وڪيپيڊيا sdwiki https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8F%DA%A9_%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%88 MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.21 first-letter ذريعات خاص بحث واپرائيندڙ واپرائيندڙ بحث وڪيپيڊيا وڪيپيڊيا بحث فائل فائل بحث ذريعات وڪي ذريعات وڪي بحث سانچو سانچو بحث مدد مدد بحث زمرو زمرو بحث باب باب بحث TimedText TimedText talk ماڊيول ماڊيول بحث Event Event talk هسٽوگرام 0 2404 368110 366525 2026-03-28T11:53:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13773 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 368110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Graphical representation of the distribution of numerical data}} {{Hatnote| ڊجيٽل تصوير پروسيسنگ ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ هسٽوگرام لاءِ، تصويري هسٽوگرام ۽ رنگين هسٽوگرام ڏسو}} [[File:Black_cherry_tree_histogram.svg|thumb|هن هسٽوگرام ۾ اوچائي کي برابر ويڪر (5 فوٽ) جي بِن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي.]] '''هسٽوگرام''' (Histogram) مقداري ڊيٽا جي ورڇ جي هڪ بصري نمائندگي آهي. هسٽوگرام ٺاهڻ لاءِ پهريون قدم قدرن جي حد کي "بن" (<small>Bin or Buckets</small>) ڪيو ويندو آهي، قدرن جي پوري حد کي وقفن جي هڪ سلسلي ۾ ورهايو ويندو آهي ۽ پوءِ ڳڻيو ويندو آهي ته هر وقفي ۾ ڪيتريون قدرون اچن ٿيون. بن عام طور تي متغير جي مسلسل، غير اوورليپنگ وقفن جي طور تي بيان ڪيا ويندا آهن. بن (وقفو) ويجها هوندا آهن ۽ عام طور تي برابر سائيز جا (پر ضروري ناهي) هوندا آهن.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Howitt|first1=D.|last2=Cramer|first2=D.|year=2008|title=Introduction to Statistics in Psychology|publisher=Prentice Hall|edition=Fourth|isbn=978-0-13-205161-3}}</ref> هسٽوگرام ڊيٽا جي بنيادي ورڇ جي گهاٽائي جو هڪ معمولي ۽ اڪثر ڪري گهاٽائي جي اندازي لاءِ: بنيادي متغير جي امڪاني گهاٽائي جي ڪم جو اندازو لڳائڻ جو احساس ڏين ٿا. امڪاني گهاٽائي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ هسٽوگرام جو ڪل علائقو هميشه 1 تائين نارمل ڪيو ويندو آهي. جيڪڏهن x-محور تي وقفن جي ڊيگهه سڀ 1 آهي، ته پوءِ هڪ هسٽوگرام هڪ لاڳاپيل فريڪوئنسي پلاٽ جي برابر آهي. هسٽوگرام ڪڏهن ڪڏهن '''<small>بار چارٽس</small>''' سان مونجهارو ڪندا آهن. هڪ هسٽوگرام ۾، هر '''بِن''' قدرن جي مختلف رينج لاءِ آهي، تنهنڪري مجموعي طور تي هسٽوگرام قدرن جي ورڇ کي بيان ڪري ٿو. پر هڪ بار چارٽ ۾، هر '''بار''' مشاهدن جي مختلف درجي لاءِ آهي (مثال طور، هر '''بار''' مختلف آبادي لاءِ ٿي سگهي ٿو)، تنهنڪري مجموعي طور تي بار چارٽ کي مختلف درجن جي مقابلي لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو. ڪجهه ليکڪ سفارش ڪن ٿا ته بار چارٽس ۾ هميشه <small>'''بارن'''</small> جي وچ ۾ فرق هجي ته جيئن اهو واضح ٿئي ته اهي <small>'''هسٽوگرام'''</small> نه آهن.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Naomi |first1=Robbins |title=A Histogram is NOT a Bar Chart |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/naomirobbins/2012/01/04/a-histogram-is-not-a-bar-chart/#345b9c746d77 |work=Forbes |access-date=31 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = M. Eileen Magnello | date = December 2006 | title = Karl Pearson and the Origins of Modern Statistics: An Elastician becomes a Statistician | journal = The New Zealand Journal for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology | volume = 1 volume | oclc = 682200824 | url = http://www.rutherfordjournal.org/article010107.html }} </ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== {{commons}} {{Wiktionary}} *[https://tinlizzie.org/histograms/ Exploring Histograms], an essay by Aran Lunzer and Amelia McNamara * [https://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/journey.html Journey To Work and Place Of Work] ''(location of census document cited in example)'' * [http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/30480-histconnect Smooth histogram for signals and images from a few samples] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130107034024/http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/30480-histconnect |date=2013-01-07 }} * [http://quarknet.fnal.gov/toolkits/ati/histograms.html Histograms: Construction, Analysis and Understanding with external links and an application to particle Physics.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426230256/https://quarknet.fnal.gov/toolkits/ati/histograms.html |date=2025-04-26 }} * [https://www.neuralengine.org/res/histogram.html A Method for Selecting the Bin Size of a Histogram] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150501071703/http://www.stat.rice.edu/~scottdw/stat550/HW/hw3/c03.pdf Histograms: Theory and Practice], some great illustrations of some of the Bin Width concepts derived above. * [http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/27388-plot-and-compare-nice-histograms-by-default Matlab function to plot nice histograms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006085139/http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/27388-plot-and-compare-nice-histograms-by-default |date=2013-10-06 }} * [http://excelandfinance.com/histogram-in-excel/ Dynamic Histogram in MS Excel] * Histogram [http://wiki.stat.ucla.edu/socr/index.php/SOCR_EduMaterials_ModelerActivities_MixtureModel_1 construction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718214758/http://wiki.stat.ucla.edu/socr/index.php/SOCR_EduMaterials_ModelerActivities_MixtureModel_1 |date=2023-07-18 }} and [http://wiki.stat.ucla.edu/socr/index.php/SOCR_EduMaterials_Activities_PowerTransformFamily_Graphs manipulation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701034409/http://wiki.stat.ucla.edu/socr/index.php/SOCR_EduMaterials_Activities_PowerTransformFamily_Graphs |date=2023-07-01 }} using Java applets, and [http://www.socr.ucla.edu/htmls/SOCR_Charts.html charts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701034411/http://www.socr.ucla.edu/htmls/SOCR_Charts.html |date=2023-07-01 }} on [[SOCR]] * [http://www.ton.scphys.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~shino/histograms/ Toolbox for constructing the best histograms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024205314/http://www.ton.scphys.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~shino/histograms/ |date=2017-10-24 }} {{Quality Tools}} {{Statistics|descriptive}} [[زمرو:شماريات]] [[زمرو:انگ اکر]] [[زمرو:شمارياتي چارٽ ۽ ڊاگرام]] [[زمرو:معيار ڪنٽرول جا اوزار]] [[زمرو:گهاٽائي جو اندازو]] [[زمرو:غير پيراميٽرڪ انگ اکر]] [[زمرو:فريڪوئنسي جي ورڇ]] nl69sftozgno56aen00dau9a9mzd2w5 سانچو:Nowrap/doc 10 3428 367960 12726 2026-03-28T03:04:00Z Intisar Ali 8681 367960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- زمرا صفحي جي هيٺان شامل ڪيا وڃن؛ انٽر وڪي لنڪس وڪي ڊيٽا ڏانهن وڃن --> {{used in system|in [[MediaWiki:Histlegend]]}} {{cascade-protected template}} {{COinS safe|n}} {{tsh|nobr|nobreak|nwr|nbr}} {{tlx|Nowrap}} يا {{tlx|nowrap}} مخصوص متن کي [[Line wrap and word wrap|لائين ٽٽڻ]] کان روڪي ٿو (جيڪو لنڪ جي اندر به ٿي سگهي ٿو). هي سانچو '''گهڻو استعمال نه ڪيو وڃي'''. اهو لفظن کي لائين جي آخر ۾ ٽٽڻ کان روڪي ٿو، جيڪي عام طور اسپيس، ڊيش "-" يا ڪڏهن ڪڏهن بریکٽس تي ٽٽندا آهن. Nowrap ٿيل متن جي ويڪر پوري پيراگراف جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ويڪر بڻجي ويندي آهي، جنهن سان ننڍين اسڪرينن تي صفحي جي ترتيب متاثر ٿي سگهي ٿي. {{nowrap}} جي ابتڙ اثر حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ {{tlx|wbr}} استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو. وڌيڪ ڄاڻ لاءِ ڏسو [[Wikipedia:Line-break handling]]. == استعمال == : <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Nowrap|هي لفظ گڏ رهندا}}</syntaxhighlight> → {{Nowrap|هي لفظ گڏ رهندا}} : <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Nowrap|a, b, c, يا d}}</syntaxhighlight> → {{Nowrap|a, b, c, يا d}} : <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Nowrap| merry-go-round }}</syntaxhighlight> → {{Nowrap| merry-go-round }} : <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Nowrap| [[4-part harmony]] }}</syntaxhighlight> → {{Nowrap| [[4-part harmony]] }} : <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Nowrap| [[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] }}</syntaxhighlight> → {{Nowrap| [[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] }} === مثال === {| class=wikitable | "<code>انهن وٽ ڪل {{tlc|Nowrap|10 kg (22 lb)}} هو.</code>" <br/> اهو هن ريت ظاهر ٿي سگهي ٿو: :انهن وٽ {{Nowrap|10 kg (22 lb)}} <br/> هو. <br/> يا هن ريت: :انهن وٽ <br/>10 kg (22 lb) هو. <br/> پر هن ريت نه: :انهن وٽ 10 kg (22 <br/>lb) هو. | "<code>هن {{tlc|Nowrap|هڪ شير}} ڏٺو.</code>" <br/> اهو هن ريت ظاهر ٿي سگهي ٿو: :هن هڪ&nbsp;شير <br/> ڏٺو. <br/> يا: :هن <br/> هڪ شير ڏٺو. <br/> پر هن ريت نه: :هن هڪ <br/> شير ڏٺو. |} == ٽيڪنيڪل تفصيل == اصل ڪوڊ هي HTML ٽيگ استعمال ڪري ٿو: <span class="nowrap">هي متن لائين ۾ نه ٽٽندو</span> CSS ۾ nowrap ڪلاس لاءِ هي خاصيت استعمال ٿئي ٿي: white-space: nowrap; == TemplateData == <templatedata>{ "description": "متن کي لائين ٽٽڻ کان بچائڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿئي ٿو.", "params": { "1": { "label": "متن", "description": "اهو متن جيڪو گڏ رکڻو آهي.", "type": "string", "required": true } } }</templatedata> awn9o0the21hvfw01xbnzi9d8nehzvw سانچو:Clear 10 3439 367887 193023 2026-03-27T19:55:37Z Intisar Ali 8681 Intisar Ali [[سانچو:صاف]] کي [[سانچو:Clear]] ڏانھن ريڊائريڪٽ مٿان چوريو 193023 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="clear:both"></div><noinclude>{{دستاویز}}</noinclude> s1eopbsm7g5owsev37xnj7sqvoj9762 سانچو:High-risk/doc 10 4193 368070 30778 2026-03-28T10:45:14Z Intisar Ali 8681 368070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{documentation subpage}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا ۽ بين الويڪي لنڪ هن صفحي جي آخر ۾ شامل ڪريو --> هي {{tl|high-risk}} پيغام وارو خانو آهي. هي انهن سانچن جي دستاويزن جي مٿان رکڻ لاءِ آهي جيڪي تمام گهڻو استعمال ٿين ٿا (وڏي خطري وارا سانچا). يعني اهي سانچا جيڪي 100,000 يا ان کان وڌيڪ صفحن تي استعمال ٿين ٿا. جيڪڏهن ڪو سانچو 2000 کان 100,000 صفحن تي استعمال ٿئي ٿو ته پوءِ {{tl|high-use}} استعمال ڪرڻ جي صلاح ڏني وڃي ٿي، جنهن جي لفظن جو انداز ٿورو نرم هوندو آهي. '''نوٽ!''' اهو عام ڳالهه آهي ته پيغام واري خاني ۾ ڪجهه لنڪ ڳاڙها هجن. === استعمال === هي سانچو جيئن جو تيئن استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو. پر هي ڪجهه پيرا ميٽر به وٺي سگهي ٿو: * پهريون پيرا ميٽر صفحن جو تعداد آهي. ڏسو [[وڪيپيڊيا:ڊيٽابيس رپورٽون/گهڻي ٽرانسڪليوشن وارا سانچا]] ته معلوم ٿئي ته ڪو خاص سانچو ڪيترا صفحا استعمال ڪن ٿا. * ٻيو پيرا ميٽر ڪنهن ٻي ڳالهه ٻولهه واري صفحي جو نالو آهي جيڪڏهن توهان چاهيو ٿا ته بحث اتي ڪيو وڃي. پر بهتر طريقو اهو ٿي سگهي ٿو ته توهان پنهنجي سانچي جي ڳالهه ٻولهه واري صفحي کي ان ٻئي صفحي ڏانهن ريڊائريڪٽ ڪري ڇڏيو. هيٺ ڪجهه مثال ڏجن ٿا: <pre> {{high-risk| 300,000+ | Wikipedia talk:High-risk templates }} </pre> {{high-risk| 300,000+ | Wikipedia talk:High-risk templates }} <pre> {{high-risk| 300,000+ }} </pre> {{high-risk| 300,000+ }} <pre> {{high-risk| | Wikipedia talk:High-risk templates }} </pre> {{high-risk| | Wikipedia talk:High-risk templates }} هڪ /doc صفحي جي مٿئين حصي لاءِ مڪمل ڪوڊ هن طرح ٿي سگهي ٿو: <pre> {{documentation subpage}} {{high-risk| 300,000+ }} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا ۽ بين الويڪي لنڪ هن صفحي جي آخر ۾ شامل ڪريو --> </pre> === فني تفصيل === [[/sandbox]] ۽ [[/testcases]] اهڙن ذيلي صفحن جا معياري نالا آهن. جيڪڏهن اهي صفحا ٺاهيا وڃن ته سانچي لاءِ سائي /doc خانو انهن کي پاڻ سڃاڻي وٺندو ۽ پنهنجي سرخي ۾ انهن جا لنڪ ڏيکاريندو. مثال طور هن دستاويز جي مٿئين حصي کي ڏسو. === پڻ ڏسو === * {{tl|used in system}} – انهن سانچن لاءِ جيڪي وڪيپيڊيا جي يوزر انٽرفيس ۾ استعمال ٿين ٿا. * {{tl|high-risk}} – تمام گهڻو استعمال ٿيندڙ (وڏي خطري وارا) سانچا. * {{tl|high-use}} – ٿورو گهٽ خطري وارا سانچا. * {{tl|intricate template}} * [[وڪيپيڊيا:سانچو جاچ ڪيس]] * [[وڪيپيڊيا:وڏي خطري وارا سانچا]] * {{tl|pp-template}} – تحفظ وارو سانچو جيڪو عام طور وڏي خطري وارن سانچن تي لڳايو ويندو آهي. <includeonly> <!-- زمرا ۽ بين الويڪي لنڪ هتي شامل ڪريو، مهرباني --> [[Category:Template namespace templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[pt:Predefinição:Alto-risco]] </includeonly> pbm8fm22u6iyl55qosgtkxcx5fmsuct سانچو:Br separated entries 10 4572 367967 96421 2026-03-28T04:26:50Z Intisar Ali 8681 367967 wikitext text/x-wiki {{<includeonly>safesubst:</includeonly>#invoke:Separated entries|br}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 3qzqyo0vc2bkjx7dik52fp751jwcnq3 سانچو:Br separated entries/doc 10 4573 367968 366202 2026-03-28T04:28:40Z Intisar Ali 8681 367968 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-risk|630,000+}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هن صفحي جي هيٺ ڏنل هنڌ تي شامل ڪريو --> {{Template shortcut|br entries|br list}} {{stack|{{Lua|Module:Separated entries}}}} هي سانچو بنيادي طور ڄاڻخانن ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آهي ته جيئن شين جي اهڙي فهرست ٺهي جيڪا <code>&lt;br /&gt;</code> ذريعي جدا ٿيل هجي، ۽ <code>&lt;br /&gt;</code> جا ٽيگ رڳو اتي شامل ڪيا وڃن جتي انهن جي ضرورت هجي. '''نوٽ:''' جيڪڏهن شين جي فهرست گولين کان سواءِ ڏيکارڻي هجي ته هي سانچو استعمال نه ڪريو، پر {{tl|unbulleted list}} يا {{tl|plainlist}} استعمال ڪريو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اها [[WP:ACCESS|رسائي پذيري]] جي لحاظ کان بهتر آهي. == استعمال == :<code><nowiki>{{br separated entries|داخلا1|داخلا2|داخلا3|داخلا4|داخلا5|...}}</nowiki></code> == مثال == {| class="wikitable" ! ڪوڊ !! نتيجو |- | <code><nowiki>{{br separated entries|داخلا1|داخلا2|داخلا3}}</nowiki></code> || {{br separated entries|entry1|entry2|entry3}} |- | <code><nowiki>{{br separated entries| |داخلا2|داخلا3}}</nowiki></code> || {{br separated entries| |entry2|entry3}} |- | <code><nowiki>{{br separated entries|داخلا1| |داخلا3}}</nowiki></code> || {{br separated entries|entry1| |entry3}} |- | <code><nowiki>{{br separated entries|داخلا1|داخلا2| }}</nowiki></code> || {{br separated entries|entry1|entry2| }} |- | <code><nowiki>{{br separated entries|داخلا1| | }}</nowiki></code> || {{br separated entries|entry1| | }} |- | <code><nowiki>{{br separated entries| |داخلا2| }}</nowiki></code> || {{br separated entries| |entry2| }} |- | <code><nowiki>{{br separated entries| | |داخلا3}}</nowiki></code> || {{br separated entries| | |entry3}} |- | <code><nowiki>{{br separated entries| | | }}</nowiki></code> || {{br separated entries| | | }} |- | <code><nowiki>{{br separated entries|داخلا1|داخلا2|داخلا3|داخلا4|داخلا5|داخلا6}}</nowiki></code> || {{br separated entries|entry1|entry2|entry3|entry4|entry5|entry6}} |} ===سانچي جي ڊيٽا=== {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata>{ "description": "اهڙي شين جي گڏجاڻي ٺاهي ٿو جيڪا <br /> ذريعي جدا ٿيل هجي. بنيادي طور ڄاڻخانن ۾ استعمال لاءِ، هي رڳو اتي <br /> جا ٽيگ شامل ڪري ٿو جتي انهن جي ضرورت هجي.", "params": { "1": { "label": "پهرين شئي", "description": "پهرين شئي، خالي به ٿي سگهي ٿي", "type": "string", "required": false }, "2": { "label": "ٻي شئي", "description": "ٻي شئي، وڌيڪ گهڻيون شيون به شامل ڪري سگهجن ٿيون", "type": "string", "required": false } }}</templatedata> == پڻ ڏسو == * {{tl|comma separated entries}} * {{tl|space separated entries}} * {{tl|plainlist}} * {{tl|flatlist}} * {{tl|pagelist}} * {{tl|unbulleted list}} * [[Module:separated entries]]، اهو [[Wikipedia:Lua|لوا]] ماڊيول جنهن تي هي سانچو ٻڌل آهي. <includeonly>{{Sandbox other| | <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هن لڪير کان هيٺ شامل ڪريو: --> [[Category:Inline list formatting templates]] [[Category:Variadic templates]] }}</includeonly> mslfujspkhckfzyiz46kubatmy2dblp الجزائر 0 4729 368003 348319 2026-03-28T06:24:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13773 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 368003 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = پيپلز ڊيموڪريٽڪ ريپبلڪ آف الجيريا | common_name = الجيريا | native_name = الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية<br/> ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔⵉⵜ | image_flag = Flag of Algeria.svg | image_coat = National Emblem of Algeria (bronze effect).svg | symbol_type = نسبتي نشان | national_motto = {{small|عوام ذريعي عوام لاء}}<br/>By the people and for the people<ref name="CONST-AR">{{cite web|url=http://www.el-mouradia.dz/arabe/symbole/textes/constitution96.htm |title=Constitution of Algeria, Art. 11 |id= language: English and Arabic (government language); people of Algeria speak Arabic and Berber|publisher=El-mouradia.dz |accessdate=17 January 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718124116/http://www.el-mouradia.dz/arabe/symbole/textes/constitution96.htm |archivedate=18 July 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name="CONST-EN">{{cite web |url= http://www.apn-dz.org/apn/english/constitution96/titre_01.htm |title=Constitution of Algeria; Art. 11 |publisher=Apn-dz.org |date=28 November 1996 |accessdate=17 January 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725130249/http://www.apn-dz.org/apn/english/constitution96/titre_01.htm |archivedate=25 July 2013 }}</ref> | national_anthem = ''[[Kassaman]]''<br />({{lang-sd|"اسان وچن ٿا ڪريون"}})<br /><center>[[فائل:National anthem of Algeria, by the U.S. Navy Band.oga]]</center> | image_map = Algeria_(orthographic_projection).svg | map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=تيز سائو|اچو}} | image_map2 = Algeria - Location Map (2013) - DZA - UNOCHA.svg | capital = [[الجزائر شھر]] | coordinates = {{Coord|36|42|N|3|13|E|type:city}} | largest_city = الجيريس | religion = [[الجيرہا ۾ اسلام|اسلام]] | official_languages = {{hlist |'''[[عربي ]]'''<ref name="constitution">{{cite web|url=http://www.apn-dz.org/apn/english/constitution96/titre_01.htm |title=Constitution of Algeria; Art. 3 |publisher=Apn-dz.org |date=28 November 1996 |accessdate=17 January 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725130249/http://www.apn-dz.org/apn/english/constitution96/titre_01.htm |archivedate=25 July 2013 }}</ref>|[[بربر ٻوليون|بربر]]<ref name="APS">{{cite web |url=http://www.aps.dz/images/doc/PROJET-DE%20REVISION-DE-LA-CONSTITUTION-28-DECEMBRE-2015.pdf |title=APS |publisher=[[Algeria Press Service]] |date=6 January 2016 |accessdate=6 January 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160522160159/http://www.aps.dz/images/doc/PROJET-DE%20REVISION-DE-LA-CONSTITUTION-28-DECEMBRE-2015.pdf |archivedate=22 May 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>}} | languages_type = ٻيون ٻوليون | languages = [[فرينچ ٻولي|فرينچ]] {{ small|انتظامي، واپاري ۽ تعليم}}<ref name="AlgeriaFactbook">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ag.html |title=The World Factbook – Algeria |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |date=4 December 2013 |accessdate=24 December 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6BNNjndve?url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ag.html |archivedate=13 October 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref> [[عربي]] {{small|(رابطي واري ٻولي)}} | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist |{{nowrap|[[عرب]] %84,[[بربر]] %15 ۽ باقي ٻيا %1}} <ref name="AlgeriaFactbook"/>}} | demonym = الجيرين - الجزائري - الجييريائي | government_type = {{nowrap|[[وحداني رياست|وحداني]] [[نيم صدارتي نظام|نيم صدارتي]]}} [[عوامي جمھوريہ]] | leader_title1 = [[الجيريا جا صدر|صدر]] | leader_name1 = [[عبدالعزيز بوتيفلڪا]] | leader_title2 = [[الجيريا جا وزيراعظم|وزيراعظم]] | leader_name2 = [[احمد اويحا]] | legislature = [[الجزيره جي پارليامينٽ|پارليامينٽ]] | upper_house = [[ڪائونسل آف نيشن]] | lower_house = [[ عوامي قومي اسيمبلي|پيپلز نيشنل اسيمبلي]] | sovereignty_type = الجزائر يا الجيريا جي تاريخ | established_event1 = قيام جو قومي ڏينھن | established_date1 = 202 BCE | established_event2 = [[فرينچ الجيريا]] | established_date2 = الجيريس تي چڙھائي کان: 5 جولائي 1830ع | established_event3 = فرانس کان آزادي جي جنگ | established_date3 = 3 جولائي 1962ع | established_event4 = تسليم ڪيو ويو | established_date4 = 5 جولائي 1962ع | established_event5 = [[الجيريا جو آئين|موجوده آئين]] | established_date5 = 10 سيپٽمبر 1963ع | area_km2 = 2381741 | area_rank = 10th | area_sq_mi = 919595 | percent_water = نہ جھڙو | population_estimate = 42,200,000<ref name="ONS">{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.dz/-Demographie-.html|title=Démographie (ONS) |publisher=ONS |date= 1 January 2018 |accessdate=19 January 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306220607/http://www.ons.dz/-Demographie-.html |archivedate=6 March 2012 }}</ref> | population_census = 37,900,000<ref name="ONS"/> | population_estimate_year = 2018 | population_estimate_rank = 32nd | population_census_year = 2013 | population_density_km2 = 15.9 | population_density_sq_mi = 37.9 | population_density_rank = 208th | GDP_PPP = $666.960 billion<ref name=imf2>[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=52&pr.y=14&sy=2017&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=612&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= Algeria]. [[International Monetary Fund]] </ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $15,758<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal = $197.629 billion<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $4,669<ref name=imf2/> | Gini = 27.6 | Gini_year = 2011 | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|author=Staff |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Distribution of Family Income&nbsp;– Gini Index |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |accessdate=1 September 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5rRcwIiYs?url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |archivedate=23 July 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> | HDI = 0.754<!-- number only --> | HDI_year = 2018<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --> | HDI_change = increase<!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://www.hdr.undp.org/en/2018-update |title=2018 Human Development Report |year=2018 |accessdate=14 September 2018 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> | HDI_rank = 85th | currency = [[الجيرين دينار ]] | currency_code = DZD | time_zone = [[سينٽرل يورپي ٽائيم ]] | utc_offset = +1 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = ساڄو پاسو <ref>{{cite news |last=Geoghegan |first=Tom |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8239048.stm |title=Could the UK drive on the right? |publisher=BBC News |date=7 September 2009 |accessdate=14 January 2013}}</ref> | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Algeria|+213]] | cctld = [[.dz]]<br/>الجزائر. }} '''الجزائر''' (Algeria؛ {{IPAc-en||audio=En-Algeria-pronunciation.ogg|æ|l|ˈ|dʒ|ɪər|i|ə}}) (عربي: الجزائر؛ بربر: ⵍⵣⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ) اتر آفريڪا ۾ واقع هڪ خودمختيار رياست آهي، جنهن جو سرڪاري نالو '''پيپلز ڊيموڪريٽڪ ريپبلڪ آف الجزائر''' آهي. هي ملڪ علائقي جي لحاظ کان آفريڪا جو سڀ کان وڏو ۽ دنيا جو ڏهون وڏو ملڪ آهي، جنهن جي ڪل پکيڙ لڳ ڀڳ 2,382,741 چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي. الجزائر جي اتر ۾ ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ، اوڀر ۾ [[تيونس]] ۽ [[ليبيا]]، اولهه ۾ [[مراڪش]] ۽ [[مغربي صحارا]]، ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[مالي]]، [[نائيجر]] ۽ [[موريطانيا]] واقع آهن. الجزائر جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر '''[[الجزائر سٽي |الجزائر]]''' آهي، جيڪو ملڪ جو سياسي، معاشي ۽ ثقافتي مرڪز پڻ آهي. ملڪ جي اترئين حصي ۾ زرخيز ساحلي ميدان ۽ جبلستان موجود آهن، جڏهن ته ڏاکڻي حصي جو وڏو علائقو صحراءِ صحارا تي مشتمل آهي، جيڪو دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي گرم ريگستانن مان شمار ٿئي ٿو. هن جغرافيائي ورڇ سبب الجزائر جي آبادي جو وڏو حصو اتر ۾ مرڪوز آهي. الجزائر جون سرڪاري ٻوليون عربي ۽ [[بربر ٻولي|تمازائيٽ]] (بربر) آهن، جڏهن ته فرانسيسي ٻولي تعليم، ميڊيا ۽ انتظامي شعبن ۾ وسيع پيماني تي استعمال ٿئي ٿي. اسلام ملڪ جو سرڪاري مذهب آهي، جنهن تي لڳ ڀڳ 99 سيڪڙو آبادي عمل ڪري ٿي. گڏيل قومن جي تازي انگن اکرن موجب 2025ع ۾ الجزائر جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ 47.4 ملين هئي، جنهن سان هي ملڪ آباديءَ جي لحاظ کان آفريڪا جي وڏن ملڪن مان هڪ آهي<ref>{{Cite web|title=Algeria|url=https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population/DZ|website=UNFPA Data|access-date=3 January 2026|language=en}}</ref>. الجزائر هڪ نيم صدارتي جمهوريه آهي ۽ انتظامي طور ڪيترن صوبن ۽ ڪميونن ۾ ورهايل آهي. ملڪ اتر آفريڪا ۾ هڪ اهم علائقائي طاقت طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو ۽ بين الاقوامي سطح تي وچولي طاقت جو درجو رکي ٿو. الجزائر جي معيشت بنيادي طور تي پيٽروليم ۽ قدرتي گئس تي ٻڌل آهي، جنهن سبب هي آفريڪا جي وڏين معيشتن مان هڪ بڻيل آهي. قومي توانائي ڪمپني '''[[سوناتراچ]]''' [[آفريڪا کنڊ|براعظم آفريڪا]] جي وڏين ڪارپوريشنن مان شمار ٿئي ٿي ۽ يورپ ڏانهن قدرتي گئس جي اهم فراهم ڪندڙ آهي. الجزائر [[آفريقي يونين]]، [[عرب ليگ]]، [[اسلامي تعاون تنظيم]] (OIC)، [[اوپيڪ]]، [[گڏيل قومن جو ادارو|گڏيل قومن]] ۽ عرب مغرب يونين جو ميمبر آهي، ۽ ڪيترن ادارن جو باني رڪن پڻ رهيو آهي. پنهنجي تاريخي ورثي، ثقافتي تنوع، قدرتي وسيلن ۽ علائقائي اثر سبب الجزائر اڄ به آفريڪا ۽ [[ميڊيٽرينين دنيا]] ۾ هڪ اهم حيثيت رکي ٿو. [[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|thumb|الجزائر جو جهنڊو]] == نالو ۽ سڃاڻپ == “الجزائر” جو نالو عربي لفظ “الجزائر” سان وابسته آهي. ملڪ جي قومي/سرڪاري ٻولين بابت جديد بحث ۾ '''عربي''' ۽ '''تمازيغت (Tamazight)''' کي قومي ۽ سرڪاري حيثيت سان ڳنڍيو وڃي ٿو؛ سرڪاري ۽ لسانياتي دستاويزن ۾ تمازيغت جي حيثيت بابت واضح حوالا ملن ٿا<ref>{{Cite web|title=actes du colloque national adrar (tamazight en algerie)|url=https://hcamazighite.dz/docs/document/publications2023/actes_la_carte_linguistique_de_tamazight_en_algerie.pdf|website=hcamazighite.dz|access-date=3{{مئل ڳنڍڻو|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} January</ref>2026|language=fr}}. ==تاريخ== [[File:Tassili n'Ajjer rock art.jpg|thumb|ٽاسيلي ناجر جي قبل تاريخي نقاشي]] الجزائر ۾ انساني موجودگيءَ جا آثار تمام پراڻا آهن. ڏکڻ-اوڀر ۾ [[Tassili n'Ajjer]] جي علائقن ۾ پٿرن تي قديم نقاشيون ۽ آثار ملن ٿا، جيڪي انساني تهذيب جي ابتدائي مرحلن جي عڪاسي ڪن ٿا. (هي علائقو بعد ۾ يونيسڪو جي عالمي ورثي ۾ پڻ شامل ٿيو.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Algeria — UNESCO World Heritage Centre (State Party)|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/dz|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|access-date=3 January 2026|language=en}}</ref>. الجزائر ۾ انساني آبادڪاري هزارين سالن کان موجود آهي، جنهن جا ثبوت ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ واقع ٽاسيلي ناجر قومي پارڪ جي غارن ۾ ملندڙ قديم نقاشين مان ملن ٿا، جيڪي لڳ ڀڳ 7000 قبل مسيح سان تعلق رکن ٿيون. قديم دور ۾ فينيقي واپارين هن علائقي جي سامونڊي ڪناري تي ڪيترائي شهر قائم ڪيا، جن ۾ هيپو ريگيوس (اڄ جو عنابه)، روسڪيد (اڄ جو اسڪيڪده) ۽ ٽيپاسا شامل آهن. بعد ۾، 146 قبل مسيح ۾ پيونڪ جنگن جي پڄاڻي کان پوءِ، هي علائقو رومي سلطنت جي قبضي ۾ آيو ۽ پنجين صدي عيسوي تائين رومي حڪمراني هيٺ رهيو. رومي سلطنت جي زوال کان پوءِ، علائقو وينڊلس نالي جرمن قبيلن جي قبضي ۾ آيو. رومي دور دوران شهرسازي، قانوني نظام، رستن جي تعمير ۽ زرعي ڍانچن کي منظم ڪيو ويو، جنهن سبب علائقو معاشي ۽ انتظامي طور مستحڪم بڻيو. رومي حڪمراني لڳ ڀڳ پنجين صدي عيسوي تائين جاري رهي، ۽ ان جي زوال کان پوءِ مقامي اقتدار آهستي آهستي ڪمزور ٿيندو ويو<ref> Encyclopaedia Britannica, "Roman Africa". </ref> 600 ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ فينيقي واپارين ساحلي پٽن ۾ پنهنجا تجارتي مرڪز وڌايا. پيونڪ جنگن کان پوءِ رومي اثر مضبوط ٿيو ۽ رومي دور ۾ ڪيترن شهرن ۽ روڊن/آثارن جي تعمير ٿي. رومي زوال (5هين صدي) کان پوءِ علائقو مختلف قوتن جي اثر هيٺ رهيو. ستين صدي عيسويءَ جي وچ ڌاري عرب مسلمانن جي اچڻ سان الجزائر اسلامي دنيا جو حصو بڻيو، جنهن کان پوءِ وڏي پيماني تي مقامي آبادي اسلام قبول ڪيو. يارهين صديءَ دوران بنو هلال ۽ بنو سليم جهڙا عرب قبيله تونس ۽ اوڀر الجزائر جي علائقن ۾ اچي آباد ٿيا، جنهن سان مقامي سماجي ۽ ثقافتي بناوت ۾ وڏيون تبديليون آيون. مشهور اطالوي رياضي دان ليونارڊو فبوناچي پڻ نوجوانيءَ ۾ الجزائر ۾ رهيو، جتي هن هندو-عربي عددن جو نظام سکيو، جيڪو بعد ۾ يورپ ۾ رياضي جي ترقيءَ جو بنياد بڻيو. مشهور اطالوي رياضي دان ليونارڊو فبوناچي (1170–1250) نوجوانيءَ ۾ اتر آفريڪا ۾ موجوده الجزائر ۾ رهي اتي هندو–عربي عددن واري نظام بابت سکيو, انهيءَ تجربي جو سندس علمي ارتقا ۾ ذڪر ملي ٿو<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Fibonacci/|title=Fibonacci{{مئل ڳنڍڻو|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} - Biography|website=MacTutor History of Mathematics|publisher=University of St Andrews|access-date=3 January</ref>2026|language=en}}. 15171517ع ۾ الجزائر عثماني سلطنت جو حصو بڻيو، ۽ لڳ ڀڳ ٽي صديون عثماني حڪمراني هيٺ رهيو. ان دور ۾ الجزائر هڪ اهم بحري ۽ واپاري مرڪز هو، پر ٻين عثماني علائقن وانگر هتي به غلامي جو نظام رائج هو. سورهين کان ارڙهين صديءَ دوران اسپيني سلطنت الجزائر جي ڪجهه ساحلي علائقن تي قبضو ڪيو، پر بعد ۾ عثمانين اسپينين کي هتان ڪڍي ڇڏيو. 1830ع ۾ فرانس الجزائر تي حملو ڪري ان کي پنهنجي ڪالوني بڻايو، ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 132 سال فرانسيسي راڄ قائم رهيو. عثماني دور جي سماجي تاريخ بابت تحقيق ۾ الجزائر شهر جي عدالتن ۽ غلامن/آزاد ٿيل ماڻهن جي معاملن جو مطالعو پڻ ملي ٿو<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Loualich|first=Fatiha|date=2013-01-01|title=The Emancipated Slaves Faced with the Jurisdiction of Algiers in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/ormo/93/2/article-p547_10.xml|journal=Oriente Moderno|language=en|volume=93|issue=2|pages=547–560|doi=10.1163/22138617- 12340032|issn=2213-8617}</ref>. 16هين کان 18هين صديءَ تائين، اسپين الجزائر جي ڪجهه حصن تي قبضي ۾ رهيو، پر بعد ۾ عثمانين اسپينين کي ڪڍي ڇڏيو. 1830ع کان فرانس الجزائر تي قبضو ڪري ان کي ڪقديم دور ۾، ڇهين صدي ق.م تائين، فينيقي واپارين الجزائر جي سامونڊي ڪناري تي ڪيترائي اهم بندرگاهي شهر قائم ڪيا، جن ۾ هيپو ريگيوس (هاڻوڪو عنابه)، روسڪيد (هاڻوڪو اسڪيڪده) ۽ ٽيپاسا شامل هئا. اهي بندرگاهه ميڊيٽرينين دنيا سان واپار، ثقافت ۽ تمدني رابطن جا مرڪز بڻيا، جتي مشرقي ۽ مغربي تهذيبن جو ميل جول ٿيو. 1954ع ۾ قومي آزادي محاذ (FLN) فرانسيسي حڪمراني خلاف آزاديءَ جي تحريڪ شروع ڪئي، جيڪا هڪ خونريز جنگ ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي. آخرڪار، 5 جولاءِ 1962ع تي الجزائر فرانس کان آزادي حاصل ڪئي. آزاديءَ کان پوءِ 1963ع ۾ احمد بن بيلا ملڪ جو پهريون صدر بڻيو. جديد تاريخ ۾ الجزائر 1991ع کان 2002ع تائين هڪ شديد گهرو ويڙهه جو شڪار رهيو، جنهن ۾ هزارين ماڻهو مارجي ويا. بعد ۾ حالتون آهستي آهستي بهتر ٿيون، ۽ 2011ع ۾ ملڪ مان ايمرجنسي ختم ڪئي وئي. ==جاگرافي== [[عڪس:Algeria in its region.svg|thumb|الجزائر جا ریجن]] [[File:Camp Algerie.jpg|thumb|الجزائر ۾ صحراوي ڪئمپ]] جاگرافيائي طور الجزائر جو ڏاکڻو حصو مڪمل طور تي صحراءِ صحارا تي مشتمل آهي، جيڪو دنيا جي وڏن ريگستانن مان هڪ آهي، جڏهن ته اتر ۾ اوراس ۽ نميچا جبلستان واقع آهن. ملڪ جو سڀ کان اوچو مقام جبل طاهات آهي، جنهن جي اوچائي 3003 ميٽر آهي. زرخيز علائقا گهڻو ڪري اتر ۾ واقع آهن، جتي زراعت ۽ آبادي وڌيڪ آهي. الجزائر جي اتر ۾ ساحلي ميدان ۽ جبلستاني پٽي (جهڙوڪ اوراس ۽ ٻين سلسلن) موجود آهي. ملڪ جي آبهوا اتر ۾ [[رومي سمنڊ|بحريه روم]] (Mediterranean) جو رنگ رکي ٿي، جڏهن ته ڏکڻ ۾ سخت ريگستاني آبهوا غالب آهي. [[File:Sahara Algeria.jpg|thumb|الجزائر ۾ صحارا ريگستان]] ==حڪومت ۽ سياست== سياسي طور الجزائر هڪ جمهوريه آهي، جنهن جي پارليامينٽ ٻه ايوانن تي مشتمل آهي: مٿيون ايوان [[قوم جي ڪائونسل ، الجزائر|قوم جي ڪائونسل]] ۽ هيٺيون ايوان قومي عوامي ڪائونسل ، الجزائر|قومي عوامي اسيمبلي]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Political Institutions – Algeria|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411035439/http://www.algeri aemb.ir/pages.php?p=19}}</ref>. == انتظامي ورهاست== الجزائر انتظامي طور '''58 صوبن''' (ولايتن) ۾ ورهايل آهي. سال 2019ع ۾ صوبن جو تعداد 48 مان وڌائي 58 ڪيو ويو. الجزائر جا صوبا هيٺ ڏجن ٿا: ===ولايتن (صوبن) جي فھرست=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ الجزائر جا صوبا (ولايتونئ) ! نمبر ! صوبو ! گاديءَ جو هنڌ |- | 1 | [[ادرار صوبو]](Adrar) | [[ادرار(شھر)]] |- | 2 | [[شلف صوبو]](Chlef) | [[شلف(شھر)]] |- | 3 | [[الاغواط صوبو]](Laghouat) | [[الاغواط(شھر)]] |- | 4 | [[امّ البواقي صوبو]](Oum el-Bouaghi) | [[امّ البواقي(شھر)]] |- | 5 | [[باتنه صوبو]](Batna) | [[باتنه(شھر)]] |- | 6 | [[بجاية صوبو]](Béjaïa) | [[بجاية(شھر)]] |- | 7 | [[بسڪره صوبو]](Biskra) | [[بسڪره(شھر)]] |- | 8 | [[بشار صوبو]](Béchar) | [[بشار(شھر)]] |- | 9 | [[البليده صوبو]](Blida) | [[البليده(شھر)]] |- | 10 | [[البويره صوبو]](Bouira) | [[البويره(شھر)]] |- | 11 | [[تمنغاست صوبو]](Tamanghasset) | [[تمنغاست(شھر)]] |- | 12 | [[تبسه صوبو]](Tébessa) | [[تبسه(شھر)]] |- | 13 | [[تلمسان صوث]](Tlemcen) | [[تلمسان(شھر)]] |- | 14 | [[تيارت صوبو]]([Tiaret) | [[تيارت(شھر)]] |- | 15 | [[تيزي وزو صوبو]](Ouzou Tizi) | [[تيزي وزو (شھر)]] |- | 16 | [[الجزائر صوبو]] (Algiers) | [[الجزائر (شھر)]] |- | 17 | [[الجلفه صوبو]](Djelfa) | [[الجلفه (شھر)]] |- | 18 | [[جيجل صوبو]](Jijel) | [[جيجل (شھر)]] |- | 19 | [[سطيف صوبو]]( Sétif) | [[سطيف (شھر)]] |- | 20 | [[سعيده صوبو]](Saïda) | [[سعيده (شھر)]] |- | 21 | [[سڪيڪده صوبو]](Skikda) | [[سڪيڪده (شھر)]] |- | 22 | [[سيدي بلعباس صوبو]](Sidi Bel Abbes) | [[سيدي بلعباس (شھر)]] |- | 23 | [[عنابه صوبو]](Annaba) | [[عنابه (شھر)]] |- | 24 | [[قالمه صوبو]](Guelma) | [[قالمه (شھر)]] |- | 25 | [[قسنطينه صوبو (الجزائر)]](Constantine) | [[قسنطينه،(الجزائر جو شھر)]] |- | 26 | [[المديه صوبو]](Médéa) | [[المديه (شھر)]] |- | 27 | [[مستغانم صوبو]](Mostaganem) | [[مستغانم (شھر)]] |- | 28 | [[المسيله صوبو]](M'Sila) | [[المسيله.(شھر)]] |- | 29 | [[معسكرب صوبو]](Mascara) | [[معسكر (شھر)]] |- | 30 | [[ورقله صوبو]](Ouargla) | [[ورقله (شھر)]] |- | 31 | [[وهران صوبو]](Oran) | [[وهران (شھر)]] |- | 32 | [[البيض صوبو]](Bayadh) | [[البيض (شھر)]] |- | 33 | [[اليزي صوبو]]( Illizi) | [[اليزي (شھر)]] |- | 34 | [[برج بوعريريج صوبو]](Bordj Bou Arréridj) | [[برج بوعريريج (شھر)]] |- | 35 | [[بومرداس صوبو]](Boumerdès) | [[بومرداس (شھر)]] |- | 36 | [[الطارف صوبو]](El Tarf) | [[الطارف (شھر)]] |- | 37 | [[تيندوف صوبو]](Tindouf) | [[تيندوف (شھر)]] |- | 38 | [[تيسمسيلت صوبو]](Tissemsilt) | [[تيسمسيلت (شھر)]] |- | 39 | [[الوادي صوبو]](El Oued) | [[الوادي (شھر)]] |- | 40 | [[خنشله صوبو]](Khenchela) | [[خنشله (شھر)]] |- | 41 | [[سوق اهراس صوبو]] (Souk Ahras) | [[سوق اهراس (شھر)]] |- | 42 | [[تيبازة صوبو]](Tipasa) | [[تيبازة (شھر)]] |- | 43 | [[ميله صوبو]](Mila) | [[ميله (شھر)]] |- | 44 | [[عين الدفلى صوبو]](Aïn Defla) | [[عين الدفلى (شھر)]] |- | 45 | [[النعامه صوبو]](Naama) | [[النعامه (شھر) ]] |- | 46 | [[عين تموشنت صوبو]](Aïn Témouchent) | [[عين تموشنت (شھر)]] |- | 47 | [[غردايه صوبو]](Ghardaïa) | [[غردايه (شھر)]] |- | 48 | [[غليزان صوبو]]( Relizane) | [[غليزان (شھر)]] |- | 49 | [[المغير صوبو]](El M'Ghair) | [[المغير(شھر)]] |- | 50 | [[المنيعه صوبو]](El Menia) | [[المنيعه (شھر)]] |- | 51 | [[اولاد جلال صوبو]](Ouled Djellal) | [[اولاد جلال (شھر)]] |- | 52 | [[برج باجي مختار صوبو]](Bordj Baji Mokhtar) | [[برج باجي مختار (شھر)]] |- | 53 | [[بني عباس صوبو]](Béni Abbès) | [[بني عباس (شھر)]] |- | 54 | [[تيميمون صوبو]](Timimoun) | [[تيميمون (شھر)]] |- | 55 | [[تقرت صوبو]](Touggourt) | [[تقرت (شھر)]] |- | 56 | [[جانت صوبو]](Djanet) | [[جانت (شھر)]] |- | 57 | [[عين صالح صوبو]](Aïn Salah) | [[عين صالح (شھر)]] |- | 58 | [[عين قزام صوبو]](Aïn Guezzam) | [[عين قزام (شھر)]] |} ( ) ==معيشت== معاشي طور الجزائر ۾ حڪومت جو ڪردار انتهائي اهم آهي، ڇو ته تيل ۽ قدرتي گيس جا وڏا ذخيرا رياستي ڪنٽرول هيٺ آهن. ملڪ جي آمدني جو وڏو حصو توانائي جي شعبي مان حاصل ٿئي ٿو، پر ان باوجود بي روزگاري ۽ معاشي تنوع جي کوٽ اهم مسئلا آهن، جن کي حل ڪرڻ لاءِ حڪومت مختلف پاليسيون اختيار ڪري رهي آهي. ==آبادي ۽ مذھب== الجزائر جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ 45 ملين آهي، ۽ ملڪ ۾ چاليهه کان وڌيڪ شهر اهڙا آهن جن جي آبادي هڪ لک کان وڌيڪ آهي. اسلام ملڪ جو مکيه مذهب آهي ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 99 سيڪڙو آبادي مسلمان آهي. الجزائر تاريخي طور يهودي برادريءَ جو به اهم مرڪز رهيو آهي، پر اسرائيل جي قيام کان پوءِ ۽ سياسي ڇڪتاڻ سبب اڪثر يهودي ملڪ ڇڏي ويا، ۽ هاڻي هتي سندن تعداد تمام گهٽ رهجي ويو آهي<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jews of Algeria|work=Jewish Virtual Library|url=https://www.jewishvirtua llibrary.org/jews-of-algeria}}{{مئل ڳنڍڻو|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>. ==ٻوليون== الجزائر جون سرڪاري ٻوليون [[الجزائري عربي|عربي]] ۽ [[برابر ٻولي|بربر]] آھن. ، جن مان بربر ٻولي کي 2002ع ۾ سرڪاري حيثيت ڏني وئي. ان کان علاوه، فرانسيسي ٻولي وڏي پيماني تي ڳالهائي وڃي ٿي ۽ ملڪ ۾ [[رابطي جي ٻولي|رابطائي ٻولي]] (lingua franca) طور استعمال ٿئي ٿي. ڪيترائي الجزائرين روزمره جي زندگي، تعليم ۽ واپار ۾ فرانسيسي استعمال ڪن ٿا.