration aroond [[Warld War II]] tae Wast Coast ceeties. In the early 1960s, Mississippi wis the puirest state in the naition, wi 86% o its non-whites livin ablo the poverty level.<ref>{{cite book|first=Steven |last=Kasher|title=The Civil Rights Movement: A Photographic History, 1954–68|url=https://archive.org/details/civilrightsmovem00kash |location=New York|publisher=Abbeville Press |year=1996|pages=[https://archive.org/details/civilrightsmovem00kash/page/132 132]–135}}</ref> In 2010, 37% o Mississippians war African Americans, the heichest percentage o African Americans in ony U.S. state. Syne regainin enforcement o their votin richts in the late 1960s, maist African Americans hae supportit Democratic candidates in local, state an naitional elections. Conservative whites hae shiftit tae the [[Republican Pairty (Unitit States)|Republican Pairty]]. African Americans are a majority in mony coonties o the Mississippi-[[Yazoo River|Yazoo]] Delta, an aurie o historic sclave settlement in the plantation era. ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== ;State govrenment * [http://www.ms.gov/ {{PAGENAME}} state govrenment wabsteid] ==Relatit information== {{Navboxes |title= [[File:Nuvola apps kpdf2.png|25px]] Topics relatit tae {{PAGENAME}} |state=off |list1=</span> {{{{PAGENAME}}|expanded}} {{Unitit States poleetical diveesions}} {{Unitit States topics}} }} [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}| ]] [[Category:States o the Unitit States]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1817]] {{Stub/USA}} enhksfnbaz7z6z7i2n92i6bz1bhhzgv 921144 921131 2026-08-18T20:23:36Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox U.S. state | Name = Mississippi | Fullname = State of Mississippi | Bird = [[Mockingbird]] | Tree = [[Magnolia]] | Flower = [[Magnolia blossom]] | Seal = Seal of Mississippi (2014).svg | Seallink = [[Seal o Mississippi|Seal]] | Map = Mississippi in United States.svg | Nickname = "The Magnolia State", "The Hospitality State" | Motto = ''Virtute et Armis'' | MottoEnglish = By Valor and Arms | Former = Mississippi Territory | Music = Mississippi is known for the [[blues]] | Demonym = Mississippian | Capital = [[Jackson, Mississippi|Jackson]] | OfficialLang = [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] | LargestCity = capital | Largest Metro = [[Jackson metropolitan aurie]] | Governor = [[Phil Bryant]] ([[Republican Pairty (Unitit States)|R]]) | Lieutenant Governor = [[Tate Reeves]] (R) | Legislature = [[Mississippi Legislature]] | Upperhouse = State Senate | Lowerhouse = Hoose o Representatives | Senators = {{Plainlist| * [[Cindy Hyde-Smith]] (R) * [[Roger Wicker]] (R) }} | Representative = 3 Republicans, 1 Democrat | PostalAbbreviation = MS | TradAbbreviation = Miss. | AreaRank = 32nt | TotalAreaUS = 48,430 | TotalArea = 125,443 | LandAreaUS = 46,952 | LandArea = 121,607 | WaterAreaUS = 1,521 | WaterArea = 3,940 | PCWater = 3% | PopRank = 32nt | 2010Pop = 2,992,333 (2015 est)<ref name="PopEstUS">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2015/tables/NST-EST2015-01.csv|format=CSV|title=Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015|date=December 26, 2015|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|accessdate=December 26, 2015}}</ref> | DensityRank = 32nd | 2000DensityUS = 63.5 | 2000Density = 24.5 | MedianHouseholdIncome = $36,338 | IncomeRank = 50t | AdmittanceOrder = 20t | AdmittanceDate = 10 Dizember 1817 | TimeZone = [[Central Time Zone (North Americae)|Central]]: [[Coordinatit Universal Time|UTC]] [[Central Staundart Time|−6]]/[[Central Daylicht Time|−5]] | Latitude = 30° 12′ N tae 35° N | Longitude = 88° 06′ W tae 91° 39′ W | WidthUS = 170 | Width = 275 | LengthUS = 340 | Length = 545 | HighestPoint = [[Woodall Mountain]]<ref>{{cite ngs|designation=Knob Reset|id=EG1487}}</ref><ref name=USGS>{{cite web |url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |year=2001 |accessdate=October 24, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015012701/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archivedate=2011-10-15 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=NAVD88>Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]].</ref> | HighestElevUS = 807 | HighestElev = 246.0 | MeanElevUS = 300 | MeanElev = 90 | LowestPoint = [[Gulf o Mexico]]<ref name=USGS /> | LowestElevUS = 0 | LowestElev = 0 | ISOCode = US-MS | Website = www.ms.gov }} {{Infobox U.S. state symbols | Flag = Flag of Mississippi.svg | Seal = Seal of Mississippi (2014).svg | Coat of arms = Coat of arms of Mississippi.svg | Name = Mississippi | Amphibian = | Bird = {{Plainlist| * [[Northren mockingbird]] * (''Mimus polyglottos'') }} | Butterfly = {{Plainlist| * [[Papilio troilus|Spicebush swallowtail]] * (''Papilio troilus'') }} | Crustacean = | Fish = {{Plainlist| * [[Largemouth bass]] * (''Micropterus salmoides'') }} | Flower = [[Magnolia]] | Grass = | Insect = {{Plainlist| * [[Wastren honey bee]] * (''Apis mellifera'') }} | Mammal = [[White-tailed deer]] (''Odocoileus virginianus'') | Reptile = {{Plainlist| * [[American alligator]] * (''Alligator mississippiensis'') }} | Tree = {{Plainlist| * [[Magnolia grandiflora|Southern magnolia]] * (''Magnolia grandiflora'') }} | Beverage = [[Milk]] | Colors = reid an blue | Dance = [[Clogging]] | Food = [[Sweet potato]] | Gemstone = [[Emerald]] | Mineral = [[Gowd]] | Motto = ''[[Virtute et armis]]'' | Rock = [[Granite]] | Shell = {{Plainlist| * [[Eastern oyster]] * (Crassostrea virginica) }} | Slogan = ''First Flight'' (unoffeecial) | Song = "[[Go, Mississippi]]" | Route Marker = Ellipse sign 15.svg | Quarter = 2002 MS Proof.png | QuarterReleaseDate = 2002 }} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' is a [[U.S. state|state]] locatit in the [[sootheastren Unitit States|sootheastren region]] o the [[Unitit States]]. Mississippi is the [[Leet o U.S. states an territories bi aurie|32nt maist extensive]] an [[Leet o U.S. states bi population|32nt maist populous]] o the [[Leet o states an territories o the Unitit States|50 Unitit States]]. It is mairchit bi [[Tennessee]] tae the north, [[Alabama]] tae the east, the [[Gulf of Mexico]] an [[Louisiana]] tae the sooth, an [[Arkansas]] an Louisiana tae the wast. The state's wastren boundary is lairgely defined bi the [[Mississippi River]]. [[Jackson, Mississippi|Jackson]], wi a population o approximately 175,000 fowk, is baith the state's [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] an [[Leet o municipalities in Mississippi|lairgest ceety]]. The state is hivily forestit ootside the [[Mississippi Delta]] aurie, that is the aurie atween the Mississippi an Yazoo rivers. Afore the [[American Ceevil War]], maist development in the state wis alang riverfronts, as the watterweys wae creetical for transportation. Lairge gangs o sclaves war uised tae wirk on cotton plantations. Efter the war, [[freedmen]] begoud tae clear the bottomlands tae the interior, in the process sellin aff timmer an buyin property. Bi the end o the 19t century, [[African Americans]] made up twa-thirds o the Delta's property awners, but timmer an railwey companies acquired muckle o the laund efter the financial creesis, that occurred whan blacks war facin increasin racial discrimination an disfranchisement in the state. Clearin o the laund for plantations altered the Delta's ecology, increasin the severity o fluidin alang the Mississippi bi takkin oot trees an bushes that haed absorbed excess watters. Muckle laund is nou held bi agribusinesses. A lairgely rural state wi agricultural auries dominatit bi industrial farms, Mississippi is ranked law or last amang the states in sic meisurs as heal, eddicational attainment, an median hoosehaud income.<ref name="America's Health Rankings">{{cite web |url= http://www.americashealthrankings.org/MS |title= Mississippi Annual State Health Rankings - 2013 |website= America's Health Rankings |accessdate= October 5, 2014 |archive-date= 2016-04-24 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160424025323/http://www.americashealthrankings.org/MS |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.statemaster.com/graph/edu_per_of_peo_who_hav_com_hig_sch_inc_equ-completed-high-school-including-equivalency |title= Percent of People Who Have Completed High School (Including Equivalency) statistics – states compared – Statemaster |publisher= |accessdate= October 5, 2014 |archive-date= 2014-10-06 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141006083106/http://www.statemaster.com/graph/edu_per_of_peo_who_hav_com_hig_sch_inc_equ-completed-high-school-including-equivalency |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://proximityone.com/stmhi0910.htm|title=State Median Household Income Patterns: 1990–2010 |publisher= U.S. Census Bureau |accessdate= August 6, 2012 }}</ref> The state's [[catfish]] [[aquacultur]] farms produce the majority o farm-raised catfish consumed in the Unitit States.<ref>[http://msucares.com/aquaculture/catfish/ "Aquaculture: Catfish"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409072110/http://msucares.com/aquaculture/catfish/ |date=2016-04-09 }}, Mississippi State University</ref> Syne the 1930s an the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] o African Americans tae the North an Wast, the majority o Mississippi's population haes been white, awtho the state still haes the heichest percentage o black residents o ony U.S. state. Frae the early 19t century tae the 1930s, its residents war majority black, an afore the American Ceevil War that population wis componed lairgely o African-American sclaves. [[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|Democratic Party]] whites reteened poleetical pouer throu disfranchisement an [[Jim Crow laws]]. In the first hauf o the 20t century, nearly 400,000 rural blacks left the state for wirk an opportunities in northren an midwastren ceeties, wi anither wave o migration aroond [[Warld War II]] tae Wast Coast ceeties. In the early 1960s, Mississippi wis the puirest state in the naition, wi 86% o its non-whites livin ablo the poverty level.<ref>{{cite book|first=Steven |last=Kasher|title=The Civil Rights Movement: A Photographic History, 1954–68|url=https://archive.org/details/civilrightsmovem00kash |location=New York|publisher=Abbeville Press |year=1996|pages=[https://archive.org/details/civilrightsmovem00kash/page/132 132]–135}}</ref> In 2010, 37% o Mississippians war African Americans, the heichest percentage o African Americans in ony U.S. state. Syne regainin enforcement o their votin richts in the late 1960s, maist African Americans hae supportit Democratic candidates in local, state an naitional elections. Conservative whites hae shiftit tae the [[Republican Pairty (Unitit States)|Republican Pairty]]. African Americans are a majority in mony coonties o the Mississippi-[[Yazoo River|Yazoo]] Delta, an aurie o historic sclave settlement in the plantation era. ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== ;State govrenment * [http://www.ms.gov/ {{PAGENAME}} state govrenment wabsteid] ==Relatit information== {{Navboxes |title= [[File:Nuvola apps kpdf2.png|25px]] Topics relatit tae {{PAGENAME}} |state=off |list1=</span> {{{{PAGENAME}}|expanded}} {{Unitit States poleetical diveesions}} {{Unitit States topics}} }} [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}| ]] [[Category:States o the Unitit States]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1817]] {{Stub/USA}} enohrjp83q2677oatlod1ejf0frkxqp 0 39046 921103 885235 2026-08-18T16:19:43Z Lirazelf 27464 remuive en.wiki airtin 921103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|the ither Agarak in Syunik province|Agarak, Kapan}} {{Infobox settlement <!-- Basic info--> |official_name = Agarak |native_name =Ագարակ |settlement_type = [[Commonty (Armenie)|commonty]] <!-- images and maps--> |image_skyline = Agarak Armenia.jpg |imagesize = 250px |image_caption = Agarak as seen frae the Armenie-Iranian borderline |image_map = |mapsize =150px |pushpin_map = Armenia <!-- Location--> |subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Armenie}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Armenie|Marz (Province)]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Syunik Province|Syunik]] <!-- Politics --> |leader_title = [[Mayor]] |leader_name = Mkhitar Zakaryan |established_title = Ceety |established_date = 1949 <!-- Area and population --> |area_total_km2 = 0.25 |area_footnotes = <ref>{{ARMENIAarea|Syunik}}</ref> |population_as_of = 2010 |population_total = 4881 |population_density_km2 = auto <!-- General information --> |timezone = [[UTC]] |utc_offset = +4 |timezone_DST = DST |utc_offset_DST = +5 |coordinates = {{coord|38|51|43|N|46|11|41|E|display=inline}} |elevation_m = 660 <!-- Area/postal codes & related --> |area_code = (+374) 286 |website = |footnotes ={{GEOnet2|32FA881E75833774E0440003BA962ED3}} }} '''Agarak''' ({{lang-hy|Ագարակ}}) is a ceety foondit in 1949, in [[Syunik Province]], [[Armenie]]. It is considered the soothren end o Armenie as it is locatit on the left bank o river [[Araks]] on the mairch wi [[Iran]], 9&nbsp;km sooth wast tae [[Meghri]]. The toun is on a distance o 410&nbsp;km sooth o the caipital [[Yerevan]] an 94&nbsp;km sooth tae Syunik's centre [[Kapan]]. It wis a railwey station on the demolished an nan-functionin branch [[Yerevan]]-[[Nakhchivan (ceety)|Nakhichivan]]-[[Horadiz]]. Agarak forms an [[Commonty (Armenie)|urban commonty]] (municipality). The [[Naitional Statistical Service o the Republic o Armenie]] (ARMSTAT) reportit its population wis 4,881 in 2010,<ref>{{ARMSTATdata|44}}</ref> up frae 4,801 at the 2001 census.<ref>{{ArmenianCensus|210}}</ref> ==History== Agarak occupee's a pairt o Arevik province athin the historical region o Syunik o [[Kinrick o Armenie (antiquity)|Greater Armenie]]. It wis first mentioned in the 12-13t centuries bi [[Stepanos Orbelian]] as a rural territory. Syne the auncient times, the aurie wis kent for its [[copper]] an [[lead]] mines. The name o the toun derivit frae a veelage situatit no faur frae it. Agarak wis foondit in 1949 as an aurie o wirkers an in 1954 it gained a toun status. The further development o the toun is relatit tae the copper-[[molybdenum]] plant biggit in 1958. Fowk wur brocht here frae the nearbi veelages an in a few years it became an industrial toun. In 1972 the population o the toun wis aboot 3800 an in 1979 it became 4073. The kirk Surb Amenaprkich (Holy Saviour) o the 17t century is no far frae Agarak. Currently, thare are 2 kindergartens, 1 seicontary schuil, an airt schuil, a cultural palace, 2 libraries an a fitbaa stadium in the toun. ==Economy== Agarak is considered tae be a miners' ceety. It is a centre o [[metallurgie|nan-ferrous metallurgie]]. The copper-molybdenic industrie wis recovered in Agarak syne 2001. Currently, it secures aroond 1200 job opportunities, which maks mair nor ane fift o the whole population o the toun. The industrial enterprises o the toun are the "Agarak copper-molybdenum Plant", the "Karchevan Poultry" an the "Agarak Bakery". The [[Meghri]] custom hoose an the neebourin mercat are situatit in Agarak territory. 18 organisations are registered in the toun.<ref>{{cite web| title = Syunik: Agarak| url = http://www.syunik.am/english/hamainq/| access-date = 2012-10-04| archive-date = 2014-04-28| archive-url = https://archive.today/20140428012825/http://www.syunik.am/english/hamainq/| url-status = dead}}</ref> The Armenian section o Iran-Armenie gas pipeline stairtit on 30 November 2004 in Agarak. == References == {{reflist}} {{Syunik}} [[Category:Commonties in Syunik Province]] [[Category:Populatit places in Syunik Province]] [[Category:Ceeties an touns biggit in the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1949]] [[Category:Armenie–Iran border crossins]] 27snwt391okqu3tubptgmxdwhb7owne 921162 921103 2026-08-18T20:46:54Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921162 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|the ither Agarak in Syunik province|Agarak, Kapan}} {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Agarak |native_name = Ագարակ |settlement_type = [[Commonty (Armenie)|commonty]] <!-- images and maps--> |image_skyline = Agarak Armenia.jpg |imagesize = 250px |image_caption = Agarak as seen frae the Armenie-Iranian borderline |mapsize = 150px |pushpin_map = Armenia |subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Armenie}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Armenie|Marz (Province)]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Syunik Province|Syunik]] |leader_title = [[Mayor]] |leader_name = Mkhitar Zakaryan |established_title = Ceety |established_date = 1949 |area_total_km2 = 0.25 |area_footnotes = <ref>{{ARMENIAarea|Syunik}}</ref> |population_as_of = 2010 |population_total = 4881 |population_density_km2 = auto |timezone = [[UTC]] |utc_offset = +4 |timezone_DST = DST |utc_offset_DST = +5 |coordinates = {{coord|38|51|43|N|46|11|41|E|display=inline}} |elevation_m = 660 |area_code = (+374) 286 |footnotes ={{GEOnet2|32FA881E75833774E0440003BA962ED3}} }} '''Agarak''' ({{lang-hy|Ագարակ}}) is a ceety foondit in 1949, in [[Syunik Province]], [[Armenie]]. It is considered the soothren end o Armenie as it is locatit on the left bank o river [[Araks]] on the mairch wi [[Iran]], 9&nbsp;km sooth wast tae [[Meghri]]. The toun is on a distance o 410&nbsp;km sooth o the caipital [[Yerevan]] an 94&nbsp;km sooth tae Syunik's centre [[Kapan]]. It wis a railwey station on the demolished an nan-functionin branch [[Yerevan]]-[[Nakhchivan (ceety)|Nakhichivan]]-[[Horadiz]]. Agarak forms an [[Commonty (Armenie)|urban commonty]] (municipality). The [[Naitional Statistical Service o the Republic o Armenie]] (ARMSTAT) reportit its population wis 4,881 in 2010,<ref>{{ARMSTATdata|44}}</ref> up frae 4,801 at the 2001 census.<ref>{{ArmenianCensus|210}}</ref> ==History== Agarak occupee's a pairt o Arevik province athin the historical region o Syunik o [[Kinrick o Armenie (antiquity)|Greater Armenie]]. It wis first mentioned in the 12-13t centuries bi [[Stepanos Orbelian]] as a rural territory. Syne the auncient times, the aurie wis kent for its [[copper]] an [[lead]] mines. The name o the toun derivit frae a veelage situatit no faur frae it. Agarak wis foondit in 1949 as an aurie o wirkers an in 1954 it gained a toun status. The further development o the toun is relatit tae the copper-[[molybdenum]] plant biggit in 1958. Fowk wur brocht here frae the nearbi veelages an in a few years it became an industrial toun. In 1972 the population o the toun wis aboot 3800 an in 1979 it became 4073. The kirk Surb Amenaprkich (Holy Saviour) o the 17t century is no far frae Agarak. Currently, thare are 2 kindergartens, 1 seicontary schuil, an airt schuil, a cultural palace, 2 libraries an a fitbaa stadium in the toun. ==Economy== Agarak is considered tae be a miners' ceety. It is a centre o [[metallurgie|nan-ferrous metallurgie]]. The copper-molybdenic industrie wis recovered in Agarak syne 2001. Currently, it secures aroond 1200 job opportunities, which maks mair nor ane fift o the whole population o the toun. The industrial enterprises o the toun are the "Agarak copper-molybdenum Plant", the "Karchevan Poultry" an the "Agarak Bakery". The [[Meghri]] custom hoose an the neebourin mercat are situatit in Agarak territory. 18 organisations are registered in the toun.<ref>{{cite web| title = Syunik: Agarak| url = http://www.syunik.am/english/hamainq/| access-date = 2012-10-04| archive-date = 2014-04-28| archive-url = https://archive.today/20140428012825/http://www.syunik.am/english/hamainq/| url-status = dead}}</ref> The Armenian section o Iran-Armenie gas pipeline stairtit on 30 November 2004 in Agarak. == References == {{reflist}} {{Syunik}} [[Category:Commonties in Syunik Province]] [[Category:Populatit places in Syunik Province]] [[Category:Ceeties an touns biggit in the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1949]] [[Category:Armenie–Iran border crossins]] a2u891vfb2439rb6ue7uzv5qm1ifea4 0 39069 921104 892309 2026-08-18T16:20:07Z Lirazelf 27464 remuive en.wiki airtin 921104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Meghri |native_name = Մեղրի |settlement_type = [[Commonty (Armenie)|commonty]] |image_skyline = Meghri.jpg |imagesize = 250px |image_caption = Meghri |pushpin_map =Armenia |mapsize =150px |subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Armenie}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Armenie|Marz]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Syunik Province|Syunik]] |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = Sergey Hayrapetyan |established_title = |established_date = |area_total_km2 =77.70 |area_footnotes = <ref>{{ARMENIAarea|Syunik}}</ref> |population_as_of = 2010 |population_total =4775 |population_density_km2 =auto |timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] +4 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|38|54|08|N|46|14|18|E|region:AM|display=inline}} |elevation_m = |area_code = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Meghri''' ({{lang-hy|Մեղրի}}; [[Romanize|Romanizit]] as '''Mehri''', '''Mughru''', '''Myghry''', '''Mergi''', '''Megry''', '''Megri''', an '''Mogri''') is a ceety in soothren [[Armenie]], locatit in the [[Syunik Province]], near the mairch wi [[Iran]].<ref>Robert H. Hewsen, ''Armenia: A Historical Atlas'', University of Chicago Press, 2001, p. 287</ref> The ceety's economy is based on the [[fuid industrie]], an contains a [[breid]]-bakin factory, [[cannery|canneries]] an a [[winery]]. Meghri haes a significantly milder climate than the rest o the ceeties in Armenie, an produces fruits no foond in ither pairts o the kintra. Meghri forms an [[Commonty (Armenie)|urban commonty]] (municipality). The [[Naitional Statistical Service o the Republic o Armenie]] (ARMSTAT) reportit its population wis 4,775 in 2010,<ref>{{ARMSTATdata|44}}</ref> doun frae 4,805 at the 2001 census.<ref>{{ArmenianCensus|210}}</ref> A nearbi Roushie militar base hooses aboot 2,000 sodgers, who alang wi Armenie sodgers guard the mairch wi Iran. The Iran-Armenie Natural gas pipeline passes throu the ceety. In early 2007, it wis reportit that the govrenments o Armenie, [[Roushie]], an Iran are plannin tae big an [[ile refinery]] for [[petrol]] export tae Iran. This project wad be led bi [[Gazprom]]. Meghri is the anerlie place in Armenie that produces [[pomegranate]]. ==The Meghri swap proposal== A poleetical firestorm ignitit efter the Key Wast Peace Talks atween Armenie an Azerbaijan ower [[Nagorno-Karabakh]]. Azerbaijan annooncit that Armenie affered tae swap the stretch o Armenie territory that separates [[Nakhchivan]] frae the rest o Azerbaijan, cried the Meghri strip, in exchynge for offeecial Armenie sovereignty ower the [[Lachin corridor]].<ref>''Land Swap in Nagorno-Karabakh: Much Noise Over An Unrealistic Option.''Tigran Martirosyan. 14 August 2002. Central Asia-Caucasus Institute.[http://www.cacianalyst.org]</ref> Opposition tae this plan eruptit in baith kintras, an [[Robert Kocharyan]] an [[Heydar Aliyev]] haed tae quickly disavou the proposal. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.syunik.am/ Region (marz) o Syunik] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803212528/http://syunik.am/ |date=2018-08-03 }} {{Syunik}} [[Category:Commonties in Syunik Province]] [[Category:Populatit places in Syunik Province]] tppq0aq5dqtsaazuq28v2crn1a3blmy 921161 921104 2026-08-18T20:45:45Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921161 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Meghri |native_name = Մեղրի |settlement_type = [[Commonty (Armenie)|commonty]] |image_skyline = Meghri.jpg |imagesize = 250px |image_caption = Meghri |pushpin_map =Armenia |mapsize =150px |subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Armenie}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Armenie|Marz]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Syunik Province|Syunik]] |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = Sergey Hayrapetyan |area_total_km2 = 77.70 |area_footnotes = <ref>{{ARMENIAarea|Syunik}}</ref> |population_as_of = 2010 |population_total =4775 |population_density_km2 = auto |timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] +4 |coordinates = {{coord|38|54|08|N|46|14|18|E|region:AM|display=inline}} }} '''Meghri''' ({{lang-hy|Մեղրի}}; [[Romanize|Romanizit]] as '''Mehri''', '''Mughru''', '''Myghry''', '''Mergi''', '''Megry''', '''Megri''', an '''Mogri''') is a ceety in soothren [[Armenie]], locatit in the [[Syunik Province]], near the mairch wi [[Iran]].<ref>Robert H. Hewsen, ''Armenia: A Historical Atlas'', University of Chicago Press, 2001, p. 287</ref> The ceety's economy is based on the [[fuid industrie]], an contains a [[breid]]-bakin factory, [[cannery|canneries]] an a [[winery]]. Meghri haes a significantly milder climate than the rest o the ceeties in Armenie, an produces fruits no foond in ither pairts o the kintra. Meghri forms an [[Commonty (Armenie)|urban commonty]] (municipality). The [[Naitional Statistical Service o the Republic o Armenie]] (ARMSTAT) reportit its population wis 4,775 in 2010,<ref>{{ARMSTATdata|44}}</ref> doun frae 4,805 at the 2001 census.<ref>{{ArmenianCensus|210}}</ref> A nearbi Roushie militar base hooses aboot 2,000 sodgers, who alang wi Armenie sodgers guard the mairch wi Iran. The Iran-Armenie Natural gas pipeline passes throu the ceety. In early 2007, it wis reportit that the govrenments o Armenie, [[Roushie]], an Iran are plannin tae big an [[ile refinery]] for [[petrol]] export tae Iran. This project wad be led bi [[Gazprom]]. Meghri is the anerlie place in Armenie that produces [[pomegranate]]. ==The Meghri swap proposal== A poleetical firestorm ignitit efter the Key Wast Peace Talks atween Armenie an Azerbaijan ower [[Nagorno-Karabakh]]. Azerbaijan annooncit that Armenie affered tae swap the stretch o Armenie territory that separates [[Nakhchivan]] frae the rest o Azerbaijan, cried the Meghri strip, in exchynge for offeecial Armenie sovereignty ower the [[Lachin corridor]].<ref>''Land Swap in Nagorno-Karabakh: Much Noise Over An Unrealistic Option.''Tigran Martirosyan. 14 August 2002. Central Asia-Caucasus Institute.[http://www.cacianalyst.org]</ref> Opposition tae this plan eruptit in baith kintras, an [[Robert Kocharyan]] an [[Heydar Aliyev]] haed tae quickly disavou the proposal. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.syunik.am/ Region (marz) o Syunik] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803212528/http://syunik.am/ |date=2018-08-03 }} {{Syunik}} [[Category:Commonties in Syunik Province]] [[Category:Populatit places in Syunik Province]] k4p4gpj3yojvxr1apmak24ub7ujiovr 0 39927 921124 910624 2026-08-18T19:41:35Z ~2026-45365-99 135911 remuive "en:wiki" airtin 921124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Aboot|the Mexican ceety|the state o the same name|San Luis Potosí}} {{Infobox settlement |official_name = San Luis Potosí |native_name = |settlement_type = Ceety & Municipality |total_type = Municipality |nickname = ''La Ciudad de los Jardínes''<br/>(''Ceety o Gardens'') |motto = |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = Frae left tae richt an frae top tae the bottom: Teatro de la Paz, Caja del Agua, view o the eastren pairt o the ceety, [[Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education|ITESM]] Campus San Luis, [[Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí|UASLP]] Main Biggin. |image_flag =|200px |image_seal = Coat of arms of San Luis Potosi.svg |image_shield = |image_map = Location San Luis Potosi.png |mapsize = 220px |map_caption = Location o San Luis Potosí in central-north Mexico |subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Country]] |subdivision_name = [[Mexico]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Poleetical diveesions o Mexico|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[San Luis Potosí]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |government_type = |leader_title = [[Municipal preses|Mayor]] |leader_name = Luis Miguel Ávalos Oyervides |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |established_title = Foondit |established_date = 3 November 1592 |established_title2 = |established_date2 = |established_title3 = |established_date3 = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 385 |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_km2 = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_km2 = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |population_as_of = 2010 |population_note = |population_total = 685,934 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = 1,040,822 |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_blank1_title =[[Demonym]] |population_blank1 =Potosino (a) |timezone = [[Central Staundart Time|CST]] |utc_offset = −6 |timezone_DST = [[Central Daylicht Time|CDT]] |utc_offset_DST = −5 |elevation_m = 1,850 |elevation_ft = 6,070 |postal_code_type = |postal_code = 78000 (Center) |website = http://www.ayuntamientoslp.gob.mx |footnotes = }} '''San Luis Potosí''', commonly cried '''SLP''' or simply '''San Luis''', is the caipital o, and maist populous ceety in the [[Mexico|Mexican]] [[San Luis Potosí|state o San Luis Potosí]]. The ceety lee's at an elevation o 1,850 meters (6,070 feet). It haes an estimatit population o 735,886 inhabitants in the ceety proper, an a population o approximately 1,021,688 in its metropolitan aurie which is formit wi the neebour ceety o [[Soledad de Graciano Sánchez|Soledad]] an some ither sma tounships inside the urban aurie. This maks the metropolitan aurie o [[Greater San Luis Potosí]] the [[Metropolitan auries o Mexico|tent lairgest in Mexico]]. The ceety o San Luis Potosí is locatit in the wast-central pairt o the state o [[San Luis Potosí]], at 22.16°N, 100.98°W. The municipality haes an aurie o 1,443.14&nbsp;km² (557.2 sq mi). The ceety is namit efter [[Louis IX o Fraunce]] (kent in Mexico as ''San Luis Rey de Francia'' an aw; ''Saunt Louis, Keeng o Fraunce''), who is the ceety's [[patron saunt]]. ''Potosí'' wis addit in reference tae the fabulously rich mines o [[Potosí]], [[Bolivie]], discovered some fowerty years afore the ceety wis foondit, as the exploitation o siller an gowd mines in [[Cerro de San Pedro]] near San Luis wis the main raison for the foondin o the ceety in 1592.<ref name="H. Ayuntamiento de San Luis Potosí">{{cite web|title=Historia de la Ciudad|url=http://www.sanluis.gob.mx/turismo/HISTORIA.php|accessdate=15 March 2011|archive-date=2010-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123164534/http://www.sanluis.gob.mx/turismo/HISTORIA.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Sister ceeties== San Luis Potosí haes the follaein sister ceeties in Mexico an abroad<ref name="H. Ayuntamiento de San Luis Potosí, Subdirección de Asuntos Internacionales">{{cite web|title=Ciudades Hermanas de San Luis Potosí|url=http://www.ciudadeshermanas.org/quienes_somos.asp|accessdate=15 March 2011|archive-date=2012-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525142504/http://www.ciudadeshermanas.org/quienes_somos.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> : *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Tulsa, Oklahoma|Tulsa]], [[Unitit States]] *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Pico Rivera]], [[Unitit States]] *{{flagicon|USA}} [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]], [[Unitit States]] *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Pharr, Texas|Pharr]], [[Unitit States]] *{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Almadén]], [[Spain]] *{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Santander, Cantabrie|Santander]], [[Spain]] *{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Sant Joan de les Abadesses]], [[Spain]] *{{flagicon|Bolivia}} [[Potosí]], [[Bolivie]] *{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Guadalajara, Jalisco|Guadalajara]], [[Mexico]] *{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes|Aguascalientes]], [[Mexico]] *{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Guadalupe, Zacatecas|Guadalupe]], [[Mexico]] *{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Zacatecas, Zacatecas|Zacatecas]], [[Mexico]] *{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Zapotlán el Grande]], [[Mexico]] *{{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Idrija]], [[Slovenie]] ==References== {{Reflist}} *[http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/ Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510204704/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/ |date=2013-05-10 }} INEGI: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática *[http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_sanluispotosi San Luis Potosí] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070401165115/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_sanluispotosi |date=2007-04-01 }} Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México ==Freemit airtins== {{Portal|Mexico}} *[http://www.sanluis.gob.mx/ Ceety o San Luis Potosí] Spaingie *[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1910potosi.html Plan o San Luis Potosí] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124023601/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1910potosi.html |date=2010-01-24 }} Inglis *[http://www.gentepotosina.com/estado-de-san-luis-potosi/ubicacion-y-directorio-de-templos-iglesias-y-parroquias-san-luis-potosi.html Kirks o San Luis Potosí] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100518164144/http://www.gentepotosina.com/estado-de-san-luis-potosi/ubicacion-y-directorio-de-templos-iglesias-y-parroquias-san-luis-potosi.html |date=2010-05-18 }} Spaingie {{San Luis Potosí}} {{MexicoStateCaipitals}} {{DEFAULTSORT:San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi}} [[Category:Caipitals o states o Mexico]] [[Category:Municipalities o San Luis Potosí]] [[Category:Populatit places in San Luis Potosí]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1592]] gdr9ut6u3dd7yzmntem4pfg1629cz1g 921127 921124 2026-08-18T19:50:30Z CiphriusKane 74958 Remuiv stuff relatit ti remuived images 921127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Aboot|the Mexican ceety|the state o the same name|San Luis Potosí}} {{Infobox settlement |official_name = San Luis Potosí |native_name = |settlement_type = Ceety & Municipality |total_type = Municipality |nickname = ''La Ciudad de los Jardínes''<br/>(''Ceety o Gardens'') |motto = |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |image_seal = Coat of arms of San Luis Potosi.svg |image_shield = |image_map = Location San Luis Potosi.png |mapsize = 220px |map_caption = Location o San Luis Potosí in central-north Mexico |subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Country]] |subdivision_name = [[Mexico]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Poleetical diveesions o Mexico|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[San Luis Potosí]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |government_type = |leader_title = [[Municipal preses|Mayor]] |leader_name = Luis Miguel Ávalos Oyervides |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |established_title = Foondit |established_date = 3 November 1592 |established_title2 = |established_date2 = |established_title3 = |established_date3 = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 385 |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_km2 = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_km2 = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |population_as_of = 2010 |population_note = |population_total = 685,934 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = 1,040,822 |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_blank1_title =[[Demonym]] |population_blank1 =Potosino (a) |timezone = [[Central Staundart Time|CST]] |utc_offset = −6 |timezone_DST = [[Central Daylicht Time|CDT]] |utc_offset_DST = −5 |elevation_m = 1,850 |elevation_ft = 6,070 |postal_code_type = |postal_code = 78000 (Center) |website = http://www.ayuntamientoslp.gob.mx |footnotes = }} '''San Luis Potosí''', commonly cried '''SLP''' or simply '''San Luis''', is the caipital o, and maist populous ceety in the [[Mexico|Mexican]] [[San Luis Potosí|state o San Luis Potosí]]. The ceety lee's at an elevation o 1,850 meters (6,070 feet). It haes an estimatit population o 735,886 inhabitants in the ceety proper, an a population o approximately 1,021,688 in its metropolitan aurie which is formit wi the neebour ceety o [[Soledad de Graciano Sánchez|Soledad]] an some ither sma tounships inside the urban aurie. This maks the metropolitan aurie o [[Greater San Luis Potosí]] the [[Metropolitan auries o Mexico|tent lairgest in Mexico]]. The ceety o San Luis Potosí is locatit in the wast-central pairt o the state o [[San Luis Potosí]], at 22.16°N, 100.98°W. The municipality haes an aurie o 1,443.14&nbsp;km² (557.2 sq mi). The ceety is namit efter [[Louis IX o Fraunce]] (kent in Mexico as ''San Luis Rey de Francia'' an aw; ''Saunt Louis, Keeng o Fraunce''), who is the ceety's [[patron saunt]]. ''Potosí'' wis addit in reference tae the fabulously rich mines o [[Potosí]], [[Bolivie]], discovered some fowerty years afore the ceety wis foondit, as the exploitation o siller an gowd mines in [[Cerro de San Pedro]] near San Luis wis the main raison for the foondin o the ceety in 1592.<ref name="H. Ayuntamiento de San Luis Potosí">{{cite web|title=Historia de la Ciudad|url=http://www.sanluis.gob.mx/turismo/HISTORIA.php|accessdate=15 March 2011|archive-date=2010-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123164534/http://www.sanluis.gob.mx/turismo/HISTORIA.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Sister ceeties== San Luis Potosí haes the follaein sister ceeties in Mexico an abroad<ref name="H. Ayuntamiento de San Luis Potosí, Subdirección de Asuntos Internacionales">{{cite web|title=Ciudades Hermanas de San Luis Potosí|url=http://www.ciudadeshermanas.org/quienes_somos.asp|accessdate=15 March 2011|archive-date=2012-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525142504/http://www.ciudadeshermanas.org/quienes_somos.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> : *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Tulsa, Oklahoma|Tulsa]], [[Unitit States]] *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Pico Rivera]], [[Unitit States]] *{{flagicon|USA}} [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]], [[Unitit States]] *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Pharr, Texas|Pharr]], [[Unitit States]] *{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Almadén]], [[Spain]] *{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Santander, Cantabrie|Santander]], [[Spain]] *{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Sant Joan de les Abadesses]], [[Spain]] *{{flagicon|Bolivia}} [[Potosí]], [[Bolivie]] *{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Guadalajara, Jalisco|Guadalajara]], [[Mexico]] *{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes|Aguascalientes]], [[Mexico]] *{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Guadalupe, Zacatecas|Guadalupe]], [[Mexico]] *{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Zacatecas, Zacatecas|Zacatecas]], [[Mexico]] *{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Zapotlán el Grande]], [[Mexico]] *{{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Idrija]], [[Slovenie]] ==References== {{Reflist}} *[http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/ Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510204704/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/ |date=2013-05-10 }} INEGI: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática *[http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_sanluispotosi San Luis Potosí] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070401165115/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_sanluispotosi |date=2007-04-01 }} Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México ==Freemit airtins== {{Portal|Mexico}} *[http://www.sanluis.gob.mx/ Ceety o San Luis Potosí] Spaingie *[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1910potosi.html Plan o San Luis Potosí] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124023601/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1910potosi.html |date=2010-01-24 }} Inglis *[http://www.gentepotosina.com/estado-de-san-luis-potosi/ubicacion-y-directorio-de-templos-iglesias-y-parroquias-san-luis-potosi.html Kirks o San Luis Potosí] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100518164144/http://www.gentepotosina.com/estado-de-san-luis-potosi/ubicacion-y-directorio-de-templos-iglesias-y-parroquias-san-luis-potosi.html |date=2010-05-18 }} Spaingie {{San Luis Potosí}} {{MexicoStateCaipitals}} {{DEFAULTSORT:San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi}} [[Category:Caipitals o states o Mexico]] [[Category:Municipalities o San Luis Potosí]] [[Category:Populatit places in San Luis Potosí]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1592]] jny9ep7keksekcq1ups53svi9t96weg 921146 921127 2026-08-18T20:26:56Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Aboot|the Mexican ceety|the state o the same name|San Luis Potosí}} {{Infobox settlement |official_name = San Luis Potosí |settlement_type = Ceety & Municipality |total_type = Municipality |nickname = ''La Ciudad de los Jardínes''<br/>(''Ceety o Gardens'') |image_seal = Coat of arms of San Luis Potosi.svg |image_map = Location San Luis Potosi.png |mapsize = 220px |map_caption = Location o San Luis Potosí in central-north Mexico |subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Country]] |subdivision_name = [[Mexico]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Poleetical diveesions o Mexico|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[San Luis Potosí]] |leader_title = [[Municipal preses|Mayor]] |leader_name = Luis Miguel Ávalos Oyervides |established_title = Foondit |established_date = 3 November 1592 |area_total_km2 = 385 |population_as_of = 2010 |population_total = 685,934 |population_metro = 1,040,822 |population_blank1_title =[[Demonym]] |population_blank1 =Potosino (a) |timezone = [[Central Staundart Time|CST]] |utc_offset = −6 |timezone_DST = [[Central Daylicht Time|CDT]] |utc_offset_DST = −5 |elevation_m = 1,850 |elevation_ft = 6,070 |postal_code = 78000 (Center) |website = http://www.ayuntamientoslp.gob.mx }} '''San Luis Potosí''', commonly cried '''SLP''' or simply '''San Luis''', is the caipital o, and maist populous ceety in the [[Mexico|Mexican]] [[San Luis Potosí|state o San Luis Potosí]]. The ceety lee's at an elevation o 1,850 meters (6,070 feet). It haes an estimatit population o 735,886 inhabitants in the ceety proper, an a population o approximately 1,021,688 in its metropolitan aurie which is formit wi the neebour ceety o [[Soledad de Graciano Sánchez|Soledad]] an some ither sma tounships inside the urban aurie. This maks the metropolitan aurie o [[Greater San Luis Potosí]] the [[Metropolitan auries o Mexico|tent lairgest in Mexico]]. The ceety o San Luis Potosí is locatit in the wast-central pairt o the state o [[San Luis Potosí]], at 22.16°N, 100.98°W. The municipality haes an aurie o 1,443.14&nbsp;km² (557.2 sq mi). The ceety is namit efter [[Louis IX o Fraunce]] (kent in Mexico as ''San Luis Rey de Francia'' an aw; ''Saunt Louis, Keeng o Fraunce''), who is the ceety's [[patron saunt]]. ''Potosí'' wis addit in reference tae the fabulously rich mines o [[Potosí]], [[Bolivie]], discovered some fowerty years afore the ceety wis foondit, as the exploitation o siller an gowd mines in [[Cerro de San Pedro]] near San Luis wis the main raison for the foondin o the ceety in 1592.<ref name="H. Ayuntamiento de San Luis Potosí">{{cite web|title=Historia de la Ciudad|url=http://www.sanluis.gob.mx/turismo/HISTORIA.php|accessdate=15 March 2011|archive-date=2010-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123164534/http://www.sanluis.gob.mx/turismo/HISTORIA.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Sister ceeties== San Luis Potosí haes the follaein sister ceeties in Mexico an abroad<ref name="H. Ayuntamiento de San Luis Potosí, Subdirección de Asuntos Internacionales">{{cite web|title=Ciudades Hermanas de San Luis Potosí|url=http://www.ciudadeshermanas.org/quienes_somos.asp|accessdate=15 March 2011|archive-date=2012-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525142504/http://www.ciudadeshermanas.org/quienes_somos.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> : *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Tulsa, Oklahoma|Tulsa]], [[Unitit States]] *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Pico Rivera]], [[Unitit States]] *{{flagicon|USA}} [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]], [[Unitit States]] *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Pharr, Texas|Pharr]], [[Unitit States]] *{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Almadén]], [[Spain]] *{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Santander, Cantabrie|Santander]], [[Spain]] *{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Sant Joan de les Abadesses]], [[Spain]] *{{flagicon|Bolivia}} [[Potosí]], [[Bolivie]] *{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Guadalajara, Jalisco|Guadalajara]], [[Mexico]] *{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes|Aguascalientes]], [[Mexico]] *{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Guadalupe, Zacatecas|Guadalupe]], [[Mexico]] *{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Zacatecas, Zacatecas|Zacatecas]], [[Mexico]] *{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Zapotlán el Grande]], [[Mexico]] *{{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Idrija]], [[Slovenie]] ==References== {{Reflist}} *[http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/ Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510204704/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/ |date=2013-05-10 }} INEGI: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática *[http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_sanluispotosi San Luis Potosí] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070401165115/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_sanluispotosi |date=2007-04-01 }} Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México ==Freemit airtins== {{Portal|Mexico}} *[http://www.sanluis.gob.mx/ Ceety o San Luis Potosí] Spaingie *[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1910potosi.html Plan o San Luis Potosí] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124023601/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1910potosi.html |date=2010-01-24 }} Inglis *[http://www.gentepotosina.com/estado-de-san-luis-potosi/ubicacion-y-directorio-de-templos-iglesias-y-parroquias-san-luis-potosi.html Kirks o San Luis Potosí] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100518164144/http://www.gentepotosina.com/estado-de-san-luis-potosi/ubicacion-y-directorio-de-templos-iglesias-y-parroquias-san-luis-potosi.html |date=2010-05-18 }} Spaingie {{San Luis Potosí}} {{MexicoStateCaipitals}} {{DEFAULTSORT:San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi}} [[Category:Caipitals o states o Mexico]] [[Category:Municipalities o San Luis Potosí]] [[Category:Populatit places in San Luis Potosí]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1592]] 7ypjamlhs6vi4k7h52cu0ufj6bl11qt 0 40917 921133 851963 2026-08-18T20:11:33Z ~2026-45365-99 135911 remuive "en:wiki" airtin 921133 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Aboot|the ceety in Cuba||Perico}} {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Perico |other_name = |native_name = |nickname = |settlement_type = [[Municipalities o Cuba|Municipality]] |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |city_logo = |citylogo_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Cuba |pushpin_label_position = none |pushpin_map_caption = Location o Perico in [[Cuba]] |pushpin_mapsize = 280 <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Cuba}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces o Cuba|Province]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Matanzas Province|Matanzas]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = Foondit |established_date = 1874<ref name=guije/> |established_title2 = Established |established_date2 = 1879 |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = |area_footnotes =<ref name=statoids/> |area_total_km2 = 278 |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = 2004 |population_footnotes = <ref name=atenas/> |population_note = |population_total = 31147 |population_density_km2 = 112.0 |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1 = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[Eastren Time Zone|EST]] |utc_offset = -5 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|22|46|31|N|81|00|55|W|region:CU|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = 35 <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = |postal_code = |area_code = +53-52 |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} <!--Infobox ends--> '''Perico''' is a municipality an ceety in the [[Matanzas Province]] o [[Cuba]]. It is locatit sooth o [[Marti, Cuba|Marti]], north o [[Colón, Cuba|Colón]] an east o [[Jovellanos]]. The municipality is dividit intae the [[barrio]]s o Altamisal, Norte, Quintana, Roque, Sur an Tinguaro.<ref name=guije>{{Cite web|url=http://www.guije.com/pueblo/municipios/mperico/index.htm|title=Perico|author=Guije.com|accessdate=2007-10-07}} {{Es icon}}</ref> It wis foondit in 1874<ref name=guije/> near a garrison o the Spainyie colonial ceevil guard. The name wis chyngit in 1885 tae [[Miguel de Cervantes]], then restored tae Perico in 1899. ==Demografics== In 2004, the municipality o Perico haed a population o 31,147.<ref name=atenas>{{Cite web| url=http://www.atenas.inf.cu/todo/Estadisticas/TABLA%20No_3balance.htm| title=2004 Population trends, by Province and Municipality| author=Atenas.cu| year=2004| accessdate=2007-10-07| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927111826/http://www.atenas.inf.cu/todo/Estadisticas/TABLA+No_3balance.htm| archivedate=2007-09-27| url-status=dead}}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927111826/http://www.atenas.inf.cu/todo/Estadisticas/TABLA+No_3balance.htm |date=2007-09-27 }} {{Es icon}}</ref> Wi a tot aurie o {{convert|278|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}},<ref name=statoids>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statoids.com/ycu.html|title=Municipios of Cuba|author=Statoids| year=2003| month=July| accessdate=2007-10-07}}</ref> it haes a population densitie o {{convert|112.0|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}}. == Notable fowk == *[[Félix Navarro Rodríguez]], dissident<ref name=AI>{{cite web |url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AMR25/002/2005/en/445eb0f6-d527-11dd-8a23-d58a49c0d652/amr250022005en.html |title=Prisoners of conscience: 71 longing for freedom |date=18 March 2005 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=25 July 2012 |archive-date=2013-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103162225/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AMR25/002/2005/en/445eb0f6-d527-11dd-8a23-d58a49c0d652/amr250022005en.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He wis later released. ==See an aw== *[[Municipalities o Cuba]] *[[Leet o ceeties in Cuba]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{Municipalities in Matanzas}} [[Category:Populatit places in Matanzas Province]] 16dtl2flzbd4utrhyp6r36ey5gf1h6o 921142 921133 2026-08-18T20:20:48Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Aboot|the ceety in Cuba||Perico}} {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Perico |settlement_type = [[Municipalities o Cuba|Municipality]] |pushpin_map = Cuba |pushpin_label_position = none |pushpin_map_caption = Location o Perico in [[Cuba]] |pushpin_mapsize = 280 <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Cuba}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces o Cuba|Province]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Matanzas Province|Matanzas]] |established_title = Foondit |established_date = 1874<ref name=guije/> |established_title2 = Established |established_date2 = 1879 |area_footnotes =<ref name=statoids/> |area_total_km2 = 278 |population_as_of = 2004 |population_footnotes = <ref name=atenas/> |population_total = 31147 |population_density_km2 = 112.0 |timezone = [[Eastren Time Zone|EST]] |utc_offset = -5 |coordinates = {{coord|22|46|31|N|81|00|55|W|region:CU|display=inline}} |elevation_m = 35 |area_code = +53-52 }} '''Perico''' is a municipality an ceety in the [[Matanzas Province]] o [[Cuba]]. It is locatit sooth o [[Marti, Cuba|Marti]], north o [[Colón, Cuba|Colón]] an east o [[Jovellanos]]. The municipality is dividit intae the [[barrio]]s o Altamisal, Norte, Quintana, Roque, Sur an Tinguaro.<ref name=guije>{{Cite web|url=http://www.guije.com/pueblo/municipios/mperico/index.htm|title=Perico|author=Guije.com|accessdate=2007-10-07}} {{Es icon}}</ref> It wis foondit in 1874<ref name=guije/> near a garrison o the Spainyie colonial ceevil guard. The name wis chyngit in 1885 tae [[Miguel de Cervantes]], then restored tae Perico in 1899. ==Demografics== In 2004, the municipality o Perico haed a population o 31,147.<ref name=atenas>{{Cite web| url=http://www.atenas.inf.cu/todo/Estadisticas/TABLA%20No_3balance.htm| title=2004 Population trends, by Province and Municipality| author=Atenas.cu| year=2004| accessdate=2007-10-07| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927111826/http://www.atenas.inf.cu/todo/Estadisticas/TABLA+No_3balance.htm| archivedate=2007-09-27| url-status=dead}}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927111826/http://www.atenas.inf.cu/todo/Estadisticas/TABLA+No_3balance.htm |date=2007-09-27 }} {{Es icon}}</ref> Wi a tot aurie o {{convert|278|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}},<ref name=statoids>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statoids.com/ycu.html|title=Municipios of Cuba|author=Statoids| year=2003| month=July| accessdate=2007-10-07}}</ref> it haes a population densitie o {{convert|112.0|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}}. == Notable fowk == *[[Félix Navarro Rodríguez]], dissident<ref name=AI>{{cite web |url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AMR25/002/2005/en/445eb0f6-d527-11dd-8a23-d58a49c0d652/amr250022005en.html |title=Prisoners of conscience: 71 longing for freedom |date=18 March 2005 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=25 July 2012 |archive-date=2013-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103162225/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AMR25/002/2005/en/445eb0f6-d527-11dd-8a23-d58a49c0d652/amr250022005en.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He wis later released. ==See an aw== *[[Municipalities o Cuba]] *[[Leet o ceeties in Cuba]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{Municipalities in Matanzas}} [[Category:Populatit places in Matanzas Province]] r4fna5ubqajx1kzor7iw9k19z1kqhpz 0 42116 921113 911511 2026-08-18T16:28:14Z Lirazelf 27464 remuive en.wiki airtin 921113 wikitext text/x-wiki :'''''Oaxaca''' is the name o baith a state in Mexico an that state's caipital ceety. This airticle is aboot the ceety/municipality. For the state, see [[Oaxaca]].'' {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Oaxaca de Juárez |name = Oaxaca |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = Ceety & Municipality |total_type = Ceety |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = Oaxaca centro.jpg |imagesize = 275px |image_caption = A Street in dountoun Oaxaca |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = Escudo_de_oaxaca.png |seal_size = 200px |image_shield = |shield_size = |city_logo = |citylogo_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Mexico |pushpin_label_position = above |pushpin_mapsize = 260 |pushpin_map_caption = Location in Mexico <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Mexico]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Poleetical diveesions o Mexico|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Oaxaca]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = Municipal Preses |leader_name = [[Luis Julián Ugartechea Begué]] ([[Naitional Action Pairty (Mexico)|PAN]]) (2011-) |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = Foondit |established_date = 1532 |established_title2 = Municipal Status |established_date2 = 1879 |established_title3 = |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 =85.48 |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = 2005 |population_footnotes = Municipality |population_note = |population_total = 265,006 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title = Seat |population_blank1 = 258,008<!-- population of seat --> |population_blank2_title = |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[Central Staundart Time|CST]] |utc_offset = −6 |timezone_DST = [[Central Daylicht Time|CDT]] |utc_offset_DST = −5 |coordinates = {{coord|17|04|04|N|96|43|12|W|region:MX|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = o seat |elevation_m = 1555 |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = Postal code (of seat) <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = 68000 |area_code = 951 |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = [[Demonym]] |blank1_info = |website = {{es icon}} [http://www.municipiodeoaxaca.gob.mx /Official site] |footnotes = }} {{Infobox Warld Heritage Steid | WHS = Historic Centre o Oaxaca an Airchaeological Steid o [[Monte Albán]] | Image = [[File:Oaxaca at night.jpg|300px|A view o ceety o Oaxaca de Juarez frae the Cerro de Fortín.]] | State Party = [[Mexico]] | Type = Cultural | Criteria = i, ii, iii, iv | ID = 415 | Region = Laitin Americae an the Caribbean | Year = 1987 | Session = 11t | Link = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/415 }} The ceety an municipality o '''Oaxaca de Juárez,''' or simply Oaxaca, is the caipital an lairgest ceety o the Mexican state o the same name ([[Oaxaca]]). It is locatit in the [[Centro Destrict, Oaxaca|Centro Destrict]] in the [[Valles Centrales de Oaxaca|Valles Centrales]] region o the state, in the fuithills o the Sierra Madre at the base o the Cerro del Fortín extendin tae the banks o the [[Atoyac River]].<ref name="encmuc">{{cite web |title= Enciclopedia de los Municipios de Mexico-Oaxaca:Oaxaca de Juárez |url= http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/oaxaca/ |language= Spanish |accessdate= 8 September 2009 |archive-date= 2013-01-10 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130110091824/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/oaxaca/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> This ceety relees hivily on tourism, which is based on its lairge nummer o colonial-era structurs as well as the native [[Zapotec ceevilization|Zapotec]] an [[Mixtec]] culturs an aircheological steids.<ref name="encmuc"/> It, alang wi the aircheological steid o [[Monte Albán]], wur namit a [[Warld Heritage Steid]] in 1987.<ref name="forumstat">{{cite report |title=The measurement of the economic impact and damage to Oaxaca City tourism economy, after the sociopolitical movement in 2006. |last=Rivera Rosas |first=Ricardo |year=2008 |publisher=9th internacional forum of Tourism Statistics |url=http://www.forumstat.tourisme.gouv.fr/ftp/ang_S5_6_oaxaca.pdf }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It is the hame o the month-lang cultural festival cried the "[[Guelaguetza]]" an aw, which featurs Oaxacan dance, muisic an a beauty pageant for indigenous weemen.<ref name="guelaguetzagob">{{cite web |author=Municipality of Oaxaca |title=Guelaguetza |url=http://www.oaxacainfo.gob.mx/?mod=topic&topic=guelaguetza |location=Oaxaca |trans_title=Guelaguetza |language=Spanish |accessdate=8 September 2009 |archive-date=2009-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828111224/http://www.oaxacainfo.gob.mx/?m& |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is elk-namit "la Verde Antequera" (the green Antequera) due tae its prior name (Nueva Antequera) an the variety o structurs biggit frae a native green stane.<ref name="MexDesOax">{{cite journal |last=Quintanar Hinojosa |first=Beatriz |year=2007 |month=August |title=Oaxaca: jubilo de los sentidos |journal=Guía México Desconocido: Oaxaca |volume=137 |pages=10–22 |url=http://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx }}</ref> The name Oaxaca is derivit frae the Nahuatl name for the place, Huaxyacac, which wis Hispanicisit tae Guajaca, later spelt Oaxaca. "de Juárez" wis addit in honour o [[Benito Juárez]], who wis a native o this state. The coat of airms for the municipality bears the image o the decapitatit Donaji, who wis an indigenous princess in the years immediately efter the Conquest.<ref name="encmuc"/> ==History== [[File:Monte Alban temple 2006 08.JPG|thumb|left|Monte Albán is regardit as the historical antecedent o the modren ceety o Oaxaca.]] Thare haed been Zapotec an Mixtec dounsets in [[Valley o Oaxaca]] for thoosans o years, especially in connection wi the important auncient centers o Monte Albán an [[Mitla]], which are close tae modren Oaxaca ceety.<ref name="MexDesOax"/> The [[Aztec]]s entered the glen in 1440 an namit it "Huaxyacac," a Nahuatl phrase meanin "amang the huaje" ([[Leucaena leucocephala]]) trees. A strategic militar poseetion wis creatit here, at wha is nou cried the Cerro (lairge hill) del Fortín tae keep an ee on the Zapotec caipital o [[Zaachila]] an secur the tred route atween the [[Valley o Mexico]], [[Tehuantepec]] an wha is nou [[Central Americae]].<ref name="cumple476">{{cite web |author=Oaxaca.org |title=Oaxaca cumple 476 años como ciudad |url=http://www.oaxaca.org/Links/historia/oaxaca476.html |trans_title=Oaxaca celebrates is 476th anniversary as a city |language=Spanish |accessdate=8 September 2009 |archive-date=2017-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312062900/http://www.oaxaca.org/Links/historia/oaxaca476.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> When the Spaingie arrivit in 1521, the Zapotecs an the Mixtecs wur involvit in ane o thair mony wars. [[Spaingie conquest o the Aztec Empire|Spaingie conquest]] wad end this fechtin.<ref name="climahistoria">{{cite web |title= Fundación e historia de Oaxaca de Juárez |url= http://www.elclima.com.mx/fundacion_e_historia_de_oaxaca_de_juarez.htm |publisher= El Clima |language=Spanish |accessdate=8 September 2009}}</ref> The first Spaingie expedeetion here arrivit late in 1521, heidit bi Caiptain Francisco de Orozco, an accompaniet bi 400 Aztecs.<ref name="cumple476"/> [[Hernán Cortés]] sent Francisco de Orozco tae Oaxaca acause [[Moctezuma II]] said that the Aztec's gowd came frae thare.<ref name="climahistoria"/> The Spaingie expedeetion unner Orozco set aboot biggin a Spaingie ceety whare the Aztec militar post wis at the base o the Cerro de Fortín. The first mass wis said here bi Chaplain Juan Díaz on the bank o the Atoyac River unner a lairge huaje tree, whare the Kirk o San Juan de Dios wad be constructit later. This same chaplain addit saunts’ names tae the surroondin veelages in addition tae keepin thair Nahuatl names: Santa María Oaxaca, [[San Martín Mexicapan]], [[San Juan Chapultepec]], [[Santo Tomas Xochimilco]], [[San Matías Jalatlaco]], [[Santiago Tepeaca]], etc. This group o Spaniards chose thair first mayor, Gutierres de Badajoc, thair first toun cooncil an began construction o the cathedral o Oaxaca in 1522. Thair name for the dounset wis Guajaca, a Hispanization o the Nahuatl name (which wad later be respelt as Oaxaca).<ref name="cumple476"/> The establishment o the relatively unthirlt veelage did no suit Hernán Cortes, who wantit pouer ower the entire region for hissel. Cortés sent [[Pedro de Alvarado]], who proceedit tae drive oot maist o the veelage's population. The oreeginal Spaingie settlers appealed tae the Spaingie croun tae recognise the veelage thay foondit, which it did in 1526, wi laund dividit amang the Spaniards o Orozco's expedeetion. Housomeivver, this did no stap Cortés frae drivin oot the population o the veelage ance again an replacin the toun cooncil anerlie three month efter ryal recognition. Ance again, the oreeginal foonders appealed tae Spaingie ryal authority, this time tae the viceroy in Mexico Ceety, [[Nuño de Guzmán]]. This viceroy sidit wi the oreeginal foonders an aw, an the toun wis refoondit in 1529 as Antequera, in honour o Nuño de Guzmán's hametoun. Francisco de Herrera convened the new, [[Spaingie Croun|Croun]]-appruivit toun cooncil,<ref name="cumple476"/> an the first layoot o the dounset wis mappit oot bi Juan Peláez de Berrio.<ref name="encmuc"/> In the meantime, Cortés wis able tae obtain frae the croun the title o the Marquis o the Valley o Oaxaca, which contains the disputit veelage. This permittit him tae tax the aurie hivily, an tae hae control o the territory that surroondit the veelage. The veelage wis then in a poseetion o haein tae survive surroondit bi veelages which answered tae Cortés. Thir veelages no anerlie did no tak orders frae Antequera, thay wur hostile tae it, maistly likely encouragit bi Cortés.<ref name="cumple476"/> Tae coonter this, the veelage petitioned the croun tae be elevatit tae the status o a ceety, which wad gie it certaint richts, privileges an exceptions. It wad ensur that the dounset wad remain unner the direct control o the keeng an aw, rather than o Cortés. This petition wis grantit in 1532 bi [[Charles V o Spain]].<ref name="encmuc"/><ref name="cumple476"/> Efter the [[Mexican War o Unthirldom|unthirldom o Mexico]] in 1821, the ceety became the seat o a municipality, an baith the name o the ceety an the municipality became Oaxaca, chyngit frae Antequera. In 1872, "de Juárez" as addit tae the ceety an municipality names tae honour Benito Juárez, who began his legal an poleetical career here.<ref name="encmuc"/> The [[2006 Oaxaca protests]] began as a teachers’ protest, occupyin the main square, or Zocalo, o Oaxaca ceety in Mey 2006. Increases in wages an employment benefits wur annooncit a short time later, but an internal conflict in the local teachers’ union led tae accusations that the bargainin haed no really been in the teachers’ best interest. Wirk stoppage an occupation o the square continued frae 22 Mey tae 1 Juin. At this pynt, radical groups jynt in wi the protest an the disorder grew, closin banks, access roads, the airport, access tae stores an harassin the govrenor o the state in public appearances. Mony o thir groups mergit wi the teachers’ union tae form the [[APPO|Popular Assembly o the Fowk o Oaxaca]] (APPO). The disruption turned intae a siege that lastit five month.<ref name="forumstat"/> Violence includit the daiths o a nummer o fowk includin [[Indymedia]] jurnalist [[Brad Will]] on October 27, 2006<ref name="imc_nyc_bradwill_press">{{cite news |title=Official Press Release on Brad Will Murder From Ad-Hoc Media Group |date=October 28, 2006 |publisher=[[Indymedia]] New York City |url=http://nyc.indymedia.org/en/2006/10/77806.html |accessdate=2006-10-29 |archive-date=2006-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061104135800/http://nyc.indymedia.org/en/2006/10/77806.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> an Roberto López Hernández an Jorge Alberto Beltrán on 29 October 2006 when ower 10,000 federal polis an airmy intervened.<ref name="imcnyc_oaxaca_031029">{{cite news |first= |last= |pages= |title=APPO Reports Two Dead in Confrontations with Federal Police in Oaxaca |date=October 30, 2006 |publisher=[[Indymedia]] New York City |url=http://nyc.indymedia.org/en/2006/10/78034.html |accessdate=2006-10-30 |archive-date=2007-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103085858/http://nyc.indymedia.org/en/2006/10/78034.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="imcuk_oaxaca_061030">{{cite news |first= |last= |pages= |title=Violence flares in Oaxaca, Indymedia reporter murdered |date=30 October 2006 |publisher=[[Indymedia]] United Kollectives |url=http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2006/10/354689.html |accessdate=2006-10-30}}</ref> The situation calmit in the seicont week o November when the Federal Preventative Polis teuk ower the ceety an disbandit the protests.<ref name="forumstat"/> ==Climate== Oaxaca haes a [[Tropical savanna climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Aw'') wi a wet saison an a dry saison. Durin the dry saison, temperaturs durin the day remain wairm wi an average heich o {{convert|27|°C|°F|abbr=on}} in the ceulest month, Dizember, an an average heich o {{convert|34|°C|°F|abbr=on}} in Apryle, juist afore the beginnin o the wet saison. Awtho daytime temperaturs are wairm, nichttime temperaturs are ceul wi an average law o {{convert|9|°C|°F|abbr=on}} in Januar. Due tae its altitude o {{convert|1555|m|ft|0}}, the climate o Oaxaca is mair mild than lawland auries wi the same climate, resultin in ceuler temperaturs than lawland auries wi the same climate. Precipitation is concentratit in the simmer months wi Juin bein the wettest wi an average precipitation o {{convert|172|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}.<ref name= SMN /> {{Weather box |location = Oaxaca (1951-2010) |metric first = yes |single line = yes |temperature colour= pastel |Jan record high C = 38.5 |Feb record high C = 38.0 |Mar record high C = 40.5 |Apr record high C = 41.6 |May record high C = 43.0 |Jun record high C = 40.0 |Jul record high C = 36.7 |Aug record high C = 36.5 |Sep record high C = 36.0 |Oct record high C = 35.5 |Nov record high C = 35.0 |Dec record high C = 34.0 |year record high C = 43.0 |Jan high C = 27.6 |Feb high C = 29.5 |Mar high C = 31.9 |Apr high C = 33.2 |May high C = 32.4 |Jun high C = 29.4 |Jul high C = 28.5 |Aug high C = 28.5 |Sep high C = 27.8 |Oct high C = 27.9 |Nov high C = 27.7 |Dec high C = 27.0 |year high C = 29.3 |Jan mean C = 18.3 |Feb mean C = 19.8 |Mar mean C = 22.3 |Apr mean C = 24.0 |May mean C = 24.1 |Jun mean C = 22.8 |Jul mean C = 21.9 |Aug mean C = 21.8 |Sep mean C = 21.5 |Oct mean C = 20.8 |Nov mean C = 19.4 |Dec mean C = 18.3 |year mean C = 21.3 |Jan low C = 9.0 |Feb low C = 10.2 |Mar low C = 12.7 |Apr low C = 14.8 |May low C = 15.9 |Jun low C = 16.1 |Jul low C = 15.2 |Aug low C = 15.0 |Sep low C = 15.3 |Oct low C = 13.7 |Nov low C = 11.1 |Dec low C = 9.6 |year low C = 13.2 |Jan record low C = 0.5 |Feb record low C = 1.0 |Mar record low C = 3.0 |Apr record low C = 4.0 |May record low C = 9.0 |Jun record low C = 9.0 |Jul record low C = 9.0 |Aug record low C = 9.0 |Sep record low C = 9.0 |Oct record low C = 4.5 |Nov record low C = 1.0 |Dec record low C = 0.0 |year record low C = 0.0 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 3.3 |Feb precipitation mm = 5.1 |Mar precipitation mm = 13.1 |Apr precipitation mm = 39.3 |May precipitation mm = 86.4 |Jun precipitation mm = 170.4 |Jul precipitation mm = 116.3 |Aug precipitation mm = 111.6 |Sep precipitation mm = 135.6 |Oct precipitation mm = 52.3 |Nov precipitation mm = 9.3 |Dec precipitation mm = 3.3 |year precipitation mm = 746.0 |unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm |Jan precipitation days = 0.9 |Feb precipitation days = 1.3 |Mar precipitation days = 2.3 |Apr precipitation days = 5.7 |May precipitation days = 10.7 |Jun precipitation days = 17.2 |Jul precipitation days = 16.9 |Aug precipitation days = 16.3 |Sep precipitation days = 17.1 |Oct precipitation days = 7.8 |Nov precipitation days = 2.3 |Dec precipitation days = 1.0 |year precipitation days = 99.5 |Jan humidity = 47 |Feb humidity = 42 |Mar humidity = 41 |Apr humidity = 42 |May humidity = 46 |Jun humidity = 57 |Jul humidity = 57 |Aug humidity = 57 |Sep humidity = 60 |Oct humidity = 56 |Nov humidity = 52 |Dec humidity = 48 |year humidity = 50 |source 1 = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional<ref name = SMN>{{cite web | url = http://smn.cna.gob.mx/climatologia/Normales5110/NORMAL20079.TXT | title = NORMALES CLIMATOLÓGICAS 1951-2010 | publisher = National Meteorological Service of Mexico | language = Spanish | accessdate = February 18, 2013 | archive-date = 2015-07-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150709163313/http://smn.cna.gob.mx/climatologia/Normales5110/NORMAL20079.TXT | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name = extremas>{{cite web | url = http://smn.cna.gob.mx/climatologia/Max-Extr/00020/00020079.TXT | title = Extreme Temperatures and Precipitation for Oaxaca 1930-2009 | publisher = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional | language = Spanish | accessdate = February 18, 2013 | archive-date = 2015-07-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150709161031/http://smn.cna.gob.mx/climatologia/Max-Extr/00020/00020079.TXT | url-status = dead }}</ref> |source 2 = Colegio de Postgraduados (humidity)<ref name= clima >{{cite web | url = http://www.cm.colpos.mx/meteoro/progde/norm/norm24/33041.htm | title = Normales climatológicas para Oaxaca de Juarez, Oax. | publisher = Colegio de Postgraduados | language = Spanish | accessdate = February 18, 2013 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |date = June 2012}} ==Economy an tourism== The events o 2006 haed a severe impact on the ceety's main generator o revenue: tourism.<ref name="forumstat"/> The ceety is the primar attraction o the state, which relees economically on tourism. Ower the last 25 years, tourism grew tae acome be dominant factor o Oaxaca's economy.<ref name="whatoaxaca">{{cite web |title= Riots and Protests in Oaxaca, Mexico |url= http://www.whatoaxaca.com/oaxaca-protests.html |publisher= What Oaxaca Travel Guide |accessdate=8 September 2009}}</ref> 77% o the municipality o Oaxaca haes employment relatit in some wey tae tourism. The attractions are the verdant landscapes o the Oaxaca Glen, an the airchitectural an cultural chairms o the ceety itsel.<ref name="whatoaxaca"/> The next lairgest economic sectors are minin an manufacturin, which employ 20% o the wirk force.<ref name="encmuc"/> The ceety centre wis includit in a [[Warld Heritage Steid]] designatit bi [[UNESCO]], in recognition o its treasur o historic biggins an monuments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/415|title=Historic Centre of Oaxaca and Archaeological Site of Monte Albán - UNESCO World Heritage Centre|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|accessdate=2011-01-13}}</ref> Tourist activity peaks in three saisons: [[Holy Week in Mexico|Holy Week]], simmer (especially durin Guelaguetza) an [[New Year]]. Mony o the tourists who come durin [[Holy Week]] an for New Year come frae ither pairts o Mexico an include native Oaxacans returnin tae veesit frae thair places o wirk. Maist internaitional visitors come in the simmer.<ref name="forumstat"/> ==Municipality o Oaxaca== [[File:Oaxaca centro.jpg|thumb|300px|Centre o Oaxaca.]] As municipal seat, Oaxaca ceety haes govrenmental jurisdiction ower the follaein commonties: Arbolada Ilusión, Camino a San Luis Beltrán, Camino Ancho, Casas del Sol, Colonia Buena Vista, El Bajío (Rancho Guadalupe Victoria), El Silencio, Entrada de el Silencio, Gloria Antonio Cruz, Guadalupe Victoria, Guadalupe Victoria Segunda Sección (La Mina), Lachigulera, Las Salinas (El Arco Grande), Loma Bonita, Lomas Panorámicas, Los Ángeles, Los Ángeles Uno, Miravalle, Paraje Caballetiyo, Paraje el Cerrito, Paraje el Pando, Paraje la Canoa, Paraje la Loma, Paraje la Mina, Paraje la Rabonera, Paraje Pio V (Ojito de Agua), Paraje Tierra Colorada, Pueblo Nuevo Parte Alta, Rancho el Chilar, Rancho los Girasoles, San Bernardo, Solidaridad, an Viguera The municipality haes a tot aurie o 85.48 km2<ref name="encmuc"/> an a population o 265,006, 97% percent o which lifes in the ceety o Oaxaca<ref name="inegi">{{cite web |title= Resultados 2005 ITER |url= http://www.inegi.org.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/default.asp?s=est&c=10395 |publisher= INEGI |language=Spanish |accessdate=8 September 2009}}</ref> While hintle o the indigenous population disappeared durin the colonial era, saxteen different ethnic groups continue tae inhabit the municipality. Spainyie is the maist commonly uised tongue<ref name="whatoaxaca"/> but durin the 2005 census, thare wur 20,109 fowk who spoke an indigenous leid, atween seiven an aicht percent o the population.<ref name="encmuc"/> The municipality is bordered bi [[San Pablo Etla]], [[San Antonio de la Cal]], [[Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán]], [[San Andrés Huayapam]], [[San Agustín Yatareni]], [[Santa Lucía del Camino]], [[Santa María Atzompa]] an [[San Jacinto Amilpas]].<ref name="encmuc"/> It is locatit in the [[Glen o Oaxaca]] in the [[Sierra Madre del Sur]] Muntains, at {{coord |17|05|N|96|45|W|display=inline,title}} near the [[Centroid|geografic center]] o the state, an at an altitude o aboot 1550&nbsp;m (5000&nbsp;ft). The aurie is kent as the three "Valles Centrales" (Central Glens) region an is surroondit bi thick forests o pine an [[holm oak]].<ref name="MexDesOax"/> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.municipiodeoaxaca.gob.mx/ Offeecial wabsteid] *[http://www.oaxlibrary.com/ Oaxaca Lending Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121206024312/http://www.oaxlibrary.com/ |date=2012-12-06 }} {{Oaxaca}} {{Centro Destrict, Oaxaca}} {{MexicoStateCaipitals}} [[Category:Oaxaca de Juárez| ]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1532]] [[Category:Municipalities o Oaxaca]] [[Category:Populatit places in Oaxaca]] [[Category:Caipitals o states o Mexico]] [[Category:Warld Heritage Steids in Mexico]] r1361xap1nh86i0focstmq9dqlmy32m 921154 921113 2026-08-18T20:40:11Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921154 wikitext text/x-wiki :'''''Oaxaca''' is the name o baith a state in Mexico an that state's caipital ceety. This airticle is aboot the ceety/municipality. For the state, see [[Oaxaca]].'' {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Oaxaca de Juárez |name = Oaxaca |settlement_type = Ceety & Municipality |total_type = Ceety |image_skyline = Oaxaca centro.jpg |imagesize = 275px |image_caption = A Street in dountoun Oaxaca |image_seal = Escudo_de_oaxaca.png |seal_size = 200px |pushpin_map = Mexico |pushpin_label_position = above |pushpin_mapsize = 260 |pushpin_map_caption = Location in Mexico |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Mexico]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Poleetical diveesions o Mexico|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Oaxaca]] |leader_title = Municipal Preses |leader_name = [[Luis Julián Ugartechea Begué]] ([[Naitional Action Pairty (Mexico)|PAN]]) (2011-) |established_title = Foondit |established_date = 1532 |established_title2 = Municipal Status |established_date2 = 1879 |area_total_km2 = 85.48 |population_as_of = 2005 |population_footnotes = Municipality |population_total = 265,006 |population_blank1_title = Seat |population_blank1 = 258,008 |timezone = [[Central Staundart Time|CST]] |utc_offset = −6 |timezone_DST = [[Central Daylicht Time|CDT]] |utc_offset_DST = −5 |coordinates = {{coord|17|04|04|N|96|43|12|W|region:MX|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = o seat |elevation_m = 1555 |postal_code_type = Postal code (of seat) <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = 68000 |area_code = 951 |blank1_name = [[Demonym]] |website = {{es icon}} [http://www.municipiodeoaxaca.gob.mx /Official site] }} {{Infobox Warld Heritage Steid | WHS = Historic Centre o Oaxaca an Airchaeological Steid o [[Monte Albán]] | Image = [[File:Oaxaca at night.jpg|300px|A view o ceety o Oaxaca de Juarez frae the Cerro de Fortín.]] | State Party = [[Mexico]] | Type = Cultural | Criteria = i, ii, iii, iv | ID = 415 | Region = Laitin Americae an the Caribbean | Year = 1987 | Session = 11t | Link = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/415 }} The ceety an municipality o '''Oaxaca de Juárez,''' or simply Oaxaca, is the caipital an lairgest ceety o the Mexican state o the same name ([[Oaxaca]]). It is locatit in the [[Centro Destrict, Oaxaca|Centro Destrict]] in the [[Valles Centrales de Oaxaca|Valles Centrales]] region o the state, in the fuithills o the Sierra Madre at the base o the Cerro del Fortín extendin tae the banks o the [[Atoyac River]].<ref name="encmuc">{{cite web |title= Enciclopedia de los Municipios de Mexico-Oaxaca:Oaxaca de Juárez |url= http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/oaxaca/ |language= Spanish |accessdate= 8 September 2009 |archive-date= 2013-01-10 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130110091824/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/oaxaca/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> This ceety relees hivily on tourism, which is based on its lairge nummer o colonial-era structurs as well as the native [[Zapotec ceevilization|Zapotec]] an [[Mixtec]] culturs an aircheological steids.<ref name="encmuc"/> It, alang wi the aircheological steid o [[Monte Albán]], wur namit a [[Warld Heritage Steid]] in 1987.<ref name="forumstat">{{cite report |title=The measurement of the economic impact and damage to Oaxaca City tourism economy, after the sociopolitical movement in 2006. |last=Rivera Rosas |first=Ricardo |year=2008 |publisher=9th internacional forum of Tourism Statistics |url=http://www.forumstat.tourisme.gouv.fr/ftp/ang_S5_6_oaxaca.pdf }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It is the hame o the month-lang cultural festival cried the "[[Guelaguetza]]" an aw, which featurs Oaxacan dance, muisic an a beauty pageant for indigenous weemen.<ref name="guelaguetzagob">{{cite web |author=Municipality of Oaxaca |title=Guelaguetza |url=http://www.oaxacainfo.gob.mx/?mod=topic&topic=guelaguetza |location=Oaxaca |trans_title=Guelaguetza |language=Spanish |accessdate=8 September 2009 |archive-date=2009-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828111224/http://www.oaxacainfo.gob.mx/?m& |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is elk-namit "la Verde Antequera" (the green Antequera) due tae its prior name (Nueva Antequera) an the variety o structurs biggit frae a native green stane.<ref name="MexDesOax">{{cite journal |last=Quintanar Hinojosa |first=Beatriz |year=2007 |month=August |title=Oaxaca: jubilo de los sentidos |journal=Guía México Desconocido: Oaxaca |volume=137 |pages=10–22 |url=http://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx }}</ref> The name Oaxaca is derivit frae the Nahuatl name for the place, Huaxyacac, which wis Hispanicisit tae Guajaca, later spelt Oaxaca. "de Juárez" wis addit in honour o [[Benito Juárez]], who wis a native o this state. The coat of airms for the municipality bears the image o the decapitatit Donaji, who wis an indigenous princess in the years immediately efter the Conquest.<ref name="encmuc"/> ==History== [[File:Monte Alban temple 2006 08.JPG|thumb|left|Monte Albán is regardit as the historical antecedent o the modren ceety o Oaxaca.]] Thare haed been Zapotec an Mixtec dounsets in [[Valley o Oaxaca]] for thoosans o years, especially in connection wi the important auncient centers o Monte Albán an [[Mitla]], which are close tae modren Oaxaca ceety.<ref name="MexDesOax"/> The [[Aztec]]s entered the glen in 1440 an namit it "Huaxyacac," a Nahuatl phrase meanin "amang the huaje" ([[Leucaena leucocephala]]) trees. A strategic militar poseetion wis creatit here, at wha is nou cried the Cerro (lairge hill) del Fortín tae keep an ee on the Zapotec caipital o [[Zaachila]] an secur the tred route atween the [[Valley o Mexico]], [[Tehuantepec]] an wha is nou [[Central Americae]].<ref name="cumple476">{{cite web |author=Oaxaca.org |title=Oaxaca cumple 476 años como ciudad |url=http://www.oaxaca.org/Links/historia/oaxaca476.html |trans_title=Oaxaca celebrates is 476th anniversary as a city |language=Spanish |accessdate=8 September 2009 |archive-date=2017-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312062900/http://www.oaxaca.org/Links/historia/oaxaca476.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> When the Spaingie arrivit in 1521, the Zapotecs an the Mixtecs wur involvit in ane o thair mony wars. [[Spaingie conquest o the Aztec Empire|Spaingie conquest]] wad end this fechtin.<ref name="climahistoria">{{cite web |title= Fundación e historia de Oaxaca de Juárez |url= http://www.elclima.com.mx/fundacion_e_historia_de_oaxaca_de_juarez.htm |publisher= El Clima |language=Spanish |accessdate=8 September 2009}}</ref> The first Spaingie expedeetion here arrivit late in 1521, heidit bi Caiptain Francisco de Orozco, an accompaniet bi 400 Aztecs.<ref name="cumple476"/> [[Hernán Cortés]] sent Francisco de Orozco tae Oaxaca acause [[Moctezuma II]] said that the Aztec's gowd came frae thare.<ref name="climahistoria"/> The Spaingie expedeetion unner Orozco set aboot biggin a Spaingie ceety whare the Aztec militar post wis at the base o the Cerro de Fortín. The first mass wis said here bi Chaplain Juan Díaz on the bank o the Atoyac River unner a lairge huaje tree, whare the Kirk o San Juan de Dios wad be constructit later. This same chaplain addit saunts’ names tae the surroondin veelages in addition tae keepin thair Nahuatl names: Santa María Oaxaca, [[San Martín Mexicapan]], [[San Juan Chapultepec]], [[Santo Tomas Xochimilco]], [[San Matías Jalatlaco]], [[Santiago Tepeaca]], etc. This group o Spaniards chose thair first mayor, Gutierres de Badajoc, thair first toun cooncil an began construction o the cathedral o Oaxaca in 1522. Thair name for the dounset wis Guajaca, a Hispanization o the Nahuatl name (which wad later be respelt as Oaxaca).<ref name="cumple476"/> The establishment o the relatively unthirlt veelage did no suit Hernán Cortes, who wantit pouer ower the entire region for hissel. Cortés sent [[Pedro de Alvarado]], who proceedit tae drive oot maist o the veelage's population. The oreeginal Spaingie settlers appealed tae the Spaingie croun tae recognise the veelage thay foondit, which it did in 1526, wi laund dividit amang the Spaniards o Orozco's expedeetion. Housomeivver, this did no stap Cortés frae drivin oot the population o the veelage ance again an replacin the toun cooncil anerlie three month efter ryal recognition. Ance again, the oreeginal foonders appealed tae Spaingie ryal authority, this time tae the viceroy in Mexico Ceety, [[Nuño de Guzmán]]. This viceroy sidit wi the oreeginal foonders an aw, an the toun wis refoondit in 1529 as Antequera, in honour o Nuño de Guzmán's hametoun. Francisco de Herrera convened the new, [[Spaingie Croun|Croun]]-appruivit toun cooncil,<ref name="cumple476"/> an the first layoot o the dounset wis mappit oot bi Juan Peláez de Berrio.<ref name="encmuc"/> In the meantime, Cortés wis able tae obtain frae the croun the title o the Marquis o the Valley o Oaxaca, which contains the disputit veelage. This permittit him tae tax the aurie hivily, an tae hae control o the territory that surroondit the veelage. The veelage wis then in a poseetion o haein tae survive surroondit bi veelages which answered tae Cortés. Thir veelages no anerlie did no tak orders frae Antequera, thay wur hostile tae it, maistly likely encouragit bi Cortés.<ref name="cumple476"/> Tae coonter this, the veelage petitioned the croun tae be elevatit tae the status o a ceety, which wad gie it certaint richts, privileges an exceptions. It wad ensur that the dounset wad remain unner the direct control o the keeng an aw, rather than o Cortés. This petition wis grantit in 1532 bi [[Charles V o Spain]].<ref name="encmuc"/><ref name="cumple476"/> Efter the [[Mexican War o Unthirldom|unthirldom o Mexico]] in 1821, the ceety became the seat o a municipality, an baith the name o the ceety an the municipality became Oaxaca, chyngit frae Antequera. In 1872, "de Juárez" as addit tae the ceety an municipality names tae honour Benito Juárez, who began his legal an poleetical career here.<ref name="encmuc"/> The [[2006 Oaxaca protests]] began as a teachers’ protest, occupyin the main square, or Zocalo, o Oaxaca ceety in Mey 2006. Increases in wages an employment benefits wur annooncit a short time later, but an internal conflict in the local teachers’ union led tae accusations that the bargainin haed no really been in the teachers’ best interest. Wirk stoppage an occupation o the square continued frae 22 Mey tae 1 Juin. At this pynt, radical groups jynt in wi the protest an the disorder grew, closin banks, access roads, the airport, access tae stores an harassin the govrenor o the state in public appearances. Mony o thir groups mergit wi the teachers’ union tae form the [[APPO|Popular Assembly o the Fowk o Oaxaca]] (APPO). The disruption turned intae a siege that lastit five month.<ref name="forumstat"/> Violence includit the daiths o a nummer o fowk includin [[Indymedia]] jurnalist [[Brad Will]] on October 27, 2006<ref name="imc_nyc_bradwill_press">{{cite news |title=Official Press Release on Brad Will Murder From Ad-Hoc Media Group |date=October 28, 2006 |publisher=[[Indymedia]] New York City |url=http://nyc.indymedia.org/en/2006/10/77806.html |accessdate=2006-10-29 |archive-date=2006-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061104135800/http://nyc.indymedia.org/en/2006/10/77806.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> an Roberto López Hernández an Jorge Alberto Beltrán on 29 October 2006 when ower 10,000 federal polis an airmy intervened.<ref name="imcnyc_oaxaca_031029">{{cite news |first= |last= |pages= |title=APPO Reports Two Dead in Confrontations with Federal Police in Oaxaca |date=October 30, 2006 |publisher=[[Indymedia]] New York City |url=http://nyc.indymedia.org/en/2006/10/78034.html |accessdate=2006-10-30 |archive-date=2007-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103085858/http://nyc.indymedia.org/en/2006/10/78034.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="imcuk_oaxaca_061030">{{cite news |first= |last= |pages= |title=Violence flares in Oaxaca, Indymedia reporter murdered |date=30 October 2006 |publisher=[[Indymedia]] United Kollectives |url=http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2006/10/354689.html |accessdate=2006-10-30}}</ref> The situation calmit in the seicont week o November when the Federal Preventative Polis teuk ower the ceety an disbandit the protests.<ref name="forumstat"/> ==Climate== Oaxaca haes a [[Tropical savanna climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Aw'') wi a wet saison an a dry saison. Durin the dry saison, temperaturs durin the day remain wairm wi an average heich o {{convert|27|°C|°F|abbr=on}} in the ceulest month, Dizember, an an average heich o {{convert|34|°C|°F|abbr=on}} in Apryle, juist afore the beginnin o the wet saison. Awtho daytime temperaturs are wairm, nichttime temperaturs are ceul wi an average law o {{convert|9|°C|°F|abbr=on}} in Januar. Due tae its altitude o {{convert|1555|m|ft|0}}, the climate o Oaxaca is mair mild than lawland auries wi the same climate, resultin in ceuler temperaturs than lawland auries wi the same climate. Precipitation is concentratit in the simmer months wi Juin bein the wettest wi an average precipitation o {{convert|172|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}.<ref name= SMN /> {{Weather box |location = Oaxaca (1951-2010) |metric first = yes |single line = yes |temperature colour= pastel |Jan record high C = 38.5 |Feb record high C = 38.0 |Mar record high C = 40.5 |Apr record high C = 41.6 |May record high C = 43.0 |Jun record high C = 40.0 |Jul record high C = 36.7 |Aug record high C = 36.5 |Sep record high C = 36.0 |Oct record high C = 35.5 |Nov record high C = 35.0 |Dec record high C = 34.0 |year record high C = 43.0 |Jan high C = 27.6 |Feb high C = 29.5 |Mar high C = 31.9 |Apr high C = 33.2 |May high C = 32.4 |Jun high C = 29.4 |Jul high C = 28.5 |Aug high C = 28.5 |Sep high C = 27.8 |Oct high C = 27.9 |Nov high C = 27.7 |Dec high C = 27.0 |year high C = 29.3 |Jan mean C = 18.3 |Feb mean C = 19.8 |Mar mean C = 22.3 |Apr mean C = 24.0 |May mean C = 24.1 |Jun mean C = 22.8 |Jul mean C = 21.9 |Aug mean C = 21.8 |Sep mean C = 21.5 |Oct mean C = 20.8 |Nov mean C = 19.4 |Dec mean C = 18.3 |year mean C = 21.3 |Jan low C = 9.0 |Feb low C = 10.2 |Mar low C = 12.7 |Apr low C = 14.8 |May low C = 15.9 |Jun low C = 16.1 |Jul low C = 15.2 |Aug low C = 15.0 |Sep low C = 15.3 |Oct low C = 13.7 |Nov low C = 11.1 |Dec low C = 9.6 |year low C = 13.2 |Jan record low C = 0.5 |Feb record low C = 1.0 |Mar record low C = 3.0 |Apr record low C = 4.0 |May record low C = 9.0 |Jun record low C = 9.0 |Jul record low C = 9.0 |Aug record low C = 9.0 |Sep record low C = 9.0 |Oct record low C = 4.5 |Nov record low C = 1.0 |Dec record low C = 0.0 |year record low C = 0.0 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 3.3 |Feb precipitation mm = 5.1 |Mar precipitation mm = 13.1 |Apr precipitation mm = 39.3 |May precipitation mm = 86.4 |Jun precipitation mm = 170.4 |Jul precipitation mm = 116.3 |Aug precipitation mm = 111.6 |Sep precipitation mm = 135.6 |Oct precipitation mm = 52.3 |Nov precipitation mm = 9.3 |Dec precipitation mm = 3.3 |year precipitation mm = 746.0 |unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm |Jan precipitation days = 0.9 |Feb precipitation days = 1.3 |Mar precipitation days = 2.3 |Apr precipitation days = 5.7 |May precipitation days = 10.7 |Jun precipitation days = 17.2 |Jul precipitation days = 16.9 |Aug precipitation days = 16.3 |Sep precipitation days = 17.1 |Oct precipitation days = 7.8 |Nov precipitation days = 2.3 |Dec precipitation days = 1.0 |year precipitation days = 99.5 |Jan humidity = 47 |Feb humidity = 42 |Mar humidity = 41 |Apr humidity = 42 |May humidity = 46 |Jun humidity = 57 |Jul humidity = 57 |Aug humidity = 57 |Sep humidity = 60 |Oct humidity = 56 |Nov humidity = 52 |Dec humidity = 48 |year humidity = 50 |source 1 = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional<ref name = SMN>{{cite web | url = http://smn.cna.gob.mx/climatologia/Normales5110/NORMAL20079.TXT | title = NORMALES CLIMATOLÓGICAS 1951-2010 | publisher = National Meteorological Service of Mexico | language = Spanish | accessdate = February 18, 2013 | archive-date = 2015-07-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150709163313/http://smn.cna.gob.mx/climatologia/Normales5110/NORMAL20079.TXT | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name = extremas>{{cite web | url = http://smn.cna.gob.mx/climatologia/Max-Extr/00020/00020079.TXT | title = Extreme Temperatures and Precipitation for Oaxaca 1930-2009 | publisher = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional | language = Spanish | accessdate = February 18, 2013 | archive-date = 2015-07-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150709161031/http://smn.cna.gob.mx/climatologia/Max-Extr/00020/00020079.TXT | url-status = dead }}</ref> |source 2 = Colegio de Postgraduados (humidity)<ref name= clima >{{cite web | url = http://www.cm.colpos.mx/meteoro/progde/norm/norm24/33041.htm | title = Normales climatológicas para Oaxaca de Juarez, Oax. | publisher = Colegio de Postgraduados | language = Spanish | accessdate = February 18, 2013 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |date = June 2012}} ==Economy an tourism== The events o 2006 haed a severe impact on the ceety's main generator o revenue: tourism.<ref name="forumstat"/> The ceety is the primar attraction o the state, which relees economically on tourism. Ower the last 25 years, tourism grew tae acome be dominant factor o Oaxaca's economy.<ref name="whatoaxaca">{{cite web |title= Riots and Protests in Oaxaca, Mexico |url= http://www.whatoaxaca.com/oaxaca-protests.html |publisher= What Oaxaca Travel Guide |accessdate=8 September 2009}}</ref> 77% o the municipality o Oaxaca haes employment relatit in some wey tae tourism. The attractions are the verdant landscapes o the Oaxaca Glen, an the airchitectural an cultural chairms o the ceety itsel.<ref name="whatoaxaca"/> The next lairgest economic sectors are minin an manufacturin, which employ 20% o the wirk force.<ref name="encmuc"/> The ceety centre wis includit in a [[Warld Heritage Steid]] designatit bi [[UNESCO]], in recognition o its treasur o historic biggins an monuments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/415|title=Historic Centre of Oaxaca and Archaeological Site of Monte Albán - UNESCO World Heritage Centre|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|accessdate=2011-01-13}}</ref> Tourist activity peaks in three saisons: [[Holy Week in Mexico|Holy Week]], simmer (especially durin Guelaguetza) an [[New Year]]. Mony o the tourists who come durin [[Holy Week]] an for New Year come frae ither pairts o Mexico an include native Oaxacans returnin tae veesit frae thair places o wirk. Maist internaitional visitors come in the simmer.<ref name="forumstat"/> ==Municipality o Oaxaca== [[File:Oaxaca centro.jpg|thumb|300px|Centre o Oaxaca.]] As municipal seat, Oaxaca ceety haes govrenmental jurisdiction ower the follaein commonties: Arbolada Ilusión, Camino a San Luis Beltrán, Camino Ancho, Casas del Sol, Colonia Buena Vista, El Bajío (Rancho Guadalupe Victoria), El Silencio, Entrada de el Silencio, Gloria Antonio Cruz, Guadalupe Victoria, Guadalupe Victoria Segunda Sección (La Mina), Lachigulera, Las Salinas (El Arco Grande), Loma Bonita, Lomas Panorámicas, Los Ángeles, Los Ángeles Uno, Miravalle, Paraje Caballetiyo, Paraje el Cerrito, Paraje el Pando, Paraje la Canoa, Paraje la Loma, Paraje la Mina, Paraje la Rabonera, Paraje Pio V (Ojito de Agua), Paraje Tierra Colorada, Pueblo Nuevo Parte Alta, Rancho el Chilar, Rancho los Girasoles, San Bernardo, Solidaridad, an Viguera The municipality haes a tot aurie o 85.48 km2<ref name="encmuc"/> an a population o 265,006, 97% percent o which lifes in the ceety o Oaxaca<ref name="inegi">{{cite web |title= Resultados 2005 ITER |url= http://www.inegi.org.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/default.asp?s=est&c=10395 |publisher= INEGI |language=Spanish |accessdate=8 September 2009}}</ref> While hintle o the indigenous population disappeared durin the colonial era, saxteen different ethnic groups continue tae inhabit the municipality. Spainyie is the maist commonly uised tongue<ref name="whatoaxaca"/> but durin the 2005 census, thare wur 20,109 fowk who spoke an indigenous leid, atween seiven an aicht percent o the population.<ref name="encmuc"/> The municipality is bordered bi [[San Pablo Etla]], [[San Antonio de la Cal]], [[Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán]], [[San Andrés Huayapam]], [[San Agustín Yatareni]], [[Santa Lucía del Camino]], [[Santa María Atzompa]] an [[San Jacinto Amilpas]].<ref name="encmuc"/> It is locatit in the [[Glen o Oaxaca]] in the [[Sierra Madre del Sur]] Muntains, at {{coord |17|05|N|96|45|W|display=inline,title}} near the [[Centroid|geografic center]] o the state, an at an altitude o aboot 1550&nbsp;m (5000&nbsp;ft). The aurie is kent as the three "Valles Centrales" (Central Glens) region an is surroondit bi thick forests o pine an [[holm oak]].<ref name="MexDesOax"/> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.municipiodeoaxaca.gob.mx/ Offeecial wabsteid] *[http://www.oaxlibrary.com/ Oaxaca Lending Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121206024312/http://www.oaxlibrary.com/ |date=2012-12-06 }} {{Oaxaca}} {{Centro Destrict, Oaxaca}} {{MexicoStateCaipitals}} [[Category:Oaxaca de Juárez| ]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1532]] [[Category:Municipalities o Oaxaca]] [[Category:Populatit places in Oaxaca]] [[Category:Caipitals o states o Mexico]] [[Category:Warld Heritage Steids in Mexico]] jqd985gpsn0ipf1yugc0vxrmt1agpok 0 42496 921130 695350 2026-08-18T20:03:45Z ~2026-45365-99 135911 remuive "en:wiki" airtin 921130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Warld Heritage Steid | WHS = Auld an [[New Toun, Edinburgh|New Touns]] o [[Edinburgh]] | Image = [[Image:Looking down Royal Mile, Edinburgh.jpg|240px|leukin doun The Royal Mile wi Tron Kirk in view]] | State Party = Scotland | Type = Cultural | Criteria = ii, iv | ID = 728 | Region = Europe an North Americae | Year = 1995 | Session = 19th | Link = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/728 }} [[Image:Edinburgh map.png|thumb|240px|Map o the ceety centre, shawin the Auld Toun (daurk broun), [[New Toun, Edinburgh|New Toun]] (mid broun), an the [[West End, Edinburgh|West End]] (orange), wi the Warld Heritage Steid indicatit bi the reid line]] The '''Auld Toun''' o [[Edinburgh]] ({{lang-en|Old Town}}), the caipital o Scotland, is the auldest pairt o the ceety. Thegither wi the 18t-century [[New Toun, Edinburgh|New Toun]], it is a [[UNESCO]] [[Warld Heritage Steid]]. It haes preservit its [[medieval]] plan an mony [[Scots Reformation|Reformation]]-era biggin. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{wikivoyage|Edinburgh/Old_Town}} *[http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/728 UNESCO Warld Heritage Steid Inscription] *[http://www.eota.org.uk/ Edinburgh Old Town Association] {{#invoke:coordinates|coord|display=title}} {{Auries o Edinburgh}} [[Category:Auries o Edinburgh]] [[Category:Auld Toun, Edinburgh| ]] n7opn599qow2xnahjntdqtgjqxg5q08 921141 921130 2026-08-18T20:19:21Z CiphriusKane 74958 921141 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Warld Heritage Steid | WHS = Auld an [[New Toun, Edinburgh|New Touns]] o [[Edinburgh]] | image = [[File:Looking down Royal Mile, Edinburgh.jpg|240px|leukin doun The Royal Mile wi Tron Kirk in view]] | location = Edinburgh, Scotland | criteria = ii, iv | ID = 728 | year = 1995 }} [[File:Edinburgh map.png|thumb|240px|Map o the ceety centre, shawin the Auld Toun (daurk broun), [[New Toun, Edinburgh|New Toun]] (mid broun), an the [[West End, Edinburgh|West End]] (orange), wi the Warld Heritage Steid indicatit bi the reid line]] The '''Auld Toun''' o [[Edinburgh]] ({{lang-en|Old Town}}), the caipital o Scotland, is the auldest pairt o the ceety. Thegither wi the 18t-century [[New Toun, Edinburgh|New Toun]], it is a [[UNESCO]] [[Warld Heritage Steid]]. It haes preservit its [[medieval]] plan an mony [[Scots Reformation|Reformation]]-era biggin. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{wikivoyage|Edinburgh/Old_Town}} *[http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/728 UNESCO Warld Heritage Steid Inscription] *[http://www.eota.org.uk/ Edinburgh Old Town Association] {{#invoke:coordinates|coord|display=title}} {{Auries o Edinburgh}} [[Category:Auries o Edinburgh]] [[Category:Auld Toun, Edinburgh| ]] 6pp8g2dv4u7dp4ty7h7tdy044ps9rwj 0 43640 921125 829548 2026-08-18T19:44:29Z ~2026-45365-99 135911 remuive "en:wiki" airtin 921125 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Ryal Air Force''' ('''RAF''', {{lang-en|Royal Air Force}}) is the [[aerial warfare]] service branch o the [[Breetish Airmit Forces]]. Formit on 1 Aprile 1918,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.raf.mod.uk/history/raftimeline19181929.cfm |title=RAF Timeline 1918–1929 |year=2011 |publisher=Royal Air Force |accessdate=15 August 2012 |archive-date=2012-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812113116/http://www.raf.mod.uk/history/raftimeline19181929.cfm |url-status=dead }}</ref> it is the auldest unthirld air force in the warld.<ref name="Royal Air Force 90th Anniversary">{{cite web |url=https://www.raf.mod.uk/history/historywwi.cfm |title=World War I |year=2011 |publisher=Royal Air Force |accessdate=15 August 2012 |archive-date=2012-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813025936/http://www.raf.mod.uk/history/historywwi.cfm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The RAF haes taken a significant role in Breetish militar history, playin a muckle pairt in the [[Warld War II|Seicont Warld War]] as well as in mair recent conflicts. ==References== {{reflist|30em}} [[Category:Meenistry o Defence (Unitit Kinrick)]] [[Category:Militar o the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Ryal Air Force| ]] [[Category:Militar units an formations established in 1918]] [[Category:Organisations based in the Unitit Kinrick wi ryal patronage]] [[Category:Breetish Airmit Forces]] ecabcvqtnh70omvgkqx85y1joc5x8vt 0 45305 921115 918039 2026-08-18T16:32:23Z Lirazelf 27464 remuive en.wiki airtins 921115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group |group = French fowk<br/>''Français'' |image = [[File:French people - mosaic.PNG|300px]] '''Notable individuals, frae left tae richt:''' '''Row 1:'''[[Joan o Airc]] • Jacques Cartier • René Descartes • Molière• Blaise Pascal• [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV o Fraunce]] • Voltaire • Denis Diderot • [[Napoleon]] '''Row 2:'''Victor Hugo • Alexandre Dumas, père • Évariste Galois • Louis Pasteur • Jules Verne • Gustave Eiffel • Pierre de Coubertin • Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec • [[Marie Curie]] '''Row 3:'''Marcel Proust • [[Charles de Gaulle]] • Josephine Baker • Jacques-Yves Cousteau • Albert Camus • Édith Piaf • François Mitterrand • [[Brigitte Bardot]] • Zinedine Zidane |population = '''[[Circa|c.]] 110 million''' {{sup|e}} |popplace = {{Flag|Fraunce}} 64,300,000<ref>{{fr icon}} [http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=ip1220 Bilan démographique 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602211630/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=ip1220 |date=2009-06-02 }} - [[INSEE]] (''Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques'' - French National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies)</ref> |region1 = {{flag|Unitit States}} (French ancestry) |pop1 = 11,500,000{{sup|a}} |ref1 = <ref>{{cite web|title=B04003. Total Ancestry Reported|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?-mt_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G2000_B04003&-mt_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G2000_B04001&-mt_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G2000_B04002|work=2008 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=10 July 2010|archive-date=2020-02-11|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200211183810/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?-mt_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G2000_B04003&-mt_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G2000_B04001&-mt_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G2000_B04002|url-status=dead}}</ref> |region3 = {{flag|Canadae}} |pop3 = 10,421,365{{sup|b}} |ref3 = |region4 = {{flag|Argentinae}} |pop4 = 6,800,000 |ref4 =<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canalacademie.com/Les-merveilleux-francophiles,1009.html |title=Les merveilleux francophiles argentins-1 |publisher=Canalacademie.com |accessdate=2009-01-18 |archive-date=2009-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605035505/http://www.canalacademie.com/Les-merveilleux-francophiles,1009.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region6 = {{flag|Belgium}} |pop6 = 6,200,000 |ref6 = <ref name="Stat 7">{{Cite web |url=http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/ressources/eurydice/eurybase/pdf/section/BF_EN_C1_7_3.pdf |title=SPF Intérieur - Office des Étrangers |access-date=2009-02-07 |archive-date=2009-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207093333/http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/ressources/eurydice/eurybase/pdf/section/BF_EN_C1_7_3.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |ref7 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://vivrealetranger.studyrama.com/article.php3?id_article=216 |title=Vivre à l'étranger}}</ref> |region8 = {{flag|Brazil}} |pop8 = 1,000,000 |ref8 = <ref name="studyrama1965">{{cite web |url=http://vivrealetranger.studyrama.com/article.php3?id_article=216 |title=Vivre à l'étranger |quote=Ils ont été 100 000 à émigrer dans ce pays entre 1850 et 1965 et auraient entre 500 000 et 1 million de descendants.}}</ref> |region10 = {{flag|Chile}} |pop10 = 700,000 |ref10 =.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uai.cl/p3_humanidades/site/edic/20030530094405/asocfile/ASOCFILE220030428191759.pdf|title=La influencia francesa en la vida social de Chile de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX|quote=Los datos que poseía el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Francia en Chile al año 2008, tal como lo consignaba el Ministerio Plenipotenciario Francés en Chile, a un número cercano a los 700.000 descendientes de franceses en Chile..|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040206100052/http://www.uai.cl/p3_humanidades/site/edic/20030530094405/asocfile/ASOCFILE220030428191759.pdf|archivedate=2004-02-06|access-date=2013-02-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> |region11 = {{flag|Italy}} |pop11 = 250,000 |ref11 = <ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.joshuaproject.net/peoples.php?rop3=103059 |title=French Ethnic People in all Countries |publisher=Joshua Project |date= |accessdate=2011-11-12}}</ref> |region12 = {{flag|Peru}} |pop12 = 230,000 |ref12 =.<ref name="espejodelperu1">{{cite web|author=Erwin Dopf |url=http://www.espejodelperu.com.pe/Poblacion-del-Peru/Inmigracion-Francesa-al-Peru.htm |title=Inmigración francesa al Perú |publisher=Espejodelperu.com.pe |date= |accessdate=2012-06-06}}</ref> |region13 = {{flag|Madagascar}} |pop13 = 123,954{{sup|c}} |ref13 =.<ref>Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African History, CRC Press, 2005, pp. 878-883</ref> |region14 = {{flag|Australie}} |pop14 = 117,521{{sup|c}} |ref14 = <ref name="ABS Ancestry">{{cite web | url = http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?breadcrumb=POLTD&method=Place%20of%20Usual%20Residence&subaction=-1&issue=2006&producttype=Census%20Tables&documentproductno=0&textversion=false&documenttype=Details&collection=Census&javascript=true&topic=Ancestry&action=404&productlabel=Ancestry%20(full%20classification%20list)%20by%20Sex&order=1&period=2006&tabname=Details&areacode=0&navmapdisplayed=true& | title = 20680-Ancestry (full classification list) by Sex - Australia | format = Microsoft Excel download | publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] | work = 2006 Census | accessdate = 2008-05-19 | archive-date = 2008-03-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080310121707/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/download?format=xls&collection=Census&period=2006&productlabel=Ancestry%20%28full%20classification%20list%29%20by%20Sex&producttype=Census%20Tables&method=Place%20of%20Usual%20Residence&areacode=0 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="ABS Country of Birth">{{cite web | url = http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?action=404&documentproductno=0&documenttype=Details&order=1&tabname=Details&areacode=0&issue=2006&producttype=Census%20Tables&javascript=true&textversion=false&navmapdisplayed=true&breadcrumb=POLTD&&collection=Census&period=2006&productlabel=Country%20of%20Birth%20of%20Person%20(full%20classification%20list)%20by%20Sex&producttype=Census%20Tables&method=Place%20of%20Usual%20Residence&topic=Birthplace& | title = 20680-Country of Birth of Person (full classification list) by Sex - Australia | format = Microsoft Excel download | publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] | work = 2006 Census | accessdate = 2008-05-27 | archive-date = 2018-12-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181225044257/http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/censushome.nsf/home/cowsredirect | url-status = dead }}</ref>''' |langs = [[Australie Inglis]], [[French leid|French]] |region15 = {{flag|Germany}} |pop15 = 104,085 |ref15 = <ref name="Stat 10">{{cite web |url=https://www-genesis.destatis.de/genesis/online/logon?language=en |title=Federal Statistical Office Germany |publisher=Genesis.destatis.de |date= |accessdate=2011-11-12 |archive-date=2020-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509212608/https://www-genesis.destatis.de/genesis/online/logon?language=en |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region16 = {{flag|Spain}} |pop16 = 100,408 |ref16 = <ref name="Stat 11">{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.es/jaxi/tabla.do?path=/t20/e245/p04/a2007/l0/&file=00000011.px&type=pcaxis&L=0 |title=Población por nacionalidad y país de nacimiento. 2007. INE |publisher=Ine.es |date= |accessdate=2011-11-12}}</ref> |region17 = {{flag|Swisserland}} |pop17 = 95,000<!-- of French nationality per 2009 according to ref --> |ref17 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/fr/index/themen/01/02/blank/data/01.html |title=Etat et structure de la population – Données détaillées, Population résidante selon le sexe et la nationalité par pays, (su-f-01.01.01.03), Office fédéral de la statistique OFS |publisher=Bfs.admin.ch |date=2010-01-29 |accessdate=2011-11-12}}</ref> |region18 = {{flag|Israel}} |pop18 = 85,000 |ref18 = <ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.joshuaproject.net/peoples.php?rop3=103063 |title=Jew, French Speaking Ethnic People in all Countries |publisher=Joshua Project |date= |accessdate=2011-11-12}}</ref> |region19 = {{flag|Mexico}} |pop19 = 60,000 |ref19 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://pagnol83300.free.fr/barcelo02/Les%20Barcelonnettes%20au%20Mexique.htm |title=Les Barcelonnettes au Mexique |quote=On estime à 60 000 les descendants des Barcelonnettes, dispersés sur tout le territoire mexicain. |access-date=2013-02-10 |archive-date=2007-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209103306/http://pagnol83300.free.fr/barcelo02/Les%20Barcelonnettes%20au%20Mexique.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region20 = {{flag|Portugal}} |pop20 = 35,000 |ref20 = <ref>{{pt}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040826175013/http://www.bocc.ubi.pt/pag/cunha-isabel-ferin-sos-racismo.html Imigração e Racismo: dez anos nos media]</ref> |region21 = {{flag|Luxembourg}} |pop21 = 25,200 |ref21 = <ref name="Stat 9">{{cite web |url=http://www.statistiques.public.lu/stat/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=1054 |title=État de la population (x1000) 1981, 1991, 2001–2007 |publisher=Statistiques.public.lu |date= |accessdate=2011-11-12 |archive-date=2008-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608142359/http://www.statistiques.public.lu/stat/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=1054 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region22 = {{flag|Mauritius}} |pop22 = 24,000{{sup|c}} |region23 = {{flag|Cambodie}} |pop23 = 16,200{{sup|b}} |ref23 = <ref name="joshuaproject.net">{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.joshuaproject.net/peopctry.php |title=Afghani, Tajik of Afghanistan Ethnic People Profile |publisher=Joshuaproject.net |date= |accessdate=2011-11-12}}</ref> |region24 = {{flag|Lebanon}} |pop24 = 15,000 |ref24 = <ref name="joshuaproject.net"/> |region25 = {{flag|Sirie}} |pop25 = 13,000 |ref25 = <ref name="joshuaproject.net"/> |region26 = {{flag|Ecuador}} |pop26 = 11,000. |ref26 = <ref name="joshuaproject.net"/> |region27 = {{flag|Hong Kong}} |pop27 = 10,456 |ref27 = <ref>Bettina Wassener (February 27, 2012). [http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/28/business/global/french-expatriates-flocking-to-hong-kong.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 French Expatriates Flocking to Hong Kong]. ''New York Times'', Global Business. Retrieved on: 2013-01-03.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hkej.com/template/dailynews/jsp/detail.jsp?dnews_id=3586&cat_id=9&title_id=565063&rtd=48046 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-02-10 |archive-date=2013-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105102840/http://www.hkej.com/template/dailynews/jsp/detail.jsp?dnews_id=3586&cat_id=9&title_id=565063&rtd=48046 |url-status=dead }}</ref><!-- Second source put the figure at over 15,000 --> |region28 = {{flag|Monaco}} |pop28 = 9,800. |ref28 = <ref>{{cite web|title=General Population Census 2008: Population Recensee et Population Estimee|url=http://www.gouv.mc/devwww/wwwnew.nsf/e89a6190e96cbd1fc1256f7f005dbe6e/64a1643c86f9f661c12575ae004cc473/$FILE/Recensement2008_Ch1.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614212422/http://www.gouv.mc/devwww/wwwnew.nsf/e89a6190e96cbd1fc1256f7f005dbe6e/64a1643c86f9f661c12575ae004cc473/$FILE/Recensement2008_Ch1.pdf|archivedate=2011-06-14|publisher=Government of the Principality of Monaco|accessdate=7 October 2011|language=French|year=2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> |region29 = {{flag|Ireland}} |pop29 = 9,749 |ref29 =<ref name="CSO Emigration">{{cite web | url=http://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/census/documents/census2011profile6/Profile%206%20Migration%20and%20Diversity%20Commentary.pdf | title=CSO Emigration | publisher=Census Office Ireland | accessdate=January 29, 2013}}</ref> |region30 = {{flag|Japan}} |pop30 = 8,423 |ref30 = |region31 = {{flag|Serbie}} |pop31 = 5,000 |ref31 = |langs = [[French leid|French]] |rels = Majority : Nan-releegious (Atheism, Agnosticism an Deism), Roman Catholicism. Minority : Islam, Judaism, Protestantism, Buddhism, [[Neo-paganism]], Hinduism, ithers. |footnotes = {{sup|a}} includin 2,080,000 o [[French Canadian]] ancestry<br/> {{sup|b}} Including bodies o pairtial French ancestry<br/> {{sup|c}} Including ancestry an birth<br /> {{sup|d}} French born fowk wur residin in the durin the 2001 Census<br /> {{sup|e}} Includin those wi French ancestry |related = '''Ither [[Romance-speakin Europe|Laitin pfowks]]''': [[Spaingie fowk|Spaingies]], [[Portuguese fowk|Portuguese]], [[Italian fowk|Italians]] <br>'''Various [[Germanic fowks]]''' (due tae [[Franks|Frankish]] auncestry) : [[Germans]], [[Dutch fowk|Dutch]], [[Inglis fowk|English]] <br>'''Various [[Celtic fowks]]''' (due tae [[Gallo-Romans|Gallo-Roman]] ancestry) : [[Erse fowk|Erse]], [[Breton fowk|Bretons]], [[Welsh fowk|Welsh]], [[Cornish fowk|Cornish]] }} The '''French''' ({{lang-fr|Français}}) are a [[naition]] that share a common [[cultur o Fraunce|French cultur]] an speak the [[French leid]] as a [[mither tongue]]. Historically, the French population are stryndit frae fowks o [[Celts|Celtic]], [[Laitins|Laitin]] an [[Germanic fowks|Germanic]] oreegin, an are the day a mixtur o several [[ethnic group]]s. Athin [[Fraunce]], the French are defined bi [[citizenship]], regairdless o [[ancestry]] or kintra o residence.<ref name=Const58>"Fraunce shall be an indiveesible, secular, democratic an social Republic. It shall ensure the equality o aw citizens afore the law, wioot distinction o origin, race or releegion", [http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/english/8ab.asp Constitution of 4 October 1958] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313212736/http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/english/8ab.asp |date=2013-03-13 }}</ref> Housomeivver, the wird can refer tae fowk o French strynd who are foond in ither countries an aw, wi significant French-speakin population groups or no, sic as [[Argentinae]] (''[[French Argentine]]s''), [[Brazil]] (''[[French Brazilian]]s''), [[French Wast Indies]] (the ''[[French Caribbean]]'' fowk), [[Canadae]] (''[[French Canadian]]s'') an the [[Unitit States]] (''[[French American]]s''), an some o thaim hae a French cultural identity. {{Stub/Fraunce}} == Notes == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Category:French fowk| ]] [[Category:Celtic fowk]] [[Category:Demografics o Fraunce]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Europe]] [[Category:French society|Fowk]] [[Category:Germanic fowks]] [[Category:Romance fowks]] o2ohjhf9jmj3izcuyohoncxf6sknlym 0 45412 921138 915505 2026-08-18T20:17:14Z ~2026-45365-99 135911 remuive "en:wiki" airtins 921138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group |group = Argentines<br><small>''Argentinos''</small> |image=|image = [[File:Flag of Argentina.svg|300px]] |caption = [[Banner o Argentinae]] |poptime=''c. '' '''42,000,000 Argentines''' |regions = {{flag|Argentinae}} {{nbsp|6}} 40,134,425 |region1 = {{flag|Spain}} |pop1 = 229,009<ref name=IOM>[http://www.oimconosur.org/archivos/descarga.php?id=../imagenes/archivos/144.pdf&name=Argentina%20-%20Perfil%20Migratorio%20de%20la%20Argentina Perfil migratorio de Argentina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313044928/http://oimconosur.org/archivos/descarga.php?id=..%2Fimagenes%2Farchivos%2F144.pdf&name=argentina%20-%20perfil%20migratorio%20de%20la%20argentina |date=2016-03-13 }}</ref> |region2 = {{flag|Unitit States}} |pop2 = 144,023<ref name=IOM/> |region3 = {{flag|Paraguay}} |pop3 = 61,649<ref name=IOM/> |region4 = {{flag|Chile}} |pop4 = 59,637<ref name=IOM/> |region5 = {{flag|Israel}} |pop5 = 43,718<ref name=IOM/> |region7 = {{flag|Brazil}} |pop7 = 25,826<ref name=IOM/> |region8 = {{flag|Uruguay}} |pop8 = 23,943<ref name=IOM/> |region9 = {{flag|Canadae}} |pop9 = 14,877<ref name=IOM/> |region10 = {{flag|Mexico}} |pop10 = 13,696<ref name=IOM/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.inegi.gob.mx/inegi/contenidos/espanol/prensa/contenidos/Articulos/sociodemograficas/nacidosenotropais.pdf |title=INEGI |access-date=2013-02-19 |archive-date=2013-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427100913/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/inegi/contenidos/espanol/prensa/contenidos/Articulos/sociodemograficas/nacidosenotropais.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region11 = {{flag|Italy}} |pop11 = 11,576<ref name=IOM/> |region12 = {{flag|Australie}} |pop12 = 10,826<ref name=IOM/> |region13 = {{flag|Fraunce}} |pop13 = 10,795<ref name=IOM/> |region14 = {{flag|Venezuela}} |pop14 = 8,556<ref name=IOM/> |region15 = {{flag|Unitit Kinrick}} |pop15 = 7,554<ref name=IOM/> |region16 = {{flag|Germany}} |pop16 = 7,140<ref name=IOM/> |region17 = {{flag|Swisserland}} |pop17 = 5,372<ref name=IOM/> |region18 = {{flag|Japan}} |pop18 = 3,762<ref name=IOM/> |region19 = {{flag|Peru}} |pop19 = 3,310<ref name=IOM/> |region20 = {{flag|Swaden}} |pop20 = 2,755<ref name=IOM/> |region21 = {{flag|Colombie}} |pop21 = 2,257<ref name=IOM/> |region22 = {{flag|Netherlands}} |pop22 = 2,189<ref name=IOM/> |region23 = {{flag|Ecuador}} |pop23 = 2,148<ref name=IOM/> |region24 = {{flag|Dominican Republic}} |pop24 = 1,420<ref name=IOM/> |region25 = {{flag|Portugal}} |pop25 = 1,218<ref name=IOM/> |region26 = {{flag|Austrick}} |pop26 = 1,098<ref name=IOM/> |region27 = {{flag|Denmark}} |pop27 = 1,046<ref name=IOM/> |langs = [[Rioplatense Spaingie]] |rels = Predominantly [[Catholicism|Catholic]].<br>Also [[Protestantism|Protestants]], [[Jews in Argentinae|Jews]], [[Islam]], an ither releegions. |related = [[Laitin Americans]], [[Italians]], [[Spaingie fowk|Spaniards]], [[French fowk|French]], [[Germans]] an Ithers ([[Erse fowk|Erse]], [[Arab fowk|Arabs]] an [[Mapuche]]). }} '''Argentines''' (''argentinos'' in [[Spaingie leid|Spaingie]]), cried '''Argentinians''' an aw, are the [[ceetizens]] o [[Argentinae]], or their stryndants abroad. Argentinae is a [[multiethnic society]], which means that it is hame tae fowk o mony different ethnic backgrunds. As a result, Argentines dae no consider their naitionality as an ethnicity but as a citizenship wi various ethnicities. Aside frae the indigenous population, nearly aw Argentines or their ancestors immigratit athin the past five centuries. Accordin tae the {{census-ar|2010}}, Argentinae haed a population o 40,091,359 inhabitants, o which 1,805,957 or 4.6%, wur born abroad. The population [[Population growthe rate|growthe rate]] in 2008 wis estimatit tae be 0.917% annually, wi a birth rate o 16.32 live births per 1,000 inhabitants an a mortality rate o 7.54 daiths per 1,000 inhabitants.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title= Proyecciones provinciales de población por sexo y grupos de edad 2001-2015 |accessdate= 2008-06-24 |work= Gustavo Pérez |format= pdf |publisher= [[INDEC]] |page= 16 |language= es |archive-date= 2011-06-15 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> Argentinae's population haes lang haed ane o [[Laitin Americae]]'s lawest [[population growthe rate|growthe rates]] (recently, aboot ane percent a year) an it enjoys a comparatively law [[infant mortality rate]] an aw. Strikingly, tho, its birth rate is still nearly twice as heich (2.3 childer per wumman) as that in [[Spain]] or [[Italy]], despite comparable religiosity figurs.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |access-date=2013-02-19 |archive-date=2010-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>''UN Demographic Yearbook, 2007''</ref> The median age is approximately 30 years an [[life expectancy]] at birth is o 75 years. ==Ethnic groups== {{Main|Ethnografie o Argentinae|Immigration tae Argentinae}} [[Argentinae]] is a [[multiethnic society]], which means that it is hame tae fowk o mony different ethnic backgrunds. As a result, the fowk thare uisually treat their naitionality as a citizenship, but no an ethnicity. ===Owerview=== Argentinae is, alang wi ither auries o new dounset like [[Demografie o Canadae|Canadae]], [[Demografics o Australie|Australie]] or [[Demografics o the Unitit States|the Unitit States]], a meltin pot o different fowks.<ref>''[[Enrique Oteiza]] y [[Susana Novick]] sostienen que «la Argentina desde el siglo XIX, al igual que Australia, Canadá o Estados Unidos, se convierte en un '''''país de inmigración''''', entendiendo por esto una sociedad que ha sido conformada por un fenómeno inmigratorio masivo, a partir de una población local muy pequeña.»'' [http://www.iigg.fsoc.uba.ar/pobmigra/archivos/rc31.pdf (Oteiza, Enrique; Novick, Susana. ''Inmigración y derechos humanos. Política y discursos en el tramo final del menemismo''. [en línea&#93;. Buenos Aires: Instituto de Investigaciones Gino Germani, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 2000 [Citado FECHA&#93;. (IIGG Documentos de Trabajo, Nº 14). Available on: http://www.iigg.fsoc.uba.ar/docs/dt/dt14.pdf)]; ''El antropólogo brasileño'' [[Darcy Ribeiro]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531184634/http://www.iigg.fsoc.uba.ar/pobmigra/archivos/rc31.pdf |date=2011-05-31 }} incluye a la Argentina dentro de los ''«pueblos trasplantados»'' de América, junto con [[Uruguay]], [[Canadae|Canadá]] y [[Unitit States|Estados Unidos]] (Ribeiro, Darcy. ''Las Américas y la Civilización'' (1985). Buenos Aires:EUDEBA, pp. 449 ss.); El historiador argentino [[José Luis Romero (historiador)|José Luis Romero]] define a la Argentina como un ''«país aluvial»''(Romero, José Luis. «Indicación sobre la situación de las masas en Argentina (1951)», en ''La experiencia argentina y otros ensayos'', Buenos Aires: Universidad de Belgrano,1980, p. 64). {{es}}</ref> Maist Argentines are stryndents o colonial-era settlers an o the 19t an 20t century immigrants frae Europe, wi aboot 90% o the population bein o [[European ethnic groups|European]] strynd.<ref name="worldstatesmen argentina">[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Argentina.html World Statesmen.org: Argentina]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ar.html#People |title=Argentina (People) |accessdate=2008-08-08 |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080813015503/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ar.html#People |archivedate=2008-08-13 |deadurl=no |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612213714/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ar.html#People |date=2007-06-12 }}</ref> The maist common ethnic groups are [[Italian Argentine|Italian]] an [[Spaingie Argentine|Spaniard]] (includin [[Galicie fowk|Galicies]] an [[Basque fowk|Basques]]). It is estimatit that up tae 25 million Argentines are o [[Italians|Italian strynd]], up tae 60% o the total population.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.igougo.com/travelcontent/Journal.aspx?JournalID=52009#1214518 |title=Travel for good: Argentina |access-date=2013-02-20 |archive-date=2017-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923002353/http://www.igougo.com/travelcontent/Journal.aspx?JournalID=52009#1214518 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thare are also [[Germanic fowks|Germanic]], [[Slavs|Slavic]], [[Breetish fowk|Breetish]] an [[French fowk|French]] populations an aw.<ref name="ecpi"/> Smawer [[Jews|Jewish]], [[Indigenous fowks o the Americas|Native American]], [[Arab fowk|Arab]], [[East Asie]], [[Romani fowk|Gypsy]], an [[African fowk|African]] commonties contribute tae wha haes been referred tae as a "crucible o races". Recent decades immigration includes mainly [[Paraguay]]ans, [[Bolivie fowk|Bolivies]] an [[Peruvian fowk|Peruvians]], amang ither [[Laitin Americans]], [[Eastren Europe]]ans an [[East Asie]]s. ===European Argentines=== {{Main|Argentines o European strynd}} '''Argentines o European strynd''' constitute the majority o Argentinae's population. They are the Argentine stryndants o colonists frae [[Spain]] an [[Portugal]] durin the colonial period prior tae 1810, an mainly o immigrants frae [[Europe]] an the [[Middle East]] in the great immigratory wave durin the late 19t century an early 20t century. Awtho a namit category "Argentines o European strynd" is no offeecially uised, an nae offeecial census data exist, some internaitional sources claim that they mak up atween 82.9%<ref name="joshua project argentina">[http://www.joshuaproject.net/countries.php?rog3=AR ''The Joshua Project: Ethnic people groups of Argentina'']</ref> up tae 86.4%<ref name="worldstatesmen argentina"/> o Argentinae's population. The current maist numerous immigrant European commonties are: [[Spainyie Argentine|Spainyie]] (includin [[Basque Argentine|Basque]] an [[Galicie fowk|Galicie]]), [[Italian Argentine|Italian]], [[French Argentine|French]], [[German Argentine|German]], [[Erse Argentine|Erse]], [[Croats in Argentinae|Croat]], [[Ukrainian Argentine|Ukrainian]] an [[Pols Argentine|Pols]], amang mony ithers. ====Mestizo Argentines==== Athin these totals thare mey be an imprecise amoont o mixed "[[mestizo]]" population. Some sources provide estimates that state that Mestizo fowk represent atween 6.5%<ref name="worldstatesmen argentina" /> up tae 14%.