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/algeria/|title=Al geria – CIA World Factbook}}</ref>. ==يونيسڪو عالمي ورثو== [[File:Casbah of Algiers.jpg|thumb|[[الجزائر جي قصبه]]]] الجزائر ۾ ڪيترائي يونيسڪو عالمي ورثي جا ماڳ موجود آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن: [[قلعه بني حماد]]، [[ٽيپاسا]]، [[جميلا]]، [[تيمقاد]]، [[وادي مزاب]]، [[الجزائر جي قصبه]] ۽ قدرتي ورثي طور [[ٽاسيلي ناجر]] <ref>{{Cite web|title=UNESCO World Heritage – Algeria|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en /statesparties/dz}}</ref>. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻيون ويب سائيٽون== {{Sisterlinks}} *{{Official website}} {{وچ اوڀر}} {{Clear}} {{آفريڪا}} [[Category:Algeria| ]] [[Category:Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:1962 establishments in Africa]] [[Category:North African countries]] ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{OIC}} [[زمرو:الجزائر]] [[زمرو:ملڪ]] [[زمرو:اسلامي رياستون]] [[زمرو:آفريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:المغرب جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:اتر آفريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:او آئي سي جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:آفريڪي يونين جا رڪن ملڪ]] [[زمرو:عربي ٻولي ڳالھائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪن جي عالمي تنظيم جون ميمبر رياستون]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} l62ukx5mh2ylizvs9kgd89f1d57qvnv سانچو:Tls 10 5017 367879 24905 2026-03-27T19:30:25Z Intisar Ali 8681 367879 wikitext text/x-wiki &#123;{[[وڪيپيڊيا:Substitution|subst]]:[[سانچو:{{{1}}}|{{{1}}}]]}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> rza4bjt3xlpnnkbxwfardkmjj4bmk2t 367880 367879 2026-03-27T19:34:15Z Intisar Ali 8681 367880 wikitext text/x-wiki &#123;{[[وڪيپيڊيا:Substitution|subst]]:{{subst: سانچو:Template link with subst|{{{1}}}}} <noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> sa52i7qv544ce8xh0rn22f0edn4y8mv سانچو:Infobox officeholder/doc 10 5884 367841 30544 2026-03-27T14:51:14Z Intisar Ali 8681 صفحو خالي ڪري ڇڏيو 367841 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 367842 367841 2026-03-27T14:51:24Z Intisar Ali 8681 367842 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{Person infobox header}} {{High-use}} {{Notice|مهرباني ڪري نوٽ ڪريو ته جون 2017 ۾ {{para|religion}} پيراميٽر Infobox officeholder مان هن بحث جي نتيجي طور هٽايو ويو: [[Template talk:Infobox officeholder/Archive 21#Religion in officeholder infoboxes|هي بحث]].}} {{Lua|Module:Infobox|Module:InfoboxImage|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} dtaezqf86t9yc2dn5zy3qalke1idsdr 367843 367842 2026-03-27T14:53:22Z Intisar Ali 8681 367843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{Person infobox header}} {{High-use}} {{Notice|مهرباني ڪري نوٽ ڪريو ته جون 2017 ۾ {{para|religion}} پيراميٽر Infobox officeholder مان هن بحث جي نتيجي طور هٽايو ويو: [[Template talk:Infobox officeholder/Archive 21#Religion in officeholder infoboxes|هي بحث]].}} {{Lua|Module:Infobox|Module:InfoboxImage|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} ==استعمال== {{hatnote|نوٽ: هي سانچو '''انفرادي ماڻهن''' بابت مضمونن ۾ استعمال لاءِ آهي. عهدن/منصوبن بابت مضمونن لاءِ Infobox ڏسڻ لاءِ ڏسو [[سانچو:Infobox official post]].}} لاڳاپيل عهدي جو ڪوڊ پيسٽ ڪريو ۽ پوءِ هيٺ [[#Personal data|ذاتي ڄاڻ]] شامل ڪريو. ڪا به لازمي خاني (fields) ناهي ۽ ڪجهه خانا ٻين خانن جي استعمال سان ظاهر نه ٿيندا. ڪيترن مدتن (multiple terms) کي شامل ڪرڻ جي هدايتن لاءِ ڏسو [[Template:Infobox officeholder/example#Multiple terms|هي صفحو]]. تصويرن جي alt متن بابت هدايتن لاءِ ڏسو ''[[وڪيپيڊيا:تصويرن لاءِ متبادل متن]]''. پيراميٽر {{para|order}} کي {{para|office}} سان گڏ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ته جيئن ٻڌائي سگهجي ته عهديدار ان عهدي جو ڪهڙو نمبر هولڊر آهي، مثال طور "آمريڪا جو 42هون صدر". اهو صرف تڏهن استعمال ڪيو وڃي جڏهن معتبر ذريعن ۾ اهڙي نمبرنگ جو قائم رواج موجود هجي. صرف وڪيپيڊيا جي فهرست جي بنياد تي نمبر شامل نه ڪريو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ (1) فهرست درست نه به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ (2) مختلف نمبرنگ نظام لاڳو ٿي سگهن ٿا، جنهن سان نمبر غير يقيني ٿي سگهن ٿا. [[WP:SEAOFBLUE]] مطابق، {{para|order}} کي عهديدارن جي فهرست سان وڪي لنڪ ڪرڻ جي صلاح نه ڏني وڃي ٿي. جيڪڏهن {{para|order}} ڏنل نه هجي ته {{para|office}} کي عام [[Help:Link#Wikilinks|وڪي لنڪ]] سان ڳنڍي سگهجي ٿو، مثال طور: "<code><nowiki>[[Ministry of Defence (Singapore)|Minister for Defence]]</nowiki></code>". پر جيڪڏهن {{para|order}} ۽ {{para|office}} گڏ ڏنا وڃن، ته {{para|office}} پاڻمرادو ساڳئي نالي واري وڪيپيڊيا مضمون سان ڳنڍجي ويندو. لنڪ کي ٻي هنڌ موڙڻ لاءِ [[Wikipedia:Piped link|پائپڊ لنڪ]] استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو: "<code><nowiki>Ministry of Defence (Singapore){{!}}Minister for Defence</nowiki></code>". جيڪڏهن شروعاتي ۽ آخري مدت ٻئي ڏنا وڃن، ته مڪمل مدت {{para|term}}, {{para|term2}} وغيره سان به ڏئي سگهجي ٿي. اهو پيچيده مدتن لاءِ مفيد آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪنهن سياستدان جي ضلعي جي حدبندي (redistricting) تبديل ٿي هجي، ته {{para|prior_term}} استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو ته جيئن اڳوڻو ضلعو ڏيکاري سگهجي. جيڪڏهن ضلعي ۾ تبديلي اهڙي هجي جو اڳوڻي يا پوئين عهديدار جو تعلق اهم نه رهي، ته نالا ڏيڻ بدران "redistricted" لکڻ گهرجي. مهرباني ڪري ڪنهن به خاني کي سينگار، جهنڊا يا آئڪن شامل ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال نه ڪريو. [[WP:INFOBOXFLAG]] هتي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو. اتفاق راءِ مطابق، موجوده عهديدار (incumbent) جي انفوباڪس ۾ چونڊيل يا نامزد جانشين جو نالو يا مدت جي آخري تاريخ شامل نه ڪئي وڃي جيستائين جانشين عهدي سنڀالي. ===عام عهدو=== {{For|هن ڪوڊ جا مثال|Template:Infobox officeholder/example#General office}} {{Generic template demo | honorific_prefix | name | native_name | native_name_lang | honorific_suffix | image | image_size | image_upright | alt | caption | order | office | status | term_start | term_end | subterm | suboffice | alongside | monarch | president | governor_general | prime_minister | chancellor | taoiseach | governor | co-leader | vice_president | vice_prime_minister | deputy | lieutenant | parliamentary_group | constituency | majority | predecessor | successor | prior_term }} ''شامل ڪريو [[#Personal data|ذاتي ڄاڻ]]'' {{clear}} ===سفير=== {{For|هن ڪوڊ جا مثال|Template:Infobox officeholder/example#Ambassador}} {{Generic template demo | honorific_prefix | name | honorific_suffix | image | alt | caption | order | ambassador_from | country | term_start | term_end | predecessor | successor | president }} ''شامل ڪريو [[#Personal data|ذاتي ڄاڻ]]'' {{clear}} ===اسمبلي ميمبر=== {{For|هن ڪوڊ جا مثال|Template:Infobox officeholder/example#Assembly Member}} {{Generic template demo | honorific_prefix | name | honorific_suffix | image | alt | caption | constituency_AM | assembly | majority | term_start | term_end | predecessor | successor | prior_term }} ''شامل ڪريو [[#Personal data|ذاتي ڄاڻ]]'' {{clear}} ===گورنر=== {{For|هن ڪوڊ جا مثال|Template:Infobox officeholder/example#Governor}} {{Generic template demo | honorific_prefix | name | honorific_suffix | image | alt | caption | order | office | term_start | term_end | lieutenant | predecessor | successor }} ''شامل ڪريو [[#Personal data|ذاتي ڄاڻ]]'' {{clear}} جيڪڏهن گورنر صدر طرفان مقرر ٿيو هجي، شامل ڪريو: lcwcdckdufw3lg8bwn95gjk071zdn9m 367844 367843 2026-03-27T14:55:32Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* سفير */ 367844 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{Person infobox header}} {{High-use}} {{Notice|مهرباني ڪري نوٽ ڪريو ته جون 2017 ۾ {{para|religion}} پيراميٽر Infobox officeholder مان هن بحث جي نتيجي طور هٽايو ويو: [[Template talk:Infobox officeholder/Archive 21#Religion in officeholder infoboxes|هي بحث]].}} {{Lua|Module:Infobox|Module:InfoboxImage|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} ==استعمال== {{hatnote|نوٽ: هي سانچو '''انفرادي ماڻهن''' بابت مضمونن ۾ استعمال لاءِ آهي. عهدن/منصوبن بابت مضمونن لاءِ Infobox ڏسڻ لاءِ ڏسو [[سانچو:Infobox official post]].}} لاڳاپيل عهدي جو ڪوڊ پيسٽ ڪريو ۽ پوءِ هيٺ [[#Personal data|ذاتي ڄاڻ]] شامل ڪريو. ڪا به لازمي خاني (fields) ناهي ۽ ڪجهه خانا ٻين خانن جي استعمال سان ظاهر نه ٿيندا. ڪيترن مدتن (multiple terms) کي شامل ڪرڻ جي هدايتن لاءِ ڏسو [[Template:Infobox officeholder/example#Multiple terms|هي صفحو]]. تصويرن جي alt متن بابت هدايتن لاءِ ڏسو ''[[وڪيپيڊيا:تصويرن لاءِ متبادل متن]]''. پيراميٽر {{para|order}} کي {{para|office}} سان گڏ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ته جيئن ٻڌائي سگهجي ته عهديدار ان عهدي جو ڪهڙو نمبر هولڊر آهي، مثال طور "آمريڪا جو 42هون صدر". اهو صرف تڏهن استعمال ڪيو وڃي جڏهن معتبر ذريعن ۾ اهڙي نمبرنگ جو قائم رواج موجود هجي. صرف وڪيپيڊيا جي فهرست جي بنياد تي نمبر شامل نه ڪريو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ (1) فهرست درست نه به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ (2) مختلف نمبرنگ نظام لاڳو ٿي سگهن ٿا، جنهن سان نمبر غير يقيني ٿي سگهن ٿا. [[WP:SEAOFBLUE]] مطابق، {{para|order}} کي عهديدارن جي فهرست سان وڪي لنڪ ڪرڻ جي صلاح نه ڏني وڃي ٿي. جيڪڏهن {{para|order}} ڏنل نه هجي ته {{para|office}} کي عام [[Help:Link#Wikilinks|وڪي لنڪ]] سان ڳنڍي سگهجي ٿو، مثال طور: "<code><nowiki>[[Ministry of Defence (Singapore)|Minister for Defence]]</nowiki></code>". پر جيڪڏهن {{para|order}} ۽ {{para|office}} گڏ ڏنا وڃن، ته {{para|office}} پاڻمرادو ساڳئي نالي واري وڪيپيڊيا مضمون سان ڳنڍجي ويندو. لنڪ کي ٻي هنڌ موڙڻ لاءِ [[Wikipedia:Piped link|پائپڊ لنڪ]] استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو: "<code><nowiki>Ministry of Defence (Singapore){{!}}Minister for Defence</nowiki></code>". جيڪڏهن شروعاتي ۽ آخري مدت ٻئي ڏنا وڃن، ته مڪمل مدت {{para|term}}, {{para|term2}} وغيره سان به ڏئي سگهجي ٿي. اهو پيچيده مدتن لاءِ مفيد آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪنهن سياستدان جي ضلعي جي حدبندي (redistricting) تبديل ٿي هجي، ته {{para|prior_term}} استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو ته جيئن اڳوڻو ضلعو ڏيکاري سگهجي. جيڪڏهن ضلعي ۾ تبديلي اهڙي هجي جو اڳوڻي يا پوئين عهديدار جو تعلق اهم نه رهي، ته نالا ڏيڻ بدران "redistricted" لکڻ گهرجي. مهرباني ڪري ڪنهن به خاني کي سينگار، جهنڊا يا آئڪن شامل ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال نه ڪريو. [[WP:INFOBOXFLAG]] هتي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو. اتفاق راءِ مطابق، موجوده عهديدار (incumbent) جي انفوباڪس ۾ چونڊيل يا نامزد جانشين جو نالو يا مدت جي آخري تاريخ شامل نه ڪئي وڃي جيستائين جانشين عهدي سنڀالي. ===عام عهدو=== {{For|هن ڪوڊ جا مثال|Template:Infobox officeholder/example#General office}} {{Generic template demo | honorific_prefix | name | native_name | native_name_lang | honorific_suffix | image | image_size | image_upright | alt | caption | order | office | status | term_start | term_end | subterm | suboffice | alongside | monarch | president | governor_general | prime_minister | chancellor | taoiseach | governor | co-leader | vice_president | vice_prime_minister | deputy | lieutenant | parliamentary_group | constituency | majority | predecessor | successor | prior_term }} ''شامل ڪريو [[#Personal data|ذاتي ڄاڻ]]'' {{clear}} ===سفير=== {{For|هن ڪوڊ جا مثال|سانچو:Infobox officeholder/example#Ambassador}} {{Generic template demo | honorific_prefix | name | honorific_suffix | image | alt | caption | order | ambassador_from | country | term_start | term_end | predecessor | successor | president }} ''شامل ڪريو [[#Personal data|ذاتي ڄاڻ]]'' {{clear}} ===اسمبلي ميمبر=== {{For|هن ڪوڊ جا مثال|Template:Infobox officeholder/example#Assembly Member}} {{Generic template demo | honorific_prefix | name | honorific_suffix | image | alt | caption | constituency_AM | assembly | majority | term_start | term_end | predecessor | successor | prior_term }} ''شامل ڪريو [[#Personal data|ذاتي ڄاڻ]]'' {{clear}} ===گورنر=== {{For|هن ڪوڊ جا مثال|Template:Infobox officeholder/example#Governor}} {{Generic template demo | honorific_prefix | name | honorific_suffix | image | alt | caption | order | office | term_start | term_end | lieutenant | predecessor | successor }} ''شامل ڪريو [[#Personal data|ذاتي ڄاڻ]]'' {{clear}} جيڪڏهن گورنر صدر طرفان مقرر ٿيو هجي، شامل ڪريو: 1rrjbq8po8p7vuyuy6725mib5tbuhtv 367845 367844 2026-03-27T15:03:36Z Intisar Ali 8681 367845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{Person infobox header}} {{High-use}} {{Notice|مهرباني ڪري نوٽ ڪريو ته جون 2017 ۾ {{para|religion}} پيراميٽر Infobox officeholder مان هن بحث جي نتيجي طور هٽايو ويو: [[Template talk:Infobox officeholder/Archive 21#Religion in officeholder infoboxes|هي بحث]].}} {{Lua|Module:Infobox|Module:InfoboxImage|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} ==استعمال== {{hatnote|نوٽ: هي سانچو '''انفرادي ماڻهن''' بابت مضمونن ۾ استعمال لاءِ آهي. عهدن/منصوبن بابت مضمونن لاءِ Infobox ڏسڻ لاءِ ڏسو [[سانچو:Infobox official post]].}} لاڳاپيل عهدي جو ڪوڊ پيسٽ ڪريو ۽ پوءِ هيٺ [[#Personal data|ذاتي ڄاڻ]] شامل ڪريو. ڪا به لازمي خاني (fields) ناهي ۽ ڪجهه خانا ٻين خانن جي استعمال سان ظاهر نه ٿيندا. ڪيترن مدتن (multiple terms) کي شامل ڪرڻ جي هدايتن لاءِ ڏسو [[Template:Infobox officeholder/example#Multiple terms|هي صفحو]]. تصويرن جي alt متن بابت هدايتن لاءِ ڏسو ''[[وڪيپيڊيا:تصويرن لاءِ متبادل متن]]''. پيراميٽر {{para|order}} کي {{para|office}} سان گڏ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ته جيئن ٻڌائي سگهجي ته عهديدار ان عهدي جو ڪهڙو نمبر هولڊر آهي، مثال طور "آمريڪا جو 42هون صدر". اهو صرف تڏهن استعمال ڪيو وڃي جڏهن معتبر ذريعن ۾ اهڙي نمبرنگ جو قائم رواج موجود هجي. صرف وڪيپيڊيا جي فهرست جي بنياد تي نمبر شامل نه ڪريو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ (1) فهرست درست نه به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ (2) مختلف نمبرنگ نظام لاڳو ٿي سگهن ٿا، جنهن سان نمبر غير يقيني ٿي سگهن ٿا. [[WP:SEAOFBLUE]] مطابق، {{para|order}} کي عهديدارن جي فهرست سان وڪي لنڪ ڪرڻ جي صلاح نه ڏني وڃي ٿي. جيڪڏهن {{para|order}} ڏنل نه هجي ته {{para|office}} کي عام [[مدد:لنڪ#وڪي لنڪ|وڪي لنڪ]] سان ڳنڍي سگهجي ٿو، مثال طور:"<code><nowiki>[[وزارت دفاع (سنگاپور)|وزير دفاع (سنگاپور)]]</nowiki></code>". پر جيڪڏهن {{para|order}} ۽ {{para|office}} گڏ ڏنا وڃن، ته {{para|office}} پاڻمرادو ساڳئي نالي واري وڪيپيڊيا مضمون سان ڳنڍجي ويندو. لنڪ کي ٻي هنڌ موڙڻ لاءِ [[وڪيپيڊيا:پائيپڊ لنڪ|پائپڊ لنڪ]] استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو:"<code><nowiki>دفاع واري وزارت (سنگاپور){{!}} وزير دفاع (سنگاپور)</nowiki></code>". جيڪڏهن شروعاتي ۽ آخري مدت ٻئي ڏنا وڃن، ته مڪمل مدت {{para|term}}, {{para|term2}} وغيره سان به ڏئي سگهجي ٿي. اهو پيچيده مدتن لاءِ مفيد آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪنهن سياستدان جي ضلعي جي حدبندي (redistricting) تبديل ٿي هجي، ته {{para|prior_term}} استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو ته جيئن اڳوڻو ضلعو ڏيکاري سگهجي. جيڪڏهن ضلعي ۾ تبديلي اهڙي هجي جو اڳوڻي يا پوئين عهديدار جو تعلق اهم نه رهي، ته نالا ڏيڻ بدران "redistricted" لکڻ گهرجي. مهرباني ڪري ڪنهن به خاني کي سينگار، جهنڊا يا آئڪن شامل ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال نه ڪريو. [[وڪيپيڊيا: انفوباڪس فليگ]] هتي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو. اتفاق راءِ مطابق، موجوده عهديدار (incumbent) جي انفوباڪس ۾ چونڊيل يا نامزد جانشين جو نالو يا مدت جي آخري تاريخ شامل نه ڪئي وڃي جيستائين جانشين عهدي سنڀالي. ===عام عهدو=== {{For|هن ڪوڊ جا مثال|Template:Infobox officeholder/example#General office}} {{Generic template demo | honorific_prefix | name | native_name | native_name_lang | honorific_suffix | image | image_size | image_upright | alt | caption | order | office | status | term_start | term_end | subterm | suboffice | alongside | monarch | president | governor_general | prime_minister | chancellor | taoiseach | governor | co-leader | vice_president | vice_prime_minister | deputy | lieutenant | parliamentary_group | constituency | majority | predecessor | successor | prior_term }} ''شامل ڪريو [[#Personal data|ذاتي ڄاڻ]]'' {{clear}} ===سفير=== {{For|هن ڪوڊ جا مثال|سانچو:Infobox officeholder/example#Ambassador}} {{Generic template demo | honorific_prefix | name | honorific_suffix | image | alt | caption | order | ambassador_from | country | term_start | term_end | predecessor | successor | president }} ''شامل ڪريو [[#Personal data|ذاتي ڄاڻ]]'' {{clear}} ===اسمبلي ميمبر=== {{For|هن ڪوڊ جا مثال|Template:Infobox officeholder/example#Assembly Member}} {{Generic template demo | honorific_prefix | name | honorific_suffix | image | alt | caption | constituency_AM | assembly | majority | term_start | term_end | predecessor | successor | prior_term }} ''شامل ڪريو [[#Personal data|ذاتي ڄاڻ]]'' {{clear}} ===گورنر=== {{For|هن ڪوڊ جا مثال|Template:Infobox officeholder/example#Governor}} {{Generic template demo | honorific_prefix | name | honorific_suffix | image | alt | caption | order | office | term_start | term_end | lieutenant | predecessor | successor }} ''شامل ڪريو [[ذاتي ڄاڻ]]'' {{clear}} جيڪڏهن گورنر صدر طرفان مقرر ٿيو هجي، شامل ڪريو: nove2c6lw3s4hccd6f9ekjv6a4nvby5 367852 367845 2026-03-27T18:05:18Z Intisar Ali 8681 367852 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{Person infobox header}} {{High-use}} {{Notice|مهرباني ڪري نوٽ ڪريو ته جون 2017 ۾ {{para|religion}} پيراميٽر Infobox officeholder مان هن بحث جي نتيجي طور هٽايو ويو: [[Template talk:Infobox officeholder/Archive 21#Religion in officeholder infoboxes|هي بحث]].}} {{Lua|Module:Infobox|Module:InfoboxImage|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} ==استعمال== {{hatnote|نوٽ: هي سانچو '''انفرادي ماڻهن''' بابت مضمونن ۾ استعمال لاءِ آهي. عهدن/منصوبن بابت مضمونن لاءِ Infobox ڏسڻ لاءِ ڏسو [[سانچو:Infobox official post]].}} لاڳاپيل عهدي جو ڪوڊ پيسٽ ڪريو ۽ پوءِ هيٺ [[#Personal data|ذاتي ڄاڻ]] شامل ڪريو. ڪا به لازمي خاني (fields) ناهي ۽ ڪجهه خانا ٻين خانن جي استعمال سان ظاهر نه ٿيندا. ڪيترن مدتن (multiple terms) کي شامل ڪرڻ جي هدايتن لاءِ ڏسو [[Template:Infobox officeholder/example#Multiple terms|هي صفحو]]. تصويرن جي alt متن بابت هدايتن لاءِ ڏسو ''[[وڪيپيڊيا:تصويرن لاءِ متبادل متن]]''. پيراميٽر {{para|order}} کي {{para|office}} سان گڏ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ته جيئن ٻڌائي سگهجي ته عهديدار ان عهدي جو ڪهڙو نمبر هولڊر آهي، مثال طور "آمريڪا جو 42هون صدر". اهو صرف تڏهن استعمال ڪيو وڃي جڏهن معتبر ذريعن ۾ اهڙي نمبرنگ جو قائم رواج موجود هجي. صرف وڪيپيڊيا جي فهرست جي بنياد تي نمبر شامل نه ڪريو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ (1) فهرست درست نه به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ (2) مختلف نمبرنگ نظام لاڳو ٿي سگهن ٿا، جنهن سان نمبر غير يقيني ٿي سگهن ٿا. [[WP:SEAOFBLUE]] مطابق، {{para|order}} کي عهديدارن جي فهرست سان وڪي لنڪ ڪرڻ جي صلاح نه ڏني وڃي ٿي. جيڪڏهن {{para|order}} ڏنل نه هجي ته {{para|office}} کي عام [[مدد:لنڪ#وڪي لنڪ|وڪي لنڪ]] سان ڳنڍي سگهجي ٿو، مثال طور:"<code><nowiki>[[وزارت دفاع (سنگاپور)|وزير دفاع (سنگاپور)]]</nowiki></code>". پر جيڪڏهن {{para|order}} ۽ {{para|office}} گڏ ڏنا وڃن، ته {{para|office}} پاڻمرادو ساڳئي نالي واري وڪيپيڊيا مضمون سان ڳنڍجي ويندو. لنڪ کي ٻي هنڌ موڙڻ لاءِ [[وڪيپيڊيا:پائيپڊ لنڪ|پائپڊ لنڪ]] استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو:"<code><nowiki>دفاع واري وزارت (سنگاپور){{!}} وزير دفاع (سنگاپور)</nowiki></code>". جيڪڏهن شروعاتي ۽ آخري مدت ٻئي ڏنا وڃن، ته مڪمل مدت {{para|term}}, {{para|term2}} وغيره سان به ڏئي سگهجي ٿي. اهو پيچيده مدتن لاءِ مفيد آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪنهن سياستدان جي ضلعي جي حدبندي (redistricting) تبديل ٿي هجي، ته {{para|prior_term}} استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو ته جيئن اڳوڻو ضلعو ڏيکاري سگهجي. جيڪڏهن ضلعي ۾ تبديلي اهڙي هجي جو اڳوڻي يا پوئين عهديدار جو تعلق اهم نه رهي، ته نالا ڏيڻ بدران "redistricted" لکڻ گهرجي. مهرباني ڪري ڪنهن به خاني کي سينگار، جهنڊا يا آئڪن شامل ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال نه ڪريو. [[وڪيپيڊيا: انفوباڪس فليگ]] هتي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو. اتفاق راءِ مطابق، موجوده عهديدار (incumbent) جي انفوباڪس ۾ چونڊيل يا نامزد جانشين جو نالو يا مدت جي آخري تاريخ شامل نه ڪئي وڃي جيستائين جانشين عهدي سنڀالي. ===عام عهدو=== {{For|هن ڪوڊ جا مثال|Template:Infobox officeholder/example#General office}} {{Generic template demo | honorific_prefix | name | native_name | native_name_lang | honorific_suffix | image | image_size | image_upright | alt | caption | order | office | status | term_start | term_end | subterm | suboffice | alongside | monarch | president | governor_general | prime_minister | chancellor | taoiseach | governor | co-leader | vice_president | vice_prime_minister | deputy | lieutenant | parliamentary_group | constituency | majority | predecessor | successor | prior_term }} ''شامل ڪريو [[#Personal data|ذاتي ڄاڻ]]'' {{clear}} ===سفير=== {{For|هن ڪوڊ جا مثال|سانچو:Infobox officeholder/example#Ambassador}} {{Generic template demo | honorific_prefix | name | honorific_suffix | image | alt | caption | order | ambassador_from | country | term_start | term_end | predecessor | successor | president }} ''شامل ڪريو [[#Personal data|ذاتي ڄاڻ]]'' {{clear}} ===اسمبلي ميمبر=== {{For|هن ڪوڊ جا مثال|Template:Infobox officeholder/example#Assembly Member}} {{Generic template demo | honorific_prefix | name | honorific_suffix | image | alt | caption | constituency_AM | assembly | majority | term_start | term_end | predecessor | successor | prior_term }} ''شامل ڪريو [[#Personal data|ذاتي ڄاڻ]]'' {{clear}} ===گورنر=== {{For|هن ڪوڊ جا مثال|Template:Infobox officeholder/example#Governor}} {{Generic template demo | honorific_prefix | name | honorific_suffix | image | alt | caption | order | office | term_start | term_end | lieutenant | predecessor | successor }} ''شامل ڪريو [[ذاتي ڄاڻ]]'' {{clear}} ===يوڪريني قانون ساز عهدو=== {{For|هن ڪوڊ جي استعمال جا مثال|Template:Infobox officeholder/example#Ukrainian legislative office}} {{Generic template demo | name | native_name | native_name_lang | image | caption | office1 | convocation1 | constituency1 | term_start1 | term_end1 | convocation2 | constituency2 | term_start2 | term_end2 | office3 | convocation3 | constituency3 | term_start3 | term_end3 }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto;"> {{Infobox Ukrainian legislative office | name = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = | caption = | office1 = | convocation1 = | constituency1 = | term_start1 = | term_end1 = | convocation2 = | constituency2 = | term_start2 = | term_end2 = | office3 = <!--انگ وڌائي وڌ ۾ وڌ 16 ڀيرا ورجائي سگهجي ٿو--> | convocation3 = <!--انگ وڌائي وڌ ۾ وڌ 16 ڀيرا ورجائي سگهجي ٿو--> | constituency3 = <!--انگ وڌائي وڌ ۾ وڌ 16 ڀيرا ورجائي سگهجي ٿو--> | term_start3 = <!--انگ وڌائي وڌ ۾ وڌ 16 ڀيرا ورجائي سگهجي ٿو--> | term_end3 = <!--انگ وڌائي وڌ ۾ وڌ 16 ڀيرا ورجائي سگهجي ٿو--> </syntaxhighlight> ==ذاتي ڄاڻ== هي حصو سانچي جي هيٺان شامل ڪيو وڃي {{Generic template demo | pronunciation | birth_name | birth_date | birth_place | death_date | death_place | death_cause | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | citizenship | party | other_party | height | spouse | partner | relations | children | parents | mother | father | relatives | education | alma_mater | occupation | profession | salary | known_for | cabinet | committees | portfolio | awards | blank1 | data1 | blank2 | data2 | blank3 | data3 | blank4 | data4 | blank5 | data5 | signature | signature_alt | website | nickname | allegiance | branch | service_years | rank | unit | commands | battles | mawards | military_blank1 | military_data1 | military_blank2 | military_data2 | military_blank3 | military_data3 | military_blank4 | military_data4 | military_blank5 | military_data5 | module | module2 | module3 | module4 | module5 | footnotes }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto;"> | pronunciation = | birth_name = <!-- صرف تڏهن استعمال ڪريو جڏهن نالو مختلف هجي --> | birth_date = <!-- {{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | birth_place = | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | death_place = | death_cause = <!-- صرف تڏهن شامل ڪيو وڃي جڏهن موت جو سبب مضمون جي اهميت لاءِ ضروري هجي --> | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | citizenship = <!-- صرف ضرورت هجي ته استعمال ڪريو --> | party = | other_party = <!-- اضافي سياسي وابستگيون --> | height = <!-- "X cm", "X m" يا "X ft Y in" --> | spouse = | partner = <!-- غير شادي شده ساٿي --> | relations = | children = | parents = <!-- ماءُ ۽ پيءُ ٻنهي کي گڏ ڏيکاري ٿو --> | mother = | father = | relatives = | education = | alma_mater = | occupation = | profession = | known_for = | salary = | cabinet = | committees = | portfolio = | awards = | blank1 = | data1 = | blank2 = | data2 = | blank3 = | data3 = | blank4 = | data4 = | blank5 = | data5 = | signature = | signature_alt = | signature_size = | website = | nickname = <!--فوجي خدمت--> | allegiance = | branch = | service_years = | rank = | unit = | commands = | battles = | mawards = | military_blank1 = | military_data1 = | military_blank2 = | military_data2 = | military_blank3 = | military_data3 = | military_blank4 = | military_data4 = | military_blank5 = | military_data5 = <!--Embedded templates / Footnotes--> | module = | module2 = | module3 = | module4 = | module5 = | footnotes = }} </syntaxhighlight> {{clear}} <code>nationality</code> ظاهر نه ٿيندي جيڪڏهن ساڳيو ملڪ <code>birth_place</code> ۾ لکيل هجي، مثال: <code>|birth_place = Tokyo, Japan |nationality = Japanese</code> == ٻين سانچن کي شامل ڪرڻ == ''module'' پيراميٽر (module، module2، ... module5) استعمال ڪري هن انفوباڪس اندر ٻيا سانچا شامل ڪري سگهجن ٿا (ڏسو [[وڪيپيڊيا:Infobox modules]]). <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow: auto;"> {{Infobox officeholder | name = | <!-- وغيره --> | module = {{Infobox football biography | embed = yes | <!-- وغيره --> }} }} </syntaxhighlight> kauh8hjgm653yqxkgr4sch4d7beraw7 367853 367852 2026-03-27T18:19:51Z Intisar Ali 8681 367853 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{Person infobox header}} {{High-use}} {{Notice|مهرباني ڪري نوٽ ڪريو ته جون 2017 ۾ {{para|religion}} پيراميٽر Infobox officeholder مان هن بحث جي نتيجي طور هٽايو ويو: [[Template talk:Infobox officeholder/Archive 21#Religion in officeholder infoboxes|هي بحث]].}} {{Lua|Module:Infobox|Module:InfoboxImage|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} ==استعمال== {{hatnote|نوٽ: هي سانچو '''انفرادي ماڻهن''' بابت مضمونن ۾ استعمال لاءِ آهي. عهدن/منصوبن بابت مضمونن لاءِ Infobox ڏسڻ لاءِ ڏسو [[سانچو:Infobox official post]].}} لاڳاپيل عهدي جو ڪوڊ پيسٽ ڪريو ۽ پوءِ هيٺ [[#Personal data|ذاتي ڄاڻ]] شامل ڪريو. ڪا به لازمي خاني (fields) ناهي ۽ ڪجهه خانا ٻين خانن جي استعمال سان ظاهر نه ٿيندا. ڪيترن مدتن (multiple terms) کي شامل ڪرڻ جي هدايتن لاءِ ڏسو [[Template:Infobox officeholder/example#Multiple terms|هي صفحو]]. تصويرن جي alt متن بابت هدايتن لاءِ ڏسو ''[[وڪيپيڊيا:تصويرن لاءِ متبادل متن]]''. پيراميٽر {{para|order}} کي {{para|office}} سان گڏ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ته جيئن ٻڌائي سگهجي ته عهديدار ان عهدي جو ڪهڙو نمبر هولڊر آهي، مثال طور "آمريڪا جو 42هون صدر". اهو صرف تڏهن استعمال ڪيو وڃي جڏهن معتبر ذريعن ۾ اهڙي نمبرنگ جو قائم رواج موجود هجي. صرف وڪيپيڊيا جي فهرست جي بنياد تي نمبر شامل نه ڪريو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ (1) فهرست درست نه به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ (2) مختلف نمبرنگ نظام لاڳو ٿي سگهن ٿا، جنهن سان نمبر غير يقيني ٿي سگهن ٿا. [[WP:SEAOFBLUE]] مطابق، {{para|order}} کي عهديدارن جي فهرست سان وڪي لنڪ ڪرڻ جي صلاح نه ڏني وڃي ٿي. جيڪڏهن {{para|order}} ڏنل نه هجي ته {{para|office}} کي عام [[مدد:لنڪ#وڪي لنڪ|وڪي لنڪ]] سان ڳنڍي سگهجي ٿو، مثال طور:"<code><nowiki>[[وزارت دفاع (سنگاپور)|وزير دفاع (سنگاپور)]]</nowiki></code>". پر جيڪڏهن {{para|order}} ۽ {{para|office}} گڏ ڏنا وڃن، ته {{para|office}} پاڻمرادو ساڳئي نالي واري وڪيپيڊيا مضمون سان ڳنڍجي ويندو. لنڪ کي ٻي هنڌ موڙڻ لاءِ [[وڪيپيڊيا:پائيپڊ لنڪ|پائپڊ لنڪ]] استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو:"<code><nowiki>دفاع واري وزارت (سنگاپور){{!}} وزير دفاع (سنگاپور)</nowiki></code>". جيڪڏهن شروعاتي ۽ آخري مدت ٻئي ڏنا وڃن، ته مڪمل مدت {{para|term}}, {{para|term2}} وغيره سان به ڏئي سگهجي ٿي. اهو پيچيده مدتن لاءِ مفيد آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪنهن سياستدان جي ضلعي جي حدبندي (redistricting) تبديل ٿي هجي، ته {{para|prior_term}} استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو ته جيئن اڳوڻو ضلعو ڏيکاري سگهجي. جيڪڏهن ضلعي ۾ تبديلي اهڙي هجي جو اڳوڻي يا پوئين عهديدار جو تعلق اهم نه رهي، ته نالا ڏيڻ بدران "redistricted" لکڻ گهرجي. مهرباني ڪري ڪنهن به خاني کي سينگار، جهنڊا يا آئڪن شامل ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال نه ڪريو. [[وڪيپيڊيا: انفوباڪس فليگ]] هتي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو. اتفاق راءِ مطابق، موجوده عهديدار (incumbent) جي انفوباڪس ۾ چونڊيل يا نامزد جانشين جو نالو يا مدت جي آخري تاريخ شامل نه ڪئي وڃي جيستائين جانشين عهدي سنڀالي. ===عام عهدو=== {{For|هن ڪوڊ جا مثال|Template:Infobox officeholder/example#General office}} {{Generic template demo | honorific_prefix | name | native_name | native_name_lang | honorific_suffix | image | image_size | image_upright | alt | caption | order | office | status | term_start | term_end | subterm | suboffice | alongside | monarch | president | governor_general | prime_minister | chancellor | taoiseach | governor | co-leader | vice_president | vice_prime_minister | deputy | lieutenant | parliamentary_group | constituency | majority | predecessor | successor | prior_term }} ''شامل ڪريو [[#Personal data|ذاتي ڄاڻ]]'' {{clear}} ===سفير=== {{For|هن ڪوڊ جا مثال|سانچو:Infobox officeholder/example#Ambassador}} {{Generic template demo | honorific_prefix | name | honorific_suffix | image | alt | caption | order | ambassador_from | country | term_start | term_end | predecessor | successor | president }} ''شامل ڪريو [[#Personal data|ذاتي ڄاڻ]]'' {{clear}} ===اسمبلي ميمبر=== {{For|هن ڪوڊ جا مثال|Template:Infobox officeholder/example#Assembly Member}} {{Generic template demo | honorific_prefix | name | honorific_suffix | image | alt | caption | constituency_AM | assembly | majority | term_start | term_end | predecessor | successor | prior_term }} ''شامل ڪريو [[#Personal data|ذاتي ڄاڻ]]'' {{clear}} ===گورنر=== {{For|هن ڪوڊ جا مثال|Template:Infobox officeholder/example#Governor}} {{Generic template demo | honorific_prefix | name | honorific_suffix | image | alt | caption | order | office | term_start | term_end | lieutenant | predecessor | successor }} ''شامل ڪريو [[ذاتي ڄاڻ]]'' {{clear}} ===يوڪريني قانون ساز عهدو=== {{For|هن ڪوڊ جي استعمال جا مثال|Template:Infobox officeholder/example#Ukrainian legislative office}} {{Generic template demo | name | native_name | native_name_lang | image | caption | office1 | convocation1 | constituency1 | term_start1 | term_end1 | convocation2 | constituency2 | term_start2 | term_end2 | office3 | convocation3 | constituency3 | term_start3 | term_end3 }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto;"> {{Infobox Ukrainian legislative office | name = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = | caption = | office1 = | convocation1 = | constituency1 = | term_start1 = | term_end1 = | convocation2 = | constituency2 = | term_start2 = | term_end2 = | office3 = <!--انگ وڌائي وڌ ۾ وڌ 16 ڀيرا ورجائي سگهجي ٿو--> | convocation3 = <!--انگ وڌائي وڌ ۾ وڌ 16 ڀيرا ورجائي سگهجي ٿو--> | constituency3 = <!--انگ وڌائي وڌ ۾ وڌ 16 ڀيرا ورجائي سگهجي ٿو--> | term_start3 = <!--انگ وڌائي وڌ ۾ وڌ 16 ڀيرا ورجائي سگهجي ٿو--> | term_end3 = <!--انگ وڌائي وڌ ۾ وڌ 16 ڀيرا ورجائي سگهجي ٿو--> </syntaxhighlight> ==ذاتي ڄاڻ== هي حصو سانچي جي هيٺان شامل ڪيو وڃي {{Generic template demo | pronunciation | birth_name | birth_date | birth_place | death_date | death_place | death_cause | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | citizenship | party | other_party | height | spouse | partner | relations | children | parents | mother | father | relatives | education | alma_mater | occupation | profession | salary | known_for | cabinet | committees | portfolio | awards | blank1 | data1 | blank2 | data2 | blank3 | data3 | blank4 | data4 | blank5 | data5 | signature | signature_alt | website | nickname | allegiance | branch | service_years | rank | unit | commands | battles | mawards | military_blank1 | military_data1 | military_blank2 | military_data2 | military_blank3 | military_data3 | military_blank4 | military_data4 | military_blank5 | military_data5 | module | module2 | module3 | module4 | module5 | footnotes }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto;"> | pronunciation = | birth_name = <!-- صرف تڏهن استعمال ڪريو جڏهن نالو مختلف هجي --> | birth_date = <!-- {{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | birth_place = | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | death_place = | death_cause = <!-- صرف تڏهن شامل ڪيو وڃي جڏهن موت جو سبب مضمون جي اهميت لاءِ ضروري هجي --> | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | citizenship = <!-- صرف ضرورت هجي ته استعمال ڪريو --> | party = | other_party = <!-- اضافي سياسي وابستگيون --> | height = <!-- "X cm", "X m" يا "X ft Y in" --> | spouse = | partner = <!-- غير شادي شده ساٿي --> | relations = | children = | parents = <!-- ماءُ ۽ پيءُ ٻنهي کي گڏ ڏيکاري ٿو --> | mother = | father = | relatives = | education = | alma_mater = | occupation = | profession = | known_for = | salary = | cabinet = | committees = | portfolio = | awards = | blank1 = | data1 = | blank2 = | data2 = | blank3 = | data3 = | blank4 = | data4 = | blank5 = | data5 = | signature = | signature_alt = | signature_size = | website = | nickname = <!--فوجي خدمت--> | allegiance = | branch = | service_years = | rank = | unit = | commands = | battles = | mawards = | military_blank1 = | military_data1 = | military_blank2 = | military_data2 = | military_blank3 = | military_data3 = | military_blank4 = | military_data4 = | military_blank5 = | military_data5 = <!--Embedded templates / Footnotes--> | module = | module2 = | module3 = | module4 = | module5 = | footnotes = }} </syntaxhighlight> {{clear}} <code>nationality</code> ظاهر نه ٿيندي جيڪڏهن ساڳيو ملڪ <code>birth_place</code> ۾ لکيل هجي، مثال: <code>|birth_place = Tokyo, Japan |nationality = Japanese</code> == ٻين سانچن کي شامل ڪرڻ == ''module'' پيراميٽر (module، module2، ... module5) استعمال ڪري هن انفوباڪس اندر ٻيا سانچا شامل ڪري سگهجن ٿا (ڏسو [[وڪيپيڊيا:Infobox modules]]). <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow: auto;"> {{Infobox officeholder | name = | <!-- وغيره --> | module = {{Infobox football biography | embed = yes | <!