<ref name="dk worldfactfile">[http://www.dorlingkindersley-uk.co.uk/static/cs/uk/11/worldfactfile/countries/ar.html ''World Fact File''. Dorling Kindersley Books Limited, London.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629082410/http://www.dorlingkindersley-uk.co.uk/static/cs/uk/11/worldfactfile/countries/ar.html |date=2007-06-29 }}</ref> ===Arab Argentines=== {{See also|Arab Argentine}} '''Arabs''' comprise atween 2.9%<ref name="joshua project argentina" /> an 3.3%<ref name="worldstatesmen argentina" /> o Argentinae's population. They represent aboot 1.3&nbsp;million fowk whose ancestry traces back tae ony o various waves o immigrants, lairgely o Arab cultural an linguistic heritage an/or identity, oreeginatin mainly frae wha is nou [[Lebanon]] an [[Sirie]]. Due tae the fact that mony Arab kintras wur unner [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] control bi the time the immigration teuk place, maist Arabs entered the kintra wi [[Turkey|Turkis]] passport, an so they are colloquially referred tae as ''turcos''. ===Amerindian Argentines=== {{See also|Indigenous fowks in Argentinae}} Contemporary Amerindian culturs are representit in the kintra mainly bi the [[Mapuche]], [[Kolla fowk|Kolla]], [[Wichí people|Wichí]] an [[Toba fowk]]s. Accordin tae the proveesional data o [[INDEC]]'s Complementar Survey o Indigenous Fowks (ECPI) 2004 - 2005, 600,329 indigenous fowks (aboot 1.6% o the total population) reside in Argentinae. The maist numerous o these commonties are the Mapuches, who live maistly in the sooth, the Kollas an [[Wichí]]s, frae the northwast, an the Tobas, who live maistly in the northeast.<ref name=ecpi>[http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp INDEC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp |date=2008-06-11 }}</ref> Some [[Mestizo]] population may identify with indigenous ethnicity. ===Asie Argentines=== {{See also|Asie Argentine}} Argentines o [[Asie fowk|Asie]] [[ancestry]] are defined as either born athin Argentinae, or born elsewhaur an later tae become a [[citizenship|citizen]] or [[permanent residency|resident]] o Argentinae. Asie-Argentines settled in Argentinae in lairge nummers durin several waves o immigration in the 20t century. Primarily livin in their awn [[Barrios o Buenos Aires|neebourheids]] in [[Buenos Aires]], mony currently awn their awn businesses o varyin sizes - lairgely [[textile]]s, [[grocery store|grocery retailin]], an [[buffet|buffet-style]] [[restaurant]]s. The sma Asie-Argentine population haes generally kept a law profile, an is acceptit bi greater Argentine society. ===Afro Argentines=== {{See also|Afro-Argentine}} '''Blacks''' in Argentinae micht be aboot 67,000 fowk; this figur includes 53,000 direct stryndants frae slaves,<ref name="joshua project argentina" /> plus 12,000-15,000 Caboverdian Mulatto immigrants and their descendants, who arrived in the 1950s and 1960s.<ref>[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=862751 Caboverdianos: Vientos de Cambio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908202608/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=862751 |date=2009-09-08 }} La Nación revista. 3 December 2006. (Spanish)</ref> Wi thoosans o immigrants frae Europe arrivin tae Argentine soil, an maist black weemen intermarryin wi thaim, notin that their populations wur awready law, the Afro-Argentine population fadit intae oblivion. ==Leids== {{Main|Leids o Argentinae}} {{See an aw|Leet o indigenous leids in Argentinae}} Awthou [[Spainyie leid|Spainyie]] is dominant, bein the [[naitional leid]] spoken bi virtually aw Argentines, the spoken leids o Argentinae nummer at least 40. Leids spoken bi at least 100,000 Argentines include [[Indigenous leids o the Americas|Native American leids]] such as [[Soothren Quechua]], [[Guaraní leid|Guaraní]] an [[Mapudungun]], an immigrant leids such as [[Staundart German|German]], [[Italian leid|Italian]], or [[Levantine Arabic]]. Twa native leids are [[extinct leids|extinct]] ([[Abipón leid|Abipón]] an [[Chané leid|Chané]]), while some ithers are [[endangered leids|endangered]], spoken bi elderly fowk whose stryndants dae no speak the leids<ref name="LAR">Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=AR Online version: Languages of Argentina], Retrieved on 2007-01-02.</ref> (such as [[Vilela leid|Vilela]], [[Puelche]], [[Chon leids|Tehuelche]] an [[Selknam]]). [[Welsh leid|Welsh]] is spoken bi ower 35,000 fowk in the [[Chubut Province]] an aw. This includes a dialect cried [[Patagonie Welsh]], which haes developit syne the stairt o the [[Y Wladfa|Welsh dounset in Argentinae]] in 1865. Thare are ither commonties o immigrants that speak their native leids an aw, such as the [[Cheenese leid]] spoken bi at least hauf o the ower 60,000 Cheenese immigrants (maistly in [[Buenos Aires]]) an an [[Occitan leid|Occitan-speakin]] commonty in [[Pigüé|Pigüé, Buenos Aires Province]]. ==Releegion== {{Main|Releegion in Argentinae}} A majority o the population o [[Argentinae]] is [[Christianity|Christian]]. Accordin tae CONICET survey on creeds, aboot 76.5% o Argentines are [[Roman Catholic Kirk|Roman Catholic]], 11.3% religiously indifferent, 9% [[Protestant]] (wi 7.9% in [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] denominations), 1.2% [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], an 0.9% [[The Kirk o Jesus Christ o Latter-day Saunts|Mormons]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clarin.com/diario/2008/08/27/um/encuesta1.pdf |title=Encuesta CONICET sobre creencias|format=PDF |accessdate=25 April 2010}}</ref> Awtho [[Jews]] accoont for less nor 1% o Argentinae's population, [[Buenos Aires]] haes the [[History o the Jews o Argentinae|seicont lairgest population o Jews]] in the [[Americas]], seicont anerlie tae [[New York Ceety]]. Argentina haes the lairgest [[Muslim]] minority in Americae (see [[Islam in Argentinae]]). ==Emigration== {{See an aw|Argentine American|Argentine Australie|Argentine Brazilian}} The rate o Argentine [[emigration]] tae [[Europe]] (especially tae [[Spain]] an [[Italy]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901030120-407301,00.html |title=Reversal Of Fortune - TIME |access-date=2013-02-20 |archive-date=2012-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106032900/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901030120-407301,00.html |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106032900/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901030120-407301,00.html |date=2012-11-06 }}</ref>) an, tae a lesser degree, tae [[Sooth Americae]] (maistly tae [[Uruguay]] an the [[Brazil]]) peakit in the late 1970s an early 1980s an is noteworthy.<ref>[http://www.ime.gob.mx/noticias/boletines_lazos/2005/301.htm La otra cara de la 'fuga de cerebros'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170324/http://www.ime.gob.mx/noticias/boletines_lazos/2005/301.htm |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> Maist Argentines ootside Argentinae are fowk who hae migratit frae the middle an upper middle classes. The maist popular immigration destinations in Americae are: [[Unitit States|USA]], [[Chile]], [[Paraguay]], [[Brazil]], [[Uruguay]], [[Bolivie]] an [[Canadae]], but ither commonties' stationed in [[Venezuela]], [[Mexico]], [[Peru]], [[Colombie]], [[Ecuador]] an [[Costa Rica]]. In Europe, [[Spain]] an [[Italy]] hae lairge commonties but in the [[Unitit Kinrick]], [[Fraunce]] an [[Germany]]. Thare are significant commonties in [[Israel]] an [[Australie]] an aw. Accordin tae offeecial estimates thare are 600,000 warldwide Argentine, accordin tae estimates bi the International Organization for Migration are aboot 806,369 syne 2001. It is estimatit that their stryndants wad be aroond 1,900,000. The first wave o emigration occurred durin the militar dictatorship atween 1976 an 1983, wi the main destinations in Spain, USA, Mexico an Venezuela. Durin the 1990s, due tae the abolition o visas atween Argentinae an the Unitit States, thoosans o Argentines emigratit tae the North American kintra. The last major wave o emigration occurred durin the 2001 crisis, the main destination in Europe, especially Spain, awtho thare wis an increase in emigration tae neeborin kintras an aw, pairticularly Brazil, Chile an Paraguay. ==Notes== {{Reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1482 About Argentine population] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715204408/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1482 |date=2010-07-15 }} at www.Argentina.gov.ar {{en}} {{Immigration tae Argentinae}} {{Argentinae topics}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Argentine Fowk}} [[Category:Argentine fowk| ]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Argentinae|+]] [[Category:Sooth American fowk]] ivohuft5ji37rprqskofabbmuqg31v9 0 48227 921118 882368 2026-08-18T16:35:59Z Lirazelf 27464 remuive en.wiki airtin 921118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name =Jrapi |native_name =Ջրափի |pushpin_map =Armenia |mapsize =150px |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Armenie]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Armenie|Marz (Province)]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Shirak Province|Shirak]] |image_skyline = Ջրափիի եկեղեցին2.jpg |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = |established_date = |area_total_km2 = |area_footnotes = |population_as_of = 2001 |population_total =845 |population_density_km2 = |timezone =&nbsp; |utc_offset = +4 |timezone_DST =&nbsp; |utc_offset_DST = +5 |coordinates = {{coord|40|33|25|N|43|40|58|E|region:AM|display=inline}} |elevation_m = |area_code = |website = }} '''Jrapi''' ({{lang-hy|Ջրափի}}, [[Romanise|Romanisit]] as '''Jrap’i''' an '''Dzhrapi''') is a toun in the [[Shirak Province]] o [[Armenie]]. It wis biggit tae replace Nerkin Dzhrapi an Verin Dzhrapi whilk wis tae be fluidit bi the Akhurian reservoir. == References == *{{GEOnet2|32FA881E711A3774E0440003BA962ED3}} *{{ArmenianCensus|194}} {{Shirak}} [[Category:Populatit places in Shirak Province]] o9eyzin8umo40z95w45ynbyedtgkids 921150 921118 2026-08-18T20:34:33Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921150 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Jrapi |native_name = Ջրափի |pushpin_map = Armenia |mapsize = 150px |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Armenie]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Armenie|Marz (Province)]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Shirak Province|Shirak]] |image_skyline = Ջրափիի եկեղեցին2.jpg |population_as_of = 2001 |population_total = 845 |timezone =&nbsp; |utc_offset = +4 |timezone_DST = &nbsp; |utc_offset_DST = +5 |coordinates = {{coord|40|33|25|N|43|40|58|E|region:AM|display=inline}} }} '''Jrapi''' ({{lang-hy|Ջրափի}}, [[Romanise|Romanisit]] as '''Jrap’i''' an '''Dzhrapi''') is a toun in the [[Shirak Province]] o [[Armenie]]. It wis biggit tae replace Nerkin Dzhrapi an Verin Dzhrapi whilk wis tae be fluidit bi the Akhurian reservoir. == References == *{{GEOnet2|32FA881E711A3774E0440003BA962ED3}} *{{ArmenianCensus|194}} {{Shirak}} [[Category:Populatit places in Shirak Province]] blu8vb1sv7ky7fap3v2tz15qj1f20nq 0 48607 921083 893998 2026-08-18T13:16:56Z ~2026-45172-97 135886 /* */ 921083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Cheenese-leid sanger an actor <!------See WikiProject Chinese-language entertainment-------> | name = Faye Wong | image = Faye Wong.jpg | caption = Wong performin at a concert in [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysie]], 2011 | chinesename = {{linktext|王|菲}} | pinyinchinesename = Wáng Fēi | jyutpingchinesename = Wong4 Fei1 | birth_name = {{linktext|夏|林}}<ref group=fn name="givenname" /> <br /> _{Xià Lín ([[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]])} | ancestry = | origin ={{PRC}} | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|8|8|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Beijing]], [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Cheenae]] | death_date = | death_place = | restingplace = | restingplacecoordinates = | othername = Shirley Wong <br /> {{linktext|王|靖|雯}} <br /> _{Wong4 Zing6 Man4 ([[Cantonese]])} | occupation = [[sangster]]-[[sangwriter]], [[actress]] | genre = [[C-pop]] (baith [[Mandopop]] an [[Cantopop]]),<br> [[C-rock]], [[dream pop]], [[Buddhist muisic]], [[J-pop]] | instrument = | voicetype = [[Mezzo-soprano]] | label = [[Cinepoly Records|Cinepoly]], [[EMI]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony Music]] | yearsactive = 1989–2005, 2010–present | associatedact = | spouse = [[Dou Wei]] (1996-1999) <br /> [[Li Yapeng]] (29 Julie 2005-13 September 2013) | partner = | children= Dou Jintong, born on {{birth date and age|1997|1|3|df=y}} <br /> Li Yan, born on {{birth date and age|2006|5|27|df=y}} | parents=Wang Youlin <br /> Xia Guiyin | influences = [[Teresa Teng]], [[The Cranberries]],<br> [[Tori Amos]], [[Cocteau Twins]] | influenced = | website = | hongkongfilmwards = | goldenbauhiniaawards = | hkfcsawards = {{awd|Best Actress|2002|[[Chinese Odyssey 2002]]}} | goldenhorseawards = | goldenroosterawards = | goldenmelodyawards = {{awd|Best Female Mandarin Artist|[[15th Golden Melody Awards|2004]]|[[To Love (Faye Wong album)|''To Love'']]}} | ntsawards = | awards = {{awd|[[Stockholm International Film Festival|Stockholm Film Festival]]|Best Actress<br />1994|[[Chungking Express]]}} {{awd|[[Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation|Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards]]|Asia Pacific Most Popular HK Female Artist <br />[[1993 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation|1993]] [[1994 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation|1994]] [[1995 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation|1995]] [[1996 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation|1996]] [[1997 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation|1997]] [[1999 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation|1999]] [[2000 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation|2000]]}} }} '''Faye Wong''' ({{zh|c={{linktext|王|菲}}|p='''Wáng Fēi'''}}) (born 8 August 1969) is a Cheenese<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/10312027/Chinese-pop-star-Faye-Wong-separates-from-husband-igniting-debate-on-divorce.html|title=Chinese pop star Faye Wong separates from husband, igniting debate on divorce|last=Phillips|first=Tom|publisher=''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''|date=2013-09-16|accessdate=2013-10-05}}</ref>-Hong Kong<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.womenofchina.cn/html/womenofchina/report/113127-1.htm|title=Faye Wong at Most Beautiful Women in Hong Kong Charity Photo Exhibition|publisher=''[[Ming Pao]]''|date=2010-11-12|accessdate=2013-10-05|archive-date=2013-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006154222/http://www.womenofchina.cn/html/womenofchina/report/113127-1.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[sangster]]-[[sangwriter]] an [[actress]]. Early in her career she briefly used the [[stage name]] Shirley Wong (王靖雯). Born in [[Beijing]], she muivit tae Breetish [[Hong Kong]] in 1987 a came tae public attention in the early 1990s bi singin [[ballads]] in [[Cantonese]]. Syne 1995 she haes recordit mai stly in her native [[Mandarin Cheenese|Mandarin]], aften combinin [[alternative muisic]] wi mainstream [[C-pop|Cheenese pop]].<ref name=mitchell>{{cite book |year=2006 |last=Mitchell | first=Tony |editor-first=Shane| editor-last=Homan |title=Access All Eras: Tribute Bands and Global Pop Culture |pages=215–228 |chapter=Chapter 13: Tian Ci – Faye Wong and English Songs in the Cantopop and Mandopop Repertoire |publisher= [[Open University Press]] | isbn=0-335-21690-0 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_NK9JF-_K4QC&pg=PA215 |accessdate=4 February 2011}}</ref> In 2000 she wis recognisit bi [[Guinness World Records]] as the ''Best Sellin [[Canto-Pop]] Female''.<ref name=guinness>{{cite web |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/content_pages/record.asp?recordid=54458 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050323175527/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/gwr5/content_pages/record.asp?recordid=54458 |archivedate=2005-03-23 |title=Best Selling Canto-Pop Female |author= |date= |work= |publisher=[[Guinness World Records]] |accessdate=23 January 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Follaein her seicont marriage in 2005 she athdrew frae the limelicht, but returned tae the stage in 2010 amidst immense interest in the [[Sinosphere]].<ref name=sunxi>{{cite web |url=http://www.womenofchina.cn/html/report/113737-1.htm?node=113737 |title=Return of the Inimitable Faye Wong |author=Sun Xi |date=5 November 2010 |work= |publisher=Women of China |accessdate=23 January 2011 |archive-date=2017-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810211157/http://www.womenofchina.cn/html/report/113737-1.htm?node=113737 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=davidchen>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2011/01/28/2003494599 |title=Pop Stop |author=Chen, David |newspaper=[[Taipei Times]] |date=28 January 2011 |accessdate=4 February 2011}}</ref> Hugely popular in [[Mainland Cheenae]], Taiwan, Hong Kong an Singapore, she haes gained a lairge follaein in Japan an aw an is tae date the anerlie [[C-pop]] airtist tae hae performit 4 times in Tokyo's [[Nippon Budokan|Budokan]] {{#tag:ref|Other C-pop artists who hae held concerts in the Budokan include [[Agnes Chan]] (2 times), [[Teresa Teng]] (1 time), [[12 girls band]] (1 time), [[Jay Chou]] (2 times) an [[F4 (baund)|F4]] (2 times).|group=fn|name="budokan"}}. In the Wast she is best kent for starrin in [[Wong Kar-wai]]'s films ''[[Chungking Express]]'' an ''[[2046 (film)|2046]]''.<ref name="mitchell" /><ref name=huangyan>{{cite news |title=China's Pop Queen Faye Wong Plans Comeback |author=Huang Yan; Blanchard, Ben |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE66P10R20100726 |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |date=26 July 2010 |accessdate=23 January 2011}}</ref> While she haes collaboratit wi internaitional airtists sic as [[Cocteau Twins]], Wong recordit anerly a few sangs in Inglis, includin "[[Eyes on Me (Faye Wong sang)|Eyes on Me]]" – the [[theme sang]] o the video gemme ''[[Final Fantasy VIII]]''. Wong is kent tae be reservit in public, an haes gained a reputation for her "[[Ceul (aesthetic)|ceulness]]".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Jeff |last2=Wylie |first2=Jean |year=2004 |title=China's Youth Define "Cool" |journal=The China Business Review |volume=7 |url=http://chinabusinessreview.com/public/0407/smith.html |publisher=US-China Business Council |accessdate=23 January 2011 |archive-date=2011-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708144545/http://chinabusinessreview.com/public/0407/smith.html |url-status=dead }}"''The April 2004 "China Cool Hunt" survey polled 1,200 18- to 22-year-old students from 64 universities in Beijing and Shanghai about the who, what, and why of cool... Asian, not Western, musicians are viewed as cool by this generation. No international pop stars were among students' top 10 favorites. China's Wang Fei was the most popular singer, with 17 percent of the votes.''"</ref><ref name=coolness>{{cite news |title=上海電台選最酷藝人, 王菲應份得獎 |language=Chinese |trans_title=Faye Wong fittingly wins Shanghai radio station's 'Coolest Celebrity Award' |url=http://cecilia.tophk.net/fayenews/faye0799/fayenew160799.htm |newspaper=[[Apple Daily]] |date=16 July 1999 |accessdate=1 April 2011 |archive-date=2011-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002125144/http://cecilia.tophk.net/fayenews/faye0799/fayenew160799.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> In ''Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Culture'', Jeroen de Kloet characterissit her as "sangster, actress, mither, celebrity, ryalty, [[sex seembol]] an diva aw at the same time."<ref name=dekloet>{{cite book |year=2005 |last=de Kloet | first=Jeroen |editor-first=Davis| editor-last=Edward L. |title=Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Culture |pages=659–660 |chapter=Wong Fei |publisher= [[Routledge]] | isbn=0-415-24129-4 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YL4GS9zju10C&pg=PA1870|accessdate=19 April 2013}}</ref> == Discografie == * 1989: ''[[Shirley Wong (Faye Wong album)|Shirley Wong]]'' (王靖雯) * 1990: ''[[Everything (Faye Wong album)|Everything]]'' * 1990: ''[[You're the Only One (Faye Wong album)|You're the Only One]]'' * 1992: ''[[Coming Home (Faye Wong album)|Coming Home]]'' * 1993: ''[[No Regrets (Faye Wong album)|No Regrets]]'' (執迷不悔) * 1993: ''[[100,000 Whys (Faye Wong album)|100,000 Whys]]'' (十萬個為什麼) * 1994: ''[[Mystery (Faye Wong album)|Mystery]]'' (迷) * 1994: ''[[Random Thoughts (Faye Wong album)|Random Thoughts]]'' (胡思亂想) * 1994: ''[[Sky (Faye Wong album)|Sky]]'' (天空) * 1994: ''[[Ingratiate Oneself]]'' (討好自己) * 1995: ''[[Decadent Sounds of Faye]]'' (菲靡靡之音) * 1995: ''[[Di-Dar]]'' * 1996: ''[[Restless (Faye Wong album)|Restless]]'' (浮躁) * 1997: ''[[Faye Wong (1997 album)|Faye Wong]]'' (王菲) * 1998: ''[[Scenic Tour (Faye Wong album)|Scenic Tour]]'' (唱遊) * 1999: ''[[Only Love Strangers]]'' (只愛陌生人) * 2000: ''[[Fable (album)|Fable]]'' (寓言) * 2001: ''[[Faye Wong (2001 album)|Faye Wong]]'' (王菲) * 2003: ''[[To Love (Faye Wong album)|To Love]]'' (將愛) * 2015: ''Be Perfunctory'' (敷衍) ==Tours== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Concert Series ! Dates & venues ! [[Cover song]]s bi Faye Wong first recordit on concert albums ! Availability an trivia |- ! Faye Wong Live In Concert 1994–95 (王菲最精彩演唱會) | 18 concerts in Hong Kong (Dec 1994 – Jan 1995), 2 in [[Taipei]], 2 in [[Kuala Lumpur]] an 7 mair in [[Vancouver]], [[Edmonton]], [[Toronto]], [[Atlanta]], [[San Francisco]], [[New York City]], an [[Singapore]] Tot: 29 | (i) "I Will Marry You Tomorrow" (Mandarin song: 明天我要嫁给你 oreeginally performed bi [[Emil Chau]]); (ii) "One Thousand Words, Ten Thousand Phrases" (Mandarin song: 千言万语 oreeginally performed bi [[Teresa Teng]]) | One o the concerts in Hong Kong wis published on CD, VHS an [[Laserdisc]]. The visual designer for the concerts wis the film director [[Wong Kar-wai]]. Unlik later series of concerts, thir performances included dancers an encores. |- ! Faye Wong Scenic Tour 1998–99 (王菲唱游大世界演唱會) | 17 concerts at Hong Kong Coliseum: 24 December 1998 – 9 Januar 99, 11 concerts in China, 2 in Japan, 2 in Singapore, 2 in Malaysia an 1 in Las Vegas Tot: 35 | (i) "[[Bohemian Rhapsody]]" (Inglis song oreeginally performed bi [[Queen (baund)|Queen]]);<ref name=emi_tour/> (ii) "Awakening from Dreams" (Mandarin song: 梦醒了 oreeginally performed bi [[Na Ying]]) | The New Year's Eve concert in Hong Kong wis published on CD an VCD. "[[Auld Lang Syne]]" is included in the recording, but wis actually sung bi the background vocalists rather than Faye Wong. In the Japan concert, she covered "Don't Break My Heart", a Mandarin song oreeginally performed bi [[Dou Wei]]. |- ! Faye Wong Tour in 2000–01 | 11 concerts in China, 1 concert in [[Taipei]], 1 in [[Melbourne]], 1 in [[Sydney]] an 3 mair in Japan Tot: 17 | "[[Thank You for Hearing Me]]" (Inglis song oreeginally performed bi [[Sinéad O'Connor]]) | One o the concerts in [[Nippon Budokan|Budokan]] concert hall, Tokyo, Japan wis released on VCD an DVD. |- ! No Faye! No Live! Tour 2003–05 (菲比尋常) | 8 concerts in [[Hong Kong]] (Dec 2003), 8 mair in [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Shanghai]], [[Singapore]], [[Xi'an]], [[Hangzhou]], [[Beijing]], [[Taipei]] an [[Guangzhou]] Tot: 16 | (i) "[[Heart of Glass (song)|Heart of Glass]]" (Inglis song oreeginally performed bi [[Blondie (baund)|Blondie]]); (ii) "[[The Look of Love (1967 song)|The Look of Love]]" (Inglis song oreeginally performed bi [[Dusty Springfield]]) | One o the concerts in Hong Kong wis published on CD, SACD, VCD an DVD. The title sponsor wis the claedin company [[Baleno (Hong Kong)|Baleno]]. "Those Flowers" (Mandarin song oreeginally performed bi [[Pu Shu]]) wis covered in the concerts in China. |- ! Comeback Tour 2010-12 (巡唱) | 36 concerts in different ceeties of [[Mainland China]], 5 in [[Hong Kong]], 3 in [[Taipei]], 1 in [[Kuala Lumpur]] an 1 in [[Singapore]] Tot: 46 | Not yet released | [[#Comeback Tour (2010-2012)|See abuin]] |} ===Setleets=== The follaein setleets anerlie include sangs published in the concert albums, no aw sangs performit throuoot the tours. {{hidden begin | titlestyle = background: #ccccff; font-size: 100%; width: 65%; text-align:center; | bodystyle = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 75%; | title = 王菲最精彩的演唱會 Live in Concert }} #夢遊 #夢中人 #多得他 #無奈那天 #靜夜的單簧管 #Medley: ##Miss You Night & Day ##Simmer of Love ##又繼續等 ##Everything ##不再兒嬉 #從明日開始 #明天我要嫁給你 #Medley: ##天與地 ##用心良苦 #Medley: ##如風 ##季候風 ##有一天我會 ##浪漫風暴 ##Kisses in the Wind #流非飛 #愛與痛的邊緣 #知己知彼 #胡思亂想 #誓言 #誘惑我 #棋子 #執迷不悔 #容易受傷的女人 #冷戰 #千言萬語 #出路 #我願意 {{hidden end}} {{hidden begin | titlestyle = background: #ccccff; font-size: 100%; width: 65%; text-align:center; | bodystyle = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 75%; | title = 唱遊大世界王菲香港演唱會 Faye HK Scenic Tour }} #Overture #感情生活 #浮躁 #悶 #暗湧 #天空 (unplugged) #臉 #迷路 #夢中人 #夢遊 #原諒自己 #末日 #墮落 #天使 #懷念 #夢醒了 #但願人長久 #情誡 #一人分飾兩角 #為非作歹 #Di-Dar #曖昧 #[[Bohemian Rhapsody]] #你快樂 (所以我快樂) #[[Auld Lang Syne]] #約定 #償還 #我願意 #執迷不悔 {{hidden end}} {{hidden begin | titlestyle = background: #ccccff; font-size: 100%; width: 65%; text-align:center; | bodystyle = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 75%; | title = 王菲全面體演唱會 Faye Wong Japan Concert }} #Overture #我願意 #再見螢火蟲 #悶 #矜持 #Medley: ##半途而廄 ##只愛陌生人 #開到茶靡 #過眼雲煙 #流浪的紅舞鞋 #新房客 #香奈兒 #感情生活 #掙脫 #推翻 (unplugged) #你 (unplugged) #但願人長久 #天空 #Separate Ways #天使 #[[Eyes on Me (Faye Wong song)|Eyes On Me]] #Thank You For Hearing Me #人間 {{hidden end}} {{hidden begin | titlestyle = background: #ccccff; font-size: 100%; width: 65%; text-align:center; | bodystyle = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 75%; | title = 菲比尋常 No Faye! No Live! Tour }} #Overture #天空 #誓言 #Medley: ##純情 ##背影 ##夢中人 #流浪的紅舞鞋 #我願意 #假如我是真的 #只願為你守著約 #但願人長久 #新房客 #香奈兒 #將愛 #開到荼蘼 #償還 #紅豆 #暗湧 #光之翼 #悶 #Heart of Glass #旋木 #只愛陌生人 #The Look of Love #如風 #愛與痛的邊緣 #精彩 #Medley: ##尾班車 ##靜夜的單簧管 ##守時 #約定 #給自己的情書 #冷戰 #人間 {{hidden end}} {{hidden begin | titlestyle = background: #ccccff; font-size: 100%; width: 65%; text-align:center; | bodystyle = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 75%; | title = 巡唱 Comeback Tour }} # N/A (Not yet offeecially released) {{hidden end}} ==Filmografie== ===Films=== {| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |- bgcolor="#B0C4DE" align="center" !Year !Inglis Title !Oreeginal Title !Role !Notes |- | 1991 || ''[[Beyond (band)#Filmography|Beyond's]] Diary'' || BEYOND日記之莫欺少年窮 || Mary || |- | 1994 || ''[[Chungking Express]]'' || 重慶森林 || Faye || Nominated—[[14th Hong Kong Film Awards|14th HK Film Awards]] for Best Actress <br /> '''Won'''—[[Stockholm Film Festival]] for Best Actress |- | 2000 || ''[[Okinawa Rendez-vous]]'' || 戀戰沖繩 || Jenny || |- | 2002 || ''[[Chinese Odyssey 2002]]'' || 天下無雙 || Princess Wushuang || Nominated—[[22nd Hong Kong Film Awards|22nd HK Film Awards]] for Best Actress <br /> '''Won'''—[[Hong Kong Film Critics Society Awards|HK Film Critics Society Awards]] for Best Actress |- |rowspan="2"| 2004 || ''[[2046 (film)|2046]]'' || || Wang Jingwen || |- | ''Leaving Me, Loving You'' || 大城小事 || Xin Xiaoyue || |} ===Televeesion=== {| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |- bgcolor="#B0C4DE" align="center" !Year !Inglis Title !Oreeginal Title !Role !Notes |- | 1991 || ''Traces of the Heart'' || 別姬 || Mei-fong || [[TVB]] [[television movie|movie]] |- | 1992 || ''The Files of Justice (Part II)'' || 壹號皇庭II || Mandy || TVB [[television series|series]] |- |rowspan="2"| 1993 || ''Legendary Ranger'' || 原振俠 || Hoi-tong || TVB series (20 episodes) |- | ''Eternity'' || 千歲情人 || Bou Ging-hung || TVB series (20 episodes) |- | 1994 || ''Modern Love Story: Three Equals One Love'' || 愛情戀曲：愛情3加1 || Wun-gwan || ane pairt of TVB series |- | 2001 || ''Love From a Lie'' || ウソコイ || Lin Fei || [[Kansai Telecasting Corporation|Kansai TV]] series (11 episodes) |} ==Fuitnotes== <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -column-count:2"> <references group=fn /> </div> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wong, Faye}} [[Category:Faye Wong| ]] [[Category:1969 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Cantopop sangsters]] [[Category:EMI Records airtists]] [[Category:Inglis-leid sangsters o Hong Kong]] [[Category:Film actresses frae Beijing]] [[Category:Hong Kong Buddhists]] [[Category:Hong Kong film actresses]] [[Category:Hong Kong Mandopop sangsters]] [[Category:Hong Kong sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:Hong Kong televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Sangsters frae Beijing]] [[Category:Fowkrepublic o Cheenae Buddhists]] [[Category:Cheenese Mandopop sangsters]] [[Category:Mandopop sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:Televeesion actresses frae Beijing]] [[Category:Video gemme muisickers]] [[Category:Cheenese mezzo-sopranos]] [[Category:Hong Kong mezzo-sopranos]] cjr5r49tsbis7k8d4az0vu3tj9kvn28 921085 921083 2026-08-18T13:37:25Z CiphriusKane 74958 Undae revision [[Special:Diff/921083|921083]] bi [[Special:Contributions/~2026-45172-97|~2026-45172-97]] ([[User talk:~2026-45172-97|Tauk]])Nae the Inglis wiki 921085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Cheenese-leid sanger an actor <!------See WikiProject Chinese-language entertainment-------> | name = Faye Wong | image = Faye Wong.jpg | caption = Wong performin at a concert in [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysie]], 2011 | chinesename = {{linktext|王|菲}} | pinyinchinesename = Wáng Fēi | jyutpingchinesename = Wong4 Fei1 | birth_name = {{linktext|夏|林}}<ref group=fn name="givenname" /> <br /> _{Xià Lín ([[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]])} | ancestry = | origin ={{PRC}} | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|8|8|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Beijing]], [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Cheenae]] | death_date = | death_place = | restingplace = | restingplacecoordinates = | othername = Shirley Wong <br /> {{linktext|王|靖|雯}} <br /> _{Wong4 Zing6 Man4 ([[Cantonese]])} | occupation = [[sangster]]-[[sangwriter]], [[actress]] | genre = [[C-pop]] (baith [[Mandopop]] an [[Cantopop]]),<br> [[C-rock]], [[dream pop]], [[Buddhist muisic]], [[J-pop]] | instrument = | voicetype = [[Mezzo-soprano]] | label = [[Cinepoly Records|Cinepoly]], [[EMI]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony Music]] | yearsactive = 1989–2005, 2010–present | associatedact = | spouse = [[Dou Wei]] (1996-1999) <br /> [[Li Yapeng]] (29 Julie 2005-13 September 2013) | partner = | children= Dou Jintong, born on {{birth date and age|1997|1|3|df=y}} <br /> Li Yan, born on {{birth date and age|2006|5|27|df=y}} | parents=Wang Youlin <br /> Xia Guiyin | influences = [[Teresa Teng]], [[The Cranberries]],<br> [[Tori Amos]], [[Cocteau Twins]] | influenced = | website = | hongkongfilmwards = | goldenbauhiniaawards = | hkfcsawards = {{awd|Best Actress|2002|[[Chinese Odyssey 2002]]}} | goldenhorseawards = | goldenroosterawards = | goldenmelodyawards = {{awd|Best Female Mandarin Artist|[[15th Golden Melody Awards|2004]]|[[To Love (Faye Wong album)|''To Love'']]}} | ntsawards = | awards = {{awd|[[Stockholm International Film Festival|Stockholm Film Festival]]|Best Actress<br />1994|[[Chungking Express]]}} {{awd|[[Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation|Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards]]|Asia Pacific Most Popular HK Female Artist <br />[[1993 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation|1993]] [[1994 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation|1994]] [[1995 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation|1995]] [[1996 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation|1996]] [[1997 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation|1997]] [[1999 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation|1999]] [[2000 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation|2000]]}} }} '''Faye Wong''' ({{zh|c={{linktext|王|菲}}|p='''Wáng Fēi'''}}) (born 8 August 1969) is a Cheenese<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/10312027/Chinese-pop-star-Faye-Wong-separates-from-husband-igniting-debate-on-divorce.html|title=Chinese pop star Faye Wong separates from husband, igniting debate on divorce|last=Phillips|first=Tom|publisher=''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''|date=2013-09-16|accessdate=2013-10-05}}</ref>-Hong Kong<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.womenofchina.cn/html/womenofchina/report/113127-1.htm|title=Faye Wong at Most Beautiful Women in Hong Kong Charity Photo Exhibition|publisher=''[[Ming Pao]]''|date=2010-11-12|accessdate=2013-10-05|archive-date=2013-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006154222/http://www.womenofchina.cn/html/womenofchina/report/113127-1.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[sangster]]-[[sangwriter]] an [[actress]]. Early in her career she briefly uised the [[stage name]] Shirley Wong (王靖雯). Born in [[Beijing]], she muivit tae Breetish [[Hong Kong]] in 1987 an came tae public attention in the early 1990s bi singin [[ballads]] in [[Cantonese]]. Syne 1995 she haes recordit mai stly in her native [[Mandarin Cheenese|Mandarin]], aften combinin [[alternative muisic]] wi mainstream [[C-pop|Cheenese pop]].<ref name=mitchell>{{cite book |year=2006 |last=Mitchell | first=Tony |editor-first=Shane| editor-last=Homan |title=Access All Eras: Tribute Bands and Global Pop Culture |pages=215–228 |chapter=Chapter 13: Tian Ci – Faye Wong and English Songs in the Cantopop and Mandopop Repertoire |publisher= [[Open University Press]] | isbn=0-335-21690-0 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_NK9JF-_K4QC&pg=PA215 |accessdate=4 February 2011}}</ref> In 2000 she wis recognisit bi [[Guinness World Records]] as the ''Best Sellin [[Canto-Pop]] Female''.<ref name=guinness>{{cite web |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/content_pages/record.asp?recordid=54458 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050323175527/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/gwr5/content_pages/record.asp?recordid=54458 |archivedate=2005-03-23 |title=Best Selling Canto-Pop Female |author= |date= |work= |publisher=[[Guinness World Records]] |accessdate=23 January 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Follaein her seicont marriage in 2005 she athdrew frae the limelicht, but returned tae the stage in 2010 amidst immense interest in the [[Sinosphere]].<ref name=sunxi>{{cite web |url=http://www.womenofchina.cn/html/report/113737-1.htm?node=113737 |title=Return of the Inimitable Faye Wong |author=Sun Xi |date=5 November 2010 |work= |publisher=Women of China |accessdate=23 January 2011 |archive-date=2017-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810211157/http://www.womenofchina.cn/html/report/113737-1.htm?node=113737 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=davidchen>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2011/01/28/2003494599 |title=Pop Stop |author=Chen, David |newspaper=[[Taipei Times]] |date=28 January 2011 |accessdate=4 February 2011}}</ref> Hugely popular in [[Mainland Cheenae]], Taiwan, Hong Kong an Singapore, she haes gained a lairge follaein in Japan an aw an is tae date the anerlie [[C-pop]] airtist tae hae performit 4 times in Tokyo's [[Nippon Budokan|Budokan]] {{#tag:ref|Other C-pop artists who hae held concerts in the Budokan include [[Agnes Chan]] (2 times), [[Teresa Teng]] (1 time), [[12 girls band]] (1 time), [[Jay Chou]] (2 times) an [[F4 (baund)|F4]] (2 times).|group=fn|name="budokan"}}. In the Wast she is best kent for starrin in [[Wong Kar-wai]]'s films ''[[Chungking Express]]'' an ''[[2046 (film)|2046]]''.<ref name="mitchell" /><ref name=huangyan>{{cite news |title=China's Pop Queen Faye Wong Plans Comeback |author=Huang Yan; Blanchard, Ben |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE66P10R20100726 |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |date=26 July 2010 |accessdate=23 January 2011}}</ref> While she haes collaboratit wi internaitional airtists sic as [[Cocteau Twins]], Wong recordit anerly a few sangs in Inglis, includin "[[Eyes on Me (Faye Wong sang)|Eyes on Me]]" – the [[theme sang]] o the video gemme ''[[Final Fantasy VIII]]''. Wong is kent tae be reservit in public, an haes gained a reputation for her "[[Ceul (aesthetic)|ceulness]]".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Jeff |last2=Wylie |first2=Jean |year=2004 |title=China's Youth Define "Cool" |journal=The China Business Review |volume=7 |url=http://chinabusinessreview.com/public/0407/smith.html |publisher=US-China Business Council |accessdate=23 January 2011 |archive-date=2011-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708144545/http://chinabusinessreview.com/public/0407/smith.html |url-status=dead }}"''The April 2004 "China Cool Hunt" survey polled 1,200 18- to 22-year-old students from 64 universities in Beijing and Shanghai about the who, what, and why of cool... Asian, not Western, musicians are viewed as cool by this generation. No international pop stars were among students' top 10 favorites. China's Wang Fei was the most popular singer, with 17 percent of the votes.''"</ref><ref name=coolness>{{cite news |title=上海電台選最酷藝人, 王菲應份得獎 |language=Chinese |trans_title=Faye Wong fittingly wins Shanghai radio station's 'Coolest Celebrity Award' |url=http://cecilia.tophk.net/fayenews/faye0799/fayenew160799.htm |newspaper=[[Apple Daily]] |date=16 July 1999 |accessdate=1 April 2011 |archive-date=2011-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002125144/http://cecilia.tophk.net/fayenews/faye0799/fayenew160799.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> In ''Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Culture'', Jeroen de Kloet characterissit her as "sangster, actress, mither, celebrity, ryalty, [[sex seembol]] an diva aw at the same time."<ref name=dekloet>{{cite book |year=2005 |last=de Kloet | first=Jeroen |editor-first=Davis| editor-last=Edward L. |title=Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Culture |pages=659–660 |chapter=Wong Fei |publisher= [[Routledge]] | isbn=0-415-24129-4 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YL4GS9zju10C&pg=PA1870|accessdate=19 April 2013}}</ref> == Discografie == * 1989: ''[[Shirley Wong (Faye Wong album)|Shirley Wong]]'' (王靖雯) * 1990: ''[[Everything (Faye Wong album)|Everything]]'' * 1990: ''[[You're the Only One (Faye Wong album)|You're the Only One]]'' * 1992: ''[[Coming Home (Faye Wong album)|Coming Home]]'' * 1993: ''[[No Regrets (Faye Wong album)|No Regrets]]'' (執迷不悔) * 1993: ''[[100,000 Whys (Faye Wong album)|100,000 Whys]]'' (十萬個為什麼) * 1994: ''[[Mystery (Faye Wong album)|Mystery]]'' (迷) * 1994: ''[[Random Thoughts (Faye Wong album)|Random Thoughts]]'' (胡思亂想) * 1994: ''[[Sky (Faye Wong album)|Sky]]'' (天空) * 1994: ''[[Ingratiate Oneself]]'' (討好自己) * 1995: ''[[Decadent Sounds of Faye]]'' (菲靡靡之音) * 1995: ''[[Di-Dar]]'' * 1996: ''[[Restless (Faye Wong album)|Restless]]'' (浮躁) * 1997: ''[[Faye Wong (1997 album)|Faye Wong]]'' (王菲) * 1998: ''[[Scenic Tour (Faye Wong album)|Scenic Tour]]'' (唱遊) * 1999: ''[[Only Love Strangers]]'' (只愛陌生人) * 2000: ''[[Fable (album)|Fable]]'' (寓言) * 2001: ''[[Faye Wong (2001 album)|Faye Wong]]'' (王菲) * 2003: ''[[To Love (Faye Wong album)|To Love]]'' (將愛) * 2015: ''Be Perfunctory'' (敷衍) ==Tours== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Concert Series ! Dates & venues ! [[Cover song]]s bi Faye Wong first recordit on concert albums ! Availability an trivia |- ! Faye Wong Live In Concert 1994–95 (王菲最精彩演唱會) | 18 concerts in Hong Kong (Dec 1994 – Jan 1995), 2 in [[Taipei]], 2 in [[Kuala Lumpur]] an 7 mair in [[Vancouver]], [[Edmonton]], [[Toronto]], [[Atlanta]], [[San Francisco]], [[New York City]], an [[Singapore]] Tot: 29 | (i) "I Will Marry You Tomorrow" (Mandarin song: 明天我要嫁给你 oreeginally performed bi [[Emil Chau]]); (ii) "One Thousand Words, Ten Thousand Phrases" (Mandarin song: 千言万语 oreeginally performed bi [[Teresa Teng]]) | One o the concerts in Hong Kong wis published on CD, VHS an [[Laserdisc]]. The visual designer for the concerts wis the film director [[Wong Kar-wai]]. Unlik later series of concerts, thir performances included dancers an encores. |- ! Faye Wong Scenic Tour 1998–99 (王菲唱游大世界演唱會) | 17 concerts at Hong Kong Coliseum: 24 December 1998 – 9 Januar 99, 11 concerts in China, 2 in Japan, 2 in Singapore, 2 in Malaysia an 1 in Las Vegas Tot: 35 | (i) "[[Bohemian Rhapsody]]" (Inglis song oreeginally performed bi [[Queen (baund)|Queen]]);<ref name=emi_tour/> (ii) "Awakening from Dreams" (Mandarin song: 梦醒了 oreeginally performed bi [[Na Ying]]) | The New Year's Eve concert in Hong Kong wis published on CD an VCD. "[[Auld Lang Syne]]" is included in the recording, but wis actually sung bi the background vocalists rather than Faye Wong. In the Japan concert, she covered "Don't Break My Heart", a Mandarin song oreeginally performed bi [[Dou Wei]]. |- ! Faye Wong Tour in 2000–01 | 11 concerts in China, 1 concert in [[Taipei]], 1 in [[Melbourne]], 1 in [[Sydney]] an 3 mair in Japan Tot: 17 | "[[Thank You for Hearing Me]]" (Inglis song oreeginally performed bi [[Sinéad O'Connor]]) | One o the concerts in [[Nippon Budokan|Budokan]] concert hall, Tokyo, Japan wis released on VCD an DVD. |- ! No Faye! No Live! Tour 2003–05 (菲比尋常) | 8 concerts in [[Hong Kong]] (Dec 2003), 8 mair in [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Shanghai]], [[Singapore]], [[Xi'an]], [[Hangzhou]], [[Beijing]], [[Taipei]] an [[Guangzhou]] Tot: 16 | (i) "[[Heart of Glass (song)|Heart of Glass]]" (Inglis song oreeginally performed bi [[Blondie (baund)|Blondie]]); (ii) "[[The Look of Love (1967 song)|The Look of Love]]" (Inglis song oreeginally performed bi [[Dusty Springfield]]) | One o the concerts in Hong Kong wis published on CD, SACD, VCD an DVD. The title sponsor wis the claedin company [[Baleno (Hong Kong)|Baleno]]. "Those Flowers" (Mandarin song oreeginally performed bi [[Pu Shu]]) wis covered in the concerts in China. |- ! Comeback Tour 2010-12 (巡唱) | 36 concerts in different ceeties of [[Mainland China]], 5 in [[Hong Kong]], 3 in [[Taipei]], 1 in [[Kuala Lumpur]] an 1 in [[Singapore]] Tot: 46 | Not yet released | [[#Comeback Tour (2010-2012)|See abuin]] |} ===Setleets=== The follaein setleets anerlie include sangs published in the concert albums, no aw sangs performit throuoot the tours. {{hidden begin | titlestyle = background: #ccccff; font-size: 100%; width: 65%; text-align:center; | bodystyle = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 75%; | title = 王菲最精彩的演唱會 Live in Concert }} #夢遊 #夢中人 #多得他 #無奈那天 #靜夜的單簧管 #Medley: ##Miss You Night & Day ##Simmer of Love ##又繼續等 ##Everything ##不再兒嬉 #從明日開始 #明天我要嫁給你 #Medley: ##天與地 ##用心良苦 #Medley: ##如風 ##季候風 ##有一天我會 ##浪漫風暴 ##Kisses in the Wind #流非飛 #愛與痛的邊緣 #知己知彼 #胡思亂想 #誓言 #誘惑我 #棋子 #執迷不悔 #容易受傷的女人 #冷戰 #千言萬語 #出路 #我願意 {{hidden end}} {{hidden begin | titlestyle = background: #ccccff; font-size: 100%; width: 65%; text-align:center; | bodystyle = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 75%; | title = 唱遊大世界王菲香港演唱會 Faye HK Scenic Tour }} #Overture #感情生活 #浮躁 #悶 #暗湧 #天空 (unplugged) #臉 #迷路 #夢中人 #夢遊 #原諒自己 #末日 #墮落 #天使 #懷念 #夢醒了 #但願人長久 #情誡 #一人分飾兩角 #為非作歹 #Di-Dar #曖昧 #[[Bohemian Rhapsody]] #你快樂 (所以我快樂) #[[Auld Lang Syne]] #約定 #償還 #我願意 #執迷不悔 {{hidden end}} {{hidden begin | titlestyle = background: #ccccff; font-size: 100%; width: 65%; text-align:center; | bodystyle = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 75%; | title = 王菲全面體演唱會 Faye Wong Japan Concert }} #Overture #我願意 #再見螢火蟲 #悶 #矜持 #Medley: ##半途而廄 ##只愛陌生人 #開到茶靡 #過眼雲煙 #流浪的紅舞鞋 #新房客 #香奈兒 #感情生活 #掙脫 #推翻 (unplugged) #你 (unplugged) #但願人長久 #天空 #Separate Ways #天使 #[[Eyes on Me (Faye Wong song)|Eyes On Me]] #Thank You For Hearing Me #人間 {{hidden end}} {{hidden begin | titlestyle = background: #ccccff; font-size: 100%; width: 65%; text-align:center; | bodystyle = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 75%; | title = 菲比尋常 No Faye! No Live! Tour }} #Overture #天空 #誓言 #Medley: ##純情 ##背影 ##夢中人 #流浪的紅舞鞋 #我願意 #假如我是真的 #只願為你守著約 #但願人長久 #新房客 #香奈兒 #將愛 #開到荼蘼 #償還 #紅豆 #暗湧 #光之翼 #悶 #Heart of Glass #旋木 #只愛陌生人 #The Look of Love #如風 #愛與痛的邊緣 #精彩 #Medley: ##尾班車 ##靜夜的單簧管 ##守時 #約定 #給自己的情書 #冷戰 #人間 {{hidden end}} {{hidden begin | titlestyle = background: #ccccff; font-size: 100%; width: 65%; text-align:center; | bodystyle = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 75%; | title = 巡唱 Comeback Tour }} # N/A (Not yet offeecially released) {{hidden end}} ==Filmografie== ===Films=== {| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |- bgcolor="#B0C4DE" align="center" !Year !Inglis Title !Oreeginal Title !Role !Notes |- | 1991 || ''[[Beyond (band)#Filmography|Beyond's]] Diary'' || BEYOND日記之莫欺少年窮 || Mary || |- | 1994 || ''[[Chungking Express]]'' || 重慶森林 || Faye || Nominated—[[14th Hong Kong Film Awards|14th HK Film Awards]] for Best Actress <br /> '''Won'''—[[Stockholm Film Festival]] for Best Actress |- | 2000 || ''[[Okinawa Rendez-vous]]'' || 戀戰沖繩 || Jenny || |- | 2002 || ''[[Chinese Odyssey 2002]]'' || 天下無雙 || Princess Wushuang || Nominated—[[22nd Hong Kong Film Awards|22nd HK Film Awards]] for Best Actress <br /> '''Won'''—[[Hong Kong Film Critics Society Awards|HK Film Critics Society Awards]] for Best Actress |- |rowspan="2"| 2004 || ''[[2046 (film)|2046]]'' || || Wang Jingwen || |- | ''Leaving Me, Loving You'' || 大城小事 || Xin Xiaoyue || |} ===Televeesion=== {| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |- bgcolor="#B0C4DE" align="center" !Year !Inglis Title !Oreeginal Title !Role !Notes |- | 1991 || ''Traces of the Heart'' || 別姬 || Mei-fong || [[TVB]] [[television movie|movie]] |- | 1992 || ''The Files of Justice (Part II)'' || 壹號皇庭II || Mandy || TVB [[television series|series]] |- |rowspan="2"| 1993 || ''Legendary Ranger'' || 原振俠 || Hoi-tong || TVB series (20 episodes) |- | ''Eternity'' || 千歲情人 || Bou Ging-hung || TVB series (20 episodes) |- | 1994 || ''Modern Love Story: Three Equals One Love'' || 愛情戀曲：愛情3加1 || Wun-gwan || ane pairt of TVB series |- | 2001 || ''Love From a Lie'' || ウソコイ || Lin Fei || [[Kansai Telecasting Corporation|Kansai TV]] series (11 episodes) |} ==Fuitnotes== <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -column-count:2"> <references group=fn /> </div> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wong, Faye}} [[Category:Faye Wong| ]] [[Category:1969 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Cantopop sangsters]] [[Category:EMI Records airtists]] [[Category:Inglis-leid sangsters o Hong Kong]] [[Category:Film actresses frae Beijing]] [[Category:Hong Kong Buddhists]] [[Category:Hong Kong film actresses]] [[Category:Hong Kong Mandopop sangsters]] [[Category:Hong Kong sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:Hong Kong televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Sangsters frae Beijing]] [[Category:Fowkrepublic o Cheenae Buddhists]] [[Category:Cheenese Mandopop sangsters]] [[Category:Mandopop sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:Televeesion actresses frae Beijing]] [[Category:Video gemme muisickers]] [[Category:Cheenese mezzo-sopranos]] [[Category:Hong Kong mezzo-sopranos]] 3wtu8zeudtjgtk3v3sq3xhnqewfv3v1 921135 921085 2026-08-18T20:15:56Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Cheenese-leid sanger an actor | name = Faye Wong | image = Faye Wong.jpg | caption = Wong performin at a concert in [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysie]], 2011 | chinesename = {{linktext|王|菲}} | pinyinchinesename = Wáng Fēi | jyutpingchinesename = Wong4 Fei1 | birth_name = {{linktext|夏|林}}<ref group=fn name="givenname" /> <br /> _{Xià Lín ([[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]])} | origin = {{PRC}} | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|8|8|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Beijing]], [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Cheenae]] | othername = Shirley Wong <br /> {{linktext|王|靖|雯}} <br /> _{Wong4 Zing6 Man4 ([[Cantonese]])} | occupation = [[sangster]]-[[sangwriter]], [[actress]] | genre = [[C-pop]] (baith [[Mandopop]] an [[Cantopop]]),<br> [[C-rock]], [[dream pop]], [[Buddhist muisic]], [[J-pop]] | voicetype = [[Mezzo-soprano]] | label = [[Cinepoly Records|Cinepoly]], [[EMI]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony Music]] | yearsactive = 1989–2005, 2010–present | spouse = [[Dou Wei]] (1996-1999) <br /> [[Li Yapeng]] (29 Julie 2005-13 September 2013) | children= Dou Jintong, born on {{birth date and age|1997|1|3|df=y}} <br /> Li Yan, born on {{birth date and age|2006|5|27|df=y}} | parents=Wang Youlin <br /> Xia Guiyin | influences = [[Teresa Teng]], [[The Cranberries]],<br> [[Tori Amos]], [[Cocteau Twins]] | hkfcsawards = {{awd|Best Actress|2002|[[Chinese Odyssey 2002]]}} | goldenmelodyawards = {{awd|Best Female Mandarin Artist|[[15th Golden Melody Awards|2004]]|[[To Love (Faye Wong album)|''To Love'']]}} | awards = {{awd|[[Stockholm International Film Festival|Stockholm Film Festival]]|Best Actress<br />1994|[[Chungking Express]]}} {{awd|[[Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation|Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards]]|Asia Pacific Most Popular HK Female Artist <br />[[1993 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation|1993]] [[1994 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation|1994]] [[1995 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation|1995]] [[1996 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation|1996]] [[1997 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation|1997]] [[1999 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation|1999]] [[2000 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation|2000]]}} }} '''Faye Wong''' ({{zh|c={{linktext|王|菲}}|p='''Wáng Fēi'''}}) (born 8 August 1969) is a Cheenese<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/10312027/Chinese-pop-star-Faye-Wong-separates-from-husband-igniting-debate-on-divorce.html|title=Chinese pop star Faye Wong separates from husband, igniting debate on divorce|last=Phillips|first=Tom|publisher=''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''|date=2013-09-16|accessdate=2013-10-05}}</ref>-Hong Kong<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.womenofchina.cn/html/womenofchina/report/113127-1.htm|title=Faye Wong at Most Beautiful Women in Hong Kong Charity Photo Exhibition|publisher=''[[Ming Pao]]''|date=2010-11-12|accessdate=2013-10-05|archive-date=2013-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006154222/http://www.womenofchina.cn/html/womenofchina/report/113127-1.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[sangster]]-[[sangwriter]] an [[actress]]. Early in her career she briefly uised the [[stage name]] Shirley Wong (王靖雯). Born in [[Beijing]], she muivit tae Breetish [[Hong Kong]] in 1987 an came tae public attention in the early 1990s bi singin [[ballads]] in [[Cantonese]]. Syne 1995 she haes recordit mai stly in her native [[Mandarin Cheenese|Mandarin]], aften combinin [[alternative muisic]] wi mainstream [[C-pop|Cheenese pop]].<ref name=mitchell>{{cite book |year=2006 |last=Mitchell | first=Tony |editor-first=Shane| editor-last=Homan |title=Access All Eras: Tribute Bands and Global Pop Culture |pages=215–228 |chapter=Chapter 13: Tian Ci – Faye Wong and English Songs in the Cantopop and Mandopop Repertoire |publisher= [[Open University Press]] | isbn=0-335-21690-0 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_NK9JF-_K4QC&pg=PA215 |accessdate=4 February 2011}}</ref> In 2000 she wis recognisit bi [[Guinness World Records]] as the ''Best Sellin [[Canto-Pop]] Female''.<ref name=guinness>{{cite web |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/content_pages/record.asp?recordid=54458 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050323175527/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/gwr5/content_pages/record.asp?recordid=54458 |archivedate=2005-03-23 |title=Best Selling Canto-Pop Female |author= |date= |work= |publisher=[[Guinness World Records]] |accessdate=23 January 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Follaein her seicont marriage in 2005 she athdrew frae the limelicht, but returned tae the stage in 2010 amidst immense interest in the [[Sinosphere]].<ref name=sunxi>{{cite web |url=http://www.womenofchina.cn/html/report/113737-1.htm?node=113737 |title=Return of the Inimitable Faye Wong |author=Sun Xi |date=5 November 2010 |work= |publisher=Women of China |accessdate=23 January 2011 |archive-date=2017-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810211157/http://www.womenofchina.cn/html/report/113737-1.htm?node=113737 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=davidchen>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2011/01/28/2003494599 |title=Pop Stop |author=Chen, David |newspaper=[[Taipei Times]] |date=28 January 2011 |accessdate=4 February 2011}}</ref> Hugely popular in [[Mainland Cheenae]], Taiwan, Hong Kong an Singapore, she haes gained a lairge follaein in Japan an aw an is tae date the anerlie [[C-pop]] airtist tae hae performit 4 times in Tokyo's [[Nippon Budokan|Budokan]] {{#tag:ref|Other C-pop artists who hae held concerts in the Budokan include [[Agnes Chan]] (2 times), [[Teresa Teng]] (1 time), [[12 girls band]] (1 time), [[Jay Chou]] (2 times) an [[F4 (baund)|F4]] (2 times).|group=fn|name="budokan"}}. In the Wast she is best kent for starrin in [[Wong Kar-wai]]'s films ''[[Chungking Express]]'' an ''[[2046 (film)|2046]]''.<ref name="mitchell" /><ref name=huangyan>{{cite news |title=China's Pop Queen Faye Wong Plans Comeback |author=Huang Yan; Blanchard, Ben |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE66P10R20100726 |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |date=26 July 2010 |accessdate=23 January 2011}}</ref> While she haes collaboratit wi internaitional airtists sic as [[Cocteau Twins]], Wong recordit anerly a few sangs in Inglis, includin "[[Eyes on Me (Faye Wong sang)|Eyes on Me]]" – the [[theme sang]] o the video gemme ''[[Final Fantasy VIII]]''. Wong is kent tae be reservit in public, an haes gained a reputation for her "[[Ceul (aesthetic)|ceulness]]".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Jeff |last2=Wylie |first2=Jean |year=2004 |title=China's Youth Define "Cool" |journal=The China Business Review |volume=7 |url=http://chinabusinessreview.com/public/0407/smith.html |publisher=US-China Business Council |accessdate=23 January 2011 |archive-date=2011-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708144545/http://chinabusinessreview.com/public/0407/smith.html |url-status=dead }}"''The April 2004 "China Cool Hunt" survey polled 1,200 18- to 22-year-old students from 64 universities in Beijing and Shanghai about the who, what, and why of cool... Asian, not Western, musicians are viewed as cool by this generation. No international pop stars were among students' top 10 favorites. China's Wang Fei was the most popular singer, with 17 percent of the votes.''"</ref><ref name=coolness>{{cite news |title=上海電台選最酷藝人, 王菲應份得獎 |language=Chinese |trans_title=Faye Wong fittingly wins Shanghai radio station's 'Coolest Celebrity Award' |url=http://cecilia.tophk.net/fayenews/faye0799/fayenew160799.htm |newspaper=[[Apple Daily]] |date=16 July 1999 |accessdate=1 April 2011 |archive-date=2011-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002125144/http://cecilia.tophk.net/fayenews/faye0799/fayenew160799.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> In ''Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Culture'', Jeroen de Kloet characterissit her as "sangster, actress, mither, celebrity, ryalty, [[sex seembol]] an diva aw at the same time."<ref name=dekloet>{{cite book |year=2005 |last=de Kloet | first=Jeroen |editor-first=Davis| editor-last=Edward L. |title=Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Culture |pages=659–660 |chapter=Wong Fei |publisher= [[Routledge]] | isbn=0-415-24129-4 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YL4GS9zju10C&pg=PA1870|accessdate=19 April 2013}}</ref> == Discografie == * 1989: ''[[Shirley Wong (Faye Wong album)|Shirley Wong]]'' (王靖雯) * 1990: ''[[Everything (Faye Wong album)|Everything]]'' * 1990: ''[[You're the Only One (Faye Wong album)|You're the Only One]]'' * 1992: ''[[Coming Home (Faye Wong album)|Coming Home]]'' * 1993: ''[[No Regrets (Faye Wong album)|No Regrets]]'' (執迷不悔) * 1993: ''[[100,000 Whys (Faye Wong album)|100,000 Whys]]'' (十萬個為什麼) * 1994: ''[[Mystery (Faye Wong album)|Mystery]]'' (迷) * 1994: ''[[Random Thoughts (Faye Wong album)|Random Thoughts]]'' (胡思亂想) * 1994: ''[[Sky (Faye Wong album)|Sky]]'' (天空) * 1994: ''[[Ingratiate Oneself]]'' (討好自己) * 1995: ''[[Decadent Sounds of Faye]]'' (菲靡靡之音) * 1995: ''[[Di-Dar]]'' * 1996: ''[[Restless (Faye Wong album)|Restless]]'' (浮躁) * 1997: ''[[Faye Wong (1997 album)|Faye Wong]]'' (王菲) * 1998: ''[[Scenic Tour (Faye Wong album)|Scenic Tour]]'' (唱遊) * 1999: ''[[Only Love Strangers]]'' (只愛陌生人) * 2000: ''[[Fable (album)|Fable]]'' (寓言) * 2001: ''[[Faye Wong (2001 album)|Faye Wong]]'' (王菲) * 2003: ''[[To Love (Faye Wong album)|To Love]]'' (將愛) * 2015: ''Be Perfunctory'' (敷衍) ==Tours== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Concert Series ! Dates & venues ! [[Cover song]]s bi Faye Wong first recordit on concert albums ! Availability an trivia |- ! Faye Wong Live In Concert 1994–95 (王菲最精彩演唱會) | 18 concerts in Hong Kong (Dec 1994 – Jan 1995), 2 in [[Taipei]], 2 in [[Kuala Lumpur]] an 7 mair in [[Vancouver]], [[Edmonton]], [[Toronto]], [[Atlanta]], [[San Francisco]], [[New York City]], an [[Singapore]] Tot: 29 | (i) "I Will Marry You Tomorrow" (Mandarin song: 明天我要嫁给你 oreeginally performed bi [[Emil Chau]]); (ii) "One Thousand Words, Ten Thousand Phrases" (Mandarin song: 千言万语 oreeginally performed bi [[Teresa Teng]]) | One o the concerts in Hong Kong wis published on CD, VHS an [[Laserdisc]]. The visual designer for the concerts wis the film director [[Wong Kar-wai]]. Unlik later series of concerts, thir performances included dancers an encores. |- ! Faye Wong Scenic Tour 1998–99 (王菲唱游大世界演唱會) | 17 concerts at Hong Kong Coliseum: 24 December 1998 – 9 Januar 99, 11 concerts in China, 2 in Japan, 2 in Singapore, 2 in Malaysia an 1 in Las Vegas Tot: 35 | (i) "[[Bohemian Rhapsody]]" (Inglis song oreeginally performed bi [[Queen (baund)|Queen]]);<ref name=emi_tour/> (ii) "Awakening from Dreams" (Mandarin song: 梦醒了 oreeginally performed bi [[Na Ying]]) | The New Year's Eve concert in Hong Kong wis published on CD an VCD. "[[Auld Lang Syne]]" is included in the recording, but wis actually sung bi the background vocalists rather than Faye Wong. In the Japan concert, she covered "Don't Break My Heart", a Mandarin song oreeginally performed bi [[Dou Wei]]. |- ! Faye Wong Tour in 2000–01 | 11 concerts in China, 1 concert in [[Taipei]], 1 in [[Melbourne]], 1 in [[Sydney]] an 3 mair in Japan Tot: 17 | "[[Thank You for Hearing Me]]" (Inglis song oreeginally performed bi [[Sinéad O'Connor]]) | One o the concerts in [[Nippon Budokan|Budokan]] concert hall, Tokyo, Japan wis released on VCD an DVD. |- ! No Faye! No Live! Tour 2003–05 (菲比尋常) | 8 concerts in [[Hong Kong]] (Dec 2003), 8 mair in [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Shanghai]], [[Singapore]], [[Xi'an]], [[Hangzhou]], [[Beijing]], [[Taipei]] an [[Guangzhou]] Tot: 16 | (i) "[[Heart of Glass (song)|Heart of Glass]]" (Inglis song oreeginally performed bi [[Blondie (baund)|Blondie]]); (ii) "[[The Look of Love (1967 song)|The Look of Love]]" (Inglis song oreeginally performed bi [[Dusty Springfield]]) | One o the concerts in Hong Kong wis published on CD, SACD, VCD an DVD. The title sponsor wis the claedin company [[Baleno (Hong Kong)|Baleno]]. "Those Flowers" (Mandarin song oreeginally performed bi [[Pu Shu]]) wis covered in the concerts in China. |- ! Comeback Tour 2010-12 (巡唱) | 36 concerts in different ceeties of [[Mainland China]], 5 in [[Hong Kong]], 3 in [[Taipei]], 1 in [[Kuala Lumpur]] an 1 in [[Singapore]] Tot: 46 | Not yet released | [[#Comeback Tour (2010-2012)|See abuin]] |} ===Setleets=== The follaein setleets anerlie include sangs published in the concert albums, no aw sangs performit throuoot the tours. {{hidden begin | titlestyle = background: #ccccff; font-size: 100%; width: 65%; text-align:center; | bodystyle = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 75%; | title = 王菲最精彩的演唱會 Live in Concert }} #夢遊 #夢中人 #多得他 #無奈那天 #靜夜的單簧管 #Medley: ##Miss You Night & Day ##Simmer of Love ##又繼續等 ##Everything ##不再兒嬉 #從明日開始 #明天我要嫁給你 #Medley: ##天與地 ##用心良苦 #Medley: ##如風 ##季候風 ##有一天我會 ##浪漫風暴 ##Kisses in the Wind #流非飛 #愛與痛的邊緣 #知己知彼 #胡思亂想 #誓言 #誘惑我 #棋子 #執迷不悔 #容易受傷的女人 #冷戰 #千言萬語 #出路 #我願意 {{hidden end}} {{hidden begin | titlestyle = background: #ccccff; font-size: 100%; width: 65%; text-align:center; | bodystyle = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 75%; | title = 唱遊大世界王菲香港演唱會 Faye HK Scenic Tour }} #Overture #感情生活 #浮躁 #悶 #暗湧 #天空 (unplugged) #臉 #迷路 #夢中人 #夢遊 #原諒自己 #末日 #墮落 #天使 #懷念 #夢醒了 #但願人長久 #情誡 #一人分飾兩角 #為非作歹 #Di-Dar #曖昧 #[[Bohemian Rhapsody]] #你快樂 (所以我快樂) #[[Auld Lang Syne]] #約定 #償還 #我願意 #執迷不悔 {{hidden end}} {{hidden begin | titlestyle = background: #ccccff; font-size: 100%; width: 65%; text-align:center; | bodystyle = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 75%; | title = 王菲全面體演唱會 Faye Wong Japan Concert }} #Overture #我願意 #再見螢火蟲 #悶 #矜持 #Medley: ##半途而廄 ##只愛陌生人 #開到茶靡 #過眼雲煙 #流浪的紅舞鞋 #新房客 #香奈兒 #感情生活 #掙脫 #推翻 (unplugged) #你 (unplugged) #但願人長久 #天空 #Separate Ways #天使 #[[Eyes on Me (Faye Wong song)|Eyes On Me]] #Thank You For Hearing Me #人間 {{hidden end}} {{hidden begin | titlestyle = background: #ccccff; font-size: 100%; width: 65%; text-align:center; | bodystyle = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 75%; | title = 菲比尋常 No Faye! No Live! Tour }} #Overture #天空 #誓言 #Medley: ##純情 ##背影 ##夢中人 #流浪的紅舞鞋 #我願意 #假如我是真的 #只願為你守著約 #但願人長久 #新房客 #香奈兒 #將愛 #開到荼蘼 #償還 #紅豆 #暗湧 #光之翼 #悶 #Heart of Glass #旋木 #只愛陌生人 #The Look of Love #如風 #愛與痛的邊緣 #精彩 #Medley: ##尾班車 ##靜夜的單簧管 ##守時 #約定 #給自己的情書 #冷戰 #人間 {{hidden end}} {{hidden begin | titlestyle = background: #ccccff; font-size: 100%; width: 65%; text-align:center; | bodystyle = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 75%; | title = 巡唱 Comeback Tour }} # N/A (Not yet offeecially released) {{hidden end}} ==Filmografie== ===Films=== {| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |- bgcolor="#B0C4DE" align="center" !Year !Inglis Title !Oreeginal Title !Role !Notes |- | 1991 || ''[[Beyond (band)#Filmography|Beyond's]] Diary'' || BEYOND日記之莫欺少年窮 || Mary || |- | 1994 || ''[[Chungking Express]]'' || 重慶森林 || Faye || Nominated—[[14th Hong Kong Film Awards|14th HK Film Awards]] for Best Actress <br /> '''Won'''—[[Stockholm Film Festival]] for Best Actress |- | 2000 || ''[[Okinawa Rendez-vous]]'' || 戀戰沖繩 || Jenny || |- | 2002 || ''[[Chinese Odyssey 2002]]'' || 天下無雙 || Princess Wushuang || Nominated—[[22nd Hong Kong Film Awards|22nd HK Film Awards]] for Best Actress <br /> '''Won'''—[[Hong Kong Film Critics Society Awards|HK Film Critics Society Awards]] for Best Actress |- |rowspan="2"| 2004 || ''[[2046 (film)|2046]]'' || || Wang Jingwen || |- | ''Leaving Me, Loving You'' || 大城小事 || Xin Xiaoyue || |} ===Televeesion=== {| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |- bgcolor="#B0C4DE" align="center" !Year !Inglis Title !Oreeginal Title !Role !Notes |- | 1991 || ''Traces of the Heart'' || 別姬 || Mei-fong || [[TVB]] [[television movie|movie]] |- | 1992 || ''The Files of Justice (Part II)'' || 壹號皇庭II || Mandy || TVB [[television series|series]] |- |rowspan="2"| 1993 || ''Legendary Ranger'' || 原振俠 || Hoi-tong || TVB series (20 episodes) |- | ''Eternity'' || 千歲情人 || Bou Ging-hung || TVB series (20 episodes) |- | 1994 || ''Modern Love Story: Three Equals One Love'' || 愛情戀曲：愛情3加1 || Wun-gwan || ane pairt of TVB series |- | 2001 || ''Love From a Lie'' || ウソコイ || Lin Fei || [[Kansai Telecasting Corporation|Kansai TV]] series (11 episodes) |} ==Fuitnotes== <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -column-count:2"> <references group=fn /> </div> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wong, Faye}} [[Category:Faye Wong| ]] [[Category:1969 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Cantopop sangsters]] [[Category:EMI Records airtists]] [[Category:Inglis-leid sangsters o Hong Kong]] [[Category:Film actresses frae Beijing]] [[Category:Hong Kong Buddhists]] [[Category:Hong Kong film actresses]] [[Category:Hong Kong Mandopop sangsters]] [[Category:Hong Kong sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:Hong Kong televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Sangsters frae Beijing]] [[Category:Fowkrepublic o Cheenae Buddhists]] [[Category:Cheenese Mandopop sangsters]] [[Category:Mandopop sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:Televeesion actresses frae Beijing]] [[Category:Video gemme muisickers]] [[Category:Cheenese mezzo-sopranos]] [[Category:Hong Kong mezzo-sopranos]] plkaqvn4y9iewe4vo253tdsdvb57ze4 921137 921135 2026-08-18T20:17:07Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Cheenese-leid sanger an actor | name = Faye Wong | image = Faye Wong.jpg | caption = Wong performin at a concert in [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysie]], 2011 | chinesename = {{linktext|王|菲}} | pinyinchinesename = Wáng Fēi | jyutpingchinesename = Wong4 Fei1 | birth_name = {{linktext|夏|林}}<ref group=fn name="givenname" /> <br /> _{Xià Lín ([[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]])} | origin = {{PRC}} | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|8|8|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Beijing]], [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Cheenae]] | othername = Shirley Wong <br /> {{linktext|王|靖|雯}} <br /> _{Wong4 Zing6 Man4 ([[Cantonese]])} | occupation = [[sangster]]-[[sangwriter]], [[actress]] | genre = [[C-pop]] (baith [[Mandopop]] an [[Cantopop]]),<br> [[C-rock]], [[dream pop]], [[Buddhist muisic]], [[J-pop]] | voicetype = [[Mezzo-soprano]] | label = [[Cinepoly Records|Cinepoly]], [[EMI]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony Music]] | yearsactive = 1989–2005, 2010–present | spouse = [[Dou Wei]] (1996-1999) <br /> [[Li Yapeng]] (29 Julie 2005-13 September 2013) | children= Dou Jintong, born on {{birth date and age|1997|1|3|df=y}} <br /> Li Yan, born on {{birth date and age|2006|5|27|df=y}} | parents=Wang Youlin <br /> Xia Guiyin | influences = [[Teresa Teng]], [[The Cranberries]],<br> [[Tori Amos]], [[Cocteau Twins]] | hkfcsawards = {{awd|Best Actress|2002|[[Chinese Odyssey 2002]]}} | goldenmelodyawards = {{awd|Best Female Mandarin Artist|[[15th Golden Melody Awards|2004]]|[[To Love (Faye Wong album)|''To Love'']]}} | awards = {{awd|[[Stockholm International Film Festival|Stockholm Film Festival]]|Best Actress<br />1994|[[Chungking Express]]}} {{awd|[[Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation|Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards]]|Asia Pacific Most Popular HK Female Artist <br />[[1993 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation|1993]] [[1994 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation|1994]] [[1995 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation|1995]] [[1996 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation|1996]] [[1997 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation|1997]] [[1999 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation|1999]] [[2000 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation|2000]]}} }} '''Faye Wong''' ({{zh|c={{linktext|王|菲}}|p='''Wáng Fēi'''}}) (born 8 August 1969) is a Cheenese<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/10312027/Chinese-pop-star-Faye-Wong-separates-from-husband-igniting-debate-on-divorce.html|title=Chinese pop star Faye Wong separates from husband, igniting debate on divorce|last=Phillips|first=Tom|publisher=''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''|date=2013-09-16|accessdate=2013-10-05}}</ref>-Hong Kong<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.womenofchina.cn/html/womenofchina/report/113127-1.htm|title=Faye Wong at Most Beautiful Women in Hong Kong Charity Photo Exhibition|publisher=''[[Ming Pao]]''|date=2010-11-12|accessdate=2013-10-05|archive-date=2013-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006154222/http://www.womenofchina.cn/html/womenofchina/report/113127-1.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> sangster-sangwriter an actress. Early in her career she briefly uised the [[stage name]] Shirley Wong (王靖雯). Born in [[Beijing]], she muivit tae Breetish [[Hong Kong]] in 1987 an came tae public attention in the early 1990s bi singin [[ballads]] in [[Cantonese]]. Syne 1995 she haes recordit mai stly in her native [[Mandarin Cheenese|Mandarin]], aften combinin [[alternative muisic]] wi mainstream [[C-pop|Cheenese pop]].<ref name=mitchell>{{cite book |year=2006 |last=Mitchell | first=Tony |editor-first=Shane| editor-last=Homan |title=Access All Eras: Tribute Bands and Global Pop Culture |pages=215–228 |chapter=Chapter 13: Tian Ci – Faye Wong and English Songs in the Cantopop and Mandopop Repertoire |publisher= [[Open University Press]] | isbn=0-335-21690-0 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_NK9JF-_K4QC&pg=PA215 |accessdate=4 February 2011}}</ref> In 2000 she wis recognisit bi [[Guinness World Records]] as the ''Best Sellin [[Canto-Pop]] Female''.<ref name=guinness>{{cite web |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/content_pages/record.asp?recordid=54458 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050323175527/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/gwr5/content_pages/record.asp?recordid=54458 |archivedate=2005-03-23 |title=Best Selling Canto-Pop Female |author= |date= |work= |publisher=[[Guinness World Records]] |accessdate=23 January 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Follaein her seicont marriage in 2005 she athdrew frae the limelicht, but returned tae the stage in 2010 amidst immense interest in the [[Sinosphere]].<ref name=sunxi>{{cite web |url=http://www.womenofchina.cn/html/report/113737-1.htm?node=113737 |title=Return of the Inimitable Faye Wong |author=Sun Xi |date=5 November 2010 |work= |publisher=Women of China |accessdate=23 January 2011 |archive-date=2017-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810211157/http://www.womenofchina.cn/html/report/113737-1.htm?node=113737 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=davidchen>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2011/01/28/2003494599 |title=Pop Stop |author=Chen, David |newspaper=[[Taipei Times]] |date=28 January 2011 |accessdate=4 February 2011}}</ref> Hugely popular in [[Mainland Cheenae]], Taiwan, Hong Kong an Singapore, she haes gained a lairge follaein in Japan an aw an is tae date the anerlie [[C-pop]] airtist tae hae performit 4 times in Tokyo's [[Nippon Budokan|Budokan]] {{#tag:ref|Other C-pop artists who hae held concerts in the Budokan include [[Agnes Chan]] (2 times), [[Teresa Teng]] (1 time), [[12 girls band]] (1 time), [[Jay Chou]] (2 times) an [[F4 (baund)|F4]] (2 times).|group=fn|name="budokan"}}. In the Wast she is best kent for starrin in [[Wong Kar-wai]]'s films ''[[Chungking Express]]'' an ''[[2046 (film)|2046]]''.<ref name="mitchell" /><ref name=huangyan>{{cite news |title=China's Pop Queen Faye Wong Plans Comeback |author=Huang Yan; Blanchard, Ben |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE66P10R20100726 |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |date=26 July 2010 |accessdate=23 January 2011}}</ref> While she haes collaboratit wi internaitional airtists sic as [[Cocteau Twins]], Wong recordit anerly a few sangs in Inglis, includin "[[Eyes on Me (Faye Wong sang)|Eyes on Me]]" – the [[theme sang]] o the video gemme ''[[Final Fantasy VIII]]''. Wong is kent tae be reservit in public, an haes gained a reputation for her "[[Ceul (aesthetic)|ceulness]]".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Jeff |last2=Wylie |first2=Jean |year=2004 |title=China's Youth Define "Cool" |journal=The China Business Review |volume=7 |url=http://chinabusinessreview.com/public/0407/smith.html |publisher=US-China Business Council |accessdate=23 January 2011 |archive-date=2011-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708144545/http://chinabusinessreview.com/public/0407/smith.html |url-status=dead }}"''The April 2004 "China Cool Hunt" survey polled 1,200 18- to 22-year-old students from 64 universities in Beijing and Shanghai about the who, what, and why of cool... Asian, not Western, musicians are viewed as cool by this generation. No international pop stars were among students' top 10 favorites. China's Wang Fei was the most popular singer, with 17 percent of the votes.''"</ref><ref name=coolness>{{cite news |title=上海電台選最酷藝人, 王菲應份得獎 |language=Chinese |trans_title=Faye Wong fittingly wins Shanghai radio station's 'Coolest Celebrity Award' |url=http://cecilia.tophk.net/fayenews/faye0799/fayenew160799.htm |newspaper=[[Apple Daily]] |date=16 July 1999 |accessdate=1 April 2011 |archive-date=2011-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002125144/http://cecilia.tophk.net/fayenews/faye0799/fayenew160799.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> In ''Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Culture'', Jeroen de Kloet characterissit her as "sangster, actress, mither, celebrity, ryalty, [[sex seembol]] an diva aw at the same time."<ref name=dekloet>{{cite book |year=2005 |last=de Kloet | first=Jeroen |editor-first=Davis| editor-last=Edward L. |title=Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Culture |pages=659–660 |chapter=Wong Fei |publisher= [[Routledge]] | isbn=0-415-24129-4 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YL4GS9zju10C&pg=PA1870|accessdate=19 April 2013}}</ref> == Discografie == * 1989: ''[[Shirley Wong (Faye Wong album)|Shirley Wong]]'' (王靖雯) * 1990: ''[[Everything (Faye Wong album)|Everything]]'' * 1990: ''[[You're the Only One (Faye Wong album)|You're the Only One]]'' * 1992: ''[[Coming Home (Faye Wong album)|Coming Home]]'' * 1993: ''[[No Regrets (Faye Wong album)|No Regrets]]'' (執迷不悔) * 1993: ''[[100,000 Whys (Faye Wong album)|100,000 Whys]]'' (十萬個為什麼) * 1994: ''[[Mystery (Faye Wong album)|Mystery]]'' (迷) * 1994: ''[[Random Thoughts (Faye Wong album)|Random Thoughts]]'' (胡思亂想) * 1994: ''[[Sky (Faye Wong album)|Sky]]'' (天空) * 1994: ''[[Ingratiate Oneself]]'' (討好自己) * 1995: ''[[Decadent Sounds of Faye]]'' (菲靡靡之音) * 1995: ''[[Di-Dar]]'' * 1996: ''[[Restless (Faye Wong album)|Restless]]'' (浮躁) * 1997: ''[[Faye Wong (1997 album)|Faye Wong]]'' (王菲) * 1998: ''[[Scenic Tour (Faye Wong album)|Scenic Tour]]'' (唱遊) * 1999: ''[[Only Love Strangers]]'' (只愛陌生人) * 2000: ''[[Fable (album)|Fable]]'' (寓言) * 2001: ''[[Faye Wong (2001 album)|Faye Wong]]'' (王菲) * 2003: ''[[To Love (Faye Wong album)|To Love]]'' (將愛) * 2015: ''Be Perfunctory'' (敷衍) ==Tours== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Concert Series ! Dates & venues ! [[Cover song]]s bi Faye Wong first recordit on concert albums ! Availability an trivia |- ! Faye Wong Live In Concert 1994–95 (王菲最精彩演唱會) | 18 concerts in Hong Kong (Dec 1994 – Jan 1995), 2 in [[Taipei]], 2 in [[Kuala Lumpur]] an 7 mair in [[Vancouver]], [[Edmonton]], [[Toronto]], [[Atlanta]], [[San Francisco]], [[New York City]], an [[Singapore]] Tot: 29 | (i) "I Will Marry You Tomorrow" (Mandarin song: 明天我要嫁给你 oreeginally performed bi [[Emil Chau]]); (ii) "One Thousand Words, Ten Thousand Phrases" (Mandarin song: 千言万语 oreeginally performed bi [[Teresa Teng]]) | One o the concerts in Hong Kong wis published on CD, VHS an [[Laserdisc]]. The visual designer for the concerts wis the film director [[Wong Kar-wai]]. Unlik later series of concerts, thir performances included dancers an encores. |- ! Faye Wong Scenic Tour 1998–99 (王菲唱游大世界演唱會) | 17 concerts at Hong Kong Coliseum: 24 December 1998 – 9 Januar 99, 11 concerts in China, 2 in Japan, 2 in Singapore, 2 in Malaysia an 1 in Las Vegas Tot: 35 | (i) "[[Bohemian Rhapsody]]" (Inglis song oreeginally performed bi [[Queen (baund)|Queen]]);<ref name=emi_tour/> (ii) "Awakening from Dreams" (Mandarin song: 梦醒了 oreeginally performed bi [[Na Ying]]) | The New Year's Eve concert in Hong Kong wis published on CD an VCD. "[[Auld Lang Syne]]" is included in the recording, but wis actually sung bi the background vocalists rather than Faye Wong. In the Japan concert, she covered "Don't Break My Heart", a Mandarin song oreeginally performed bi [[Dou Wei]]. |- ! Faye Wong Tour in 2000–01 | 11 concerts in China, 1 concert in [[Taipei]], 1 in [[Melbourne]], 1 in [[Sydney]] an 3 mair in Japan Tot: 17 | "[[Thank You for Hearing Me]]" (Inglis song oreeginally performed bi [[Sinéad O'Connor]]) | One o the concerts in [[Nippon Budokan|Budokan]] concert hall, Tokyo, Japan wis released on VCD an DVD. |- ! No Faye! No Live! Tour 2003–05 (菲比尋常) | 8 concerts in [[Hong Kong]] (Dec 2003), 8 mair in [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Shanghai]], [[Singapore]], [[Xi'an]], [[Hangzhou]], [[Beijing]], [[Taipei]] an [[Guangzhou]] Tot: 16 | (i) "[[Heart of Glass (song)|Heart of Glass]]" (Inglis song oreeginally performed bi [[Blondie (baund)|Blondie]]); (ii) "[[The Look of Love (1967 song)|The Look of Love]]" (Inglis song oreeginally performed bi [[Dusty Springfield]]) | One o the concerts in Hong Kong wis published on CD, SACD, VCD an DVD. The title sponsor wis the claedin company [[Baleno (Hong Kong)|Baleno]]. "Those Flowers" (Mandarin song oreeginally performed bi [[Pu Shu]]) wis covered in the concerts in China. |- ! Comeback Tour 2010-12 (巡唱) | 36 concerts in different ceeties of [[Mainland China]], 5 in [[Hong Kong]], 3 in [[Taipei]], 1 in [[Kuala Lumpur]] an 1 in [[Singapore]] Tot: 46 | Not yet released | [[#Comeback Tour (2010-2012)|See abuin]] |} ===Setleets=== The follaein setleets anerlie include sangs published in the concert albums, no aw sangs performit throuoot the tours. {{hidden begin | titlestyle = background: #ccccff; font-size: 100%; width: 65%; text-align:center; | bodystyle = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 75%; | title = 王菲最精彩的演唱會 Live in Concert }} #夢遊 #夢中人 #多得他 #無奈那天 #靜夜的單簧管 #Medley: ##Miss You Night & Day ##Simmer of Love ##又繼續等 ##Everything ##不再兒嬉 #從明日開始 #明天我要嫁給你 #Medley: ##天與地 ##用心良苦 #Medley: ##如風 ##季候風 ##有一天我會 ##浪漫風暴 ##Kisses in the Wind #流非飛 #愛與痛的邊緣 #知己知彼 #胡思亂想 #誓言 #誘惑我 #棋子 #執迷不悔 #容易受傷的女人 #冷戰 #千言萬語 #出路 #我願意 {{hidden end}} {{hidden begin | titlestyle = background: #ccccff; font-size: 100%; width: 65%; text-align:center; | bodystyle = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 75%; | title = 唱遊大世界王菲香港演唱會 Faye HK Scenic Tour }} #Overture #感情生活 #浮躁 #悶 #暗湧 #天空 (unplugged) #臉 #迷路 #夢中人 #夢遊 #原諒自己 #末日 #墮落 #天使 #懷念 #夢醒了 #但願人長久 #情誡 #一人分飾兩角 #為非作歹 #Di-Dar #曖昧 #[[Bohemian Rhapsody]] #你快樂 (所以我快樂) #[[Auld Lang Syne]] #約定 #償還 #我願意 #執迷不悔 {{hidden end}} {{hidden begin | titlestyle = background: #ccccff; font-size: 100%; width: 65%; text-align:center; | bodystyle = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 75%; | title = 王菲全面體演唱會 Faye Wong Japan Concert }} #Overture #我願意 #再見螢火蟲 #悶 #矜持 #Medley: ##半途而廄 ##只愛陌生人 #開到茶靡 #過眼雲煙 #流浪的紅舞鞋 #新房客 #香奈兒 #感情生活 #掙脫 #推翻 (unplugged) #你 (unplugged) #但願人長久 #天空 #Separate Ways #天使 #[[Eyes on Me (Faye Wong song)|Eyes On Me]] #Thank You For Hearing Me #人間 {{hidden end}} {{hidden begin | titlestyle = background: #ccccff; font-size: 100%; width: 65%; text-align:center; | bodystyle = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 75%; | title = 菲比尋常 No Faye! No Live! Tour }} #Overture #天空 #誓言 #Medley: ##純情 ##背影 ##夢中人 #流浪的紅舞鞋 #我願意 #假如我是真的 #只願為你守著約 #但願人長久 #新房客 #香奈兒 #將愛 #開到荼蘼 #償還 #紅豆 #暗湧 #光之翼 #悶 #Heart of Glass #旋木 #只愛陌生人 #The Look of Love #如風 #愛與痛的邊緣 #精彩 #Medley: ##尾班車 ##靜夜的單簧管 ##守時 #約定 #給自己的情書 #冷戰 #人間 {{hidden end}} {{hidden begin | titlestyle = background: #ccccff; font-size: 100%; width: 65%; text-align:center; | bodystyle = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 75%; | title = 巡唱 Comeback Tour }} # N/A (Not yet offeecially released) {{hidden end}} ==Filmografie== ===Films=== {| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |- bgcolor="#B0C4DE" align="center" !Year !Inglis Title !Oreeginal Title !Role !Notes |- | 1991 || ''[[Beyond (band)#Filmography|Beyond's]] Diary'' || BEYOND日記之莫欺少年窮 || Mary || |- | 1994 || ''[[Chungking Express]]'' || 重慶森林 || Faye || Nominated—[[14th Hong Kong Film Awards|14th HK Film Awards]] for Best Actress <br /> '''Won'''—[[Stockholm Film Festival]] for Best Actress |- | 2000 || ''[[Okinawa Rendez-vous]]'' || 戀戰沖繩 || Jenny || |- | 2002 || ''[[Chinese Odyssey 2002]]'' || 天下無雙 || Princess Wushuang || Nominated—[[22nd Hong Kong Film Awards|22nd HK Film Awards]] for Best Actress <br /> '''Won'''—[[Hong Kong Film Critics Society Awards|HK Film Critics Society Awards]] for Best Actress |- |rowspan="2"| 2004 || ''[[2046 (film)|2046]]'' || || Wang Jingwen || |- | ''Leaving Me, Loving You'' || 大城小事 || Xin Xiaoyue || |} ===Televeesion=== {| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |- bgcolor="#B0C4DE" align="center" !Year !Inglis Title !Oreeginal Title !Role !Notes |- | 1991 || ''Traces of the Heart'' || 別姬 || Mei-fong || [[TVB]] [[television movie|movie]] |- | 1992 || ''The Files of Justice (Part II)'' || 壹號皇庭II || Mandy || TVB [[television series|series]] |- |rowspan="2"| 1993 || ''Legendary Ranger'' || 原振俠 || Hoi-tong || TVB series (20 episodes) |- | ''Eternity'' || 千歲情人 || Bou Ging-hung || TVB series (20 episodes) |- | 1994 || ''Modern Love Story: Three Equals One Love'' || 愛情戀曲：愛情3加1 || Wun-gwan || ane pairt of TVB series |- | 2001 || ''Love From a Lie'' || ウソコイ || Lin Fei || [[Kansai Telecasting Corporation|Kansai TV]] series (11 episodes) |} ==Fuitnotes== <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -column-count:2"> <references group=fn /> </div> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wong, Faye}} [[Category:Faye Wong| ]] [[Category:1969 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Cantopop sangsters]] [[Category:EMI Records airtists]] [[Category:Inglis-leid sangsters o Hong Kong]] [[Category:Film actresses frae Beijing]] [[Category:Hong Kong Buddhists]] [[Category:Hong Kong film actresses]] [[Category:Hong Kong Mandopop sangsters]] [[Category:Hong Kong sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:Hong Kong televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Sangsters frae Beijing]] [[Category:Fowkrepublic o Cheenae Buddhists]] [[Category:Cheenese Mandopop sangsters]] [[Category:Mandopop sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:Televeesion actresses frae Beijing]] [[Category:Video gemme muisickers]] [[Category:Cheenese mezzo-sopranos]] [[Category:Hong Kong mezzo-sopranos]] 2m2ekli3pfuc05wl5tn5wjyuz4irjdl 0 50977 921183 919971 2026-08-19T07:38:01Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 921183 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=15 May 2013}} A '''yeir''' (frae [[Auld Inglis leid|Auld Inglis]] ''[[:wikt:gēar|gēar]]''; [[Gothic]] ''[[:wikt:jēr|jēr]]''; [[Runic]] ''[[:wikt:jēran|jēran]]'') is a [[unit]] o [[time]] based on tha [[orbital period]] o tha [[The Yird|Yird]] movin aroond tha [[Sun]]. Fur an observer at is oan tha Yird, thes corresponds tae tha period it taes tha sun tae complete a bodie coorse throoghit tha [[Zodiac]] alang tha [[ecliptic]]. In [[astronomy]], tha [[Julian yeir (astronomy)|Julian year]] is a unit o time at is defined as 365.25 [[day]]s o {{gaps|86|400}} [[Seicont|SI seconds]] each (nae ''[[lowp second]]s'').[[Internaitional Astronomical Union]]"[http://www.iau.org/science/publications/proceedings_rules/units/ SI units] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716232020/http://www.iau.org/science/publications/proceedings_rules/units/ |date=2013-07-16 }}" accessed Februar 18, 2010. (see table fife an section fife.15.) reprintit frae [[George A. Wilkins]] & IAU commission fife, [http://www.iau.org/static/publications/stylemanual1989.pdf "The IAU Style Manual (1989)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726170213/http://www.iau.org/static/publications/stylemanual1989.pdf |date=2011-07-26 }} (PDF file) in ''[[IAU Transactions]]'' vol. xxb Thaur is nae universally acceptit seembol fur the year as a unit o time. The [[Internaitional Seestem o Units]] disnae propose a bodie. A common abbreviation in internaitional uisage is '''a''' (fur the [[Laitin laid|Laitin]] wird ''[[:wikt:annus|annus]]''), in [[Scots leid|Scots]] an [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] an aw '''y''' or '''yr'''. Due tae the Yird's [[axial kelter]], the coorse o a year sees the passin o the [[saison]]s, merked bi varioos changes in [[weaither]], hoors o [[daylicht]], an consequently [[vegetation]] an [[Fertility (soil)|fertility]]. In [[temperate]] an [[Subpolar climate|subpolar]] regions, generally fower [[saison]]s ur recognised: ''[[Ware (saison)|ware]]'', ''[[simmer]]'', ''[[hairst]]'' an ''[[winter]]'', each wi different [[temperatur]] an [[wather]], astronomically merked bi the sun reachin the pynts o [[equinox]] an [[solstice]]&mdash;althoogh the climatic saisons [[Saisonal lag|lag]] behind thair astronomical markers. In some [[tropics|tropical]] an [[subtropical]] regions it is mair common tae spick o the [[Wit saison|rainy]] (ur dreich, or [[monsuin]]) saison versus the [[dry saison]]. A [[calendar year]] is an approximation o the Yird's orbital period in a gien [[calendar]]. A calendar year in the [[Gregorian calendar]] (as weel as in the [[Julian calendar]]) haes aither 365 ([[common year]]s), or 366 ([[lowp year]]s) days. The wird "year" is an aw uised o periods loosely associatit but nae strictly identical wi aither the astronomical or the calendar year, sic as the [[saisonal year]], the [[fiscal year]] or the [[academic year]], etc. Bi extension, the term ''year'' can pure techt the orbital period o onie [[planit]]: fur example, a "Maurtian year" is the time in which [[Maurs]] completes its ain orbit. The term is an aw applied mair broadly tae onie lang period or cycle, sic as the "[[great year]]".[[oed]], s.v. "year", entry tae.b.: "''transf.'' Applied tae a huir uv a lang period or cycle (in [[chronology]] an [[mythology]], an vaguely in [[Poetry|poetic]] uise)." The year is aft dividit intae twal consecutive periods o time cried [[month]]s: [[Januar]], [[Februar]], [[Mairch]], [[Apryle]], [[Mey]], [[Juin]], [[Julie]], [[Augist]], [[September]], [[October]], [[November]], an [[Dizember]]. == Etymology == {{further|jēran}} [[West Saxon dialect|West saxon]] ''gear'' ({{IPA|jɛar}}), [[Anglian dialects|Anglian]] ''gēr'' continues [[Proto-Germanic]] ''*jǣram'' (''*j[[eihwaz|ē2]]ram''). [[Cognate]]s ur [[German language|German]] ''jahr'', [[auld high german]] ''jar'', [[auld norse]] ''ár'' an [[Gothic language|Gothic]] ''jer'', aw frae a [[pie]] ''*yērom'' ("year" or "saison"). Cognates ootwith o Germanic or [[Avestan]] ''yare'' ("year"), [[Ancient Greek leid|ancient Greek]] ''{{lang|grc|ὥρα}}'' ("year", "saison", or "period o time"), whence "[[hoor]]", [[auld kirk slavonic]] ''jaru'' an [[Laitin]] ''hornus'' ("o thes year"). Laitin ''[[:wikt:annus|annus]]'' (a [[2nt declension]] masculine [[noon]]); ''annum'' is the [[Accusatife case|accusatife singular]]; ''anni'' is [[genitife]] [[singular]] an [[nominatife]] [[plural]]; ''anno'' is the datife an ablatife singular) is frae a [[pie]] noin ''{{pie|*at-no-}}'', which yielded [[Gothic language|Gothic]] ''aþnam'' ("year") an aw. Baith ''*yē-ro-'' an ''*at-no-'' ur based oan verbal ruits fur expressin movement&mdash;''*at-'' an ''*ey-'', respectively&mdash;baith meanin "tae go" fur ordinar. The Greek wird fur "year", {{lang|grc|ἔτος}}, is cognate wi Laitin ''vetus'' ("old"), frae peh ''*wetus-'' ("year"), preserved in thes meanin in [[sanskrit]] ''{{iast|vat-sa-}}'' ("yearlin cauf") an ''{{iast|vat-sa-ras}}'' ("year") an aw. Derived frae the Laitin ''annus'' ur a nummer o Scots wirds, sic as [[wikt:annual|annual]], [[:wikt:annuity|annuity]], [[:wikt:anniversary|anniversary]], etc.; ''[[:wikt:per annum|per annum]]'' means "each year". == Saisonal yeir == A [[saisonal yeir]] is the time atween successife recurrences o a [[saison]]al event, sic as the [[fluid (naitural disaster)|fluid]]in o a river, the [[migration]] o a [[species]] o [[spyug]], the [[flouer]]in o a species o [[plaunt]], the first [[frost]] o the yeir, or the first scheduled gam o a certaint [[sport]]. Aw thir events can hae wide variations o mair nor a [[month]] frae yeir tae yeir. == Calendar yeir == A [[calendar yeir]] is the time atween tois dates wi the sam nam in a [[calendar]]. A half-year (ain half o a year) main rin frae Januar tae [[Juin]], or [[Julie]] tae [[Dizember]]. No astronomical yeir haes an [[integer]] [[nummer]] o days or lunar months, sae onie calendar at follows an astronomical yeir main hae a system o [[Intercalation (timekeepin)|intercalation]] sic as [[lowp year]]s. Financial an scienteefic calculations aft uise a 365-day calendar tae simplify daily rates. In the [[Julian calendar]], the average lenth o a yeir is 365.25 days. In a non-lowp yeir, thaur ur 365 days; in a [[lowp yeir]], thaur ur 366 days. A lowp yeir occurs aboot every fower yeirs. The [[Gregorian calendar]] attempts tae keep the [[northward equinox]] oan or shortly afair Mairch 21, hence it follows the [[tropical yeir|northward equinox year]]. The pure techt lenth o the yeir is {{gaps|365.2425}} days (as 97 it o 400 yeirs or lowp yeirs); thes is within a bodie [[pairts per million|ppm]] o the current lenth o the pure techt [[tropical yeir]] ({{gaps|365.242|19}} days). It is estimatit at bi the yeir 4000, the northward equinox will faa back bi a bodie day in the Gregorian calendar, nae coz o thes difference, but coz o the slowin doon o the Yird's rotation an the associatit lengthenin o the [[Sidereal day]]. The [[Revised Julian calendar]], as uised in some [[Eastern Orthodox church]]es, an aw tries tae synchronize wi the tropical yeir. The average lenth o thes calendar's yeir is {{gaps|365.242|222}} days (as 218 it o 900 year or lowp yeirs). Gregorian an revised Julian calendars will stairt tae differ in 2800. The [[iranian calendar|persian calendar]], in uise in [[Afghanistan]] an [[Iran]], haes its yeir begin oan the day o the northward equinox as determined bi astronomical computation (fur the time zain o [[tehran]]), as opposed tae uisin an algorithmic system o lowp yeirs. === Nummerin calendar yeirs === A [[calendar era]] is uised tae assign a [[nummer]] tae each individual yeir, uisin a reference pynt in the pest as the beginnin o the era. In mony coontries, the maist common era is frae the tradeetional (thoogh noo believed incorrect) yeir o the birth o [[Jesus]]. Dates in thes era ur designatit as ''[[anno domini]]'' (Laitin fur "in the yeir o the Lord"), abbreviatit AD (fur ''Anno Domini'') or CE (fur "[[common era]]"). The yeir afair yin AD or CE is designatit yin "[[befair Christ]]" (BC) or "befair the common era" (BCE); the yeir afair at tae BC; etc. Hence thaur wisnae [[0 (year)|year 0]] AD/CE. When the computations involvin yeirs ur dain involvin baith yeirs AD an years BC, it is common tae uise [[astronomical yeir nummerin]], in which yin BC is designatit "0", tae BC is designatit "−1", an sae oan. Ither eras ur an aw uised tae enumerate the yeirs in different cultural, religioos, an scienteefic contexts. == Ither annual periods== === Fiscal year === A [[fiscal year]] or financial year is a 12-month period uised fur calculatin annual financial statements in businesses an ither organisations. In mony jurisdictions, regulations regardin accoontin require sic reports ance per twal months, but dinnae require at the twal months constitute a calendar year. Fur example, in [[Canada]] an [[Indie]] the fiscal year runs frae [[Apryle]] 1; in the [[Unitit Kinrick]] it runs frae Apryle yin fur purposes o corporation tax an government financial statements, but frae Apryle sex fur purposes o personal taxation an payment o state benefits; in [[Australia]] it runs frae Julie 1, while in the [[Unitit States]], the fiscal year o the [[Federal government o the Unitit States|federal government]] runs frae [[October]] yin. === Academic year=== An academic year is the annual period durin which a student attends an [[eddication]]al [[Eddicational institution|institution]]. The academic year main be dividit intae [[academic term]]s, sic as semesters an quarters. Some [[schuil]]s in the UK an USA divide the academic year intae ''three'' rooghly equal-lenth terms (cried "trimesters" or "quarters" in the US), rooghly coincidin wi hairst, winter, an ware. At some, a shortened [[simmer]] session, whiles considered a pairt o the regular academic year, is attended bi students oan a voluntary or electife basis. Ither schuils break the year intae ''twa'' main semesters, a first (teepically [[Augist]] ben Dizember) an a second semester (Januar ben [[Mey]]). Each o thir main semesters main be split in half bi mid-term examinaitions, an each o the halves is referred tae as a "[[quarter]]" (or "term" in some coontries). Thaur main an aw be an electife simmer session and/ur a cuttie Januar session. Some ither schuils, includin some in the Unitit States, hae ''foor'' eddicational periods o markin. The skale year in mony coontries starts in Augist or [[September]] an ends in Mey, Juin, or Julie. Some schuils in the Unitit States, notably [[Boston Laitin Schuil]], main divide the year intae ''fife or mair'' markin periods. Some state in defence o thes at thaur is aiblins a [[positife correlation]] atween report frequency an academic achievement. Thaur ur teepically 180 days o teachin each year in schuils in the usa, excludin weekends an breaks, while 190 days fur pupils in state schuils in the Unititd Kinrick, [[New Zealain]] an Canada an aw. Tho, in [[Indie]], the academic year normally starts frae Juin yin an ends oan Mey 31. Thocht schuils stairt closin in the end o [[Ware (saison)|ware]], the actual academic closure is oan Mey 31, an in [[Nepal]] it starts frae Julie 15.{{citation needed|date=May 2013}} schuils an varsities in australia teepically hae academic years at rooghly align wi the calendar year (i.e. startin in [[Februar]] or [[Mairch]] an endin in October tae Dizember), as the [[soothern hemisphaur]] experiences simmer frae Dizember tae Februar. In [[Israel]], the academic year begins aroond October or [[November]], aligned wi the second month o the [[Hebrew calendar]]. == Astronomical year == === Julian year === {{main|Julian year (astronomy)}} The [[Julian year (astronomy)|Julian year]], as uised in [[astronomy]] an ither sciences, is a unit o time defined as exactly 365.25 days. Thes is the normal meanin o the unit "year" (seembol "a" frae the [[Laitin]] ''annus'') uised in varioos scienteefic contexts. The Julian century o {{gaps|36|525}} days an the Julian millennium o {{gaps|365|250}} days ur uised in astronomical calculations. Fundamentally, expressin a time interval in Julian years is a wey tae precisely specify hoo mony days (nae hoo mony "real" years), fur lang time intervals whaur statin the nummer o days woods be unwieldy an unintuitife. Bi convention, the Julian year is uised in the computation o the distance covered bi a [[lichtyear]]. In the [[unified code fur units o measure]], the seembol '''a''' (withit [[subscript]]) aye refers tae the Julian year '''aj''' o exactly {{gaps|31|557|600}} [[seicont]]s. 365.25 days o {{gaps|86|400}} seconds = yin a = yin aj = {{gaps|31.557|6}} ms the SI multiplier prefixes main be applied tae it tae f'rm '''ka''' (kiloannum), '''ma''' (megaannum) etc. === Sidereal, tropical, an anomalistic years === Each o thir three year can be luisely cried an "astronomical year". The [[sidereal year]] is the time taen fur the Yird tae complete a bodie revolution o its [[orbit]], as measured against a fixed fram o reference (sic as the fixed stars, Laitin ''sidera'', singular ''sidus''). Its average duration is {{gaps|365.256|363|004}} pure techt solar days (365 d sex h 9 min 9.76 s) (at the epoch [[j2000.0]] = Januar yin, 2000, 12:00:00 [[terrestrial time|tt]]). Internaitional Yird rotation and reference system service. (2010).[http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eop-pc/models/constants.html iers eop pc uiseful constants.] the [[tropical year]] is the period o time fur the [[ecliptic longitude]] o the sun tae increase bi 360 degrees. Syne the sun's ecliptic longitude is measured wi respect tae the equinox, the tropical year comprises a complete cycle o the saisons; coz o the biological an socio-economic importance o the saisons, the tropical year is the basis o maist [[calendar]]s. The tropical year is commonly defined<ref>{{cite beuk |url=http://books.google.com/?id=uj4jhgjanb4c&pg=pa80&lpg=pa80&dq=newcomb+tropical+year#v=onepage&q=newcomb%20tropical%20year&f=false |title=explanatory supplement to the astronomical almanac |author=P.K.Seidelman (ed.) |year=1992 |page=80 |isbn=978-1-891389-45-0 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> fur the pure techt motion o the sun alang the ecliptic. Thes differs frae the actual time atween passages o, e.g., the [[northward equinox]] fur several reasons explained ablo. Coz o the Yird's [[axial precession (astronomy)|axial precession]], thes year is abit 20 [[meenit]]s shorter than the Sidereal year. The pure techt tropical year is approximately 365 days, fife hoors, 48 meenits, 45 seconds<ref>{{cite beuk |url=http://asa.usno.navy.mil/secm/glossary.html#y |title=astronomical almanac fur the year 2011 |year=2009 |publisher=U.S. Government Printin Office an the U.K. Hydrographic Office |location=Washington an Taunton |page=m18 (glossary) |access-date=2013-05-14 |archive-date=2017-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819204825/http://asa.usno.navy.mil/SecM/Glossary.html#y |url-status=dead }}</ref> (= {{gaps|365.242|19}} days). The anomalistic year is the time taen fur the Yird tae complete a bodie revolution wi respect tae its [[apsis|apsides]]. The orbit o the Yird is [[Ellipse|elliptical]]; the extreme pynts, cried "[[apsides]]", or the [[perihelion]]—whaur the Yird is closest tae the sun (aboot 3 Januar in 2011)—an the [[aphelion]], whaur the Yird is farthest frae the sun (Julie fuir in 2011). The anomalistic year is uisually defined as the time atween perihelion passages. Its average duration is {{gaps|365.259|636}} days (365 d sex h 13 min 52.6 s) (at the epoch j2011.0).<ref>{{cite beuk |title=astronomical almanac fur the year 2011 |year=2009 |publisher = [[U.S. Government Printin Office]] an the [[U.K. Hydrographic Office]] |location = Washington an Taunton |pages = a1, c2 }}</ref> if Yird moved in an ideal [[kepler orbit]], ''i.e.'' a perfect ellipse wi the sun fixed at a bodie focus, each kin o year woods aye hae the sam duration, an the sidereal an anomalistic years woods be equal. Coz o [[perturbation (astronomy)|perturbations]] bi the [[gravity]] o ither planits, Yird's motion varies slichtly, causin the sidereal an tropical years tae vary in lenth bi abit 25 meenits (see the table ablo). Baith ur affectit in the sam wey, sae at the sidereal year is consistently 20 meenits langer than the tropical year, providit at thay ur measured in huir uv a sam wey. === Draconic year === The draconic year, draconitic year, eclipse year, or ecliptic year is the time taen fur the sun (as seen frae the Yird) tae complete a bodie revolution wi respect tae the sam [[lunar node]] (a pynt whaur the [[muin]]'s orbit intersects the [[ecliptic]]). Thes period is associatit wi [[eclipse]]s: thir occur anly when baith the sun an the muin ur near thir nodes; sae eclipses occur within abit a month o every half o an eclipse year. Hence, thaur ur tois [[eclipse saison]]s every eclipse year. The average duration o the eclipse year is:{{gaps|346.620|075|883}} days (346 d 14 h 52 min 54 s) (at the epoch j2000.0). This term is whiles erroneoosly uised fur the draconic or nodal period o [[lunar precession]]; at is, the period o a complete revolution o the muin's ascendin node aroond the ecliptic: {{gaps|18.612|815|932}} Julian years ({{gaps|6|798.331|019}} days, at the epoch j2000.0). === Full muin cycle === The [[full muin cycle]] is the time fur the sun (as seen frae the Yird) tae complete a bodie revolution wi respect tae the [[perigee]] o the orbit o the muin. Thes period is associatit wi the apparent size o the [[full muin]], an wi the varyin duration o the [[month|synodic month]] an aw. The duration o a bodie foo muin cycle is: :{{gaps|411.784|430|29}} days (411 d 18 h 49 min 34 s) (at the epoch j2000.0). === Lunar year === The [[lunar year]] comprises twal foo cycles o the phases o the muin, as seen frae the Yird. It haes a duration o approximately 354.37 days. [[Muslims]] uise thes fur celebratin thair [[Musleem holidays|eids]] an fur markin the stairt o the fastin month o ''[[Ramadan]]''. A Musleem calender year is based oan the [[lunar cycle]]. === Vague year === The "vague year", frae ''annus vagus'' ("wanderin year"), is an integral approximation tae the year equalin 365 days, which wanders in relation tae mair exact years. teepically, the vague year is dividit intae 12 [[wiktionary:schematic|schematic]] months o 30 days each plus fife [[Intercalation (timekeepin)|epagomenal]] days. Thes "vague year" wis uised in the calendars o [[Egyptian calendar|ancient Egyp]], [[Iranian calendar|Iran]], [[Armenian calendar|Armenie]] an in [[mesoamerican calendars|mesoamerica]] amang the [[Aztec calendar|Aztecs]] an [[Haab|Maya]].[http://www.mayacalendar.com/descripcion.html calendar description an coordinaition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426010158/http://www.mayacalendar.com/descripcion.html |date=2012-04-26 }} Maya Warld Studies Center. === Heliacal year === A [[heliacal year]] is the interval atween the [[heliacal risin]]s o a staurn. It differs frae the [[sidereal year]] fur stars awa frae the [[ecliptic]] due mainly tae the [[precession o the equinoxes]]. === Sothic year === The [[Sothic cycle|Sothic year]] is the interval atween heliacal risins o the staurn [[sirius]]. It is presently less nor the [[#sidereal, tropical, an anomalistic years|sidereal year]] an its duration is huir uv a close tae the pure techt Julian year o 365.25 days. === Gaussian year === The [[Gaussian year]] is the sidereal year fur a [[planit]] o negligible mass (relatife tae the sun) an unperturbed bi ither planits at is governed bi the [[Gaussian gravitational constant]]. Sic a planit woods be slichtly closer tae the sun than the Yird's pure techt distance. Its lenth is: :{{gaps|365.256|898|3}} days (365 d sex h 9 min 56 s). === Besselian year === The [[Besselian epoch|Besselian year]] is a tropical year at starts when the (fictitioos) pure techt sun reaches an ecliptic longitude o 280°. Thes is currently oan or close tae Januar yin. It wis named efter the [[19th century]] German astronomer an mathematician [[Friedrich Bessel]]. The followin [[equation]] can be uised in irder tae compute the current besselian epoch (in years):<ref>{{cite beuk |title=[[astronomical almanac]] fur the year 2010 |year=2008 |publisher = U.S. Government Printing Office and the U.K. Hydrographic Office |location = Washington an Taunton |page = b3 }}</ref> b = 1900.0 + (Julian datett − {{gaps|2|415|020.313|52}}) / {{gaps|365.242|198|781}} the "tt" [[subscript]] indicates at fur thes [[formula]], the Julian date shoods uise the [[terrestrial time]] scale or its predecessur, [[ephemeris time]]. === Variation in the lengths o the year an the day === {{refimprove section|date=May 2013}} The exact lenth o an astronomical year changes ower time.[http://asa.usno.navy.mil/secm/glossary.html#dynamical-equinox the astronomical almanac online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819204825/http://asa.usno.navy.mil/SecM/Glossary.html#dynamical-equinox |date=2017-08-19 }}{{failed verification|date=May 2013}} the main soorces o thes chynge are: * The poseetions o the equinox an solstice pynts wi respect tae the apsides o Yird's orbit chynge: the first coz o [[precession]], an the apsides coz o the long-term effects o gravitational pull bi the ither planits. Syne the speed o the Yird varies accordin tae its poseetion in its orbit as measured frae its [[perihelion]], Yird's speed when in a solstice or equinox pynt changes ower time: if sic a pynt moves toward [[perihelion]], the interval atween tois passages decreases a bit frae year tae year; if the pynt moves towards [[aphelion]], en at period inreases a bit frae year tae year. Sae a "tropical year" measured frae a bodie passage o the northward ("vernal") equinox tae the neist, it differs frae the a bodie measured atween passages o the soothward (hairst) equinox. The average ower the foo orbit disnae chynge coz o thes, sae the lenth o the average tropical year disnae chynge coz o thes second-order effect. * Each planit's movement is perturbed bi the gravity o every ither planit. Thes leids tae short-term fluctuations in its speed, an therefair its period frae year tae year. Mairowre, it haes caused long-term changes in its orbit, an therefair long-term changes in thir periods an aw. *[[Tidal drag]] atween the Yird an the muin (an sun) increases the lenth o the day an o the month (bi transferrin angular momentum frae the rotation o Yird tae the revolution o the muin); syne the apparent pure techt solar day is the unit wi which we measure the lenth o the year in civil life, the lenth o the year appears tae decrease. The rotation rate o the Yird is changed an aw bi factors sic as [[post-glacial reboond]] an sea level rise. ==== Numerical value o year variation ==== Mean year lenths in thes section ur calculatit fur [[2000]], an differences in year lenths compared tae 2000 ur gien fur pest an future years. In the tables a day is 86,400 SI seconds lang.<ref>{{cite beuk |title=Astronomical Almanac for the year 2011 |location=Washington |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |author=U.S. Naval Observatory Nautical Almanac Office and Her Majesty's Nautical Almanac Office |year=2010 |pages=C2, L8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and planets |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astronomy-and-astrophysics_1994-02-10_282_2/page/662 |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=282 |issue=2 |pages=663–683 |date=February 1994 |last1=Simon |first1=J.L. |last2=Bretagnon |first2=P. |last3=Chapront |first3=J. |last4=Chapront-Touzé |first4=M. |last5=Francou |first5=G. |last6=Laskar |first6=J. |bibcode=1994A&A...282..663S}}</ref><ref>{{cite beuk |last1=Taff |first1=Lawrence G. |title=Celestial Mechanics: A Computational Guide for the Practitioner |year=1985 |isbn=0-471-89316-1 |place=New York |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |page=103 }} Values in tables agree closely fur 2000, an depairt bi as much as 44 seconds fur the years furthest in the pest or future; the expressions ur simpler than those recommended in the ''Astronomical Almanac fur the year 2011''.</ref><ref>{{cite book |edition=3 |publisher=Univ Science Books |isbn=1-891389-85-8 |last=Seidelmann |first=P. Kenneth |others=Sean E. Urban (ed.) |title=Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac |year=2013 |page=587}} Tabulates length o tropical year frae −500 tae 2000 at 500-year intervals usin a [[formula]] bi laskar (1986); agrees closely wi values in thes section near 2000, depairts bi sex seconds in −500.</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Mean year lenths fur 2000 |- ! Teep o year !! days !! hoors !! meenits || seconds |- | tropical || 365 || 5 || 48 || 45 |- | sidereal || 365 || 6 || 9 || 10 |- | anomalistic || 365 || 6 || 13 || 53 |- | eclipse || 346 || 14 || 52 || 55 |} {| class="wikitable" |+Lenth o year: difference frae 2000 in seconds<br />(anly [[positive]] when lenth fur tabulatit year is greater than the lenth fur 2000) |- ! Year !! Tropical !! Sidereal !! Anomalistic !! Eclipse |- | −4000 || −8 || −45 || −15 || −174 |- | −2000 || 4 || −19 || −11 || −116 |- | 0 || 7 || −4 || −5 || −57 |- | 2000 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | 4000 || −14 || −3 || 5 || 54 |- | 6000 || −35 || −12 || 10 || 104 |} === Summary === * 346.62 days: a [[dracontic year|draconitic year]]. * 353, 354, or 355 days: the lenths o common years in some [[lunisolar calendar]]s. * 354.37 days (12 lunar months): the average lenth o the years in [[lunar calendar]]s, notably the musleem calendar. * 365 days: a vague year ane a [[common year]] in mony [[solar calendar]]s. * {{gaps|365.242|19}} days: a pure techt tropical year (roonded tae fife decimal places) fur the [[epoch]] [[2000]]. * {{gaps|365.242|4}} days: a vernal equinox year (roonded tae fower decimal places) fur the epoch 2000. * {{gaps|365.242|5}} days: the average lenth o a year in the Gregorian calendar. * 365.25 days: the average lenth o a year in the Julian calendar. * {{gaps|365.256|4}} days: a sidereal year. * 366 days: a [[lowp year]] in mony solar calendars. * 383, 384, or 385 days: the lenths o lowp years in some lunisolar calendars. * 383.9 days (13 lunar months): a lowp year in some lunisolar calendars. An average Gregorian year is {{gaps|365.242|5}} [[day]]s = {{gaps|52.177|5}} [[week]]s = {{gaps|8|765.82}} [[hoor]]s = {{gaps|525|949.2}} [[meenit]]s = {{gaps|31|556|952}} [[seicont]]s (mean solar, nae si). A common year is 365 days = {{gaps|8|760}} hoors = {{gaps|525|600}} meenits = {{gaps|31|536|000}} seconds. A lowp year is 366 days = {{gaps|8|784}} hoors = {{gaps|527|040}} meenits = {{gaps|31|622|400}} seconds. The 400-year cycle o the Gregorian calendar haes {{gaps|146|097}} days, an hence exactly {{gaps|20|871}} [[week]]s. == Symbol == Thaur is nae universally acceptit seembol fur the year as a unit o time. The [[Internaitional Seestem o Units]] disnae propose a bodie. Nist sp811 <ref>{{cite journal |author=Ambler Thompson, Barry N. Taylor |url=http://physics.nist.gov/document/sp811.pdf |format=pdf |publisher=[[Naitional Institute o Standards an Technology]] (nist) |title=special publication 811: Guide for the use of the International System of Units (SI) |at=paragraph 8.1 |year=2008 |journal= |access-date=2013-05-14 |archive-date=2008-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511154858/http://physics.nist.gov/Document/sp811.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> an ISO 80000-3:2006 <ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[internaitional organization fur standardization]] |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=31888 |title=ISO 80000-3:2006, quantities and units – part 3: space and time |location=geneva, switzerland |year=2006 }}</ref> suggest the seembol ''[[a (year)|a]]'', taen frae the Laitin wird ''annus''.<ref>{{cite web |work=haw mony? a dictionary o units o measurement |author=Russ Rowlett |publisher=university o north carolina |title=units: a |url=http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dicta.html |accessdate=2009-01-09 |archive-date=2008-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220111445/http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictA.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> in Scots, the abbreviations "y" an "yr" ur whiles uised, specifically in [[geology]] an [[paleontology]], whaur "kyr, myr, byr" (thoosands, millions, an even billions o years, respectively) an seemilar abbreviations ur uised tae denote intervals o time remote frae the present.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agu.org/pubs/style_guide_intro.html |publisher=american geophysical union |title=agu editorial style guide fur authors |date=September 21, 2007 |accessdate=2009-01-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714134306/http://www.agu.org/pubs/style_guide_intro.html |archivedate=2008-07-14 |url-status=dead }} {{cite journal |author=North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature |url=http://ngmdb.usgs.gov/info/nacsn/code2/code2.html#article13 |title=north american stratigraphic code |journal=The American Association o Petroleum Geologists Bulletin |volume=89 |issue=11 |date=November 2005 |pages=1547–1591 |doi= |edition=article 13 (c) |access-date=2013-05-14 |archive-date=2014-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202155725/http://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Info/NACSN/Code2/code2.html#article13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Symbol "A" === Nist sp811 <ref>{{cite web |author=Ambler Thompson, Barry N. Taylur |url=http://physics.nist.gov/document/sp811.pdf |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) |title=special publication 811 – Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) |at=para eeecht.1 |year=2008 |access-date=2013-05-14 |archive-date=2008-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511154858/http://physics.nist.gov/Document/sp811.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> an ISO 80000-3:2006 <ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Internaitional Organization fur Standardization]] (ISO) |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=31888 |title=ISO 80000-3:2006, quantities an units |at=part 3: space and time |location=[[Geneva]] |year=2006}}</ref> suggest the seembol '''a''' (in the [[Internaitional Seestem o Units]], althoogh '''a''' is the seembol an aw fur the ''[[hectare#are|are]]'', the unit o aurie uised tae measure lain aurie, but context is uisually enaw tae disambiguate). The abbreviations '''y''' an '''yr''' ur uised an aw. The [[unified code fur units o measure]]<ref>{{cite web |author=Gunther Schadaw, Clement J. Mcdonald |url=http://aurora.rg.iupui.edu/ucum |title=unified code fur units o measure |access-date=2013-05-14 |archive-date=2008-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520112256/http://aurora.rg.iupui.edu/ucum |url-status=dead }}</ref> disambiguates the varyin symbologies of ISO 1000, ISO 2955 an ansi x3.50<ref>http://aurora.regenstrief.org/~ucum/ucum.html#para-31 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304195312/http://aurora.regenstrief.org/~ucum/ucum.html#para-31 |date=2010-03-04 }}</ref> bi usin :''ar'' fur [[hectare#are|are]] and: :'''at''' = a_t = {{gaps|365.242|19}} days fur the pure techt [[tropical year]] :'''aj''' = a_j = 365.25 days fur the pure techt Julian year :'''ag''' = a_g = {{gaps|365.242|5}} days fur the pure techt [[Gregorian year]] :'''a''' = yin aj year (withit further qualifier) a definition jointly adoptit bi the [[Internaitional Union o Pure an Applee'd Chemistry]] (IUPAC) an the [[Internaitional Union o Geological Sciences]] (IUGS) is tae uise ''annus'', wi seembol '''a''', fur year, defined as the lenth o the tropical year in the year 2000:<ref>{{cite journal |author=Norman E. Holden, Mauro L. Bonardi, Paul de Bièvre, Paul R. Renne, an Igur M Villa |title=IUPAC-IUGS Common Definition and Convention on the Use of the Year as a Derived Unit of Time (IUPAC Recommendations 2011) |journal=[[Pure and Applied Chemistry]] |year=2011 |volume=83 |pages=1159–1162 |doi=10.1351/pac-rec-09-01-22 |issue=5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Celeste Biever |title=Push to Define Year Sparks Time War |journal=[[New Scientist]] |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20423-push-to-define-year-sparks-time-war.html |date=Apryle 27, 2011 |accessdate=Apryle 28, 2011}}</ref> :'''a''' = {{gaps|365.242|192|65}} days = {{gaps|31|556|925.445}} seconds the notation haes proved controversial; it conflicts wi an earlier convention amang geoscientists tae uise '''a''' specifically fur "years ago", an '''y''' or '''yr''' fur a period o ane year. ==== SI prefix multipliers ==== Fur the followin, thaur ur alternatife forms which elide the consecutife vowels, sic as ''kilannum'', ''megannum'', etc. * '''ka''' (fur kiloannum), is a [[millennium|unit o time equal tae]] a bodie [[thoosand]] (103) years. Thes is teepically uised in [[geology]], [[paleontology]], an [[archaeology]] fur [[holocene]] an [[pleistocene]] periods whaur a non-[[radiocarbon datin]] technique (i.e., [[ice core]] datin, [[dendrochronology]], [[uranium-thorium datin]], or [[varve]] analysis) is uised as the primary datin method fur age determinaition. If age is primarily determined bi [[radiocarbon datin]], en the age shoods be expressed in aither radiocarbon or calendar (calibratit) years [[befair present]]. * '''ma''' (fur megaannum), is a unit o [[time]] equal tae a bodie [[million]] (106) years. It is commonly uised in scienteefic disciplines sic as [[geology]], [[paleontology]], an [[celestial mechanics]] tae signify huir uv a lang time periods intae the pest or future. Fur example, the [[dinosaur]] species ''[[tyrannosaurus|tyrannosaurus rex]]'' wis abundant approximately ''65 ma'' (65 million years) ago (''ago'' mauna aye be mentioned; if the quantity is specified while nae explicitly discussin a duration, a bodie can assume at "ago" is implied; the alternatife "[[mya (unit)|mya]]" unit includes "ago" explicitly). In astronomical applications, the year uised is the [[Julian year (astronomy)|Julian year]] o precisely 365.25 days. In [[geology]] an [[paleontology]], the year isnae sae precise an varies—dependin oan the authur. * '''ga''' (fur gigaannum), is a unit o time equal tae 109 year (ain [[1000000000 (nummer)|billion]] oan the [[lang an cuttie scales|short scale]], a bodie [[milliard]] oan the [[lang an cuttie scales|lang scale]]). It is commonly uised in scienteefic disciplines sic as [[physical cosmology|cosmology]] an [[geology]] tae signify extremely lang time periods in the pest. Fur example, the formation o the [[Yird]] occurred approximately ''4.57 ga'' (4.57 billion years) ago. * '''ta''' (fur teraannum), is a unit o time equal tae 1012 year (ain [[1000000000000 (nummer)|trillion]] oan the cuttie scale, a bodie billion oan the lang scale). It is an extremely lang unit o time, abit 70 times as lang as the [[age o the universe]]. It's the sam order o magnitude as the expectit life span o a wee [[red dwarf star]]. * '''pa''' (fur petaannum), is a unit o time equal tae 1015 year (ain [[10^15|quadrillion]] oan the cuttie scale, a bodie billiard oan the lang scale). The [[half-life]] o the [[nuclide]] o [[cadmium]]-113 is abit eeecht pa.<ref>{{cite journal| author = p. belli ''it al.''| title = Investigation of β decay of 113cd| journal = [[Phys. Rev. C]] |volume = 76|page = 064603|year = 2007 |doi = 10.1103/physrevc.76.064603|bibcode = 2007phrvc..76f4603b| issue = sex }}</ref> thes seembol coincides wi at fur the [[pascal (unit)|pascal]] withit a multiplier prefix, thocht baith ur infrequently uised an context will normally be sufficient tae distinguish time frae pressure values. * '''ea''' (fur exaannum), is a unit o time equal tae 1018 year (ain [[quintillion]] oan the cuttie scale, a bodie trillion oan the lang scale). The half-life o [[tungsten]]-180 is yin.8 ea.<ref>{{cite journal| author = f. a. danevich ''it al.''| title = α activity of natural tungsten isotopes| journal = [[phys. rev. c]] |volume = 67|page = 014310|year = 2003| arxiv = nucl-ex/0211013|doi = 10.1103/physrevc.67.014310|bibcode = 2003phrvc..67a4310d }}</ref> === Symbols "y" an "yr" === In [[astronomy]], [[geology]], an [[paleontology]], the abbreviations '''yr''' fur "year" an '''ya''' fur "year ago" ur whiles uised, combined wi prefixes fur "thoosand", "million", or "billion".<ref>{{cite journal |author=North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature |url=http://ngmdb.usgs.gov/info/nacsn/code2/code2.html#article13 |title=North American Stratigraphic Code |chapter=article 13 (c) |quote=(c) convention an abbreviations. |journal= |access-date=2013-05-14 |archive-date=2014-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202155725/http://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Info/NACSN/Code2/code2.html#article13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The age o a stratigraphic unit or the time o a geologic event, as commonly determined bi numerical datin or bi reference tae a calibratit time-scale, main be expressed in years afair the present. The unit o time is the modren year as presently recognised warldwide. Recommended but nae mandatory abbreviations fur sic ages ur SI (Internaitional Seestem o Units) multipliers coopled wi "a" fur annum: ka, ma, an ga fur kilo-annum (103 year), mega-annum (106 year), an giga-annum (109 year), respectively. The uisin o thir terms efter the age value follows the convention established in the field o [[carbon-14 datin]]. The "present" refers tae 1950 ad, an sic qualifiers as "ago" or "befair the present" ur omittit efter the value coz measurement o the duration frae the present tae the pest is implicit in the designaition. In contraest, the duration o ane remote interval o geologic time, as a nummer o years, shoods nae be expressed bi the sam seembols. Abbreviations fur nummers o years, withit reference tae the present, ur cried informal (e.g., '''y''' or '''yr''' fur "years"; '''mah''', ''m.y.'', or '''m.yr.''' fur millions o years; an sae forth, as preference dictates). Fur example, boondaries o the late cretaceoos epoch currently ur calibratit at 63 ma an 96 ma, but the interval o time representit bi thes epoch is 33 m.y. thay arenae SI units, uisin '''y''' tae abbreviate Scots [[:wikt:year|year]], but followin ambiguoos internaitional recommendations, uise aither the standard Scots first letters as prefixes ("t", "m", an "b") or [[metric prefix]]es ("k", "m", an "g"). Thir abbreviations include: {| class="wikitable" |- | Non-SI abbreviation || SI-prefixed equivalent || Order o magnitude |- | '''kyr'''|| ka || * Thoosand years |- | '''myr''' || Ma || * Million years |- | '''byr''' || Ga || * Billion years ([[Long an short scales|thoosand million]] years) |- | '''tya''' or '''kya''' || "ka ago" || {{Main|1 E10 s|1 E11 s|1 E12 s}} * Appearance o ''[[Homo sapiens]]'', ca. 200 tya * [[Oot o Africa migration]], ca. 60 tya * [[Lest Glacial Maximum]], ca. 20 tya * [[Neolithic Revolution]], ca. 10 tya |- | {{Anchor|mya}}'''mya''' || "Ma ago" || {{Main|1 E13 s|1 E14 s|1 E15 s}} * [[Pliocene]], 5.3 tae 2.6 mya ** The [[Brunhes–Matuyama reversal|lest geomagnetic reversal]] wis 0.78 mya<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bradford M. Clement|title=Dependence of the duration of geomagnetic polarity reversals on site latitude|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2004-04-08_428_6983/page/637|date=Apryle 8, 2004|journal=Nature|volume=428|pmid=15071591|doi=10.1038/nature02459 |issue=6983 |pages=637–40|bibcode = 2004Natur.428..637C }}</ref> ** The ([[Eemian Stage]]) [[Ice Age]] startit 0.13 mya * The [[Holocene]] startit 0.01 mya |- | '''bya''' or '''gya''' || "Ga ago" || {{Main|1 E16 s|1 E17 s|1 E18 s}} * Oldest [[Eukaryotes]], 2 bya * Age o the [[Yird]], 4.5 bya * [[Big Bang]], 13.8 bya |} Uisage o "mya" an "bya" is deprecatit in modren geophysics, the recommended usage til "ma" an "ga" fur dates [[befair present]], but "m.y." fur the duration o epochs. Thes ''ad hoc'' distinction atween "absolute" time an time intervals is somewhat controversial amongst members o the [[Geological Society o America]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=geological society o america|title=time units|url=http://www.geosociety.org/timeunits/|accessdate=2010-2-17|archive-date=2016-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616100504/http://www.geosociety.org/TimeUnits/|url-status=dead}}</ref> note at oan graphs uisin "ya" units oan the horizontal axis time flows frae reit tae left, which main seem coonter-intuitife. If the "ya" units ur oan the vertical axis, time flows frae tap tae bottom which is probably easier tae kin than conventional notation. == Great years == === Equinoctial cycle === The "[[great year]]", or ''equinoctial cycle'', corresponds tae a complete revolution o the equinoxes aroond the ecliptic. Its lenth is abit 25,700 year, an cannae be determined precisely as the [[astronomical precession|precession]] speed is variable. === Galactic year === The [[galactic year]] is the time it taes the Yird's [[solar system]] tae revolve ance aroond the [[galactic center]]. It comprises rooghly 230 million Yird years.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.orau.gov/sciencebowl/teams/files/astrset2.pdf | title=science bowl questions, astronomy, sit tae | work=science bowl practice questions | year=2009 | publisher=Oak Ridge Associated Universities | accessdate=2009-12-9 | archive-date=2010-03-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307191635/http://www.orau.gov/sciencebowl/teams/files/astrset2.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> == See an aw == {{portal|time}} {{div col|2}} * [[{{CURRENTYEAR}}]] * [[Astronomical year nummerin]] * [[Befair present]] * [[ISO 8601]]: standard fur representation o dates an times * [[List o calendars]] * [[List o years]] * [[Man-hoor]] * [[Orders o magnitude (time)]] * [[Unit o time]] {{div col end}} == References == === Notes === {{reflist}} == Further readin == * {{cite beuk | title=time, the familiar stranger | url=https://archive.org/details/timefamiliarstra0000fras | last=Fraser | first=Julius Thomas | edition=illustratit | location=Amherst | publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]] | year=1987 | isbn=0-87023-576-1 | oclc=15790499 }} * {{cite beuk | title=what is time? | url=https://archive.org/details/whatistime0000whit | last=Whitrow | first=Gerald Jimmy | location=Oxford | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | year=2003 | isbn=0-19-860781-4 | oclc=265440481 }} {{time topics}} em2ntitylx8ozdroukcvx17odynxvun 10 51101 921096 879047 2026-08-18T15:20:47Z CiphriusKane 74958 921096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox | bodyclass = geography vcard | bodystyle = font-size:88%; | headerstyle= text-align:left; | aboveclass = adr | abovestyle = padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em; | above = {{#if:{{{conventional_long_name|}}}{{{native_name|}}}{{{name|}}} | {{#if:{{{conventional_long_name|}}} |<div style="display:inline" class=" fn org country-name">{{{conventional_long_name|}}}</div><br/> }}{{#if:{{{native_name|}}}{{{name|}}} |<div style="padding-top:0.25em; font-weight:normal;"><!-- -->{{br separated entries |{{{native_name|}}} |{{#if:{{{name|}}} |<div style="display:inline" class="fn org country-name">{{{name|}}}</div> }}}}</div> }}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{micronation|}}}|yes |<div style="display:inline" class=" fn org">[[Micronaition]]</div> }} }} | subheader = {{#if:{{{life_span|}}} | {{{life_span}}} | {{#if:{{{year_start|}}}|{{{year_start}}}{{#if:{{{year_end}}}|–{{{year_end}}} }} }} }} | imagestyle = text-align:center;padding:0.5em 0; | image1 = {{#if:{{{image_coat|}}}{{{image_symbol|}}}{{{image_flag|}}}{{{image_flag2|}}} |{{infobox kintra/imagetable |image1a = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|suppressplaceholder={{main other||no}}|image={{{image_flag|}}}|sizedefault=125px|size={{{flag_width|{{{flag_size|}}}}}}|maxsize=250|border={{yesno |{{{flag_border|}}}|yes=yes|blank=yes}}|alt={{{alt_flag|{{{flag_alt|}}}}}}|title=Banner o {{{common_name|{{{name|{{{linking_name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}}} |image1b = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|suppressplaceholder={{main other||no}}|image={{{image_flag2|}}}|sizedefault=125px|size={{{flag_width|}}}|maxsize=250|border={{yesno |{{{flag2_border|}}}|yes=yes|blank=yes}}|alt={{{alt_flag2|{{{flag_alt2|}}}}}}}} |caption1= {{#ifexist:{{if empty |{{{flag_type_article|}}} |{{{flag|}}} | {{if empty |{{{flag_type|}}} |Banner}} o {{if empty |{{{linking_name|}}} |{{{common_name|}}} |{{{name|}}} |{{PAGENAME}} }} }} |[[{{if empty |{{{flag_type_article|}}} |{{{flag|}}} |{{if empty |{{{flag_type|}}} |Banner}} o {{if empty |{{{linking_name|}}} |{{{common_name|}}} |{{{name|}}} |{{PAGENAME}} }} }}|{{if empty |{{{flag_caption|}}} |{{{flag_type|}}} |Banner}}]] |{{if empty |{{{flag_caption|}}} |{{{flag_type|}}} |Banner}} }} |image2 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|suppressplaceholder={{main other||no}}|image={{if empty|{{{image_coat|}}}|{{{image_symbol|}}}}} |size={{{symbol_width|{{{coa_size|}}}}}}|sizedefault=85px|alt={{#if:{{{image_coat|}}}|{{{alt_coat|{{{coat_alt|}}}}}}|{{{alt_symbol|}}}}}|title={{{symbol_type|Coat o airms}}} o {{{common_name|{{{name|{{{linking_name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}}} |caption2= {{#ifexist:{{if empty |{{{symbol_type_article|}}} |{{{symbol|}}} |{{if empty |{{{symbol_type|}}} |Coat o airms}} o {{if empty |{{{linking_name|}}} |{{{common_name|}}} |{{{name|}}} |{{PAGENAME}} }} }} |[[{{if empty |{{{symbol_type_article|}}} |{{{symbol|}}} |{{if empty |{{{symbol_type|}}} |Coat o airms}} o {{if empty |{{{linking_name|}}} |{{{common_name|}}} |{{{name|}}} |{{PAGENAME}} }} }} | {{if empty |{{{symbol_type|}}} |Coat o airms}}]] |{{if empty |{{{symbol_type|}}} |Coat o airms}} }} }} }} | data1 = {{#if:{{{national_motto|}}}{{{motto|}}} |<div style="line-height:1.2em;">'''Motto:&nbsp;'''{{if empty|{{{motto|}}}|{{{national_motto|}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{scotsmotto|}}}|<br/><div style="display:inline"">{{{scotsmotto}}}</div> }}</div> }} | class2 = anthem | data2 = {{#if:{{{national_anthem|}}}{{{anthem|}}} |<div style="line-height:1.2em;">'''[[Naitional anthem|Anthem]]:&nbsp;'''{{if empty|{{{national_anthem|}}}|{{{anthem|}}}}}</div> }}{{#if:{{{anthems|}}} | <div style="line-height:1.2em;">'''[[Anthem]]s:&nbsp;'''{{{anthems}}}</div> }}{{#if:{{{royal_anthem|}}} | <hr/> <div style="line-height:1.2em;">'''[[Ryal anthem]]:&nbsp;'''{{{royal_anthem}}}</div> }}{{#if:{{{flag_anthem|}}} | <hr/> <div style="line-height:1.2em;">'''[[Flag anthem]]:&nbsp;'''{{{flag_anthem}}}</div> }}{{#if:{{{naitional_march|}}} | <hr/> <div style="line-height:1.2em;">'''National march:&nbsp;'''{{{naitional_march}}}</div> }}{{#if:{{{territorial_anthem|}}} | <hr/> <div style="line-height:1.2em;">'''Territorial anthem:&nbsp;'''{{{territorial_anthem}}}</div> }}{{#if:{{{regional_anthem|}}} | <hr/> <div style="line-height:1.2em;">'''Regional anthem:&nbsp;'''{{{regional_anthem}}}</div> }}{{#if:{{{state_anthem|}}} | <hr/> <div style="line-height:1.2em;">'''State anthem:&nbsp;'''{{{state_anthem}}}</div> }}{{#if:{{{march|}}} | <hr/> <div style="line-height:1.2em;">'''March:&nbsp;'''{{{march}}}</div> }} | data3 = {{#if:{{{other_symbol|}}}{{{text_symbol|}}} |<div style="line-height:1.2em;">{{#if:{{{other_symbol_type|}}}{{{text_symbol_type|}}} | '''{{if empty|{{{other_symbol_type|}}}|{{{text_symbol_type|}}}}}'''<br/>}}<!