-- وغيره --> }} }} </syntaxhighlight> ==مائڪرو فارميٽ== {{UF-hcard-person}} ==TemplateData== {{Collapse top|title=[[وڪيپيڊيا:TemplateData|TemplateData]] هن سانچي لاءِ، جيڪو [[mw:Extension:TemplateWizard|TemplateWizard]]، [[وڪيپيڊيا:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]] ۽ ٻين اوزارن ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آهي}} {{TemplateData header|noheader=1}} <templatedata> { "description": "عهدي وارن ماڻهن لاءِ هڪ ڄاڻخانو", "format": "block", "params": { "name": { "label": "نالو", "description": "شخص جو عام سڃاتل نالو (جيڪڏهن خالي ڇڏيو وڃي ته مضمون جو نالو، بغير وضاحت جي، ڊفالٽ ٿيندو)", "type": "line", "default": "PAGENAME" }, "office": { "label": "عهدو", "description": "سنڀاليل عهدو", "type": "string" }, "order": { "label": "ترتيب", "description": "'office' سان گڏ استعمال ٿئي ٿو ته ڏيکارجي ته عهديدار انهي عهدي جو ڪهڙو نمبر هولڊر آهي", "type": "string" }, "bodyclass": { "label": "bodyclass", "type": "string" }, "mainwidth": { "label": "مکيه ويڪر", "default": "22em", "type": "string" }, "native_name": { "label": "اصل نالو", "type": "string", "description": "ماڻهوءَ جو نالو سندس اصل ٻوليءَ ۾", "example": "Melquíades Rafael Martínez Ruiz" }, "native_name_lang": { "label": "اصل نالي جي ٻولي", "type": "string", "description": "ٻولي جنهن ۾ ماڻهوءَ جو اصل نالو آهي", "example": "ca" }, "image": { "label": "تصوير", "description": "تصوير جي فائل جو نالو (مثال: 'Example.jpg')", "type": "wiki-file-name", "required": false }, "width": { "label": "ويڪر", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "imagesize", " image_size" ] }, "alt": { "label": "متبادل متن", "description": "تصوير لاءِ متبادل متن", "type": "line" }, "caption": { "label": "تصوير جو ڪيپشن", "description": "تصوير لاءِ ڪيپشن", "type": "string", "required": false }, "alongside": { "label": "ساڻ", "description": "هڪ ئي ضلعي مان هڪ ئي عهدي تي گڏ خدمت ڪندڙ ٻن يا وڌيڪ ماڻهن لاءِ", "type": "string" }, "ambassador_from": { "label": "سفير کان", "type": "string" }, "appointer": { "label": "مقرر ڪندڙ", "type": "string" }, "assembly": { "label": "اسمبلي", "type": "string" }, "chancellor": { "label": "چانسلر", "type": "string" }, "co-leader": { "label": "شريڪ اڳواڻ", "type": "string" }, "constituency_AM": { "label": "تڪ AM", "type": "string" }, "constituency": { "label": "تڪ", "type": "string" }, "country": { "label": "ملڪ", "type": "string", "example": "Israel" }, "deputy": { "label": "نائب", "type": "string" }, "district": { "label": "ضلعو", "type": "string" }, "firstminister": { "label": "پهريون وزير", "type": "string" }, "governor-general": { "label": "گورنر جنرل", "type": "string" }, "leader": { "label": "اڳواڻ", "type": "string" }, "legislature": { "label": "قانون ساز ادارو", "type": "wiki-page-name", "example": "[[United States House of Representatives]]" }, "lieutenant_governor": { "label": "ليفٽيننٽ گورنر", "type": "string" }, "lieutenant": { "label": "ليفٽيننٽ", "type": "string" }, "majorityleader": { "label": "اڪثريتي اڳواڻ", "type": "string" }, "minister": { "label": "وزير", "type": "string" }, "minister_from": { "label": "وزير کان", "type": "string" }, "minority_floor_leader": { "label": "اقليتي فلور اڳواڻ", "type": "string" }, "majority_floor_leader": { "label": "اڪثريتي فلور اڳواڻ", "type": "string" }, "minorityleader": { "label": "اقليتي اڳواڻ", "type": "string", "example": "[[Chuck Shumer]]" }, "monarch": { "label": "بادشاهه/ملڪه", "type": "string" }, "nominator": { "label": "نامزد ڪندڙ", "type": "string" }, "parliament": { "label": "پارليامينٽ", "type": "string" }, "parliamentarygroup": { "label": "پارلياماني گروپ", "type": "string" }, "predecessor": { "label": "اڳوڻو", "type": "string" }, "preceding": { "label": "پويون", "type": "string" }, "preceded": { "label": "اڳواٽ سنڀاليل", "type": "string" }, "premier": { "label": "پريميئر", "type": "string" }, "president": { "label": "صدر", "type": "string" }, "primeminister": { "label": "وزيراعظم", "type": "string" }, "riding": { "label": "رائيڊنگ", "type": "string" }, "status": { "label": "حيثيت", "description": "جيڪڏهن اهو ڏنو وڃي ته Incumbent کي اووررائيڊ ڪندو", "type": "string" }, "succeeded": { "label": "جانشين ٿيو", "type": "string" }, "succeeding": { "label": "جانشين ٿيندڙ", "description": "صدر-منتخب يا ساڳي حالت لاءِ", "type": "string" }, "successor": { "label": "جانشين", "type": "string" }, "taoiseach": { "label": "Taoiseach", "type": "string" }, "term_start": { "label": "مدت جي شروعات", "type": "string", "description": "شخص جي مدت جي شروعات جي تاريخ" }, "term_end": { "label": "مدت جي پڇاڙي", "type": "string", "description": "شخص جي مدت جي پڇاڙي جي تاريخ" }, "title": { "label": "عنوان", "type": "string" }, "vicechair": { "label": "نائب چيئرمين", "type": "string" }, "vicegovernor": { "label": "نائب گورنر", "type": "string" }, "vicepresident": { "label": "نائب صدر", "type": "string" }, "vicepremier": { "label": "نائب پريميئر", "type": "string" }, "viceprimeminister": { "label": "نائب وزيراعظم", "type": "string" }, "speaker": { "label": "اسپيڪر", "type": "string" }, "footnotes": { "label": "حاشيا", "type": "string" }, "date": { "label": "تاريخ", "type": "string" }, "year": { "label": "سال", "type": "string" }, "source": { "label": "ذريعو", "type": "string" }, "signature": { "label": "دستخط", "type": "wiki-file-name" }, "signature_alt": { "label": "دستخط جو متبادل متن", "type": "string" }, "appointe": { "label": "مقرر ٿيل شخص", "type": "string" }, "alongside2": { "label": "ساڻ 2", "type": "string" }, "peerage2": { "label": "peerage 2", "type": "string" }, "ambassador_from2": { "label": "سفير کان 2", "type": "string" }, "appointer2": { "label": "مقرر ڪندڙ 2", "type": "string" }, "assembly2": { "label": "اسمبلي 2", "type": "string" }, "chancellor2": { "label": "چانسلر 2", "type": "string" }, "co-leader2": { "label": "شريڪ اڳواڻ 2", "type": "string" }, "constituency_AM2": { "label": "تڪ AM 2", "type": "string" }, "country2": { "label": "ملڪ 2", "type": "string", "example": "Malaya" }, "deputy2": { "label": "نائب 2", "type": "string" }, "district2": { "label": "ضلعو 2", "type": "string" }, "firstminister2": { "label": "پهريون وزير 2", "type": "string" }, "governor": { "label": "گورنر", "type": "string" }, "governor-general2": { "label": "گورنر جنرل 2", "type": "string" }, "governor2": { "label": "گورنر 2", "type": "string" }, "leader2": { "label": "اڳواڻ 2", "type": "string", "example": "Donald Trump" }, "legislature2": { "label": "قانون ساز ادارو 2", "type": "wiki-page-name", "example": "[[United States Senate]]" }, "lieutenant_governor2": { "label": "ليفٽيننٽ گورنر 2", "type": "string" }, "lieutenant2": { "label": "ليفٽيننٽ 2", "type": "string" }, "majority": { "label": "اڪثريت", "type": "string" }, "majorityleader2": { "label": "اڪثريتي اڳواڻ 2", "type": "string", "example": "Mitch McConnell" }, "minister_from2": { "label": "وزير کان 2", "type": "string" }, "minority_floor_leader2": { "label": "اقليتي فلور اڳواڻ 2", "type": "string" }, "majority_floor_leader2": { "label": "اڪثريتي فلور اڳواڻ 2", "type": "string" }, "majority2": { "label": "اڪثريت 2", "type": "string" }, "minister2": { "label": "وزير 2", "type": "string" }, "minority": { "label": "اقليت", "type": "string" }, "minorityleader2": { "label": "اقليتي اڳواڻ 2", "type": "string", "example": "[[Chuck Shumer]]" }, "monarch2": { "label": "بادشاهه/ملڪه 2", "type": "string" }, "nominator2": { "label": "نامزد ڪندڙ 2", "type": "string" }, "office2": { "label": "عهدو 2", "type": "string" }, "order2": { "label": "ترتيب 2", "type": "string" }, "parliament2": { "label": "پارليامينٽ 2", "type": "string" }, "parliamentarygroup2": { "label": "پارلياماني گروپ 2", "type": "string" }, "predecessor2": { "label": "اڳوڻو 2", "type": "string" }, "preceding2": { "label": "پويون 2", "type": "string" }, "preceded2": { "label": "اڳواٽ سنڀاليل 2", "type": "string" }, "premier2": { "label": "پريميئر 2", "type": "string" }, "president2": { "label": "صدر 2", "type": "string" }, "primeminister2": { "label": "وزيراعظم 2", "type": "string" }, "riding2": { "label": "رائيڊنگ 2", "type": "string" }, "speaker_office": { "label": "speaker office", "type": "string" }, "state_assembly": { "label": "رياستي اسمبلي", "type": "string" }, "state_delegate": { "label": "رياستي وفد", "type": "string" }, "state_house": { "label": "رياستي ايوان", "type": "string" }, "state_legislature": { "label": "رياستي قانون ساز ادارو", "type": "string" }, "state_senate": { "label": "رياستي سينيٽ", "type": "string" }, "state": { "label": "رياست", "type": "string", "description": "اها رياست جنهن جي هي عهديدار نمائندگي ڪري ٿو يا ڪئي", "example": "[[Alabama]]" }, "term": { "label": "مدت", "type": "string" }, "party": { "label": "پارٽي", "type": "string" }, "prior_term": { "label": "اڳوڻي مدت", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "1blankname": { "label": "1blankname", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "1namedata": { "label": "1namedata", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "2blankname": { "label": "2blankname", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "2namedata": { "label": "2namedata", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "3blankname": { "label": "3blankname", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "3namedata": { "label": "3namedata", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "4blankname": { "label": "4blankname", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "4namedata": { "label": "4namedata", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "5blankname": { "label": "5blankname", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "5namedata": { "label": "5namedata", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "1blankname1": { "label": "1blankname1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "1namedata1": { "label": "1namedata1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "2blankname1": { "label": "2blankname1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "2namedata1": { "label": "2namedata1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "3blankname1": { "label": "3blankname1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "3namedata1": { "label": "3namedata1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "4blankname1": { "label": "4blankname1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "4namedata1": { "label": "4namedata1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "5blankname1": { "label": "5blankname1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "5namedata1": { "label": "5namedata1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "alongside1": { "label": "alongside1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "ambassador_from1": { "label": "ambassador_from1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "appointer1": { "label": "appointer1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "assembly1": { "label": "assembly1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "chair1": { "label": "chair1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "chancellor1": { "label": "chancellor1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "co-leader1": { "label": "co-leader1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "constituency_AM1": { "label": "constituency_AM1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "constituency1": { "label": "constituency1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "country1": { "label": "country1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "deputy1": { "label": "deputy1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "district1": { "label": "district1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "firstminister1": { "label": "firstminister1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "governor-general1": { "label": "governor-general1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "governor1": { "label": "governor1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "leader1": { "label": "leader1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "legislature1": { "label": "legislature1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "lieutenant_governor1": { "label": "lieutenant governor 1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "lieutenant1": { "label": "lieutenant 1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "minority_floor_leader1": { "label": "minority floor leader 1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "minister_from1": { "label": "minister from 1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "majority_floor_leader1": { "label": "majority_floor_leader1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "majorityleader1": { "label": "majorityleader1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "majority1": { "label": "majority1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "minister1": { "label": "minister1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "minorityleader1": { "label": "minorityleader1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "monarch1": { "label": "monarch1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "nominator1": { "label": "nominator1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "office1": { "label": "office1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "order1": { "label": "order1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "parliament1": { "label": "parliament1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "parliamentarygroup1": { "label": "parliamentary group 1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "predecessor1": { "label": "predecessor1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "preceding1": { "label": "preceding1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "preceded1": { "label": "preceded1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "premier1": { "label": "premier1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "president1": { "label": "president1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "primeminister1": { "label": "primeminister1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "riding1": { "label": "riding 1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "state_assembly1": { "label": "state_assembly1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "state_delegate1": { "label": "state_delegate1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "state_house1": { "label": "state_house1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "state_legislature1": { "label": "state_legislature1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "state_senate1": { "label": "state_senate1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "state1": { "label": "state1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "succeeded1": { "label": "succeeded1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "succeeding1": { "label": "succeeding1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "successor1": { "label": "successor1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "taoiseach1": { "label": "taoiseach1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "termend1": { "label": "termend1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "termstart1": { "label": "termstart1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "term1": { "label": "term1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "title1": { "label": "title1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "vicechair1": { "label": "vicechair1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "vicegovernor1": { "label": "vicegovernor1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "vicepresident1": { "label": "vicepresident1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "vicepremier1": { "label": "vicepremier1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "viceprimeminister1": { "label": "viceprimeminister1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "prior_term1": { "label": "اڳوڻي مدت 1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "termend2": { "label": "مدت پڇاڙي 2", "type": "string" }, "termstart2": { "label": "مدت شروعات 2", "type": "string" }, "term2": { "label": "مدت 2", "type": "string" }, "title2": { "label": "عنوان 2", "type": "string" }, "vicechair2": { "label": "نائب چيئرمين 2", "type": "string" }, "vicegovernor2": { "label": "نائب گورنر 2", "type": "string" }, "vicepresident2": { "label": "نائب صدر 2", "type": "string" }, "vicepremier2": { "label": "نائب پريميئر 2", "type": "string" }, "viceprimeminister2": { "label": "نائب وزيراعظم 2", "type": "string" }, "succeeded2": { "label": "جانشين ٿيو 2", "type": "string" }, "succeeding2": { "label": "جانشين ٿيندڙ 2", "type": "string" }, "successor2": { "label": "جانشين 2", "type": "string" }, "taoiseach2": { "label": "Taoiseach 2", "type": "string" }, "state_assembly2": { "label": "رياستي اسمبلي 2", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "state_delegate2": { "label": "رياستي وفد 2", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "state_house2": { "label": "رياستي ايوان 2", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "state_legislature2": { "label": "رياستي قانون ساز ادارو 2", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "state_senate2": { "label": "رياستي سينيٽ 2", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "state 2": { "label": "رياست 2", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string", "example": "[[Georgia (U.S. State)|Georgia]]" }, "prior_term2": { "label": "اڳوڻي مدت 2", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "birth_name": { "label": "پيدائشي نالو", "description": "پيدائش وقت جو نالو، جيڪڏهن 'name' کان مختلف هجي", "type": "string", "required": false, "aliases": [ "birthname" ] }, "birth_date": { "label": "پيدائش جي تاريخ", "description": "پيدائش جي تاريخ. جيئري ماڻهن لاءِ {{birth date and age}} ۽ فوت ٿيلن لاءِ {{birth date}} استعمال ڪريو", "type": "line", "required": false }, "birth_place": { "label": "پيدائش جو هنڌ", "description": "پيدائش جو هنڌ", "type": "line" }, "death_date": { "label": "وفات جي تاريخ", "description": "وفات جي تاريخ. {{death date and age}} استعمال ڪريو. جيڪڏهن پيدائش جي تاريخ نامعلوم يا اڻپوري هجي ته {{death date}} استعمال ڪريو", "type": "content" }, "death_place": { "label": "وفات جو هنڌ", "description": "جيڪڏهن شخص فوت ٿي چڪو هجي ته وفات جو هنڌ", "type": "line", "required": false, "example": "[[Crown Heights]]" }, "resting_place": { "label": "دفن جي جاءِ", "description": "قبر وغيره", "type": "line", "required": false }, "resting_place_coordinates": { "label": "دفن جي جاءِ", "description": "قبر وغيره جا هم آهنگ. {{Coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} استعمال ڪريو", "type": "line" }, "citizenship": { "label": "شهريت", "type": "string", "description": "شخص جي شهريت وارو ملڪ", "example": "[[Germany]]" }, "otherparty": { "label": "ٻي سياسي پارٽي", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "other_party" ] }, "spouse": { "label": "زوجه/مڙس", "description": "جيڪڏهن قابل ذڪر هجن", "type": "line", "required": false, "aliases": [ "spouses" ] }, "partner": { "label": "ساٿي", "description": "گهريلو ساٿي، جيڪڏهن قابل ذڪر هجن", "type": "line" }, "relations": { "label": "لاڳاپا", "type": "string" }, "children": { "label": "ٻار", "type": "string" }, "parents": { "label": "والدين", "type": "string" }, "alma_mater": { "label": "الما ميٽر", "description": "اعليٰ تعليم جي اداري/ادارن جا ڳنڍيل نالا", "type": "line" }, "occupation": { "label": "ڌنڌو", "description": "جملي واري صورت استعمال ڪريو ۽ رڳو پهرين شيءِ جو پهريون حرف وڏو رکو", "type": "string" }, "profession": { "label": "پيشو", "description": "جملي واري صورت استعمال ڪريو ۽ رڳو پهرين شيءِ جو پهريون حرف وڏو رکو", "type": "string" }, "cabinet": { "label": "ڪابينا", "type": "string" }, "committees": { "label": "ڪميٽيون", "type": "string" }, "portfolio": { "label": "پورٽ فوليو", "type": "string" }, "blank1": { "label": "blank1", "description": "blank2 ... blank5 پڻ", "type": "string" }, "data1": { "label": "data1", "description": "data2 ... data5 پڻ", "type": "string" }, "website": { "label": "سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ", "description": "عهدي واري شخص جي سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ، {{URL}} استعمال ڪندي", "type": "line" }, "nickname": { "label": "لقب", "type": "string" }, "allegiance": { "label": "وابستگي", "type": "string" }, "branch": { "label": "شاخ", "type": "string" }, "serviceyears": { "label": "خدمت جا سال", "type": "string" }, "rank": { "label": "رتبو", "type": "string" }, "unit": { "label": "يونٽ", "type": "string" }, "commands": { "label": "ڪمانڊون", "type": "string" }, "battles": { "label": "وڙهيل جنگيون", "type": "string" }, "military_blank1": { "label": "فوجي blank 1", "description": "military_blank2 ... military_blank5 پڻ", "type": "string" }, "military_data1": { "label": "فوجي data 1", "description": "military_data2 ... military_data5 پڻ", "type": "string" }, "1blankname2": { "label": "1blankname2", "type": "string" }, "1namedata2": { "label": "1namedata2", "type": "string" }, "2blankname2": { "label": "2blankname2", "type": "string" }, "2namedata2": { "label": "2namedata2", "type": "string" }, "3blankname2": { "label": "3blankname2", "type": "string" }, "3namedata2": { "label": "3namedata2", "type": "string" }, "4blankname2": { "label": "4blankname2", "type": "string" }, "4namedata2": { "label": "4namedata2", "type": "string" }, "5blankname2": { "label": "5blankname2", "type": "string" }, "5namedata2": { "label": "5namedata2", "type": "string" }, "pronunciation": { "label": "نالي جو اچار", "type": "string" }, "honorific_prefix": { "label": "اعزازي سابقو", "description": "'The Honourable'، 'His/Her Excellency' جهڙا لقب", "type": "wiki-page-name", "required": false, "aliases": [ "honorific prefix" ] }, "honorific_suffix": { "label": "اعزازي لاحقو", "description": "'OBE'، 'FRSA' جهڙا شروعاتي اکر", "type": "wiki-page-name", "required": false, "aliases": [ "honorific suffix" ] }, "image_size": { "label": "تصوير جي ماپ", "description": "تصوير جي ماپ (مثال: '220px')", "type": "line", "default": "varies", "required": false, "aliases": [ "imagesize" ] }, "education": { "label": "تعليم", "description": "جتي يا جنهن وٽ عهديدار تربيت ورتي", "type": "string", "required": false }, "awards": { "label": "اعزاز", "description": "عهديدار پاران حاصل ڪيل اعزاز. {{awd}} استعمال ڪرڻ تي غور ڪريو.", "type": "line", "required": false } }, "paramOrder": [ "name", "office", "order", "bodyclass", "mainwidth", "native_name", "native_name_lang", "image", "width", "alt", "caption", "alongside", "ambassador_from", "appointer", "assembly", "chancellor", "co-leader", "constituency_AM", "constituency", "country", "deputy", "district", "firstminister", "governor-general", "leader", "legislature", "lieutenant_governor", "lieutenant", "majorityleader", "minister", "minister_from", "minority_floor_leader", "majority_floor_leader", "minorityleader", "monarch", "nominator", "parliament", "parliamentarygroup", "predecessor", "preceding", "preceded", "premier", "president", "primeminister", "riding", "status", "succeeded", "succeeding", "successor", "taoiseach", "term_start", "term_end", "title", "vicechair", "vicegovernor", "vicepresident", "vicepremier", "viceprimeminister", "speaker", "footnotes", "date", "year", "source", "signature", "signature_alt", "appointe", "alongside2", "peerage2", "ambassador_from2", "appointer2", "assembly2", "chancellor2", "co-leader2", "constituency_AM2", "country2", "deputy2", "district2", "firstminister2", "governor", "governor-general2", "governor2", "leader2", "legislature2", "lieutenant_governor2", "lieutenant2", "majority", "majorityleader2", "minister_from2", "minority_floor_leader2", "majority_floor_leader2", "majority2", "minister2", "minority", "minorityleader2", "monarch2", "nominator2", "office2", "order2", "parliament2", "parliamentarygroup2", "predecessor2", "preceding2", "preceded2", "premier2", "president2", "primeminister2", "riding2", "speaker_office", "state_assembly", "state_delegate", "state_house", "state_legislature", "state_senate", "state", "term", "party", "prior_term", "1blankname", "1namedata", "2blankname", "2namedata", "3blankname", "3namedata", "4blankname", "4namedata", "5blankname", "5namedata", "1blankname1", "1namedata1", "2blankname1", "2namedata1", "3blankname1", "3namedata1", "4blankname1", "4namedata1", "5blankname1", "5namedata1", "alongside1", "ambassador_from1", "appointer1", "assembly1", "chair1", "chancellor1", "co-leader1", "constituency_AM1", "constituency1", "country1", "deputy1", "district1", "firstminister1", "governor-general1", "governor1", "leader1", "legislature1", "lieutenant_governor1", "lieutenant1", "minority_floor_leader1", "minister_from1", "majority_floor_leader1", "majorityleader1", "majority1", "minister1", "minorityleader1", "monarch1", "nominator1", "office1", "order1", "parliament1", "parliamentarygroup1", "predecessor1", "preceding1", "preceded1", "premier1", "president1", "primeminister1", "riding1", "state_assembly1", "state_delegate1", "state_house1", "state_legislature1", "state_senate1", "state1", "succeeded1", "succeeding1", "successor1", "taoiseach1", "termend1", "termstart1", "term1", "title1", "vicechair1", "vicegovernor1", "vicepresident1", "vicepremier1", "viceprimeminister1", "prior_term1", "termend2", "termstart2", "term2", "title2", "vicechair2", "vicegovernor2", "vicepresident2", "vicepremier2", "viceprimeminister2", "succeeded2", "succeeding2", "successor2", "taoiseach2", "state_assembly2", "state_delegate2", "state_house2", "state_legislature2", "state_senate2", "state 2", "prior_term2", "birth_name", "birth_date", "birth_place", "death_date", "death_place", "resting_place", "resting_place_coordinates", "citizenship", "otherparty", "spouse", "partner", "relations", "children", "parents", "alma_mater", "occupation", "profession", "cabinet", "committees", "portfolio", "blank1", "data1", "website", "nickname", "allegiance", "branch", "serviceyears", "rank", "unit", "commands", "battles", "military_blank1", "military_data1", "1blankname2", "1namedata2", "2blankname2", "2namedata2", "3blankname2", "3namedata2", "4blankname2", "4namedata2", "5blankname2", "5namedata2", "pronunciation", "honorific_prefix", "honorific_suffix", "image_size", "education", "awards" ] } </templatedata> {{Collapse bottom}} c553y8q4reddtrpaxy51smt4fi6c8ww 367854 367853 2026-03-27T18:22:15Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* سانچائي مواد */ 367854 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{Person infobox header}} {{High-use}} {{Notice|مهرباني ڪري نوٽ ڪريو ته جون 2017 ۾ {{para|religion}} پيراميٽر Infobox officeholder مان هن بحث جي نتيجي طور هٽايو ويو: [[Template talk:Infobox officeholder/Archive 21#Religion in officeholder infoboxes|هي بحث]].}} {{Lua|Module:Infobox|Module:InfoboxImage|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} ==استعمال== {{hatnote|نوٽ: هي سانچو '''انفرادي ماڻهن''' بابت مضمونن ۾ استعمال لاءِ آهي. عهدن/منصوبن بابت مضمونن لاءِ Infobox ڏسڻ لاءِ ڏسو [[سانچو:Infobox official post]].}} لاڳاپيل عهدي جو ڪوڊ پيسٽ ڪريو ۽ پوءِ هيٺ [[#Personal data|ذاتي ڄاڻ]] شامل ڪريو. ڪا به لازمي خاني (fields) ناهي ۽ ڪجهه خانا ٻين خانن جي استعمال سان ظاهر نه ٿيندا. ڪيترن مدتن (multiple terms) کي شامل ڪرڻ جي هدايتن لاءِ ڏسو [[Template:Infobox officeholder/example#Multiple terms|هي صفحو]]. تصويرن جي alt متن بابت هدايتن لاءِ ڏسو ''[[وڪيپيڊيا:تصويرن لاءِ متبادل متن]]''. پيراميٽر {{para|order}} کي {{para|office}} سان گڏ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ته جيئن ٻڌائي سگهجي ته عهديدار ان عهدي جو ڪهڙو نمبر هولڊر آهي، مثال طور "آمريڪا جو 42هون صدر". اهو صرف تڏهن استعمال ڪيو وڃي جڏهن معتبر ذريعن ۾ اهڙي نمبرنگ جو قائم رواج موجود هجي. صرف وڪيپيڊيا جي فهرست جي بنياد تي نمبر شامل نه ڪريو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ (1) فهرست درست نه به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ (2) مختلف نمبرنگ نظام لاڳو ٿي سگهن ٿا، جنهن سان نمبر غير يقيني ٿي سگهن ٿا. [[WP:SEAOFBLUE]] مطابق، {{para|order}} کي عهديدارن جي فهرست سان وڪي لنڪ ڪرڻ جي صلاح نه ڏني وڃي ٿي. جيڪڏهن {{para|order}} ڏنل نه هجي ته {{para|office}} کي عام [[مدد:لنڪ#وڪي لنڪ|وڪي لنڪ]] سان ڳنڍي سگهجي ٿو، مثال طور:"<code><nowiki>[[وزارت دفاع (سنگاپور)|وزير دفاع (سنگاپور)]]</nowiki></code>". پر جيڪڏهن {{para|order}} ۽ {{para|office}} گڏ ڏنا وڃن، ته {{para|office}} پاڻمرادو ساڳئي نالي واري وڪيپيڊيا مضمون سان ڳنڍجي ويندو. لنڪ کي ٻي هنڌ موڙڻ لاءِ [[وڪيپيڊيا:پائيپڊ لنڪ|پائپڊ لنڪ]] استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو:"<code><nowiki>دفاع واري وزارت (سنگاپور){{!}} وزير دفاع (سنگاپور)</nowiki></code>". جيڪڏهن شروعاتي ۽ آخري مدت ٻئي ڏنا وڃن، ته مڪمل مدت {{para|term}}, {{para|term2}} وغيره سان به ڏئي سگهجي ٿي. اهو پيچيده مدتن لاءِ مفيد آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪنهن سياستدان جي ضلعي جي حدبندي (redistricting) تبديل ٿي هجي، ته {{para|prior_term}} استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو ته جيئن اڳوڻو ضلعو ڏيکاري سگهجي. جيڪڏهن ضلعي ۾ تبديلي اهڙي هجي جو اڳوڻي يا پوئين عهديدار جو تعلق اهم نه رهي، ته نالا ڏيڻ بدران "redistricted" لکڻ گهرجي. مهرباني ڪري ڪنهن به خاني کي سينگار، جهنڊا يا آئڪن شامل ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال نه ڪريو. [[وڪيپيڊيا: انفوباڪس فليگ]] هتي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو. اتفاق راءِ مطابق، موجوده عهديدار (incumbent) جي انفوباڪس ۾ چونڊيل يا نامزد جانشين جو نالو يا مدت جي آخري تاريخ شامل نه ڪئي وڃي جيستائين جانشين عهدي سنڀالي. ===عام عهدو=== {{For|هن ڪوڊ جا مثال|Template:Infobox officeholder/example#General office}} {{Generic template demo | honorific_prefix | name | native_name | native_name_lang | honorific_suffix | image | image_size | image_upright | alt | caption | order | office | status | term_start | term_end | subterm | suboffice | alongside | monarch | president | governor_general | prime_minister | chancellor | taoiseach | governor | co-leader | vice_president | vice_prime_minister | deputy | lieutenant | parliamentary_group | constituency | majority | predecessor | successor | prior_term }} ''شامل ڪريو [[#Personal data|ذاتي ڄاڻ]]'' {{clear}} ===سفير=== {{For|هن ڪوڊ جا مثال|سانچو:Infobox officeholder/example#Ambassador}} {{Generic template demo | honorific_prefix | name | honorific_suffix | image | alt | caption | order | ambassador_from | country | term_start | term_end | predecessor | successor | president }} ''شامل ڪريو [[#Personal data|ذاتي ڄاڻ]]'' {{clear}} ===اسمبلي ميمبر=== {{For|هن ڪوڊ جا مثال|Template:Infobox officeholder/example#Assembly Member}} {{Generic template demo | honorific_prefix | name | honorific_suffix | image | alt | caption | constituency_AM | assembly | majority | term_start | term_end | predecessor | successor | prior_term }} ''شامل ڪريو [[#Personal data|ذاتي ڄاڻ]]'' {{clear}} ===گورنر=== {{For|هن ڪوڊ جا مثال|Template:Infobox officeholder/example#Governor}} {{Generic template demo | honorific_prefix | name | honorific_suffix | image | alt | caption | order | office | term_start | term_end | lieutenant | predecessor | successor }} ''شامل ڪريو [[ذاتي ڄاڻ]]'' {{clear}} ===يوڪريني قانون ساز عهدو=== {{For|هن ڪوڊ جي استعمال جا مثال|Template:Infobox officeholder/example#Ukrainian legislative office}} {{Generic template demo | name | native_name | native_name_lang | image | caption | office1 | convocation1 | constituency1 | term_start1 | term_end1 | convocation2 | constituency2 | term_start2 | term_end2 | office3 | convocation3 | constituency3 | term_start3 | term_end3 }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto;"> {{Infobox Ukrainian legislative office | name = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = | caption = | office1 = | convocation1 = | constituency1 = | term_start1 = | term_end1 = | convocation2 = | constituency2 = | term_start2 = | term_end2 = | office3 = <!--انگ وڌائي وڌ ۾ وڌ 16 ڀيرا ورجائي سگهجي ٿو--> | convocation3 = <!--انگ وڌائي وڌ ۾ وڌ 16 ڀيرا ورجائي سگهجي ٿو--> | constituency3 = <!--انگ وڌائي وڌ ۾ وڌ 16 ڀيرا ورجائي سگهجي ٿو--> | term_start3 = <!--انگ وڌائي وڌ ۾ وڌ 16 ڀيرا ورجائي سگهجي ٿو--> | term_end3 = <!--انگ وڌائي وڌ ۾ وڌ 16 ڀيرا ورجائي سگهجي ٿو--> </syntaxhighlight> ==ذاتي ڄاڻ== هي حصو سانچي جي هيٺان شامل ڪيو وڃي {{Generic template demo | pronunciation | birth_name | birth_date | birth_place | death_date | death_place | death_cause | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | citizenship | party | other_party | height | spouse | partner | relations | children | parents | mother | father | relatives | education | alma_mater | occupation | profession | salary | known_for | cabinet | committees | portfolio | awards | blank1 | data1 | blank2 | data2 | blank3 | data3 | blank4 | data4 | blank5 | data5 | signature | signature_alt | website | nickname | allegiance | branch | service_years | rank | unit | commands | battles | mawards | military_blank1 | military_data1 | military_blank2 | military_data2 | military_blank3 | military_data3 | military_blank4 | military_data4 | military_blank5 | military_data5 | module | module2 | module3 | module4 | module5 | footnotes }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto;"> | pronunciation = | birth_name = <!-- صرف تڏهن استعمال ڪريو جڏهن نالو مختلف هجي --> | birth_date = <!-- {{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | birth_place = | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | death_place = | death_cause = <!-- صرف تڏهن شامل ڪيو وڃي جڏهن موت جو سبب مضمون جي اهميت لاءِ ضروري هجي --> | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | citizenship = <!-- صرف ضرورت هجي ته استعمال ڪريو --> | party = | other_party = <!-- اضافي سياسي وابستگيون --> | height = <!-- "X cm", "X m" يا "X ft Y in" --> | spouse = | partner = <!-- غير شادي شده ساٿي --> | relations = | children = | parents = <!-- ماءُ ۽ پيءُ ٻنهي کي گڏ ڏيکاري ٿو --> | mother = | father = | relatives = | education = | alma_mater = | occupation = | profession = | known_for = | salary = | cabinet = | committees = | portfolio = | awards = | blank1 = | data1 = | blank2 = | data2 = | blank3 = | data3 = | blank4 = | data4 = | blank5 = | data5 = | signature = | signature_alt = | signature_size = | website = | nickname = <!--فوجي خدمت--> | allegiance = | branch = | service_years = | rank = | unit = | commands = | battles = | mawards = | military_blank1 = | military_data1 = | military_blank2 = | military_data2 = | military_blank3 = | military_data3 = | military_blank4 = | military_data4 = | military_blank5 = | military_data5 = <!--Embedded templates / Footnotes--> | module = | module2 = | module3 = | module4 = | module5 = | footnotes = }} </syntaxhighlight> {{clear}} <code>nationality</code> ظاهر نه ٿيندي جيڪڏهن ساڳيو ملڪ <code>birth_place</code> ۾ لکيل هجي، مثال: <code>|birth_place = Tokyo, Japan |nationality = Japanese</code> == ٻين سانچن کي شامل ڪرڻ == ''module'' پيراميٽر (module، module2، ... module5) استعمال ڪري هن انفوباڪس اندر ٻيا سانچا شامل ڪري سگهجن ٿا (ڏسو [[وڪيپيڊيا:Infobox modules]]). <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow: auto;"> {{Infobox officeholder | name = | <!-- وغيره --> | module = {{Infobox football biography | embed = yes | <!-- وغيره --> }} }} </syntaxhighlight> ==مائڪرو فارميٽ== {{UF-hcard-person}} ==سانچائي مواد== {{Collapse top|title=[[وڪيپيڊيا:TemplateData|TemplateData]] هن سانچي لاءِ، جيڪو [[mw:Extension:TemplateWizard|TemplateWizard]]، [[وڪيپيڊيا:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]] ۽ ٻين اوزارن ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آهي}} {{TemplateData header|noheader=1}} <templatedata> { "description": "عهدي وارن ماڻهن لاءِ هڪ ڄاڻخانو", "format": "block", "params": { "name": { "label": "نالو", "description": "شخص جو عام سڃاتل نالو (جيڪڏهن خالي ڇڏيو وڃي ته مضمون جو نالو، بغير وضاحت جي، ڊفالٽ ٿيندو)", "type": "line", "default": "PAGENAME" }, "office": { "label": "عهدو", "description": "سنڀاليل عهدو", "type": "string" }, "order": { "label": "ترتيب", "description": "'office' سان گڏ استعمال ٿئي ٿو ته ڏيکارجي ته عهديدار انهي عهدي جو ڪهڙو نمبر هولڊر آهي", "type": "string" }, "bodyclass": { "label": "bodyclass", "type": "string" }, "mainwidth": { "label": "مکيه ويڪر", "default": "22em", "type": "string" }, "native_name": { "label": "اصل نالو", "type": "string", "description": "ماڻهوءَ جو نالو سندس اصل ٻوليءَ ۾", "example": "Melquíades Rafael Martínez Ruiz" }, "native_name_lang": { "label": "اصل نالي جي ٻولي", "type": "string", "description": "ٻولي جنهن ۾ ماڻهوءَ جو اصل نالو آهي", "example": "ca" }, "image": { "label": "تصوير", "description": "تصوير جي فائل جو نالو (مثال: 'Example.jpg')", "type": "wiki-file-name", "required": false }, "width": { "label": "ويڪر", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "imagesize", " image_size" ] }, "alt": { "label": "متبادل متن", "description": "تصوير لاءِ متبادل متن", "type": "line" }, "caption": { "label": "تصوير جو ڪيپشن", "description": "تصوير لاءِ ڪيپشن", "type": "string", "required": false }, "alongside": { "label": "ساڻ", "description": "هڪ ئي ضلعي مان هڪ ئي عهدي تي گڏ خدمت ڪندڙ ٻن يا وڌيڪ ماڻهن لاءِ", "type": "string" }, "ambassador_from": { "label": "سفير کان", "type": "string" }, "appointer": { "label": "مقرر ڪندڙ", "type": "string" }, "assembly": { "label": "اسمبلي", "type": "string" }, "chancellor": { "label": "چانسلر", "type": "string" }, "co-leader": { "label": "شريڪ اڳواڻ", "type": "string" }, "constituency_AM": { "label": "تڪ AM", "type": "string" }, "constituency": { "label": "تڪ", "type": "string" }, "country": { "label": "ملڪ", "type": "string", "example": "Israel" }, "deputy": { "label": "نائب", "type": "string" }, "district": { "label": "ضلعو", "type": "string" }, "firstminister": { "label": "پهريون وزير", "type": "string" }, "governor-general": { "label": "گورنر جنرل", "type": "string" }, "leader": { "label": "اڳواڻ", "type": "string" }, "legislature": { "label": "قانون ساز ادارو", "type": "wiki-page-name", "example": "[[United States House of Representatives]]" }, "lieutenant_governor": { "label": "ليفٽيننٽ گورنر", "type": "string" }, "lieutenant": { "label": "ليفٽيننٽ", "type": "string" }, "majorityleader": { "label": "اڪثريتي اڳواڻ", "type": "string" }, "minister": { "label": "وزير", "type": "string" }, "minister_from": { "label": "وزير کان", "type": "string" }, "minority_floor_leader": { "label": "اقليتي فلور اڳواڻ", "type": "string" }, "majority_floor_leader": { "label": "اڪثريتي فلور اڳواڻ", "type": "string" }, "minorityleader": { "label": "اقليتي اڳواڻ", "type": "string", "example": "[[Chuck Shumer]]" }, "monarch": { "label": "بادشاهه/ملڪه", "type": "string" }, "nominator": { "label": "نامزد ڪندڙ", "type": "string" }, "parliament": { "label": "پارليامينٽ", "type": "string" }, "parliamentarygroup": { "label": "پارلياماني گروپ", "type": "string" }, "predecessor": { "label": "اڳوڻو", "type": "string" }, "preceding": { "label": "پويون", "type": "string" }, "preceded": { "label": "اڳواٽ سنڀاليل", "type": "string" }, "premier": { "label": "پريميئر", "type": "string" }, "president": { "label": "صدر", "type": "string" }, "primeminister": { "label": "وزيراعظم", "type": "string" }, "riding": { "label": "رائيڊنگ", "type": "string" }, "status": { "label": "حيثيت", "description": "جيڪڏهن اهو ڏنو وڃي ته Incumbent کي اووررائيڊ ڪندو", "type": "string" }, "succeeded": { "label": "جانشين ٿيو", "type": "string" }, "succeeding": { "label": "جانشين ٿيندڙ", "description": "صدر-منتخب يا ساڳي حالت لاءِ", "type": "string" }, "successor": { "label": "جانشين", "type": "string" }, "taoiseach": { "label": "Taoiseach", "type": "string" }, "term_start": { "label": "مدت جي شروعات", "type": "string", "description": "شخص جي مدت جي شروعات جي تاريخ" }, "term_end": { "label": "مدت جي پڇاڙي", "type": "string", "description": "شخص جي مدت جي پڇاڙي جي تاريخ" }, "title": { "label": "عنوان", "type": "string" }, "vicechair": { "label": "نائب چيئرمين", "type": "string" }, "vicegovernor": { "label": "نائب گورنر", "type": "string" }, "vicepresident": { "label": "نائب صدر", "type": "string" }, "vicepremier": { "label": "نائب پريميئر", "type": "string" }, "viceprimeminister": { "label": "نائب وزيراعظم", "type": "string" }, "speaker": { "label": "اسپيڪر", "type": "string" }, "footnotes": { "label": "حاشيا", "type": "string" }, "date": { "label": "تاريخ", "type": "string" }, "year": { "label": "سال", "type": "string" }, "source": { "label": "ذريعو", "type": "string" }, "signature": { "label": "دستخط", "type": "wiki-file-name" }, "signature_alt": { "label": "دستخط جو متبادل متن", "type": "string" }, "appointe": { "label": "مقرر ٿيل شخص", "type": "string" }, "alongside2": { "label": "ساڻ 2", "type": "string" }, "peerage2": { "label": "peerage 2", "type": "string" }, "ambassador_from2": { "label": "سفير کان 2", "type": "string" }, "appointer2": { "label": "مقرر ڪندڙ 2", "type": "string" }, "assembly2": { "label": "اسمبلي 2", "type": "string" }, "chancellor2": { "label": "چانسلر 2", "type": "string" }, "co-leader2": { "label": "شريڪ اڳواڻ 2", "type": "string" }, "constituency_AM2": { "label": "تڪ AM 2", "type": "string" }, "country2": { "label": "ملڪ 2", "type": "string", "example": "Malaya" }, "deputy2": { "label": "نائب 2", "type": "string" }, "district2": { "label": "ضلعو 2", "type": "string" }, "firstminister2": { "label": "پهريون وزير 2", "type": "string" }, "governor": { "label": "گورنر", "type": "string" }, "governor-general2": { "label": "گورنر جنرل 2", "type": "string" }, "governor2": { "label": "گورنر 2", "type": "string" }, "leader2": { "label": "اڳواڻ 2", "type": "string", "example": "Donald Trump" }, "legislature2": { "label": "قانون ساز ادارو 2", "type": "wiki-page-name", "example": "[[United States Senate]]" }, "lieutenant_governor2": { "label": "ليفٽيننٽ گورنر 2", "type": "string" }, "lieutenant2": { "label": "ليفٽيننٽ 2", "type": "string" }, "majority": { "label": "اڪثريت", "type": "string" }, "majorityleader2": { "label": "اڪثريتي اڳواڻ 2", "type": "string", "example": "Mitch McConnell" }, "minister_from2": { "label": "وزير کان 2", "type": "string" }, "minority_floor_leader2": { "label": "اقليتي فلور اڳواڻ 2", "type": "string" }, "majority_floor_leader2": { "label": "اڪثريتي فلور اڳواڻ 2", "type": "string" }, "majority2": { "label": "اڪثريت 2", "type": "string" }, "minister2": { "label": "وزير 2", "type": "string" }, "minority": { "label": "اقليت", "type": "string" }, "minorityleader2": { "label": "اقليتي اڳواڻ 2", "type": "string", "example": "[[Chuck Shumer]]" }, "monarch2": { "label": "بادشاهه/ملڪه 2", "type": "string" }, "nominator2": { "label": "نامزد ڪندڙ 2", "type": "string" }, "office2": { "label": "عهدو 2", "type": "string" }, "order2": { "label": "ترتيب 2", "type": "string" }, "parliament2": { "label": "پارليامينٽ 2", "type": "string" }, "parliamentarygroup2": { "label": "پارلياماني گروپ 2", "type": "string" }, "predecessor2": { "label": "اڳوڻو 2", "type": "string" }, "preceding2": { "label": "پويون 2", "type": "string" }, "preceded2": { "label": "اڳواٽ سنڀاليل 2", "type": "string" }, "premier2": { "label": "پريميئر 2", "type": "string" }, "president2": { "label": "صدر 2", "type": "string" }, "primeminister2": { "label": "وزيراعظم 2", "type": "string" }, "riding2": { "label": "رائيڊنگ 2", "type": "string" }, "speaker_office": { "label": "speaker office", "type": "string" }, "state_assembly": { "label": "رياستي اسمبلي", "type": "string" }, "state_delegate": { "label": "رياستي وفد", "type": "string" }, "state_house": { "label": "رياستي ايوان", "type": "string" }, "state_legislature": { "label": "رياستي قانون ساز ادارو", "type": "string" }, "state_senate": { "label": "رياستي سينيٽ", "type": "string" }, "state": { "label": "رياست", "type": "string", "description": "اها رياست جنهن جي هي عهديدار نمائندگي ڪري ٿو يا ڪئي", "example": "[[Alabama]]" }, "term": { "label": "مدت", "type": "string" }, "party": { "label": "پارٽي", "type": "string" }, "prior_term": { "label": "اڳوڻي مدت", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "1blankname": { "label": "1blankname", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "1namedata": { "label": "1namedata", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "2blankname": { "label": "2blankname", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "2namedata": { "label": "2namedata", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "3blankname": { "label": "3blankname", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "3namedata": { "label": "3namedata", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "4blankname": { "label": "4blankname", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "4namedata": { "label": "4namedata", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "5blankname": { "label": "5blankname", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "5namedata": { "label": "5namedata", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "1blankname1": { "label": "1blankname1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "1namedata1": { "label": "1namedata1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "2blankname1": { "label": "2blankname1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "2namedata1": { "label": "2namedata1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "3blankname1": { "label": "3blankname1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "3namedata1": { "label": "3namedata1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "4blankname1": { "label": "4blankname1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "4namedata1": { "label": "4namedata1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "5blankname1": { "label": "5blankname1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "5namedata1": { "label": "5namedata1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "alongside1": { "label": "alongside1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "ambassador_from1": { "label": "ambassador_from1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "appointer1": { "label": "appointer1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "assembly1": { "label": "assembly1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "chair1": { "label": "chair1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "chancellor1": { "label": "chancellor1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "co-leader1": { "label": "co-leader1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "constituency_AM1": { "label": "constituency_AM1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "constituency1": { "label": "constituency1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "country1": { "label": "country1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "deputy1": { "label": "deputy1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "district1": { "label": "district1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "firstminister1": { "label": "firstminister1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "governor-general1": { "label": "governor-general1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "governor1": { "label": "governor1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "leader1": { "label": "leader1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "legislature1": { "label": "legislature1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "lieutenant_governor1": { "label": "lieutenant governor 1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "lieutenant1": { "label": "lieutenant 1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "minority_floor_leader1": { "label": "minority floor leader 1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "minister_from1": { "label": "minister from 1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "majority_floor_leader1": { "label": "majority_floor_leader1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "majorityleader1": { "label": "majorityleader1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "majority1": { "label": "majority1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "minister1": { "label": "minister1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "minorityleader1": { "label": "minorityleader1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "monarch1": { "label": "monarch1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "nominator1": { "label": "nominator1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "office1": { "label": "office1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "order1": { "label": "order1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "parliament1": { "label": "parliament1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "parliamentarygroup1": { "label": "parliamentary group 1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "predecessor1": { "label": "predecessor1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "preceding1": { "label": "preceding1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "preceded1": { "label": "preceded1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "premier1": { "label": "premier1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "president1": { "label": "president1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "primeminister1": { "label": "primeminister1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "riding1": { "label": "riding 1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "state_assembly1": { "label": "state_assembly1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "state_delegate1": { "label": "state_delegate1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "state_house1": { "label": "state_house1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "state_legislature1": { "label": "state_legislature1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "state_senate1": { "label": "state_senate1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "state1": { "label": "state1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "succeeded1": { "label": "succeeded1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "succeeding1": { "label": "succeeding1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "successor1": { "label": "successor1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "taoiseach1": { "label": "taoiseach1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "termend1": { "label": "termend1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "termstart1": { "label": "termstart1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "term1": { "label": "term1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "title1": { "label": "title1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "vicechair1": { "label": "vicechair1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "vicegovernor1": { "label": "vicegovernor1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "vicepresident1": { "label": "vicepresident1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "vicepremier1": { "label": "vicepremier1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "viceprimeminister1": { "label": "viceprimeminister1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "prior_term1": { "label": "اڳوڻي مدت 1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "termend2": { "label": "مدت پڇاڙي 2", "type": "string" }, "termstart2": { "label": "مدت شروعات 2", "type": "string" }, "term2": { "label": "مدت 2", "type": "string" }, "title2": { "label": "عنوان 2", "type": "string" }, "vicechair2": { "label": "نائب چيئرمين 2", "type": "string" }, "vicegovernor2": { "label": "نائب گورنر 2", "type": "string" }, "vicepresident2": { "label": "نائب صدر 2", "type": "string" }, "vicepremier2": { "label": "نائب پريميئر 2", "type": "string" }, "viceprimeminister2": { "label": "نائب وزيراعظم 2", "type": "string" }, "succeeded2": { "label": "جانشين ٿيو 2", "type": "string" }, "succeeding2": { "label": "جانشين ٿيندڙ 2", "type": "string" }, "successor2": { "label": "جانشين 2", "type": "string" }, "taoiseach2": { "label": "Taoiseach 2", "type": "string" }, "state_assembly2": { "label": "رياستي اسمبلي 2", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "state_delegate2": { "label": "رياستي وفد 2", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "state_house2": { "label": "رياستي ايوان 2", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "state_legislature2": { "label": "رياستي قانون ساز ادارو 2", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "state_senate2": { "label": "رياستي سينيٽ 2", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "state 2": { "label": "رياست 2", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string", "example": "[[Georgia (U.S. State)|Georgia]]" }, "prior_term2": { "label": "اڳوڻي مدت 2", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "birth_name": { "label": "پيدائشي نالو", "description": "پيدائش وقت جو نالو، جيڪڏهن 'name' کان مختلف هجي", "type": "string", "required": false, "aliases": [ "birthname" ] }, "birth_date": { "label": "پيدائش جي تاريخ", "description": "پيدائش جي تاريخ. جيئري ماڻهن لاءِ {{birth date and age}} ۽ فوت ٿيلن لاءِ {{birth date}} استعمال ڪريو", "type": "line", "required": false }, "birth_place": { "label": "پيدائش جو هنڌ", "description": "پيدائش جو هنڌ", "type": "line" }, "death_date": { "label": "وفات جي تاريخ", "description": "وفات جي تاريخ. {{death date and age}} استعمال ڪريو. جيڪڏهن پيدائش جي تاريخ نامعلوم يا اڻپوري هجي ته {{death date}} استعمال ڪريو", "type": "content" }, "death_place": { "label": "وفات جو هنڌ", "description": "جيڪڏهن شخص فوت ٿي چڪو هجي ته وفات جو هنڌ", "type": "line", "required": false, "example": "[[Crown Heights]]" }, "resting_place": { "label": "دفن جي جاءِ", "description": "قبر وغيره", "type": "line", "required": false }, "resting_place_coordinates": { "label": "دفن جي جاءِ", "description": "قبر وغيره جا هم آهنگ. {{Coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} استعمال ڪريو", "type": "line" }, "citizenship": { "label": "شهريت", "type": "string", "description": "شخص جي شهريت وارو ملڪ", "example": "[[Germany]]" }, "otherparty": { "label": "ٻي سياسي پارٽي", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "other_party" ] }, "spouse": { "label": "زوجه/مڙس", "description": "جيڪڏهن قابل ذڪر هجن", "type": "line", "required": false, "aliases": [ "spouses" ] }, "partner": { "label": "ساٿي", "description": "گهريلو ساٿي، جيڪڏهن قابل ذڪر هجن", "type": "line" }, "relations": { "label": "لاڳاپا", "type": "string" }, "children": { "label": "ٻار", "type": "string" }, "parents": { "label": "والدين", "type": "string" }, "alma_mater": { "label": "الما ميٽر", "description": "اعليٰ تعليم جي اداري/ادارن جا ڳنڍيل نالا", "type": "line" }, "occupation": { "label": "ڌنڌو", "description": "جملي واري صورت استعمال ڪريو ۽ رڳو پهرين شيءِ جو پهريون حرف وڏو رکو", "type": "string" }, "profession": { "label": "پيشو", "description": "جملي واري صورت استعمال ڪريو ۽ رڳو پهرين شيءِ جو پهريون حرف وڏو رکو", "type": "string" }, "cabinet": { "label": "ڪابينا", "type": "string" }, "committees": { "label": "ڪميٽيون", "type": "string" }, "portfolio": { "label": "پورٽ فوليو", "type": "string" }, "blank1": { "label": "blank1", "description": "blank2 ... blank5 پڻ", "type": "string" }, "data1": { "label": "data1", "description": "data2 ... data5 پڻ", "type": "string" }, "website": { "label": "سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ", "description": "عهدي واري شخص جي سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ، {{URL}} استعمال ڪندي", "type": "line" }, "nickname": { "label": "لقب", "type": "string" }, "allegiance": { "label": "وابستگي", "type": "string" }, "branch": { "label": "شاخ", "type": "string" }, "serviceyears": { "label": "خدمت جا سال", "type": "string" }, "rank": { "label": "رتبو", "type": "string" }, "unit": { "label": "يونٽ", "type": "string" }, "commands": { "label": "ڪمانڊون", "type": "string" }, "battles": { "label": "وڙهيل جنگيون", "type": "string" }, "military_blank1": { "label": "فوجي blank 1", "description": "military_blank2 ... military_blank5 پڻ", "type": "string" }, "military_data1": { "label": "فوجي data 1", "description": "military_data2 ... military_data5 پڻ", "type": "string" }, "1blankname2": { "label": "1blankname2", "type": "string" }, "1namedata2": { "label": "1namedata2", "type": "string" }, "2blankname2": { "label": "2blankname2", "type": "string" }, "2namedata2": { "label": "2namedata2", "type": "string" }, "3blankname2": { "label": "3blankname2", "type": "string" }, "3namedata2": { "label": "3namedata2", "type": "string" }, "4blankname2": { "label": "4blankname2", "type": "string" }, "4namedata2": { "label": "4namedata2", "type": "string" }, "5blankname2": { "label": "5blankname2", "type": "string" }, "5namedata2": { "label": "5namedata2", "type": "string" }, "pronunciation": { "label": "نالي جو اچار", "type": "string" }, "honorific_prefix": { "label": "اعزازي سابقو", "description": "'The Honourable'، 'His/Her Excellency' جهڙا لقب", "type": "wiki-page-name", "required": false, "aliases": [ "honorific prefix" ] }, "honorific_suffix": { "label": "اعزازي لاحقو", "description": "'OBE'، 'FRSA' جهڙا شروعاتي اکر", "type": "wiki-page-name", "required": false, "aliases": [ "honorific suffix" ] }, "image_size": { "label": "تصوير جي ماپ", "description": "تصوير جي ماپ (مثال: '220px')", "type": "line", "default": "varies", "required": false, "aliases": [ "imagesize" ] }, "education": { "label": "تعليم", "description": "جتي يا جنهن وٽ عهديدار تربيت ورتي", "type": "string", "required": false }, "awards": { "label": "اعزاز", "description": "عهديدار پاران حاصل ڪيل اعزاز. {{awd}} استعمال ڪرڻ تي غور ڪريو.", "type": "line", "required": false } }, "paramOrder": [ "name", "office", "order", "bodyclass", "mainwidth", "native_name", "native_name_lang", "image", "width", "alt", "caption", "alongside", "ambassador_from", "appointer", "assembly", "chancellor", "co-leader", "constituency_AM", "constituency", "country", "deputy", "district", "firstminister", "governor-general", "leader", "legislature", "lieutenant_governor", "lieutenant", "majorityleader", "minister", "minister_from", "minority_floor_leader", "majority_floor_leader", "minorityleader", "monarch", "nominator", "parliament", "parliamentarygroup", "predecessor", "preceding", "preceded", "premier", "president", "primeminister", "riding", "status", "succeeded", "succeeding", "successor", "taoiseach", "term_start", "term_end", "title", "vicechair", "vicegovernor", "vicepresident", "vicepremier", "viceprimeminister", "speaker", "footnotes", "date", "year", "source", "signature", "signature_alt", "appointe", "alongside2", "peerage2", "ambassador_from2", "appointer2", "assembly2", "chancellor2", "co-leader2", "constituency_AM2", "country2", "deputy2", "district2", "firstminister2", "governor", "governor-general2", "governor2", "leader2", "legislature2", "lieutenant_governor2", "lieutenant2", "majority", "majorityleader2", "minister_from2", "minority_floor_leader2", "majority_floor_leader2", "majority2", "minister2", "minority", "minorityleader2", "monarch2", "nominator2", "office2", "order2", "parliament2", "parliamentarygroup2", "predecessor2", "preceding2", "preceded2", "premier2", "president2", "primeminister2", "riding2", "speaker_office", "state_assembly", "state_delegate", "state_house", "state_legislature", "state_senate", "state", "term", "party", "prior_term", "1blankname", "1namedata", "2blankname", "2namedata", "3blankname", "3namedata", "4blankname", "4namedata", "5blankname", "5namedata", "1blankname1", "1namedata1", "2blankname1", "2namedata1", "3blankname1", "3namedata1", "4blankname1", "4namedata1", "5blankname1", "5namedata1", "alongside1", "ambassador_from1", "appointer1", "assembly1", "chair1", "chancellor1", "co-leader1", "constituency_AM1", "constituency1", "country1", "deputy1", "district1", "firstminister1", "governor-general1", "governor1", "leader1", "legislature1", "lieutenant_governor1", "lieutenant1", "minority_floor_leader1", "minister_from1", "majority_floor_leader1", "majorityleader1", "majority1", "minister1", "minorityleader1", "monarch1", "nominator1", "office1", "order1", "parliament1", "parliamentarygroup1", "predecessor1", "preceding1", "preceded1", "premier1", "president1", "primeminister1", "riding1", "state_assembly1", "state_delegate1", "state_house1", "state_legislature1", "state_senate1", "state1", "succeeded1", "succeeding1", "successor1", "taoiseach1", "termend1", "termstart1", "term1", "title1", "vicechair1", "vicegovernor1", "vicepresident1", "vicepremier1", "viceprimeminister1", "prior_term1", "termend2", "termstart2", "term2", "title2", "vicechair2", "vicegovernor2", "vicepresident2", "vicepremier2", "viceprimeminister2", "succeeded2", "succeeding2", "successor2", "taoiseach2", "state_assembly2", "state_delegate2", "state_house2", "state_legislature2", "state_senate2", "state 2", "prior_term2", "birth_name", "birth_date", "birth_place", "death_date", "death_place", "resting_place", "resting_place_coordinates", "citizenship", "otherparty", "spouse", "partner", "relations", "children", "parents", "alma_mater", "occupation", "profession", "cabinet", "committees", "portfolio", "blank1", "data1", "website", "nickname", "allegiance", "branch", "serviceyears", "rank", "unit", "commands", "battles", "military_blank1", "military_data1", "1blankname2", "1namedata2", "2blankname2", "2namedata2", "3blankname2", "3namedata2", "4blankname2", "4namedata2", "5blankname2", "5namedata2", "pronunciation", "honorific_prefix", "honorific_suffix", "image_size", "education", "awards" ] } </templatedata> {{Collapse bottom}} gdtomam2dqs5p3jz0pr8gaibuq06lrq 367855 367854 2026-03-27T18:23:27Z Intisar Ali 8681 367855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{Person infobox header}} {{High-use}} {{Notice|مهرباني ڪري نوٽ ڪريو ته جون 2017 ۾ {{para|religion}} پيراميٽر Infobox officeholder مان هن بحث جي نتيجي طور هٽايو ويو: [[Template talk:Infobox officeholder/Archive 21#Religion in officeholder infoboxes|هي بحث]].}} {{Lua|Module:Infobox|Module:InfoboxImage|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} ==استعمال== {{hatnote|نوٽ: هي سانچو '''انفرادي ماڻهن''' بابت مضمونن ۾ استعمال لاءِ آهي. عهدن/منصوبن بابت مضمونن لاءِ Infobox ڏسڻ لاءِ ڏسو [[سانچو:Infobox official post]].}} لاڳاپيل عهدي جو ڪوڊ پيسٽ ڪريو ۽ پوءِ هيٺ [[#Personal data|ذاتي ڄاڻ]] شامل ڪريو. ڪا به لازمي خاني (fields) ناهي ۽ ڪجهه خانا ٻين خانن جي استعمال سان ظاهر نه ٿيندا. ڪيترن مدتن (multiple terms) کي شامل ڪرڻ جي هدايتن لاءِ ڏسو [[Template:Infobox officeholder/example#Multiple terms|هي صفحو]]. تصويرن جي alt متن بابت هدايتن لاءِ ڏسو ''[[وڪيپيڊيا:تصويرن لاءِ متبادل متن]]''. پيراميٽر {{para|order}} کي {{para|office}} سان گڏ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ته جيئن ٻڌائي سگهجي ته عهديدار ان عهدي جو ڪهڙو نمبر هولڊر آهي، مثال طور "آمريڪا جو 42هون صدر". اهو صرف تڏهن استعمال ڪيو وڃي جڏهن معتبر ذريعن ۾ اهڙي نمبرنگ جو قائم رواج موجود هجي. صرف وڪيپيڊيا جي فهرست جي بنياد تي نمبر شامل نه ڪريو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ (1) فهرست درست نه به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ (2) مختلف نمبرنگ نظام لاڳو ٿي سگهن ٿا، جنهن سان نمبر غير يقيني ٿي سگهن ٿا. [[WP:SEAOFBLUE]] مطابق، {{para|order}} کي عهديدارن جي فهرست سان وڪي لنڪ ڪرڻ جي صلاح نه ڏني وڃي ٿي. جيڪڏهن {{para|order}} ڏنل نه هجي ته {{para|office}} کي عام [[مدد:لنڪ#وڪي لنڪ|وڪي لنڪ]] سان ڳنڍي سگهجي ٿو، مثال طور:"<code><nowiki>[[وزارت دفاع (سنگاپور)|وزير دفاع (سنگاپور)]]</nowiki></code>". پر جيڪڏهن {{para|order}} ۽ {{para|office}} گڏ ڏنا وڃن، ته {{para|office}} پاڻمرادو ساڳئي نالي واري وڪيپيڊيا مضمون سان ڳنڍجي ويندو. لنڪ کي ٻي هنڌ موڙڻ لاءِ [[وڪيپيڊيا:پائيپڊ لنڪ|پائپڊ لنڪ]] استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو:"<code><nowiki>دفاع واري وزارت (سنگاپور){{!}} وزير دفاع (سنگاپور)</nowiki></code>". جيڪڏهن شروعاتي ۽ آخري مدت ٻئي ڏنا وڃن، ته مڪمل مدت {{para|term}}, {{para|term2}} وغيره سان به ڏئي سگهجي ٿي. اهو پيچيده مدتن لاءِ مفيد آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪنهن سياستدان جي ضلعي جي حدبندي (redistricting) تبديل ٿي هجي، ته {{para|prior_term}} استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو ته جيئن اڳوڻو ضلعو ڏيکاري سگهجي. جيڪڏهن ضلعي ۾ تبديلي اهڙي هجي جو اڳوڻي يا پوئين عهديدار جو تعلق اهم نه رهي، ته نالا ڏيڻ بدران "redistricted" لکڻ گهرجي. مهرباني ڪري ڪنهن به خاني کي سينگار، جهنڊا يا آئڪن شامل ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال نه ڪريو. [[وڪيپيڊيا: انفوباڪس فليگ]] هتي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو. اتفاق راءِ مطابق، موجوده عهديدار (incumbent) جي انفوباڪس ۾ چونڊيل يا نامزد جانشين جو نالو يا مدت جي آخري تاريخ شامل نه ڪئي وڃي جيستائين جانشين عهدي سنڀالي. ===عام عهدو=== {{For|هن ڪوڊ جا مثال|Template:Infobox officeholder/example#General office}} {{Generic template demo | honorific_prefix | name | native_name | native_name_lang | honorific_suffix | image | image_size | image_upright | alt | caption | order | office | status | term_start | term_end | subterm | suboffice | alongside | monarch | president | governor_general | prime_minister | chancellor | taoiseach | governor | co-leader | vice_president | vice_prime_minister | deputy | lieutenant | parliamentary_group | constituency | majority | predecessor | successor | prior_term }} ''شامل ڪريو [[#Personal data|ذاتي ڄاڻ]]'' {{clear}} ===سفير=== {{For|هن ڪوڊ جا مثال|سانچو:Infobox officeholder/example#Ambassador}} {{Generic template demo | honorific_prefix | name | honorific_suffix | image | alt | caption | order | ambassador_from | country | term_start | term_end | predecessor | successor | president }} ''شامل ڪريو [[#Personal data|ذاتي ڄاڻ]]'' {{clear}} ===اسمبلي ميمبر=== {{For|هن ڪوڊ جا مثال|Template:Infobox officeholder/example#Assembly Member}} {{Generic template demo | honorific_prefix | name | honorific_suffix | image | alt | caption | constituency_AM | assembly | majority | term_start | term_end | predecessor | successor | prior_term }} ''شامل ڪريو [[#Personal data|ذاتي ڄاڻ]]'' {{clear}} ===گورنر=== {{For|هن ڪوڊ جا مثال|Template:Infobox officeholder/example#Governor}} {{Generic template demo | honorific_prefix | name | honorific_suffix | image | alt | caption | order | office | term_start | term_end | lieutenant | predecessor | successor }} ''شامل ڪريو [[ذاتي ڄاڻ]]'' {{clear}} ===يوڪريني قانون ساز عهدو=== {{For|هن ڪوڊ جي استعمال جا مثال|Template:Infobox officeholder/example#Ukrainian legislative office}} {{Generic template demo | name | native_name | native_name_lang | image | caption | office1 | convocation1 | constituency1 | term_start1 | term_end1 | convocation2 | constituency2 | term_start2 | term_end2 | office3 | convocation3 | constituency3 | term_start3 | term_end3 }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto;"> {{Infobox Ukrainian legislative office | name = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = | caption = | office1 = | convocation1 = | constituency1 = | term_start1 = | term_end1 = | convocation2 = | constituency2 = | term_start2 = | term_end2 = | office3 = <!--انگ وڌائي وڌ ۾ وڌ 16 ڀيرا ورجائي سگهجي ٿو--> | convocation3 = <!--انگ وڌائي وڌ ۾ وڌ 16 ڀيرا ورجائي سگهجي ٿو--> | constituency3 = <!--انگ وڌائي وڌ ۾ وڌ 16 ڀيرا ورجائي سگهجي ٿو--> | term_start3 = <!--انگ وڌائي وڌ ۾ وڌ 16 ڀيرا ورجائي سگهجي ٿو--> | term_end3 = <!--انگ وڌائي وڌ ۾ وڌ 16 ڀيرا ورجائي سگهجي ٿو--> </syntaxhighlight> ==ذاتي ڄاڻ== هي حصو سانچي جي هيٺان شامل ڪيو وڃي {{Generic template demo | pronunciation | birth_name | birth_date | birth_place | death_date | death_place | death_cause | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | citizenship | party | other_party | height | spouse | partner | relations | children | parents | mother | father | relatives | education | alma_mater | occupation | profession | salary | known_for | cabinet | committees | portfolio | awards | blank1 | data1 | blank2 | data2 | blank3 | data3 | blank4 | data4 | blank5 | data5 | signature | signature_alt | website | nickname | allegiance | branch | service_years | rank | unit | commands | battles | mawards | military_blank1 | military_data1 | military_blank2 | military_data2 | military_blank3 | military_data3 | military_blank4 | military_data4 | military_blank5 | military_data5 | module | module2 | module3 | module4 | module5 | footnotes }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto;"> | pronunciation = | birth_name = <!-- صرف تڏهن استعمال ڪريو جڏهن نالو مختلف هجي --> | birth_date = <!-- {{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | birth_place = | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | death_place = | death_cause = <!-- صرف تڏهن شامل ڪيو وڃي جڏهن موت جو سبب مضمون جي اهميت لاءِ ضروري هجي --> | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | citizenship = <!-- صرف ضرورت هجي ته استعمال ڪريو --> | party = | other_party = <!-- اضافي سياسي وابستگيون --> | height = <!-- "X cm", "X m" يا "X ft Y in" --> | spouse = | partner = <!-- غير شادي شده ساٿي --> | relations = | children = | parents = <!-- ماءُ ۽ پيءُ ٻنهي کي گڏ ڏيکاري ٿو --> | mother = | father = | relatives = | education = | alma_mater = | occupation = | profession = | known_for = | salary = | cabinet = | committees = | portfolio = | awards = | blank1 = | data1 = | blank2 = | data2 = | blank3 = | data3 = | blank4 = | data4 = | blank5 = | data5 = | signature = | signature_alt = | signature_size = | website = | nickname = <!--فوجي خدمت--> | allegiance = | branch = | service_years = | rank = | unit = | commands = | battles = | mawards = | military_blank1 = | military_data1 = | military_blank2 = | military_data2 = | military_blank3 = | military_data3 = | military_blank4 = | military_data4 = | military_blank5 = | military_data5 = <!--Embedded templates / Footnotes--> | module = | module2 = | module3 = | module4 = | module5 = | footnotes = }} </syntaxhighlight> {{clear}} <code>nationality</code> ظاهر نه ٿيندي جيڪڏهن ساڳيو ملڪ <code>birth_place</code> ۾ لکيل هجي، مثال: <code>|birth_place = Tokyo, Japan |nationality = Japanese</code> == ٻين سانچن کي شامل ڪرڻ == ''module'' پيراميٽر (module، module2، ... module5) استعمال ڪري هن انفوباڪس اندر ٻيا سانچا شامل ڪري سگهجن ٿا (ڏسو [[وڪيپيڊيا:Infobox modules]]). <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow: auto;"> {{Infobox officeholder | name = | <!-- وغيره --> | module = {{Infobox football biography | embed = yes | <!