-- -->{{if empty|{{{other_symbol|}}}|{{{text_symbol|}}}}}</div> }} | data4 = {{#if:{{{image_map|}}} |{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_map|}}}|size={{{map_width|{{{image_map_size|}}}}}}|upright=1.15|alt={{{alt_map|{{{image_map_alt|}}}}}}|title={{{map_caption|{{{image_map_caption|Location o {{{common_name|{{{name|{{{linking_name|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{map_caption|{{{image_map_caption|}}}}}}|<div style="position:relative;top:0.3em;">{{{map_caption|{{{image_map_caption|}}}}}}</div>}} }} | data5 = {{#if:{{{image_map2|}}} |{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_map2|}}}|size={{{map2_width|{{{image_map2_size|}}}}}}|upright=1.15|alt={{{alt_map2|{{{image_map2_alt|}}}}}}|title={{{map_caption2|{{{image_map2_caption|Location o {{{common_name|{{{name|{{{linking_name|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{map_caption2|{{{image_map2_caption|}}}}}}|<div style="position:relative;top:0.3em;">{{{map_caption2|{{{image_map2_caption|}}}}}}</div>}} }} | label6 = Status | data6 = {{#if:{{{status|}}}|{{Infobox kintra/status text|status={{{status|}}}|status_text={{{status_text|}}}|empire={{{empire|}}}|year_end={{{year_end|}}}|year_exile_start={{{year_exile_start|}}}|year_exile_end={{{year_exile_end|}}} }} }} | label7 = Location | data7 = {{{loctext|}}} | label8 = {{#if:{{{capital_type|}}} | {{{capital_type}}} | Caipital }}{{#ifeq: {{#ifeq:{{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}|caipital |caipital<!-- -->|{{#switch:{{{capital}}} | [[{{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}]] = caipital | {{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}} = caipital | nae caipital }}<!-- -->}}|caipital <!-- (#ifeq:)-->|<!------------------------------------------ caipital is largest_city/_settlement: ------------------------------------------- --><br/><div style="display:inline" style="font-weight:normal">and {{{largest_settlement_type|largest city}}}</div> }} | data8 = {{#if:{{{capital|}}}|{{{capital}}}{{#if:{{{coordinates|}}}|<br/>{{#invoke:Coordinates|coordinsert|{{{coordinates}}}|type:city}}}} }} | rowclass9 = {{#if:{{{capital|}}}|mergedrow}} | label9 = Caipital-in-exile | data9 = {{#ifexist:{{{capital_exile|}}}|[[{{{capital_exile|}}}]]|{{{captial_exile|}}}}} | rowclass10 = {{#if:{{{capital|}}}|mergedrow}} | label10 = {{#if:{{{admin_center_type|}}}| {{{admin_center_type}}} | Administrative&nbsp;center }} | data10 = {{#switch:{{{admin_center|}}} |caipital | = |[[{{{capital|}}}]] = |{{{capital|}}} = |#default = {{{admin_center}}}{{#if:{{{capital|}}}||{{#if:{{{coordinates|}}}|<br/>{{#invoke:Coordinates|coordinsert|{{{coordinates}}}|type:city}}}} }} }} | rowclass11 = {{#if:{{{capital|}}}{{{admin_center|}}}|mergedbottomrow}} | label11 = Maistmuckle {{{largest_settlement_type|city}}} | data11 = {{#ifeq: {{#ifeq:{{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}|caipital |caipital<!-- -->|{{#switch:{{{capital}}} | [[{{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}]] = caipital | {{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}} = caipital | nae caipital }}<!-- -->}}|caipital <!-- (#ifeq:)-->|<!-- nothing already appears above --> | {{if empty| {{{largest_city|}}} | {{{largest_settlement|}}} }} }} | rowclass12 = mergedtoprow | label12 = Offeecial&nbsp;leids | data12 = {{{official_languages|}}} | rowclass13 = mergedrow | label13 = <span style="font-weight:normal;">Recognised&nbsp;leids</span> | data13 = {{if empty| {{{recognized_languages|}}} | {{{recognised_languages|}}} }} | rowclass14 = mergedrow | label14 = <span style="font-weight:normal;">Recognised naitional&nbsp;leids</span> | data14 = {{if empty| {{{recognized_national_languages|}}} | {{{recognised_national_languages|}}} | {{{national_languages|}}} }} | rowclass15 = mergedrow | label15 = <span style="font-weight:normal;">Recognised regional&nbsp;leids</span> | data15 = {{if empty| {{{recognized_regional_languages|}}} | {{{recognised_regional_languages|}}} | {{{regional_languages|}}} }} | label16 = Common&nbsp;leids | data16 = {{{common_languages|}}} | rowclass17 = {{#ifeq:{{{languages2_sub|}}}|yes |{{#ifeq:{{{languages_sub|}}}|yes |mergedrow}} |{{#ifeq:{{{languages_sub|}}}|yes |mergedbottomrow}} }} | label17 ={{#ifeq:{{{languages_sub|}}}|yes |<div style="display:inline" style="font-weight:normal;">{{if empty| {{{languages_type|}}} | Ither&nbsp;leids }}</div> |{{if empty| {{{languages_type|}}} | Ither&nbsp;leids }} }} | data17 = {{{languages|}}} | rowclass18 = {{#ifeq:{{{languages2_sub|}}}|yes |mergedbottomrow}} | label18 = {{#ifeq:{{{languages2_sub|}}}|yes |<div style="display:inline" style="font-weight:normal;">{{if empty|{{{languages2_type|}}} | Ither&nbsp;leids }}</div> |{{if empty|{{{languages2_type|}}} | Ither&nbsp;leids }} }} | data18 = {{{languages2|}}} | label19 = [[Ethnic group|Ethnic&nbsp;groups]] <!-- -->{{#if:{{{ethnic_groups_year|}}} |<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"> ({{{ethnic_groups_year}}}){{{ethnic_groups_ref|}}}</div>|<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;">{{{ethnic_groups_ref|}}}</div>}} | data19 = {{{ethnic_groups|}}} | label20 = Releegion <!-- -->{{#if:{{{religion_year|}}} |<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"> ({{{religion_year}}}){{{religion_ref|}}}</div>|<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;">{{{religion_ref|}}}</div>}} | data20 = {{{religion|}}} | label21 = [[Demonym|Demonym(s)]] | data21 = {{#if:{{{demonym|}}} |{{#ifexist:{{{demonym}}} fowk | [[{{{demonym}}} fowk|{{{demonym}}}]] | {{{demonym}}} }} }} | label22 = Teep | data22 = {{{org_type|}}} | label23 = {{if empty|{{{membership_type|}}} | Membership }} | data23 = {{{membership|}}} | label24 = {{#if:{{{government_type|}}} | {{#if:{{{politics_link|}}} | [[{{{politics_link}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{micronation|}}}|yes|Organisational structur|Govrenment}}]]<!-- -->| {{#ifexist:Politics o {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Politics o {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{micronation|}}}|yes|Organisational structur|Govrenment}}]]<!-- -->| {{#ifeq:{{{micronation|}}}|yes|Organisational structur|Govrenment}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} | data24 = {{{government_type|}}} | header25 = {{#if:{{{government_type|}}} || {{#if:{{{leader_title1|}}}{{{leader_name1|}}} | {{#if:{{{name|}}}{{{membership|}}} | <!--template being used for geopolitical org:-->Leaders | <!--template being used for kintra/territory: -->Govrenment }} }} }} | rowclass26 = mergedrow | data26 = {{#if:{{{leader_name1|}}}|{{Infobox kintra/multirow|{{{leader_title1|}}} |{{{leader_name1|}}} |{{{leader_title2|}}} |{{{leader_name2|}}} |{{{leader_title3|}}} |{{{leader_name3|}}} |{{{leader_title4|}}} |{{{leader_name4|}}} |{{{leader_title5|}}} |{{{leader_name5|}}} |{{{leader_title6|}}} |{{{leader_name6|}}} |{{{leader_title7|}}} |{{{leader_name7|}}} |{{{leader_title8|}}} |{{{leader_name8|}}} |{{{leader_title9|}}} |{{{leader_name9|}}} |{{{leader_title10|}}} |{{{leader_name10|}}} |{{{leader_title11|}}} |{{{leader_name11|}}} |{{{leader_title12|}}} |{{{leader_name12|}}} |{{{leader_title13|}}} |{{{leader_name13|}}} |{{{leader_title14|}}} |{{{leader_name14|}}} |{{{leader_title15|}}} |{{{leader_name15|}}} }} }} | rowclass27 = mergedrow | label27 = {{#if:{{{title_leader|}}}| {{{title_leader}}} }} | data27 = {{#if:{{{title_leader|}}}|&nbsp;}} | rowclass28 = mergedrow | data28 = {{#if:{{{year_leader1|}}} | {{Infobox kintra/multirow|{{{year_leader1|}}} |{{{leader1|}}} |{{{year_leader2|}}} |{{{leader2|}}} |{{{year_leader3|}}} |{{{leader3|}}} |{{{year_leader4|}}} |{{{leader4|}}} |{{{year_leader5|}}} |{{{leader5|}}} |{{{year_leader6|}}} |{{{leader6|}}} |{{{year_leader7|}}} |{{{leader7|}}} |{{{year_leader8|}}} |{{{leader8|}}} |{{{year_leader9|}}} |{{{leader9|}}} |{{{year_leader10|}}} |{{{leader10|}}} |{{{year_leader11|}}} |{{{leader11|}}}|{{{year_leader12|}}} |{{{leader12|}}}|{{{year_leader13|}}} |{{{leader13|}}}|{{{year_leader14|}}} |{{{leader14|}}}|{{{year_leader15|}}} |{{{leader15|}}} }} }} | rowclass29 = mergedrow | label29 = {{#if:{{{title_representative|}}}| {{{title_representative}}} }} | data29 = {{#if:{{{title_representative|}}}|&nbsp;}} | rowclass30 = mergedrow | data30 = {{#if:{{{year_representative1|}}}|{{Infobox kintra/multirow|{{{year_representative1|}}} |{{{representative1|}}} |{{{year_representative2|}}} |{{{representative2|}}} |{{{year_representative3|}}} |{{{representative3|}}} |{{{year_representative4|}}} |{{{representative4|}}} |{{{year_representative5|}}} |{{{representative5|}}} }} }} | rowclass31 = mergedrow | label31 = {{#if:{{{title_deputy|}}}|{{{title_deputy}}} }} | data31 = {{#if:{{{title_deputy|}}}|&nbsp;}} | rowclass32 = mergedrow | data32 = {{#if:{{{year_deputy1|}}}|{{Infobox kintra/multirow|{{{year_deputy1|}}} |{{{deputy1|}}} |{{{year_deputy2|}}} |{{{deputy2|}}} |{{{year_deputy3|}}} |{{{deputy3|}}} |{{{year_deputy4|}}} |{{{deputy4|}}} |{{{year_deputy5|}}} |{{{deputy5|}}} |{{{year_deputy6|}}} |{{{deputy6|}}}|{{{year_deputy7|}}} |{{{deputy7|}}}|{{{year_deputy8|}}} |{{{deputy8|}}}|{{{year_deputy9|}}} |{{{deputy9|}}}|{{{year_deputy10|}}} |{{{deputy10|}}}|{{{year_deputy11|}}} |{{{deputy11|}}}|{{{year_deputy12|}}} |{{{deputy12|}}}|{{{year_deputy13|}}} |{{{deputy13|}}}|{{{year_deputy14|}}} |{{{deputy14|}}}|{{{year_deputy15|}}} |{{{deputy15|}}} }} }} | label40 = Legislatur | data40 = {{{legislature|}}} | rowclass41 = mergedrow | label41 = <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&nbsp;{{#if:{{{type_house1|}}}|{{{type_house1}}}|[[Upper house]]}}</div> | data41 = {{{upper_house|{{{house1|}}}}}} | rowclass42 = mergedbottomrow | label42 = <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&nbsp;{{#if:{{{type_house2|}}}|{{{type_house2}}}|[[Lower house]]}}</div> | data42 = {{{lower_house|{{{house2|}}}}}} | rowclass43 = {{#if:{{{established_event1|}}} |mergedtoprow}} | header43 = {{#if:{{{established_event1|}}}{{{sovereignty_type|}}} |{{#if:{{{sovereignty_type|}}} | {{{sovereignty_type}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{sovereignty_note|}}} |&nbsp;<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;">{{{sovereignty_note}}}</div>}} | {{#if:{{{established|}}}| | Establishment }} }} }} | label44 = Establishment | data44 = {{#if:{{{sovereignty_type|}}} | |{{{established|}}} }} | label45 = {{#if:{{{era|}}}|Historical era|History}} | data45 = {{#if:{{{era|}}} |{{#ifexist:{{{era|}}}|[[{{{era}}}]]|{{{era}}}}} | {{#if:{{{date_start|}}}{{{year_start|}}}|&nbsp;}}}} | rowclass46 = {{#if:{{{established_event2|}}} |mergedrow |mergedbottomrow}} | data46 = {{#if:{{{established_date1|}}}|{{Infobox kintra/multirow |{{{established_event1|}}} |{{{established_date1||}}} |{{{established_event2|}}} |{{{established_date2||}}} |{{{established_event3|}}} |{{{established_date3|}}} |{{{established_event4|}}} |{{{established_date4|}}} |{{{established_event5|}}} |{{{established_date5|}}} |{{{established_event6|}}} |{{{established_date6|}}} |{{{established_event7|}}} |{{{established_date7|}}} |{{{established_event8|}}} |{{{established_date8|}}} |{{{established_event9|}}} |{{{established_date9|}}} |{{{established_event10|}}} |{{{established_date10|}}} |{{{established_event11|}}} |{{{established_date11|}}} |{{{established_event12|}}} |{{{established_date12|}}} |{{{established_event13|}}} |{{{established_date13|}}} |{{{established_event14|}}} |{{{established_date14|}}} |{{{established_event15|}}} |{{{established_date15|}}} |{{{established_event16|}}} |{{{established_date16|}}} |{{{established_event17|}}} |{{{established_date17|}}} |{{{established_event18|}}} |{{{established_date18|}}} |{{{established_event19|}}} |{{{established_date19|}}} |{{{established_event20|}}} |{{{established_date20|}}} }} }} | rowclass47 = {{#if:{{{date_start|}}}{{{year_start|}}} |mergedrow |mergedbottomrow}} | data47 = {{#if:{{{date_start|}}}{{{year_start|}}}|{{Infobox kintra/multirow |{{{event_pre|}}} |{{{date_pre|}}} |{{if empty|{{{event_start|}}}|Established}} |{{{date_start|}}} {{{year_start|}}} |{{{event1|}}} |{{{date_event1|}}} |{{{event2|}}} |{{{date_event2|}}} |{{{event3|}}} |{{{date_event3|}}} |{{{event4|}}} |{{{date_event4|}}} |{{{event5|}}} |{{{date_event5|}}} |{{{event6|}}} |{{{date_event6|}}}|{{{event7|}}} |{{{date_event7|}}}|{{{event8|}}} |{{{date_event8|}}}|{{{event9|}}} |{{{date_event9|}}}|{{{event10|}}} |{{{date_event10|}}} |{{if empty|{{{event_end|}}}|Disestablished}} |{{{date_end|}}} {{{year_end|}}} |{{{event_post|}}} |{{{date_post|}}} }} }} | rowclass60 = mergedtoprow | header60 = {{#if:{{{area_km2|}}}{{{area_ha|}}}{{{area_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_acre|}}}{{{area_land_km2|}}}{{{area_land_ha|}}}{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_land_acre|}}}{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}} | {{#if:{{{area_link|}}} | [[{{{area_link}}}|Area {{#ifeq:{{{micronation|}}}|yes|claimed|}}]] | {{#ifexist:Geografie o {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Geografie o {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}|Area {{#ifeq:{{{micronation|}}}|yes|claimed|}}]] | Area {{#ifeq:{{{micronation|}}}|yes|claimed|}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} }} | rowclass61 = {{#if:{{{area_land_km2|}}}{{{area_land_ha|}}}{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_land_acre|}}}{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}}{{{FR_metropole|}}}{{{area_label2|}}}{{{area_label3|}}}{{{percent_water|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label61 = <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&nbsp;{{{area_label|Total}}}{{{FR_foot4|}}}</div> | data61 = {{#if:{{{area_km2|}}}{{{area_ha|}}}{{{area_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_acre|}}} |{{#if:{{{area_km2|}}}{{{area_sq_mi|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_km2|}}}|km2|{{{area_sq_mi|}}}|sqmi|abbr=on}} |{{#if:{{{area_ha|}}}{{{area_acre|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_ha|}}}|ha|{{{area_acre|}}}|acre|abbr=on}} }} }}{{{area_footnote|}}}{{#if:{{{area_rank|}}} |&#32;([[Leet o kintras an dependencies bi aurie|{{{area_rank}}}]]) }} }} | rowclass62 = {{#if:{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}}{{{FR_metropole|}}}{{{area_label2|}}}{{{area_label3|}}}{{{percent_water|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label62 = <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&nbsp;Land</div> | data62 = {{#if:{{{area_land_km2|}}}{{{area_land_ha|}}}{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_land_acre|}}} |{{#if:{{{area_land_km2|}}}{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_land_km2|}}}|km2|{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}}|sqmi|abbr=on}} |{{#if:{{{area_land_ha|}}}{{{area_land_acre|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_land_ha|}}}|ha|{{{area_land_acre|}}}|acre|abbr=on}} }} }}{{{area_land_footnote|}}} }} | rowclass63 = {{#if:{{{FR_metropole|}}}{{{area_label2|}}}{{{area_label3|}}}{{{percent_water|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label63 = <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&nbsp;Water</div> | data63 = {{#if:{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}} |{{#if:{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_water_km2|}}}|km2|{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}|sqmi|abbr=on}} |{{#if:{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_water_ha|}}}|ha|{{{area_water_acre|}}}|acre|abbr=on}} }} }}{{{area_water_footnote|}}} }} | rowclass64 = {{#if:{{{FR_metropole|}}}{{{area_label2|}}}{{{area_label3|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label64 = <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&nbsp;Water&nbsp;(%)</div> | data64 = {{{percent_water|}}} | rowclass65 = {{#if:{{{FR_metropole|}}}{{{area_label3|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label65 = <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&nbsp;{{{area_label2|}}}</div> | data65 = {{#if:{{{area_label2|}}}| {{{area_data2|}}} }} | rowclass66 = {{#if:{{{FR_metropole|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label66 = <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&nbsp;{{{area_label3|}}}</div> | data66 = {{#if:{{{area_label3|}}}| {{{area_data3|}}} }} | rowclass67 = {{#if:{{{FR_metropole|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label67 = {{{stat_year1|}}}{{{ref_area1|}}} | data67 = {{#if: {{{stat_area1|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area1|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }} | rowclass68 = {{#if:{{{FR_metropole|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label68 = {{{stat_year2|}}}{{{ref_area2|}}} | data68 = {{#if: {{{stat_area2|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area2|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }} | rowclass69 = {{#if:{{{FR_metropole|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label69 = {{{stat_year3|}}}{{{ref_area3|}}} | data69 = {{#if: {{{stat_area3|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area3|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }} | rowclass70 = {{#if:{{{FR_metropole|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label70 = {{{stat_year4|}}}{{{ref_area4|}}} | data70 = {{#if: {{{stat_area4|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area4|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }} | rowclass71 = {{#if:{{{FR_metropole|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label71 = {{{stat_year5|}}}{{{ref_area5|}}} | data71 = {{#if: {{{stat_area5|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area5|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }} | rowclass72 = mergedrow | label72 = <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&nbsp;{{{FR_metropole}}}</div> | data72 = {{#if:{{{FR_metropole|}}}| <nowiki /> }} | rowclass73 = mergedrow | label73 = <div style="text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal;">•&nbsp;[[Institut Géographique National|IGN]]{{{FR_foot2|}}}</div> | data73 = {{#if:{{{FR_metropole|}}} |{{#if:{{{FR_IGN_area_km2|}}}{{{FR_IGN_area_sq_mi|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{FR_IGN_area_km2|}}}|km2|{{{FR_IGN_area_sq_mi|}}}|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{#if:{{{FR_IGN_area_rank|}}}|&#32;([[Leet o kintras an dependencies bi aurie|{{{FR_IGN_area_rank|}}}]])}} }} }} | rowclass89 = mergedbottomrow | label89 = <div style="text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal;">•&nbsp;[[Cadastre]]{{{FR_foot3|}}}</div> | data89 = {{#if:{{{FR_metropole|}}} |{{#if:{{{FR_cadastre_area_km2|}}}{{{FR_cadastre_area_sq_mi|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{FR_cadastre_area_km2|}}}|km2|{{{FR_cadastre_area_sq_mi|}}}|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{#if:{{{FR_cadastre_area_rank|}}}|&#32;([[Leet o kintras an dependencies bi aurie|{{{FR_cadastre_area_rank|}}}]])}} }} }} | rowclass90 = mergedtoprow | header90 = {{#if:{{{population_estimate|}}}{{{population_census|}}}{{{FR_metropole_population|}}}{{{stat_pop1|}}}{{{stat_pop2|}}}{{{stat_pop3|}}}{{{stat_pop4|}}}{{{stat_pop5|}}} |{{#if:{{{population_link|}}} | {{#ifeq:{{{population_link}}}|no|Population|[[{{{population_link}}}|Population]]}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexist:Demografics o {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Demografics o {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}|Population]]<!-- -->| Population<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} }} | rowclass91 = mergedrow | label91 = <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&nbsp;{{#if:{{{population_estimate_year|}}} |{{{population_estimate_year}}} estimate|Estimate}}</div> | data91 = {{#if:{{{population_estimate|}}} |{{{population_estimate}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{population_estimate_rank|}}} |&#32;([[Leet o kintras an dependencies bi population|{{{population_estimate_rank}}}]])}} }} | rowclass92 = mergedrow | label92= <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&nbsp;{{{population_label2|}}}</div> | data92= {{#if:{{{population_label2|}}}|{{{population_data2|}}}}} | rowclass93= mergedrow | label93= <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&nbsp;{{{population_label3|}}}</div> | data93= {{#if:{{{population_label3|}}}|{{{population_data3|}}}}} | rowclass94= mergedrow | data94= {{#if:{{{stat_pop1|}}}{{{stat_pop2|}}}{{{stat_pop3|}}}{{{stat_pop4|}}}{{{stat_pop5|}}}|{{infobox kintra/multirow|{{{stat_year1|}}}{{{ref_pop1|}}} |{{{stat_pop1|}}}|{{{stat_year2|}}}{{{ref_pop2|}}} |{{{stat_pop2|}}}|{{{stat_year3|}}}{{{ref_pop3|}}} |{{{stat_pop3|}}}|{{{stat_year4|}}}{{{ref_pop4|}}} |{{{stat_pop4|}}}|{{{stat_year5|}}}{{{ref_pop5|}}} |{{{stat_pop5|}}} }} }} | rowclass95= mergedrow | label95= <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&nbsp;{{#if:{{{population_census_year|}}} |{{{population_census_year}}}&nbsp;census|Census}}</div> | data95= {{#if:{{{population_census|}}} |{{{population_census}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{population_census_rank|}}} |&#32;([[Leet o kintras an dependencies bi population|{{{population_census_rank}}}]])}} }} | rowclass96= mergedrow | label96 = {{#if:{{{FR_metropole_population|}}}|{{#if:{{{FR_total_population_estimate_year|}}}|<span style="font-weight:normal">&nbsp;({{{FR_total_population_estimate_year}}})</span>}}}} | data96 = {{#if:{{{FR_metropole_population|}}}|{{#if:{{{FR_total_population_estimate_year|}}}|<nowiki />}}}} | rowclass97 = mergedrow | label97= <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&nbsp;Tot{{{FR_foot|}}}</div> | data97= {{#if:{{{FR_metropole_population|}}}|{{#if:{{{FR_total_population_estimate|}}} |{{{FR_total_population_estimate}}}{{#if:{{{FR_total_population_estimate_rank|}}}|&#32;([[Leet o kintras bi population in 2005|{{{FR_total_population_estimate_rank}}}]])}} }} }} | rowclass98 = mergedrow | label98= <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&nbsp;{{{FR_metropole}}}</div> | data98= {{#if:{{{FR_metropole_population|}}}|{{{FR_metropole_population}}}{{#if:{{{FR_metropole_population_estimate_rank|}}} |&#32;([[Leet o kintras bi population in 2005|{{{FR_metropole_population_estimate_rank}}}]])}} }} | rowclass99 = mergedbottomrow | label99= <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&nbsp;Density{{{FR_foot5|}}}</div> | data99= {{#if:{{{population_density_km2|}}}{{{population_density_sq_mi|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{population_density_km2|}}}|/km2|{{{population_density_sq_mi|}}}|/sqmi|1|abbr=on}}{{{pop_den_footnote|}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{population_density_rank|}}} |&#32;([[Leet o kintras an territories bi population density|{{{population_density_rank}}}]])}} }} | rowclass100 = {{#if:{{{population_estimate|}}}{{{population_census|}}}{{{FR_metropole_population|}}}|mergedbottomrow|mergedtoprow}} | label100 = Membership | data100= {{{nummembers|}}} | rowclass101= mergedtoprow | label101= {{#ifeq:{{{micronation|}}}|yes|Claimed|}} [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]&nbsp;<span style="font-weight:normal;">([[Purchasin pouer parity|PPP]])</span> | data101= {{#if:{{{GDP_PPP|}}}{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita|}}} |{{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_year|}}} |{{{GDP_PPP_year}}}&nbsp;}}estimate }} | rowclass102= mergedrow | label102= <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&nbsp;Total</div> | data102= {{#if:{{{GDP_PPP|}}} |{{{GDP_PPP}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_rank|}}} |&#32;([[Leet o kintras bi GDP (PPP)|{{{GDP_PPP_rank}}}]])}} }} | rowclass103= mergedbottomrow | label103= <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&nbsp;Per capita</div> | data103= {{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita|}}} |{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank|}}} |&#32;([[Leet o kintras bi GDP (PPP) per capita|{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank}}}]])}} }} | rowclass104= mergedtoprow | label104= {{#ifeq:{{{micronation|}}}|yes|Claimed|}} [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]&nbsp;<span style="font-weight:normal;">(nominal)</span> | data104= {{#if:{{{GDP_nominal|}}}{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita|}}} |{{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_year|}}} |{{{GDP_nominal_year}}}&nbsp;}}estimate }} | rowclass105= mergedrow | label105= <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&nbsp;Tot</div> | data105= {{#if:{{{GDP_nominal|}}} |{{{GDP_nominal}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_rank|}}} |&#32;([[Leet o kintras bi GDP (nominal)|{{{GDP_nominal_rank}}}]])}} }} | rowclass106= mergedbottomrow | label106= <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&nbsp;Per capita</div> | data106= {{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita|}}} | {{{GDP_nominal_per_capita}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank|}}} |&#32;([[Leet o kintras bi GDP (nominal) per capita|{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank}}}]])}} }} | label107= [[Gini_coefficient|Gini]]{{#if:{{{Gini_year|}}} |&nbsp;<span style="font-weight:normal;">({{{Gini_year}}})</span>}} | data107= {{#if:{{{Gini|}}} | {{#switch:{{{Gini_change|}}} |increase = {{increaseNegative}}&nbsp;<!-- -->|decrease = {{decreasePositive}}&nbsp;<!-- -->|steady = {{steady}}&nbsp;<!-- -->}}{{{Gini}}}{{{Gini_ref|}}}<br/><!-- ---------Evaluate and add Gini category:---------- --><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><!-- -->{{#iferror:<!-- -->{{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>100 <!-- -->| {{error|Error: Gini value above 100}}<!--Handled bi outer #iferror, nae visible tae uisers--><!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>=60 |{{color|red|verra heich}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>=46 <!-- -->| {{color|darkred|heich}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>=30 <!-- -->| {{color|orange|medium}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>=0 <!-- -->| {{color|forestgreen|law}}<!-- -->| {{error|Error:Gini value ablo 0}}<!--Handled bi outer #iferror, nae visible tae uisers--><!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->| {{error|Error: Invalid Gini value}}{{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACE}} | {{ns:0}} | [[Category:Kintra airticles requirin maintenance]] }}<!-- -->}}<!-- --></span><!-- -----------Add Gini_rank (if supplied):---------- -->{{#if:{{{Gini_rank|}}} |&nbsp;·&nbsp;[[Leet o kintras bi income equality|{{{Gini_rank}}}]]<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} | label108= [[Human Development Index|HDI]]{{#if:{{{HDI_year|}}} |&nbsp;<span style="font-weight:normal;">({{{HDI_year}}})</span>}} | data108= {{#if:{{{HDI|}}} | {{#switch:{{{HDI_change|}}} |increase = {{increase}}&nbsp;<!-- -->|decrease = {{decrease}}&nbsp;<!-- -->|steady = {{steady}}&nbsp;<!-- -->}}{{{HDI}}}{{{HDI_ref|}}}<br/><!-- ---------Evaluate and add HDI category:--------- --><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><!-- -->{{#iferror:<!-- -->{{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>1 <!-- -->| {{error|Error: HDI value greater nor 1}}<!--Handled bi outer #iferror, nae visible tae uisers--><!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>0.799 <!-- -->| {{color|darkgreen|verra heich}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>0.699 <!-- -->| {{color|forestgreen|heich}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>0.549 <!-- -->| {{color|orange|medium}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>=0.000<!-- -->| {{color|red|law}}<!-- -->| {{error|Error: HDI value less nor 0}}<!--Handled bi outer #iferror, nae visible tae uisers--><!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->| {{error|Error: Invalid HDI value}}{{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACE}} | {{ns:0}} | [[Category:Kintra airticles requirin maintenance]] }}<!-- -->}}<!-- --></span><!-- ----------Add HDI_rank (if supplied):----------- -->{{#if:{{{HDI_rank|}}} |&nbsp;·&nbsp;[[Leet o kintras bi Human Development Index|{{{HDI_rank}}}]]<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} | label109= {{#ifeq:{{{micronation|}}}|yes|Purportit currency|Currency}} | data109= {{#if:{{{currency|}}} | {{{currency}}} {{#if:{{{currency_code|}}} |([[ISO 4217|{{{currency_code}}}]])}} }} | rowclass119= {{#if:{{{utc_offset_DST|}}}{{{DST_note|}}} |mergedtoprow}} | label119= Time zone | data119= {{#if:{{{utc_offset|}}} |{{nowrap|[[Coordinatit Universal Time|UTC]]{{{utc_offset}}}}} {{#if:{{{time_zone|}}}|({{{time_zone}}})}} |{{{time_zone|}}} }} | rowclass120= {{#if:{{{DST_note|}}} |mergedrow |mergedbottomrow}} | label120= <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&nbsp;Summer&nbsp;([[Daylicht savin time|DST]])</div> | data120= {{#if:{{{utc_offset_DST|}}} |{{nowrap|[[Coordinatit Universal Time|UTC]]{{{utc_offset_DST}}}}} {{#if:{{{time_zone_DST|}}}|({{{time_zone_DST}}})|{{#if:{{{DST|}}}|({{{DST}}})}}}} |{{#if:{{{time_zone_DST|}}}|{{{time_zone_DST}}}|{{{DST|}}}}} }} | rowclass121= mergedbottomrow | label121= <nowiki /> | data121= {{{DST_note|}}} | label122 = [[Antipodes]] | data122= {{{antipodes|}}} | label123 = Date format | data123= {{{date_format|}}} | label124= [[Mains electricity]] | data124= {{{electricity|}}} | label125= [[Caur- an richt-haund traffic|Drivin side]] | data125= {{#if:{{{drives_on|}}} | {{lcfirst:{{{drives_on}}}}} }} | label126= {{#if:{{{calling_code|}}} |{{#ifexist:Telephone nummers in {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Telephone nummers in {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}|Cawin code]] | Cawin code }} }} | data126= {{{calling_code|}}} | label127= [[ISO 3166|ISO 3166 code]] | data127= {{#switch:{{{iso3166code|}}} |omit = <!--(do nothing)--> | = <!--if iso3166code is nae supplied: -->{{#if:{{{common_name|}}} | {{#if:{{ISO 3166 code|{{{common_name}}}|nocat=true}} | [[ISO 3166-2:{{ISO 3166 code|{{{common_name}}}}}|{{ISO 3166 code|{{{common_name}}}}}]] }} }} |#default = [[ISO 3166-2:{{uc:{{{iso3166code}}}}}|{{uc:{{{iso3166code}}}}}]] }} | label128= [[Kintra code tap-level domain|Internet TLD]] | data128= {{{cctld|}}} | data129 = {{#if:{{{official_website|}}} |<div style="line-height:11pt">'''Wabsteid'''<br/>{{{official_website}}}</div> }} | data130= {{#if:{{{image_map3|{{{location_map|}}}}}} | {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_map3|{{{location_map|}}}}}}|size={{{map3_width|}}}|upright=1.15|alt={{{alt_map3|}}}|title=Location o {{{common_name|{{{name|{{{linking_name|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{map_caption3|}}}|<div style="position:relative;top:0.3em;">{{{map_caption3|}}}</div>}} }} | data134 = {{#if:{{{p1|}}}{{{s1|}}} |{{Infobox 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After all cats are empty/have been checked, these can be removed. -->{{#if:{{{status_text|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{ucfirst:{{{status|}}}}}|Colony|{{main other|[[Category:Umwhile kintra airticles uisin status text wi Colony or Exile]]}}|{{#ifeq:{{ucfirst:{{{status|}}}}}|Exile|{{main other|[[Category:Umwhile kintra airticles uisin status text wi Colony or Exile]]}}}}}} }}<!--End o former kintra tracking cats--><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 44wxktsqsvy2j2mhv550o35i2p1fr5j 0 54053 921111 891910 2026-08-18T16:27:30Z Lirazelf 27464 remuive en.wiki airtins 921111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Province Spain | name = Granada | native_name = | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = Bandera de la provincia de Granada (España).svg | image_shield = Escudo de la provincia de Granada (España).svg | motto = | anthem = | image_map =Granada in Spain.svg | coordinates = {{coord|37|15|N|3|15|W|region:ES_type:adm2nd_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}} | autonomous_community = [[Andalusie]] | capital = [[Granada]] | government_type = [[Diputation|Diputation o Granada]] | president = [[Sebastián Pérez Ortiz]] | president_party = [[Fowkpairty (Spain)|PP]] | area_total_km2 = 12531 | area_rank = 15t | area_percent = | elevation_m = | language = [[Spainyie leid|Spainyie]] | population_total = 918072 | population_as_of = 2010 | population_rank = 17t | population_demonym = Inglis: Granadin<br />{{lang-es|Granadino}} | population_percent = | website = [http://www.dipgra.es/ dipgra.es] }} '''Granada''' is a [[Provinces o Spain|province]] o soothren [[Spain]], in the eastren pairt of the [[Autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous community]] o [[Andalusie]]. It is bordered bi the provinces o [[Province o Albacete|Albacete]], [[Region o Murcie|Murcie]], [[Province o Almería|Almería]], [[Province o Jaén (Spain)|Jaén]], [[Province o Córdoba (Spain)|Córdoba]], [[Province o Málaga|Málaga]], an the [[Mediterranean Sea]] (alang the [[Costa Tropical]]). Its caipital ceety is cried [[Granada]] an aw. The province covers a aurie o [[1 E10 m²|12,635 km²]]. Its population is 876,184 (2006), o whom aboot 30% live in the caipital, an its population densitie is 64.82/km². It contains [[Leet o municipalities in Granada|170 municipalities]]. ==Geografie== The tawest muntain in the [[Iberie Peninsulae]], [[Mulhacén]], is locatit in Granada. It measures [[1 E3 m|3,479 m]]. The next heichest muntains in the province are Veleta (3,396 m) an Alcazaba (3,371 m). The river [[Genil]], which rises in Granada, is ane o the main tributars o the [[Guadalquivir]]. Ither important rivers include the Fardes, Monachil, [[Guadalfeo]], Dílar, Ízbor, Verde an Darro. Granada shares the Sierra Nevada Naitional Pairk (in the [[Sierra Nevada (Spain)|Sierra Nevada]] muntain range) wi Almería province. Anither important range is the [[Sierra de Baza]]. ==Important monuments== The [[Alhambra]] Warld Heritage Steid, Granada's biggest tourist attraction, showcases ane o the vera finest airchitectural legacies o [[Moors|Moorish]] rule in Spain, which in Granada lastit frae 711 till 1492. Thare are [[Roman Catholic]] cathedrals at Granada and [[Guadix]]. The Ryal Chapel o Granada hooses the remains o the [[Catholic Monarchs]], [[Isabella I o Castile]] (1451–1504) an [[Ferdinand II o Aragon]] (1452–1516); as well as o their dochter [[Joanna o Castile]] (1479-1555) an o her husband [[Philip I o Castile|Philip the Handsome]] (1478-1506). ==Economie== * '''Tourism''' The coast o Granada province is kent as the [[Costa Tropical]]. Awtho it is no as popular wi foreign visitors as the [[Costa del Sol]] further west, it does attract muckle nummers o Spainyie holiday-makers. The main resorts are [[Almuñecar]], [[Salobreña]] an [[La Herradura]]. The ceety o Granada brings in tourists frae aw ower the warld thanks tae its [[Moorish]] airchitectur an famous [[Alhambra]] palace. In the winter the muntains o the [[Sierra Nevada (Spain)|Sierra Nevada]] play host tae [[Sierra Nevada Ski Station|Europe's maist sootherly ski resort]]. Hikin an eco-tourism attract a nummer o visitors tae auries such as the [[Alpujarras]] an [[Valle de Lecrín]] an aw. * '''Major employers''' '''Puleva''': oreeginally foondit in Granada in 1910, the company haes been a subsidiar o the [[Lactalis]] group syne 2001. It produces a wide range o dairy products, includin milk an milkshakes, cream an products for infants. Puleva Biotech S.A. developit the first infant formula tae contain nucleotides, an wis a pioneer in the uise o Omega-3 fatty acids in infant fuid products.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.puleva.es/pf/biotecnologia/bio.html |title=Innovación - LACTALIS PULEVA, S.L |publisher=Puleva.es |date= |accessdate=2012-07-31 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> '''Coviran''': supermercat chain which operates on a franchise basis, specialisin in smaw, neebourheid shops. It haes 2,501 supermercats athort the whole o Spain. * '''University an leid students''' The [[University o Granada]] is ane o the mucklest universities in Spain, wi approximately 56,000 students.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elcorreoweb.es/sevilla/095433/sevilla/tercera/ciudad/crecimiento/universitarios/matriculados |title=El Correo Web.es |publisher=El Correo Web.es |date=2010-05-31 |accessdate=2012-09-19 |archive-date=2012-07-28 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120728174402/http://www.elcorreoweb.es/sevilla/095433/sevilla/tercera/ciudad/crecimiento/universitarios/matriculados |url-status=dead }}</ref> Each year the ceety attracts ower 10,000 foreign students an aw, includin ower 2,000 European students throu the Erasmus programme. As well as providin employment tae a muckle nummer o fowk, the university boosts the local economie bi creatin demand for rental property. The money spent bi students helps tae support shops, restaurants, bars an ither services in the ceety an aw. In recent years the university haes been wirkin tae caipitalise on the research it does throu commercial ventures an aw. * '''Ither''' Primar industries such as agricultur an fishin play an important role in the local economie. Thare wis previously a vera muckle construction sector an aw, but as o 2011 it wis experiencin a deep dounturn. The Granada Health Science Technological Park haes creatit some heich-skilled jobs in the biotechnologie sector. == See an aw == * [[Leet o municipalities in Granada]] * [[Emirate o Granada]] * [[Provinces o Spain]] ==References== {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == {{commons category|Province of Granada}} * [http://www.maps.data-spain.com/autonomous_communities/andalucia/granada/ Maps of Granada Province] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904123718/http://www.maps.data-spain.com/autonomous_communities/andalucia/granada/ |date=2015-09-04 }} * {{es icon}} [http://www.dipgra.es/ Diputación Provincial de Granada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027231005/http://www.dipgra.es/ |date=2009-10-27 }} (Provincial government) {{Andalusie provinces}} {{Provinces o Spain}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Granada, Province o}} [[Category:Province o Granada| ]] b0u5pm49fuy2fplpg8aeuxb4qtz3s63 921156 921111 2026-08-18T20:41:51Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921156 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Province Spain | name = Granada | image_flag = Bandera de la provincia de Granada (España).svg | image_shield = Escudo de la provincia de Granada (España).svg | image_map = Granada in Spain.svg | coordinates = {{coord|37|15|N|3|15|W|region:ES_type:adm2nd_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}} | autonomous_community = [[Andalusie]] | capital = [[Granada]] | government_type = [[Diputation|Diputation o Granada]] | president = [[Sebastián Pérez Ortiz]] | president_party = [[Fowkpairty (Spain)|PP]] | area_total_km2 = 12531 | area_rank = 15t | language = [[Spainyie leid|Spainyie]] | population_total = 918072 | population_as_of = 2010 | population_rank = 17t | population_demonym = Inglis: Granadin<br />{{lang-es|Granadino}} | website = [http://www.dipgra.es/ dipgra.es] }} '''Granada''' is a [[Provinces o Spain|province]] o soothren [[Spain]], in the eastren pairt of the [[Autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous community]] o [[Andalusie]]. It is bordered bi the provinces o [[Province o Albacete|Albacete]], [[Region o Murcie|Murcie]], [[Province o Almería|Almería]], [[Province o Jaén (Spain)|Jaén]], [[Province o Córdoba (Spain)|Córdoba]], [[Province o Málaga|Málaga]], an the [[Mediterranean Sea]] (alang the [[Costa Tropical]]). Its caipital ceety is cried [[Granada]] an aw. The province covers a aurie o [[1 E10 m²|12,635 km²]]. Its population is 876,184 (2006), o whom aboot 30% live in the caipital, an its population densitie is 64.82/km². It contains [[Leet o municipalities in Granada|170 municipalities]]. ==Geografie== The tawest muntain in the [[Iberie Peninsulae]], [[Mulhacén]], is locatit in Granada. It measures [[1 E3 m|3,479 m]]. The next heichest muntains in the province are Veleta (3,396 m) an Alcazaba (3,371 m). The river [[Genil]], which rises in Granada, is ane o the main tributars o the [[Guadalquivir]]. Ither important rivers include the Fardes, Monachil, [[Guadalfeo]], Dílar, Ízbor, Verde an Darro. Granada shares the Sierra Nevada Naitional Pairk (in the [[Sierra Nevada (Spain)|Sierra Nevada]] muntain range) wi Almería province. Anither important range is the [[Sierra de Baza]]. ==Important monuments== The [[Alhambra]] Warld Heritage Steid, Granada's biggest tourist attraction, showcases ane o the vera finest airchitectural legacies o [[Moors|Moorish]] rule in Spain, which in Granada lastit frae 711 till 1492. Thare are [[Roman Catholic]] cathedrals at Granada and [[Guadix]]. The Ryal Chapel o Granada hooses the remains o the [[Catholic Monarchs]], [[Isabella I o Castile]] (1451–1504) an [[Ferdinand II o Aragon]] (1452–1516); as well as o their dochter [[Joanna o Castile]] (1479-1555) an o her husband [[Philip I o Castile|Philip the Handsome]] (1478-1506). ==Economie== * '''Tourism''' The coast o Granada province is kent as the [[Costa Tropical]]. Awtho it is no as popular wi foreign visitors as the [[Costa del Sol]] further west, it does attract muckle nummers o Spainyie holiday-makers. The main resorts are [[Almuñecar]], [[Salobreña]] an [[La Herradura]]. The ceety o Granada brings in tourists frae aw ower the warld thanks tae its [[Moorish]] airchitectur an famous [[Alhambra]] palace. In the winter the muntains o the [[Sierra Nevada (Spain)|Sierra Nevada]] play host tae [[Sierra Nevada Ski Station|Europe's maist sootherly ski resort]]. Hikin an eco-tourism attract a nummer o visitors tae auries such as the [[Alpujarras]] an [[Valle de Lecrín]] an aw. * '''Major employers''' '''Puleva''': oreeginally foondit in Granada in 1910, the company haes been a subsidiar o the [[Lactalis]] group syne 2001. It produces a wide range o dairy products, includin milk an milkshakes, cream an products for infants. Puleva Biotech S.A. developit the first infant formula tae contain nucleotides, an wis a pioneer in the uise o Omega-3 fatty acids in infant fuid products.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.puleva.es/pf/biotecnologia/bio.html |title=Innovación - LACTALIS PULEVA, S.L |publisher=Puleva.es |date= |accessdate=2012-07-31 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> '''Coviran''': supermercat chain which operates on a franchise basis, specialisin in smaw, neebourheid shops. It haes 2,501 supermercats athort the whole o Spain. * '''University an leid students''' The [[University o Granada]] is ane o the mucklest universities in Spain, wi approximately 56,000 students.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elcorreoweb.es/sevilla/095433/sevilla/tercera/ciudad/crecimiento/universitarios/matriculados |title=El Correo Web.es |publisher=El Correo Web.es |date=2010-05-31 |accessdate=2012-09-19 |archive-date=2012-07-28 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120728174402/http://www.elcorreoweb.es/sevilla/095433/sevilla/tercera/ciudad/crecimiento/universitarios/matriculados |url-status=dead }}</ref> Each year the ceety attracts ower 10,000 foreign students an aw, includin ower 2,000 European students throu the Erasmus programme. As well as providin employment tae a muckle nummer o fowk, the university boosts the local economie bi creatin demand for rental property. The money spent bi students helps tae support shops, restaurants, bars an ither services in the ceety an aw. In recent years the university haes been wirkin tae caipitalise on the research it does throu commercial ventures an aw. * '''Ither''' Primar industries such as agricultur an fishin play an important role in the local economie. Thare wis previously a vera muckle construction sector an aw, but as o 2011 it wis experiencin a deep dounturn. The Granada Health Science Technological Park haes creatit some heich-skilled jobs in the biotechnologie sector. == See an aw == * [[Leet o municipalities in Granada]] * [[Emirate o Granada]] * [[Provinces o Spain]] ==References== {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == {{commons category|Province of Granada}} * [http://www.maps.data-spain.com/autonomous_communities/andalucia/granada/ Maps of Granada Province] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904123718/http://www.maps.data-spain.com/autonomous_communities/andalucia/granada/ |date=2015-09-04 }} * {{es icon}} [http://www.dipgra.es/ Diputación Provincial de Granada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027231005/http://www.dipgra.es/ |date=2009-10-27 }} (Provincial government) {{Andalusie provinces}} {{Provinces o Spain}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Granada, Province o}} [[Category:Province o Granada| ]] 974ackg43h27r88nnffprbaeyadcht9 0 58354 921134 826432 2026-08-18T20:13:21Z ~2026-45365-99 135911 remuive "en:wiki" airtins 921134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Hammam Wasel |native_name = <big>حمام واصل</big> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |pushpin_map =Syria |pushpin_mapsize =250 |subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] |subdivision_name = {{Flag|Sirie}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Sirie|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Tartus Govrenorate|Tartus]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Destricts o Sirie|Destrict]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Baniyas Destrict|Baniyas]] |subdivision_type3 = [[Nahiyah|Subdestrict]] |subdivision_name3 = Hammam Wasel |settlement_type = Toun<!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = Metric <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |population_as_of = 2004 census |population_note = |population_total = 1,801 |population_footnotes = <ref name="CBS"/> |timezone = [[Eastren European Time|EET]] |utc_offset = +2 |timezone_DST = [[Eastren European Simmer Time|EEST]] |utc_offset_DST = +3 |coordinates = {{coord|35|4|34|N|36|5|12|E|region:SY|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_ft = |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Hammam Wasel''' ({{lang-ar|<big>حمام واصل</big>}}, spelt '''Hamam Wasil''' an aw) is a toun in northwastren [[Sirie]], admeenistratively pairt o the [[Tartus Govrenorate]], locatit northeast o [[Tartus]]. Nearbi localities include [[Ayn al-Sharqiyah]] an [[Al-Bayda, Tartus Govrenorate|al-Bayda]] tae the wast, [[Baniyas]] tae the northwast, [[Annaza]] tae the north, an [[al-Qadmus]] tae the northeast, [[Masyaf]] tae the east, [[Wadi al-Oyun]] tae the sootheast, [[al-Shaykh Badr]] tae the sooth an [[al-Qamsiyah]] tae the sootheast. Accordin tae the Sirie Central Bureau o Statistics, Hammam Wasel haed a population o 1,801 in the 2004 census. It is the admeenistrative centre o the Hammam Wasel ''[[nahiyah]]'' ("sub-destrict") which contained 12 localities wi a collective population o 8,522 in 2004.<ref name="CBS">[http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB10-12-2004.htm General Census of Population and Housing 2004] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705231708/http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB10-12-2004.htm |date=2020-07-05 }}. Sirie Central Bureau o Statistics (CBS). Tartus Govrenorate. {{ar icon}}</ref> The indwallers are predominantly [[Alawites]].<ref>''[http://books.google.com/books?id=hllaAAAAYAAJ&dq=Hammam+Wasel&source=gbs_navlinks_s Revue archéologique]''. (1897). Ernest Leroux. {{fr icon}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Bibliografie== {{refbegin}} {{refend}} {{Tartus Govrenorate|baniyas}} [[Category:Populatit places in Baniyas Destrict]] [[Category:Touns in Sirie]] 1ndkr91pyygbeuc243b4c07k9dvfeba 921140 921134 2026-08-18T20:18:42Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Hammam Wasel |native_name = <big>حمام واصل</big> |pushpin_map =Syria |pushpin_mapsize =250 |subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] |subdivision_name = {{Flag|Sirie}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Sirie|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Tartus Govrenorate|Tartus]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Destricts o Sirie|Destrict]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Baniyas Destrict|Baniyas]] |subdivision_type3 = [[Nahiyah|Subdestrict]] |subdivision_name3 = Hammam Wasel |settlement_type = Toun |unit_pref = Metric |population_as_of = 2004 census |population_total = 1,801 |population_footnotes = <ref name="CBS"/> |timezone = [[Eastren European Time|EET]] |utc_offset = +2 |timezone_DST = [[Eastren European Simmer Time|EEST]] |utc_offset_DST = +3 |coordinates = {{coord|35|4|34|N|36|5|12|E|region:SY|display=inline}} }} '''Hammam Wasel''' ({{lang-ar|<big>حمام واصل</big>}}, spelt '''Hamam Wasil''' an aw) is a toun in northwastren [[Sirie]], admeenistratively pairt o the [[Tartus Govrenorate]], locatit northeast o [[Tartus]]. Nearbi localities include [[Ayn al-Sharqiyah]] an [[Al-Bayda, Tartus Govrenorate|al-Bayda]] tae the wast, [[Baniyas]] tae the northwast, [[Annaza]] tae the north, an [[al-Qadmus]] tae the northeast, [[Masyaf]] tae the east, [[Wadi al-Oyun]] tae the sootheast, [[al-Shaykh Badr]] tae the sooth an [[al-Qamsiyah]] tae the sootheast. Accordin tae the Sirie Central Bureau o Statistics, Hammam Wasel haed a population o 1,801 in the 2004 census. It is the admeenistrative centre o the Hammam Wasel ''[[nahiyah]]'' ("sub-destrict") which contained 12 localities wi a collective population o 8,522 in 2004.<ref name="CBS">[http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB10-12-2004.htm General Census of Population and Housing 2004] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705231708/http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB10-12-2004.htm |date=2020-07-05 }}. Sirie Central Bureau o Statistics (CBS). Tartus Govrenorate. {{ar icon}}</ref> The indwallers are predominantly [[Alawites]].<ref>''[http://books.google.com/books?id=hllaAAAAYAAJ&dq=Hammam+Wasel&source=gbs_navlinks_s Revue archéologique]''. (1897). Ernest Leroux. {{fr icon}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Bibliografie== {{refbegin}} {{refend}} {{Tartus Govrenorate|baniyas}} [[Category:Populatit places in Baniyas Destrict]] [[Category:Touns in Sirie]] 3z0ikux8lbvad4obbdna03zpp73w7rr 0 59509 921117 644203 2026-08-18T16:35:24Z Lirazelf 27464 remuive en.wiki airtin 921117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Florida |image_skyline = Avenida General San Martín.jpg |imagesize = 240px |image_caption = Avenida General San Martín |image_shield = |pushpin_map = Argentina Greater Buenos Aires |pushpin_label_position = bottom |pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Greater Buenos Aires]] |pushpin_mapsize = 240 |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{ARG}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces o Argentinae|Province]] |subdivision_name1 = [[image:Bandera Buenos Aires.svg|24px]] [[Buenos Aires Province|Buenos Aires]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Partido]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Vicente López Partido|Vicente López]] |established_title = Foondit |established_date = 1856 |population_as_of = {{census-ar|2001}} |population_total = 59,844 |population_density_km2 = |coordinates = {{coord|34|31|S|58|30|W|region:AR|display=inline}} |elevation_m = 13 |postal_code_type = [[Argentine postal code|CPA Base]] |postal_code = [[ISO 3166-2:AR|B]] 1602 |area_code = +[[Telephone numbers in Argentina|54]] 11 |website = www.lapaginadeflorida.com.ar }} '''Florida''' is a maistly residential ''barrio'' o the [[Vicente López Partido]] in the northren suburbs o [[Greater Buenos Aires]], [[Argentinae]]. It is principally a middle-cless neebourheid an is locatit atween the ''barrios'' o [[Olivos, Buenos Aires|Olivos]] an [[Vicente López, Buenos Aires|Vicente López]], in the same ''partido'' (depairtment) an aw. The ceety is locatit atween Avenida Maipú an the Pan-American heich-gate. Florida is servit bi three railwey lines, the [[Ferrocarril General Bartolomé Mitre]], [[Ferrocarril General Manuel Belgrano]], an [[Tren de la Costa]], which provide easy access tae the caipital. Its main commercial auries are centred aroond Avenida General San Martín an Avenida Maipú. ==Sport== Florida is hame tae [[Association fitbaa|fitbaa]] team [[Club Atlético Platense]]. ==Images== [[File:Parroquia Santa Teresita del Niño Jesús.jpg|left|thumb|Parroquia Santa Teresita del Niño Jesús]][[File:Plaza HE Gonzalez.jpg|left|thumb|Plaza Héctor Eduardo González]] ==Freemit airtins== *{{ar-mi-muni|BUE131}} {{Greater Buenos Aires}} [[Category:Vicente López Partido]] [[Category:Populatit places in Buenos Aires Province]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1856]] cvsq2nfomqqsz0w46evhciqjqvwcv2o 921151 921117 2026-08-18T20:35:12Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921151 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Florida |image_skyline = Avenida General San Martín.jpg |imagesize = 240px |image_caption = Avenida General San Martín |pushpin_map = Argentina Greater Buenos Aires |pushpin_label_position = bottom |pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Greater Buenos Aires]] |pushpin_mapsize = 240 |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{ARG}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces o Argentinae|Province]] |subdivision_name1 = [[image:Bandera Buenos Aires.svg|24px]] [[Buenos Aires Province|Buenos Aires]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Partido]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Vicente López Partido|Vicente López]] |established_title = Foondit |established_date = 1856 |population_as_of = {{census-ar|2001}} |population_total = 59,844 |coordinates = {{coord|34|31|S|58|30|W|region:AR|display=inline}} |elevation_m = 13 |postal_code_type = [[Argentine postal code|CPA Base]] |postal_code = [[ISO 3166-2:AR|B]] 1602 |area_code = +[[Telephone numbers in Argentina|54]] 11 |website = www.lapaginadeflorida.com.ar }} '''Florida''' is a maistly residential ''barrio'' o the [[Vicente López Partido]] in the northren suburbs o [[Greater Buenos Aires]], [[Argentinae]]. It is principally a middle-cless neebourheid an is locatit atween the ''barrios'' o [[Olivos, Buenos Aires|Olivos]] an [[Vicente López, Buenos Aires|Vicente López]], in the same ''partido'' (depairtment) an aw. The ceety is locatit atween Avenida Maipú an the Pan-American heich-gate. Florida is servit bi three railwey lines, the [[Ferrocarril General Bartolomé Mitre]], [[Ferrocarril General Manuel Belgrano]], an [[Tren de la Costa]], which provide easy access tae the caipital. Its main commercial auries are centred aroond Avenida General San Martín an Avenida Maipú. ==Sport== Florida is hame tae [[Association fitbaa|fitbaa]] team [[Club Atlético Platense]]. ==Images== [[File:Parroquia Santa Teresita del Niño Jesús.jpg|left|thumb|Parroquia Santa Teresita del Niño Jesús]][[File:Plaza HE Gonzalez.jpg|left|thumb|Plaza Héctor Eduardo González]] ==Freemit airtins== *{{ar-mi-muni|BUE131}} {{Greater Buenos Aires}} [[Category:Vicente López Partido]] [[Category:Populatit places in Buenos Aires Province]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1856]] ko013jrf3c1x78qxzopm8tyc5b0bznh 0 75944 921114 919743 2026-08-18T16:29:35Z Lirazelf 27464 remuive en.wiki airtin 921114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox National football team || Name = Argentinae | Badge = | Badge_size = 150px | FIFA Trigramme = ARG | Nickname = {{nowrap|{{lang|es|La Albiceleste}} (The White an Sky Blue)}} | Association = {{nowrap|[[Argentine Fitbaa Association|Asociación del Fútbol Argentino]]}} (AFA) | Confederation = [[CONMEBOL]] (Sooth Americae) | Coach = [[Lionel Scaloni]] | Captain = [[Lionel Messi]] | Most caps = [[Javier Mascherano]] (147) | Top scorer = [[Lionel Messi]] (68) | Home Stadium = [[Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti]] | FIFA Rank = {{FIFA World Rankings|ARG}} | FIFA max = 1 | FIFA min = 20 | FIFA max date = Mairch 2007 | FIFA min date = August 1996 | Elo Rank = {{World Football Elo Ratings|Argentina}} | Elo max = 1 | Elo max date = Julie 2007 | Elo min = 28 | Elo min date = Juin 1990 |pattern_la1=_arg19h |pattern_b1=_arg19h |pattern_ra1=_arg19h |pattern_sh1=_arg19h |pattern_so1=_arg19h |leftarm1=FFFFFF |body1=FFFFFF |rightarm1=FFFFFF |shorts1=000000 |socks1=FFFFFF <!-- Second Kit --> | pattern_la2 = _arg18a|pattern_b2=_arg18a|pattern_ra2=_arg18a|pattern_sh2=_arg18a|pattern_so2=_arg18a |leftarm2=000000|body2=000000|rightarm2=000000|shorts2=00000|socks2=101010 | First game = {{fb|Uruguay}} 2–3 Argentinae {{flagicon|Argentina|alt}}<br />([[Montevideo]], Uruguay; Mey 16, 1901){{Ref|1}}<ref name = "First match">{{cite web |url=http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/argurures.html |title=ARGENTINA-URUGUAY Matches 1902–2009 |publisher=RSSSF |first=Héctor Darío |last=Pelayes |date=September 24, 2010 |accessdate= November 7, 2010 }}</ref> | Largest win = {{flagicon|Argentina|alt}} Argentinae 12–0 {{fb-rt|Ecuador}}<br />([[Montevideo]], Uruguay; Januar 22, 1942) | Largest loss = {{fb|Czechoslovakia}} 6–1 Argentinae {{flagicon|Argentina|alt}}<br />([[Helsingborg]], Swaden; Juin 15, 1958)<br />{{fb|Bolivia}} 6–1 Argentinae {{flagicon|Argentina}}<br />([[La Paz]], Bolivie; Aprile 1, 2009) | World cup apps = 15 | World cup first = 1930 | World cup best = Winners [[File:Gold medal icon.svg|14px]] : [[1978 FIFA Warld Cup|1978]], [[1986 FIFA Warld Cup|1986]] | Regional name = [[Copa América]] | Regional cup apps = 39 | Regional cup first = [[1916 Sooth American Championship|1916]] | Regional cup best = Winners [[File:Gold medal icon.svg|14px]] : [[1921 Sooth American Championship|1921]], [[1925 Sooth American Championship|1925]], [[1927 Sooth American Championship|1927]], [[1929 Sooth American Championship|1929]], [[1937 Sooth American Championship|1937]], [[1941 Sooth American Championship|1941]], [[1945 Sooth American Championship|1945]], [[1946 Sooth American Championship|1946]], [[1947 Sooth American Championship|1947]], [[1955 Sooth American Championship|1955]], [[1957 Sooth American Championship|1957]], [[Sooth American Championship 1959 (Argentinae)|1959]], [[1991 Copa América|1991]], [[1993 Copa América|1993]] | Confederations cup apps = 3 | Confederations cup first = 1992 | Confederations cup best = Winners [[File:Gold medal icon.svg|14px]] : [[King Fahd Cup 1992|1992]] | 2ndRegional name = [[Roca Cup|Copa Roca]] / [[Superclásico de las Américas]] | 2ndRegional cup apps = 13 | 2ndRegional cup first = [[Roca Cup|1914]] | 2ndRegional cup best = Winners [[Image:Gold medal icon.svg|14px]]: [[Roca Cup|1923]], [[Roca Cup|1939]], [[Roca Cup|1940]], [[Roca Cup|1971]]<ref>Title shared wi Brazil</ref> | medaltemplates = {{MedalTop|}} {{MedalSport | Men's [[Fitbaa at the Simmer Olympics|fitbaa]]<ref>Efter 1988, the toornament haes been restrictit tae squads wi no mair nor 3 players ower the age o 23, an these matches are nae regardit as pairt o the naitional team's record, nor are caps awairdit.</ref>}} {{MedalSilver | [[1928 Simmer Olympics|1928 Amsterdam]] | [[Fitbaa at the 1928 Simmer Olympics|Team]]}} {{MedalSilver | [[1996 Simmer Olympics|1996 Atlanta]] | [[Fitbaa at the 1996 Simmer Olympics|Team]]}} {{MedalGold | [[2004 Simmer Olympics|2004 Athens]] | [[Fitbaa at the 2004 Simmer Olympics|Team]]}} {{MedalGold | [[2008 Simmer Olympics|2008 Beijing]] | [[Fitbaa at the 2008 Simmer Olympics|Team]]}} {{MedalBottom}} }} [[File:Argentina team in St. Petersburg.jpg|thumb|left|Argentinae naitional fitbaa team 2018]] The '''Argentinae naitional fitbaa team''' ({{lang-es|Selección de fútbol de Argentina|links=no|links=no}}) represents [[Argentinae]] in fitbaa an is controlled bi the [[Argentine Fitbaa Association]] (AFA), the govrenin bouk for [[fitbaa in Argentinae]]. ''La Selección'' (naitional team), kent as the ''Albicelestes'' (sky blue an whites) an aw, haes appeared in five Warld Cup finals, includin the first feenal in [[1930 FIFA Warld Cup|1930]], which thay lost, 4–2, tae [[Uruguay naitional fitbaa team|Uruguay]]. Argentinae wan in thair next feenal appearance in [[1978 FIFA Warld Cup|1978]], beatin the [[Netherlands naitional fitbaa team|Netherlands]], 3–1. Argentinae, led bi [[Diego Maradona]] wan again in [[1986 FIFA Warld Cup|1986]], a 3–2 veectory ower [[Germany naitional fitbaa team|Wast Germany]]. Thay again made the Warld Cup finals in [[1990 FIFA Warld Cup|1990]], an lost, 1–0, tae Wast Germany efter concedin a penalty kick in the 85t minute. Argentinae made thair fift appearance in a Warld Cup feenal in [[2014 FIFA World Cup Feenal|2014]], again luisin tae Germany, 1–0 durin extra-time. Argentina's Warld Cup winnin managers are [[César Luis Menotti]] in 1978, an [[Carlos Bilardo]] in 1986. Argentina haes been vera successfu in the [[Copa América]], winnin it 14 times an winnin the 'extra' Sooth American Championships in 1941, 1945 an 1946 an aw. The team wan the [[FIFA Confederations Cup]] an the [[Kirin Cup]] an aw, baith in 1992, an the Argentine olympic team wan the [[Simmer Olympic Gemmes|Olympics]] fitbaa toornaments in Athens 2004 an Beijing 2008.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympics_2004/football/3607296.stm |publisher=BBC News |title=Football gold for Argentina |date=August 28, 2004 |accessdate=April 25, 2010}}</ref> Argentinae an [[Fraunce naitional fitbaa team|Fraunce]] are the anerly twa naitional teams that hae wan the three maist important men's titles recognisit bi [[FIFA]]: the Warld Cup, the Confederations Cup, an the Olympic toornament. Thay hae baith wan thair respective continental championship an aw ([[Copa América]] for Argentinae, an [[UEFA European Championship]] for Fraunce).