-- وغيره --> }} }} </syntaxhighlight> ==مائڪرو فارميٽ== {{UF-hcard-person}} ==سانچائي مواد== {{Collapse top|title=[[وڪيپيڊيا:TemplateData|TemplateData]] هن سانچي لاءِ، جيڪو [[mw:Extension:TemplateWizard|TemplateWizard]]، [[وڪيپيڊيا:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]] ۽ ٻين اوزارن ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آهي}} {{TemplateData header|noheader=1}} <templatedata> { "description": "عهدي وارن ماڻهن لاءِ هڪ ڄاڻخانو", "format": "block", "params": { "name": { "label": "نالو", "description": "شخص جو عام سڃاتل نالو (جيڪڏهن خالي ڇڏيو وڃي ته مضمون جو نالو، بغير وضاحت جي، ڊفالٽ ٿيندو)", "type": "line", "default": "PAGENAME" }, "office": { "label": "عهدو", "description": "سنڀاليل عهدو", "type": "string" }, "order": { "label": "ترتيب", "description": "'office' سان گڏ استعمال ٿئي ٿو ته ڏيکارجي ته عهديدار انهي عهدي جو ڪهڙو نمبر هولڊر آهي", "type": "string" }, "bodyclass": { "label": "bodyclass", "type": "string" }, "mainwidth": { "label": "مکيه ويڪر", "default": "22em", "type": "string" }, "native_name": { "label": "اصل نالو", "type": "string", "description": "ماڻهوءَ جو نالو سندس اصل ٻوليءَ ۾", "example": "Melquíades Rafael Martínez Ruiz" }, "native_name_lang": { "label": "اصل نالي جي ٻولي", "type": "string", "description": "ٻولي جنهن ۾ ماڻهوءَ جو اصل نالو آهي", "example": "ca" }, "image": { "label": "تصوير", "description": "تصوير جي فائل جو نالو (مثال: 'Example.jpg')", "type": "wiki-file-name", "required": false }, "width": { "label": "ويڪر", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "imagesize", " image_size" ] }, "alt": { "label": "متبادل متن", "description": "تصوير لاءِ متبادل متن", "type": "line" }, "caption": { "label": "تصوير جو ڪيپشن", "description": "تصوير لاءِ ڪيپشن", "type": "string", "required": false }, "alongside": { "label": "ساڻ", "description": "هڪ ئي ضلعي مان هڪ ئي عهدي تي گڏ خدمت ڪندڙ ٻن يا وڌيڪ ماڻهن لاءِ", "type": "string" }, "ambassador_from": { "label": "سفير کان", "type": "string" }, "appointer": { "label": "مقرر ڪندڙ", "type": "string" }, "assembly": { "label": "اسمبلي", "type": "string" }, "chancellor": { "label": "چانسلر", "type": "string" }, "co-leader": { "label": "شريڪ اڳواڻ", "type": "string" }, "constituency_AM": { "label": "تڪ AM", "type": "string" }, "constituency": { "label": "تڪ", "type": "string" }, "country": { "label": "ملڪ", "type": "string", "example": "Israel" }, "deputy": { "label": "نائب", "type": "string" }, "district": { "label": "ضلعو", "type": "string" }, "firstminister": { "label": "پهريون وزير", "type": "string" }, "governor-general": { "label": "گورنر جنرل", "type": "string" }, "leader": { "label": "اڳواڻ", "type": "string" }, "legislature": { "label": "قانون ساز ادارو", "type": "wiki-page-name", "example": "[[United States House of Representatives]]" }, "lieutenant_governor": { "label": "ليفٽيننٽ گورنر", "type": "string" }, "lieutenant": { "label": "ليفٽيننٽ", "type": "string" }, "majorityleader": { "label": "اڪثريتي اڳواڻ", "type": "string" }, "minister": { "label": "وزير", "type": "string" }, "minister_from": { "label": "وزير کان", "type": "string" }, "minority_floor_leader": { "label": "اقليتي فلور اڳواڻ", "type": "string" }, "majority_floor_leader": { "label": "اڪثريتي فلور اڳواڻ", "type": "string" }, "minorityleader": { "label": "اقليتي اڳواڻ", "type": "string", "example": "[[Chuck Shumer]]" }, "monarch": { "label": "بادشاهه/ملڪه", "type": "string" }, "nominator": { "label": "نامزد ڪندڙ", "type": "string" }, "parliament": { "label": "پارليامينٽ", "type": "string" }, "parliamentarygroup": { "label": "پارلياماني گروپ", "type": "string" }, "predecessor": { "label": "اڳوڻو", "type": "string" }, "preceding": { "label": "پويون", "type": "string" }, "preceded": { "label": "اڳواٽ سنڀاليل", "type": "string" }, "premier": { "label": "پريميئر", "type": "string" }, "president": { "label": "صدر", "type": "string" }, "primeminister": { "label": "وزيراعظم", "type": "string" }, "riding": { "label": "رائيڊنگ", "type": "string" }, "status": { "label": "حيثيت", "description": "جيڪڏهن اهو ڏنو وڃي ته Incumbent کي اووررائيڊ ڪندو", "type": "string" }, "succeeded": { "label": "جانشين ٿيو", "type": "string" }, "succeeding": { "label": "جانشين ٿيندڙ", "description": "صدر-منتخب يا ساڳي حالت لاءِ", "type": "string" }, "successor": { "label": "جانشين", "type": "string" }, "taoiseach": { "label": "Taoiseach", "type": "string" }, "term_start": { "label": "مدت جي شروعات", "type": "string", "description": "شخص جي مدت جي شروعات جي تاريخ" }, "term_end": { "label": "مدت جي پڇاڙي", "type": "string", "description": "شخص جي مدت جي پڇاڙي جي تاريخ" }, "title": { "label": "عنوان", "type": "string" }, "vicechair": { "label": "نائب چيئرمين", "type": "string" }, "vicegovernor": { "label": "نائب گورنر", "type": "string" }, "vicepresident": { "label": "نائب صدر", "type": "string" }, "vicepremier": { "label": "نائب پريميئر", "type": "string" }, "viceprimeminister": { "label": "نائب وزيراعظم", "type": "string" }, "speaker": { "label": "اسپيڪر", "type": "string" }, "footnotes": { "label": "حاشيا", "type": "string" }, "date": { "label": "تاريخ", "type": "string" }, "year": { "label": "سال", "type": "string" }, "source": { "label": "ذريعو", "type": "string" }, "signature": { "label": "دستخط", "type": "wiki-file-name" }, "signature_alt": { "label": "دستخط جو متبادل متن", "type": "string" }, "appointe": { "label": "مقرر ٿيل شخص", "type": "string" }, "alongside2": { "label": "ساڻ 2", "type": "string" }, "peerage2": { "label": "peerage 2", "type": "string" }, "ambassador_from2": { "label": "سفير کان 2", "type": "string" }, "appointer2": { "label": "مقرر ڪندڙ 2", "type": "string" }, "assembly2": { "label": "اسمبلي 2", "type": "string" }, "chancellor2": { "label": "چانسلر 2", "type": "string" }, "co-leader2": { "label": "شريڪ اڳواڻ 2", "type": "string" }, "constituency_AM2": { "label": "تڪ AM 2", "type": "string" }, "country2": { "label": "ملڪ 2", "type": "string", "example": "Malaya" }, "deputy2": { "label": "نائب 2", "type": "string" }, "district2": { "label": "ضلعو 2", "type": "string" }, "firstminister2": { "label": "پهريون وزير 2", "type": "string" }, "governor": { "label": "گورنر", "type": "string" }, "governor-general2": { "label": "گورنر جنرل 2", "type": "string" }, "governor2": { "label": "گورنر 2", "type": "string" }, "leader2": { "label": "اڳواڻ 2", "type": "string", "example": "Donald Trump" }, "legislature2": { "label": "قانون ساز ادارو 2", "type": "wiki-page-name", "example": "[[United States Senate]]" }, "lieutenant_governor2": { "label": "ليفٽيننٽ گورنر 2", "type": "string" }, "lieutenant2": { "label": "ليفٽيننٽ 2", "type": "string" }, "majority": { "label": "اڪثريت", "type": "string" }, "majorityleader2": { "label": "اڪثريتي اڳواڻ 2", "type": "string", "example": "Mitch McConnell" }, "minister_from2": { "label": "وزير کان 2", "type": "string" }, "minority_floor_leader2": { "label": "اقليتي فلور اڳواڻ 2", "type": "string" }, "majority_floor_leader2": { "label": "اڪثريتي فلور اڳواڻ 2", "type": "string" }, "majority2": { "label": "اڪثريت 2", "type": "string" }, "minister2": { "label": "وزير 2", "type": "string" }, "minority": { "label": "اقليت", "type": "string" }, "minorityleader2": { "label": "اقليتي اڳواڻ 2", "type": "string", "example": "[[Chuck Shumer]]" }, "monarch2": { "label": "بادشاهه/ملڪه 2", "type": "string" }, "nominator2": { "label": "نامزد ڪندڙ 2", "type": "string" }, "office2": { "label": "عهدو 2", "type": "string" }, "order2": { "label": "ترتيب 2", "type": "string" }, "parliament2": { "label": "پارليامينٽ 2", "type": "string" }, "parliamentarygroup2": { "label": "پارلياماني گروپ 2", "type": "string" }, "predecessor2": { "label": "اڳوڻو 2", "type": "string" }, "preceding2": { "label": "پويون 2", "type": "string" }, "preceded2": { "label": "اڳواٽ سنڀاليل 2", "type": "string" }, "premier2": { "label": "پريميئر 2", "type": "string" }, "president2": { "label": "صدر 2", "type": "string" }, "primeminister2": { "label": "وزيراعظم 2", "type": "string" }, "riding2": { "label": "رائيڊنگ 2", "type": "string" }, "speaker_office": { "label": "speaker office", "type": "string" }, "state_assembly": { "label": "رياستي اسمبلي", "type": "string" }, "state_delegate": { "label": "رياستي وفد", "type": "string" }, "state_house": { "label": "رياستي ايوان", "type": "string" }, "state_legislature": { "label": "رياستي قانون ساز ادارو", "type": "string" }, "state_senate": { "label": "رياستي سينيٽ", "type": "string" }, "state": { "label": "رياست", "type": "string", "description": "اها رياست جنهن جي هي عهديدار نمائندگي ڪري ٿو يا ڪئي", "example": "[[Alabama]]" }, "term": { "label": "مدت", "type": "string" }, "party": { "label": "پارٽي", "type": "string" }, "prior_term": { "label": "اڳوڻي مدت", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "1blankname": { "label": "1blankname", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "1namedata": { "label": "1namedata", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "2blankname": { "label": "2blankname", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "2namedata": { "label": "2namedata", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "3blankname": { "label": "3blankname", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "3namedata": { "label": "3namedata", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "4blankname": { "label": "4blankname", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "4namedata": { "label": "4namedata", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "5blankname": { "label": "5blankname", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "5namedata": { "label": "5namedata", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "1blankname1": { "label": "1blankname1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "1namedata1": { "label": "1namedata1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "2blankname1": { "label": "2blankname1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "2namedata1": { "label": "2namedata1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "3blankname1": { "label": "3blankname1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "3namedata1": { "label": "3namedata1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "4blankname1": { "label": "4blankname1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "4namedata1": { "label": "4namedata1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "5blankname1": { "label": "5blankname1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "5namedata1": { "label": "5namedata1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "alongside1": { "label": "alongside1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "ambassador_from1": { "label": "ambassador_from1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "appointer1": { "label": "appointer1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "assembly1": { "label": "assembly1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "chair1": { "label": "chair1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "chancellor1": { "label": "chancellor1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "co-leader1": { "label": "co-leader1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "constituency_AM1": { "label": "constituency_AM1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "constituency1": { "label": "constituency1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "country1": { "label": "country1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "deputy1": { "label": "deputy1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "district1": { "label": "district1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "firstminister1": { "label": "firstminister1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "governor-general1": { "label": "governor-general1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "governor1": { "label": "governor1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "leader1": { "label": "leader1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "legislature1": { "label": "legislature1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "lieutenant_governor1": { "label": "lieutenant governor 1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "lieutenant1": { "label": "lieutenant 1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "minority_floor_leader1": { "label": "minority floor leader 1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "minister_from1": { "label": "minister from 1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "majority_floor_leader1": { "label": "majority_floor_leader1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "majorityleader1": { "label": "majorityleader1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "majority1": { "label": "majority1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "minister1": { "label": "minister1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "minorityleader1": { "label": "minorityleader1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "monarch1": { "label": "monarch1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "nominator1": { "label": "nominator1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "office1": { "label": "office1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "order1": { "label": "order1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "parliament1": { "label": "parliament1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "parliamentarygroup1": { "label": "parliamentary group 1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "predecessor1": { "label": "predecessor1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "preceding1": { "label": "preceding1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "preceded1": { "label": "preceded1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "premier1": { "label": "premier1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "president1": { "label": "president1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "primeminister1": { "label": "primeminister1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "riding1": { "label": "riding 1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "state_assembly1": { "label": "state_assembly1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "state_delegate1": { "label": "state_delegate1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "state_house1": { "label": "state_house1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "state_legislature1": { "label": "state_legislature1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "state_senate1": { "label": "state_senate1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "state1": { "label": "state1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "succeeded1": { "label": "succeeded1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "succeeding1": { "label": "succeeding1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "successor1": { "label": "successor1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "taoiseach1": { "label": "taoiseach1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "termend1": { "label": "termend1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "termstart1": { "label": "termstart1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "term1": { "label": "term1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "title1": { "label": "title1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "vicechair1": { "label": "vicechair1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "vicegovernor1": { "label": "vicegovernor1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "vicepresident1": { "label": "vicepresident1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "vicepremier1": { "label": "vicepremier1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "viceprimeminister1": { "label": "viceprimeminister1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "prior_term1": { "label": "اڳوڻي مدت 1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "termend2": { "label": "مدت پڇاڙي 2", "type": "string" }, "termstart2": { "label": "مدت شروعات 2", "type": "string" }, "term2": { "label": "مدت 2", "type": "string" }, "title2": { "label": "عنوان 2", "type": "string" }, "vicechair2": { "label": "نائب چيئرمين 2", "type": "string" }, "vicegovernor2": { "label": "نائب گورنر 2", "type": "string" }, "vicepresident2": { "label": "نائب صدر 2", "type": "string" }, "vicepremier2": { "label": "نائب پريميئر 2", "type": "string" }, "viceprimeminister2": { "label": "نائب وزيراعظم 2", "type": "string" }, "succeeded2": { "label": "جانشين ٿيو 2", "type": "string" }, "succeeding2": { "label": "جانشين ٿيندڙ 2", "type": "string" }, "successor2": { "label": "جانشين 2", "type": "string" }, "taoiseach2": { "label": "Taoiseach 2", "type": "string" }, "state_assembly2": { "label": "رياستي اسمبلي 2", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "state_delegate2": { "label": "رياستي وفد 2", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "state_house2": { "label": "رياستي ايوان 2", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "state_legislature2": { "label": "رياستي قانون ساز ادارو 2", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "state_senate2": { "label": "رياستي سينيٽ 2", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "state 2": { "label": "رياست 2", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string", "example": "[[Georgia (U.S. State)|Georgia]]" }, "prior_term2": { "label": "اڳوڻي مدت 2", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "birth_name": { "label": "پيدائشي نالو", "description": "پيدائش وقت جو نالو، جيڪڏهن 'name' کان مختلف هجي", "type": "string", "required": false, "aliases": [ "birthname" ] }, "birth_date": { "label": "پيدائش جي تاريخ", "description": "پيدائش جي تاريخ. جيئري ماڻهن لاءِ {{birth date and age}} ۽ فوت ٿيلن لاءِ {{birth date}} استعمال ڪريو", "type": "line", "required": false }, "birth_place": { "label": "پيدائش جو هنڌ", "description": "پيدائش جو هنڌ", "type": "line" }, "death_date": { "label": "وفات جي تاريخ", "description": "وفات جي تاريخ. {{death date and age}} استعمال ڪريو. جيڪڏهن پيدائش جي تاريخ نامعلوم يا اڻپوري هجي ته {{death date}} استعمال ڪريو", "type": "content" }, "death_place": { "label": "وفات جو هنڌ", "description": "جيڪڏهن شخص فوت ٿي چڪو هجي ته وفات جو هنڌ", "type": "line", "required": false, "example": "[[Crown Heights]]" }, "resting_place": { "label": "دفن جي جاءِ", "description": "قبر وغيره", "type": "line", "required": false }, "resting_place_coordinates": { "label": "دفن جي جاءِ", "description": "قبر وغيره جا هم آهنگ. {{Coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} استعمال ڪريو", "type": "line" }, "citizenship": { "label": "شهريت", "type": "string", "description": "شخص جي شهريت وارو ملڪ", "example": "[[Germany]]" }, "otherparty": { "label": "ٻي سياسي پارٽي", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "other_party" ] }, "spouse": { "label": "زوجه/مڙس", "description": "جيڪڏهن قابل ذڪر هجن", "type": "line", "required": false, "aliases": [ "spouses" ] }, "partner": { "label": "ساٿي", "description": "گهريلو ساٿي، جيڪڏهن قابل ذڪر هجن", "type": "line" }, "relations": { "label": "لاڳاپا", "type": "string" }, "children": { "label": "ٻار", "type": "string" }, "parents": { "label": "والدين", "type": "string" }, "alma_mater": { "label": "الما ميٽر", "description": "اعليٰ تعليم جي اداري/ادارن جا ڳنڍيل نالا", "type": "line" }, "occupation": { "label": "ڌنڌو", "description": "جملي واري صورت استعمال ڪريو ۽ رڳو پهرين شيءِ جو پهريون حرف وڏو رکو", "type": "string" }, "profession": { "label": "پيشو", "description": "جملي واري صورت استعمال ڪريو ۽ رڳو پهرين شيءِ جو پهريون حرف وڏو رکو", "type": "string" }, "cabinet": { "label": "ڪابينا", "type": "string" }, "committees": { "label": "ڪميٽيون", "type": "string" }, "portfolio": { "label": "پورٽ فوليو", "type": "string" }, "blank1": { "label": "blank1", "description": "blank2 ... blank5 پڻ", "type": "string" }, "data1": { "label": "data1", "description": "data2 ... data5 پڻ", "type": "string" }, "website": { "label": "سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ", "description": "عهدي واري شخص جي سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ، {{URL}} استعمال ڪندي", "type": "line" }, "nickname": { "label": "لقب", "type": "string" }, "allegiance": { "label": "وابستگي", "type": "string" }, "branch": { "label": "شاخ", "type": "string" }, "serviceyears": { "label": "خدمت جا سال", "type": "string" }, "rank": { "label": "رتبو", "type": "string" }, "unit": { "label": "يونٽ", "type": "string" }, "commands": { "label": "ڪمانڊون", "type": "string" }, "battles": { "label": "وڙهيل جنگيون", "type": "string" }, "military_blank1": { "label": "فوجي blank 1", "description": "military_blank2 ... military_blank5 پڻ", "type": "string" }, "military_data1": { "label": "فوجي data 1", "description": "military_data2 ... military_data5 پڻ", "type": "string" }, "1blankname2": { "label": "1blankname2", "type": "string" }, "1namedata2": { "label": "1namedata2", "type": "string" }, "2blankname2": { "label": "2blankname2", "type": "string" }, "2namedata2": { "label": "2namedata2", "type": "string" }, "3blankname2": { "label": "3blankname2", "type": "string" }, "3namedata2": { "label": "3namedata2", "type": "string" }, "4blankname2": { "label": "4blankname2", "type": "string" }, "4namedata2": { "label": "4namedata2", "type": "string" }, "5blankname2": { "label": "5blankname2", "type": "string" }, "5namedata2": { "label": "5namedata2", "type": "string" }, "pronunciation": { "label": "نالي جو اچار", "type": "string" }, "honorific_prefix": { "label": "اعزازي سابقو", "description": "'The Honourable'، 'His/Her Excellency' جهڙا لقب", "type": "wiki-page-name", "required": false, "aliases": [ "honorific prefix" ] }, "honorific_suffix": { "label": "اعزازي لاحقو", "description": "'OBE'، 'FRSA' جهڙا شروعاتي اکر", "type": "wiki-page-name", "required": false, "aliases": [ "honorific suffix" ] }, "image_size": { "label": "تصوير جي ماپ", "description": "تصوير جي ماپ (مثال: '220px')", "type": "line", "default": "varies", "required": false, "aliases": [ "imagesize" ] }, "education": { "label": "تعليم", "description": "جتي يا جنهن وٽ عهديدار تربيت ورتي", "type": "string", "required": false }, "awards": { "label": "اعزاز", "description": "عهديدار پاران حاصل ڪيل اعزاز. {{awd}} استعمال ڪرڻ تي غور ڪريو.", "type": "line", "required": false } }, "paramOrder": [ "name", "office", "order", "bodyclass", "mainwidth", "native_name", "native_name_lang", "image", "width", "alt", "caption", "alongside", "ambassador_from", "appointer", "assembly", "chancellor", "co-leader", "constituency_AM", "constituency", "country", "deputy", "district", "firstminister", "governor-general", "leader", "legislature", "lieutenant_governor", "lieutenant", "majorityleader", "minister", "minister_from", "minority_floor_leader", "majority_floor_leader", "minorityleader", "monarch", "nominator", "parliament", "parliamentarygroup", "predecessor", "preceding", "preceded", "premier", "president", "primeminister", "riding", "status", "succeeded", "succeeding", "successor", "taoiseach", "term_start", "term_end", "title", "vicechair", "vicegovernor", "vicepresident", "vicepremier", "viceprimeminister", "speaker", "footnotes", "date", "year", "source", "signature", "signature_alt", "appointe", "alongside2", "peerage2", "ambassador_from2", "appointer2", "assembly2", "chancellor2", "co-leader2", "constituency_AM2", "country2", "deputy2", "district2", "firstminister2", "governor", "governor-general2", "governor2", "leader2", "legislature2", "lieutenant_governor2", "lieutenant2", "majority", "majorityleader2", "minister_from2", "minority_floor_leader2", "majority_floor_leader2", "majority2", "minister2", "minority", "minorityleader2", "monarch2", "nominator2", "office2", "order2", "parliament2", "parliamentarygroup2", "predecessor2", "preceding2", "preceded2", "premier2", "president2", "primeminister2", "riding2", "speaker_office", "state_assembly", "state_delegate", "state_house", "state_legislature", "state_senate", "state", "term", "party", "prior_term", "1blankname", "1namedata", "2blankname", "2namedata", "3blankname", "3namedata", "4blankname", "4namedata", "5blankname", "5namedata", "1blankname1", "1namedata1", "2blankname1", "2namedata1", "3blankname1", "3namedata1", "4blankname1", "4namedata1", "5blankname1", "5namedata1", "alongside1", "ambassador_from1", "appointer1", "assembly1", "chair1", "chancellor1", "co-leader1", "constituency_AM1", "constituency1", "country1", "deputy1", "district1", "firstminister1", "governor-general1", "governor1", "leader1", "legislature1", "lieutenant_governor1", "lieutenant1", "minority_floor_leader1", "minister_from1", "majority_floor_leader1", "majorityleader1", "majority1", "minister1", "minorityleader1", "monarch1", "nominator1", "office1", "order1", "parliament1", "parliamentarygroup1", "predecessor1", "preceding1", "preceded1", "premier1", "president1", "primeminister1", "riding1", "state_assembly1", "state_delegate1", "state_house1", "state_legislature1", "state_senate1", "state1", "succeeded1", "succeeding1", "successor1", "taoiseach1", "termend1", "termstart1", "term1", "title1", "vicechair1", "vicegovernor1", "vicepresident1", "vicepremier1", "viceprimeminister1", "prior_term1", "termend2", "termstart2", "term2", "title2", "vicechair2", "vicegovernor2", "vicepresident2", "vicepremier2", "viceprimeminister2", "succeeded2", "succeeding2", "successor2", "taoiseach2", "state_assembly2", "state_delegate2", "state_house2", "state_legislature2", "state_senate2", "state 2", "prior_term2", "birth_name", "birth_date", "birth_place", "death_date", "death_place", "resting_place", "resting_place_coordinates", "citizenship", "otherparty", "spouse", "partner", "relations", "children", "parents", "alma_mater", "occupation", "profession", "cabinet", "committees", "portfolio", "blank1", "data1", "website", "nickname", "allegiance", "branch", "serviceyears", "rank", "unit", "commands", "battles", "military_blank1", "military_data1", "1blankname2", "1namedata2", "2blankname2", "2namedata2", "3blankname2", "3namedata2", "4blankname2", "4namedata2", "5blankname2", "5namedata2", "pronunciation", "honorific_prefix", "honorific_suffix", "image_size", "education", "awards" ] } </templatedata> {{Collapse bottom}} == ٽريڪنگ زمرا == '''لڪل ٽريڪنگ/سار سنڀال وارا زمرا (مکيه ۽ مددگار سانچن ۾)''' {{Infobox tracking cats}} * {{clc|سوانحي سانچو جيڪو اچار استعمال ڪري ٿو}} * {{clc|اهي صفحا جيڪي infobox officeholder ۾ ambassador from يا minister from استعمال ڪن ٿا}} * {{clc|اهي صفحا جيڪي infobox officeholder ۾ term سان گڏ term_start يا term_end ٻئي استعمال ڪن ٿا}} * {{clc|اهي صفحا جيڪي infobox officeholder ۾ office0 استعمال ڪن ٿا}} * {{clc|اهي صفحا جيڪي infobox officeholder ۾ speaker استعمال ڪن ٿا}} * {{clc|اهي صفحا جيڪي infobox officeholder ۾ succeeding ۽ term يا termend استعمال ڪن ٿا}} 8ik359tlyvr1k29bsvbx34p47jevxis 367856 367855 2026-03-27T18:26:43Z Intisar Ali 8681 367856 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{Person infobox header}} {{High-use}} {{Notice|مهرباني ڪري نوٽ ڪريو ته جون 2017 ۾ {{para|religion}} پيراميٽر Infobox officeholder مان هن بحث جي نتيجي طور هٽايو ويو: [[Template talk:Infobox officeholder/Archive 21#Religion in officeholder infoboxes|هي بحث]].}} {{Lua|Module:Infobox|Module:InfoboxImage|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} ==استعمال== {{hatnote|نوٽ: هي سانچو '''انفرادي ماڻهن''' بابت مضمونن ۾ استعمال لاءِ آهي. عهدن/منصوبن بابت مضمونن لاءِ Infobox ڏسڻ لاءِ ڏسو [[سانچو:Infobox official post]].}} لاڳاپيل عهدي جو ڪوڊ پيسٽ ڪريو ۽ پوءِ هيٺ [[#Personal data|ذاتي ڄاڻ]] شامل ڪريو. ڪا به لازمي خاني (fields) ناهي ۽ ڪجهه خانا ٻين خانن جي استعمال سان ظاهر نه ٿيندا. ڪيترن مدتن (multiple terms) کي شامل ڪرڻ جي هدايتن لاءِ ڏسو [[Template:Infobox officeholder/example#Multiple terms|هي صفحو]]. تصويرن جي alt متن بابت هدايتن لاءِ ڏسو ''[[وڪيپيڊيا:تصويرن لاءِ متبادل متن]]''. پيراميٽر {{para|order}} کي {{para|office}} سان گڏ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ته جيئن ٻڌائي سگهجي ته عهديدار ان عهدي جو ڪهڙو نمبر هولڊر آهي، مثال طور "آمريڪا جو 42هون صدر". اهو صرف تڏهن استعمال ڪيو وڃي جڏهن معتبر ذريعن ۾ اهڙي نمبرنگ جو قائم رواج موجود هجي. صرف وڪيپيڊيا جي فهرست جي بنياد تي نمبر شامل نه ڪريو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ (1) فهرست درست نه به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ (2) مختلف نمبرنگ نظام لاڳو ٿي سگهن ٿا، جنهن سان نمبر غير يقيني ٿي سگهن ٿا. [[WP:SEAOFBLUE]] مطابق، {{para|order}} کي عهديدارن جي فهرست سان وڪي لنڪ ڪرڻ جي صلاح نه ڏني وڃي ٿي. جيڪڏهن {{para|order}} ڏنل نه هجي ته {{para|office}} کي عام [[مدد:لنڪ#وڪي لنڪ|وڪي لنڪ]] سان ڳنڍي سگهجي ٿو، مثال طور:"<code><nowiki>[[وزارت دفاع (سنگاپور)|وزير دفاع (سنگاپور)]]</nowiki></code>". پر جيڪڏهن {{para|order}} ۽ {{para|office}} گڏ ڏنا وڃن، ته {{para|office}} پاڻمرادو ساڳئي نالي واري وڪيپيڊيا مضمون سان ڳنڍجي ويندو. لنڪ کي ٻي هنڌ موڙڻ لاءِ [[وڪيپيڊيا:پائيپڊ لنڪ|پائپڊ لنڪ]] استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو:"<code><nowiki>دفاع واري وزارت (سنگاپور){{!}} وزير دفاع (سنگاپور)</nowiki></code>". جيڪڏهن شروعاتي ۽ آخري مدت ٻئي ڏنا وڃن، ته مڪمل مدت {{para|term}}, {{para|term2}} وغيره سان به ڏئي سگهجي ٿي. اهو پيچيده مدتن لاءِ مفيد آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪنهن سياستدان جي ضلعي جي حدبندي (redistricting) تبديل ٿي هجي، ته {{para|prior_term}} استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو ته جيئن اڳوڻو ضلعو ڏيکاري سگهجي. جيڪڏهن ضلعي ۾ تبديلي اهڙي هجي جو اڳوڻي يا پوئين عهديدار جو تعلق اهم نه رهي، ته نالا ڏيڻ بدران "redistricted" لکڻ گهرجي. مهرباني ڪري ڪنهن به خاني کي سينگار، جهنڊا يا آئڪن شامل ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال نه ڪريو. [[وڪيپيڊيا: انفوباڪس فليگ]] هتي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو. اتفاق راءِ مطابق، موجوده عهديدار (incumbent) جي انفوباڪس ۾ چونڊيل يا نامزد جانشين جو نالو يا مدت جي آخري تاريخ شامل نه ڪئي وڃي جيستائين جانشين عهدي سنڀالي. ===عام عهدو=== {{For|هن ڪوڊ جا مثال|Template:Infobox officeholder/example#General office}} {{Generic template demo | honorific_prefix | name | native_name | native_name_lang | honorific_suffix | image | image_size | image_upright | alt | caption | order | office | status | term_start | term_end | subterm | suboffice | alongside | monarch | president | governor_general | prime_minister | chancellor | taoiseach | governor | co-leader | vice_president | vice_prime_minister | deputy | lieutenant | parliamentary_group | constituency | majority | predecessor | successor | prior_term }} ''شامل ڪريو [[#Personal data|ذاتي ڄاڻ]]'' {{clear}} ===سفير=== {{For|هن ڪوڊ جا مثال|سانچو:Infobox officeholder/example#Ambassador}} {{Generic template demo | honorific_prefix | name | honorific_suffix | image | alt | caption | order | ambassador_from | country | term_start | term_end | predecessor | successor | president }} ''شامل ڪريو [[#Personal data|ذاتي ڄاڻ]]'' {{clear}} ===اسمبلي ميمبر=== {{For|هن ڪوڊ جا مثال|Template:Infobox officeholder/example#Assembly Member}} {{Generic template demo | honorific_prefix | name | honorific_suffix | image | alt | caption | constituency_AM | assembly | majority | term_start | term_end | predecessor | successor | prior_term }} ''شامل ڪريو [[#Personal data|ذاتي ڄاڻ]]'' {{clear}} ===گورنر=== {{For|هن ڪوڊ جا مثال|Template:Infobox officeholder/example#Governor}} {{Generic template demo | honorific_prefix | name | honorific_suffix | image | alt | caption | order | office | term_start | term_end | lieutenant | predecessor | successor }} ''شامل ڪريو [[ذاتي ڄاڻ]]'' {{clear}} ===يوڪريني قانون ساز عهدو=== {{For|هن ڪوڊ جي استعمال جا مثال|Template:Infobox officeholder/example#Ukrainian legislative office}} {{Generic template demo | name | native_name | native_name_lang | image | caption | office1 | convocation1 | constituency1 | term_start1 | term_end1 | convocation2 | constituency2 | term_start2 | term_end2 | office3 | convocation3 | constituency3 | term_start3 | term_end3 }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto;"> {{Infobox Ukrainian legislative office | name = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = | caption = | office1 = | convocation1 = | constituency1 = | term_start1 = | term_end1 = | convocation2 = | constituency2 = | term_start2 = | term_end2 = | office3 = <!--انگ وڌائي وڌ ۾ وڌ 16 ڀيرا ورجائي سگهجي ٿو--> | convocation3 = <!--انگ وڌائي وڌ ۾ وڌ 16 ڀيرا ورجائي سگهجي ٿو--> | constituency3 = <!--انگ وڌائي وڌ ۾ وڌ 16 ڀيرا ورجائي سگهجي ٿو--> | term_start3 = <!--انگ وڌائي وڌ ۾ وڌ 16 ڀيرا ورجائي سگهجي ٿو--> | term_end3 = <!--انگ وڌائي وڌ ۾ وڌ 16 ڀيرا ورجائي سگهجي ٿو--> </syntaxhighlight> ==ذاتي ڄاڻ== هي حصو سانچي جي هيٺان شامل ڪيو وڃي {{Generic template demo | pronunciation | birth_name | birth_date | birth_place | death_date | death_place | death_cause | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | citizenship | party | other_party | height | spouse | partner | relations | children | parents | mother | father | relatives | education | alma_mater | occupation | profession | salary | known_for | cabinet | committees | portfolio | awards | blank1 | data1 | blank2 | data2 | blank3 | data3 | blank4 | data4 | blank5 | data5 | signature | signature_alt | website | nickname | allegiance | branch | service_years | rank | unit | commands | battles | mawards | military_blank1 | military_data1 | military_blank2 | military_data2 | military_blank3 | military_data3 | military_blank4 | military_data4 | military_blank5 | military_data5 | module | module2 | module3 | module4 | module5 | footnotes }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto;"> | pronunciation = | birth_name = <!-- صرف تڏهن استعمال ڪريو جڏهن نالو مختلف هجي --> | birth_date = <!-- {{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | birth_place = | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | death_place = | death_cause = <!-- صرف تڏهن شامل ڪيو وڃي جڏهن موت جو سبب مضمون جي اهميت لاءِ ضروري هجي --> | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | citizenship = <!-- صرف ضرورت هجي ته استعمال ڪريو --> | party = | other_party = <!-- اضافي سياسي وابستگيون --> | height = <!-- "X cm", "X m" يا "X ft Y in" --> | spouse = | partner = <!-- غير شادي شده ساٿي --> | relations = | children = | parents = <!-- ماءُ ۽ پيءُ ٻنهي کي گڏ ڏيکاري ٿو --> | mother = | father = | relatives = | education = | alma_mater = | occupation = | profession = | known_for = | salary = | cabinet = | committees = | portfolio = | awards = | blank1 = | data1 = | blank2 = | data2 = | blank3 = | data3 = | blank4 = | data4 = | blank5 = | data5 = | signature = | signature_alt = | signature_size = | website = | nickname = <!--فوجي خدمت--> | allegiance = | branch = | service_years = | rank = | unit = | commands = | battles = | mawards = | military_blank1 = | military_data1 = | military_blank2 = | military_data2 = | military_blank3 = | military_data3 = | military_blank4 = | military_data4 = | military_blank5 = | military_data5 = <!--Embedded templates / Footnotes--> | module = | module2 = | module3 = | module4 = | module5 = | footnotes = }} </syntaxhighlight> {{clear}} <code>nationality</code> ظاهر نه ٿيندي جيڪڏهن ساڳيو ملڪ <code>birth_place</code> ۾ لکيل هجي، مثال: <code>|birth_place = Tokyo, Japan |nationality = Japanese</code> == ٻين سانچن کي شامل ڪرڻ == ''module'' پيراميٽر (module، module2، ... module5) استعمال ڪري هن انفوباڪس اندر ٻيا سانچا شامل ڪري سگهجن ٿا (ڏسو [[وڪيپيڊيا:Infobox modules]]). <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow: auto;"> {{Infobox officeholder | name = | <!-- وغيره --> | module = {{Infobox football biography | embed = yes | <!