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=arg/index.html |title=– Argentina on |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=June 7, 2012 |archive-date=2007-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070603165127/http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=arg/index.html |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070603165127/http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=arg/index.html |date=2007-06-03 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/index.html |title=– Tournaments |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=June 7, 2012 |archive-date=2014-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806191348/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/index.html |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806191348/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/index.html |date=2014-08-06 }}</ref> Argentina is kent for haein rivalries wi Brazil, Uruguay, Ingland an Germany due tae historic occurrences wi ane anither throuoot fitbaa history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/2011/07/05/great-footballing-rivalries-argentina-vs-uruguay/ |title=Great Footballing Rivalries : Argentina vs. Uruguay « SportsKeeda |publisher=Sportskeeda.com |accessdate=June 7, 2012}}</ref> Argentina wan sax o the 14 fitbaa competeetions at the Pan American Gemmes an aw, winnin in 1951, 1955, 1959, 1971, 1995 an 2003. ==Players== ===Current squad=== On 2 Jun 2014, Argentinae manager Alejandro Sabella named the 23-man squad for the [[2014 FIFA Warld Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Mirror.co.uk|title=Argentina World cup squad: Carlos tevez left out|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/world-cup-2014/argentina-world-cup-squad-carlos-3536683}}</ref> Caps an goals updatit as Juin 7, 2014. {{nat fs g start}} {{nat fs g player|no=1|pos=GK|name=[[Sergio Romero]]|age={{birth date and age|1987|2|22}}|caps=47|goals=0|club=[[AS Monaco FC|Monaco]]|clubnat=MON}} {{nat fs g player|no=12|pos=GK|name=[[Agustín Orión]]|age={{birth date and age|1981|7|26}}|caps=3|goals=0|club=[[Boca Juniors]]|clubnat=ARG}} {{nat fs g player|no=21|pos=GK|name=[[Mariano Andújar]]|age={{birth date and age|1983|7|30}}|caps=10|goals=0|club=[[Calcio Catania|Catania]]|clubnat=ITA}} {{nat fs break}} {{nat fs g player|no=2|pos=DF|name=[[Ezequiel Garay]]|age={{birth date and age|1986|10|10}}|caps=18|goals=0|club=[[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]]|clubnat=POR}} {{nat fs g player|no=3|pos=DF|name=[[Hugo Campagnaro]]|age={{birth date and age|1980|6|27}}|caps=15|goals=0|club=[[Inter Milan|Internazionale]]|clubnat=ITA}} {{nat fs g player|no=4|pos=DF|name=[[Pablo Zabaleta]]|age={{birth date and age|1985|1|16}}|caps=36|goals=0|club=[[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]|clubnat=ENG}} {{nat fs g player|no=15|pos=DF|name=[[Martín Demichelis]]|age={{birth date and age|1980|12|20}}|caps=38|goals=2|club=[[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]|clubnat=ENG}} {{nat fs g player|no=16|pos=DF|name=[[Marcos Rojo]]|age={{birth date and age|1990|3|20}}|caps=22|goals=0|club=[[Sporting Clube de Portugal|Sporting Lisbon]]|clubnat=POR}} {{nat fs g player|no=17|pos=DF|name=[[Federico Fernández (fitbawer)|Federico Fernández]]|age={{birth date and age|1989|2|21}}|caps=26|goals=2|club=[[S.S.C. Napoli|Napoli]]|clubnat=ITA}} {{nat fs g player|no=23|pos=DF|name=[[José María Basanta]]|age={{birth date and age|1984|4|3}}|caps=10|goals=0|club=[[C.F. Monterrey|Monterrey]]|clubnat=MEX}} {{nat fs break}} {{nat fs g player|no=5|pos=MF|name=[[Fernando Gago]]|age={{birth date and age|1986|4|10}}|caps=49|goals=0|club=[[Boca Juniors]]|clubnat=ARG}} {{nat fs g player|no=6|pos=MF|name=[[Lucas Biglia]]|age={{birth date and age|1986|1|30}}|caps=18|goals=0|club=[[S.S. Lazio|Lazio]]|clubnat=ITA}} {{nat fs g player|no=7|pos=MF|name=[[Ángel Di María]]|age={{birth date and age|1988|2|14}}|caps=47|goals=9|club=[[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]]|clubnat=ESP}} {{nat fs g player|no=8|pos=MF|name=[[Enzo Pérez]]|age={{birth date and age|1986|2|22}}|caps=7|goals=1|club=[[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]]|clubnat=POR}} {{nat fs g player|no=11|pos=MF|name=[[Maxi Rodríguez]]|age={{birth date and age|1981|1|2}}|caps=55|goals=16|club=[[Newell's Old Boys]]|clubnat=ARG}} {{nat fs g player|no=13|pos=MF|name=[[Augusto Fernández]]|age={{birth date and age|1986|4|10}}|caps=9|goals=1|club=[[Celta de Vigo|Celta Vigo]]|clubnat=ESP}} {{nat fs g player|no=14|pos=MF|name=[[Javier Mascherano]]|age={{birth date and age|1984|6|8}}|caps=98|goals=3|club=[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]|clubnat=ESP}} {{nat fs g player|no=19|pos=MF|name=[[Ricardo Gabriel Álvarez|Ricardo Álvarez]]|age={{birth date and age|1988|4|12}}|caps=7|goals=1|club=[[Inter Milan|Internazionale]]|clubnat=ITA}} {{nat fs break}} {{nat fs g player|no=9|pos=FW|name=[[Gonzalo Higuaín]]|age={{birth date and age|1987|12|10}}|caps=36|goals=21|club=[[S.S.C. Napoli|Napoli]]|clubnat=ITA}} {{nat fs g player|no=10|pos=FW|name=[[Lionel Messi]] [[Captain (association football)|''(Captain)'']]|age={{birth date and age|1987|6|24}}|caps=86|goals=38|club=[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]|clubnat=ESP}} {{nat fs g player|no=18|pos=FW|name=[[Rodrigo Palacio]]|age={{birth date and age|1982|2|5}}|caps=17|goals=3|club=[[Inter Milan|Internazionale]]|clubnat=ITA}} {{nat fs g player|no=20|pos=FW|name=[[Sergio Agüero]]|age={{birth date and age|1988|6|2}}|caps=51|goals=21|club=[[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]|clubnat=ENG}} {{nat fs g player|no=22|pos=FW|name=[[Ezequiel Lavezzi]]|age={{birth date and age|1985|5|3}}|caps=31|goals=4|club=[[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]]|clubnat=FRA}} {{nat fs end}} ===Recent caw-ups=== The follaeing players hae been cawed up for the team in the last 12 month. <!--Sorted by position, most recent call-up, caps, goals and last name.--> {{nat fs r start}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=GK|name=[[Óscar Ustari]]|age={{birth date and age|1986|7|3}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]]|clubnat=ENG|latest=v. {{fb|ITA}}, August 14, 2013}} {{nat fs break}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Emanuel Mammana]]|age={{birth date and age|1996|2|10}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]]|clubnat=ARG|latest=v. {{fb|SLO}}, June 7, 2014}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Nicolás Otamendi]]|age={{birth date and age|1988|2|12}}|caps=16|goals=1|club=[[Clube Atlético Mineiro|Atlético Mineiro]]|clubnat=BRA|latest=[[2014 FIFA World Cup]] preliminary squad}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Lisandro Ezequiel López]]|age={{birth date and age|1989|09|01}}|caps=4|goals=0|club=[[Getafe CF|Getafe]]|clubnat=ESP|latest=[[2014 FIFA World Cup]] preliminary squad}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Gabriel Mercado]]|age={{birth date and age|1987|3|18}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]]|clubnat=ARG|latest=[[2014 FIFA World Cup]] preliminary squad}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Gino Peruzzi]]|age={{birth date and age|1992|02|09}}|caps=4|goals=0|club=[[Calcio Catania|Catania]]|clubnat=ITA|latest=v. {{fb|ROM}}, March 5, 2014}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Lucas Orbán]]|age={{birth date and age|1989|2|3}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[FC Girondins de Bordeaux|Bordeaux]]|clubnat=FRA|latest=v. {{fb|BIH}}, November 18, 2013}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Facundo Roncaglia]]|age={{birth date and age|1987|2|10}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[ACF Fiorentina|Fiorentina]]|clubnat=ITA|latest=v. {{fb|BIH}}, November 18, 2013}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Fabricio Coloccini]]|age={{birth date and age|1982|1|22}}|caps=39|goals=1|club=[[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]]|clubnat=ENG|latest=v. {{fb|URU}}, October 15, 2013}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Sebastián Domínguez]]|age={{birth date and age|1980|7|29}}|caps=8|goals=0|club=[[Club Atlético Vélez Sarsfield|Vélez Sarsfield]]|clubnat=ARG|latest=v. {{fb|URU}}, October 15, 2013}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Cristian Ansaldi]]|age={{birth date and age|1986|9|20}}|caps=3|goals=0|club=[[FC Zenit Saint Petersburg|Zenit Saint Petersburg]]|clubnat=RUS|latest=v. {{fb|PER}}, October 11, 2013}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Santiago Vergini]]|age={{birth date and age|1988|8|3}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]]|clubnat=ENG|latest=v. {{fb|PAR}}, September 10, 2013}} {{nat fs break}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Éver Banega]]|age={{birth date and age|1988|6|29}}|caps=24|goals=2|club=[[Newell's Old Boys]]|clubnat=ARG|latest=[[2014 FIFA Warld Cup]] preliminary squad}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[José Ernesto Sosa]]|age={{birth date and age|1985|6|19}}|caps=19|goals=1|club=[[Atlético Madrid]]|clubnat=ESP|latest=[[2014 FIFA Warld Cup]] preliminary squad}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Fabián Rinaudo]]|age={{birth date and age|1987|5|15}}|caps=4|goals=0|club=[[Calcio Catania|Catania]]|clubnat=ITA|latest=[[2014 FIFA Warld Cup]] preliminary squad}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Érik Lamela]]|age={{birth date and age|1992|3|4}}|caps=6|goals=0|club=[[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]]|clubnat=ENG|latest=v. {{fb|BIH}}, November 18, 2013}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Rodrigo Braña]]|age={{birth date and age|1979|3|7}}|caps=9|goals=0|club=[[Quilmes Atlético Club|Quilmes]]|clubnat=ARG|latest=v. {{fb|URU}}, October 15, 2013}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Leandro Somoza]]|age={{birth date and age|1981|1|26}}|caps=4|goals=0|club=[[Club Atlético Lanús|Lanús]]|clubnat=ARG|latest=v. {{fb|URU}}, October 15, 2013}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Francisco Cerro]]|age={{birth date and age|1988|2|9}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Racing Club de Avellaneda|Racing]]|clubnat=ARG|latest=v. {{fb|ITA}}, August 14, 2013}} {{nat fs break}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Franco Di Santo]]|age={{birth date and age|1989|4|7}}|caps=3|goals=0|club=[[SV Werder Bremen|Werder Bremen]]|clubnat=GER|latest=[[2014 FIFA Warld Cup]] preliminary squad}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Mauro Icardi]]|age={{birth date and age|1993|2|19}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Inter Milan|Internazionale]]|clubnat=ITA|latest=v. {{fb|URU}}, October 15, 2013}} {{nat fs end}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Argentinae Naitional Fitbaw Team}} [[Category:Argentinae naitional fitbaw team| ]] [[Category:Sooth American naitional association fitbaw teams]] [[Category:FIFA Warld Cup-winnin kintras]] [[Category:FIFA Confederations Cup-winnin kintras]] [[Category:Naitional sports teams o Argentinae|Fitbaw]] dtu77zuzx2obodl4xqzwuj41yyp0fw0 0 76781 921102 877094 2026-08-18T16:19:23Z Lirazelf 27464 remuive en.wiki airtins 921102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Organization | name = Sooth American Fitbaa Confederation | image = | size = 280px | map = CONMEBOL member associations map.svg | abbreviation = CONMEBOL | formation = {{Start date and years ago|1916|07|09|df=y}} | type = Federation o naitional associations | membership = 10 member associations | headquarters = [[Luque]], [[Paraguay]] | coords = {{Coord|25|15|38|S|57|30|58|W|region:CH-ZH_type:landmark}} | region_served = [[Sooth Americae]] | leader_title = [[Preses]] | leader_name = [[Juan Ángel Napout]] | language = [[Spainyie leid|Spainyie]], [[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]] | general = Jose Luis Meiszner | website = [http://www.conmebol.com/en www.CONMEBOL.com] }} The '''Sooth American Fitbaw Confederation''' ({{lang-es|Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol}},<ref>{{IPA-es|komfeðeɾaˈθjon suðameɾiˈkana ðe ˈfuðβol}}, {{IPA-es|komfeðeɾaˈsjon suðameɾiˈkana ðe ˈfutβol|local}}.</ref> {{lang-pt|Confederação Sul-Americana de Futebol}}<ref>{{IPA-pt|kõfedeɾaˈsɐ̃w ˈsuw.ɐmeɾiˈkɐnɐ dʒi futʃʲˈbɔw}}.</ref>), commonly kent as '''CONMEBOL'''<ref>Acronym creatit frae '''''Con'''federación''/'''''Con'''federação'' ''Suda'''me'''ricana''/''Sul-A'''me'''ricana de Fút'''bol'''''/''Fute'''bol'''''.</ref> {{IPAc-en|k|ɒ|n|m|ə|b|ɒ|l}}, is the continental [[sport govrenin body|govrenin bouk]] o [[association fitbaa]] in [[Sooth Americae]] an it is ane o [[FIFA]]'s sax continental confederations. The auldest continental confederation in the warld, its heidquairters are locatit in [[Luque]], [[Paraguay]]. CONMEBOL is responsible for the organisation an govrenance o Sooth American fitbaa's major internaitional tournaments. Wi 10 member fitbaa associations, it haes the fewest members o aw the confederations in FIFA. CONMEBOL naitional teams hae wan nine [[FIFA Warld Cup]]s (Brazil five, Argentinae an Uruguay twa trophies each), an CONMEBOL clubs hae wan 22 [[Intercontinental Cup (fitbaa)|Intercontinental Cups]] an fower [[FIFA Club Warld Cup]]s. Argentinae an Uruguay hae wan twa [[Fitbaa at the Simmer Olympics|Olympic]] gowd medals each. It is, alang wi [[UEFA]], the strangest confederation in the warld. The [[FIFA Warld Cup qualification|Warld Cup qualifiers]] o CONMEBOL hae been ratit as the ''toughest qualifiers in the warld'',<ref>[http://espndeportes.espn.go.com/news/story?id=1395677&s=fut&type=column "La eliminatoria más difícil del mundo", ESPN] '''(in Spanish)'''</ref><ref>[http://espn.go.com/sports/soccer/news/_/columnist/vickery_tim/id/7096226/south-america-world-cup-qualifying-toughest-planet-tim-vickery-soccer "South American WCQ toughest in world", ESPN]</ref> for its semple seestem '''([[Roond-robin tournament|roond-robin]], twa roonds)''', entry o some o the maist laureatit naitional teams in the warld, levelin o the weaker naitional teams, [[climate]] conditions, [[Altitude|geographic]] conditions, strang hame staunds an passionate supporters. ==See an aw== * [[UEFA]] * [[CONCACAF]] * [[Confederation o African Fitbaw]] (CAF) * [[Asie Fitbaw Confederation]] (AFC) * [[Oceanie Fitbaw Confederation]] (OFC) ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{es icon}} [http://www.conmebol.com Conmebol offeecial wabsteid] {{FIFA}} {{FIFA 100}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Conmebol}} [[Category:CONMEBOL]] [[Category:Association fitbaw govrenin bouks in Sooth Americae]] [[Category:Organisations based in Paraguay]] [[Category:Organisations established in 1916]] [[Category:Central Depairtment]] n5l73c5wvib242ttwoornkzztcwu28u 921163 921102 2026-08-18T20:47:40Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organisation | name = Sooth American Fitbaa Confederation | image = | size = 280px | map = CONMEBOL member associations map.svg | abbreviation = CONMEBOL | formation = {{Start date and years ago|1916|07|09|df=y}} | type = Federation o naitional associations | membership = 10 member associations | headquarters = [[Luque]], [[Paraguay]] | coords = {{Coord|25|15|38|S|57|30|58|W|region:CH-ZH_type:landmark}} | region_served = [[Sooth Americae]] | leader_title = [[Preses]] | leader_name = [[Juan Ángel Napout]] | language = [[Spainyie leid|Spainyie]], [[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]] | general = Jose Luis Meiszner | website = [http://www.conmebol.com/en www.CONMEBOL.com] }} The '''Sooth American Fitbaw Confederation''' ({{lang-es|Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol}},<ref>{{IPA-es|komfeðeɾaˈθjon suðameɾiˈkana ðe ˈfuðβol}}, {{IPA-es|komfeðeɾaˈsjon suðameɾiˈkana ðe ˈfutβol|local}}.</ref> {{lang-pt|Confederação Sul-Americana de Futebol}}<ref>{{IPA-pt|kõfedeɾaˈsɐ̃w ˈsuw.ɐmeɾiˈkɐnɐ dʒi futʃʲˈbɔw}}.</ref>), commonly kent as '''CONMEBOL'''<ref>Acronym creatit frae '''''Con'''federación''/'''''Con'''federação'' ''Suda'''me'''ricana''/''Sul-A'''me'''ricana de Fút'''bol'''''/''Fute'''bol'''''.</ref> {{IPAc-en|k|ɒ|n|m|ə|b|ɒ|l}}, is the continental [[sport govrenin body|govrenin bouk]] o [[association fitbaa]] in [[Sooth Americae]] an it is ane o [[FIFA]]'s sax continental confederations. The auldest continental confederation in the warld, its heidquairters are locatit in [[Luque]], [[Paraguay]]. CONMEBOL is responsible for the organisation an govrenance o Sooth American fitbaa's major internaitional tournaments. Wi 10 member fitbaa associations, it haes the fewest members o aw the confederations in FIFA. CONMEBOL naitional teams hae wan nine [[FIFA Warld Cup]]s (Brazil five, Argentinae an Uruguay twa trophies each), an CONMEBOL clubs hae wan 22 [[Intercontinental Cup (fitbaa)|Intercontinental Cups]] an fower [[FIFA Club Warld Cup]]s. Argentinae an Uruguay hae wan twa [[Fitbaa at the Simmer Olympics|Olympic]] gowd medals each. It is, alang wi [[UEFA]], the strangest confederation in the warld. The [[FIFA Warld Cup qualification|Warld Cup qualifiers]] o CONMEBOL hae been ratit as the ''toughest qualifiers in the warld'',<ref>[http://espndeportes.espn.go.com/news/story?id=1395677&s=fut&type=column "La eliminatoria más difícil del mundo", ESPN] '''(in Spanish)'''</ref><ref>[http://espn.go.com/sports/soccer/news/_/columnist/vickery_tim/id/7096226/south-america-world-cup-qualifying-toughest-planet-tim-vickery-soccer "South American WCQ toughest in world", ESPN]</ref> for its semple seestem '''([[Roond-robin tournament|roond-robin]], twa roonds)''', entry o some o the maist laureatit naitional teams in the warld, levelin o the weaker naitional teams, [[climate]] conditions, [[Altitude|geographic]] conditions, strang hame staunds an passionate supporters. ==See an aw== * [[UEFA]] * [[CONCACAF]] * [[Confederation o African Fitbaw]] (CAF) * [[Asie Fitbaw Confederation]] (AFC) * [[Oceanie Fitbaw Confederation]] (OFC) ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{es icon}} [http://www.conmebol.com Conmebol offeecial wabsteid] {{FIFA}} {{FIFA 100}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Conmebol}} [[Category:CONMEBOL]] [[Category:Association fitbaw govrenin bouks in Sooth Americae]] [[Category:Organisations based in Paraguay]] [[Category:Organisations established in 1916]] [[Category:Central Depairtment]] 2mygwt08s2be64xmv7dmmem7esstwfk 921164 921163 2026-08-18T20:47:54Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921164 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organisation | name = Sooth American Fitbaa Confederation | size = 280px | map = CONMEBOL member associations map.svg | abbreviation = CONMEBOL | formation = {{Start date and years ago|1916|07|09|df=y}} | type = Federation o naitional associations | membership = 10 member associations | headquarters = [[Luque]], [[Paraguay]] | coords = {{Coord|25|15|38|S|57|30|58|W|region:CH-ZH_type:landmark}} | region_served = [[Sooth Americae]] | leader_title = [[Preses]] | leader_name = [[Juan Ángel Napout]] | language = [[Spainyie leid|Spainyie]], [[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]] | general = Jose Luis Meiszner | website = [http://www.conmebol.com/en www.CONMEBOL.com] }} The '''Sooth American Fitbaw Confederation''' ({{lang-es|Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol}},<ref>{{IPA-es|komfeðeɾaˈθjon suðameɾiˈkana ðe ˈfuðβol}}, {{IPA-es|komfeðeɾaˈsjon suðameɾiˈkana ðe ˈfutβol|local}}.</ref> {{lang-pt|Confederação Sul-Americana de Futebol}}<ref>{{IPA-pt|kõfedeɾaˈsɐ̃w ˈsuw.ɐmeɾiˈkɐnɐ dʒi futʃʲˈbɔw}}.</ref>), commonly kent as '''CONMEBOL'''<ref>Acronym creatit frae '''''Con'''federación''/'''''Con'''federação'' ''Suda'''me'''ricana''/''Sul-A'''me'''ricana de Fút'''bol'''''/''Fute'''bol'''''.</ref> {{IPAc-en|k|ɒ|n|m|ə|b|ɒ|l}}, is the continental [[sport govrenin body|govrenin bouk]] o [[association fitbaa]] in [[Sooth Americae]] an it is ane o [[FIFA]]'s sax continental confederations. The auldest continental confederation in the warld, its heidquairters are locatit in [[Luque]], [[Paraguay]]. CONMEBOL is responsible for the organisation an govrenance o Sooth American fitbaa's major internaitional tournaments. Wi 10 member fitbaa associations, it haes the fewest members o aw the confederations in FIFA. CONMEBOL naitional teams hae wan nine [[FIFA Warld Cup]]s (Brazil five, Argentinae an Uruguay twa trophies each), an CONMEBOL clubs hae wan 22 [[Intercontinental Cup (fitbaa)|Intercontinental Cups]] an fower [[FIFA Club Warld Cup]]s. Argentinae an Uruguay hae wan twa [[Fitbaa at the Simmer Olympics|Olympic]] gowd medals each. It is, alang wi [[UEFA]], the strangest confederation in the warld. The [[FIFA Warld Cup qualification|Warld Cup qualifiers]] o CONMEBOL hae been ratit as the ''toughest qualifiers in the warld'',<ref>[http://espndeportes.espn.go.com/news/story?id=1395677&s=fut&type=column "La eliminatoria más difícil del mundo", ESPN] '''(in Spanish)'''</ref><ref>[http://espn.go.com/sports/soccer/news/_/columnist/vickery_tim/id/7096226/south-america-world-cup-qualifying-toughest-planet-tim-vickery-soccer "South American WCQ toughest in world", ESPN]</ref> for its semple seestem '''([[Roond-robin tournament|roond-robin]], twa roonds)''', entry o some o the maist laureatit naitional teams in the warld, levelin o the weaker naitional teams, [[climate]] conditions, [[Altitude|geographic]] conditions, strang hame staunds an passionate supporters. ==See an aw== * [[UEFA]] * [[CONCACAF]] * [[Confederation o African Fitbaw]] (CAF) * [[Asie Fitbaw Confederation]] (AFC) * [[Oceanie Fitbaw Confederation]] (OFC) ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{es icon}} [http://www.conmebol.com Conmebol offeecial wabsteid] {{FIFA}} {{FIFA 100}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Conmebol}} [[Category:CONMEBOL]] [[Category:Association fitbaw govrenin bouks in Sooth Americae]] [[Category:Organisations based in Paraguay]] [[Category:Organisations established in 1916]] [[Category:Central Depairtment]] 1whirbj4mpomqryidi9n0xr4maewys3 0 77197 921084 890117 2026-08-18T13:31:47Z Makenzis 43742 921084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | clubname = Espanyol de Barcelona | current = 2013–14 RCD Espanyol season | image = | fullname = Reial Club Deportiu<br />Espanyol de Barcelona, S.A.D. | nickname = ''Periquitos'' ([[Parakeet]]s)<br />''Blanquiazules'' (White and Blues)<br />''Merengues'' (Meringues) | founded = {{Start date and age|28 October 1900}}<br />''(as Sociedad Española de Football)'' | ground = [[Estadi Cornellà-El Prat]],<br />[[Province o Barcelona|Barcelona]], [[Catalonie]],<br />Spain | capacity = 40,500 | chairman = Chen Yansheng | manager = | league = | season = | position = | website = http://www.rcdespanyol.com/ | pattern_la1 = _espanyol2324h | pattern_b1 = _espanyol2324h | pattern_ra1 = _espanyol2324h | pattern_sh1 = _espanyol2324h | pattern_so1 = _espanyol2324h | shorts1 = 005BCA | socks1 = FFFFFF | pattern_la2 = _espanyol2324a | pattern_b2 = _espanyol2324a | pattern_ra2 = _espanyol2324a | pattern_sh2 = _espanyol2324a | pattern_so2 = _espanyol2324a | leftarm2 = E70011 | body2 = E70011 | rightarm2 = E70011 | shorts2 = E70011 | socks2 = E70011 | pattern_la3 = _espanyol2324t | pattern_b3 = _espanyol2324t | pattern_ra3 = _espanyol2324t | pattern_sh3 = _espanyol2324t | pattern_so3 = _espanyol2324t | leftarm3 = 000000 | body3 = 000000 | rightarm3 = 000000 | shorts3 = 000000 | socks3 = 000000 }} '''Reial Club Deportiu Espanyol de Barcelona''' ({{IPA-ca|rəˈjaɫ ˈkɫub dəpurˈtiw əspəˈɲɔɫ də βərsəˈɫonə}}, {{lang-en|Royal Spanish Sports Club of Barcelona}}), or simply '''RCD Espanyol''', is a [[sports club]] based in [[Barcelona]], Spain. It is best kent for its [[Assocition fitbaw|fitbaw]] team. Espanyol currently play in the [[Estadi Cornellà-El Prat]] wi seats for 40,500 spectators. It haes been their hame stadium syne 2 August 2009. Espanyol haes previously played at [[Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys]], which hostit the [[1992 Simmer Olympics]] an aw, an at [[Estadi de Sarrià]], a venue for the [[1982 FIFA Warld Cup]]. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.rcdespanyol.cat/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{ca icon}}/{{en icon}}/{{es icon}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Espanyol}} [[Category:La Liga clubs]] [[Category:RCD Espanyol| ]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Spain]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Catalonie]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Barcelona]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1900]] [[Category:Copa del Rey winners]] [[Category:Organisations based in Spain wi ryal patronage]] [[Category:1900 establishments in Europe]] 1vk8qiq2wbpixsrca6km7y98xbrisq9 0 77219 921109 875810 2026-08-18T16:26:15Z Lirazelf 27464 remuive en.wiki airtins 921109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox national football team | Name = Italy | Nickname = ''Gli Azzurri''<br />(The Blues) | Badge = Logo Italy National Football Team - 2023.svg | Badge_size = 140px | Association = [[Italian Football Federation]] | Sub-confederation = | Confederation = [[UEFA]]<br />(Europe) | Coach = [[Roberto Mancini]] | Captain = [[Giorgio Chiellini]] | Most caps = [[Gianluigi Buffon]] (176) | Top scorer = [[Luigi Riva]] (35) | FIFA Trigramme = ITA | FIFA Rank = {{FIFA World Rankings|ITA}} | FIFA max = 1 | FIFA max date = {{Nowrap|November 1993,}} {{nowrap|February 2007,}} {{nowrap|April–June 2007,}} {{nowrap|September 2007}} | FIFA min = 16 | FIFA min date = {{Nowrap|April 1998,}} {{nowrap|October 2010}} | Elo Rank = {{World Football Elo Ratings|Italy}} | Elo max = 1 | Elo max date = {{Nowrap|June 1934 – March 1940,}} {{nowrap|December 1940 – November 1945,}} {{nowrap|July–August 2006}} | Elo min = 21 | Elo min date = {{Nowrap|November 1959}} | pattern_la1 = _ita20h | pattern_b1 = _ita20h | pattern_ra1 = _ita20h | pattern_sh1 = _ita20h | pattern_so1 = _ita20h | leftarm1 = 103CD6 | body1 = 103CD6 | rightarm1 = 103CD6 | shorts1 = FFFFFF | socks1 = 103CD6 | pattern_la2 = _ita20a | pattern_b2 = _ita20a | pattern_ra2 = _ita20a | pattern_sh2 = _ita20a | pattern_so2 = _ita20a | leftarm2 = FFFFFF | body2 = FFFFFF | rightarm2 = FFFFFF | shorts2 = 000054 | socks2 = FFFFFF | pattern_la3 = _ita20t | pattern_b3 = _ita20t | pattern_ra3 = _ita20t | pattern_sh3 = _ita20t | pattern_so3 = _ita20t | leftarm3 = 005950 | body3 = 005950 | rightarm3 = 005950 | shorts3 = 000055 | socks3 = 005950 | First game = {{Fb|Italy|1861}} 6–2 {{Fb-rt|France}}<br />([[Milan]], [[Italy]]; 15 May 1910) | Largest win = {{Fb|Italy}} 9–0 {{Fb-rt|United States|1912}}<br />([[Brentford]], [[England]]; 2 August 1948) | Largest loss = {{Fb|Hungary|1920}} 7–1 {{Fb-rt|Italy|1861}}<br />([[Budapest]], [[Hungary]]; 6 April 1924) | World cup apps = 18 | World cup first = 1934 | World cup best = Champions, [[1934 FIFA World Cup|1934]], [[1938 FIFA World Cup|1938]], [[1982 FIFA World Cup|1982]], [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006]] | Regional name = [[UEFA European Championship|European Championship]] | Regional cup apps = 8 | Regional cup first = [[UEFA Euro 1968|1968]] | Regional cup best = Champions, [[UEFA Euro 1968|1968]] | Confederations cup apps = 2 | Confederations cup first = [[2009 FIFA Confederations Cup|2009]] | Confederations cup best = Third place, [[2013 FIFA Confederations Cup|2013]] | medaltemplates = {{MedalBronze|[[1928 Simmer Olympics|1928 Amsterdam]]|[[Fitbaw at the 1928 Simmer Olympics|Team]]}} {{MedalGold|[[1936 Simmer Olympics|1936 Berlin]]|[[Fitbaw at the 1936 Simmer Olympics|Team]]}} }} The '''Italian naitional fitbaw team''' ({{lang-it|Nazionale italiana di calcio}}) represents [[Italy]] in [[association fitbaw]] an is controlled bi the [[Italian Fitbaa Federation]] (FIGC), the govrenin bouk for [[fitbaw in Italy]]. It is the seicont maist successfu naitional team in the history o the [[FIFA Warld Cup|Warld Cup]] ahind Brazil, haein won 4 titles ([[1934 FIFA Warld Cup|1934]], [[1938 FIFA Warld Cup|1938]], [[1982 FIFA Warld Cup|1982]], [[2006 FIFA Warld Cup|2006]]) an appearin in twa feenals ([[1970 FIFA World Cup|1970]], [[1994 FIFA Warld Cup|1994]]), reachin a third place ([[1990 FIFA Warld Cup|1990]]) an a fowert place ([[1978 FIFA World Cup|1978]]). Thay hae wan a [[UEFA European Football Championship|European championship]] ([[1968 UEFA European Football Championship|1968]]) an aw, as well as appearin in twa ither feenals ([[UEFA Euro 2000|2000]], [[UEFA Euro 2012|2012]]), ane [[Fitbaa at the Simmer Olympics|Olympic fitbaw tournament]] ([[Fitbaa at the 1936 Simmer Olympics|1936]]) an twa [[Central European International Cup]]s. Italy's heichest feenish at the [[Confederations Cup]] wis in [[2013 FIFA Confederations Cup|2013]], whan the squad achievit a third place feenish. The naitional fitbaw team is kent as <span lang="it" lang="it">''Gli Azzurri''</span> frae the tradeetional colour o Italian naitional teams an athletes representin Italy. In its first twa matches, the Italian naitional team wore white shirts wi shorts frae the club o each player; the azur shirts wur introducit in the third match; (<span lang="it" lang="it">''azzurro''</span>, in [[Italian leid|Italian]]) comes frae the "Azzurro Savoia" ([[Hoose o Savoy|Savoy]] Blue), the colour tradeetionally linkit tae the ryal dynasty which unifee'd [[Kinrick o Italy|Italy]] in 1861, an maintained in the offeecial staundart o the [[Preses o Italy|Italian Preses]]. The team daes no hae a designatit "hame stadium" lik certain naitional teams. The primary trainin grund is at the [[FIGC]] heidquairters in [[Coverciano]], [[Florence]] an the team plays thair hame matches at various stadiums throuoot Italy. ==Trophies== {| class="wikitable" width=30% style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;" |- !Competition !!{{gold1}} !!{{silver2}} !!{{bronze3}} !!Tot |- |align=left|[[FIFA Warld Cup|Warld Championship]] |4 || 2 || 1 || 7 |- |align=left|[[UEFA European Championship|European Championship]] |1 || 2 || 1 || 4 |- |align=left|[[FIFA Confederations Cup|Confederations Cup]] |0 || 0 || 1 || 1 |- |align=left|[[Fitbaa at the Simmer Olympics|Olympic Gemmes]] |1 || 0 || 2 || 3 |- |align=left|Mediterranean Games |4 || 2 || 0 || 6 |- |align=left|Universiade Games |1 || 5 || 0 || 6 |- |align=left|[[Central European Internaitional Cup]] |2 || 1 || 0 || 3 |- ! Tot !! 13 !! 12 !! 4 !! 29 |} ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category|Italy national association football team}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Italy National Football Team}} [[Category:Italy naitional fitbaw team| ]] [[Category:European naitional association fitbaw teams]] [[Category:FIFA Warld Cup-winnin kintras]] [[Category:UEFA European Championship-winnin kintras]] [[Category:Laureus Warld Sports Awairds winners]] 0wxb6xltpabb9ozamazkei467i8xlam 921158 921109 2026-08-18T20:43:43Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox naitional fitbaw team | Name = Italy | Nickname = ''Gli Azzurri''<br />(The Blues) | Badge = Logo Italy National Football Team - 2023.svg | Badge_size = 140px | Association = [[Italian Football Federation]] | Sub-confederation = | Confederation = [[UEFA]]<br />(Europe) | Coach = [[Roberto Mancini]] | Captain = [[Giorgio Chiellini]] | Most caps = [[Gianluigi Buffon]] (176) | Top scorer = [[Luigi Riva]] (35) | FIFA Trigramme = ITA | FIFA Rank = {{FIFA World Rankings|ITA}} | FIFA max = 1 | FIFA max date = {{Nowrap|November 1993,}} {{nowrap|February 2007,}} {{nowrap|April–June 2007,}} {{nowrap|September 2007}} | FIFA min = 16 | FIFA min date = {{Nowrap|April 1998,}} {{nowrap|October 2010}} | Elo Rank = {{World Football Elo Ratings|Italy}} | Elo max = 1 | Elo max date = {{Nowrap|June 1934 – March 1940,}} {{nowrap|December 1940 – November 1945,}} {{nowrap|July–August 2006}} | Elo min = 21 | Elo min date = {{Nowrap|November 1959}} | pattern_la1 = _ita20h | pattern_b1 = _ita20h | pattern_ra1 = _ita20h | pattern_sh1 = _ita20h | pattern_so1 = _ita20h | leftarm1 = 103CD6 | body1 = 103CD6 | rightarm1 = 103CD6 | shorts1 = FFFFFF | socks1 = 103CD6 | pattern_la2 = _ita20a | pattern_b2 = _ita20a | pattern_ra2 = _ita20a | pattern_sh2 = _ita20a | pattern_so2 = _ita20a | leftarm2 = FFFFFF | body2 = FFFFFF | rightarm2 = FFFFFF | shorts2 = 000054 | socks2 = FFFFFF | pattern_la3 = _ita20t | pattern_b3 = _ita20t | pattern_ra3 = _ita20t | pattern_sh3 = _ita20t | pattern_so3 = _ita20t | leftarm3 = 005950 | body3 = 005950 | rightarm3 = 005950 | shorts3 = 000055 | socks3 = 005950 | First game = {{Fb|Italy|1861}} 6–2 {{Fb-rt|France}}<br />([[Milan]], [[Italy]]; 15 May 1910) | Largest win = {{Fb|Italy}} 9–0 {{Fb-rt|United States|1912}}<br />([[Brentford]], [[England]]; 2 August 1948) | Largest loss = {{Fb|Hungary|1920}} 7–1 {{Fb-rt|Italy|1861}}<br />([[Budapest]], [[Hungary]]; 6 April 1924) | World cup apps = 18 | World cup first = 1934 | World cup best = Champions, [[1934 FIFA World Cup|1934]], [[1938 FIFA World Cup|1938]], [[1982 FIFA World Cup|1982]], [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006]] | Regional name = [[UEFA European Championship|European Championship]] | Regional cup apps = 8 | Regional cup first = [[UEFA Euro 1968|1968]] | Regional cup best = Champions, [[UEFA Euro 1968|1968]] | Confederations cup apps = 2 | Confederations cup first = [[2009 FIFA Confederations Cup|2009]] | Confederations cup best = Third place, [[2013 FIFA Confederations Cup|2013]] | medaltemplates = {{MedalBronze|[[1928 Simmer Olympics|1928 Amsterdam]]|[[Fitbaw at the 1928 Simmer Olympics|Team]]}} {{MedalGold|[[1936 Simmer Olympics|1936 Berlin]]|[[Fitbaw at the 1936 Simmer Olympics|Team]]}} }} The '''Italian naitional fitbaw team''' ({{lang-it|Nazionale italiana di calcio}}) represents [[Italy]] in [[association fitbaw]] an is controlled bi the [[Italian Fitbaa Federation]] (FIGC), the govrenin bouk for [[fitbaw in Italy]]. It is the seicont maist successfu naitional team in the history o the [[FIFA Warld Cup|Warld Cup]] ahind Brazil, haein won 4 titles ([[1934 FIFA Warld Cup|1934]], [[1938 FIFA Warld Cup|1938]], [[1982 FIFA Warld Cup|1982]], [[2006 FIFA Warld Cup|2006]]) an appearin in twa feenals ([[1970 FIFA World Cup|1970]], [[1994 FIFA Warld Cup|1994]]), reachin a third place ([[1990 FIFA Warld Cup|1990]]) an a fowert place ([[1978 FIFA World Cup|1978]]). Thay hae wan a [[UEFA European Football Championship|European championship]] ([[1968 UEFA European Football Championship|1968]]) an aw, as well as appearin in twa ither feenals ([[UEFA Euro 2000|2000]], [[UEFA Euro 2012|2012]]), ane [[Fitbaa at the Simmer Olympics|Olympic fitbaw tournament]] ([[Fitbaa at the 1936 Simmer Olympics|1936]]) an twa [[Central European International Cup]]s. Italy's heichest feenish at the [[Confederations Cup]] wis in [[2013 FIFA Confederations Cup|2013]], whan the squad achievit a third place feenish. The naitional fitbaw team is kent as <span lang="it" lang="it">''Gli Azzurri''</span> frae the tradeetional colour o Italian naitional teams an athletes representin Italy. In its first twa matches, the Italian naitional team wore white shirts wi shorts frae the club o each player; the azur shirts wur introducit in the third match; (<span lang="it" lang="it">''azzurro''</span>, in [[Italian leid|Italian]]) comes frae the "Azzurro Savoia" ([[Hoose o Savoy|Savoy]] Blue), the colour tradeetionally linkit tae the ryal dynasty which unifee'd [[Kinrick o Italy|Italy]] in 1861, an maintained in the offeecial staundart o the [[Preses o Italy|Italian Preses]]. The team daes no hae a designatit "hame stadium" lik certain naitional teams. The primary trainin grund is at the [[FIGC]] heidquairters in [[Coverciano]], [[Florence]] an the team plays thair hame matches at various stadiums throuoot Italy. ==Trophies== {| class="wikitable" width=30% style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;" |- !Competition !!{{gold1}} !!{{silver2}} !!{{bronze3}} !!Tot |- |align=left|[[FIFA Warld Cup|Warld Championship]] |4 || 2 || 1 || 7 |- |align=left|[[UEFA European Championship|European Championship]] |1 || 2 || 1 || 4 |- |align=left|[[FIFA Confederations Cup|Confederations Cup]] |0 || 0 || 1 || 1 |- |align=left|[[Fitbaa at the Simmer Olympics|Olympic Gemmes]] |1 || 0 || 2 || 3 |- |align=left|Mediterranean Games |4 || 2 || 0 || 6 |- |align=left|Universiade Games |1 || 5 || 0 || 6 |- |align=left|[[Central European Internaitional Cup]] |2 || 1 || 0 || 3 |- ! Tot !! 13 !! 12 !! 4 !! 29 |} ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category|Italy national association football team}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Italy National Football Team}} [[Category:Italy naitional fitbaw team| ]] [[Category:European naitional association fitbaw teams]] [[Category:FIFA Warld Cup-winnin kintras]] [[Category:UEFA European Championship-winnin kintras]] [[Category:Laureus Warld Sports Awairds winners]] 827wyf37zo6qh1pt77yx94ut62ns2y6 921159 921158 2026-08-18T20:44:07Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921159 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox naitional fitbaw team | Name = Italy | Nickname = ''Gli Azzurri''<br />(The Blues) | Badge = Logo Italy National Football Team - 2023.svg | Badge_size = 140px | Association = [[Italian Football Federation]] | Confederation = [[UEFA]]<br />(Europe) | Coach = [[Roberto Mancini]] | Captain = [[Giorgio Chiellini]] | Most caps = [[Gianluigi Buffon]] (176) | Top scorer = [[Luigi Riva]] (35) | FIFA Trigramme = ITA | FIFA Rank = {{FIFA World Rankings|ITA}} | FIFA max = 1 | FIFA max date = {{Nowrap|November 1993,}} {{nowrap|February 2007,}} {{nowrap|April–June 2007,}} {{nowrap|September 2007}} | FIFA min = 16 | FIFA min date = {{Nowrap|April 1998,}} {{nowrap|October 2010}} | Elo Rank = {{World Football Elo Ratings|Italy}} | Elo max = 1 | Elo max date = {{Nowrap|June 1934 – March 1940,}} {{nowrap|December 1940 – November 1945,}} {{nowrap|July–August 2006}} | Elo min = 21 | Elo min date = {{Nowrap|November 1959}} | pattern_la1 = _ita20h | pattern_b1 = _ita20h | pattern_ra1 = _ita20h | pattern_sh1 = _ita20h | pattern_so1 = _ita20h | leftarm1 = 103CD6 | body1 = 103CD6 | rightarm1 = 103CD6 | shorts1 = FFFFFF | socks1 = 103CD6 | pattern_la2 = _ita20a | pattern_b2 = _ita20a | pattern_ra2 = _ita20a | pattern_sh2 = _ita20a | pattern_so2 = _ita20a | leftarm2 = FFFFFF | body2 = FFFFFF | rightarm2 = FFFFFF | shorts2 = 000054 | socks2 = FFFFFF | pattern_la3 = _ita20t | pattern_b3 = _ita20t | pattern_ra3 = _ita20t | pattern_sh3 = _ita20t | pattern_so3 = _ita20t | leftarm3 = 005950 | body3 = 005950 | rightarm3 = 005950 | shorts3 = 000055 | socks3 = 005950 | First game = {{Fb|Italy|1861}} 6–2 {{Fb-rt|France}}<br />([[Milan]], [[Italy]]; 15 May 1910) | Largest win = {{Fb|Italy}} 9–0 {{Fb-rt|United States|1912}}<br />([[Brentford]], [[England]]; 2 August 1948) | Largest loss = {{Fb|Hungary|1920}} 7–1 {{Fb-rt|Italy|1861}}<br />([[Budapest]], [[Hungary]]; 6 April 1924) | World cup apps = 18 | World cup first = 1934 | World cup best = Champions, [[1934 FIFA World Cup|1934]], [[1938 FIFA World Cup|1938]], [[1982 FIFA World Cup|1982]], [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006]] | Regional name = [[UEFA European Championship|European Championship]] | Regional cup apps = 8 | Regional cup first = [[UEFA Euro 1968|1968]] | Regional cup best = Champions, [[UEFA Euro 1968|1968]] | Confederations cup apps = 2 | Confederations cup first = [[2009 FIFA Confederations Cup|2009]] | Confederations cup best = Third place, [[2013 FIFA Confederations Cup|2013]] | medaltemplates = {{MedalBronze|[[1928 Simmer Olympics|1928 Amsterdam]]|[[Fitbaw at the 1928 Simmer Olympics|Team]]}} {{MedalGold|[[1936 Simmer Olympics|1936 Berlin]]|[[Fitbaw at the 1936 Simmer Olympics|Team]]}} }} The '''Italian naitional fitbaw team''' ({{lang-it|Nazionale italiana di calcio}}) represents [[Italy]] in [[association fitbaw]] an is controlled bi the [[Italian Fitbaa Federation]] (FIGC), the govrenin bouk for [[fitbaw in Italy]]. It is the seicont maist successfu naitional team in the history o the [[FIFA Warld Cup|Warld Cup]] ahind Brazil, haein won 4 titles ([[1934 FIFA Warld Cup|1934]], [[1938 FIFA Warld Cup|1938]], [[1982 FIFA Warld Cup|1982]], [[2006 FIFA Warld Cup|2006]]) an appearin in twa feenals ([[1970 FIFA World Cup|1970]], [[1994 FIFA Warld Cup|1994]]), reachin a third place ([[1990 FIFA Warld Cup|1990]]) an a fowert place ([[1978 FIFA World Cup|1978]]). Thay hae wan a [[UEFA European Football Championship|European championship]] ([[1968 UEFA European Football Championship|1968]]) an aw, as well as appearin in twa ither feenals ([[UEFA Euro 2000|2000]], [[UEFA Euro 2012|2012]]), ane [[Fitbaa at the Simmer Olympics|Olympic fitbaw tournament]] ([[Fitbaa at the 1936 Simmer Olympics|1936]]) an twa [[Central European International Cup]]s. Italy's heichest feenish at the [[Confederations Cup]] wis in [[2013 FIFA Confederations Cup|2013]], whan the squad achievit a third place feenish. The naitional fitbaw team is kent as <span lang="it" lang="it">''Gli Azzurri''</span> frae the tradeetional colour o Italian naitional teams an athletes representin Italy. In its first twa matches, the Italian naitional team wore white shirts wi shorts frae the club o each player; the azur shirts wur introducit in the third match; (<span lang="it" lang="it">''azzurro''</span>, in [[Italian leid|Italian]]) comes frae the "Azzurro Savoia" ([[Hoose o Savoy|Savoy]] Blue), the colour tradeetionally linkit tae the ryal dynasty which unifee'd [[Kinrick o Italy|Italy]] in 1861, an maintained in the offeecial staundart o the [[Preses o Italy|Italian Preses]]. The team daes no hae a designatit "hame stadium" lik certain naitional teams. The primary trainin grund is at the [[FIGC]] heidquairters in [[Coverciano]], [[Florence]] an the team plays thair hame matches at various stadiums throuoot Italy. ==Trophies== {| class="wikitable" width=30% style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;" |- !Competition !!{{gold1}} !!{{silver2}} !!{{bronze3}} !!Tot |- |align=left|[[FIFA Warld Cup|Warld Championship]] |4 || 2 || 1 || 7 |- |align=left|[[UEFA European Championship|European Championship]] |1 || 2 || 1 || 4 |- |align=left|[[FIFA Confederations Cup|Confederations Cup]] |0 || 0 || 1 || 1 |- |align=left|[[Fitbaa at the Simmer Olympics|Olympic Gemmes]] |1 || 0 || 2 || 3 |- |align=left|Mediterranean Games |4 || 2 || 0 || 6 |- |align=left|Universiade Games |1 || 5 || 0 || 6 |- |align=left|[[Central European Internaitional Cup]] |2 || 1 || 0 || 3 |- ! Tot !! 13 !! 12 !! 4 !! 29 |} ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category|Italy national association football team}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Italy National Football Team}} [[Category:Italy naitional fitbaw team| ]] [[Category:European naitional association fitbaw teams]] [[Category:FIFA Warld Cup-winnin kintras]] [[Category:UEFA European Championship-winnin kintras]] [[Category:Laureus Warld Sports Awairds winners]] 0t3o9zuebj226j12h8e5bdfed2nkves 0 77344 921105 918041 2026-08-18T16:20:31Z Lirazelf 27464 remuive en.wiki airtin 921105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | clubname = Inter | fullname = Football Club Internazionale Milano [[Jynt-stock company|S.p.A.]] | image = FC Internazionale Milano 2021.svg | image_size = 190px | current = {{Italian football updater|Internazionale4}} | nickname = {{unbulleted list|''I Nerazzurri'' (The Black an Blues)|''La Beneamata'' (The Cherished Ane)|''Il Biscione'' (The Big Grass Snake)|''Baüscia'' (leeterally "spitters" but figuratively "boasters" in [[Lombard leid]])}} | founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1908|3|9}} | ground = [[San Siro|Giuseppe Meazza]] | capacity = 80,018 | owner = Suning Holdings Group | chrtitle = President | chairman = Steven Zhang | manager = Simone Inzaghi | mgrtitle = Head coach | league = {{Italian football updater|Internazionale}} | season = 2023-24 | position = 1st | pattern_la1 = _internazionale2425h | pattern_b1 = _internazionale2425h | pattern_ra1 = _internazionale2425h | pattern_sh1 = _internazionale2425h | pattern_so1 = _internazionale2425hl | leftarm1 = 0041FF | body1 = 000000 | rightarm1 = 000000 | shorts1 = 000000 | socks1 = 000000 | pattern_la2 = _internazionale2425a | pattern_b2 = _internazionale2425a | pattern_ra2 = _internazionale2425a | pattern_sh2 = _internazionale2425a | pattern_so2 = _internazionale2425al | leftarm2 = F1F6F7 | body2 = F1F6F7 | rightarm2 = F1F6F7 | shorts2 = F1F6F7 | socks2 = F1F6F7 | pattern_la3 = _internazionale2425t | pattern_b3 = _internazionale2425t | pattern_ra3 = _internazionale2425t | pattern_sh3 = _internazionale2425t | pattern_so3 = _internazionale2425tl | leftarm3 = FFCC00 | body3 = FFCC00 | rightarm3 = FFCC00 | shorts3 = 000000 | socks3 = FFCC00 | website = https://www.inter.it/en }} '''Football Club Internazionale Milano''',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inter.it/en/organigramma |title=Organization Chart |website=FC Internazionale Milano – Official Website |accessdate=6 July 2013}}</ref> commonly referred tae as '''Internazionale''' ({{IPA-it|internatt͡sjoˈnaːle|pron}}) or simply '''Inter''', an colloquially kent as '''Inter Milan''' ootside o Italy,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/05/24/inter-milan-arrives-jakarta-prepare-two-friendlies.html |title=Inter Milan arrives in Jakarta to prepare for two friendlies |work=The Jakarta Post |accessdate=25 July 2013 |date=24 May 2012 |archive-date=2013-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928143528/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/05/24/inter-milan-arrives-jakarta-prepare-two-friendlies.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> is a profeesional [[fitbaw in Italy|Italian fitbaw]] club based in [[Milan]], Lombardy. They are the anerly club tae hae spent their entire history in the top flicht o Italian fitbaw, kent as [[Serie A]], which stairtit in 1929–1930. Inter hae wan 31 domestic trophies, includin the [[Serie A|league]] 19 times, the [[Coppa Italia]] seiven times an the [[Supercoppa Italiana]] five times. Frae 2006 tae 2010, the club wan five successive league titles, equallin the aw-time record.<ref name="Italy – List of Champions">{{cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/italchamp.html%7Cpublisher=RSSSF|publisher=RSSSF|title=Italy – List of Champions}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> They hae wan the [[UEFA Champions League|Champions League]] three times: twa back-tae-back in [[1964 European Cup Final|1964]] an [[1965 European Cup Final|1965]] an then anither in [[2010 UEFA Champions League Final|2010]], the last completit a unprecedentit (for an Italian team) [[Treble (association fitbaw)|continental treble]] wi the Coppa Italia an the Scudetto.<ref name="treble">{{cite web | url=http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=1490968.html | title=Inter join exclusive treble club | work=uefa.com | accessdate=9 August 2012}}</ref> The club haes wan three [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cups]], twa [[Intercontinental Cup (fitbaw)|Intercontinental Cups]] an ane [[FIFA Club Warld Cup]]. ==First team squad== {{updated|31 8 2021.}}<ref>{{cite web |title= FC Internazionale Milano squad |url=http://www.inter.it/en/coversquadra}}</ref> {{football squad start}} {{football squad player |no=1 |nat=SVN |pos=GK |name=[[Samir Handanović]] |other= [[captain (association football)|captain]] }} {{football squad player |no=2 |nat=NED |pos=DF |name= [[Denzel Dumfries]] }} {{football squad player |no=5 |nat=ITA |pos=MF |name=[[Roberto Gagliardini]] }} {{football squad player |no=6 |nat=NED |pos=DF |name=[[Stefan de Vrij]] }} {{football squad player |no=7 |nat=CHI |pos=FW |name=[[Alexis Sánchez]] |other= }} {{football squad player |no=8 |nat=URU |pos=MF |name=[[Matías Vecino]] }} {{football squad player |no=9 |nat=BIH |pos=FW |name=[[Edin Dzeko]] }} {{football squad player |no=10 |nat=ARG |pos=FW |name=[[Lautaro Martínez]] }} {{football squad player |no=12 |nat=ITA |pos=MF |name=[[Stefano Sensi]] }} {{football squad player |no=13 |nat=ITA |pos=DF |name=[[Andrea Ranocchia]] |other=[[Captain (association football)|vice-captain]] }} {{football squad player |no= 14 |nat= CRO |pos= MF |name= [[Ivan Perisic]]}} {{football squad player |no=19 |nat= ARG |pos= FW |name= [[Joaquin Correa]]|other: on loan }} {{football squad player |no= 20 |nat= TUR |pos= MF |name= [[Hakan Çalhanoğlu]] }} {{football squad player |no=23 |nat=ITA |pos=MF |name=[[Nicolò Barella]] |other=}} {{football squad player |no=24 |nat=DEN |pos=MF |name=[[Christian Eriksen]] }} {{football squad player |no=33 |nat=ITA |pos=DF |name=[[Danilo D'Ambrosio]] }} {{football squad player |no= 36 |nat=ITA |pos=DF |name= [[Matteo Darmian]]}} {{football squad player |no=37 |nat=SVK |pos=DF |name=[[Milan Škriniar]] }} {{football squad player |no=77 |nat=CRO |pos=MF |name=[[Marcelo Brozović]] }} {{football squad player |no=95 |nat=ITA |pos=DF |name=[[Alessandro Bastoni]] }} {{football squad player |no= 97 |nat=ROU |pos=GK |name= [[Ionut Radu]] }} {{football squad end}} ==Honours== ===Naitional titles=== '''[[Serie A]]:''' :*'''Winners (19)''': [[Italian Football Championship 1909–10|1909–10]], [[Italian Football Championship 1919–20|1919–20]], [[1929–30 Serie A|1929–30]], [[1937–38 Serie A|1937–38]], [[1939–40 Serie A|1939–40]], [[1952–53 Serie A|1952–53]], [[1953–54 Serie A|1953–54]], [[1962–63 Serie A|1962–63]], [[1964–65 Serie A|1964–65]], [[1965–66 Serie A|1965–66]], [[1970–71 Serie A|1970–71]], [[1979–80 Serie A|1979–80]], [[1988–89 Serie A|1988–89]], [[2005–06 Serie A|2005–06]],{{#tag:ref|This title was awarded through the courts following the Calciopoli scandal.|group="nb"}} [[2006–07 Serie A|2006–07]], [[2007–08 Serie A|2007–08]], [[2008–09 Serie A|2008–09]], 2009–10 :*Runners-up (13): [[1932–33 Serie A|1932–33]], [[1933–34 Serie A|1933–34]], [[1934–35 Serie A|1934–35]], [[1940–41 Serie A|1940–41]], [[1948–49 Serie A|1948–49]], [[1950–51 Serie A|1950–51]], [[1961–62 Serie A|1961–62]], [[1963–64 Serie A|1963–64]], [[1966–67 Serie A|1966–67]], [[1969–70 Serie A|1969–70]], [[1992–93 Serie A|1992–93]], [[2002–03 Serie A|2002–03]], 2010/11, 2020/21 [[File:Consegna Coppa Italia. Inter-Roma 11 05 2006.jpg|thumb|Inter won the [[2004–05 Coppa Italia]], beating [[A.S. Roma]].]] '''[[Coppa Italia]]:''' :*'''Winners (7)''': 1938–39, [[1977–78 Coppa Italia|1977–78]], 1981–82, [[2004–05 Coppa Italia|2004–05]], [[2005–06 Coppa Italia|2005–06]], [[2009–10 Coppa Italia|2009–10]], 2010–11 :*Runners-up (6): 1958–59, 1964–65, 1976–77, [[Coppa Italia 1999–2000|1999–00]], [[2006–07 Coppa Italia|2006–07]], 2007–08 '''[[Supercoppa Italiana]]:''' :*'''Winners (5)''': [[1989 Supercoppa Italiana|1989]], [[2005 Supercoppa Italiana|2005]], [[2006 Supercoppa Italiana|2006]], [[2008 Supercoppa Italiana|2008]], 2010 :*Runners-up (4): [[2000 Supercoppa Italiana|2000]], [[2007 Supercoppa Italiana|2007]], [[2009 Supercoppa Italiana|2009]], 2011 ===Internaitional titles=== The follaein titles include anerly those recognisit bi [[UEFA]] an [[FIFA]]. ====Warld-wide titles==== '''[[Intercontinental Cup (fitbaw)|Intercontinental Cup]]:'''{{#tag:ref|Up till 2004, the main tournament tae determine fitbaw's Warld Champions wis the [[Intercontinental Cup (fitbaw)|Intercontinental Champions Club' Cup]] (so cried ''European / Sooth American Cup''); syne then, it haes been the ''[[FIFA Club Warld Cup]]''.|group="nb"}} :*'''Winners (2)''': [[1964 Intercontinental Cup|1964]], 1965 '''[[Intercontinental Supercup]]:''' :*Runners-up (1): [[1968 Intercontinental Supercup|1968]] '''[[FIFA Club World Cup]]:''' :*'''Winners (1)''': [[2010 FIFA Club World Cup|2010]] ====European titles==== '''[[UEFA Champions League|European Cup/UEFA Champions League]]:''' :*'''Winners (3)''': [[1963–64 European Cup|1963–64]], [[1964–65 European Cup|1964–65]], 2009–10 :*Runners-up (2): [[1966–67 European Cup|1966–67]], 1971–72 '''[[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]]:''' :*'''Winners (3)''': [[1990–91 UEFA Cup|1990–91]], [[1993–94 UEFA Cup|1993–94]], 1997–98 :*Runners-up (1): [[1996–97 UEFA Cup|1996–97]] '''[[UEFA Super Cup]]:''' :*Runners-up (1): [[2010 UEFA Super Cup|2010]] ====Ither==== *'''[[Amsterdam Tournament]]:''' **Runners-up (3): [[2003 Amsterdam Tournament|2003]], [[2006 Amsterdam Tournament|2006]], 2008 ==Notes== {{Reflist|group="nb"}} ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category|Inter Milan}} * {{Official website|https://www.inter.it/en}} {{it icon}} {{en icon}} {{cn icon}} * {{Facebook|Inter|FC Internazionale Milano}} * {{Twitter|Inter_en|FC Internazionale Milano}} * {{Instagram|inter|FC Internazionale Milano}} * {{youtube user|INTER|FC Internazionale Milano}} * [http://www.uefa.com/footballeurope/club=50138/domestic.html UEFA Club Wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123110013/http://www.uefa.com/footballeurope/club=50138/domestic.html |date=2010-01-23 }} * [http://www.lega-calcio.it/it/Serie-A-TIM/Squadre/Inter/Organigramma.page Lega Calcio Club Wabsteid] {{DEFAULTSORT:Internazionale}} [[Category:Commons category wi local airtin different nor on Wikidata]] [[Category:Inter Milan|FC Internazionale Milano ]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Italy]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Lombardy]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Milan]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1908]] [[Category:Italian fitbaw First Diveesion clubs]] [[Category:Serie A clubs]] [[Category:Scudetto winners]] [[Category:Coppa Italia winners]] [[Category:G-14 clubs]] [[Category:1908 establishments in Italy]] [[Category:Unrelegatit association fitbaw clubs]] 6rfj805zconyjh44b1z749l1h8m84yw 921160 921105 2026-08-18T20:44:53Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921160 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw club | clubname = Inter | fullname = Football Club Internazionale Milano [[Jynt-stock company|S.p.A.]] | image = FC Internazionale Milano 2021.svg | image_size = 190px | current = {{Italian football updater|Internazionale4}} | nickname = {{unbulleted list|''I Nerazzurri'' (The Black an Blues)|''La Beneamata'' (The Cherished Ane)|''Il Biscione'' (The Big Grass Snake)|''Baüscia'' (leeterally "spitters" but figuratively "boasters" in [[Lombard leid]])}} | founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1908|3|9}} | ground = [[San Siro|Giuseppe Meazza]] | capacity = 80,018 | owner = Suning Holdings Group | chrtitle = President | chairman = Steven Zhang | manager = Simone Inzaghi | mgrtitle = Head coach | league = {{Italian football updater|Internazionale}} | season = 2023-24 | position = 1st | pattern_la1 = _internazionale2425h | pattern_b1 = _internazionale2425h | pattern_ra1 = _internazionale2425h | pattern_sh1 = _internazionale2425h | pattern_so1 = _internazionale2425hl | leftarm1 = 0041FF | body1 = 000000 | rightarm1 = 000000 | shorts1 = 000000 | socks1 = 000000 | pattern_la2 = _internazionale2425a | pattern_b2 = _internazionale2425a | pattern_ra2 = _internazionale2425a | pattern_sh2 = _internazionale2425a | pattern_so2 = _internazionale2425al | leftarm2 = F1F6F7 | body2 = F1F6F7 | rightarm2 = F1F6F7 | shorts2 = F1F6F7 | socks2 = F1F6F7 | pattern_la3 = _internazionale2425t | pattern_b3 = _internazionale2425t | pattern_ra3 = _internazionale2425t | pattern_sh3 = _internazionale2425t | pattern_so3 = _internazionale2425tl | leftarm3 = FFCC00 | body3 = FFCC00 | rightarm3 = FFCC00 | shorts3 = 000000 | socks3 = FFCC00 | website = https://www.inter.it/en }} '''Football Club Internazionale Milano''',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inter.it/en/organigramma |title=Organization Chart |website=FC Internazionale Milano – Official Website |accessdate=6 July 2013}}</ref> commonly referred tae as '''Internazionale''' ({{IPA-it|internatt͡sjoˈnaːle|pron}}) or simply '''Inter''', an colloquially kent as '''Inter Milan''' ootside o Italy,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/05/24/inter-milan-arrives-jakarta-prepare-two-friendlies.html |title=Inter Milan arrives in Jakarta to prepare for two friendlies |work=The Jakarta Post |accessdate=25 July 2013 |date=24 May 2012 |archive-date=2013-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928143528/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/05/24/inter-milan-arrives-jakarta-prepare-two-friendlies.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> is a profeesional [[fitbaw in Italy|Italian fitbaw]] club based in [[Milan]], Lombardy. They are the anerly club tae hae spent their entire history in the top flicht o Italian fitbaw, kent as [[Serie A]], which stairtit in 1929–1930. Inter hae wan 31 domestic trophies, includin the [[Serie A|league]] 19 times, the [[Coppa Italia]] seiven times an the [[Supercoppa Italiana]] five times. Frae 2006 tae 2010, the club wan five successive league titles, equallin the aw-time record.<ref name="Italy – List of Champions">{{cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/italchamp.html%7Cpublisher=RSSSF|publisher=RSSSF|title=Italy – List of Champions}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> They hae wan the [[UEFA Champions League|Champions League]] three times: twa back-tae-back in [[1964 European Cup Final|1964]] an [[1965 European Cup Final|1965]] an then anither in [[2010 UEFA Champions League Final|2010]], the last completit a unprecedentit (for an Italian team) [[Treble (association fitbaw)|continental treble]] wi the Coppa Italia an the Scudetto.<ref name="treble">{{cite web | url=http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=1490968.html | title=Inter join exclusive treble club | work=uefa.com | accessdate=9 August 2012}}</ref> The club haes wan three [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cups]], twa [[Intercontinental Cup (fitbaw)|Intercontinental Cups]] an ane [[FIFA Club Warld Cup]]. ==First team squad== {{updated|31 8 2021.}}<ref>{{cite web |title= FC Internazionale Milano squad |url=http://www.inter.it/en/coversquadra}}</ref> {{football squad start}} {{football squad player |no=1 |nat=SVN |pos=GK |name=[[Samir Handanović]] |other= [[captain (association football)|captain]] }} {{football squad player |no=2 |nat=NED |pos=DF |name= [[Denzel Dumfries]] }} {{football squad player |no=5 |nat=ITA |pos=MF |name=[[Roberto Gagliardini]] }} {{football squad player |no=6 |nat=NED |pos=DF |name=[[Stefan de Vrij]] }} {{football squad player |no=7 |nat=CHI |pos=FW |name=[[Alexis Sánchez]] |other= }} {{football squad player |no=8 |nat=URU |pos=MF |name=[[Matías Vecino]] }} {{football squad player |no=9 |nat=BIH |pos=FW |name=[[Edin Dzeko]] }} {{football squad player |no=10 |nat=ARG |pos=FW |name=[[Lautaro Martínez]] }} {{football squad player |no=12 |nat=ITA |pos=MF |name=[[Stefano Sensi]] }} {{football squad player |no=13 |nat=ITA |pos=DF |name=[[Andrea Ranocchia]] |other=[[Captain (association football)|vice-captain]] }} {{football squad player |no= 14 |nat= CRO |pos= MF |name= [[Ivan Perisic]]}} {{football squad player |no=19 |nat= ARG |pos= FW |name= [[Joaquin Correa]]|other: on loan }} {{football squad player |no= 20 |nat= TUR |pos= MF |name= [[Hakan Çalhanoğlu]] }} {{football squad player |no=23 |nat=ITA |pos=MF |name=[[Nicolò Barella]] |other=}} {{football squad player |no=24 |nat=DEN |pos=MF |name=[[Christian Eriksen]] }} {{football squad player |no=33 |nat=ITA |pos=DF |name=[[Danilo D'Ambrosio]] }} {{football squad player |no= 36 |nat=ITA |pos=DF |name= [[Matteo Darmian]]}} {{football squad player |no=37 |nat=SVK |pos=DF |name=[[Milan Škriniar]] }} {{football squad player |no=77 |nat=CRO |pos=MF |name=[[Marcelo Brozović]] }} {{football squad player |no=95 |nat=ITA |pos=DF |name=[[Alessandro Bastoni]] }} {{football squad player |no= 97 |nat=ROU |pos=GK |name= [[Ionut Radu]] }} {{football squad end}} ==Honours== ===Naitional titles=== '''[[Serie A]]:''' :*'''Winners (19)''': [[Italian Football Championship 1909–10|1909–10]], [[Italian Football Championship 1919–20|1919–20]], [[1929–30 Serie A|1929–30]], [[1937–38 Serie A|1937–38]], [[1939–40 Serie A|1939–40]], [[1952–53 Serie A|1952–53]], [[1953–54 Serie A|1953–54]], [[1962–63 Serie A|1962–63]], [[1964–65 Serie A|1964–65]], [[1965–66 Serie A|1965–66]], [[1970–71 Serie A|1970–71]], [[1979–80 Serie A|1979–80]], [[1988–89 Serie A|1988–89]], [[2005–06 Serie A|2005–06]],{{#tag:ref|This title was awarded through the courts following the Calciopoli scandal.|group="nb"}} [[2006–07 Serie A|2006–07]], [[2007–08 Serie A|2007–08]], [[2008–09 Serie A|2008–09]], 2009–10 :*Runners-up (13): [[1932–33 Serie A|1932–33]], [[1933–34 Serie A|1933–34]], [[1934–35 Serie A|1934–35]], [[1940–41 Serie A|1940–41]], [[1948–49 Serie A|1948–49]], [[1950–51 Serie A|1950–51]], [[1961–62 Serie A|1961–62]], [[1963–64 Serie A|1963–64]], [[1966–67 Serie A|1966–67]], [[1969–70 Serie A|1969–70]], [[1992–93 Serie A|1992–93]], [[2002–03 Serie A|2002–03]], 2010/11, 2020/21 [[File:Consegna Coppa Italia. Inter-Roma 11 05 2006.jpg|thumb|Inter won the [[2004–05 Coppa Italia]], beating [[A.S. Roma]].]] '''[[Coppa Italia]]:''' :*'''Winners (7)''': 1938–39, [[1977–78 Coppa Italia|1977–78]], 1981–82, [[2004–05 Coppa Italia|2004–05]], [[2005–06 Coppa Italia|2005–06]], [[2009–10 Coppa Italia|2009–10]], 2010–11 :*Runners-up (6): 1958–59, 1964–65, 1976–77, [[Coppa Italia 1999–2000|1999–00]], [[2006–07 Coppa Italia|2006–07]], 2007–08 '''[[Supercoppa Italiana]]:''' :*'''Winners (5)''': [[1989 Supercoppa Italiana|1989]], [[2005 Supercoppa Italiana|2005]], [[2006 Supercoppa Italiana|2006]], [[2008 Supercoppa Italiana|2008]], 2010 :*Runners-up (4): [[2000 Supercoppa Italiana|2000]], [[2007 Supercoppa Italiana|2007]], [[2009 Supercoppa Italiana|2009]], 2011 ===Internaitional titles=== The follaein titles include anerly those recognisit bi [[UEFA]] an [[FIFA]]. ====Warld-wide titles==== '''[[Intercontinental Cup (fitbaw)|Intercontinental Cup]]:'''{{#tag:ref|Up till 2004, the main tournament tae determine fitbaw's Warld Champions wis the [[Intercontinental Cup (fitbaw)|Intercontinental Champions Club' Cup]] (so cried ''European / Sooth American Cup''); syne then, it haes been the ''[[FIFA Club Warld Cup]]''.|group="nb"}} :*'''Winners (2)''': [[1964 Intercontinental Cup|1964]], 1965 '''[[Intercontinental Supercup]]:''' :*Runners-up (1): [[1968 Intercontinental Supercup|1968]] '''[[FIFA Club World Cup]]:''' :*'''Winners (1)''': [[2010 FIFA Club World Cup|2010]] ====European titles==== '''[[UEFA Champions League|European Cup/UEFA Champions League]]:''' :*'''Winners (3)''': [[1963–64 European Cup|1963–64]], [[1964–65 European Cup|1964–65]], 2009–10 :*Runners-up (2): [[1966–67 European Cup|1966–67]], 1971–72 '''[[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]]:''' :*'''Winners (3)''': [[1990–91 UEFA Cup|1990–91]], [[1993–94 UEFA Cup|1993–94]], 1997–98 :*Runners-up (1): [[1996–97 UEFA Cup|1996–97]] '''[[UEFA Super Cup]]:''' :*Runners-up (1): [[2010 UEFA Super Cup|2010]] ====Ither==== *'''[[Amsterdam Tournament]]:''' **Runners-up (3): [[2003 Amsterdam Tournament|2003]], [[2006 Amsterdam Tournament|2006]], 2008 ==Notes== {{Reflist|group="nb"}} ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category|Inter Milan}} * {{Official website|https://www.inter.it/en}} {{it icon}} {{en icon}} {{cn icon}} * {{Facebook|Inter|FC Internazionale Milano}} * {{Twitter|Inter_en|FC Internazionale Milano}} * {{Instagram|inter|FC Internazionale Milano}} * {{youtube user|INTER|FC Internazionale Milano}} * [http://www.uefa.com/footballeurope/club=50138/domestic.html UEFA Club Wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123110013/http://www.uefa.com/footballeurope/club=50138/domestic.html |date=2010-01-23 }} * [http://www.lega-calcio.it/it/Serie-A-TIM/Squadre/Inter/Organigramma.page Lega Calcio Club Wabsteid] {{DEFAULTSORT:Internazionale}} [[Category:Commons category wi local airtin different nor on Wikidata]] [[Category:Inter Milan|FC Internazionale Milano ]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Italy]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Lombardy]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Milan]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1908]] [[Category:Italian fitbaw First Diveesion clubs]] [[Category:Serie A clubs]] [[Category:Scudetto winners]] [[Category:Coppa Italia winners]] [[Category:G-14 clubs]] [[Category:1908 establishments in Italy]] [[Category:Unrelegatit association fitbaw clubs]] kkguur82rz2ofu30d65s40ueyzfvdpp 0 79478 921088 914582 2026-08-18T14:17:30Z Makenzis 43742 921088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | clubname = Athletic Club | image = | fullname = Athletic Club | nickname = ''Los Leones'' (The Lions) | founded = {{Start date and age|1898.07.18|df=y}} | ground = [[San Mamés Stadium (2013)|San Mamés]], [[Bilbao]] | capacity = 53,332 | chrtitle = Preses | chairman = Jon Uriarte | manager = [[Ernesto Valverde]] | league = {{Spanish football updater|Athletic Bilbao}} | season = 2025–26 | position = 12th | website = http://www.athletic-club.eus/en/home.html | pattern_la1 = _athletic2324h | pattern_b1 = _athletic2324h | pattern_ra1 = _athletic2324h | pattern_sh1 = _white_stripes | pattern_so1 = _athletic2324hl | leftarm1 = FFFFFF | body1 = FFFFFF | rightarm1 = FFFFFF | shorts1 = 000000 | socks1 = 000000 | pattern_la2 = _athletic2324a | pattern_b2 = _athletic2324a | pattern_ra2 = _athletic2324a | pattern_sh2 = _athletic2324a | pattern_so2 = _athletic2324al }} '''Athletic Club''', kent commonly as '''Athletic Bilbao''' an aw, is a profeesional [[Association fitbaw|fitbaw]] club, based in [[Bilbao]], [[Biscay]], Spain.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.athletic-club.net/web/main.asp?a=2&b=1&c=1&d=0&idi=2 |title=Official name |publisher=Athletic-club.net |date= |access-date=2009-12-03 |archive-date=2010-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613210338/http://www.athletic-club.net/web/main.asp?a=2&b=1&c=1&d=0&idi=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The club haes played in [[La Liga]] syne its stairt in 1929. Thay hae wan the league on aicht occasions. In the historical clessification o La Liga, Athletic are in fowert place an ane o anerly three clubs whilk hae [[List of unrelegated association football clubs|niver been relegate]] frae the Liga, the ithers bein [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] an [[FC Barcelona]]. The club haes a [[Athletic Club (women)|weemen's team]] an aw, whilk haes wan fower championships in the [[Primera División (women)|Primera División Femenina]]. The club is kent for its [[cantera]] policy o bringin young [[Basque fowk|Basque]] players throu the ranks, as weel as recruitin tap Basque players frae ither clubs (lik [[Joseba Etxeberria]] an [[Javi Martínez]]). Athletic offeecial policy is signin profeesional players native tae or trained in fitbaw in the [[Basque Kintra (greater region)|greater Basque Kintra]], includin [[Biscay]], [[Gipuzkoa]], [[Álava]] an [[Navarre]] (in Spain); an [[Labourd]], [[Soule]] an [[Lawer Navarre]] (in Fraunce). This haes gained Athletic baith admirers an critics. The club haes been praised for promotin hame grown players an club loyalty. Athletic is ane o anerly three profeesional clubs in Spain in La Liga (the ithers bein Real Madrid an Barcelona) that is no a sports corporation; it is awned an operatit bi its club members. Athletic's main rival is [[Real Sociedad]], again wham it plays the [[Basque derby]]. Anither Basque rival is [[CA Osasuna]]. == Honours == === Naitional toornaments === *'''[[La Liga]]''' :'''Winners (8):''' [[:en:1929–30 La Liga|1929–30]], [[:en:1930–31 La Liga|1930–31]], [[:en:1933–34 La Liga|1933–34]], [[:en:1935–36 La Liga|1935–36]], [[:en:1942–43 La Liga|1942–43]], [[:en:1955–56 La Liga|1955–56]], [[:en:1982–83 La Liga|1982–83]], [[:en:1983–84 La Liga|1983–84]]. :''Runners-up (7):'' [[:en:1931–32 La Liga|1931–32]], [[:en:1932–33 La Liga|1932–33]], [[:en:1940–41 La Liga|1940–41]], [[:en:1946–47 La Liga|1946–47]], [[:en:1951–52 La Liga|1951–52]], [[:en:1969–70 La Liga|1969–70]], [[:en:1997–98 La Liga|1997–98]]. *''' [[Copa del Rey]]''' :'''Winners (24<ref name="1902cup">Note:''Bodies differ on the number o Copa wins ''Athletic Club'' hae been creditit wi. The 1902 competition wis won by ''Bizcaya'', a team made up o players frae ''Athletic Club'' and ''Bilbao FC''. In 1903 thir two clubs merged as ''Athletic Club''. The 1902 cup is on display in the Athletic museum [http://www.rsssf.com/tabless/spancup1902.html] an the club includes it in its ain honours list. [http://www.athletic-club.net/acc/home.asp?a=7&b=2&idi=2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303045457/http://www.athletic-club.net/acc/home.asp?a=7&b=2&idi=2 |date=2007-03-03 }}. Housomever LFP and [[Royal Spanish Football Federation|RFEF]] official statistics dinna include this as an Athletic win.''