-- وغيره --> }} }} </syntaxhighlight> ==مائڪرو فارميٽ== {{UF-hcard-person}} ==سانچائي مواد== {{Collapse top|title=[[وڪيپيڊيا:TemplateData|TemplateData]] هن سانچي لاءِ، جيڪو [[mw:Extension:TemplateWizard|TemplateWizard]]، [[وڪيپيڊيا:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]] ۽ ٻين اوزارن ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آهي}} {{TemplateData header|noheader=1}} <templatedata> { "description": "عهدي وارن ماڻهن لاءِ هڪ ڄاڻخانو", "format": "block", "params": { "name": { "label": "نالو", "description": "شخص جو عام سڃاتل نالو (جيڪڏهن خالي ڇڏيو وڃي ته مضمون جو نالو، بغير وضاحت جي، ڊفالٽ ٿيندو)", "type": "line", "default": "PAGENAME" }, "office": { "label": "عهدو", "description": "سنڀاليل عهدو", "type": "string" }, "order": { "label": "ترتيب", "description": "'office' سان گڏ استعمال ٿئي ٿو ته ڏيکارجي ته عهديدار انهي عهدي جو ڪهڙو نمبر هولڊر آهي", "type": "string" }, "bodyclass": { "label": "bodyclass", "type": "string" }, "mainwidth": { "label": "مکيه ويڪر", "default": "22em", "type": "string" }, "native_name": { "label": "اصل نالو", "type": "string", "description": "ماڻهوءَ جو نالو سندس اصل ٻوليءَ ۾", "example": "Melquíades Rafael Martínez Ruiz" }, "native_name_lang": { "label": "اصل نالي جي ٻولي", "type": "string", "description": "ٻولي جنهن ۾ ماڻهوءَ جو اصل نالو آهي", "example": "ca" }, "image": { "label": "تصوير", "description": "تصوير جي فائل جو نالو (مثال: 'Example.jpg')", "type": "wiki-file-name", "required": false }, "width": { "label": "ويڪر", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "imagesize", " image_size" ] }, "alt": { "label": "متبادل متن", "description": "تصوير لاءِ متبادل متن", "type": "line" }, "caption": { "label": "تصوير جو ڪيپشن", "description": "تصوير لاءِ ڪيپشن", "type": "string", "required": false }, "alongside": { "label": "ساڻ", "description": "هڪ ئي ضلعي مان هڪ ئي عهدي تي گڏ خدمت ڪندڙ ٻن يا وڌيڪ ماڻهن لاءِ", "type": "string" }, "ambassador_from": { "label": "سفير کان", "type": "string" }, "appointer": { "label": "مقرر ڪندڙ", "type": "string" }, "assembly": { "label": "اسمبلي", "type": "string" }, "chancellor": { "label": "چانسلر", "type": "string" }, "co-leader": { "label": "شريڪ اڳواڻ", "type": "string" }, "constituency_AM": { "label": "تڪ AM", "type": "string" }, "constituency": { "label": "تڪ", "type": "string" }, "country": { "label": "ملڪ", "type": "string", "example": "Israel" }, "deputy": { "label": "نائب", "type": "string" }, "district": { "label": "ضلعو", "type": "string" }, "firstminister": { "label": "پهريون وزير", "type": "string" }, "governor-general": { "label": "گورنر جنرل", "type": "string" }, "leader": { "label": "اڳواڻ", "type": "string" }, "legislature": { "label": "قانون ساز ادارو", "type": "wiki-page-name", "example": "[[United States House of Representatives]]" }, "lieutenant_governor": { "label": "ليفٽيننٽ گورنر", "type": "string" }, "lieutenant": { "label": "ليفٽيننٽ", "type": "string" }, "majorityleader": { "label": "اڪثريتي اڳواڻ", "type": "string" }, "minister": { "label": "وزير", "type": "string" }, "minister_from": { "label": "وزير کان", "type": "string" }, "minority_floor_leader": { "label": "اقليتي فلور اڳواڻ", "type": "string" }, "majority_floor_leader": { "label": "اڪثريتي فلور اڳواڻ", "type": "string" }, "minorityleader": { "label": "اقليتي اڳواڻ", "type": "string", "example": "[[Chuck Shumer]]" }, "monarch": { "label": "بادشاهه/ملڪه", "type": "string" }, "nominator": { "label": "نامزد ڪندڙ", "type": "string" }, "parliament": { "label": "پارليامينٽ", "type": "string" }, "parliamentarygroup": { "label": "پارلياماني گروپ", "type": "string" }, "predecessor": { "label": "اڳوڻو", "type": "string" }, "preceding": { "label": "پويون", "type": "string" }, "preceded": { "label": "اڳواٽ سنڀاليل", "type": "string" }, "premier": { "label": "پريميئر", "type": "string" }, "president": { "label": "صدر", "type": "string" }, "primeminister": { "label": "وزيراعظم", "type": "string" }, "riding": { "label": "رائيڊنگ", "type": "string" }, "status": { "label": "حيثيت", "description": "جيڪڏهن اهو ڏنو وڃي ته Incumbent کي اووررائيڊ ڪندو", "type": "string" }, "succeeded": { "label": "جانشين ٿيو", "type": "string" }, "succeeding": { "label": "جانشين ٿيندڙ", "description": "صدر-منتخب يا ساڳي حالت لاءِ", "type": "string" }, "successor": { "label": "جانشين", "type": "string" }, "taoiseach": { "label": "Taoiseach", "type": "string" }, "term_start": { "label": "مدت جي شروعات", "type": "string", "description": "شخص جي مدت جي شروعات جي تاريخ" }, "term_end": { "label": "مدت جي پڇاڙي", "type": "string", "description": "شخص جي مدت جي پڇاڙي جي تاريخ" }, "title": { "label": "عنوان", "type": "string" }, "vicechair": { "label": "نائب چيئرمين", "type": "string" }, "vicegovernor": { "label": "نائب گورنر", "type": "string" }, "vicepresident": { "label": "نائب صدر", "type": "string" }, "vicepremier": { "label": "نائب پريميئر", "type": "string" }, "viceprimeminister": { "label": "نائب وزيراعظم", "type": "string" }, "speaker": { "label": "اسپيڪر", "type": "string" }, "footnotes": { "label": "حاشيا", "type": "string" }, "date": { "label": "تاريخ", "type": "string" }, "year": { "label": "سال", "type": "string" }, "source": { "label": "ذريعو", "type": "string" }, "signature": { "label": "دستخط", "type": "wiki-file-name" }, "signature_alt": { "label": "دستخط جو متبادل متن", "type": "string" }, "appointe": { "label": "مقرر ٿيل شخص", "type": "string" }, "alongside2": { "label": "ساڻ 2", "type": "string" }, "peerage2": { "label": "peerage 2", "type": "string" }, "ambassador_from2": { "label": "سفير کان 2", "type": "string" }, "appointer2": { "label": "مقرر ڪندڙ 2", "type": "string" }, "assembly2": { "label": "اسمبلي 2", "type": "string" }, "chancellor2": { "label": "چانسلر 2", "type": "string" }, "co-leader2": { "label": "شريڪ اڳواڻ 2", "type": "string" }, "constituency_AM2": { "label": "تڪ AM 2", "type": "string" }, "country2": { "label": "ملڪ 2", "type": "string", "example": "Malaya" }, "deputy2": { "label": "نائب 2", "type": "string" }, "district2": { "label": "ضلعو 2", "type": "string" }, "firstminister2": { "label": "پهريون وزير 2", "type": "string" }, "governor": { "label": "گورنر", "type": "string" }, "governor-general2": { "label": "گورنر جنرل 2", "type": "string" }, "governor2": { "label": "گورنر 2", "type": "string" }, "leader2": { "label": "اڳواڻ 2", "type": "string", "example": "Donald Trump" }, "legislature2": { "label": "قانون ساز ادارو 2", "type": "wiki-page-name", "example": "[[United States Senate]]" }, "lieutenant_governor2": { "label": "ليفٽيننٽ گورنر 2", "type": "string" }, "lieutenant2": { "label": "ليفٽيننٽ 2", "type": "string" }, "majority": { "label": "اڪثريت", "type": "string" }, "majorityleader2": { "label": "اڪثريتي اڳواڻ 2", "type": "string", "example": "Mitch McConnell" }, "minister_from2": { "label": "وزير کان 2", "type": "string" }, "minority_floor_leader2": { "label": "اقليتي فلور اڳواڻ 2", "type": "string" }, "majority_floor_leader2": { "label": "اڪثريتي فلور اڳواڻ 2", "type": "string" }, "majority2": { "label": "اڪثريت 2", "type": "string" }, "minister2": { "label": "وزير 2", "type": "string" }, "minority": { "label": "اقليت", "type": "string" }, "minorityleader2": { "label": "اقليتي اڳواڻ 2", "type": "string", "example": "[[Chuck Shumer]]" }, "monarch2": { "label": "بادشاهه/ملڪه 2", "type": "string" }, "nominator2": { "label": "نامزد ڪندڙ 2", "type": "string" }, "office2": { "label": "عهدو 2", "type": "string" }, "order2": { "label": "ترتيب 2", "type": "string" }, "parliament2": { "label": "پارليامينٽ 2", "type": "string" }, "parliamentarygroup2": { "label": "پارلياماني گروپ 2", "type": "string" }, "predecessor2": { "label": "اڳوڻو 2", "type": "string" }, "preceding2": { "label": "پويون 2", "type": "string" }, "preceded2": { "label": "اڳواٽ سنڀاليل 2", "type": "string" }, "premier2": { "label": "پريميئر 2", "type": "string" }, "president2": { "label": "صدر 2", "type": "string" }, "primeminister2": { "label": "وزيراعظم 2", "type": "string" }, "riding2": { "label": "رائيڊنگ 2", "type": "string" }, "speaker_office": { "label": "speaker office", "type": "string" }, "state_assembly": { "label": "رياستي اسمبلي", "type": "string" }, "state_delegate": { "label": "رياستي وفد", "type": "string" }, "state_house": { "label": "رياستي ايوان", "type": "string" }, "state_legislature": { "label": "رياستي قانون ساز ادارو", "type": "string" }, "state_senate": { "label": "رياستي سينيٽ", "type": "string" }, "state": { "label": "رياست", "type": "string", "description": "اها رياست جنهن جي هي عهديدار نمائندگي ڪري ٿو يا ڪئي", "example": "[[Alabama]]" }, "term": { "label": "مدت", "type": "string" }, "party": { "label": "پارٽي", "type": "string" }, "prior_term": { "label": "اڳوڻي مدت", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "1blankname": { "label": "1blankname", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "1namedata": { "label": "1namedata", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "2blankname": { "label": "2blankname", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "2namedata": { "label": "2namedata", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "3blankname": { "label": "3blankname", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "3namedata": { "label": "3namedata", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "4blankname": { "label": "4blankname", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "4namedata": { "label": "4namedata", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "5blankname": { "label": "5blankname", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "5namedata": { "label": "5namedata", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "1blankname1": { "label": "1blankname1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "1namedata1": { "label": "1namedata1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "2blankname1": { "label": "2blankname1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "2namedata1": { "label": "2namedata1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "3blankname1": { "label": "3blankname1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "3namedata1": { "label": "3namedata1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "4blankname1": { "label": "4blankname1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "4namedata1": { "label": "4namedata1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "5blankname1": { "label": "5blankname1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "5namedata1": { "label": "5namedata1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "alongside1": { "label": "alongside1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "ambassador_from1": { "label": "ambassador_from1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "appointer1": { "label": "appointer1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "assembly1": { "label": "assembly1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "chair1": { "label": "chair1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "chancellor1": { "label": "chancellor1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "co-leader1": { "label": "co-leader1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "constituency_AM1": { "label": "constituency_AM1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "constituency1": { "label": "constituency1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "country1": { "label": "country1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "deputy1": { "label": "deputy1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "district1": { "label": "district1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "firstminister1": { "label": "firstminister1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "governor-general1": { "label": "governor-general1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "governor1": { "label": "governor1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "leader1": { "label": "leader1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "legislature1": { "label": "legislature1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "lieutenant_governor1": { "label": "lieutenant governor 1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "lieutenant1": { "label": "lieutenant 1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "minority_floor_leader1": { "label": "minority floor leader 1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "minister_from1": { "label": "minister from 1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "majority_floor_leader1": { "label": "majority_floor_leader1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "majorityleader1": { "label": "majorityleader1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "majority1": { "label": "majority1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "minister1": { "label": "minister1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "minorityleader1": { "label": "minorityleader1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "monarch1": { "label": "monarch1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "nominator1": { "label": "nominator1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "office1": { "label": "office1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "order1": { "label": "order1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "parliament1": { "label": "parliament1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "parliamentarygroup1": { "label": "parliamentary group 1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "predecessor1": { "label": "predecessor1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "preceding1": { "label": "preceding1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "preceded1": { "label": "preceded1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "premier1": { "label": "premier1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "president1": { "label": "president1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "primeminister1": { "label": "primeminister1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "riding1": { "label": "riding 1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "state_assembly1": { "label": "state_assembly1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "state_delegate1": { "label": "state_delegate1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "state_house1": { "label": "state_house1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "state_legislature1": { "label": "state_legislature1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "state_senate1": { "label": "state_senate1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "state1": { "label": "state1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "succeeded1": { "label": "succeeded1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "succeeding1": { "label": "succeeding1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "successor1": { "label": "successor1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "taoiseach1": { "label": "taoiseach1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "termend1": { "label": "termend1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "termstart1": { "label": "termstart1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "term1": { "label": "term1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "title1": { "label": "title1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "vicechair1": { "label": "vicechair1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "vicegovernor1": { "label": "vicegovernor1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "vicepresident1": { "label": "vicepresident1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "vicepremier1": { "label": "vicepremier1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "viceprimeminister1": { "label": "viceprimeminister1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "prior_term1": { "label": "اڳوڻي مدت 1", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "termend2": { "label": "مدت پڇاڙي 2", "type": "string" }, "termstart2": { "label": "مدت شروعات 2", "type": "string" }, "term2": { "label": "مدت 2", "type": "string" }, "title2": { "label": "عنوان 2", "type": "string" }, "vicechair2": { "label": "نائب چيئرمين 2", "type": "string" }, "vicegovernor2": { "label": "نائب گورنر 2", "type": "string" }, "vicepresident2": { "label": "نائب صدر 2", "type": "string" }, "vicepremier2": { "label": "نائب پريميئر 2", "type": "string" }, "viceprimeminister2": { "label": "نائب وزيراعظم 2", "type": "string" }, "succeeded2": { "label": "جانشين ٿيو 2", "type": "string" }, "succeeding2": { "label": "جانشين ٿيندڙ 2", "type": "string" }, "successor2": { "label": "جانشين 2", "type": "string" }, "taoiseach2": { "label": "Taoiseach 2", "type": "string" }, "state_assembly2": { "label": "رياستي اسمبلي 2", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "state_delegate2": { "label": "رياستي وفد 2", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "state_house2": { "label": "رياستي ايوان 2", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "state_legislature2": { "label": "رياستي قانون ساز ادارو 2", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "state_senate2": { "label": "رياستي سينيٽ 2", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "state 2": { "label": "رياست 2", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string", "example": "[[Georgia (U.S. State)|Georgia]]" }, "prior_term2": { "label": "اڳوڻي مدت 2", "description": "14 تائين اضافي انگ وارا خانا", "type": "string" }, "birth_name": { "label": "پيدائشي نالو", "description": "پيدائش وقت جو نالو، جيڪڏهن 'name' کان مختلف هجي", "type": "string", "required": false, "aliases": [ "birthname" ] }, "birth_date": { "label": "پيدائش جي تاريخ", "description": "پيدائش جي تاريخ. جيئري ماڻهن لاءِ {{birth date and age}} ۽ فوت ٿيلن لاءِ {{birth date}} استعمال ڪريو", "type": "line", "required": false }, "birth_place": { "label": "پيدائش جو هنڌ", "description": "پيدائش جو هنڌ", "type": "line" }, "death_date": { "label": "وفات جي تاريخ", "description": "وفات جي تاريخ. {{death date and age}} استعمال ڪريو. جيڪڏهن پيدائش جي تاريخ نامعلوم يا اڻپوري هجي ته {{death date}} استعمال ڪريو", "type": "content" }, "death_place": { "label": "وفات جو هنڌ", "description": "جيڪڏهن شخص فوت ٿي چڪو هجي ته وفات جو هنڌ", "type": "line", "required": false, "example": "[[Crown Heights]]" }, "resting_place": { "label": "دفن جي جاءِ", "description": "قبر وغيره", "type": "line", "required": false }, "resting_place_coordinates": { "label": "دفن جي جاءِ", "description": "قبر وغيره جا هم آهنگ. {{Coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} استعمال ڪريو", "type": "line" }, "citizenship": { "label": "شهريت", "type": "string", "description": "شخص جي شهريت وارو ملڪ", "example": "[[Germany]]" }, "otherparty": { "label": "ٻي سياسي پارٽي", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "other_party" ] }, "spouse": { "label": "زوجه/مڙس", "description": "جيڪڏهن قابل ذڪر هجن", "type": "line", "required": false, "aliases": [ "spouses" ] }, "partner": { "label": "ساٿي", "description": "گهريلو ساٿي، جيڪڏهن قابل ذڪر هجن", "type": "line" }, "relations": { "label": "لاڳاپا", "type": "string" }, "children": { "label": "ٻار", "type": "string" }, "parents": { "label": "والدين", "type": "string" }, "alma_mater": { "label": "الما ميٽر", "description": "اعليٰ تعليم جي اداري/ادارن جا ڳنڍيل نالا", "type": "line" }, "occupation": { "label": "ڌنڌو", "description": "جملي واري صورت استعمال ڪريو ۽ رڳو پهرين شيءِ جو پهريون حرف وڏو رکو", "type": "string" }, "profession": { "label": "پيشو", "description": "جملي واري صورت استعمال ڪريو ۽ رڳو پهرين شيءِ جو پهريون حرف وڏو رکو", "type": "string" }, "cabinet": { "label": "ڪابينا", "type": "string" }, "committees": { "label": "ڪميٽيون", "type": "string" }, "portfolio": { "label": "پورٽ فوليو", "type": "string" }, "blank1": { "label": "blank1", "description": "blank2 ... blank5 پڻ", "type": "string" }, "data1": { "label": "data1", "description": "data2 ... data5 پڻ", "type": "string" }, "website": { "label": "سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ", "description": "عهدي واري شخص جي سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ، {{URL}} استعمال ڪندي", "type": "line" }, "nickname": { "label": "لقب", "type": "string" }, "allegiance": { "label": "وابستگي", "type": "string" }, "branch": { "label": "شاخ", "type": "string" }, "serviceyears": { "label": "خدمت جا سال", "type": "string" }, "rank": { "label": "رتبو", "type": "string" }, "unit": { "label": "يونٽ", "type": "string" }, "commands": { "label": "ڪمانڊون", "type": "string" }, "battles": { "label": "وڙهيل جنگيون", "type": "string" }, "military_blank1": { "label": "فوجي blank 1", "description": "military_blank2 ... military_blank5 پڻ", "type": "string" }, "military_data1": { "label": "فوجي data 1", "description": "military_data2 ... military_data5 پڻ", "type": "string" }, "1blankname2": { "label": "1blankname2", "type": "string" }, "1namedata2": { "label": "1namedata2", "type": "string" }, "2blankname2": { "label": "2blankname2", "type": "string" }, "2namedata2": { "label": "2namedata2", "type": "string" }, "3blankname2": { "label": "3blankname2", "type": "string" }, "3namedata2": { "label": "3namedata2", "type": "string" }, "4blankname2": { "label": "4blankname2", "type": "string" }, "4namedata2": { "label": "4namedata2", "type": "string" }, "5blankname2": { "label": "5blankname2", "type": "string" }, "5namedata2": { "label": "5namedata2", "type": "string" }, "pronunciation": { "label": "نالي جو اچار", "type": "string" }, "honorific_prefix": { "label": "اعزازي سابقو", "description": "'The Honourable'، 'His/Her Excellency' جهڙا لقب", "type": "wiki-page-name", "required": false, "aliases": [ "honorific prefix" ] }, "honorific_suffix": { "label": "اعزازي لاحقو", "description": "'OBE'، 'FRSA' جهڙا شروعاتي اکر", "type": "wiki-page-name", "required": false, "aliases": [ "honorific suffix" ] }, "image_size": { "label": "تصوير جي ماپ", "description": "تصوير جي ماپ (مثال: '220px')", "type": "line", "default": "varies", "required": false, "aliases": [ "imagesize" ] }, "education": { "label": "تعليم", "description": "جتي يا جنهن وٽ عهديدار تربيت ورتي", "type": "string", "required": false }, "awards": { "label": "اعزاز", "description": "عهديدار پاران حاصل ڪيل اعزاز. {{awd}} استعمال ڪرڻ تي غور ڪريو.", "type": "line", "required": false } }, "paramOrder": [ "name", "office", "order", "bodyclass", "mainwidth", "native_name", "native_name_lang", "image", "width", "alt", "caption", "alongside", "ambassador_from", "appointer", "assembly", "chancellor", "co-leader", "constituency_AM", "constituency", "country", "deputy", "district", "firstminister", "governor-general", "leader", "legislature", "lieutenant_governor", "lieutenant", "majorityleader", "minister", "minister_from", "minority_floor_leader", "majority_floor_leader", "minorityleader", "monarch", "nominator", "parliament", "parliamentarygroup", "predecessor", "preceding", "preceded", "premier", "president", "primeminister", "riding", "status", "succeeded", "succeeding", "successor", "taoiseach", "term_start", "term_end", "title", "vicechair", "vicegovernor", "vicepresident", "vicepremier", "viceprimeminister", "speaker", "footnotes", "date", "year", "source", "signature", "signature_alt", "appointe", "alongside2", "peerage2", "ambassador_from2", "appointer2", "assembly2", "chancellor2", "co-leader2", "constituency_AM2", "country2", "deputy2", "district2", "firstminister2", "governor", "governor-general2", "governor2", "leader2", "legislature2", "lieutenant_governor2", "lieutenant2", "majority", "majorityleader2", "minister_from2", "minority_floor_leader2", "majority_floor_leader2", "majority2", "minister2", "minority", "minorityleader2", "monarch2", "nominator2", "office2", "order2", "parliament2", "parliamentarygroup2", "predecessor2", "preceding2", "preceded2", "premier2", "president2", "primeminister2", "riding2", "speaker_office", "state_assembly", "state_delegate", "state_house", "state_legislature", "state_senate", "state", "term", "party", "prior_term", "1blankname", "1namedata", "2blankname", "2namedata", "3blankname", "3namedata", "4blankname", "4namedata", "5blankname", "5namedata", "1blankname1", "1namedata1", "2blankname1", "2namedata1", "3blankname1", "3namedata1", "4blankname1", "4namedata1", "5blankname1", "5namedata1", "alongside1", "ambassador_from1", "appointer1", "assembly1", "chair1", "chancellor1", "co-leader1", "constituency_AM1", "constituency1", "country1", "deputy1", "district1", "firstminister1", "governor-general1", "governor1", "leader1", "legislature1", "lieutenant_governor1", "lieutenant1", "minority_floor_leader1", "minister_from1", "majority_floor_leader1", "majorityleader1", "majority1", "minister1", "minorityleader1", "monarch1", "nominator1", "office1", "order1", "parliament1", "parliamentarygroup1", "predecessor1", "preceding1", "preceded1", "premier1", "president1", "primeminister1", "riding1", "state_assembly1", "state_delegate1", "state_house1", "state_legislature1", "state_senate1", "state1", "succeeded1", "succeeding1", "successor1", "taoiseach1", "termend1", "termstart1", "term1", "title1", "vicechair1", "vicegovernor1", "vicepresident1", "vicepremier1", "viceprimeminister1", "prior_term1", "termend2", "termstart2", "term2", "title2", "vicechair2", "vicegovernor2", "vicepresident2", "vicepremier2", "viceprimeminister2", "succeeded2", "succeeding2", "successor2", "taoiseach2", "state_assembly2", "state_delegate2", "state_house2", "state_legislature2", "state_senate2", "state 2", "prior_term2", "birth_name", "birth_date", "birth_place", "death_date", "death_place", "resting_place", "resting_place_coordinates", "citizenship", "otherparty", "spouse", "partner", "relations", "children", "parents", "alma_mater", "occupation", "profession", "cabinet", "committees", "portfolio", "blank1", "data1", "website", "nickname", "allegiance", "branch", "serviceyears", "rank", "unit", "commands", "battles", "military_blank1", "military_data1", "1blankname2", "1namedata2", "2blankname2", "2namedata2", "3blankname2", "3namedata2", "4blankname2", "4namedata2", "5blankname2", "5namedata2", "pronunciation", "honorific_prefix", "honorific_suffix", "image_size", "education", "awards" ] } </templatedata> {{Collapse bottom}} == ٽريڪنگ زمرا == '''لڪل ٽريڪنگ/سار سنڀال وارا زمرا (مکيه ۽ مددگار سانچن ۾)''' {{Infobox tracking cats}} * {{clc|سوانحي سانچو جيڪو اچار استعمال ڪري ٿو}} * {{clc|اهي صفحا جيڪي infobox officeholder ۾ ambassador from يا minister from استعمال ڪن ٿا}} * {{clc|اهي صفحا جيڪي infobox officeholder ۾ term سان گڏ term_start يا term_end ٻئي استعمال ڪن ٿا}} * {{clc|اهي صفحا جيڪي infobox officeholder ۾ office0 استعمال ڪن ٿا}} * {{clc|اهي صفحا جيڪي infobox officeholder ۾ speaker استعمال ڪن ٿا}} * {{clc|اهي صفحا جيڪي infobox officeholder ۾ succeeding ۽ term يا termend استعمال ڪن ٿا}} == پڻ ڏسو == * [[سانچو:S-start]] ([[وڪيپيڊيا:وڪيپيڊيا جانشيني باڪس جي معياريت]]) '''مددگار سانچا''' * [[سانچو:Infobox officeholder/office]] * <!-- [[سانچو:Infobox officeholder/Personal data]] --> <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- مهرباني ڪري هن لائين کان هيٺ زمرا شامل ڪريو؛ انٽر وڪي لنڪ وڪيڊيٽا تي --> [[زمرو:Infobox templates|Officeholder]] [[زمرو:Politics and government infobox templates|Officeholder]] [[زمرو:People and person infobox templates|Officeholder]] [[زمرو:Infobox templates with module parameter|Officeholder]] [[زمرو:Biographical templates usable as a module|Officeholder]] [[زمرو:Templates that add a tracking category]] }}</includeonly> 7d7v7r8qz920u7k2s8kv3o30nze2q31 سانچو:ڄاڻخانو/row 10 6628 367979 367499 2026-03-28T05:34:30Z Intisar Ali 8681 Intisar Ali [[سانچو:ڄاڻ دٻو/row]] کي [[سانچو:ڄاڻخانو/row]] ڏانھن ريڊائريڪٽ مٿان چوريو 367499 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 367982 367979 2026-03-28T05:39:09Z Intisar Ali 8681 367982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#if:{{{header|}}} |<tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}">{{{header}}}</th></tr> |{{#if:{{{data|}}} |<tr class="{{{rowclass|}}}">{{#if:{{{label|}}} |<th style="{{{labelstyle|}}}">{{{label}}}</th> <td class="{{{class|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"> |<td colspan="2" class="{{{class|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"> }}{{{data}}}</td></tr> }} }} ps51csdod94cy2z5n2myasmb1d3coi3 سانچو:Template rating 10 6639 367950 364620 2026-03-28T01:24:21Z Intisar Ali 8681 367950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Other template| {{Other message box | type = notice | image = {{#switch: {{{1|<noinclude>g</noinclude>}}} | pre-alpha | prealpha | pa | pre | prealpha stage = [[File:Ambox warning blue construction.svg|40x40px|link=]] | alpha | a = [[File:Greek lc alpha icon.svg|26x26px|link=]] | beta | b = [[File:Greek lc beta icon.svg|40x40px|link=]] | mock-up | mockup | m | prototype = [[File:Greek lc mu.svg|56x56px|link=]] | release | r | general | g = [[File:Green check.svg|40x40px|link=]] | protected | protect | p = [[File:{{#switch:{{#invoke:Effective protection level|edit|{{#switch:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|doc|sandbox={{FULLBASEPAGENAME}}|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}}|autoconfirmed=Semi-protection-shackle|accountcreator|templateeditor=Template-protection-shackle|Padlock}}.svg|40x40px|link=]] }} | style = | textstyle = | text = {{#switch: {{{1|<noinclude>g</noinclude>}}} | pre-alpha | prealpha | pa | pre = هي سانچو [[Category:Templates in pre-alpha stage|الفا کان اڳ واري مرحلي]] ۾ درجه بندي ٿيل آهي. اهو اڃا مڪمل ناهي ۽ شايد فعال ترقي هيٺ هجي يا نه هجي. ان کي مقالي واري نيم اسپيس ۾ استعمال نه ڪيو وڃي. سانچا هن مرحلي ۾ تيسين رهندا آهن جيستائين اصل ايڊيٽر (يا جيڪڏهن منصوبو ڇڏيل هجي ته جيڪو سنڀالي) بنيادي ڍانچي بابت مطمئن نه ٿئي.<!-- -->{{#switch: {{SUBPAGENAME}}|doc|sandbox=<!-- /doc يا /sandbox صفحن لاءِ ڪو درجو ناهي --> | {{#ifeq: {{{nocat|{{{no category|}}}}}} | yes | true | <!-- جيڪڏهن nocat=true مقرر ٿيل هجي ته درجو شامل نه ڪيو وڃي --> | [[Category:Templates in pre-alpha stage|{{PAGENAME}}]] }} }} | alpha | a = هي سانچو [[Category:Templates in alpha stage|الفا مرحلي]] ۾ درجه بندي ٿيل آهي. اهو ٻين کان راءِ حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار آهي ۽ ممڪن مسئلن جي جاچ لاءِ محدود صفحن تي استعمال ٿي سگهي ٿو، پر ان جي نگراني ضروري آهي. نون خاصيتن يا ان پُٽ/آئوٽ پُٽ جي طريقيڪار بابت تجويزون ڀليڪار آهن.<!-- -->{{#switch: {{SUBPAGENAME}}|doc|sandbox= | {{#ifeq: {{{nocat|{{{no category|}}}}}} | yes | true | <!-- جيڪڏهن nocat=true مقرر ٿيل هجي ته درجو شامل نه ڪيو وڃي --> | [[Category:Templates in alpha stage|{{PAGENAME}}]] }} }} | beta | b = هي سانچو [[Category:Templates in beta stage|بيٽا مرحلي]] ۾ درجه بندي ٿيل آهي ۽ وسيع استعمال لاءِ تيار آهي. اهو اڃا نسبتاً نئون آهي، تنهنڪري ان کي احتياط سان استعمال ڪيو وڃي ته جيئن نتيجا اميد مطابق هجن.<!-- -->{{#switch: {{SUBPAGENAME}}|doc|sandbox= | {{#ifeq: {{{nocat|{{{no category|}}}}}} | yes | true | <!-- جيڪڏهن nocat=true مقرر ٿيل هجي ته درجو شامل نه ڪيو وڃي --> | [[Category:Templates in beta stage|{{PAGENAME}}]] }} }} | mockup | mock-up | m | prototype = هي سانچو [[Category:Prototype templates|ابتدائي نموني]] طور درجه بندي ٿيل آهي. اهو انهن سانچن لاءِ استعمال ٿئي ٿو جيڪي نئين فنڪشن يا تجويز ڪيل خاصيت جي تصوراتي ثبوت طور تيار ڪيا وڃن. اهي سانچا ممڪن صلاحيتون ڏيکارين ٿا پر ڊگهي مدي لاءِ استعمال جي لاءِ تيار ناهن. ابتدائي نمونو نئين خيال جي عملدرآمد کان اڳ ان جي قابل عمل هجڻ کي پرکڻ لاءِ پهريون قدم هوندو آهي. اهڙن سانچن تي ويجهي نظر رکڻ گهرجي، ڇو ته حتمي ڊزائن Lua ۾ لاڳو ٿيڻ بعد اهي تبديل يا هٽايا به وڃي سگهن ٿا. اهو راءِ حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار آهي ۽ محدود صفحن تي جاچ لاءِ استعمال ٿي سگهي ٿو. صارفين کي همٿايو وڃي ٿو ته هو [[Template talk:{{PAGENAME}}]] تي پنهنجون رايا ڏين.<!-- -->{{#switch: {{SUBPAGENAME}}|doc|sandbox= | {{#ifeq: {{{nocat|{{{no category|}}}}}} | yes | true | <!-- جيڪڏهن nocat=true مقرر ٿيل هجي ته درجو شامل نه ڪيو وڃي --> | [[Category:Prototype templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] }} }} | release | r | general | g = هي سانچو عام استعمال لاءِ تيار طور درجه بندي ٿيل آهي. اهو پنهنجي حتمي صورت تائين پهچي چڪو آهي ۽ ان کي بي عيب ۽ استعمال لاءِ تيار سمجهيو وڃي ٿو. ان کي مدد صفحن وغيره تي نون صارفين لاءِ وسيلو طور حوالو ڏئي سگهجي ٿو. سرور تي بار گهٽ رکڻ لاءِ بهتريون [[Wikipedia:Template sandbox and test cases|سانچي جي سينڊ باڪس]] ۾ آزمائجن، نه ڪي بار بار تجرباتي ترميمن ذريعي. | protected | protect | p = هي سانچو [[Category:Wikipedia fully protected templates|مڪمل طور محفوظ]] آهي. اهو گهڻين صفحن تي وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿئي ٿو يا گهڻو ڪري تبديل ڪيو وڃي ٿو. ڪنهن به تخريب يا غلطي جي وڏي اثر سبب، ۽ سرور تي بار گهٽ ڪرڻ لاءِ، اهو [[Wikipedia:Protection policy|تحفظ]] هيٺ رکيل آهي.<!-- -->{{#switch: {{SUBPAGENAME}}|doc|sandbox=<!-- /doc يا /sandbox صفحن لاءِ ڪو درجو ناهي --> | {{#ifeq: {{{nocat|{{{no category|}}}}}} | yes | true | <!-- جيڪڏهن nocat=true مقرر ٿيل هجي ته درجو شامل نه ڪيو وڃي --> | [[Category:Wikipedia fully protected templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] }} }} | #default = {{Error|سانچي جي درجه بندي غلط يا مقرر ٿيل ناهي.}} }} }} <noinclude>template</noinclude> }} <noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> haeerdqdovoxvyshv3cwpjz7vncnxkw 367951 367950 2026-03-28T01:30:17Z Intisar Ali 8681 367951 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Other message box | type = notice | image = {{#switch: {{{1|<noinclude>g</noinclude>}}} | pre-alpha | prealpha | pa | pre | prealpha stage = [[File:Ambox warning blue construction.svg|40x40px|link=]] | alpha | a = [[File:Greek lc alpha icon.svg|26x26px|link=]] | beta | b = [[File:Greek lc beta icon.svg|40x40px|link=]] | mock-up | mockup | m | prototype = [[File:Greek lc mu.svg|56x56px|link=]] | release | r | general | g = [[File:Green check.svg|40x40px|link=]] | protected | protect | p = [[File:{{#switch:{{#invoke:Effective protection level|edit|{{#switch:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|doc|sandbox={{FULLBASEPAGENAME}}|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}}|autoconfirmed=Semi-protection-shackle|accountcreator|templateeditor=Template-protection-shackle|Padlock}}.svg|40x40px|link=]] }} | style = | textstyle = | text = {{#switch: {{{1|<noinclude>g</noinclude>}}} | pre-alpha | prealpha | pa | pre = هي سانچو [[Category:Templates in pre-alpha stage|الفا کان اڳ واري مرحلي]] ۾ درجه بندي ٿيل آهي. اهو اڃا مڪمل ناهي ۽ شايد فعال ترقي هيٺ هجي يا نه هجي. ان کي مقالي واري نيم اسپيس ۾ استعمال نه ڪيو وڃي. سانچا هن مرحلي ۾ تيسين رهندا آهن جيستائين اصل ايڊيٽر (يا جيڪڏهن منصوبو ڇڏيل هجي ته جيڪو سنڀالي) بنيادي ڍانچي بابت مطمئن نه ٿئي.<!-- -->{{#switch:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|doc|sandbox=<!-- /doc يا /sandbox صفحن لاءِ ڪو درجو ناهي --> | {{#ifeq:{{{nocat|{{{no category|}}}}}}|yes|<!-- جيڪڏهن nocat=yes مقرر ٿيل هجي ته درجو شامل نه ڪيو وڃي -->|[[Category:Templates in pre-alpha stage|{{PAGENAME}}]]}} | {{#ifeq:{{{nocat|{{{no category|}}}}}}|true|<!-- جيڪڏهن nocat=true مقرر ٿيل هجي ته درجو شامل نه ڪيو وڃي -->|[[Category:Templates in pre-alpha stage|{{PAGENAME}}]]}} }} | alpha | a = هي سانچو [[Category:Templates in alpha stage|الفا مرحلي]] ۾ درجه بندي ٿيل آهي. اهو ٻين کان راءِ حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار آهي ۽ ممڪن مسئلن جي جاچ لاءِ محدود صفحن تي استعمال ٿي سگهي ٿو، پر ان جي نگراني ضروري آهي. نون خاصيتن يا ان پُٽ/آئوٽ پُٽ جي طريقيڪار بابت تجويزون ڀليڪار آهن.<!-- -->{{#switch:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|doc|sandbox= | {{#ifeq:{{{nocat|{{{no category|}}}}}}|yes|<!-- جيڪڏهن nocat=yes مقرر ٿيل هجي ته درجو شامل نه ڪيو وڃي -->|[[Category:Templates in alpha stage|{{PAGENAME}}]]}} | {{#ifeq:{{{nocat|{{{no category|}}}}}}|true|<!-- جيڪڏهن nocat=true مقرر ٿيل هجي ته درجو شامل نه ڪيو وڃي -->|[[Category:Templates in alpha stage|{{PAGENAME}}]]}} }} | beta | b = هي سانچو [[Category:Templates in beta stage|بيٽا مرحلي]] ۾ درجه بندي ٿيل آهي ۽ وسيع استعمال لاءِ تيار آهي. اهو اڃا نسبتاً نئون آهي، تنهنڪري ان کي احتياط سان استعمال ڪيو وڃي ته جيئن نتيجا اميد مطابق هجن.<!-- -->{{#switch:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|doc|sandbox= | {{#ifeq:{{{nocat|{{{no category|}}}}}}|yes|<!-- جيڪڏهن nocat=yes مقرر ٿيل هجي ته درجو شامل نه ڪيو وڃي -->|[[Category:Templates in beta stage|{{PAGENAME}}]]}} | {{#ifeq:{{{nocat|{{{no category|}}}}}}|true|<!-- جيڪڏهن nocat=true مقرر ٿيل هجي ته درجو شامل نه ڪيو وڃي -->|[[Category:Templates in beta stage|{{PAGENAME}}]]}} }} | mockup | mock-up | m | prototype = هي سانچو [[Category:Prototype templates|ابتدائي نموني]] طور درجه بندي ٿيل آهي. اهو انهن سانچن لاءِ استعمال ٿئي ٿو جيڪي نئين فنڪشن يا تجويز ڪيل خاصيت جي تصوراتي ثبوت طور تيار ڪيا وڃن. اهي سانچا ممڪن صلاحيتون ڏيکارين ٿا پر ڊگهي مدي لاءِ استعمال جي لاءِ تيار ناهن. ابتدائي نمونو نئين خيال جي عملدرآمد کان اڳ ان جي قابل عمل هجڻ کي پرکڻ لاءِ پهريون قدم هوندو آهي. اهڙن سانچن تي ويجهي نظر رکڻ گهرجي، ڇو ته حتمي ڊزائن Lua ۾ لاڳو ٿيڻ بعد اهي تبديل يا هٽايا به وڃي سگهن ٿا. اهو راءِ حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار آهي ۽ محدود صفحن تي جاچ لاءِ استعمال ٿي سگهي ٿو. صارفين کي همٿايو وڃي ٿو ته هو [[Template talk:{{PAGENAME}}]] تي پنهنجون رايا ڏين.<!-- -->{{#switch:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|doc|sandbox= | {{#ifeq:{{{nocat|{{{no category|}}}}}}|yes|<!-- جيڪڏهن nocat=yes مقرر ٿيل هجي ته درجو شامل نه ڪيو وڃي -->|[[Category:Prototype templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]}} | {{#ifeq:{{{nocat|{{{no category|}}}}}}|true|<!-- جيڪڏهن nocat=true مقرر ٿيل هجي ته درجو شامل نه ڪيو وڃي -->|[[Category:Prototype templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]}} }} | release | r | general | g = هي سانچو عام استعمال لاءِ تيار طور درجه بندي ٿيل آهي. اهو پنهنجي حتمي صورت تائين پهچي چڪو آهي ۽ ان کي بي عيب ۽ استعمال لاءِ تيار سمجهيو وڃي ٿو. ان کي مدد صفحن وغيره تي نون صارفين لاءِ وسيلو طور حوالو ڏئي سگهجي ٿو. سرور تي بار گهٽ رکڻ لاءِ بهتريون [[Wikipedia:Template sandbox and test cases|سانچي جي سينڊ باڪس]] ۾ آزمائجن، نه ڪي بار بار تجرباتي ترميمن ذريعي. | protected | protect | p = هي سانچو [[Category:Wikipedia fully protected templates|مڪمل طور محفوظ]] آهي. اهو گهڻين صفحن تي وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿئي ٿو يا گهڻو ڪري تبديل ڪيو وڃي ٿو. ڪنهن به تخريب يا غلطي جي وڏي اثر سبب، ۽ سرور تي بار گهٽ ڪرڻ لاءِ، اهو [[Wikipedia:Protection policy|تحفظ]] هيٺ رکيل آهي.<!-- -->{{#switch:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|doc|sandbox=<!-- /doc يا /sandbox صفحن لاءِ ڪو درجو ناهي --> | {{#ifeq:{{{nocat|{{{no category|}}}}}}|yes|<!-- جيڪڏهن nocat=yes مقرر ٿيل هجي ته درجو شامل نه ڪيو وڃي -->|[[Category:Wikipedia fully protected templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]}} | {{#ifeq:{{{nocat|{{{no category|}}}}}}|true|<!-- جيڪڏهن nocat=true مقرر ٿيل هجي ته درجو شامل نه ڪيو وڃي -->|[[Category:Wikipedia fully protected templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]}} }} | #default = {{Error|سانچي جي درجه بندي غلط يا مقرر ٿيل ناهي.}} }} }} <noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 8na06ar6x43nnctpucp2ctqcriwldk7 367953 367951 2026-03-28T01:35:04Z Intisar Ali 8681 367953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Message box|ombox}} <noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- زمرا /doc ذيلي صفحي تي شامل ڪريو، ۽ بين الويڪي ڳنڍڻيون وڪي ڊيٽا تي رکو. --> </noinclude> {{Other message box | type = notice | image = {{#switch: {{{1|<noinclude>g</noinclude>}}} | pre-alpha | prealpha | pa | pre | prealpha stage = [[File:Ambox warning blue construction.svg|40x40px|link=]] | alpha | a = [[File:Greek lc alpha icon.svg|26x26px|link=]] | beta | b = [[File:Greek lc beta icon.svg|40x40px|link=]] | mock-up | mockup | m | prototype = [[File:Greek lc mu.svg|56x56px|link=]] | release | r | general | g = [[File:Green check.svg|40x40px|link=]] | protected | protect | p = [[File:{{#switch:{{#invoke:Effective protection level|edit|{{#switch:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|doc|sandbox={{FULLBASEPAGENAME}}|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}}|autoconfirmed=Semi-protection-shackle|accountcreator|templateeditor=Template-protection-shackle|Padlock}}.svg|40x40px|link=]] }} | style = | textstyle = | text = {{#switch: {{{1|<noinclude>g</noinclude>}}} | pre-alpha | prealpha | pa | pre = هي سانچو [[Category:Templates in pre-alpha stage|الفا کان اڳ واري مرحلي]] ۾ درجه بندي ٿيل آهي. اهو اڃا مڪمل ناهي ۽ شايد فعال ترقي هيٺ هجي يا نه هجي. ان کي مقالي واري نيم اسپيس ۾ استعمال نه ڪيو وڃي. سانچا هن مرحلي ۾ تيسين رهندا آهن جيستائين اصل ايڊيٽر (يا جيڪڏهن منصوبو ڇڏيل هجي ته جيڪو سنڀالي) بنيادي ڍانچي بابت مطمئن نه ٿئي.<!-- -->{{#switch:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|doc|sandbox=<!-- /doc يا /sandbox صفحن لاءِ ڪو درجو ناهي --> | {{#ifeq:{{{nocat|{{{no category|}}}}}}|yes|<!-- جيڪڏهن nocat=yes مقرر ٿيل هجي ته درجو شامل نه ڪيو وڃي -->|[[Category:Templates in pre-alpha stage|{{PAGENAME}}]]}} | {{#ifeq:{{{nocat|{{{no category|}}}}}}|true|<!-- جيڪڏهن nocat=true مقرر ٿيل هجي ته درجو شامل نه ڪيو وڃي -->|[[Category:Templates in pre-alpha stage|{{PAGENAME}}]]}} }} | alpha | a = هي سانچو [[Category:Templates in alpha stage|الفا مرحلي]] ۾ درجه بندي ٿيل آهي. اهو ٻين کان راءِ حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار آهي ۽ ممڪن مسئلن جي جاچ لاءِ محدود صفحن تي استعمال ٿي سگهي ٿو، پر ان جي نگراني ضروري آهي. نون خاصيتن يا ان پُٽ/آئوٽ پُٽ جي طريقيڪار بابت تجويزون ڀليڪار آهن.<!-- -->{{#switch:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|doc|sandbox= | {{#ifeq:{{{nocat|{{{no category|}}}}}}|yes|<!-- جيڪڏهن nocat=yes مقرر ٿيل هجي ته درجو شامل نه ڪيو وڃي -->|[[Category:Templates in alpha stage|{{PAGENAME}}]]}} | {{#ifeq:{{{nocat|{{{no category|}}}}}}|true|<!-- جيڪڏهن nocat=true مقرر ٿيل هجي ته درجو شامل نه ڪيو وڃي -->|[[Category:Templates in alpha stage|{{PAGENAME}}]]}} }} | beta | b = هي سانچو [[Category:Templates in beta stage|بيٽا مرحلي]] ۾ درجه بندي ٿيل آهي ۽ وسيع استعمال لاءِ تيار آهي. اهو اڃا نسبتاً نئون آهي، تنهنڪري ان کي احتياط سان استعمال ڪيو وڃي ته جيئن نتيجا اميد مطابق هجن.<!-- -->{{#switch:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|doc|sandbox= | {{#ifeq:{{{nocat|{{{no category|}}}}}}|yes|<!-- جيڪڏهن nocat=yes مقرر ٿيل هجي ته درجو شامل نه ڪيو وڃي -->|[[Category:Templates in beta stage|{{PAGENAME}}]]}} | {{#ifeq:{{{nocat|{{{no category|}}}}}}|true|<!-- جيڪڏهن nocat=true مقرر ٿيل هجي ته درجو شامل نه ڪيو وڃي -->|[[Category:Templates in beta stage|{{PAGENAME}}]]}} }} | mockup | mock-up | m | prototype = هي سانچو [[Category:Prototype templates|ابتدائي نموني]] طور درجه بندي ٿيل آهي. اهو انهن سانچن لاءِ استعمال ٿئي ٿو جيڪي نئين فنڪشن يا تجويز ڪيل خاصيت جي تصوراتي ثبوت طور تيار ڪيا وڃن. اهي سانچا ممڪن صلاحيتون ڏيکارين ٿا پر ڊگهي مدي لاءِ استعمال جي لاءِ تيار ناهن. ابتدائي نمونو نئين خيال جي عملدرآمد کان اڳ ان جي قابل عمل هجڻ کي پرکڻ لاءِ پهريون قدم هوندو آهي. اهڙن سانچن تي ويجهي نظر رکڻ گهرجي، ڇو ته حتمي ڊزائن Lua ۾ لاڳو ٿيڻ بعد اهي تبديل يا هٽايا به وڃي سگهن ٿا. اهو راءِ حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار آهي ۽ محدود صفحن تي جاچ لاءِ استعمال ٿي سگهي ٿو. صارفين کي همٿايو وڃي ٿو ته هو [[Template talk:{{PAGENAME}}]] تي پنهنجون رايا ڏين.<!-- -->{{#switch:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|doc|sandbox= | {{#ifeq:{{{nocat|{{{no category|}}}}}}|yes|<!-- جيڪڏهن nocat=yes مقرر ٿيل هجي ته درجو شامل نه ڪيو وڃي -->|[[Category:Prototype templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]}} | {{#ifeq:{{{nocat|{{{no category|}}}}}}|true|<!-- جيڪڏهن nocat=true مقرر ٿيل هجي ته درجو شامل نه ڪيو وڃي -->|[[Category:Prototype templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]}} }} | release | r | general | g = هي سانچو عام استعمال لاءِ تيار طور درجه بندي ٿيل آهي. اهو پنهنجي حتمي صورت تائين پهچي چڪو آهي ۽ ان کي بي عيب ۽ استعمال لاءِ تيار سمجهيو وڃي ٿو. ان کي مدد صفحن وغيره تي نون صارفين لاءِ وسيلو طور حوالو ڏئي سگهجي ٿو. سرور تي بار گهٽ رکڻ لاءِ بهتريون [[Wikipedia:Template sandbox and test cases|سانچي جي سينڊ باڪس]] ۾ آزمائجن، نه ڪي بار بار تجرباتي ترميمن ذريعي. | protected | protect | p = هي سانچو [[Category:Wikipedia fully protected templates|مڪمل طور محفوظ]] آهي. اهو گهڻين صفحن تي وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿئي ٿو يا گهڻو ڪري تبديل ڪيو وڃي ٿو. ڪنهن به تخريب يا غلطي جي وڏي اثر سبب، ۽ سرور تي بار گهٽ ڪرڻ لاءِ، اهو [[Wikipedia:Protection policy|تحفظ]] هيٺ رکيل آهي.<!-- -->{{#switch:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|doc|sandbox=<!-- /doc يا /sandbox صفحن لاءِ ڪو درجو ناهي --> | {{#ifeq:{{{nocat|{{{no category|}}}}}}|yes|<!-- جيڪڏهن nocat=yes مقرر ٿيل هجي ته درجو شامل نه ڪيو وڃي -->|[[Category:Wikipedia fully protected templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]}} | {{#ifeq:{{{nocat|{{{no category|}}}}}}|true|<!-- جيڪڏهن nocat=true مقرر ٿيل هجي ته درجو شامل نه ڪيو وڃي -->|[[Category:Wikipedia fully protected templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]}} }} | #default = {{Error|سانچي جي درجه بندي غلط يا مقرر ٿيل ناهي.}} }} }} <noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> he6174gbzkpbc4ypwmn2pjcpqdoxf3m ماڊيول:Collapsible list 828 6665 367931 59965 2026-03-27T23:10:18Z Intisar Ali 8681 367931 Scribunto text/plain local p = {} local function getListItem( data ) if not type( data ) == 'string' then return '' end return mw.ustring.format( '<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">%s</li>', data ) end -- Returns an array containing the keys of all positional arguments -- that contain data (i.e. non-whitespace values). local function getArgNums( args ) local nums = {} for k, v in pairs( args ) do if type( k ) == 'number' and k >= 1 and math.floor( k ) == k and type( v ) == 'string' and mw.ustring.match( v, '%S' ) then table.insert( nums, k ) end end table.sort( nums ) return nums end -- Formats a list of classes, styles or other attributes. local function formatAttributes( attrType, ... ) local attributes = { ... } local nums = getArgNums( attributes ) local t = {} for i, num in ipairs( nums ) do table.insert( t, attributes[ num ] ) end if #t == 0 then return '' -- Return the blank string so concatenation will work. end return mw.ustring.format( ' %s="%s"', attrType, table.concat( t, ' ' ) ) end -- TODO: use Module:List. Since the update for this comment is routine, -- this is blocked without a consensus discussion by -- [[MediaWiki_talk:Common.css/Archive_15#plainlist_+_hlist_indentation]] -- if we decide hlist in plainlist in this template isn't an issue, we can use -- module:list directly -- [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Collapsible_list/sandbox&oldid=1130172480] -- is an implementation (that will code rot slightly I expect) local function buildList( args ) -- Get the list items. local listItems = {} local argNums = getArgNums( args ) for i, num in ipairs( argNums ) do table.insert( listItems, getListItem( args[ num ] ) ) end if #listItems == 0 then return '' end listItems = table.concat( listItems ) -- hack around mw-collapsible show/hide jumpiness by looking for text-alignment -- by setting a margin if centered local textAlignmentCentered = 'text%-align%s*:%s*center' local centeredTitle = (args.title_style and args.title_style:lower():match(textAlignmentCentered) or args.titlestyle and args.titlestyle:lower():match(textAlignmentCentered)) local centeredTitleSpacing if centeredTitle then centeredTitleSpacing = 'margin: 0 4em' else centeredTitleSpacing = '' end -- Get class, style and title data. local collapsibleContainerClass = formatAttributes( 'class', 'collapsible-list', 'mw-collapsible', not args.expand and 'mw-collapsed' ) local collapsibleContainerStyle = formatAttributes( 'style', -- mostly work around .infobox-full-data defaulting to centered 'text-align: left;', args.frame_style, args.framestyle ) local collapsibleTitleStyle = formatAttributes( 'style', 'line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;', args.title_style, args.titlestyle ) local jumpyTitleStyle = formatAttributes( 'style', centeredTitleSpacing ) local title = args.title or 'List' local ulclass = formatAttributes( 'class', 'mw-collapsible-content', args.hlist and 'hlist' ) local ulstyle = formatAttributes( 'style', 'margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;', not args.bullets and 'list-style: none; margin-left: 0;', args.list_style, args.liststyle ) local hlist_templatestyles = '' if args.hlist then hlist_templatestyles = mw.getCurrentFrame():extensionTag{ name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = 'Hlist/styles.css' } } end -- Build the list. return mw.ustring.format( '%s<div%s%s>\n<div%s><div%s>%s</div></div>\n<ul%s%s>%s</ul>\n</div>', hlist_templatestyles, collapsibleContainerClass, collapsibleContainerStyle, collapsibleTitleStyle, jumpyTitleStyle, title, ulclass, ulstyle, listItems ) end function p.main( frame ) local origArgs local current_frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() if frame == current_frame then origArgs = frame:getParent().args for k, v in pairs( frame.args ) do origArgs = frame.args break end else origArgs = frame frame = current_frame end local args = {} for k, v in pairs( origArgs ) do if type( k ) == 'number' or v ~= '' then args[ k ] = v end end local check = require('Module:Check for unknown parameters')._check local tracking = check({ ['unknown'] = frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'main other', args = {'[[Category:Pages using collapsible list with unknown parameters|_VALUE_ ]]'} }, ['preview'] = 'Page using [[Template:Collapsible list]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"', ['ignoreblank'] = 'y', regexp1 = '%d+', 'title_style', 'titlestyle', 'expand', 'frame_style', 'framestyle', 'title', 'hlist', 'bullets', 'list_style', 'liststyle', }, frame:getParent().args) return buildList( args ) .. tracking end return p 2kihrrn48do8t8qo3tw5m7j9xei3a1o ماڊيول:Collapsible list/doc 828 6666 367932 32626 2026-03-27T23:12:38Z Intisar Ali 8681 367932 wikitext text/x-wiki {{High-use|ھزارين}} {{module rating|protected}} {{Uses TemplateStyles|Template:Hlist/styles.css}} هي ماڊيول {{tl|collapsible list}} کي لاڳو ڪري ٿو. مهرباني ڪري دستاويزن لاءِ سانچي واري صفحي کي ڏسو. <noinclude> [[زمرو:Module documentation pages]] </noinclude> l27l2xv0elrmtfo92jdkym6hz1cb0wr سانچو:Plainlist 10 7222 367961 33808 2026-03-28T03:42:36Z Intisar Ali 8681 367961 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/><div class="plainlist {{{class|}}}" {{#if:{{{style|}}}{{{indent|}}}|style="{{#if:{{{indent|}}}|margin-left: {{#expr:{{{indent}}}*1.6}}em;}} {{{style|}}}"}}>{{#if:{{{1|}}}| {{{1}}} </div>}}<noinclude></div> {{documentation}} </noinclude> aauem8fvp0apfdx4hoaa24a9q951cds 367962 367961 2026-03-28T03:45:15Z Intisar Ali 8681 367962 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> {{#if:{{{1|}}}| <div class="plainlist {{{class|}}}" {{#if:{{{style|}}}{{{indent|}}}| style="{{#if:{{{indent|}}}|margin-left: {{#expr:{{{indent}}} * 1.6}}em;}} {{{style|}}}" }}> {{{1}}} </div> }} <noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> nuk012wpubhvwaqky5ud3b4q1n9nfkt ماڊيول:Check for unknown parameters/doc 828 8478 367857 363733 2026-03-27T18:36:59Z Intisar Ali 8681 367857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Used in system}} {{Module rating|g}} {{cascade-protected template|page=module}} {{Lua|Module:If preview|noprotcat=yes}} '''Module:Check for unknown parameters''' هڪ ماڊيول آهي جيڪو ڪنهن سانچي يا ماڊيول ۾ اڻڄاتل پيراميٽرن جي استعمال کي چيڪ ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. ان کي سانچي جي آخر ۾ شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿو يا سڌو ماڊيول مان سڏ ڪري سگهجي ٿو. == استعمال == === سانچي مان === پيراميٽر موجب صفحن کي ٽريڪنگ زمري ۾ رکڻ لاءِ: * {{mlx|Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown{{=}}<nowiki>[[Category:Some tracking category|_VALUE_]]</nowiki>|arg1|arg2|arg3|argN}} پريويو ۾ غلطي پيغام سان گڏ ٽريڪنگ زمري ۾ رکڻ لاءِ: * {{mlx|Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown{{=}}<nowiki>[[Category:Some tracking category|_VALUE_]]</nowiki>|preview{{=}}unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|arg1|arg2|...|argN}} واضح ڳاڙهي غلطي پيغام لاءِ: * {{mlx|Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown{{=}}<nowiki><span class="error">معاف ڪجو، مان _VALUE_ کي سڃاڻان نٿو</span></nowiki>|arg1|arg2|...|argN}} Lua pattern استعمال ڪرڻ لاءِ: * {{mlx|Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown{{=}}<nowiki>[[Category:Some tracking category|_VALUE_]]</nowiki>|preview{{=}}unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|arg1|arg2|...|argN|regexp1{{=}}header[%d]+|regexp2{{=}}date[1-9]}} === ماڊيول مان === ماڊيول مان سڏ ڪرڻ لاءِ: <syntaxhighlight lang="lua"> local checkForUnknownParameters = require("Module:Check for unknown parameters") local result = checkForUnknownParameters._check(validArgs, args) </syntaxhighlight> هتي پهريون args ماڊيول جا صحيح پيراميٽر آهن ۽ ٻيو args اهي پيراميٽر آهن جن کي چيڪ ڪيو ويندو. == پيراميٽر == * <code>arg1</code>, <code>arg2</code>, ..., <code>argN</code> ڄاتل پيراميٽر آهن. * بغير نالي (positional) پيراميٽر پڻ شامل ڪري سگهجن ٿا: <code>|1|2|arg1|arg2|...</code>. * [[Lua patterns]] (ريگيولر ايڪسپريشن جهڙا) پڻ سپورٽ ٿيل آهن، جهڙوڪ: {{para|regexp1|header[%d]+}}, {{para|regexp2|date[1-9]}}, {{para|regexp3|data[%d]+[abc]?}}. * {{para|unknown}} – جڏهن اڻڄاتل پيراميٽر استعمال ٿئي ته ڇا ٿيندو. * {{para|preview}} – پريويو موڊ ۾ ڏيکاريل متن. * <code>_VALUE_</code> استعمال ڪرڻ سان اهو پيراميٽر جي نالي سان تبديل ٿي ويندو. * {{para|ignoreblank|1}} – ڊفالٽ طور خالي ۽ غير خالي پيراميٽر ۾ فرق نه ڪيو ويندو. صرف غير خالي پيراميٽر ٽريڪ ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪريو. * {{para|showblankpositional|1}} – خالي positional پيراميٽر پڻ ٽريڪ ڪرڻ لاءِ. * {{para|mapframe_args}} – جڏهن اهو استعمال ٿئي ته Infobox mapframe جا پيراميٽر پاڻمرادو صحيح پيراميٽرن ۾ شامل ٿي ويندا. == مثال == <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{Infobox | above = {{{name|}}} | label1 = Height | data1 = {{{height|}}} | label2 = Weight | data2 = {{{weight|}}} | label3 = Website | data3 = {{{website|}}} }}<!-- infobox ختم، ٽريڪنگ شروع -->{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check | unknown = {{Main other|[[Category:Some tracking category|_VALUE_]]}} | preview = unknown parameter "_VALUE_" | height | name | website | weight }} </syntaxhighlight> == Lua ڪوڊ مان سڏ == سادو مثال [[Module:Rugby box]] جي آخر ۾ ڏسو يا وڌيڪ پيچيده مثال [[Module:Infobox3cols]] يا [[Module:Flag]] ۾ ڏسو. == پڻ ڏسو == * {{Clc|Unknown parameters}} * [[Template:Checks for unknown parameters]] – انهن سانچن لاءِ دستاويز شامل ڪري ٿو جيڪي هن ماڊيول کي استعمال ڪن ٿا * [[Module:Check for deprecated parameters]] – پراڻن پيراميٽرن کي چيڪ ڪرڻ لاءِ * [[Module:Check for conflicting parameters]] – ٽڪراءُ ڪندڙ پيراميٽرن کي چيڪ ڪرڻ لاءِ * [[Module:TemplatePar]] – ساڳي فنڪشن * [[Template:Parameters]] ۽ [[Module:Parameters]] – ڪنهن سانچي لاءِ پيراميٽرن جي فهرست ٺاهي ٿو * [[Project:TemplateData]] تي ٻڌل پيراميٽر چڪاس * [[Module:Parameter validation]] – وڌيڪ جامع چڪاس == يوزر اسڪرپٽ == * [[User:Bamyers99/TemplateParametersTool]] – سانچي جي پيراميٽرن جي استعمال چيڪ ڪرڻ جو اوزار * [[User:Zackmann08/scripts/AddCheckForUnknownParameters]] ۽ [[User:Frietjes/addcheckforunknownparameters.js]] – جلدي wikitext ٺاهڻ لاءِ اسڪرپٽ <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- زمرا هتي شامل ڪريو ۽ انٽر وڪي لنڪ وڪيڊيٽا ۾ --> [[Category:Modules that add a tracking category]] [[Category:Template metamodules]] }}</includeonly><noinclude> [[Category:Module documentation pages]] </noinclude> 6d734ibboebdpuv5ainu0h6wcdre01n ماڊيول:Documentation/config 828 9102 368111 365265 2026-03-28T11:55:36Z Intisar Ali 8681 368111 Scribunto text/plain ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- -- Module:Documentation لاءِ ترتيب -- -- هتي توهان Module:Documentation ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ پيرا ميٽرن ۽ پيغامن جون قيمتون مقرر ڪري سگهو ٿا -- ته جيئن ان کي پنهنجي وڪي ۽ پنهنجي ٻوليءَ موجب مقامي بڻائي سگهجي. جيستائين ٻي صورت ۾ -- نه چيو وڃي، هتي ڏنل قيمتون string هجڻ گهرجن. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local cfg = {} -- هن سٽ ۾ ترميم نه ڪريو. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- تحفظ واري سانچي جي ترتيب ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- cfg['protection-reason-edit'] -- ترميم-محفوظ سانچن لاءِ [[Module:Protection banner]] ڏانهن موڪلجندڙ تحفظ جو سبب. cfg['protection-reason-edit'] = 'template' --[[ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- آزمائشي خاني جي اطلاع واري ترتيب -- -- sandbox صفحن تي ماڊيول اهڙو سانچو ڏيکاري سگهي ٿو جيڪو واپرائيندڙن کي ٻڌائي ته موجوده صفحو -- sandbox آهي، ۽ test cases صفحن جو هنڌ وغيره ڪٿي آهي. ماڊيول اهو فيصلو cfg['sandbox-subpage'] -- جي قيمت جي بنياد تي ڪري ٿو ته صفحو sandbox آهي يا نه. هيٺ ڏنل سيٽنگون انهن اطلاعن -- ۾ موجود پيغامن کي ترتيب ڏين ٿيون. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --]] -- cfg['sandbox-notice-image'] -- sandbox اطلاع ۾ ڏيکاريل تصوير. cfg['sandbox-notice-image'] = '[[File:Edit In Sandbox Icon - Color.svg|50px|alt=|link=]]' --[[ -- cfg['sandbox-notice-pagetype-template'] -- cfg['sandbox-notice-pagetype-module'] -- cfg['sandbox-notice-pagetype-other'] -- sandbox صفحي جو قسم. ڏيکاريل پيغام موجوده موضوعي نالي-جاءِ تي دارومدار رکي ٿو. -- هي پيغام cfg['sandbox-notice-blurb'] يا cfg['sandbox-notice-diff-blurb'] ۾ استعمال ٿئي ٿو. --]] cfg['sandbox-notice-pagetype-template'] = '[[Wikipedia:Template test cases|سانچي جو sandbox]] صفحو' cfg['sandbox-notice-pagetype-module'] = '[[Wikipedia:Template test cases|ماڊيول جو sandbox]] صفحو' cfg['sandbox-notice-pagetype-other'] = 'sandbox صفحو' --[[ -- cfg['sandbox-notice-blurb'] -- cfg['sandbox-notice-diff-blurb'] -- cfg['sandbox-notice-diff-display'] -- cfg['sandbox-notice-blurb'] يا cfg['sandbox-notice-diff-blurb'] مان هڪ sandbox اطلاع جو -- شروعاتي جملو هوندو آهي. ٻئي ۾ diff واري ڪڙي هوندي آهي، پر پهرئين ۾ نه هوندي. -- $1 صفحي جو قسم آهي، جيڪو يا ته cfg['sandbox-notice-pagetype-template']، -- cfg['sandbox-notice-pagetype-module'] يا cfg['sandbox-notice-pagetype-other'] هوندو، -- نالي-جاءِ موجب. $2 مکيه سانچي واري صفحي جي ڪڙي آهي، ۽ $3 sandbox ۽ مکيه سانچي جي وچ -- ۾ diff واري ڪڙي آهي. diff واري ڪڙي جو ڏيکاريل متن -- cfg['sandbox-notice-compare-link-display'] سان مقرر ٿئي ٿو. --]] cfg['sandbox-notice-blurb'] = 'هي $2 لاءِ $1 آهي.' cfg['sandbox-notice-diff-blurb'] = 'هي $2 لاءِ $1 آهي ($3).' cfg['sandbox-notice-compare-link-display'] = 'فرق' --[[ -- cfg['sandbox-notice-testcases-blurb'] -- cfg['sandbox-notice-testcases-link-display'] -- cfg['sandbox-notice-testcases-run-blurb'] -- cfg['sandbox-notice-testcases-run-link-display'] -- cfg['sandbox-notice-testcases-blurb'] اهڙو جملو آهي جيڪو واپرائيندڙ کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته -- هن sandbox سان لاڳاپيل هڪ test cases صفحو موجود آهي جنهن کي هو ترميم ڪري سگهي ٿو. -- $1 test cases صفحي جي ڪڙي آهي. -- cfg['sandbox-notice-testcases-link-display'] انهي ڪڙي جو ڏيکاريل متن آهي. -- cfg['sandbox-notice-testcases-run-blurb'] اهو جملو آهي جيڪو test cases صفحي بابت ٻڌائي ٿو -- ۽ ان کي هلائڻ لاءِ ڪڙي به ڏئي ٿو. $1 test cases صفحي جي ڪڙي آهي ۽ $2 ان کي هلائڻ واري صفحي جي ڪڙي. -- cfg['sandbox-notice-testcases-run-link-display'] test cases هلائڻ واري ڪڙي جو ڏيکاريل متن آهي. --]] cfg['sandbox-notice-testcases-blurb'] = '$1 لاءِ لاڳاپيل ذيلي صفحو پڻ ڏسو.' cfg['sandbox-notice-testcases-link-display'] = 'آزمائشي ڪيس' cfg['sandbox-notice-testcases-run-blurb'] = '$1 لاءِ لاڳاپيل ذيلي صفحو پڻ ڏسو ($2).' cfg['sandbox-notice-testcases-run-link-display'] = 'هلايو' -- cfg['sandbox-category'] - سڀني سانچي وارن sandbox صفحن لاءِ زمرو. -- cfg['module-sandbox-category'] - سڀني ماڊيول sandbox صفحن لاءِ زمرو. -- cfg['other-sandbox-category'] - انهن sandbox صفحن لاءِ زمرو جيڪي سانچي يا ماڊيول نالي-جاءِ ۾ نه آهن. cfg['sandbox-category'] = 'سانچي جا sandbox' cfg['module-sandbox-category'] = 'ماڊيول جا sandbox' cfg['other-sandbox-category'] = 'سانچي يا ماڊيول نالي-جاءِ کان ٻاهر sandbox' ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- شروعاتي خاني جي ترتيب ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- cfg['documentation-icon-wikitext'] -- سانچي جي مٿان ڏيکاريل آئڪن جو وڪي ٽيڪسٽ. cfg['documentation-icon-wikitext'] = '[[File:Test Template Info-Icon - Version (2).svg|50px|link=|alt=]]' -- cfg['template-namespace-heading'] -- سانچي واري نالي-جاءِ ۾ ڏيکاريل سرخي. cfg['template-namespace-heading'] = 'سانچي جي دستاويز' -- cfg['module-namespace-heading'] -- ماڊيول واري نالي-جاءِ ۾ ڏيکاريل سرخي. cfg['module-namespace-heading'] = 'ماڊيول جي دستاويز' -- cfg['file-namespace-heading'] -- فائيل واري نالي-جاءِ ۾ ڏيکاريل سرخي. cfg['file-namespace-heading'] = 'خلاصو' -- cfg['other-namespaces-heading'] -- ٻين نالي-جائن ۾ ڏيکاريل سرخي. cfg['other-namespaces-heading'] = 'دستاويز' -- cfg['view-link-display'] -- "view" ڪڙي لاءِ ڏيکاريل متن. cfg['view-link-display'] = 'ڏسو' -- cfg['edit-link-display'] -- "edit" ڪڙي لاءِ ڏيکاريل متن. cfg['edit-link-display'] = 'ترميم' -- cfg['history-link-display'] -- "history" ڪڙي لاءِ ڏيکاريل متن. cfg['history-link-display'] = 'تاريخ' -- cfg['purge-link-display'] -- "purge" ڪڙي لاءِ ڏيکاريل متن. cfg['purge-link-display'] = 'تازو ڪريو' -- cfg['create-link-display'] -- "create" ڪڙي لاءِ ڏيکاريل متن. cfg['create-link-display'] = 'ٺاهيو' ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- ڪڙي وارو خانو (آخري خانو) جي ترتيب ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- cfg['transcluded-from-blurb'] -- اهو اطلاع جيڪو تڏهن ڏيکاريو وڃي جڏهن دستاويز ٻئي صفحي مان transclude ٿيل هجي. -- $1 انهي صفحي جي وڪي ڪڙي آهي. cfg['transcluded-from-blurb'] = 'مٿيون [[Wikipedia:Template documentation|دستاويز]] $1 مان [[Help:Transclusion|شامل]] ڪيو ويو آهي.' --[[ -- cfg['create-module-doc-blurb'] -- اهو اطلاع جيڪو ماڊيول نالي-جاءِ ۾ تڏهن ڏيکاريو وڃي جڏهن دستاويزي ذيلي صفحو موجود نه هجي. -- $1 اهڙي ڪڙي آهي جيڪا cfg['module-preload'] سان دستاويزي صفحو ٺاهڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿئي ٿي -- ۽ جنهن جو ڏيکاريل متن cfg['create-link-display'] آهي. --]] cfg['create-module-doc-blurb'] = 'شايد توهان هن [[Wikipedia:Lua|Scribunto ماڊيول]] لاءِ دستاويزي صفحو $1 ڪرڻ چاهيو.' ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- آزمائش واري جملي جي ترتيب ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --[[ -- cfg['experiment-blurb-template'] -- cfg['experiment-blurb-module'] -- آزمائش وارو جملو اهو متن آهي جيڪو ايڊيٽرن کي sandbox ۽ test cases صفحن ۾ آزمائش ڪرڻ جي دعوت ڏئي ٿو. -- اهو صرف سانچي ۽ ماڊيول نالي-جائن ۾ ڏيکاريو ويندو آهي. --]] cfg['experiment-blurb-template'] = 'ايڊيٽر هن سانچي جي $1 ۽ $2 صفحن ۾ آزمائش ڪري سگهن ٿا.' cfg['experiment-blurb-module'] = 'ايڊيٽر هن ماڊيول جي $1 ۽ $2 صفحن ۾ آزمائش ڪري سگهن ٿا.' ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- sandbox ڪڙي جي ترتيب ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- cfg['sandbox-subpage'] -- اهو نالو جيڪو عام طور sandbox لاءِ سانچي جي ذيلي صفحي طور استعمال ٿئي ٿو. cfg['sandbox-subpage'] = 'sandbox' -- cfg['template-sandbox-preload'] -- سانچي جي sandbox صفحن لاءِ preload فائيل. cfg['template-sandbox-preload'] = 'Template:Documentation/preload-sandbox' -- cfg['module-sandbox-preload'] -- Lua ماڊيول sandbox صفحن لاءِ preload فائيل. cfg['module-sandbox-preload'] = 'Template:Documentation/preload-module-sandbox' -- cfg['sandbox-link-display'] -- "sandbox" ڪڙي لاءِ ڏيکاريل متن. cfg['sandbox-link-display'] = 'sandbox' -- cfg['sandbox-edit-link-display'] -- sandbox جي "edit" ڪڙي لاءِ ڏيکاريل متن. cfg['sandbox-edit-link-display'] = 'ترميم' -- cfg['sandbox-create-link-display'] -- sandbox جي "create" ڪڙي لاءِ ڏيکاريل متن. cfg['sandbox-create-link-display'] = 'ٺاهيو' -- cfg['compare-link-display'] -- "compare" ڪڙي لاءِ ڏيکاريل متن. cfg['compare-link-display'] = 'فرق' -- cfg['mirror-edit-summary'] -- جڏهن واپرائيندڙ "mirror" ڪڙي تي ڪلڪ ڪري ته استعمال ٿيندڙ ڊفالٽ edit summary. -- $1 سانچي واري صفحي جي وڪي ڪڙي آهي. cfg['mirror-edit-summary'] = '$1 جو sandbox نسخو ٺاهيو' -- cfg['mirror-link-display'] -- "mirror" ڪڙي لاءِ ڏيکاريل متن. cfg['mirror-link-display'] = 'نقل' -- cfg['mirror-link-preload'] -- جڏهن واپرائيندڙ "mirror" ڪڙي تي ڪلڪ ڪري ته preload ٿيڻ وارو صفحو. cfg['mirror-link-preload'] = 'Template:Documentation/mirror' ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- آزمائشي ڪيسن واري ڪڙي جي ترتيب ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- cfg['testcases-subpage'] -- اهو نالو جيڪو عام طور test cases لاءِ سانچي جي ذيلي صفحي طور استعمال ٿئي ٿو. cfg['testcases-subpage'] = 'testcases' -- cfg['template-testcases-preload'] -- سانچي جي test cases صفحن لاءِ preload فائيل. cfg['template-testcases-preload'] = 'Template:Documentation/preload-testcases' -- cfg['module-testcases-preload'] -- Lua ماڊيول test cases صفحن لاءِ preload فائيل. cfg['module-testcases-preload'] = 'Template:Documentation/preload-module-testcases' -- cfg['testcases-link-display'] -- "testcases" ڪڙي لاءِ ڏيکاريل متن. cfg['testcases-link-display'] = 'آزمائشي ڪيس' -- cfg['testcases-edit-link-display'] -- test cases جي "edit" ڪڙي لاءِ ڏيکاريل متن. cfg['testcases-edit-link-display'] = 'ترميم' -- cfg['testcases-run-link-display'] -- test cases جي "run" ڪڙي لاءِ ڏيکاريل متن. cfg['testcases-run-link-display'] = 'هلايو' -- cfg['testcases-create-link-display'] -- test cases جي "create" ڪڙي لاءِ ڏيکاريل متن. cfg['testcases-create-link-display'] = 'ٺاهيو' ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- زمرا شامل ڪرڻ واري جملي جي ترتيب ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --[[ -- cfg['add-categories-blurb'] -- اهو متن جيڪو واپرائيندڙن کي /doc ذيلي صفحي ۾ زمرا شامل ڪرڻ لاءِ هدايت ڏئي ٿو. --]] cfg['add-categories-blurb'] = '$1 ذيلي صفحي ۾ زمرا شامل ڪريو.' -- cfg['doc-link-display'] -- /doc ذيلي صفحي ڏانهن ڪڙي جو ڏيکاريل متن. cfg['doc-link-display'] = '/doc' ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- ذيلي صفحن واري ڪڙي جي ترتيب ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --[[ -- cfg['subpages-blurb'] -- "هن سانچي جا ذيلي صفحا" وارو جملو. $1 مکيه سانچي جي ذيلي صفحن ڏانهن ڪڙي آهي. --]] cfg['subpages-blurb'] = '$1.' --[[ -- cfg['subpages-link-display'] -- "هن صفحي جا ذيلي صفحا" واري ڪڙي لاءِ ڏيکاريل متن. --]] cfg['subpages-link-display'] = 'هن $1 جا ذيلي صفحا' -- cfg['template-pagetype'] -- سانچي وارن صفحن لاءِ ڏيکاريل صفحي جو قسم. cfg['template-pagetype'] = 'سانچي' -- cfg['module-pagetype'] -- Lua ماڊيول صفحن لاءِ ڏيکاريل صفحي جو قسم. cfg['module-pagetype'] = 'ماڊيول' -- cfg['default-pagetype'] -- انهن صفحن لاءِ ڏيکاريل صفحي جو قسم جيڪي سانچا يا Lua ماڊيول نه هجن. cfg['default-pagetype'] = 'صفحي' ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- doc ڪڙي جي ترتيب ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- cfg['doc-subpage'] -- اهو نالو جيڪو عام طور دستاويزي صفحن لاءِ ذيلي صفحي طور استعمال ٿئي ٿو. cfg['doc-subpage'] = 'doc' -- cfg['docpage-preload'] -- سڀني نالي-جائن ۾ سانچي جي دستاويزي صفحن لاءِ preload فائيل. cfg['docpage-preload'] = 'Template:Documentation/preload' -- cfg['module-preload'] -- Lua ماڊيول دستاويزي صفحن لاءِ preload فائيل. cfg['module-preload'] = 'Template:Documentation/preload-module-doc' ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- HTML ۽ CSS جي ترتيب ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- cfg['templatestyles'] -- TemplateStyles واري صفحي جو نالو جتي CSS رکيل آهي. cfg['templatestyles'] = 'Module:Documentation/styles.css' -- cfg['container'] -- اها class جيڪا ٻن child divs تي flex يا grid CSS سيٽ ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿي سگهي ٿي. cfg['container'] = 'documentation-container' -- cfg['main-div-classes'] -- مکيه HTML "div" tag ۾ شامل ٿيندڙ classes. cfg['main-div-classes'] = 'documentation' -- cfg['main-div-heading-class'] -- سانچن، ماڊيولن ۽ لاڳاپيل talk spaces جي مکيه سرخي لاءِ class. cfg['main-div-heading-class'] = 'documentation-heading' -- cfg['start-box-class'] -- شروعاتي خاني لاءِ class. cfg['start-box-class'] = 'documentation-startbox' -- cfg['start-box-link-classes'] -- شروعاتي خاني ۾ [view][edit][history] يا [create] ڪڙين لاءِ classes. cfg['start-box-link-classes'] = 'mw-editsection-like plainlinks' -- cfg['end-box-class'] -- آخري خاني لاءِ class. cfg['end-box-class'] = 'documentation-metadata' -- cfg['end-box-plainlinks'] -- plainlinks cfg['end-box-plainlinks'] = 'plainlinks' -- cfg['toolbar-class'] -- toolbar ڪڙين لاءِ شامل ٿيندڙ class. cfg['toolbar-class'] = 'documentation-toolbar' -- cfg['clear'] -- صرف صاف ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندي آهي. cfg['clear'] = 'documentation-clear' ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- ٽريڪنگ زمري جي ترتيب ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- cfg['display-strange-usage-category'] -- جيڪڏهن true هجي ته جڏهن ماڊيول /doc يا /testcases ذيلي صفحي تي استعمال ٿئي -- ته cfg['strange-usage-category'] ڏيکاريو ويندو. cfg['display-strange-usage-category'] = true -- cfg['strange-usage-category'] -- اهو زمرو جيڪو تڏهن ڏيکاريو ويندو جڏهن cfg['display-strange-usage-category'] true هجي -- ۽ ماڊيول /doc يا /testcases ذيلي صفحي تي استعمال ٿئي. cfg['strange-usage-category'] = 'عجيب ((documentation)) استعمال وارا وڪيپيڊيا صفحا' --[[ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- ترتيب جي پڄاڻي -- -- هن سٽ کان هيٺ ڪابه ترميم نه ڪريو. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --]] return cfg d5pateshh7t19u3ttp6b2vqfnzt8t9r آباده 0 9831 368035 326667 2026-03-28T07:22:10Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* حوالا */ 368035 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Abadeh | native_name = {{lang|fa|آباده}} | settlement_type = شھر | image_skyline = File:Skyline of Abadeh from a mountain.jpg | imagesize = | image_caption = جبل جي چوٽيءَ تان ورتل آبادہ شھر جي تصوير | image_flag = | image_seal = Abadeh Logo.png | image_map = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Iran | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_mapsize = 300 | pushpin_map_caption = ايران ۾ بيھڪ | subdivision_type = ملڪ | subdivision_type1 = صوبو | subdivision_name = {{flag|Iran}} | subdivision_name1 = [[فارس]] | subdivision_type2 = ڪائونٽي | subdivision_name2 = آبادہ ڪائونٽي | subdivision_type3 = ضلعو | subdivision_name3 = مرڪزي | established_title = | established_date = 1925 (1304 Hejry Shamsi) | government_type = | leader_title = ميئر <br/>(شھردار) | leader_name = غلام عباس زاري | leader_title1 = پارليامينٽ جو ميمبر | leader_name1 = رحيم زاري | unit_pref = metric | area_magnitude = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_total_km2 = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_land_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_urban_km2 = | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | population_as_of = 2016 واري آدمشماري | population_footnotes = | population_total = 59,116 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amar.org.ir/english|title = Statistical Center of Iran > Home}}</ref> | population_urban = | population_metro = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_km2 = | timezone = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]] | utc_offset = +3:30 | timezone_DST = [[Iran Daylight Time|IRDT]] | utc_offset_DST = +4:30 | coordinates = {{coord|31|09|39|N|52|39|02|E|region:IR_type:city|display=inline,title}} | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = 6200 | postal_code_type = Postal Code | postal_code = 73911-***** to 73991-***** | area_code = 071 | website = [http://sh-abadeh.ir/ Abadeh Municipality] | footnotes = | name = }} '''آبادہ''' ([[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]: Abadeh)   [[ايران]] جي صوبي [[فارس صوبو|فارس]] جو ھڪ ننڍو شھر آھي جيڪو آبادہ ڪائونٽي جي گاديءَ جو ھنڌ پڻ آھي. ڀونءِ نگاريءَ پٽاندر ھن شھر جي بيهڪ اوڀر ۾ ڊگھائي ڦاڪ  52°40  ۽ اتر ۾ ويڪرائي  ڦاڪ 31°11 ′ آهي. [[ايران]] جي شھر اصفھان کان [[شيراز]] ويندڙ شاھراھ تي آباد ھي شھر سامونڊي سطح کان  1890 ميٽر (6200 فوٽ) مٿي آباد آھي<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Abadeh|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Abadeh|journal=1911 Encyclopædia Britannica|volume=Volume 1}}</ref>. 