</ref>):''' [[:en:1903 Copa del Rey|1903]], [[:en:1904 Copa del Rey|1904]], [[:en:1910 Copa del Rey|1910]], [[:en:1911 Copa del Rey|1911]], [[:en:1914 Copa del Rey|1914]], [[:en:1915 Copa del Rey|1915]], [[:en:1916 Copa del Rey|1916]], [[:en:1921 Copa del Rey|1921]], [[:en:1923 Copa del Rey|1923]], [[:en:1930 Copa del Rey|1930]], [[:en:1931 Copa del Rey|1931]], [[:en:1932 Copa del Rey|1932]], [[:en:1933 Copa del Presidente de la República|1933]], [[:en:1943 Copa del Generalísimo|1943]], [[:en:1944 Copa del Generalísimo|1944]], [[:en:1944–45 Copa del Generalísimo|1944–45]], [[:en:1949–50 Copa del Generalísimo|1949–50]], [[:en:1955 Copa del Generalísimo|1955]], [[:en:1956 Copa del Generalísimo|1956]], [[:en:1958 Copa del Generalísimo|1958]], [[:en:1969 Copa del Generalísimo|1969]], [[:en:1972–73 Copa del Generalísimo|1972–73]], [[:en:1983–84 Copa del Rey|1983–84]], 2023-24 :''Runners-up (16):'' [[:en:1905 Copa del Rey|1905]], [[:en:1906 Copa del Rey|1906]], [[:en:1913 Copa del Rey|1913]], [[:en:1920 Copa del Rey|1920]], [[:en:1942 Copa del Generalísimo|1942]], [[:en:1948–49 Copa del Generalísimo|1948–49]], [[:en:1952–53 Copa del Generalísimo|1952–53]], [[:en:1965–66 Copa del Generalísimo|1965–66]], [[:en:1966–67 Copa del Generalísimo|1966–67]], [[:en:1976–77 Copa del Rey|1976–77]], [[:en:1984–85 Copa del Rey|1984–85]], [[:en:2008–09 Copa del Rey|2008–09]], [[:en:2011–12 Copa del Rey|2011–12]], 2014-15, 2019-20, 2020-21. *'''[[Supercopa de España]]''' :'''Winners (3):''' 1984*, 2015, 2021 :<small>(* ''Wan [[Copa del Rey]] an [[La Liga]]'')</small> :''Runners-up (3):'' [[:en:1983 Supercopa de España|1983]], [[:en:2009 Supercopa de España|2009]], 2022 *'''[[Copa Eva Duarte]]'''<ref>Note:"Eva Duarte Cup" competition wis the predecessor o the current "Spainyie Supercup", acause they face the league champion again the champion o the "Copa del Rey".</ref> :'''Winners (1):''' 1950.<ref>The [[Copa_Eva_Duarte]] wis anerly recognisit an organisit wi that name bi the RFEF frae 1947 till 1953, an tharefore Athletic Bilbao's runners-up medal in the "Copa de Oro Argentina" o 1945 is no includit in this coont.</ref> :''Runners-up (1):'' 1945 *Copa de la Coronación :'''Winners (1):''' 1902. === Internaitional toornaments === *'''[[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League]]''' :''Runners-up (2):'' [[:en:1976–77 UEFA Cup|1976–77]], [[:en:2011–12 UEFA Europa League|2011–12]]. *'''[[Pequeña Copa del Mundo de Clubes|Small Warld Club Cup]]''' :'''Winners (1):''' 1967. *'''[[Copa Latina]]''' :''Runners-up (1)'': 1956. *'''[[Iberian Cup|Copa Ibérica]]''' :''Runners-up (1)'': 1983. ==== Regional toornaments ==== '''[[Basque kintra (greater region)|Basque]] Cup''' :* '''Winners (1):''' 1935. '''Northren Championship / [[Biscay Championship]]''' :* '''Winners (17):''' 1914, 1915, 1916, 1920, 1921, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1928, 1929, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1939, 1940. == References == {{reflist|2}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commons category|Athletic Club de Bilbao}} *{{eu icon}} {{es icon}} {{En icon}} [http://www.athletic-club.net/ Athletic Club Offeecial Wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104135835/http://www.athletic-club.net/ |date=2015-01-04 }} {{Navboxes |title = Athletic Bilbao relatit airticles |list = {{Athletic Bilbao managers}} {{Primera División de España}} }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Athletic Bilbao}} [[Category:Athletic Bilbao| ]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1898]] [[Category:Copa del Rey winners]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in the Basque Kintra]] [[Category:La Liga clubs]] [[Category:1898 establishments]] [[Category:Unrelegatit association fitbaw clubs]] hcftcew81unyoc71lrc6ic1ip6vcrfw 921168 921088 2026-08-18T20:52:55Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921168 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw club | clubname = Athletic Club | image = | fullname = Athletic Club | nickname = ''Los Leones'' (The Lions) | founded = {{Start date and age|1898.07.18|df=y}} | ground = [[San Mamés Stadium (2013)|San Mamés]], [[Bilbao]] | capacity = 53,332 | chrtitle = Preses | chairman = Jon Uriarte | manager = [[Ernesto Valverde]] | league = {{Spanish football updater|Athletic Bilbao}} | season = 2025–26 | position = 12th | website = http://www.athletic-club.eus/en/home.html | pattern_la1 = _athletic2324h | pattern_b1 = _athletic2324h | pattern_ra1 = _athletic2324h | pattern_sh1 = _white_stripes | pattern_so1 = _athletic2324hl | leftarm1 = FFFFFF | body1 = FFFFFF | rightarm1 = FFFFFF | shorts1 = 000000 | socks1 = 000000 | pattern_la2 = _athletic2324a | pattern_b2 = _athletic2324a | pattern_ra2 = _athletic2324a | pattern_sh2 = _athletic2324a | pattern_so2 = _athletic2324al }} '''Athletic Club''', kent commonly as '''Athletic Bilbao''' an aw, is a profeesional [[Association fitbaw|fitbaw]] club, based in [[Bilbao]], [[Biscay]], Spain.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.athletic-club.net/web/main.asp?a=2&b=1&c=1&d=0&idi=2 |title=Official name |publisher=Athletic-club.net |date= |access-date=2009-12-03 |archive-date=2010-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613210338/http://www.athletic-club.net/web/main.asp?a=2&b=1&c=1&d=0&idi=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The club haes played in [[La Liga]] syne its stairt in 1929. Thay hae wan the league on aicht occasions. In the historical clessification o La Liga, Athletic are in fowert place an ane o anerly three clubs whilk hae [[List of unrelegated association football clubs|niver been relegate]] frae the Liga, the ithers bein [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] an [[FC Barcelona]]. The club haes a [[Athletic Club (women)|weemen's team]] an aw, whilk haes wan fower championships in the [[Primera División (women)|Primera División Femenina]]. The club is kent for its [[cantera]] policy o bringin young [[Basque fowk|Basque]] players throu the ranks, as weel as recruitin tap Basque players frae ither clubs (lik [[Joseba Etxeberria]] an [[Javi Martínez]]). Athletic offeecial policy is signin profeesional players native tae or trained in fitbaw in the [[Basque Kintra (greater region)|greater Basque Kintra]], includin [[Biscay]], [[Gipuzkoa]], [[Álava]] an [[Navarre]] (in Spain); an [[Labourd]], [[Soule]] an [[Lawer Navarre]] (in Fraunce). This haes gained Athletic baith admirers an critics. The club haes been praised for promotin hame grown players an club loyalty. Athletic is ane o anerly three profeesional clubs in Spain in La Liga (the ithers bein Real Madrid an Barcelona) that is no a sports corporation; it is awned an operatit bi its club members. Athletic's main rival is [[Real Sociedad]], again wham it plays the [[Basque derby]]. Anither Basque rival is [[CA Osasuna]]. == Honours == === Naitional toornaments === *'''[[La Liga]]''' :'''Winners (8):''' [[:en:1929–30 La Liga|1929–30]], [[:en:1930–31 La Liga|1930–31]], [[:en:1933–34 La Liga|1933–34]], [[:en:1935–36 La Liga|1935–36]], [[:en:1942–43 La Liga|1942–43]], [[:en:1955–56 La Liga|1955–56]], [[:en:1982–83 La Liga|1982–83]], [[:en:1983–84 La Liga|1983–84]]. :''Runners-up (7):'' [[:en:1931–32 La Liga|1931–32]], [[:en:1932–33 La Liga|1932–33]], [[:en:1940–41 La Liga|1940–41]], [[:en:1946–47 La Liga|1946–47]], [[:en:1951–52 La Liga|1951–52]], [[:en:1969–70 La Liga|1969–70]], [[:en:1997–98 La Liga|1997–98]]. *''' [[Copa del Rey]]''' :'''Winners (24<ref name="1902cup">Note:''Bodies differ on the number o Copa wins ''Athletic Club'' hae been creditit wi. The 1902 competition wis won by ''Bizcaya'', a team made up o players frae ''Athletic Club'' and ''Bilbao FC''. In 1903 thir two clubs merged as ''Athletic Club''. The 1902 cup is on display in the Athletic museum [http://www.rsssf.com/tabless/spancup1902.html] an the club includes it in its ain honours list. [http://www.athletic-club.net/acc/home.asp?a=7&b=2&idi=2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303045457/http://www.athletic-club.net/acc/home.asp?a=7&b=2&idi=2 |date=2007-03-03 }}. Housomever LFP and [[Royal Spanish Football Federation|RFEF]] official statistics dinna include this as an Athletic win.''</ref>):''' [[:en:1903 Copa del Rey|1903]], [[:en:1904 Copa del Rey|1904]], [[:en:1910 Copa del Rey|1910]], [[:en:1911 Copa del Rey|1911]], [[:en:1914 Copa del Rey|1914]], [[:en:1915 Copa del Rey|1915]], [[:en:1916 Copa del Rey|1916]], [[:en:1921 Copa del Rey|1921]], [[:en:1923 Copa del Rey|1923]], [[:en:1930 Copa del Rey|1930]], [[:en:1931 Copa del Rey|1931]], [[:en:1932 Copa del Rey|1932]], [[:en:1933 Copa del Presidente de la República|1933]], [[:en:1943 Copa del Generalísimo|1943]], [[:en:1944 Copa del Generalísimo|1944]], [[:en:1944–45 Copa del Generalísimo|1944–45]], [[:en:1949–50 Copa del Generalísimo|1949–50]], [[:en:1955 Copa del Generalísimo|1955]], [[:en:1956 Copa del Generalísimo|1956]], [[:en:1958 Copa del Generalísimo|1958]], [[:en:1969 Copa del Generalísimo|1969]], [[:en:1972–73 Copa del Generalísimo|1972–73]], [[:en:1983–84 Copa del Rey|1983–84]], 2023-24 :''Runners-up (16):'' [[:en:1905 Copa del Rey|1905]], [[:en:1906 Copa del Rey|1906]], [[:en:1913 Copa del Rey|1913]], [[:en:1920 Copa del Rey|1920]], [[:en:1942 Copa del Generalísimo|1942]], [[:en:1948–49 Copa del Generalísimo|1948–49]], [[:en:1952–53 Copa del Generalísimo|1952–53]], [[:en:1965–66 Copa del Generalísimo|1965–66]], [[:en:1966–67 Copa del Generalísimo|1966–67]], [[:en:1976–77 Copa del Rey|1976–77]], [[:en:1984–85 Copa del Rey|1984–85]], [[:en:2008–09 Copa del Rey|2008–09]], [[:en:2011–12 Copa del Rey|2011–12]], 2014-15, 2019-20, 2020-21. *'''[[Supercopa de España]]''' :'''Winners (3):''' 1984*, 2015, 2021 :<small>(* ''Wan [[Copa del Rey]] an [[La Liga]]'')</small> :''Runners-up (3):'' [[:en:1983 Supercopa de España|1983]], [[:en:2009 Supercopa de España|2009]], 2022 *'''[[Copa Eva Duarte]]'''<ref>Note:"Eva Duarte Cup" competition wis the predecessor o the current "Spainyie Supercup", acause they face the league champion again the champion o the "Copa del Rey".</ref> :'''Winners (1):''' 1950.<ref>The [[Copa_Eva_Duarte]] wis anerly recognisit an organisit wi that name bi the RFEF frae 1947 till 1953, an tharefore Athletic Bilbao's runners-up medal in the "Copa de Oro Argentina" o 1945 is no includit in this coont.</ref> :''Runners-up (1):'' 1945 *Copa de la Coronación :'''Winners (1):''' 1902. === Internaitional toornaments === *'''[[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League]]''' :''Runners-up (2):'' [[:en:1976–77 UEFA Cup|1976–77]], [[:en:2011–12 UEFA Europa League|2011–12]]. *'''[[Pequeña Copa del Mundo de Clubes|Small Warld Club Cup]]''' :'''Winners (1):''' 1967. *'''[[Copa Latina]]''' :''Runners-up (1)'': 1956. *'''[[Iberian Cup|Copa Ibérica]]''' :''Runners-up (1)'': 1983. ==== Regional toornaments ==== '''[[Basque kintra (greater region)|Basque]] Cup''' :* '''Winners (1):''' 1935. '''Northren Championship / [[Biscay Championship]]''' :* '''Winners (17):''' 1914, 1915, 1916, 1920, 1921, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1928, 1929, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1939, 1940. == References == {{reflist|2}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commons category|Athletic Club de Bilbao}} *{{eu icon}} {{es icon}} {{En icon}} [http://www.athletic-club.net/ Athletic Club Offeecial Wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104135835/http://www.athletic-club.net/ |date=2015-01-04 }} {{Navboxes |title = Athletic Bilbao relatit airticles |list = {{Athletic Bilbao managers}} {{Primera División de España}} }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Athletic Bilbao}} [[Category:Athletic Bilbao| ]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1898]] [[Category:Copa del Rey winners]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in the Basque Kintra]] [[Category:La Liga clubs]] [[Category:1898 establishments]] [[Category:Unrelegatit association fitbaw clubs]] cbes4wocmk6j0ehgaz2jr9fkzvb3uxl 921169 921168 2026-08-18T20:53:12Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw club | clubname = Athletic Club | fullname = Athletic Club | nickname = ''Los Leones'' (The Lions) | founded = {{Start date and age|1898.07.18|df=y}} | ground = [[San Mamés Stadium (2013)|San Mamés]], [[Bilbao]] | capacity = 53,332 | chrtitle = Preses | chairman = Jon Uriarte | manager = [[Ernesto Valverde]] | league = {{Spanish football updater|Athletic Bilbao}} | season = 2025–26 | position = 12th | website = http://www.athletic-club.eus/en/home.html | pattern_la1 = _athletic2324h | pattern_b1 = _athletic2324h | pattern_ra1 = _athletic2324h | pattern_sh1 = _white_stripes | pattern_so1 = _athletic2324hl | leftarm1 = FFFFFF | body1 = FFFFFF | rightarm1 = FFFFFF | shorts1 = 000000 | socks1 = 000000 | pattern_la2 = _athletic2324a | pattern_b2 = _athletic2324a | pattern_ra2 = _athletic2324a | pattern_sh2 = _athletic2324a | pattern_so2 = _athletic2324al }} '''Athletic Club''', kent commonly as '''Athletic Bilbao''' an aw, is a profeesional [[Association fitbaw|fitbaw]] club, based in [[Bilbao]], [[Biscay]], Spain.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.athletic-club.net/web/main.asp?a=2&b=1&c=1&d=0&idi=2 |title=Official name |publisher=Athletic-club.net |date= |access-date=2009-12-03 |archive-date=2010-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613210338/http://www.athletic-club.net/web/main.asp?a=2&b=1&c=1&d=0&idi=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The club haes played in [[La Liga]] syne its stairt in 1929. Thay hae wan the league on aicht occasions. In the historical clessification o La Liga, Athletic are in fowert place an ane o anerly three clubs whilk hae [[List of unrelegated association football clubs|niver been relegate]] frae the Liga, the ithers bein [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] an [[FC Barcelona]]. The club haes a [[Athletic Club (women)|weemen's team]] an aw, whilk haes wan fower championships in the [[Primera División (women)|Primera División Femenina]]. The club is kent for its [[cantera]] policy o bringin young [[Basque fowk|Basque]] players throu the ranks, as weel as recruitin tap Basque players frae ither clubs (lik [[Joseba Etxeberria]] an [[Javi Martínez]]). Athletic offeecial policy is signin profeesional players native tae or trained in fitbaw in the [[Basque Kintra (greater region)|greater Basque Kintra]], includin [[Biscay]], [[Gipuzkoa]], [[Álava]] an [[Navarre]] (in Spain); an [[Labourd]], [[Soule]] an [[Lawer Navarre]] (in Fraunce). This haes gained Athletic baith admirers an critics. The club haes been praised for promotin hame grown players an club loyalty. Athletic is ane o anerly three profeesional clubs in Spain in La Liga (the ithers bein Real Madrid an Barcelona) that is no a sports corporation; it is awned an operatit bi its club members. Athletic's main rival is [[Real Sociedad]], again wham it plays the [[Basque derby]]. Anither Basque rival is [[CA Osasuna]]. == Honours == === Naitional toornaments === *'''[[La Liga]]''' :'''Winners (8):''' [[:en:1929–30 La Liga|1929–30]], [[:en:1930–31 La Liga|1930–31]], [[:en:1933–34 La Liga|1933–34]], [[:en:1935–36 La Liga|1935–36]], [[:en:1942–43 La Liga|1942–43]], [[:en:1955–56 La Liga|1955–56]], [[:en:1982–83 La Liga|1982–83]], [[:en:1983–84 La Liga|1983–84]]. :''Runners-up (7):'' [[:en:1931–32 La Liga|1931–32]], [[:en:1932–33 La Liga|1932–33]], [[:en:1940–41 La Liga|1940–41]], [[:en:1946–47 La Liga|1946–47]], [[:en:1951–52 La Liga|1951–52]], [[:en:1969–70 La Liga|1969–70]], [[:en:1997–98 La Liga|1997–98]]. *''' [[Copa del Rey]]''' :'''Winners (24<ref name="1902cup">Note:''Bodies differ on the number o Copa wins ''Athletic Club'' hae been creditit wi. The 1902 competition wis won by ''Bizcaya'', a team made up o players frae ''Athletic Club'' and ''Bilbao FC''. In 1903 thir two clubs merged as ''Athletic Club''. The 1902 cup is on display in the Athletic museum [http://www.rsssf.com/tabless/spancup1902.html] an the club includes it in its ain honours list. [http://www.athletic-club.net/acc/home.asp?a=7&b=2&idi=2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303045457/http://www.athletic-club.net/acc/home.asp?a=7&b=2&idi=2 |date=2007-03-03 }}. Housomever LFP and [[Royal Spanish Football Federation|RFEF]] official statistics dinna include this as an Athletic win.''</ref>):''' [[:en:1903 Copa del Rey|1903]], [[:en:1904 Copa del Rey|1904]], [[:en:1910 Copa del Rey|1910]], [[:en:1911 Copa del Rey|1911]], [[:en:1914 Copa del Rey|1914]], [[:en:1915 Copa del Rey|1915]], [[:en:1916 Copa del Rey|1916]], [[:en:1921 Copa del Rey|1921]], [[:en:1923 Copa del Rey|1923]], [[:en:1930 Copa del Rey|1930]], [[:en:1931 Copa del Rey|1931]], [[:en:1932 Copa del Rey|1932]], [[:en:1933 Copa del Presidente de la República|1933]], [[:en:1943 Copa del Generalísimo|1943]], [[:en:1944 Copa del Generalísimo|1944]], [[:en:1944–45 Copa del Generalísimo|1944–45]], [[:en:1949–50 Copa del Generalísimo|1949–50]], [[:en:1955 Copa del Generalísimo|1955]], [[:en:1956 Copa del Generalísimo|1956]], [[:en:1958 Copa del Generalísimo|1958]], [[:en:1969 Copa del Generalísimo|1969]], [[:en:1972–73 Copa del Generalísimo|1972–73]], [[:en:1983–84 Copa del Rey|1983–84]], 2023-24 :''Runners-up (16):'' [[:en:1905 Copa del Rey|1905]], [[:en:1906 Copa del Rey|1906]], [[:en:1913 Copa del Rey|1913]], [[:en:1920 Copa del Rey|1920]], [[:en:1942 Copa del Generalísimo|1942]], [[:en:1948–49 Copa del Generalísimo|1948–49]], [[:en:1952–53 Copa del Generalísimo|1952–53]], [[:en:1965–66 Copa del Generalísimo|1965–66]], [[:en:1966–67 Copa del Generalísimo|1966–67]], [[:en:1976–77 Copa del Rey|1976–77]], [[:en:1984–85 Copa del Rey|1984–85]], [[:en:2008–09 Copa del Rey|2008–09]], [[:en:2011–12 Copa del Rey|2011–12]], 2014-15, 2019-20, 2020-21. *'''[[Supercopa de España]]''' :'''Winners (3):''' 1984*, 2015, 2021 :<small>(* ''Wan [[Copa del Rey]] an [[La Liga]]'')</small> :''Runners-up (3):'' [[:en:1983 Supercopa de España|1983]], [[:en:2009 Supercopa de España|2009]], 2022 *'''[[Copa Eva Duarte]]'''<ref>Note:"Eva Duarte Cup" competition wis the predecessor o the current "Spainyie Supercup", acause they face the league champion again the champion o the "Copa del Rey".</ref> :'''Winners (1):''' 1950.<ref>The [[Copa_Eva_Duarte]] wis anerly recognisit an organisit wi that name bi the RFEF frae 1947 till 1953, an tharefore Athletic Bilbao's runners-up medal in the "Copa de Oro Argentina" o 1945 is no includit in this coont.</ref> :''Runners-up (1):'' 1945 *Copa de la Coronación :'''Winners (1):''' 1902. === Internaitional toornaments === *'''[[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League]]''' :''Runners-up (2):'' [[:en:1976–77 UEFA Cup|1976–77]], [[:en:2011–12 UEFA Europa League|2011–12]]. *'''[[Pequeña Copa del Mundo de Clubes|Small Warld Club Cup]]''' :'''Winners (1):''' 1967. *'''[[Copa Latina]]''' :''Runners-up (1)'': 1956. *'''[[Iberian Cup|Copa Ibérica]]''' :''Runners-up (1)'': 1983. ==== Regional toornaments ==== '''[[Basque kintra (greater region)|Basque]] Cup''' :* '''Winners (1):''' 1935. '''Northren Championship / [[Biscay Championship]]''' :* '''Winners (17):''' 1914, 1915, 1916, 1920, 1921, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1928, 1929, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1939, 1940. == References == {{reflist|2}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commons category|Athletic Club de Bilbao}} *{{eu icon}} {{es icon}} {{En icon}} [http://www.athletic-club.net/ Athletic Club Offeecial Wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104135835/http://www.athletic-club.net/ |date=2015-01-04 }} {{Navboxes |title = Athletic Bilbao relatit airticles |list = {{Athletic Bilbao managers}} {{Primera División de España}} }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Athletic Bilbao}} [[Category:Athletic Bilbao| ]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1898]] [[Category:Copa del Rey winners]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in the Basque Kintra]] [[Category:La Liga clubs]] [[Category:1898 establishments]] [[Category:Unrelegatit association fitbaw clubs]] ag83sbukr0bdvqkvj05j3pg2sshy0tx 0 80243 921112 892566 2026-08-18T16:27:53Z Lirazelf 27464 remuive en.wiki airtin 921112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German Location |image_photo = |Wappen = DEU Oeversee COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|54|42|23|N|09|26|10|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |Lageplan = Oeversee in SL.PNG |Bundesland = Schleswig-Holstein |Kreis = Schleswig-Flensburg |Amt = Oeversee |Höhe = 31 |Fläche = 36.35 |Einwohner = 3403 |Stand = 2006-12-31 |PLZ = 24987–24988 |Vorwahl = 04630 & 04638 |Kfz = SL |Gemeindeschlüssel = 01059184 |Adresse-Verband = Tornschauer Str. 3-5<br />24963 Tarp |Website = [http://www.amtoeversee.de/ www.amtoeversee.de] |Bürgermeister = Hans-Heinrich Jensen-Hansen |Partei = CDU }} '''Oeversee''' ({{lang-da|Oversø}}) is a municipality in the destrict o [[Schleswig-Flensburg]], in [[Schleswig-Holstein]], [[Germany]]. It is situatit approximately 10&nbsp;km sooth o [[Flensburg]]. The Oeversee municipality wis mergit wi [[Sankelmark]] on 1 Mairch 2008. The new municipality is, housomeivver, still cried Oeversee. Oeversee is pairt o the ''[[Amt (subnaitional entity)|Amt]]'' ("collective municipality") [[Oeversee (Amt)|Oeversee]]. The seat o the ''Amt'' is locatit in Tarp, which is close tae [[Idstedt]] an [[Stolk]], amang ither smawer touns in the aurie. The aurie wis the place o mony battles atween the [[Germans]] an the Danes. The veelage o Oeversee (or to be mair precise, Sankelmark) wittnessed, for example, a battle atween [[Austrian Empire|Austrian]] an [[Denmark|Dens]] forces in the [[Seicont Schleswig War]] on 6 Februar 1864. Thare are still annual memorial services held for this event an celebratin the helpfulness o the ceetizens o Flensburg.<br> The Austrian ceety o [[Graz]] namit a alley an a schuil efter Oeversee in recogneetion o this event, as the Austrian troops haed been based in Graz. Returnin the favor, Oeversee namit a public square efter Graz (Grazer Platz). == References == {{reflist}} {{Ceeties an touns in Schleswig-Flensburg (destrict)}} [[Category:Schleswig-Flensburg]] j9fv1f1gba592iyplgs196wnc51shp2 921155 921112 2026-08-18T20:40:45Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German Location |Wappen = DEU Oeversee COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|54|42|23|N|09|26|10|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |Lageplan = Oeversee in SL.PNG |Bundesland = Schleswig-Holstein |Kreis = Schleswig-Flensburg |Amt = Oeversee |Höhe = 31 |Fläche = 36.35 |Einwohner = 3403 |Stand = 2006-12-31 |PLZ = 24987–24988 |Vorwahl = 04630 & 04638 |Kfz = SL |Gemeindeschlüssel = 01059184 |Adresse-Verband = Tornschauer Str. 3-5<br />24963 Tarp |Website = [http://www.amtoeversee.de/ www.amtoeversee.de] |Bürgermeister = Hans-Heinrich Jensen-Hansen |Partei = CDU }} '''Oeversee''' ({{lang-da|Oversø}}) is a municipality in the destrict o [[Schleswig-Flensburg]], in [[Schleswig-Holstein]], [[Germany]]. It is situatit approximately 10&nbsp;km sooth o [[Flensburg]]. The Oeversee municipality wis mergit wi [[Sankelmark]] on 1 Mairch 2008. The new municipality is, housomeivver, still cried Oeversee. Oeversee is pairt o the ''[[Amt (subnaitional entity)|Amt]]'' ("collective municipality") [[Oeversee (Amt)|Oeversee]]. The seat o the ''Amt'' is locatit in Tarp, which is close tae [[Idstedt]] an [[Stolk]], amang ither smawer touns in the aurie. The aurie wis the place o mony battles atween the [[Germans]] an the Danes. The veelage o Oeversee (or to be mair precise, Sankelmark) wittnessed, for example, a battle atween [[Austrian Empire|Austrian]] an [[Denmark|Dens]] forces in the [[Seicont Schleswig War]] on 6 Februar 1864. Thare are still annual memorial services held for this event an celebratin the helpfulness o the ceetizens o Flensburg.<br> The Austrian ceety o [[Graz]] namit a alley an a schuil efter Oeversee in recogneetion o this event, as the Austrian troops haed been based in Graz. Returnin the favor, Oeversee namit a public square efter Graz (Grazer Platz). == References == {{reflist}} {{Ceeties an touns in Schleswig-Flensburg (destrict)}} [[Category:Schleswig-Flensburg]] ce4u1sims64pk8z6w6lh5iyu1iqd5ue 0 88086 921123 865121 2026-08-18T19:38:44Z ~2026-45365-99 135911 remuive "en:wiki" airtin 921123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Elorrio | settlement_type = [[Municipalities o Spain|Municipality]] | official_name = <!-- if different from name --> | native_name = <!-- if different from name --> | image_skyline = Elorrio archway.JPG | image_alt = | image_caption = A airchwey in Elorrio | image_flag = | image_shield = Escudo de Elorrio.svg | nickname = | motto = | image_map = bizkaia_municipalities_Elorrio.jpg | map_caption = Location o Elorrio in Biscay | pushpin_map = Spain | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Spain | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = {{flag|Spain}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Autonomous commonties o Spain|Autonomous commonty]] | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|País Vasco}} | subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces o Spain|Province]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Biscay]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Comarcas o Spain|Comarca]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Duranguesado]] | seat_type = <!-- [[Capital (political)|Capital]] --> | seat = | coordinates = {{coord|43|7|50|N|2|32|34|W|region:ES_type:city|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes = | elevation_m = 185 | elevation_min_m = | elevation_max_m = | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 37.32 | established_title = Foondit | established_date = 1356 | population_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | population_total = 7,294 | population_as_of = 2013 | population_demonym = [[Spainyie leid|Spainyie]]: elorriano (ana)<br/>[[Basque leid|Basque]]: elorriotarra | population_note = | population_density_km2 = auto | blank_name_sec1 = [[Leids o Spain|Offeecial leid(s)]] | blank_info_sec1 = | timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | timezone_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset_DST = +2 | postal_code_type = [[Leet o postal codes in Spain|Postal code]] | postal_code = 48230 | area_code_type = [[Telephone nummers in Spain|Dialin code]] | area_code = | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Ana Otadui | leader_party = [[Eusko Alderdi Jeltzalea|EAJ-PNV]] | website = {{official website|http://www.elorrio.net/}} | footnotes = }} '''Elorrio''', colloquially '''Elorrixo''' is a toun an [[municipalities o Spain|municipality]] locatit in the province o [[Biscay]], in the [[Basque Kintra (autonomous commonty)|Basque Kintra]], [[Spain]]. Elorrio is pairt o the ''[[comarcas o Spain|comarca]]'' o [[Durangaldea]] an haes a population o 7.117 inhabitants as o 2007 accordin tae the [[Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)|Spaingie Naitional Statistics Institute]]. == Toponymy == In the [[Basque leid]], ''elorrio'' is the wird for the reid fruit (haw) o the [[Crataegus monogyna|common hawthorn]]. The Basque wird ''elorri'' means "hawthorn". The coat o airms o the toun shows a hawthorn. Colloquially, the toun wis cried ''Elorrixo'' in Basque. ==History== [[Image:Elorrio church.JPG|thumb|left|Elorrio's main church]] [[Image:Elorrio central plaza.JPG|thumb|Elorrio's central plaza]] The Argiñeta tombs that the day lee juist ootside the toun o Elorrio are baith pre-Christian an Christian (the earliest date o the latter is recordit as 893). In 1053, the San Agustín de Etxebarria monastery wis foondit, which in time wis renovatit an eventually became present-day kirk (a example o [[Gothic airchitectur]]). In 1356, Don Tello, [[Laird o Biscay]], offeecially creatit Elorrio (throu a foondational charter) on the laund whaur the monastery stuid, as a means o creatin a toun tae defend his borders against invasion frae neebourin [[Gipuzkoa]]. In 1468 the toun wis the steid o a major battle atween warrin clan factions in the Basque Kintra (the Oñacinos an the Gamboinos). Housomeivver, incidents o this teep decreased, an atween the saxteent an the aichteent hunderyears, the toun's fortunes grew, gainin renoun for its airn-forges, an especially the production o [[lances]]. As a result o this economic expansion, a nummer o important biggins wur constructit (maistly durin the saxteent hunderyear) that are the day considered monuments o significant historical an airchitectural importance. In the nineteent an early twintiet hunderyears, Elorrio, awtho it remained a predominantly landwart toun, became a tourist destination, as fowk visitit the locality tae attend ane o its twa well-kent spas. Efter the [[Spaingie Ceevil War]], Elorrio went throu a period o [[industrialization]], wi a nummer o smaw, faimily firms an [[wirker cooperative]] enterprises emergin. In 1964, the whole toun wis the first ane in Biscay tae be declared a Centre o Historical an Airtistic Importance. Its population, which grew frae 3,500 in 1950 tae 8,000 in 1981, currently (2004 records) nummers juist ower 7,000 fowk.<ref>Adapted from [http://www.elorrio.net/html/turismo/localizacion/historia/default.asp?opcion=localizacion&subopcion=historia Igor Basterretxea Kerexeta, "Elorrioko Historia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205201630/http://www.elorrio.net/html/turismo/localizacion/historia/default.asp?opcion=localizacion&subopcion=historia |date=2012-02-05 }}</ref> ==Geografie== Elorrio is locatit at the eastmaist point o [[Biscay]], in the ''comarca'' o [[Durangaldea]], northren [[Spain]]. It limits at north wi [[Berriz]] an [[Zaldibar]] at northwast wi [[Abadiño]], at wast wi [[Atxondo]], at east wi the province o [[Gipuzkoa]] an at sooth wi the province o [[Álava]]. The toun is surroondit bi various muntains, such as Intxorta (797m) an Udalatx (1092m), an is traversed bi the Zumelegi river that, efter jynin the River Arrazola in [[Atxondo]], goes on tae shape the [[Ibaizabal]] river. The toun is situatit 39 [[km]] frae the provincial caipital o [[Bilbao]]. [[File:Elorrio.jpg|center|550px|thumb|General owerview o Elorrio]] == Demographics == {{Historical populations |title = Historical population |1900|2776 |1910|2854 |1920|3014 |1930|3004 |1940|3077 |1950|3567 |1960|4830 |1970|7334 |1981|7857 |1990|7526 |2000|7166 |2010|7252 |2013|7294 }} The [[Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)|Naitional Institute o Statistics]] estimates that the population o Elorrio wis 7,294 in 1 Januar 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?L=0&type=pcaxis&path=%2Ft20%2Fe245&file=inebase |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-04-11 |archive-date=2022-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303173725/https://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxis&path=%2Ft20%2Fe245&file=inebase&L=0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Economy == The economy o the municipality is based on the industrial activity. Nanetheless, the fermin activities still hae relevance in the aurie. Maist of the landwart exploitations are based on [[beef]] an [[milk]] production an, in less nummers, the exploitation o [[pine]]s. The maist important economical activity in the aurie is the industry; Elorrio is hame for several industries o metal processin. == Transport == The anerly mean o transport is bi road; the BI-634 road crosses the toun an connects it wi [[Durango, Biscay|Durango]], caipital ceety o the ''comarca'', an [[Mondragón|Arrasate-Mondragón]] in the province of [[Gipuzkoa]]. In Durango the road connects wi the AP-8 heich-gate tae [[Bilbao]] an [[San Sebastián|Donostia-San Sebastián]] while in Arrasate-Mondragón it connects tae the AP-1 heich-gate tae [[Eibar]] an [[Vitoria-Gasteiz]]. Frae Elorrio stairts the BI-2632 road tae [[Bergara]] an [[Elgeta]] (both in Gipuzkoa) an the BI-3321 road tae [[Berriz]]. Twa lines o the [[BizkaiBus|Bizkaibus]] netwirk hae stations in Elorrio; the lines A3923 and A3914. Elorrio then haes buses tae [[Bilbao]] ivery oor an tae [[Durango, Biscay|Durango]] an ither lesser municipalities ivery 30 minutes. == Notable fowk == * Saunt Balendin Berrio-Otxoa (Valentín de Berrio-Ochoa in Spainyie), ane o the [[Vietnamese Martyrs]], wis born in Elorrio in 1827. Ordained in 1851, he became a [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] an wis later sent tae [[Manila]] an [[Tonkin]] as a missionar. At the age o thirty-ane, he wis namit a bishop, but wis later killed in Tonkin in 1861. He wis [[canonisit]] bi [[Pape John Paul II]] in 1988.<ref>See [http://www.bizkeliza.org/index.php?id=474&id_noticia=48&L=1 Diocese of Bilbao]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[José Antonio Ardanza]], born in 1941, wis [[lehendakari]] or preses o the [[Basque Kintra (autonomous commonty)|Basque Kintra]], 1985-1999. He wis the CEO o [[Euskaltel]], a Basque telecommunications company, till his retirement in 2011. * [[Alejandro Goicoechea]], born in 1895, wis the ingineer who developit wi [[José Luis Oriol]] the [[Talgo]] railwey vehicle. He dee'd in 1984. * [[Anne Igartiburu]], born in 1969, is a Spaingie TV presenter an actress. ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [http://www.euskomedia.org/euskomedia/SAunamendi?idi=en&op=7&voz=ELORRIO ELORRIO in the Bernardo Estornés Lasa - Auñamendi Encyclopedia (Euskomedia Fundazioa)] {{es icon}} * [http://www.elorrio.net/html/home/default.asp Elorrio Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901204850/http://www.elorrio.net/html/home/default.asp |date=2006-09-01 }} In Basque and Spanish {{Municipalities in Biscay}} <br> [[Category:Municipalities in Biscay]] [[Category:Populatit places in Biscay]] 9xgzzepe2bnouj4dmul93k0f09txtvs 921147 921123 2026-08-18T20:29:45Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Elorrio | settlement_type = [[Municipalities o Spain|Municipality]] | image_skyline = Elorrio archway.JPG | image_alt = | image_caption = A airchwey in Elorrio | image_flag = | image_shield = Escudo de Elorrio.svg | nickname = | motto = | image_map = bizkaia_municipalities_Elorrio.jpg | map_caption = Location o Elorrio in Biscay | pushpin_map = Spain | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Spain | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = {{flag|Spain}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Autonomous commonties o Spain|Autonomous commonty]] | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|País Vasco}} | subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces o Spain|Province]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Biscay]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Comarcas o Spain|Comarca]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Duranguesado]] | seat_type = <!-- [[Capital (political)|Capital]] --> | seat = | coordinates = {{coord|43|7|50|N|2|32|34|W|region:ES_type:city|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes = | elevation_m = 185 | elevation_min_m = | elevation_max_m = | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 37.32 | established_title = Foondit | established_date = 1356 | population_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | population_total = 7,294 | population_as_of = 2013 | population_demonym = [[Spainyie leid|Spainyie]]: elorriano (ana)<br/>[[Basque leid|Basque]]: elorriotarra | population_note = | population_density_km2 = auto | blank_name_sec1 = [[Leids o Spain|Offeecial leid(s)]] | blank_info_sec1 = | timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | timezone_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset_DST = +2 | postal_code_type = [[Leet o postal codes in Spain|Postal code]] | postal_code = 48230 | area_code_type = [[Telephone nummers in Spain|Dialin code]] | area_code = | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Ana Otadui | leader_party = [[Eusko Alderdi Jeltzalea|EAJ-PNV]] | website = {{official website|http://www.elorrio.net/}} | footnotes = }} '''Elorrio''', colloquially '''Elorrixo''' is a toun an [[municipalities o Spain|municipality]] locatit in the province o [[Biscay]], in the [[Basque Kintra (autonomous commonty)|Basque Kintra]], [[Spain]]. Elorrio is pairt o the ''[[comarcas o Spain|comarca]]'' o [[Durangaldea]] an haes a population o 7.117 inhabitants as o 2007 accordin tae the [[Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)|Spaingie Naitional Statistics Institute]]. == Toponymy == In the [[Basque leid]], ''elorrio'' is the wird for the reid fruit (haw) o the [[Crataegus monogyna|common hawthorn]]. The Basque wird ''elorri'' means "hawthorn". The coat o airms o the toun shows a hawthorn. Colloquially, the toun wis cried ''Elorrixo'' in Basque. ==History== [[Image:Elorrio church.JPG|thumb|left|Elorrio's main church]] [[Image:Elorrio central plaza.JPG|thumb|Elorrio's central plaza]] The Argiñeta tombs that the day lee juist ootside the toun o Elorrio are baith pre-Christian an Christian (the earliest date o the latter is recordit as 893). In 1053, the San Agustín de Etxebarria monastery wis foondit, which in time wis renovatit an eventually became present-day kirk (a example o [[Gothic airchitectur]]). In 1356, Don Tello, [[Laird o Biscay]], offeecially creatit Elorrio (throu a foondational charter) on the laund whaur the monastery stuid, as a means o creatin a toun tae defend his borders against invasion frae neebourin [[Gipuzkoa]]. In 1468 the toun wis the steid o a major battle atween warrin clan factions in the Basque Kintra (the Oñacinos an the Gamboinos). Housomeivver, incidents o this teep decreased, an atween the saxteent an the aichteent hunderyears, the toun's fortunes grew, gainin renoun for its airn-forges, an especially the production o [[lances]]. As a result o this economic expansion, a nummer o important biggins wur constructit (maistly durin the saxteent hunderyear) that are the day considered monuments o significant historical an airchitectural importance. In the nineteent an early twintiet hunderyears, Elorrio, awtho it remained a predominantly landwart toun, became a tourist destination, as fowk visitit the locality tae attend ane o its twa well-kent spas. Efter the [[Spaingie Ceevil War]], Elorrio went throu a period o [[industrialization]], wi a nummer o smaw, faimily firms an [[wirker cooperative]] enterprises emergin. In 1964, the whole toun wis the first ane in Biscay tae be declared a Centre o Historical an Airtistic Importance. Its population, which grew frae 3,500 in 1950 tae 8,000 in 1981, currently (2004 records) nummers juist ower 7,000 fowk.<ref>Adapted from [http://www.elorrio.net/html/turismo/localizacion/historia/default.asp?opcion=localizacion&subopcion=historia Igor Basterretxea Kerexeta, "Elorrioko Historia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205201630/http://www.elorrio.net/html/turismo/localizacion/historia/default.asp?opcion=localizacion&subopcion=historia |date=2012-02-05 }}</ref> ==Geografie== Elorrio is locatit at the eastmaist point o [[Biscay]], in the ''comarca'' o [[Durangaldea]], northren [[Spain]]. It limits at north wi [[Berriz]] an [[Zaldibar]] at northwast wi [[Abadiño]], at wast wi [[Atxondo]], at east wi the province o [[Gipuzkoa]] an at sooth wi the province o [[Álava]]. The toun is surroondit bi various muntains, such as Intxorta (797m) an Udalatx (1092m), an is traversed bi the Zumelegi river that, efter jynin the River Arrazola in [[Atxondo]], goes on tae shape the [[Ibaizabal]] river. The toun is situatit 39 [[km]] frae the provincial caipital o [[Bilbao]]. [[File:Elorrio.jpg|center|550px|thumb|General owerview o Elorrio]] == Demographics == {{Historical populations |title = Historical population |1900|2776 |1910|2854 |1920|3014 |1930|3004 |1940|3077 |1950|3567 |1960|4830 |1970|7334 |1981|7857 |1990|7526 |2000|7166 |2010|7252 |2013|7294 }} The [[Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)|Naitional Institute o Statistics]] estimates that the population o Elorrio wis 7,294 in 1 Januar 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?L=0&type=pcaxis&path=%2Ft20%2Fe245&file=inebase |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-04-11 |archive-date=2022-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303173725/https://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxis&path=%2Ft20%2Fe245&file=inebase&L=0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Economy == The economy o the municipality is based on the industrial activity. Nanetheless, the fermin activities still hae relevance in the aurie. Maist of the landwart exploitations are based on [[beef]] an [[milk]] production an, in less nummers, the exploitation o [[pine]]s. The maist important economical activity in the aurie is the industry; Elorrio is hame for several industries o metal processin. == Transport == The anerly mean o transport is bi road; the BI-634 road crosses the toun an connects it wi [[Durango, Biscay|Durango]], caipital ceety o the ''comarca'', an [[Mondragón|Arrasate-Mondragón]] in the province of [[Gipuzkoa]]. In Durango the road connects wi the AP-8 heich-gate tae [[Bilbao]] an [[San Sebastián|Donostia-San Sebastián]] while in Arrasate-Mondragón it connects tae the AP-1 heich-gate tae [[Eibar]] an [[Vitoria-Gasteiz]]. Frae Elorrio stairts the BI-2632 road tae [[Bergara]] an [[Elgeta]] (both in Gipuzkoa) an the BI-3321 road tae [[Berriz]]. Twa lines o the [[BizkaiBus|Bizkaibus]] netwirk hae stations in Elorrio; the lines A3923 and A3914. Elorrio then haes buses tae [[Bilbao]] ivery oor an tae [[Durango, Biscay|Durango]] an ither lesser municipalities ivery 30 minutes. == Notable fowk == * Saunt Balendin Berrio-Otxoa (Valentín de Berrio-Ochoa in Spainyie), ane o the [[Vietnamese Martyrs]], wis born in Elorrio in 1827. Ordained in 1851, he became a [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] an wis later sent tae [[Manila]] an [[Tonkin]] as a missionar. At the age o thirty-ane, he wis namit a bishop, but wis later killed in Tonkin in 1861. He wis [[canonisit]] bi [[Pape John Paul II]] in 1988.<ref>See [http://www.bizkeliza.org/index.php?id=474&id_noticia=48&L=1 Diocese of Bilbao]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[José Antonio Ardanza]], born in 1941, wis [[lehendakari]] or preses o the [[Basque Kintra (autonomous commonty)|Basque Kintra]], 1985-1999. He wis the CEO o [[Euskaltel]], a Basque telecommunications company, till his retirement in 2011. * [[Alejandro Goicoechea]], born in 1895, wis the ingineer who developit wi [[José Luis Oriol]] the [[Talgo]] railwey vehicle. He dee'd in 1984. * [[Anne Igartiburu]], born in 1969, is a Spaingie TV presenter an actress. ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [http://www.euskomedia.org/euskomedia/SAunamendi?idi=en&op=7&voz=ELORRIO ELORRIO in the Bernardo Estornés Lasa - Auñamendi Encyclopedia (Euskomedia Fundazioa)] {{es icon}} * [http://www.elorrio.net/html/home/default.asp Elorrio Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901204850/http://www.elorrio.net/html/home/default.asp |date=2006-09-01 }} In Basque and Spanish {{Municipalities in Biscay}} <br> [[Category:Municipalities in Biscay]] [[Category:Populatit places in Biscay]] 3r00glkksdra35pj08jnpno59h3ttc6 921148 921147 2026-08-18T20:30:58Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Elorrio | settlement_type = [[Municipalities o Spain|Municipality]] | image_skyline = Elorrio archway.JPG | image_alt = | image_caption = A airchwey in Elorrio | image_shield = Escudo de Elorrio.svg | image_map = bizkaia_municipalities_Elorrio.jpg | map_caption = Location o Elorrio in Biscay | pushpin_map = Spain | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Spain | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = {{flag|Spain}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Autonomous commonties o Spain|Autonomous commonty]] | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|País Vasco}} | subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces o Spain|Province]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Biscay]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Comarcas o Spain|Comarca]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Duranguesado]] | seat_type = <!-- [[Capital (political)|Capital]] --> | coordinates = {{coord|43|7|50|N|2|32|34|W|region:ES_type:city|display=inline,title}} | elevation_m = 185 | area_total_km2 = 37.32 | established_title = Foondit | established_date = 1356 | population_total = 7,294 | population_as_of = 2013 | population_demonym = [[Spainyie leid|Spainyie]]: elorriano (ana)<br/>[[Basque leid|Basque]]: elorriotarra | population_density_km2 = auto | blank_name_sec1 = [[Leids o Spain|Offeecial leid(s)]] | timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | timezone_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset_DST = +2 | postal_code_type = [[Leet o postal codes in Spain|Postal code]] | postal_code = 48230 | area_code_type = [[Telephone nummers in Spain|Dialin code]] | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Ana Otadui | leader_party = [[Eusko Alderdi Jeltzalea|EAJ-PNV]] | website = {{official website|http://www.elorrio.net/}} }} '''Elorrio''', colloquially '''Elorrixo''' is a toun an [[municipalities o Spain|municipality]] locatit in the province o [[Biscay]], in the [[Basque Kintra (autonomous commonty)|Basque Kintra]], [[Spain]]. Elorrio is pairt o the ''[[comarcas o Spain|comarca]]'' o [[Durangaldea]] an haes a population o 7.117 inhabitants as o 2007 accordin tae the [[Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)|Spaingie Naitional Statistics Institute]]. == Toponymy == In the [[Basque leid]], ''elorrio'' is the wird for the reid fruit (haw) o the [[Crataegus monogyna|common hawthorn]]. The Basque wird ''elorri'' means "hawthorn". The coat o airms o the toun shows a hawthorn. Colloquially, the toun wis cried ''Elorrixo'' in Basque. ==History== [[Image:Elorrio church.JPG|thumb|left|Elorrio's main church]] [[Image:Elorrio central plaza.JPG|thumb|Elorrio's central plaza]] The Argiñeta tombs that the day lee juist ootside the toun o Elorrio are baith pre-Christian an Christian (the earliest date o the latter is recordit as 893). In 1053, the San Agustín de Etxebarria monastery wis foondit, which in time wis renovatit an eventually became present-day kirk (a example o [[Gothic airchitectur]]). In 1356, Don Tello, [[Laird o Biscay]], offeecially creatit Elorrio (throu a foondational charter) on the laund whaur the monastery stuid, as a means o creatin a toun tae defend his borders against invasion frae neebourin [[Gipuzkoa]]. In 1468 the toun wis the steid o a major battle atween warrin clan factions in the Basque Kintra (the Oñacinos an the Gamboinos). Housomeivver, incidents o this teep decreased, an atween the saxteent an the aichteent hunderyears, the toun's fortunes grew, gainin renoun for its airn-forges, an especially the production o [[lances]]. As a result o this economic expansion, a nummer o important biggins wur constructit (maistly durin the saxteent hunderyear) that are the day considered monuments o significant historical an airchitectural importance. In the nineteent an early twintiet hunderyears, Elorrio, awtho it remained a predominantly landwart toun, became a tourist destination, as fowk visitit the locality tae attend ane o its twa well-kent spas. Efter the [[Spaingie Ceevil War]], Elorrio went throu a period o [[industrialization]], wi a nummer o smaw, faimily firms an [[wirker cooperative]] enterprises emergin. In 1964, the whole toun wis the first ane in Biscay tae be declared a Centre o Historical an Airtistic Importance. Its population, which grew frae 3,500 in 1950 tae 8,000 in 1981, currently (2004 records) nummers juist ower 7,000 fowk.<ref>Adapted from [http://www.elorrio.net/html/turismo/localizacion/historia/default.asp?opcion=localizacion&subopcion=historia Igor Basterretxea Kerexeta, "Elorrioko Historia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205201630/http://www.elorrio.net/html/turismo/localizacion/historia/default.asp?opcion=localizacion&subopcion=historia |date=2012-02-05 }}</ref> ==Geografie== Elorrio is locatit at the eastmaist point o [[Biscay]], in the ''comarca'' o [[Durangaldea]], northren [[Spain]]. It limits at north wi [[Berriz]] an [[Zaldibar]] at northwast wi [[Abadiño]], at wast wi [[Atxondo]], at east wi the province o [[Gipuzkoa]] an at sooth wi the province o [[Álava]]. The toun is surroondit bi various muntains, such as Intxorta (797m) an Udalatx (1092m), an is traversed bi the Zumelegi river that, efter jynin the River Arrazola in [[Atxondo]], goes on tae shape the [[Ibaizabal]] river. The toun is situatit 39 [[km]] frae the provincial caipital o [[Bilbao]]. [[File:Elorrio.jpg|center|550px|thumb|General owerview o Elorrio]] == Demographics == {{Historical populations |title = Historical population |1900|2776 |1910|2854 |1920|3014 |1930|3004 |1940|3077 |1950|3567 |1960|4830 |1970|7334 |1981|7857 |1990|7526 |2000|7166 |2010|7252 |2013|7294 }} The [[Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)|Naitional Institute o Statistics]] estimates that the population o Elorrio wis 7,294 in 1 Januar 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?L=0&type=pcaxis&path=%2Ft20%2Fe245&file=inebase |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-04-11 |archive-date=2022-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303173725/https://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxis&path=%2Ft20%2Fe245&file=inebase&L=0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Economy == The economy o the municipality is based on the industrial activity. Nanetheless, the fermin activities still hae relevance in the aurie. Maist of the landwart exploitations are based on [[beef]] an [[milk]] production an, in less nummers, the exploitation o [[pine]]s. The maist important economical activity in the aurie is the industry; Elorrio is hame for several industries o metal processin. == Transport == The anerly mean o transport is bi road; the BI-634 road crosses the toun an connects it wi [[Durango, Biscay|Durango]], caipital ceety o the ''comarca'', an [[Mondragón|Arrasate-Mondragón]] in the province of [[Gipuzkoa]]. In Durango the road connects wi the AP-8 heich-gate tae [[Bilbao]] an [[San Sebastián|Donostia-San Sebastián]] while in Arrasate-Mondragón it connects tae the AP-1 heich-gate tae [[Eibar]] an [[Vitoria-Gasteiz]]. Frae Elorrio stairts the BI-2632 road tae [[Bergara]] an [[Elgeta]] (both in Gipuzkoa) an the BI-3321 road tae [[Berriz]]. Twa lines o the [[BizkaiBus|Bizkaibus]] netwirk hae stations in Elorrio; the lines A3923 and A3914. Elorrio then haes buses tae [[Bilbao]] ivery oor an tae [[Durango, Biscay|Durango]] an ither lesser municipalities ivery 30 minutes. == Notable fowk == * Saunt Balendin Berrio-Otxoa (Valentín de Berrio-Ochoa in Spainyie), ane o the [[Vietnamese Martyrs]], wis born in Elorrio in 1827. Ordained in 1851, he became a [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] an wis later sent tae [[Manila]] an [[Tonkin]] as a missionar. At the age o thirty-ane, he wis namit a bishop, but wis later killed in Tonkin in 1861. He wis [[canonisit]] bi [[Pape John Paul II]] in 1988.<ref>See [http://www.bizkeliza.org/index.php?id=474&id_noticia=48&L=1 Diocese of Bilbao]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[José Antonio Ardanza]], born in 1941, wis [[lehendakari]] or preses o the [[Basque Kintra (autonomous commonty)|Basque Kintra]], 1985-1999. He wis the CEO o [[Euskaltel]], a Basque telecommunications company, till his retirement in 2011. * [[Alejandro Goicoechea]], born in 1895, wis the ingineer who developit wi [[José Luis Oriol]] the [[Talgo]] railwey vehicle. He dee'd in 1984. * [[Anne Igartiburu]], born in 1969, is a Spaingie TV presenter an actress. ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [http://www.euskomedia.org/euskomedia/SAunamendi?idi=en&op=7&voz=ELORRIO ELORRIO in the Bernardo Estornés Lasa - Auñamendi Encyclopedia (Euskomedia Fundazioa)] {{es icon}} * [http://www.elorrio.net/html/home/default.asp Elorrio Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901204850/http://www.elorrio.net/html/home/default.asp |date=2006-09-01 }} In Basque and Spanish {{Municipalities in Biscay}} <br> [[Category:Municipalities in Biscay]] [[Category:Populatit places in Biscay]] b4611bezchkb2tigmxs9sf4j8jbqljw 0 95207 921116 916854 2026-08-18T16:34:19Z Lirazelf 27464 remuive en.wiki airtin 921116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} {{Infobox officeholder |name = Donald Trump |image = Official Presidential Portrait of President Donald J. Trump (2025).jpg | order = 45t & 47t | office = Preses o the Unitit States | vicepresident = [[JD Vance]] | term_start = 20 Januar 2025 | term_end = | predecessor = [[Joe Biden]] | successor = | vicepresident1 = [[Mike Pence]] | term_start1 = 20 Januar 2017 | term_end1 = 20 Januar 2021 | predecessor1 = [[Barack Obama]] | successor1 = Joe Biden |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1946|6|14}} |birth_place = [[New York Ceety]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S. |death_date = |death_place = | residence = {{plainlist| * [[Mar-a-Lago]] }} |party = [[Republican Pairty (Unitit States)|Republican]] {{small|(1987–1999, 2009–2011, 2012–present)}} |otherparty = [[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|Democratic]] {{small|(afore 1987, 2001–2009)}}<br>[[Reform Pairty o the Unitit States o Americae|Reform]] {{small|(1999–2001)}}<br>[[Independent politeecian|Independent]] {{small|(2011–2012)}}<ref name="politifact">{{cite news |last=Gillin |first=Joshua |title=Bush says Trump was a Democrat longer than a Republican `in the last decade’ |work=[[PolitiFact.com|PolitiFact]] |date=August 24, 2015 |url=http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2015/aug/24/jeb-bush/bush-says-trump-was-democrat-longer-republican-las/ |access-date=2015-10-21 }}</ref><ref name="sargent">{{cite web |url=http://archive.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/blogs/hilary-sargent/2014/01/22/the-man-responsible-for-donald-trump-never-ending-presidential-campaign/95LunCt63n3xKoq5DyJNFI/blog.html |title=The Man Responsible for Donald Trump’s Never-Ending Presidential Campaign |last=Sargent |first=Hilary |date=January 22, 2014 |website=[[Boston.com]] |quote=A New Hampshire Republican activist named Mike Dunbar dreamed up the idea of a Donald Trump presidency [in] early summer of 1987... Dunbar launched a ‘Draft Trump’ campaign... Stories about a possible Trump presidency ran in newspapers across the country... (Trump was registered as a Democrat at the time...) |access-date=2016-11-09 |archive-date=2016-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603074751/http://archive.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/blogs/hilary-sargent/2014/01/22/the-man-responsible-for-donald-trump-never-ending-presidential-campaign/95LunCt63n3xKoq5DyJNFI/blog.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|[[Ivana Trump|Ivana Zelníčková]]<br>|1977|1990|end=div}}|{{marriage|[[Marla Maples]]<br>|1993|1999|end=div}}|{{marriage|[[Melania Trump|Melania Knauss]]<br>|2005}}}}<!-- Omit married names (the use of married names implies that their surname before the marriage was "Trump", and overrules WP:COMMONNAME) --> |children = {{unbulleted list|[[Donald Trump Jr.|Donald Jr.]]|[[Ivanka Trump|Ivanka]]|[[Eric Trump|Eric]]|[[Tiffany Trump|Tiffany]]|Barron}}<!-- Omit mothers' names (as nonessential information customarily found in a Royalty infobox rather than a Person infobox). --> |alma_mater = [[Fordham Varsity]]<br>[[Varsity of Pennsylvania]] {{small|([[Bachelor o Science|BS]])}} |religion = [[Presbyterianism]] |signature = Donald Trump (Presidential signature).svg |signature_alt = Donald J Trump stylised autograph, in ink | website = {{plainlist| * {{URL|https://donaldjtrump.com|Offeecial wabsteid}} * {{URL|https://whitehouse.gov/administration/president-trump|White House wabsteid}} }} | nickname = "The Donald"<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/09/01/why-does-everyone-call-donald-trump-the-donald-its-an-interesting-story/ |title=Why does everyone call Donald Trump 'The Donald'? It's an interesting story. |last=Argetsinger |first=Amy |date=September 1, 2015 |website=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> }} '''Donald John Trump''' (born 14 Juin 1946) is an American politician an businessman thit sert as the [[Leet o Preses o the Unitit States|45t]] an is the 47t [[Preses o the Unitit States]]. Afore enterin politics he wis a businessman an telly personality on "The Apprentice". Trump wis born an raised in [[Queens]], [[New York Ceety]], an earned an [[economics]] degree frae the Wharton School o the Varsity o Pennsylvania. He then teuk chairge o The Trump Organization, the real estate an biggin firm foondit bi his paternal grandmither, that he ran for fower an a hauf decades till 2017. In his real estate career, Trump biggit, renovatit, an managed mony office tours, hottles, casinos, an gowf coorses. Asides real estate, he stairtit siveral side venturs an haes licensed the uise o his name for the buistin o various products an properties. He awned the Miss USA an Miss Universe pageants frae 1996 tae 2015, an he hostit ''The Apprentice'', a reality telly series on NBC telly, frae 2004 tae 2015. His calculatit net wirth {{as o|Apryle 2020|lc=y}} is $2.1{{nbsp}}billion. (1,001st in the warld, 275t in the U.S.)<ref name="forbes-billionaires">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/donald-trump/?list=billionaires|title=#1001 Donald Trump|magazine=[[Forbes]]|year=2020|accessdate=April 13, 2020}}</ref> Trump first publicly expresst interest in rinnin for poleetical office in 1987. He buir the gree i twa Reform Pairty presidential primars in 2000, but widrew his candidacy airly on. In Juin 2015, he stairtit his campaign for the [[2016 Unitit States presidential election|2016 presidential election]] an swith kythed as the front-rinner amang 17 candidates in the Republican primars. His final opponents suspendit thair campaigns in Mey 2016, an in Julie he wis formally nominatit at the Republican Naitional Convention alang wi Indiana govrenor [[Mike Pence]] as his rinnin mate. Mony o his campaign statements war controversial or fause, generatin muckle free media coverage. Trump wan the general election on November 8, 2016, in a surpreese veectory again [[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|Democratic]] opponent [[Hillary Clinton]]. He becam the auldest an walthiest person tae assume the presidency, the first withoot umwhile militar or govrenment service, an the fift electit wi less nor a [[plurality (votin)|plurality]] o the [[Popular vote (representative democracy)|naitional popular vote]]. His poleetical poseetions hae been descrived bi scholars an commentators as [[fascist]]<ref>[https://www.newsweek.com/robert-paxton-trump-fascist-1560652]</ref>, [[populist]], pertectionist, an [[American naitionalism|naitionalist]]. Trump tyned the [[2020 Unitit States presidential election|2020 presidential election]] tae [[Joe Biden]]. He becam the first umwhile US preses to be convickit o a felony, speceificallie fausifeein business records, i 2024. He wis forby foon liable o sexual abuse an defamaution. == Scots connection == Trump is the son o {{interlanguage link|Fred Trump|en}} (born in [[New York City|New York Ceety]], [[Unitit States]]) an {{interlanguage link|Mary Anne MacLeod Trump|en}} (born in [[Tong, Lewis|Tong]] on the [[Isle o Lewis]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scottishroots.com/people/donald.php|title=People: Donald Trump|author=Reid, Tony|author2=Reid, Stuart|date=January 30, 2017|work=ScottishRoots.com|location=Edinburgh, SCT|access-date=August 20, 2018|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name="kruse">{{cite news|last=Kruse|first=Michael|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/11/03/mary-macleod-trump-donald-trump-mother-biography-mom-immigrant-scotland-215779|title=The Mystery of Mary Trump|work=[[Politico Magazine]]|date=November 4, 2017|accessdate=November 4, 2017}}</ref>). He awns twa [[gowf]] coorses in the kintra: [[Trump International Golf Links]] in [[Balmedie]], [[Aiberdeenshire]] syne 2012<ref>{{cite news|title=Donald Trump's wind farm fight 'for Scotland's benefit'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-14940814|work=BBC News|date=15 September 2011}}</ref> an the [[Turnberry gowf coorse]] in the [[Firth o Clyde]], [[Ayrshire]], syne 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/trump-scotland-what-does-president-own-northern-uk-country-1020757|title=Trump in Scotland: What Does the President Own in the Northern U.K. Country?|last1=Lemon|first1=Jason|date=12 July 2018|website=Newsweek|accessdate=17 September 2018|quote=In December, the Turnberry course also lost a controversial tax break from the Scottish government, The Guardian reported. Scottish Finance Secretary Derek Mackay was pressured to make the changes after it was revealed earlier in the year that the Trump property had kept more than $140,000 a year due to a business rates relief scheme.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jun/24/donald-trumps-flies-in-for-scotland-visit-amid|title=Donald Trump flies in for Scotland visit as protesters converge on Turnberry|last1=MacAskill|first1=Ewen|date=24 Jun 2016|website=The Guardian}}</ref> He haes plans fur a seicont coorse in Aiberdeenshire in maugre o the first bein the subjeck o criticism follaein degradation o the aurie's [[naitural environs]].<ref>{{cite news |title=New Trump golf course provokes fury in Scotland |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/oct/17/new-trump-golf-course-provokes-fury-in-scotland |work=the Guardian |date=17 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref> == Economic growth durin the Trump presidency == '''Economic growth durin the Trump Presidency''' refers tae the period o sustained economic expansion in the [[Unitit States]] atween 2017 an early 2020, whan '''Donald J. Trump''' served as the 45t [[Preses o the Unitit States]]. The era wis marked by lawer unemployment rates, increased consumer confidence, an continued [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] growth, extendin a pre-existin upward trend in the American economy. === Unemployment rates === By late 2019, the Unitit States recorded amang the lawest unemployment rates in decades, includin notable declines in [[African Americans|African-American]], [[Hispanic an Latino Americans|Hispanic]], an [[Asian-American]] unemployment figures. Economists debate the extent tae which Trump’s policies directly produced thir results, wi some attributin the trend tae the recovery already underway sin the [[2008 financial crisis]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. Unemployment Rate Falls to 50-Year Low – The White House|url=https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/articles/u-s-unemployment-rate-falls-50-year-low/|access-date=2025-11-14|website=trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov}}</ref> == Controversies involvin Donald Trump == The controversies involvin [[Donald Trump]] tak in a braid range o political, legal, business, an personal disputes linked tae Donald J. Trump, the 45t [[Preses o the Unitit States]]. Thir controversies hae been widely reportit by international media, government investigators, an academic analysers, an they aye continue tae influence public opinion an political debate. == Business and financial investigations == Afore an efter his presidency, Trump cam unner scruinie ower his business weys, siller declarations, an tax records. The release o pairt-tax documents shawed lang spells whaur he peyed gey wee or nae federal income tax, stertin blethers aboot the fairmess o the U.S. tax system. [[The Trump Organisation]] haes been the subject o mony legal actions, includin fraud-relatit cases that hae led tae penalties an convictions agin corporate bodies an executives.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dienst|first=Tom Winter and Jonathan|date=2022-01-19|title=NY AG says investigation into Trump and his business found 'significant evidence' suggesting fraud|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/01/19/new-york-attorney-general-alleges-trumps-company-misled-banks-and-tax-officials.html|access-date=2025-11-14|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref> ==References== {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{Current G8 Leaders}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Trump, Donald}} [[Category:Donald Trump| ]] [[Category:1946 births]] [[Category:20t-century American businessfowk]] [[Category:21st-century American businessfowk]] [[Category:21st-century American politeecians]] [[Category:Alt-richt]] [[Category:American actor-politeecians]] [[Category:American beauty pageant ainers]] [[Category:American billionaires]] [[Category:American business writers]] [[Category:American casino industry businessfowk]] [[Category:American Presbyterians]] [[Category:American conspiracy theorists]] [[Category:American hoteliers]] [[Category:American infoteeners]] [[Category:American investors]] [[Category:American naitionalists]] [[Category:American fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:American poleetical fondraisers]] [[Category:American poleetical writers]] [[Category:American real estate businessfowk]] [[Category:American reality televeesion producers]] [[Category:American televeesion hosts]] [[Category:American televeesion personalities]] [[Category:Businessfowk frae New York Ceety]] [[Category:Conservatism in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Creetics o the European Union]] [[Category:Fordham Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:New York Military Academy alumni]] [[Category:New York Republicans]] [[Category:Fowk frae Jamaica, Queens]] [[Category:Fowk frae Manhattan]] [[Category:Fowk frae Queens, New York]] [[Category:Fowk named in the Panama Papers]] [[Category:Politeecians frae New York Ceety]] [[Category:Preses o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Republican Pairty (Unitit States) presidential nominees]] [[Category:Republican Pairty Preses o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Richt-weeng populism in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Televeesion producers frae New York]] [[Category:The Apprentice (TV series)]] [[Category:The Trump Organization employees]] [[Category:United States Football League executives]] [[Category:Unitit States presidential candidates, 2000]] [[Category:Candidates in the 2016 Unitit States presidential election]] [[Category:Wharton School o the Varsity o Pennsylvanie alumni]] [[Category:Writers frae New York Ceety]] [[Category:WWE Hall of Fame]] [[Category:Florida Republicans]] hngzzc1g1g87f81ltpyasltxtw7kwzz 921152 921116 2026-08-18T20:37:35Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921152 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} {{Infobox officeholder |name = Donald Trump |image = Official Presidential Portrait of President Donald J. Trump (2025).jpg | order = 45t & 47t | office = Preses o the Unitit States | vicepresident = [[JD Vance]] | term_start = 20 Januar 2025 | predecessor = [[Joe Biden]] | vicepresident1 = [[Mike Pence]] | term_start1 = 20 Januar 2017 | term_end1 = 20 Januar 2021 | predecessor1 = [[Barack Obama]] | successor1 = Joe Biden |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1946|6|14}} |birth_place = [[New York Ceety]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S. | residence = {{plainlist| * [[Mar-a-Lago]] }} |party = [[Republican Pairty (Unitit States)|Republican]] {{small|(1987–1999, 2009–2011, 2012–present)}} |otherparty = [[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|Democratic]] {{small|(afore 1987, 2001–2009)}}<br>[[Reform Pairty o the Unitit States o Americae|Reform]] {{small|(1999–2001)}}<br>[[Independent politeecian|Independent]] {{small|(2011–2012)}}<ref name="politifact">{{cite news |last=Gillin |first=Joshua |title=Bush says Trump was a Democrat longer than a Republican `in the last decade’ |work=[[PolitiFact.com|PolitiFact]] |date=August 24, 2015 |url=http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2015/aug/24/jeb-bush/bush-says-trump-was-democrat-longer-republican-las/ |access-date=2015-10-21 }}</ref><ref name="sargent">{{cite web |url=http://archive.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/blogs/hilary-sargent/2014/01/22/the-man-responsible-for-donald-trump-never-ending-presidential-campaign/95LunCt63n3xKoq5DyJNFI/blog.html |title=The Man Responsible for Donald Trump’s Never-Ending Presidential Campaign |last=Sargent |first=Hilary |date=January 22, 2014 |website=[[Boston.com]] |quote=A New Hampshire Republican activist named Mike Dunbar dreamed up the idea of a Donald Trump presidency [in] early summer of 1987... Dunbar launched a ‘Draft Trump’ campaign... Stories about a possible Trump presidency ran in newspapers across the country... (Trump was registered as a Democrat at the time...) |access-date=2016-11-09 |archive-date=2016-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603074751/http://archive.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/blogs/hilary-sargent/2014/01/22/the-man-responsible-for-donald-trump-never-ending-presidential-campaign/95LunCt63n3xKoq5DyJNFI/blog.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|[[Ivana Trump|Ivana Zelníčková]]<br>|1977|1990|end=div}}|{{marriage|[[Marla Maples]]<br>|1993|1999|end=div}}|{{marriage|[[Melania Trump|Melania Knauss]]<br>|2005}}}}<!-- Omit married names (the use of married names implies that their surname before the marriage was "Trump", and overrules WP:COMMONNAME) --> |children = {{unbulleted list|[[Donald Trump Jr.|Donald Jr.]]|[[Ivanka Trump|Ivanka]]|[[Eric Trump|Eric]]|[[Tiffany Trump|Tiffany]]|Barron}} |alma_mater = [[Fordham Varsity]]<br>[[Varsity of Pennsylvania]] {{small|([[Bachelor o Science|BS]])}} |religion = [[Presbyterianism]] |signature = Donald Trump (Presidential signature).svg |signature_alt = Donald J Trump stylised autograph, in ink | website = {{plainlist| * {{URL|https://donaldjtrump.com|Offeecial wabsteid}} * {{URL|https://whitehouse.gov/administration/president-trump|White House wabsteid}} }} | nickname = "The Donald"<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/09/01/why-does-everyone-call-donald-trump-the-donald-its-an-interesting-story/ |title=Why does everyone call Donald Trump 'The Donald'? It's an interesting story. |last=Argetsinger |first=Amy |date=September 1, 2015 |website=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> }} '''Donald John Trump''' (born 14 Juin 1946) is an American politician an businessman thit sert as the [[Leet o Preses o the Unitit States|45t]] an is the 47t [[Preses o the Unitit States]]. Afore enterin politics he wis a businessman an telly personality on "The Apprentice". Trump wis born an raised in [[Queens]], [[New York Ceety]], an earned an [[economics]] degree frae the Wharton School o the Varsity o Pennsylvania. He then teuk chairge o The Trump Organization, the real estate an biggin firm foondit bi his paternal grandmither, that he ran for fower an a hauf decades till 2017. In his real estate career, Trump biggit, renovatit, an managed mony office tours, hottles, casinos, an gowf coorses. Asides real estate, he stairtit siveral side venturs an haes licensed the uise o his name for the buistin o various products an properties. He awned the Miss USA an Miss Universe pageants frae 1996 tae 2015, an he hostit ''The Apprentice'', a reality telly series on NBC telly, frae 2004 tae 2015. His calculatit net wirth {{as o|Apryle 2020|lc=y}} is $2.1{{nbsp}}billion. (1,001st in the warld, 275t in the U.S.)<ref name="forbes-billionaires">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/donald-trump/?list=billionaires|title=#1001 Donald Trump|magazine=[[Forbes]]|year=2020|accessdate=April 13, 2020}}</ref> Trump first publicly expresst interest in rinnin for poleetical office in 1987. He buir the gree i twa Reform Pairty presidential primars in 2000, but widrew his candidacy airly on. In Juin 2015, he stairtit his campaign for the [[2016 Unitit States presidential election|2016 presidential election]] an swith kythed as the front-rinner amang 17 candidates in the Republican primars. His final opponents suspendit thair campaigns in Mey 2016, an in Julie he wis formally nominatit at the Republican Naitional Convention alang wi Indiana govrenor [[Mike Pence]] as his rinnin mate. Mony o his campaign statements war controversial or fause, generatin muckle free media coverage. Trump wan the general election on November 8, 2016, in a surpreese veectory again [[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|Democratic]] opponent [[Hillary Clinton]]. He becam the auldest an walthiest person tae assume the presidency, the first withoot umwhile militar or govrenment service, an the fift electit wi less nor a [[plurality (votin)|plurality]] o the [[Popular vote (representative democracy)|naitional popular vote]]. His poleetical poseetions hae been descrived bi scholars an commentators as [[fascist]]<ref>[https://www.newsweek.com/robert-paxton-trump-fascist-1560652]</ref>, [[populist]], pertectionist, an [[American naitionalism|naitionalist]]. Trump tyned the [[2020 Unitit States presidential election|2020 presidential election]] tae [[Joe Biden]]. He becam the first umwhile US preses to be convickit o a felony, speceificallie fausifeein business records, i 2024. He wis forby foon liable o sexual abuse an defamaution. == Scots connection == Trump is the son o {{interlanguage link|Fred Trump|en}} (born in [[New York City|New York Ceety]], [[Unitit States]]) an {{interlanguage link|Mary Anne MacLeod Trump|en}} (born in [[Tong, Lewis|Tong]] on the [[Isle o Lewis]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scottishroots.com/people/donald.php|title=People: Donald Trump|author=Reid, Tony|author2=Reid, Stuart|date=January 30, 2017|work=ScottishRoots.com|location=Edinburgh, SCT|access-date=August 20, 2018|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name="kruse">{{cite news|last=Kruse|first=Michael|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/11/03/mary-macleod-trump-donald-trump-mother-biography-mom-immigrant-scotland-215779|title=The Mystery of Mary Trump|work=[[Politico Magazine]]|date=November 4, 2017|accessdate=November 4, 2017}}</ref>). He awns twa [[gowf]] coorses in the kintra: [[Trump International Golf Links]] in [[Balmedie]], [[Aiberdeenshire]] syne 2012<ref>{{cite news|title=Donald Trump's wind farm fight 'for Scotland's benefit'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-14940814|work=BBC News|date=15 September 2011}}</ref> an the [[Turnberry gowf coorse]] in the [[Firth o Clyde]], [[Ayrshire]], syne 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/trump-scotland-what-does-president-own-northern-uk-country-1020757|title=Trump in Scotland: What Does the President Own in the Northern U.K. Country?|last1=Lemon|first1=Jason|date=12 July 2018|website=Newsweek|accessdate=17 September 2018|quote=In December, the Turnberry course also lost a controversial tax break from the Scottish government, The Guardian reported. Scottish Finance Secretary Derek Mackay was pressured to make the changes after it was revealed earlier in the year that the Trump property had kept more than $140,000 a year due to a business rates relief scheme.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jun/24/donald-trumps-flies-in-for-scotland-visit-amid|title=Donald Trump flies in for Scotland visit as protesters converge on Turnberry|last1=MacAskill|first1=Ewen|date=24 Jun 2016|website=The Guardian}}</ref> He haes plans fur a seicont coorse in Aiberdeenshire in maugre o the first bein the subjeck o criticism follaein degradation o the aurie's [[naitural environs]].<ref>{{cite news |title=New Trump golf course provokes fury in Scotland |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/oct/17/new-trump-golf-course-provokes-fury-in-scotland |work=the Guardian |date=17 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref> == Economic growth durin the Trump presidency == '''Economic growth durin the Trump Presidency''' refers tae the period o sustained economic expansion in the [[Unitit States]] atween 2017 an early 2020, whan '''Donald J. Trump''' served as the 45t [[Preses o the Unitit States]]. The era wis marked by lawer unemployment rates, increased consumer confidence, an continued [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] growth, extendin a pre-existin upward trend in the American economy. === Unemployment rates === By late 2019, the Unitit States recorded amang the lawest unemployment rates in decades, includin notable declines in [[African Americans|African-American]], [[Hispanic an Latino Americans|Hispanic]], an [[Asian-American]] unemployment figures. Economists debate the extent tae which Trump’s policies directly produced thir results, wi some attributin the trend tae the recovery already underway sin the [[2008 financial crisis]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. Unemployment Rate Falls to 50-Year Low – The White House|url=https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/articles/u-s-unemployment-rate-falls-50-year-low/|access-date=2025-11-14|website=trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov}}</ref> == Controversies involvin Donald Trump == The controversies involvin [[Donald Trump]] tak in a braid range o political, legal, business, an personal disputes linked tae Donald J. Trump, the 45t [[Preses o the Unitit States]]. Thir controversies hae been widely reportit by international media, government investigators, an academic analysers, an they aye continue tae influence public opinion an political debate. == Business and financial investigations == Afore an efter his presidency, Trump cam unner scruinie ower his business weys, siller declarations, an tax records. The release o pairt-tax documents shawed lang spells whaur he peyed gey wee or nae federal income tax, stertin blethers aboot the fairmess o the U.S. tax system. [[The Trump Organisation]] haes been the subject o mony legal actions, includin fraud-relatit cases that hae led tae penalties an convictions agin corporate bodies an executives.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dienst|first=Tom Winter and Jonathan|date=2022-01-19|title=NY AG says investigation into Trump and his business found 'significant evidence' suggesting fraud|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/01/19/new-york-attorney-general-alleges-trumps-company-misled-banks-and-tax-officials.html|access-date=2025-11-14|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref> ==References== {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{Current G8 Leaders}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Trump, Donald}} [[Category:Donald Trump| ]] [[Category:1946 births]] [[Category:20t-century American businessfowk]] [[Category:21st-century American businessfowk]] [[Category:21st-century American politeecians]] [[Category:Alt-richt]] [[Category:American actor-politeecians]] [[Category:American beauty pageant ainers]] [[Category:American billionaires]] [[Category:American business writers]] [[Category:American casino industry businessfowk]] [[Category:American Presbyterians]] [[Category:American conspiracy theorists]] [[Category:American hoteliers]] [[Category:American infoteeners]] [[Category:American investors]] [[Category:American naitionalists]] [[Category:American fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:American poleetical fondraisers]] [[Category:American poleetical writers]] [[Category:American real estate businessfowk]] [[Category:American reality televeesion producers]] [[Category:American televeesion hosts]] [[Category:American televeesion personalities]] [[Category:Businessfowk frae New York Ceety]] [[Category:Conservatism in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Creetics o the European Union]] [[Category:Fordham Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:New York Military Academy alumni]] [[Category:New York Republicans]] [[Category:Fowk frae Jamaica, Queens]] [[Category:Fowk frae Manhattan]] [[Category:Fowk frae Queens, New York]] [[Category:Fowk named in the Panama Papers]] [[Category:Politeecians frae New York Ceety]] [[Category:Preses o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Republican Pairty (Unitit States) presidential nominees]] [[Category:Republican Pairty Preses o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Richt-weeng populism in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Televeesion producers frae New York]] [[Category:The Apprentice (TV series)]] [[Category:The Trump Organization employees]] [[Category:United States Football League executives]] [[Category:Unitit States presidential candidates, 2000]] [[Category:Candidates in the 2016 Unitit States presidential election]] [[Category:Wharton School o the Varsity o Pennsylvanie alumni]] [[Category:Writers frae New York Ceety]] [[Category:WWE Hall of Fame]] [[Category:Florida Republicans]] 6i5yvr0589frfgk2xcjrc4imkdv2x08 0 128873 921182 780105 2026-08-19T06:30:08Z Kallerna 63385 img 921182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox islands | name = Zealand | image_name = Stevns Klint chalk cliffs 4.jpg | image_caption = The [[Stevns Klint|Clints o Stevns]] tae the sooth o [[Colpenhaven]] | image_size = | map_image = Denmark location sjalland.svg | native name = Sjælland | native name link = | nickname = | location = [[Baltic Sea]] | coordinates = {{coord|55|30|N|11|45|E|scale:2500000|display=inline,title}} | archipelago = | total islands = | major islands = | area_km2 = 7,031 | highest mount = | elevation_m = | country = [[Denmark]] | country admin divisions title = [[Regions o Denmark|Region]] | country admin divisions = [[Caipital Region o Denmark]], [[Region Zealand]] | country admin divisions title 1 = | country admin divisions 1 = | country admin divisions title 2 = | country admin divisions 2 = | country capital city = | country largest city = [[Copenhagen]] | country largest city population = 1,627,705 ^{([[Urban aurie|urban]])}<ref>{{cite web |title=StatBank Denmark - data and statistics |url=http://statbank.dk/Data |website=Statistics Denmark |accessdate=7 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref> | country leader title = | country leader name = | population = 2,491,090 | population {{as of}} = 2012 | density_km2 = 354.3 | ethnic groups = | additional info = }} '''Zealand''' or '''Sealand''' ({{lang-da|Sjælland}}; {{IPA-da|ˈɕɛˌlanˀ|pron}}, Auld Norse: Selund, Latin: Selandia) is at 7,031 km² the mucklest island in [[Denmark]], an the 95t island in the warld bi size. Maist o its 2.287.740 inhabiants (2017) bides in or near the capital ceetie, [[Colpenhaven]]. Wastlins the kyle [[Storebælt]] separates Zealand fae [[Funen]], and eastlins it's anither kyle, [[Øresund]], that separates it fae [[Sweden]]. Accordin tae Norse mythologie, Zealand wis creaut bi the goddess [[Gefion]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Geografie o Copenhagen]] [[Category:Islands o Denmark]] [[Category:Zealand| ]] 2ctlsj2hcnfq3gtvayufmriblqzx8lp 921189 921182 2026-08-19T10:34:18Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox islands | name = Zealand | image_name = Stevns Klint chalk cliffs 4.jpg | image_caption = The [[Stevns Klint|Clints o Stevns]] tae the sooth o [[Colpenhaven]] | map_image = Denmark location sjalland.svg | native name = Sjælland | location = [[Baltic Sea]] | coordinates = {{coord|55|30|N|11|45|E|scale:2500000|display=inline,title}} | area_km2 = 7,031 | country = [[Denmark]] | country admin divisions title = [[Regions o Denmark|Region]] | country admin divisions = [[Caipital Region o Denmark]], [[Region Zealand]] | country largest city = [[Copenhagen]] | country largest city population = 1,627,705 ^{([[Urban aurie|urban]])}<ref>{{cite web |title=StatBank Denmark - data and statistics |url=http://statbank.dk/Data |website=Statistics Denmark |accessdate=7 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref> | population = 2,491,090 | population {{as of}} = 2012 | density_km2 = 354.3 }} '''Zealand''' or '''Sealand''' ({{lang-da|Sjælland}}; {{IPA-da|ˈɕɛˌlanˀ|pron}}, Auld Norse: Selund, Latin: Selandia) is at 7,031 km² the mucklest island in [[Denmark]], an the 95t island in the warld bi size. Maist o its 2.287.740 inhabiants (2017) bides in or near the capital ceetie, [[Colpenhaven]]. Wastlins the kyle [[Storebælt]] separates Zealand fae [[Funen]], and eastlins it's anither kyle, [[Øresund]], that separates it fae [[Sweden]]. Accordin tae Norse mythologie, Zealand wis creaut bi the goddess [[Gefion]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Geografie o Copenhagen]] [[Category:Islands o Denmark]] [[Category:Zealand| ]] idjther20xrwvefwpoy875tecd6mdqs 0 146061 921185 901503 2026-08-19T09:10:24Z ~2026-45334-93 135935 /* */ 921185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox national football team | Name = Roushie | Badge = Coat of Arms of the Russian Federation 2.svg | Badge_size = 200px | Nickname = ''Медведи (Beirs)''<br> ''Золотые орлы (Gowden Eagles)'' | Association = {{nowrap|{{lang|ru|[[Roushie Fitbaa Union]]}} (RFU)}}<br />''Российский футбольный союз'' | Confederation = [[UEFA]] (Europe) | mgrtitle = Manager | Coach = [[Stanislav Cherchesov]] | Captain = [[Artem Dzyuba]] | Most caps = [[Sergei Ignashevich]] (127) | Top scorer = [[Aleksandr Kerzhakov]] (30) | Home Stadium = [[Otkrytie Arena]]<br>[[Lokomotiv Stadium (Moscow)|Lokomotiv Stadium]]<br>[[Petrovsky Stadium|Petrovsky]]<br>[[Luzhniki Stadium|Luzhniki]] | FIFA Trigramme = RUS | FIFA Rank = {{FIFA World Rankings|RUS}} | FIFA max = 3 | FIFA max date = Aprile 1996 | FIFA min = 40 | FIFA min date = December 1998 | Elo Rank = {{World Football Elo Ratings|Russia}} | Elo max = 7 | Elo max date = August 2009 | Elo min = 34 | Elo min date = Juin 2005 | pattern_la1 = _rus20A | pattern_b1 = _ferencvarositc2021t | pattern_ra1 = _rus20A | pattern_sh1 = | pattern_so1 = | leftarm1 = FFFFFF | body1 = FFFFFF | rightarm1 = FFFFFF | shorts1 = 003CBF | socks1 = FF0000 | pattern_la2 = _nikestrike3gr | pattern_b2 = _fin22a | pattern_ra2 = _nikestrike3gr | pattern_sh2 = _nikevapor3gr | pattern_so2 = | leftarm2 = 0000FF | body2 = 0000FF | rightarm2 = 0000FF | shorts2 = 0000FF | socks2 = FFFFFF | First game = {{fb|Roushie|1991}} 2–0 {{fb-rt|MEX}} <br> ([[Moscow]], [[Roushie]]; 16 August 1992) | Largest win = {{fb|SMR}} 0–7 {{fb-rt|RUS}} <br> ([[San Marino, San Marino|San Marino]], [[San Marino]]; 7 Juin 1995)<br>{{fb|LIE}} 0–7 {{fb-rt|RUS}} <br> ([[Vaduz]], [[Liechtenstein]]; 8 September 2015) | Largest loss = {{fb|Portugal}} 7–1 {{fb-rt|RUS}} <br> ([[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]]; 13 October 2004) | World cup apps = 11 ''as o [[2018 FIFA Warld Cup|2018]]'' | World cup first = 1958 | World cup best = Fowert Place, [[1966 FIFA Warld Cup|1966]] <ref name="fifa.com">http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=RUS/about.html</ref> | Regional name = [[UEFA European Fitbaa Championship|European Championship]] | Regional cup apps = 11 | Regional cup first = [[UEFA Euro 1960|1960]] | Regional cup best = Champions, [[UEFA Euro 1960|1960]] <ref name="fifa.com"/> }} The '''Roushie naitional fitbaw team''' ({{lang-ru|Национа́льная сбо́рная Росси́и по футбо́лу}}, ''Natsionálnaya sbórnaya Rossii po futbólu'') represents [[Roushie]] in [[association fitbaw]] an is controlled bi the [[Roushie Fitbaa Union]] ({{lang-ru|Российский Футбольный Союз}}, ''{{lang|ru-Latn|Rossiyskiy Futboľnyy Soyuz}}''), the govrenin bouk for [[fitbaw in Roushie]]. ==References== {{Reflist}}{{Stub/FItba}}{{Stub/Roushie}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Roushie Naitional Fitbaa Team}} [[Category:Roushie naitional fitbaw team| ]] [[Category:European naitional association fitbaw teams]] [[Category:Naitional sports teams o Roushie|Fitbaa]] [[Category:1992 establishments in Roushie]] 5nvfsstlyaiedsfy2x1h9c5fc82zjt5 921190 921185 2026-08-19T10:35:07Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921190 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox naitional fitbaw team | Name = Roushie | Badge = Coat of Arms of the Russian Federation 2.svg | Badge_size = 200px | Nickname = ''Медведи (Beirs)''<br> ''Золотые орлы (Gowden Eagles)'' | Association = {{nowrap|{{lang|ru|[[Roushie Fitbaa Union]]}} (RFU)}}<br />''Российский футбольный союз'' | Confederation = [[UEFA]] (Europe) | mgrtitle = Manager | Coach = [[Stanislav Cherchesov]] | Captain = [[Artem Dzyuba]] | Most caps = [[Sergei Ignashevich]] (127) | Top scorer = [[Aleksandr Kerzhakov]] (30) | Home Stadium = [[Otkrytie Arena]]<br>[[Lokomotiv Stadium (Moscow)|Lokomotiv Stadium]]<br>[[Petrovsky Stadium|Petrovsky]]<br>[[Luzhniki Stadium|Luzhniki]] | FIFA Trigramme = RUS | FIFA Rank = {{FIFA World Rankings|RUS}} | FIFA max = 3 | FIFA max date = Aprile 1996 | FIFA min = 40 | FIFA min date = December 1998 | Elo Rank = {{World Football Elo Ratings|Russia}} | Elo max = 7 | Elo max date = August 2009 | Elo min = 34 | Elo min date = Juin 2005 | pattern_la1 = _rus20A | pattern_b1 = _ferencvarositc2021t | pattern_ra1 = _rus20A | pattern_sh1 = | pattern_so1 = | leftarm1 = FFFFFF | body1 = FFFFFF | rightarm1 = FFFFFF | shorts1 = 003CBF | socks1 = FF0000 | pattern_la2 = _nikestrike3gr | pattern_b2 = _fin22a | pattern_ra2 = _nikestrike3gr | pattern_sh2 = _nikevapor3gr | pattern_so2 = | leftarm2 = 0000FF | body2 = 0000FF | rightarm2 = 0000FF | shorts2 = 0000FF | socks2 = FFFFFF | First game = {{fb|Roushie|1991}} 2–0 {{fb-rt|MEX}} <br> ([[Moscow]], [[Roushie]]; 16 August 1992) | Largest win = {{fb|SMR}} 0–7 {{fb-rt|RUS}} <br> ([[San Marino, San Marino|San Marino]], [[San Marino]]; 7 Juin 1995)<br>{{fb|LIE}} 0–7 {{fb-rt|RUS}} <br> ([[Vaduz]], [[Liechtenstein]]; 8 September 2015) | Largest loss = {{fb|Portugal}} 7–1 {{fb-rt|RUS}} <br> ([[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]]; 13 October 2004) | World cup apps = 11 ''as o [[2018 FIFA Warld Cup|2018]]'' | World cup first = 1958 | World cup best = Fowert Place, [[1966 FIFA Warld Cup|1966]] <ref name="fifa.com">http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=RUS/about.html</ref> | Regional name = [[UEFA European Fitbaa Championship|European Championship]] | Regional cup apps = 11 | Regional cup first = [[UEFA Euro 1960|1960]] | Regional cup best = Champions, [[UEFA Euro 1960|1960]] <ref name="fifa.com"/> }} The '''Roushie naitional fitbaw team''' ({{lang-ru|Национа́льная сбо́рная Росси́и по футбо́лу}}, ''Natsionálnaya sbórnaya Rossii po futbólu'') represents [[Roushie]] in [[association fitbaw]] an is controlled bi the [[Roushie Fitbaa Union]] ({{lang-ru|Российский Футбольный Союз}}, ''{{lang|ru-Latn|Rossiyskiy Futboľnyy Soyuz}}''), the govrenin bouk for [[fitbaw in Roushie]]. ==References== {{Reflist}}{{Stub/FItba}}{{Stub/Roushie}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Roushie Naitional Fitbaa Team}} [[Category:Roushie naitional fitbaw team| ]] [[Category:European naitional association fitbaw teams]] [[Category:Naitional sports teams o Roushie|Fitbaa]] [[Category:1992 establishments in Roushie]] 3v5blyp9vm6qfzmy7v7g7isrbioi1qy 4 228698 921087 904086 2026-08-18T14:04:07Z Sara Thomas (WMUK) 49882 /* Parteecipants */ 921087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite/Tab header}} {{WikiProject status|sc1=WP:BWR}} The Big Scots Rewirte is a projeck stairtit in 2020 as a response tae controversies surroondin the scrievins thit war on the Wiki at the time, whaur it wis revealed thit maist o the Wiki wis scrieved bi fowk no native in the leid.<ref>{{Cite web|title=I’ve discovered that almost every single article on the Scots version of Wikipedia is written by the same person - an American teenager who can’t speak Scots|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Scotland/comments/ig9jia/ive_discovered_that_almost_every_single_article/|access-date=2021-10-10|website=reddit|language=en}}</ref>. A few day follaein thae events, an editathon wis pit up tae help sort oot the Wikipedia. == Aboot Us == We'r an onwab group thit hiv got thegither tae sort oot aw the bad Scots Wikipedia airticles. Oor oreeginal goal wis tae help oot the steid's admins wi thair Scots. Sin then, the admins hae demittit or gane inactive, wi Scots spikkin admins bein eleckit tae owersee the steid. See gin yese hiv onyhing tae ask efterwirds, we'v a Discord channel appen fur quaistens, whaur we'll hiv fowk thit kin gie yese a haun. We'v pit thegither a list o some o the airticle thit ur needin sortin oot. - it's no complete, an see gin yese hiv ony tae pit in, yese kin dae. Yese kin help oot bi daein hings like makkin categories, wikilinks, an picturs tae pages thit hivnae got ony. 'Mon lat's mak 'e Scots Wikipedia better! We'r invítin fowk in tae gie ae haun, but we ken thit thare's a muckle wirk tae be duin. We'r wantin fur yersel tae gie ae haun in becomin orgindar editors on 'e Scots Wiki, an tae come back an dae mair edits. See in ye'r no ower confident wi yer Scots, thare's a free 10 oor coorse thit's been pit thegither [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCO7FYItwawDAH3_CCDGFjhQ here.] Scots Wikipedia admins an ordinar contríbutors ur walcome tae jyne in an aw, an lear fae natives an fluent spikkers, thay're juist as important as the wiki hitsel! == Whit we dae == ; Wir Goals * Sort oot aw the airticles on [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:Fixscots|Leet o airticles - Fix Scots]], [[:Category:Pages that wis written by a body that's mither tongue isna Scots]] an [[:Category:Stubs]] * Pit in airticles specirfied bi [[Wikipedia:Leet o airticles that aa Wikipedias shuid hae]] * Encourage fowk tae scrieve in Scots mair an tae impruive on thair literacy * Git mair fowk chyngin an sortin oot the Wiki mair regular-like ; Structur We host an editathon ivery month or twa, uisually themed aroond a certain topic. These events tak place ower 2 day, uiusually at a weekend, whaur we hiv onwab meetins whaur we dae collaborative chyngin, drap in sessions whaur fowk kin speir fur a haund wi an airticle thay'r sortin oot, an hiv tawks fae notable Scots personalities. [[Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite/Editathons|Past events here]] == Parteecipants == * [[Uiser:Cobra 3000|Cobra!]] - Founder an Co-organiser * [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas]] - Organiser * [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|Ciphrius Kane]] - Co-organiser & Wiki Admin * Michael Dempster ==Uiserbox== {{Uiser The Big Wiki Rewrite}} <nowiki>{{Uiser The Big Wiki Rewrite}}</nowiki> == Fremmit Airtins == * [https://www.scotslanguage.com/articles/node/id/1134| Scots Warks: Support and Guidance for writing] == References == {{reflist}} {{Template:The Big Wiki Rewrite navbox}} igv4i09yg0ot3g1btcu4hsrcwvrf7a1 0 232344 921094 919383 2026-08-18T15:17:35Z PurpleDinosaur585 129975 TNT. Addit infobox, sources, an the like. Owerset taen frae [[:en:French_Third_Republic]] 921094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Government of France atween 1870 and 1940}} {{Infobox country | native_name = {{lang|fr|République française}} | conventional_long_name = Republic of France | common_name = France | image_flag = Flag of France.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of the III French Republic.svg | flag_border = aye | national_motto = {{Lang|fr|[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}<br/>("Liberty, Equality, Fraternity") | national_anthem = {{Lang|fr|[[La Marseillaise]]}}{{Center|[[File:La Marseillaise (1914 Recording).ogg]]}} | image_map2_size = 250px | image_map = French Republic 1939.svg | image_map_caption = The Republic of France in August 1939 {{Plainlist| *{{Legend|#336733|Metropolitan France}} *{{Legend|#48a448|French protectorates}} }} | image_map2 = France 1939.png | image_map2_caption = Launds and auchts of the Republic in 1939 {{Plainlist| *'''Dairk blue:''' [[Metropolitan France|Metropolitan territory]] *'''Licht blue:''' [[French colonial empire|Colonies]], [[League of Nations mandate|mandates]], and [[Protectorate#Protectorate|protectorates]] }} | largest_city = capital | capital = [[Pairis]] | coordinates = {{Coord|48|52|13|N|02|18|59|E|type:country|display=inline,title}} | common_languages = [[the French leid|French]] (official)<br>[[Gallo-Romance langages|Gallo-Romance]]<br>[[Occitano-Romance]]<br>[[Gallo-Italic]] | religion = {{Plainlist| *[[Roman Catholicism]] ([[Concordat of 1801]] ontil 1905) *[[Protestantism]] **[[Calvinism]] **[[Lutheranism]] *[[Judaism]] *[[Islam]] }} | government_type = [[Unitary pairliamentary republic]] * (unner a [[interlocutory government]] {{small|''(4 September 1870 tae 13 Februar 1871)''}}) | title_leader = [[Praisident of France|Praisident]] | leader1 = [[Louis-Jules Trochu]] | year_leader1 = 1870–1871 (''foremaist'') | leader2 = [[Albert Lebrun]] | year_leader2 = 1932–1940 (''hindmaist'') | title_deputy = [[List of Prime Ministers of France|Prime Minister]] | deputy1 = [[Louis Jules Trochu]] | year_deputy1 = 1870–1871 (''foremaist'') | deputy2 = [[Paul Reynaud]] | year_deputy2 = 1940 (''hindmaist'') | legislature = [[Pairliament of France|Pairliament]] | house1 = [[Senate of France|Senate]] | house2 = [[Chaumer of Deputes of France|Chaumer of Deputes]] | stat_year1 = 1870 | stat_year2 = 1894 (Metropolitan France) | stat_area2 = 536464 | stat_year3 = 1938 (as weel as colonies) | stat_pop3 = 150,000,000<ref>{{Cite book |first=Herbert Ingram |last=Priestley |title=France overseas: A Study of Modern Imperialism |date=1938 |pages=440–441}}</ref> | stat_area3 = 13500000{{Sfn|Aldrich|1996|p=304}}<ref>{{cite book |editor-first=Melvin E. |editor-last=Page |title=Colonialism: An International Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFTHBoRvQbsC&pg=PA218 |year=2003 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=218 |isbn=9781576073353 |access-date=23 December 2021 |archive-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119170748/https://books.google.com/books?id=qFTHBoRvQbsC&pg=PA218 |url-status=live }}</ref> | currency = [[French franc]] |type_house1=Ower Hous|type_house2=Lawer Hous}} The '''Third Republic of France''' (French: ''Troisième République'', whiles written as ''La III^e République'') wis the system of government adoptit in [[Fraunce|France]] frae 4 September 1870, whan the [[Seicont French Empire|Saicont Empire of France]] collapsed durin the Franco-Prussian Weir, or 10 Julie 1940, efter the Faw of France in [[Warld War II|Warld Weir II]] resultit in the foundin of the Vichy government. The Third Republic of France wis a [[Pairlamentary republic|pairliamentary republic]]. The airly days of the Third Republic of France wir dominatit bi political stramash brocht on wi the Franco-Prussian Weir of 1870-1871, whilk the Third Republic keepit up efter the faw of Emperor [[Napoleon III]] in 1870. Social squabash and the Pairis Commune preceidit the hindmaist defait. The [[German Empire|Empire of Germany]], made kent bi the invaders in the [[Pailace o Versailles|Pailace of Versailles]], teuk the pairts of France kent as [[Alsace]] (keepin the [[Territoire de Belfort]]) and [[Lorraine (region)|Lorraine]] (the nor-aest pairt, kent the day as the {{interleid airtin|depairtment of Moselle|en|Moselle}}. The airly governments of the Third Republic of France considered re-foundin the monarchy, but disagreeances as tae the naitur of thon monarchy and the richtfu beirer of the croun cuidna be sattle’t. Ower the heids of this, the Third Republic, oreiginally ettled tae be an {{interleid airtin|interlocutory government|en|Provisional_government}}, insteid became the permanent form of government in France. The French constitutional laws of 1875 laid doun the mak-up of the Third Republic. It wis made up of a Chaumer of Deputes and a Senate tae mak the law-makkin brainch of government and a praisident tae sair as heid of state. Caws for the re-foundin of the monarchy dominatit the offices of the first twa praisidents, {{interleid airtin|Adolphe Thiers|en|Adolphe Thiers}} and {{interleid airtin|Patrice de MacMahon|en|Patrice de MacMahon}}. Housomever, growin support for the republican form of government amang the French popular and a tring of republican praisidents in the 1880s slawly smoored howps of a restauration wi the republic bein seen as, in the wirds of Thiers, “the form of government that divides us the laest”. The Third Republic estaiblished a fouth of [[French colonial empire|French colonial auchts]], amang thaim {{interleid airtin|French Indochina|en|French Indochina}}, {{interleid airtin|French Madagascar|en|French Madagascar}}, [[French Polynesie|French Polynesia]], and muckle territories in {{interleid airtin|Wast Africa|en|French_West_Africa}} durin the {{interleid airtin|Scramble for Africa|en|Scramble for Africa}}, aw of thaim gotten in the hindmaist twa decades of the 19t century. The airly years of the 20t century wir dominatit bi the {{interleid airtin|Democratic Republican Alliance|en|Democratic_Republican_Alliance}}, whilk stertit aff as a centre-left political alliance, but ower time became the main centre-richt pairty. The period frae the stert of [[Warld War I|Warld Weir I]] tae the late 1930s featured shairply polarised politics, atween the Democratic Republic Alliance and the {{interleid airtin|Radicals|en|Radical_Party_(France)}}. The government fell less nor a year efter the oncome of Warld Weir II, whan the Nazis occupied the feck of France, and wis replaced bi the rival governments of [[Charles de Gaulle]]’s Free France ((''La France libre'') and [[Philippe Pétain]]'s [[French State]] (''L'État français''). Out-throu the 19t and 20t centuries, the colonial empire of France wis the saicont mucklest colonial empire in the warld anely ahint the [[Breetish Empire|Empire of Britain]]; it raxed ower 13,500,000 km² (5,200,000 sq mi) of land at its heicht in the 1920s and 1930s. Journalist Raymond Recouly wrate in 1931 that of aw the Pouers in Europe, anely France cuid offer baith a sonsie metropolitan and colonial militar career.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Recouly|first=R.|title=Joffre|publisher=[[Éditions des Portiques]]|year=1931|location=Paris}}</ref> In terms of popular houaniver, on the eve of Warld Weir II, France and its colonial auchts totted anely 150 million indwallers, forbye 330 million for [[Breetish Indie|British India]] alane. Adolphe Thiers cried republicanism in the 1870s “the form of government that divides France the laest”; housomever, the politics unner the Third Republic wis shairply polarised. On the left stuid reformist France, heir tae the [[French Revolution]]. On the richt stuid conservative France, ruitit in the paisantry, the [[Catholic Kirk]], and the airmy.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Maurice|first=Larkin|title=Religion, Politics and Preferment in France since 1890: La Belle Époque and its Legacy|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2002|isbn=978-0-521-52270-0|pages=3}}</ref> Maugre France’s shairply dividit electorate and constant ettles tae whummle it, the Third Republic held on for 70 year, whilk maks it the langest-lestin system of government in France syne the faw of the ''[[Ancien Régime]]'' in 1789.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fitzsimmons|first=Michael P.|title="The Night the Old Regime Ended: August 4, 1789 and the French Revolution|publisher=[[Penn State University Press]]}}</ref> == References == [[Category:French Third Republic|French Third Republic]] [[Category:Historie|Historie]] [[Category:Fraunce|Fraunce]] m6jp8uj9ennwruhhj419v32sfz9r4q7 0 232347 921126 902369 2026-08-18T19:49:59Z Delusion23 10906 redirect [[Wastren Europe]] 921126 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wastren Europe]] n60mu9edyt611u1hquaky3fmtz42jeo 3 233895 921174 921076 2026-08-19T00:17:40Z JJPMaster 49212 JJPMaster flittit page [[Uiser collogue:DreamRimmer]] til [[Uiser collogue:Max]]: Autæmateeclie muived page while renamin the uiser "[[Special:CentralAuth/DreamRimmer|DreamRimmer]]" tae "[[Special:CentralAuth/Max|Max]]" 921076 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, DreamRimmer, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/DreamRimmer|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 10:48, 18 August 2026 (UTC) rgcs3fll1tkhquf0qoxwrscf9nbi96c 2 233896 921089 921081 2026-08-18T14:20:35Z Sara Thomas (WMUK) 49882 adding sections 921089 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Illustration_of_a_brownie_by_Alice_B_Woodward.jpg|thumb|Illustration of a brownie by Alice B Woodward]] {{En}} ''Put this as a separate tab on [[Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite]] ?'' So, you'd like to help out with Scots Wiki, but you don't speak Scots, or you're not confident in your written Scots? '''Not to worry''', as there are a number of tasks with which you can help, and which would be greatly appreciated by the community here! Good community health on any Wiki requires many kinds of editors, doing lots of different kinds of editing, and there are plenty of tasks which need to be done. In the spirit of [[:en:Wikipedia:WikiFauna]] over on English Wiki, We're suggesting that you undertake some of these WikiGnome or WikiElf-esque tasks. But seeing as this is Scots... we're inviting you to be a Wiki[[Brounie]]. '''Please note:''' The sco.wiki community has had some very well-meaning non-Scots speakers try to help over the years. We are understandably rather wary of non-Scots speakers trying to fix what they think initially are typos, or do mass edits, or run bots that might make large scale changes to the Wiki, as these kinds of actions can have '''unintended consequences'''. Scots does not have standardised spelling, for example. And there are some words that really are the same in Scots as they are in English - we'd rather not use vocabulary just because it sounds "more Scottish", as this can have a distortion effect. == The WikiBrounie Manifesto == WikiBrounies will: * Do their best to work on WikiBrounie tasks, therefore freeing up time for editors who are proficient in the Scots language to focus on the text of the Wiki. * Not engage in language-based edits unless they're ''really, really sure'' that the translation is correct. If in doubt, they do not engage in language-based edits.<ref>(Seriously, please stay away from language-based edits.)</ref> * If they have an idea for a mass edit / bot, they will seek community consensus and community buy in before proceeding. If you are happy to sign up to the WikiBrounie Manifesto, then please feel free to add this userbox to your userpage! ''Create a draft template for this, and instructions'' You should also add your name to the list of participants in the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite#Parteecipants|Big Wiki Rewrite project page.]] == WikiBrounie tasks == === Adding sources to unreferenced articles === * Search for all articles missing sources here: [[:Category:Airticles wantin soorces]] ** Create a "References" section if there isn't one. (add a References List template from the "+" or "Insert" menu underneath the heading) ** Find sources for the text and add them. ** Whenever you're happy with it, delete the template at the top of the article that says "This airticle disnae cite ony references or soorces." === Interwiki links === Some articles, instead of linking to sco.wiki articles, link to en.wiki articles. This is far from ideal. These should be replaced with sco.wiki links, or de-linked as appropriate. * Go to [[Special:Search]] * Search for '''insource:"en" insource:/\[\[:en:/''' * Click on any article link, and search within the article for ":en:". * Check if en.wiki article exists on sco.wiki * If it does, replace with sco.wiki link (ie, remove ":en:" part of the link.) * If it does not, remove en.wiki link and leave as plain text. === Removing bad / unreliable sources === Citations to the '''Daily Mail''' newspaper should be removed and replaced. * Use [https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:LinkSearch?target=dailymail.co.uk this search link] to identify any citations leading to the Daily Mail, and replace with a reliable source. Citations to archive.today should be removed and replaced. * Use [https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:LinkSearch?target=archive.today this search link] to identify any archive.today citations, and replace. Sco.wiki is following en.wiki's restrictions on this source, which can be read about on the en.wiki [[:en:Archive.today#Attack_on_Gyrovague_and_Wikipedia's_restrictions|article here.]] === Categories === * Unuised categories - [[Special:Unusedcategories]] ** The categories on this page are empty, and may be suitable for deletion. If the category is suitable for deletion, then place <nowiki>{{delete|tuim category}}</nowiki> on the category page. == Have an idea for a WikiBrounie task? == Excellent! Please start a message on the talk page so that we can discuss it. == Impact == WikiBrounies are a valued part of the Big Wiki Rewrite project, and the impact and progress of WikiBrounie tasks are recorded on the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite/Tasks]] page on a regular basis. == Footnotes == <references /> r6clrfkwr21vyohkimvovux00crit3i 921093 921089 2026-08-18T14:30:59Z Sara Thomas (WMUK) 49882 /* The WikiBrounie Manifesto */ template 921093 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Illustration_of_a_brownie_by_Alice_B_Woodward.jpg|thumb|Illustration of a brownie by Alice B Woodward]] {{En}} ''Put this as a separate tab on [[Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite]] ?'' So, you'd like to help out with Scots Wiki, but you don't speak Scots, or you're not confident in your written Scots? '''Not to worry''', as there are a number of tasks with which you can help, and which would be greatly appreciated by the community here! Good community health on any Wiki requires many kinds of editors, doing lots of different kinds of editing, and there are plenty of tasks which need to be done. In the spirit of [[:en:Wikipedia:WikiFauna]] over on English Wiki, We're suggesting that you undertake some of these WikiGnome or WikiElf-esque tasks. But seeing as this is Scots... we're inviting you to be a Wiki[[Brounie]]. '''Please note:''' The sco.wiki community has had some very well-meaning non-Scots speakers try to help over the years. We are understandably rather wary of non-Scots speakers trying to fix what they think initially are typos, or do mass edits, or run bots that might make large scale changes to the Wiki, as these kinds of actions can have '''unintended consequences'''. Scots does not have standardised spelling, for example. And there are some words that really are the same in Scots as they are in English - we'd rather not use vocabulary just because it sounds "more Scottish", as this can have a distortion effect. == The WikiBrounie Manifesto == WikiBrounies will: * Do their best to work on WikiBrounie tasks, therefore freeing up time for editors who are proficient in the Scots language to focus on the text of the Wiki. * Not engage in language-based edits unless they're ''really, really sure'' that the translation is correct. If in doubt, they do not engage in language-based edits.<ref>(Seriously, please stay away from language-based edits.)</ref> * If they have an idea for a mass edit / bot, they will seek community consensus and community buy in before proceeding. If you are happy to sign up to the WikiBrounie Manifesto, then please feel free to add this userbox to your userpage! ''[[uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)/Draft WikiBrounie template]]'' ''Add the following text to your userpage: <nowiki>{{Template:Uiser WikiBrounie}}</nowiki>'' You should also add your name to the list of participants in the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite#Parteecipants|Big Wiki Rewrite project page.]] == WikiBrounie tasks == === Adding sources to unreferenced articles === * Search for all articles missing sources here: [[:Category:Airticles wantin soorces]] ** Create a "References" section if there isn't one. (add a References List template from the "+" or "Insert" menu underneath the heading) ** Find sources for the text and add them. ** Whenever you're happy with it, delete the template at the top of the article that says "This airticle disnae cite ony references or soorces." === Interwiki links === Some articles, instead of linking to sco.wiki articles, link to en.wiki articles. This is far from ideal. These should be replaced with sco.wiki links, or de-linked as appropriate. * Go to [[Special:Search]] * Search for '''insource:"en" insource:/\[\[:en:/''' * Click on any article link, and search within the article for ":en:". * Check if en.wiki article exists on sco.wiki * If it does, replace with sco.wiki link (ie, remove ":en:" part of the link.) * If it does not, remove en.wiki link and leave as plain text. === Removing bad / unreliable sources === Citations to the '''Daily Mail''' newspaper should be removed and replaced. * Use [https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:LinkSearch?target=dailymail.co.uk this search link] to identify any citations leading to the Daily Mail, and replace with a reliable source. Citations to archive.today should be removed and replaced. * Use [https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:LinkSearch?target=archive.today this search link] to identify any archive.today citations, and replace. Sco.wiki is following en.wiki's restrictions on this source, which can be read about on the en.wiki [[:en:Archive.today#Attack_on_Gyrovague_and_Wikipedia's_restrictions|article here.]] === Categories === * Unuised categories - [[Special:Unusedcategories]] ** The categories on this page are empty, and may be suitable for deletion. If the category is suitable for deletion, then place <nowiki>{{delete|tuim category}}</nowiki> on the category page. == Have an idea for a WikiBrounie task? == Excellent! Please start a message on the talk page so that we can discuss it. == Impact == WikiBrounies are a valued part of the Big Wiki Rewrite project, and the impact and progress of WikiBrounie tasks are recorded on the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite/Tasks]] page on a regular basis. == Footnotes == <references /> oj4304urh5hvzwyu69u1h5tn3hiry1s 921097 921093 2026-08-18T15:23:07Z Sara Thomas (WMUK) 49882 /* The WikiBrounie Manifesto */ 921097 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Illustration_of_a_brownie_by_Alice_B_Woodward.jpg|thumb|Illustration of a brownie by Alice B Woodward]] {{En}} ''Put this as a separate tab on [[Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite]] ?'' So, you'd like to help out with Scots Wiki, but you don't speak Scots, or you're not confident in your written Scots? '''Not to worry''', as there are a number of tasks with which you can help, and which would be greatly appreciated by the community here! Good community health on any Wiki requires many kinds of editors, doing lots of different kinds of editing, and there are plenty of tasks which need to be done. In the spirit of [[:en:Wikipedia:WikiFauna]] over on English Wiki, We're suggesting that you undertake some of these WikiGnome or WikiElf-esque tasks. But seeing as this is Scots... we're inviting you to be a Wiki[[Brounie]]. '''Please note:''' The sco.wiki community has had some very well-meaning non-Scots speakers try to help over the years. We are understandably rather wary of non-Scots speakers trying to fix what they think initially are typos, or do mass edits, or run bots that might make large scale changes to the Wiki, as these kinds of actions can have '''unintended consequences'''. Scots does not have standardised spelling, for example. And there are some words that really are the same in Scots as they are in English - we'd rather not use vocabulary just because it sounds "more Scottish", as this can have a distortion effect. == The WikiBrounie Manifesto == WikiBrounies will: * Do their best to work on WikiBrounie tasks, therefore freeing up time for editors who are proficient in the Scots language to focus on the text of the Wiki. * Not engage in language-based edits unless they're ''really, really sure'' that the translation is correct. If in doubt, they do not engage in language-based edits.<ref>(Seriously, please stay away from language-based edits.)</ref> * If they have an idea for a mass edit / bot, they will seek community consensus and community buy in before proceeding. If you are happy to sign up to the WikiBrounie Manifesto, then please feel free to add this userbox to your userpage! ''[[uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)/Draft WikiBrounie template]]'' ''Add the following text to your userpage: <nowiki>{{Template:Uiser WikiBrounie}}</nowiki>'' You should also add your name to the list of participants in the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite#Parteecipants|Big Wiki Rewrite project page.]] ''Eg: user:lirazelf (WikiBrounie)'' == WikiBrounie tasks == === Adding sources to unreferenced articles === * Search for all articles missing sources here: [[:Category:Airticles wantin soorces]] ** Create a "References" section if there isn't one. (add a References List template from the "+" or "Insert" menu underneath the heading) ** Find sources for the text and add them. ** Whenever you're happy with it, delete the template at the top of the article that says "This airticle disnae cite ony references or soorces." === Interwiki links === Some articles, instead of linking to sco.wiki articles, link to en.wiki articles. This is far from ideal. These should be replaced with sco.wiki links, or de-linked as appropriate. * Go to [[Special:Search]] * Search for '''insource:"en" insource:/\[\[:en:/''' * Click on any article link, and search within the article for ":en:". * Check if en.wiki article exists on sco.wiki * If it does, replace with sco.wiki link (ie, remove ":en:" part of the link.) * If it does not, remove en.wiki link and leave as plain text. === Removing bad / unreliable sources === Citations to the '''Daily Mail''' newspaper should be removed and replaced. * Use [https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:LinkSearch?target=dailymail.co.uk this search link] to identify any citations leading to the Daily Mail, and replace with a reliable source. Citations to archive.today should be removed and replaced. * Use [https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:LinkSearch?target=archive.today this search link] to identify any archive.today citations, and replace. Sco.wiki is following en.wiki's restrictions on this source, which can be read about on the en.wiki [[:en:Archive.today#Attack_on_Gyrovague_and_Wikipedia's_restrictions|article here.]] === Categories === * Unuised categories - [[Special:Unusedcategories]] ** The categories on this page are empty, and may be suitable for deletion. If the category is suitable for deletion, then place <nowiki>{{delete|tuim category}}</nowiki> on the category page. == Have an idea for a WikiBrounie task? == Excellent! Please start a message on the talk page so that we can discuss it. == Impact == WikiBrounies are a valued part of the Big Wiki Rewrite project, and the impact and progress of WikiBrounie tasks are recorded on the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite/Tasks]] page on a regular basis. == Footnotes == <references /> 42tbkv555ixtbpmx1ffklzij30tud1m 2 233897 921090 2026-08-18T14:22:59Z Sara Thomas (WMUK) 49882 created draft 921090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{userbox|border-c={{{border-c|black}}}|id=[[Image:Broom icon 1.svg|45px]]|id-c={{{id-c|CornFlowerBlue}}}|id-fc={{{id-fc|black}}}|id-s={{{5|{{{id-s|12}}}}}}|info=This editor considers themselves a WikiBrounie, and wants to help with non-language tasks that help the Wiki.|info-c={{{info-c|#FF8080}}}|info-fc={{{info-fc|black}}}|info-s={{{info-s|8}}}|usercategory=|nocat={{{nocat|}}}}} mx3wmo0ra1lfb2qwioqp4owqzc8vdlp 921091 921090 2026-08-18T14:24:29Z Sara Thomas (WMUK) 49882 formatting 921091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{userbox |border-c={{{border-c|black}}} |id=[[Image:Broom icon 1.svg|45px]] |id-c={{{id-c|CornFlowerBlue}}} |id-fc={{{id-fc|black}}} |id-s={{{5|{{{id-s|12}}}}}} |info=This editor considers themselves a WikiBrounie, and wants to help with non-language tasks that help the Wiki. |info-c={{{info-c|#FF8080}}} |info-fc={{{info-fc|black}}} |info-s={{{info-s|8}}} |usercategory=|nocat={{{nocat|}}} }} makgj2nw522lohp3fe5guhu72zd4fet 921092 921091 2026-08-18T14:28:56Z Sara Thomas (WMUK) 49882 colours 921092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{userbox |border-c={{{border-c|black}}} |id=[[Image:Broom icon 1.svg|45px]] |id-c={{{id-c|white}}} |id-fc={{{id-fc|white}}} |id-s={{{5|{{{id-s|12}}}}}} |info=This editor considers themselves a WikiBrounie, and wants to help with non-language tasks that help the Wiki. |info-c={{{info-c|CornFlowerBlue}}} |info-fc={{{info-fc|white}}} |info-s={{{info-s|8}}} |usercategory=|nocat={{{nocat|}}} }} dqnky873sl9q0a02ntw6fiw4qoy2o53 921095 921092 2026-08-18T15:19:45Z Sara Thomas (WMUK) 49882 colours 921095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{userbox |border-c={{{border-c|black}}} |id=[[Image:Broom icon 1.svg|45px]] |id-c={{{id-c|white}}} |id-fc={{{id-fc|white}}} |id-s={{{5|{{{id-s|12}}}}}} |info=This editor considers themselves a WikiBrounie, and wants to help with non-language tasks that help the Wiki. |info-c={{{info-c|DarkBlue}}} |info-fc={{{info-fc|white}}} |info-s={{{info-s|8}}} |usercategory=|nocat={{{nocat|}}} }} ik8vtxym900e91h3d7pnof4c6pylbiz 3 233898 921136 2026-08-18T20:16:32Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Made page wi "{{subst:uw-english1}} ~~~~" 921136 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]]. I wanted to let you know that I undid one or more of [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-45172-97|your recent contributions]] because you changed [[:en:Scots language|Scots]] material to the [[:en:English language|English language]] or added English material to articles. This is the Scots Wikipedia, not the [[:en:Main Page|English one]], and the language of this project is [[Scots leid|Scots]]. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on [[User_talk:Mr.Murdoch78|my talk page]]. Thanks! [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 20:16, 18 August 2026 (UTC) 4o4n78ryt1bjxwi6toaxvbf1y4wu245 921170 921136 2026-08-18T20:54:11Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921170 wikitext text/x-wiki == August 2026 == [[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]]. I wanted to let you know that I undid one or more of [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-45172-97|your recent contributions]] because you changed [[:en:Scots language|Scots]] material to the [[:en:English language|English language]] or added English material to articles. This is the Scots Wikipedia, not the [[:en:Main Page|English one]], and the language of this project is [[Scots leid|Scots]]. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on [[User_talk:Mr.Murdoch78|my talk page]]. Thanks! [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 20:16, 18 August 2026 (UTC) kk7skxglru94mc6uwy05uqwr2z0m4t4 3 233899 921175 2026-08-19T00:17:40Z JJPMaster 49212 JJPMaster flittit page [[Uiser collogue:DreamRimmer]] til [[Uiser collogue:Max]]: Autæmateeclie muived page while renamin the uiser "[[Special:CentralAuth/DreamRimmer|DreamRimmer]]" tae "[[Special:CentralAuth/Max|Max]]" 921175 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Uiser collogue:Max]] q9kciobwljp665c4nozbqupd9txpg5z 3 233900 921177 2026-08-19T01:42:09Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Walcome tae the Scots Wikipaedia ! 921177 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Ajdjdidj, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/Ajdjdidj|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 01:42, 19 August 2026 (UTC) ec5on1qtet1xlcltoatz9lsutcw2tp1 3 233901 921178 2026-08-19T01:42:30Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Walcome tae the Scots Wikipaedia ! 921178 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, מקף, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/מקף|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 01:42, 19 August 2026 (UTC) j1e9bnwjkp2xnfiorbe04ei54vodk9f 3 233902 921179 2026-08-19T01:42:53Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Walcome tae the Scots Wikipaedia ! 921179 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, JJPMaster, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 01:42, 19 August 2026 (UTC) jpcczz2xykndesovbex1pcf19bykhkq 3 233904 921191 2026-08-19T10:36:17Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Made page wi "{{subst:uw-english1}} ~~~~" 921191 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]]. I wanted to let you know that I undid one or more of [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-45178-68|your recent contributions]] because you changed [[:en:Scots language|Scots]] material to the [[:en:English language|English language]] or added English material to articles. This is the Scots Wikipedia, not the [[:en:Main Page|English one]], and the language of this project is [[Scots leid|Scots]]. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on [[User_talk:Mr.Murdoch78|my talk page]]. Thanks! [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 10:36, 19 August 2026 (UTC) 7y6nr2na6ag9sp57qcwi0ftwiskw8dq 921194 921191 2026-08-19T10:37:49Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921194 wikitext text/x-wiki == August 2026 == [[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]]. I wanted to let you know that I undid one or more of [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-45178-68|your recent contributions]] because you changed [[:en:Scots language|Scots]] material to the [[:en:English language|English language]] or added English material to articles. This is the Scots Wikipedia, not the [[:en:Main Page|English one]], and the language of this project is [[Scots leid|Scots]]. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on [[User_talk:Mr.Murdoch78|my talk page]]. Thanks! [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 10:36, 19 August 2026 (UTC) ccg0q7f397rxba1w4fdteeqapq1qu0q 3 233905 921192 2026-08-19T10:36:46Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Made page wi "{{subst:uw-disruptive1}} ~~~~" 921192 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello. This is a wairnin tae let ye kent that ane or more o [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-45562-15|yer contreibutions]] didnae appear constructive an haes been revertit. Please tak some time tae familiarise yerself wi oor [[Wikipedia:Policies an guidelines|policies an guidelines]]. Ye can find information anent these at oor [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome page]]. Gin ye anly meant til mak test edits, please uise [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|the saundpit]] fur that. Gin ye think A made a mistak, or gin ye hae ony quaistens, ye can leave a message on ma tauk page. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-disruptive1 --> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 10:36, 19 August 2026 (UTC) dqtwsrm7sd5nmu6tc4uu6hxamrbkvrh 921193 921192 2026-08-19T10:37:22Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921193 wikitext text/x-wiki == August 2026 == [[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello. This is a wairnin tae let ye kent that ane or more o [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-45562-15|yer contreibutions]] didnae appear constructive an haes been revertit. Please tak some time tae familiarise yerself wi oor [[Wikipedia:Policies an guidelines|policies an guidelines]]. Ye can find information anent these at oor [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome page]]. Gin ye anly meant til mak test edits, please uise [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|the saundpit]] fur that. Gin ye think A made a mistak, or gin ye hae ony quaistens, ye can leave a message on ma tauk page. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-disruptive1 --> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 10:36, 19 August 2026 (UTC) hrb5ag8inpdizy5ovj2ih6xju5kse6l