2016ع جي انگن اکرن مطابق شھر جي آبادي 59,116 آھي<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://www.amar.org.ir/english|title=Statistical Center of Iran > Home|website=www.amar.org.ir|access-date=2022-01-14}}</ref>. ماضيءَ ۾ ھن شھر کي آباداءِ اقليد پڻ ڪوٺيو ويندو ھو.  ھي شھر [[تهران|تھران]] کان 638 ڪلوميٽر پري آھي. ھن شھر جو ايراني تاريخ ۾ ڪو خاص ڪردار نہ رھيو آھي. 1888ع ۾ انگريز اسڪالر اي جي برائون (E.G. Brown) ھن شھر مان گذريو ھو ۽ شھر جي ّخوبصورت باغن کان ڏاڍو متاثر ٿيو ھو<ref>C. E. Bosworth, “ĀBĀDA,” ''Encyclopaedia Iranica'', I/1, p. 51, available online at <nowiki>http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abada</nowiki> </ref>. ھن شھر جي مکيہ صنعتن ۾ ڪاٺ جو ڪم، ترن جو تيل، ارنڊيءَ جو تيل، اناج، ميوا ۽ قالين شامل آھن<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://www.carpetencyclopedia.com/styles-origin/persian-carpets/abadeh|title=Abadeh carpets – Persian carpets - Carpet Encyclopedia {{!}} Carpet Encyclopedia|website=www.carpetencyclopedia.com|access-date=2022-01-14}}</ref>. ھن شھر جي بيھڪ جو ھڪ دلچسپ پھلو ھي آھي تہ ھي شھر چئن صوبن جي گاديءَ جي ھنڌ جي ويجھو آھي. ھتان اصفھان (اصفھان صوبي جي گاديءَ جو ھنڌ) 193 ڪلوميٽر، ياسوج (کهگیلویه و بویراحمد  صوبي جي گاديءَ ھو ھنڌ) 197 ڪلوميٽر،  يزد (يزد صوبي جي گاديءَ جو ھنڌ) 217 ڪلوميٽر، شھرگرس (چھار محال ۽ بختياري صوبي جي گاديءَ جو ھنڌ) 237 ڪلوميٽر ۽ فارس صوبي جي گاديءَ جو ھنڌ [[شيراز]] 270 ڪلوميٽر پري آھي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:فارس صوبو]] [[زمرو:ايران ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:فارس صوبي جا شهر]] fdx2g5ze1i8i4m603412s8tq0kehe6l 368037 368035 2026-03-28T07:23:14Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* حوالا */ 368037 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Abadeh | native_name = {{lang|fa|آباده}} | settlement_type = شھر | image_skyline = File:Skyline of Abadeh from a mountain.jpg | imagesize = | image_caption = جبل جي چوٽيءَ تان ورتل آبادہ شھر جي تصوير | image_flag = | image_seal = Abadeh Logo.png | image_map = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Iran | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_mapsize = 300 | pushpin_map_caption = ايران ۾ بيھڪ | subdivision_type = ملڪ | subdivision_type1 = صوبو | subdivision_name = {{flag|Iran}} | subdivision_name1 = [[فارس]] | subdivision_type2 = ڪائونٽي | subdivision_name2 = آبادہ ڪائونٽي | subdivision_type3 = ضلعو | subdivision_name3 = مرڪزي | established_title = | established_date = 1925 (1304 Hejry Shamsi) | government_type = | leader_title = ميئر <br/>(شھردار) | leader_name = غلام عباس زاري | leader_title1 = پارليامينٽ جو ميمبر | leader_name1 = رحيم زاري | unit_pref = metric | area_magnitude = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_total_km2 = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_land_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_urban_km2 = | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | population_as_of = 2016 واري آدمشماري | population_footnotes = | population_total = 59,116 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amar.org.ir/english|title = Statistical Center of Iran > Home}}</ref> | population_urban = | population_metro = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_km2 = | timezone = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]] | utc_offset = +3:30 | timezone_DST = [[Iran Daylight Time|IRDT]] | utc_offset_DST = +4:30 | coordinates = {{coord|31|09|39|N|52|39|02|E|region:IR_type:city|display=inline,title}} | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = 6200 | postal_code_type = Postal Code | postal_code = 73911-***** to 73991-***** | area_code = 071 | website = [http://sh-abadeh.ir/ Abadeh Municipality] | footnotes = | name = }} '''آبادہ''' ([[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]: Abadeh)   [[ايران]] جي صوبي [[فارس صوبو|فارس]] جو ھڪ ننڍو شھر آھي جيڪو آبادہ ڪائونٽي جي گاديءَ جو ھنڌ پڻ آھي. ڀونءِ نگاريءَ پٽاندر ھن شھر جي بيهڪ اوڀر ۾ ڊگھائي ڦاڪ  52°40  ۽ اتر ۾ ويڪرائي  ڦاڪ 31°11 ′ آهي. [[ايران]] جي شھر اصفھان کان [[شيراز]] ويندڙ شاھراھ تي آباد ھي شھر سامونڊي سطح کان  1890 ميٽر (6200 فوٽ) مٿي آباد آھي<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Abadeh|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Abadeh|journal=1911 Encyclopædia Britannica|volume=Volume 1}}</ref>. 2016ع جي انگن اکرن مطابق شھر جي آبادي 59,116 آھي<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://www.amar.org.ir/english|title=Statistical Center of Iran > Home|website=www.amar.org.ir|access-date=2022-01-14}}</ref>. ماضيءَ ۾ ھن شھر کي آباداءِ اقليد پڻ ڪوٺيو ويندو ھو.  ھي شھر [[تهران|تھران]] کان 638 ڪلوميٽر پري آھي. ھن شھر جو ايراني تاريخ ۾ ڪو خاص ڪردار نہ رھيو آھي. 1888ع ۾ انگريز اسڪالر اي جي برائون (E.G. Brown) ھن شھر مان گذريو ھو ۽ شھر جي ّخوبصورت باغن کان ڏاڍو متاثر ٿيو ھو<ref>C. E. Bosworth, “ĀBĀDA,” ''Encyclopaedia Iranica'', I/1, p. 51, available online at <nowiki>http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abada</nowiki> </ref>. ھن شھر جي مکيہ صنعتن ۾ ڪاٺ جو ڪم، ترن جو تيل، ارنڊيءَ جو تيل، اناج، ميوا ۽ قالين شامل آھن<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://www.carpetencyclopedia.com/styles-origin/persian-carpets/abadeh|title=Abadeh carpets – Persian carpets - Carpet Encyclopedia {{!}} Carpet Encyclopedia|website=www.carpetencyclopedia.com|access-date=2022-01-14}}</ref>. ھن شھر جي بيھڪ جو ھڪ دلچسپ پھلو ھي آھي تہ ھي شھر چئن صوبن جي گاديءَ جي ھنڌ جي ويجھو آھي. ھتان اصفھان (اصفھان صوبي جي گاديءَ جو ھنڌ) 193 ڪلوميٽر، ياسوج (کهگیلویه و بویراحمد  صوبي جي گاديءَ ھو ھنڌ) 197 ڪلوميٽر،  يزد (يزد صوبي جي گاديءَ جو ھنڌ) 217 ڪلوميٽر، شھرگرس (چھار محال ۽ بختياري صوبي جي گاديءَ جو ھنڌ) 237 ڪلوميٽر ۽ فارس صوبي جي گاديءَ جو ھنڌ [[شيراز]] 270 ڪلوميٽر پري آھي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:فارس صوبو]] [[زمرو:ايران ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:فارس صوبي جا شهر]] kabzt5q5efpph5f90s3gzvftwlsjx3y آباده طشڪ 0 10005 368038 326668 2026-03-28T07:24:04Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* حوالا */ 368038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name=Ab|official_name=Abadeh Tashk |native_name=آباد|native_name=آبادہ طشك |settlement_type=city |image_skyline= |imagesize=|image_caption=|pushpin_map=Iran |mapsize=150px |coordinates_region=I|coordinates_region=IR |subdivision_type=[[فهرست خود مختار رياستون]] |subdivision_name={{flag|Iran}} |subdivision_type1=[[ايران جا صوبا]] |subdivision_name1=[[صوبو فارس]] |subdivision_type2=[[شهرستان ايران|County]] |subdivision_name2=[[شهرستان ني‌ريز|Neyriz]] |subdivision_type3=[[بخش (ايراني ملڪي تقسيم)]] |subdivision_name3=[[Abadeh Tashk District|Abadeh Tashk]] |leader_title=|leader_name=|established_title= |established_date=|area_total_km2=|area_footnotes=|population_as_of=2006 |population_total=621|population_total=6213 |population_density_km2=auto |timezone=[[ايران معياري وقت|IRST]] |utc_offset=+3:30 |timezone_DST=[[ايران معياري وقت|IRDT]] |utc_offset_DST=+4:30 |coordinates_display=% |latd=29|latm=48|lats=39|latNS=N |longd=53|longm=43|longs=39|longEW=E |elevation_m=|website=|area_code=0732-572 |footnotes= }} '''آباده طشڪ''' ({{lang-fa|آبادہ طشك}}) هڪ [[شهر]] آهي جيڪو [[ایران|ايران]] ۾ واقع آهي. ان جي مجموعي آدمشماري 6,213 فردَ آهي، هي [[صوبو فارس]] ۾ واقع آهي۔<ref>{{cite web |author =انگريزی وڪيپيڊيا جا ڀاڱيدار |url =https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abadeh_Tashk&redirect=no&oldid=593817593 |title =Abadeh Tashk|date = }}</ref> == لاڳاپيل ڳنڍڻا == * [[ايران جا شهر| فهرست ايران جا شهر]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:فارس صوبو]] [[زمرو:ايران ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:فارس صوبي جا شهر]] db9w7wbcct2p7f21ujsqplnrhwptb2p جاجرم ڪائونٽي 0 11101 368045 335291 2026-03-28T07:34:33Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* حوالا */ 368045 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name= جاجرم ڪاؤنٽي<br>Jajarm County |other_name= |native_name= شهرستان جاجرم |settlement_type= شهرستان/ڪائونٽي |image_skyline= |imagesize= |image_caption= |image_map= |map_caption= |pushpin_map= |pushpin_label_position=right |pushpin_map_capti|pushpin_map_caption= |coordinates_display=inline,title |coordinates_type=region:IR-31_type:adm2nd |subdivision_type=[[ملڪ]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Iran}} |subdivision_type1=[[صوبو]] |subdivision_name1=[[اتر خراسان صوبو]] |seat_type=[[راڄڌاني]] |seat= جاجرم |parts_type= [[ضلعو|بخش]] |parts_style=para |parts= |p1= مرڪزي ضلعو |p2= جولگهه سنخواست |p3= جولگهه شوقان |leader_title= |leader_name= |established_title= |established_date= |area_total_km2= |population_as_of=2|population_as_of=2006 |population_footnote|population_footnotes= |population_total=57,349 |population_density_km2= |latd=37|latm=00|lats=|latNS=N |longd=56|longm=30|longs=|longEW=E |timezone=[[ایران جو معیاري وقت|IRST]] |utc_offset=+3:30 |timezone_DST=[[ایران جو معیاري وقت|IRDT]] |utc_offset_DST=+4:30 |elevation_footnotes= |elevation_m= |website= |footnotes={{GEOnet2|32FA886787E23774E0440003BA962ED3}} }} '''جاجرم ڪاؤنٽي''' ([[لاطیني]]: Jajrom County) [[ایران]] جي اتر خراسان صوبي ۾ واقع هڪ شهرستان (ڪائونٽي) آهي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:ايران جا شهر]] [[زمرو:اتر خراسان]] [[زمرو:اتر خراسان صوبو]] [[زمرو:اتر خراسان صوبي جا شهر]] t53orxh60qmyvbuu8q5bd7snsq4y9kl بجنورد 0 11846 368044 326680 2026-03-28T07:31:37Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* حوالا */ 368044 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|City in North Khorasan province, Iran}} {{for|the administrative division of North Khorasan province|Bojnord County}} {{Infobox settlement | settlement_type = [[شهر]] | official_name = بجنورد<br>Bojnord | native_name = {{lang|fa|بجنورد}} | other_name = Bujnūrd | nickname = Buzanjird | motto = | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a =Mofakham Mirror House by Arashk Rajabpour.jpg {{!}} | photo2a =عمارت سردار مفخم بجنورد 1.jpg | photo2b =Jajarmi hosseiniye.jpg{{!}} | spacing = ۲ | size = 266 | foot_montage = }} | imagesize = | image_caption = مفخم آئيني وارو گھر، سردار مفخم جي حويلي، جاجرمي حويلي | image_flag = | image_seal = Bojnord-logo.png | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Iran | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_map_caption = ايران | pushpin_mapsize = | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|Iran}} | subdivision_type1 = [[صوبو]] | subdivision_name1 = اتر خراسان صوبو | subdivision_type2 = ڪائونٽي | subdivision_name2 = بوجنورد ڪائونٽي | subdivision_type3 = [[ضلعو| بخش]] | subdivision_name3 = مرڪزي ضلعو | leader_title = ميئر | leader_name = محمد علي ڪشميري | established_title = | established_date = | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = 36 | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_km2 = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | population_total = | population_as_of = 2016 | population_est = | population_est_as_of = | population_note = | population_metro = 335931 | population_footnotes = <ref name="2016 North Khorasan Province"/> | population_urban = 228931 | population_density_km2 = auto | timezone = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]] | utc_offset = +03:30 | coordinates = {{coord|37|28|20|N|57|19|44|E|dim:3km|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite map |author=((OpenStreetMap contributors)) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=37.472222&mlon=57.328889&zoom=14#map=14/37.47222/57.32889|website=[[OpenStreetMap]] |title=Bojnord, Bojnord County|date=26 October 2024|access-date=26 October 2024|lang=fa}}</ref> | elevation_m = 1070 | elevation_ft = | area_code = (+98) 58 | blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] | blank_info = [[Semi-arid climate#Cold semi-arid climates|BSk]] | website = http://www.bojnord-city.ir/ | footnotes = | leader_title1 = آبادي (2016) | leader_name1 = 2,28,931 (شهر)<br> 3,35,931 (Metro) | total_type = شهر }} '''بجنورد''' (Bojnord، فارسي: بجنورد) ايران جي صوبي، اتر خراسان جي بجنورد ڪائونٽي جي مرڪزي ضلعي ۾ هڪ شهر آهي.<ref> {{cite web | title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Bojnurd, Iran | url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IR/30/Bojnurd.html }}</ref><ref>{{GEOnet3|-3056548}}</ref> اها صوبي، ڪائونٽي ۽ ضلعي جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي.<ref name="Khorasan Province Structure2">{{cite report|title=Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the divisions of Khorasan province, centered in Mashhad|language=fa|website=rc.majlis.ir|via=Islamic Parliament Research Center|url=https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113047|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024415/https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113047|publisher=Ministry of the Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Council|last=Habibi|first=Hassan|archive-date=17 November 2015|date=c. 2015|orig-date=Approved 12 September 1990|id=Proposal 3223.1.5.53; Approval Letter 3808-907; Notification 84902/T125K|access-date=6 January 2024}}</ref> اهو ايران جي گاديءَ جي هنڌ،[[ تهران]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tehran.com|title=Tehran}}</ref> کان تقريباً 701 ڪلوميٽر (436 ميل) پري آهي ۽ رضوي خراسان صوبي جي گاديءَ جي هنڌ، مشهد کان 242 ڪلوميٽر پري آهي.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.distancecalculator.net/from-bojnurd-to-mashhad|title=Distance from Bojnurd to Mashhad|website=www.distancecalculator.net|access-date=2022-06-23}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:اتر خراسان صوبو]] [[زمرو:ايران ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:اتر خراسان صوبي جا شهر]] 472tii9z8wjel10i0zi9bq30mr5mv5d سينيگال 0 11928 368054 359487 2026-03-28T09:11:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 368054 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Country on the coast of West Africa}} {{About|the country|the river|Senegal River}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = سينيگال جي جمهوريا<br>Republic of Senegal | native_name = République du Sénégal (فرانسیسي) | common_name = سينيگال | image_flag = Flag of Senegal.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Senegal.svg | image_map = Senegal (orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = {{map caption|location_color= ڳاڙهو سائو}} | image_map2 = | national_motto = {{native phrase|fr|"Un Peuple, Un But, Une Foi"|italics=off}}<br />{{small|"هڪ قوم، هڪ مقصد، هڪ عقیدو"}} | national_anthem = <br />{{nowrap|"[[Le Lion rouge]]"}}<br />{{small|"ڳاڙهو شينهن"}}{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:National Anthem of Senegal.ogg]]}} | official_languages = فرانسيسي | languages_type = قومي ٻوليون | languages = {{hlist| وولوف| سيرر| دايولا| حسنيه عربي| پولار| سوننڪي| مندنڪا}} {{Efn|name=SenegalNationalLangs|Article 1 of the 2001 Constitution of Senegal, which states that the national languages are Diola, Malinké, Pular, Sérère, Soninké and Wolof.<ref name="Languages">{{Cite web |title=Senegal's Constitution of 2001 with Amendments through 2016 |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Senegal_2016.pdf?lang=en|website=Constitute Project |language=en}}</ref>}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> | languages2_type = لِنگوا فرانڪا | languages2 = {{hlist| وولوف| فرانسيسي| پولار| سيرر| دايولا| حسنيه عربي| سوننڪي| ملنڪي عربي| ٻيون| [[Wolof language|Wolof]]{{Efn|name=WolofStatus|Information from the University of Pennsylvania's Center for African Studies estimates that about 90% of the Senegalese population understands or speaks Wolof as a first or second language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Studies Center{{!}} African Languages at Penn |url=https://www.africa.upenn.edu/afl/alwolof.htm |access-date=2023-03-20 |website=Center for African Studies at [[University of Pennsylvania]]}}</ref>}}|French|[[Pulaar]]|[[Serer language|Serer]]|[[Diola language|Diola]]|[[Hassaniya Arabic]]|[[Soninke language|Soninke]]|[[Malinke language|Malinke]]|[[Arabic]]{{Efn|name= ArabicStatus|Arabic is taught as a second language for religious reasons within the Senegalese educational system.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Falola |first=Toyin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3fhADwAAQBAJ&dq=Arabic+Status+in+Senegal&pg=PT190 |title=Africanizing Knowledge: African Studies Across the Disciplines |date=2017-11-30 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-32438-0 |pages=190 |language=en}}</ref>}}|[[Languages of Senegal|others]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{ubl| * 39.7٪ وولف * 27.5٪ فولا ماڻهو * 16.0٪ سيرر * 4.9٪ منڊيڪا * 4.2٪ * 2.4٪ سونينڪ * 5.4٪ ٻيا 39.7% [[Wolof people|Wolof]] |27.5% [[Fula people|Fula]] |16.0% [[Serer people|Serer]] |4.9% [[Mandinka people|Mandinka]] |4.2% [[Jola people|Jola]] |2.4% [[Soninke people|Soninke]] |5.4% [[Ethnic groups in Senegal|others]]}} | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="CIA Factbook">{{cite web |title=Senegal |date=2022-08-23 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/senegal/ |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |access-date=2024-01-23}}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2019ع | religion = | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/senegal#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016c | title=Religions in Senegal &#124; PEW-GRF | access-date=1 December 2022 | archive-date=14 April 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414203540/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/senegal#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016c | url-status=dead }}</ref> | demonym = سينيگالي | capital = [[ڊاڪار]] | coordinates = {{Coord|14|40|N|17|25|W|type:city}} | largest_city = راڄڌاني شهر | government_type = گڏيل صدارتي جمهوريه<ref name = cia/> | leader_title1 = صدر | leader_name1 = بصیرو دايومئي فئي | leader_title2 = وزير اعظم | leader_name2 = عثماني سونڪو | leader_title3 = قومي اسيمبلي جو صدر | leader_name3 = امادو مامي ڊايوف | legislature = قومي اسيمبلي | area_rank = 86th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]--> | area_km2 = 196,722<ref name="CIA Factbook"/> | area_sq_mi = 75,955 | percent_water = 2.1 | population_estimate = 18,384,660<ref name="CIA Factbook"/> | population_estimate_year = 2023ع | population_estimate_rank = 67ھون | population_census_rank = | population_census = | population_census_year = | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP = 78.547 بلين آمريڪي ڊالر<ref name="IMFWEO.SN">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=722,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Senegal) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=15 October 2023}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 106ھون | GDP_PPP_year = 2023ع | GDP_PPP_per_capita = 4,324 آمريڪي ڊالر<ref name="IMFWEO.SN" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 156ھون | GDP_nominal_rank = 111ھون | GDP_nominal = 31.141 بلين آمريڪي ڊالر<ref name="IMFWEO.SN" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023ع | GDP_nominal_per_capita = 1,714 آمريڪي ڊالر<ref name="IMFWEO.SN" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 157ھون | established_event1 = جمهوريا قائم ٿي | established_date1 = 25 نومبر 1957ع | sovereignty_type = آزادي | established_event2 = فرانس مان{{efn|With [[French Sudan]], as the [[Mali Federation]].}} | established_date2 = 4 اپريل 1960ع | established_event3 = مالي فيڊريشن مان نڪرڻ | established_date3 = 20 آگسٽ 1960ع | established_event4 = فرانس مان{{efn|As the [[French Sudan|Sudanese Republic]], with Senegal as the Mali Federation.}} | established_date4 = 20 جون 1960ع | established_event5 = سينيگال جي طور تي | established_date5 = 22 سيپٽمبر 1960ع | established_event6 = سيني۔گيمبيا ڪنفيڊريشن جي تحلیل | established_date6 = 30 سيپٽمبر، 1989ع | Gini_year = 2011ع | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 40.3 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=2 March 2011}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.511 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=September 8, 2022|access-date=September 8, 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 170th | currency = [[West African CFA franc]] | currency_code = XOF | country_code = | utc_offset = {{sp}} | time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[+221]] | cctld = [[.sn]] | religion_year = 2020 | flag_p1 = Flag of Mali (1959–1961).svg | today = }} '''سينيگال''' (Senegal)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Senegal |title=Definition of Senegal |publisher=The Free Dictionary |access-date=6 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Senegal |title=Define Senegal |dictionary=Dictionary.com |access-date=6 November 2013 }}</ref> {{lang-fr|link=no|Sénégal}}; {{lang-ar|السنغال|al-Sinigāl}}) اولهه آفريڪا ۾ واقع هڪ اسلامي ملڪ آهي. هن جي اتر ۾ سينيگال درياهه واقع آهي. هنجي اوڀر ۾ [[مالي]]، اتر ۾ [[موريتانيا]] ڏکڻ ۾ [[گني]] ۽ [[گني بسائو]] ۽ اولهه جي طرف اوقيانوس وڏو سمنڊ واقع آهي. ان کان علاوه 300 ڪلوميٽر ڊگھو ملڪ [[گيمبيا]] هن جي اندرين طرف آهي، جيڪو گيمبيا نديءَ جي ڪناري سان هڪ تنگ زمين تي قبضو ڪري ٿو، جيڪو سينیگال جي ڏاکڻي علائقي ڪاسامنس (Casamance) کي باقي ملڪ کان جدا ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/which-countries-border-the-gambia.html|title=Which Countries Border The Gambia?|date=2018-08-28|website=WorldAtlas|access-date=2023-09-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trazeetravel.com/why-is-the-gambia-surrounded-by-senegal/|title=Why is The Gambia Surrounded by Senegal?|date=2020-07-06|website=Trazee Travel|language=en-US|access-date=2023-09-19}}</ref> سينیگال ڪيپ ورڊی سان گڏ هڪ سامونڊي سرحد پڻ حصيداري ڪري ٿو. سينیگال جي اقتصادي ۽ سياسي راڄڌاني [[ڊاڪار]] آهي. سينيگال پراڻي دنيا جي مکيه سرزمين (افرو۔يوروشيا) ۾ اولهه وارو ملڪ آهي.<ref>Janet H. Gritzner, Charles F. Gritzner&nbsp;– 2009, Senegal&nbsp;– Page 8</ref> اهو ان جو نالو سينیگال نديءَ تي رکي ٿو، جيڪو ان جي اوڀر ۽ اتر ڏانهن سرحد رکي ٿو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theculturetrip.com/africa/senegal/articles/the-real-story-behind-senegals-name/|title=The Real Story Behind Senegal's Name|last=culturetrip|date=2018-05-31|website=Culture Trip|access-date=2023-09-19}}</ref> آبهوا عام طور تي سواحلي (Sahelian) آهي، جيتوڻيڪ اتي برساتي موسم آهي. سينيگال تقريبن 1,97,000 چورس ڪلوميٽر (76,000 اسڪوائر ميل) جي ايراضيءَ تي پکڙيل آهي ۽ ان جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ 18 ملين آهي.{{UN Population|ref}} رياست هڪ متحد صدارتي جمهوريه آهي؛ سال 1960ع ۾ ملڪ جي بنياد کان وٺي، ان کي آفريڪي براعظم تي سڀ کان وڌيڪ مستحڪم ملڪن مان هڪ تسليم ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/senegal/overview|title=Overview|publisher=World Bank|access-date=2022-11-30}}</ref> وي ڊيم-2023 (2023 V-Dem) ڊيموڪريسي انڊيڪس تي، سينيگال سڄي دنيا ۾ چونڊ جمهوريت ۾ 52ھین نمبر تي ۽ آفريڪا ۾ چونڊ جمهوريت ۾ چوٿين نمبر تي آهي.<ref name="vdem_dataset2">{{cite web|url=https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/|title=The V-Dem Dataset|last=V-Dem Institute|date=2023|access-date=14 October 2023}}</ref> رياست فرانسيسي نوآبادياتي راڄ کان آزاد فرينچ ويسٽ آفريڪا طور مليو. هن تاريخ جي ڪري، فرانسيسي سرڪاري ٻولي آهي، پر اها آبادي جي صرف اقليت طرفان سمجهي ويندي آهي.<ref name=":12">{{cite web|url=http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/afrique/senegal.htm|title=Sénégal|author=Jacques Leclerc|date=2010-10-04|website=Trésor de la langue française au Québec|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229121849/www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/afrique/senegal.htm|archive-date=2012-02-29|access-date=2012-03-17|url-status=dead}}</ref> سينيگال ۾ 30 کان وڌيڪ ٻوليون ڳالهايون وڃن ٿيون. وولوف سڀ کان وڌيڪ وڏي پيماني تي ڳالهائي وڃي ٿي،<ref name="What Languages Are Spoken in Senegal?2">{{cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-senegal.html|title=What Languages Are Spoken in Senegal?|last=Pariona|first=Amber|date=27 September 2017|website=WorldAtlas|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004131156/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-senegal.html|archive-date=4 October 2022|access-date=4 October 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> آبادي جو %80 ان کي پهرين يا ٻي ٻولي طور ڳالهائيندو آهي، فرانسيسي سان گڏ سينيگال جي قومي ٻولي (lingua franca) طور ڪم ڪري ٿي. ٻين آفريڪي قومن وانگر، ملڪ ۾ نسلي ۽ لساني برادرين جو هڪ وسيع ميلاپ شامل آهي، جنهن ۾ سڀ کان وڏو وولوف، فولا ۽ سير ماڻهو آهن. سينيگال جا ماڻهو گهڻو ڪري مسلمان آهن.<ref name=":0b2">{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_senegal-muslim-country-cant-get-enough-christmas/6181575.html|title=Senegal, a Muslim Country that Can't Get Enough Christmas|last=Hammerschlag|first=Annika|date=24 December 2019|publisher=VOA|access-date=30 November 2022}}</ref> سينيگال، انساني ترقي جي انڊيڪس تي نسبتا گهٽ درجه بندي (191 مان 171) سان هڪ تمام گهڻو قرضدار غريب ملڪ طور درجه بندي ڪيو ويو آهي. اڪثر آبادي سامونڊي ڪناري تي رهي ٿي ۽ زراعت يا ٻين کاڌي جي صنعتن ۾ ڪم ڪري ٿي؛ ٻيون وڏيون صنعتن ۾ کان کني، سياحت ۽ خدمتون شامل آهن. <ref>{{Cite book|url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/336611539873310474/Senegal-Systematic-Country-Diagnostic|title=Systematic Country Diagnostic of Senegal|date=2018-10-04|publisher=World Bank|doi=10.1596/30852|hdl=10986/30852|s2cid=240089232}}</ref> ملڪ وٽ قابل ذڪر قدرتي وسيلا نه آهن.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/why-senegal-small-country-good-providing-international-organisations-leaders|title=Why Senegal, a small country, is good at providing international organisations with leaders|date=21 November 2014|website=D+C|language=en|access-date=2022-11-30}}</ref> سينيگال آفريڪي يونين، گڏيل قومن، ويسٽ آفريڪي رياستن جي اقتصادي ڪميونٽي (ECOWAS)، تنظيم انٽرنيشنل ڊي لا فرانڪوفوني، اسلامي تعاون جي تنظيم ۽ ساحل۔صحارن رياستن جي ڪميونٽي جو ميمبر رياست آهي. موٽر اسپورٽس جي دنيا ۾، سينيگال کي پئرس۔ڊاڪار ريلي لاءِ سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.littleguestcollection.com/en/magazine/best-destinations-family-holidays|title=The best destinations for family holidays|last=Guivaudon|first=Guillaume|date=2021-12-13|website=Little Guest|access-date=2022-11-30}}</ref> == نالو == سينيگال ملڪ جو نالو سينيگال نديءَ جي نالي تي رکيو ويو آهي. نديءَ جو نالو شايد زيناگا جي نالي جي پورچوگالي ترجمي مان نڪتل هجي، جنهن کي صنهاجہ به چيو وڃي ٿو. متبادل طور تي، اهو سیرر مذهب ۾ عظيم ديوتا جو ميلاپ ٿي سگهي ٿو "روگ سینی" (Rog Sene) ۽ "او گال" (O gal) معنيٰ سرير ٻولي ۾ پاڻي جو جسم. اهو پڻ ممڪن آهي ته اهو وولوف جي جملي "سونو گال" (Sunuu Gaal) مان نڪتل آهي، جنهن جي معني آهي "اسان جو ٻوڙو". == تاريخ == ==جاگرافي== ==حڪومت ۽ سياست== [[فائل:Animated-Flag-Senegal.gif]] ==آبادي== ==معيشت== ==ثقافت== ==پڻ ڏسو== ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Sister project links|voy=Senegal}} * [https://memorableday.org/senegal-independence-day-quotes/ Celebrate Senegal Independence Day] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909223403/https://memorableday.org/senegal-independence-day-quotes/ |date=2024-09-09 }} ( in Senegal) * {{Official website|https://www.sec.gouv.sn/}} {{in lang|fr}} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1064496.stm Country Profile] from [[BBC News]] * [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/senegal/ Senegal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204143936/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/senegal/ |date=2021-02-04 }}. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Senegal}} * {{wikiatlas|Senegal}} ; Trade * [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/SEN/Year/2012/Summary Senegal 2012 Summary Trade Statistics] {{-}} {{Senegal topics}} {{Navboxes | list = {{Countries of Africa}} {{African Union}} {{G15}} {{Organisation of Islamic Cooperation}} {{La Francophonie}} {{Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP)}} {{World Constitutional Convention call signatories}} }} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|14|N|14|W|type:country|display=title}} {{OIC}} [[زمرو:ملڪ]] [[زمرو:سينيگال]] [[زمرو:جمهوريا]] [[زمرو:G-15 قومون]] [[زمرو:اسلامي رياستون]] [[زمرو:آفريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گهٽ ترقي وارا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:اولهه آفريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:پرتگال جي اڳوڻي ڪالونيون]] [[زمرو:او آئي سي جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:آفريڪي يونين جا رڪن ملڪ]] [[زمرو:اولهه آفريڪي ملڪن جي اقتصادي برادري]] [[زمرو:انگريزي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:پرتگالي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪن جي عالمي تنظيم جون ميمبر رياستون]] [[Category:1960 establishments in Africa]] [[Category:1960 establishments in Senegal]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1960]] [[Category:World Constitutional Convention call signatories]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} 9gi749ran1s6nr6mox3q20xjh31q86a سانچو:ڄاڻخانو/پڇاڙي 10 13859 367935 363754 2026-03-27T23:22:35Z Intisar Ali 8681 Intisar Ali صفحي [[سانچو:ڄاڻ دٻو/پڇاڙي]] کي [[سانچو:ڄاڻخانو/پڇاڙي]] ڏانھن چوريو 96539 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>|}</includeonly><noinclude> {{دستاویز}} </noinclude> oehqw5kcf4fjjvighj1kj3lfo6cp42x 16 ڊسمبر 0 15069 367952 174425 2026-03-28T01:33:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 367952 wikitext text/x-wiki == واقعا == * [[1971ع|1971ء]] - سقوط اوڀر پاڪستان، اوڀر پاڪستان اولھ پاڪستان کان آزادي حاصل ڪري [[بنگلاديش]] بڻجي ويو. * 2014 - پشاور اسڪول حملو. ڏيڍ سو جي ويجھو شاگرد ماريا ويا. == پيدائش == * '''[[1879ع]]''' ـ '''[http://encyclopediasindhiana.org/article.php?Dflt=ديارام%20ساهني ديارام ساھي]'''، محقق ۽ قديم آثارن جو ماھر * '''[[1917ع]]''' ـ '''[http://encyclopediasindhiana.org/article.php?Dflt=بلوچ%20نبي%20بخش%20ڊاڪٽر ڊاڪٽر نبي بخش بلوچ]'''، عالم، اديب، لسانيات، لوڪ ادب ۽ لطيفيات جو پارکو * '''[[1923ع]]''' ـ '''[http://www.ajuttam.com/aboutajuttam.php آسنداس ڄيٺمل اتمچنداڻي]''' (اي جي اتم)، ليکڪ * '''[[1936ع]]''' ـ '''[https://www.sindhisangat.com/dr.dayal_dhameja.php ڏيال کٽومل ڌاميجا] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216181441/https://www.sindhisangat.com/dr.dayal_dhameja.php |date=2019-12-16 }}'''، تعليمي ماھر ۽ ليکڪ * '''[[1951ع]]''' ـ '''[[اختر بلوچ]]'''، ليکڪا ۽ سياستدان * ''' [[1980ع]] ''' - '''[[:en:Danish_Kaneria|دانش ڪنيريا]]'''، پاڪستاني ڪرڪيٽر * '''[[1981]]ع''' - '''[[:en:Imran_Nazir_(cricketer)|عمران نذير]]'''، پاڪستاني ڪرڪيٽر == وفات == * '''[[1916ع]]''' ـ '''[[ديوان ڪوڙو مل چندن مل کلناڻي]]'''، تعليمي ماھر، انتظامي سربراھ ۽ ليکڪ * '''[[1965ع]]''' ـ '''[http://encyclopediasindhiana.org/article.php?Dflt=سمرسيٽ%20ماهم سمرسيٽ ماهم (Somerset Maugham)]'''، ليکڪ ۽ نقاد * '''[[1988ع]]''' ـ '''[http://encyclopediasindhiana.org/article.php?Dflt=سوٽهڙ%20صوفي%20نيڀراج صوفي نيڀراج سوٽھڙ]'''، شاعر، اديب ۽ استاد * '''[[1990ع]] '''ـ '''[http://encyclopediasindhiana.org/article.php?Dflt=شفيع%20محمد%20ٻگهيو%20استاد استاد شفيع محمد ٻگھيو]'''، استاد، شاعر ۽ سماج سڌارڪ * '''[[2005ع|2005]]''' ـ '''[[پوپٽي ھيراننداڻي]]'''، تعليمي ماھر ۽ ليکڪ == موڪلون ۽ ڏڻ == [[زمرو:سال جا ڏينهن]] [[زمرو:ڊسمبر]] tp488bss77eygz1ofk9l9ji41qulood آيت الله خامنائي 0 16920 367924 365948 2026-03-27T22:53:07Z Intisar Ali 8681 367924 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = {{ubl|[[آيت الله#گرينڊ آيت الله|گرينڊ آيت الله]]|[[سيد]]}} | native_name = <!--خامنئي آذربائيجاني ۽ فارسي نسل مان هو، ۽ هو فارسي ۽ آذربائيجاني ٻئي ٻوليون ڳالهائيندو هو. انهيءَ سبب سندس ڪيترائي مقامي نالا آهن ۽ اهي سڀ هتي نه رکڻ گهرجن.--> | image = Ali Khamenei Nowruz message official portrait 1397 02.jpg<!--اتفاقِ راءِ کان سواءِ تصوير نه بدلائجو--> | alt = 2017ع ۾ 77 ورهين جي خامنئي جي هڪ تصوير | caption = خامنئي 2017ع ۾ | order = ٻيون | office = ايران جو سپريم ليڊر | president = {{Collapsible list|title=''فهرست ڏسو'' | ''هو پاڻ'' | [[اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني]] | [[محمد خاتمي]] | [[محمود احمدي نژاد]] | [[حسن روحاني]] | [[ابراهيم رئيسي]] | [[محمد مخبر]] (قائم مقام) | [[مسعود پزشڪيان]] }} | primeminister = [[مير حسين موسوي]]<br />(آگسٽ 1989ع تائين) | term_start = 4 جون 1989ع{{efn|6 آگسٽ 1989ع تائين [[Acting (law)|قائم مقام]]}} | term_end = 28 فيبروري 2026ع | predecessor = [[روح الله خميني]] | successor = [[مجتبيٰ خامنئي]] | order1 = ٽيون | office1 = ايران جو صدر | 1blankname1 = {{nowrap|سپريم ليڊر}} | 1namedata1 = {{ubl|روح الله خميني|''هو پاڻ''}} | 2blankname1 = وزيراعظم | 2namedata1 = مير حسين موسوي | term_start1 = 9 آڪٽوبر 1981ع | term_end1 = 16 آگسٽ 1989ع | predecessor1 = [[محمد علي رجائي]] | successor1 = اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني {{Collapsed infobox section begin|ٻيا عهدا جيڪي سنڀاليائين|titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey}} | office2 = [[Expediency Discernment Council]] جو پهريون چيئرمين | appointed2 = روح الله خميني | predecessor2 = ''عهدو قائم ڪيو ويو'' | successor2 = اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني | term_start2 = 7 فيبروري 1988ع | term_end2 = 4 جون 1989ع | office3 = [[Assembly of Experts]] جو ميمبر | term_start3 = 15 آگسٽ 1983ع | term_end3 = 4 جون 1989ع | constituency3 = [[تهران صوبو]] | majority3 = 2,800,353 (87.8%)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/520344 |title=چه کسی در نخستین انتخابات خبرگان اول شد؟ +جدول ("Who came first in the first election of the Experts?" )|date=7 January 2014 |url-status=dead |website=mashreghnews.ir |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010024415/https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/520344/%da%86%d9%87-%da%a9%d8%b3%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%86%d8%ae%d8%b3%d8%aa%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ae%d8%a8%d8%b1%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%b4%d8%af-%d8%ac%d8%af%d9%88%d9%84 |archive-date=10 October 2017}}</ref> | office4 = [[اسلامي مشاورتي مجلس]] جو ميمبر | term_start4 = 28 مئي 1980ع | term_end4 = 13 آڪٽوبر 1981ع | constituency4 = [[تهران، ري، شميرانات ۽ اسلامشهر (انتخابي ضلعو)|تهران، ري ۽ شميرانات]] | majority4 = 1,405,976 (65.8%)<ref>{{cite web |title=Parliament members |url=http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/parliament_member/show/762450 |publisher=[[Iranian Majlis]] |access-date=28 October 2014 |language=fa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707095033/http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/parliament_member/show/762450 |archive-date=7 July 2014}}</ref> | office5 = [[تهران جي جمعي نماز جو امام]] | term_start5 = 14 جنوري 1980ع | term_end5 = 28 فيبروري 2026ع | appointer5 = روح الله خميني | 1blankname5 = {{nowrap|عبوري امام}} | 1namedata5 = {{Collapsible list|title=''فهرست ڏسو'' | [[احمد جنتي]] | [[احمد خاتمي]] | [[ڪاظم صديقي]] | [[علي موحدي ڪرماني]] | [[محمد حسن ابوترابي فرد]] | [[محمد جواد حاج علي اڪبري]] }} | predecessor5 = [[حسين علي منتظري]] | successor5 = خالي {{Collapsed infobox section end}} | birth_name = علي حسيني خامنئي | birth_date = {{birth date|1939|04|19|df=y}} | birth_place = [[مشهد]]، [[ايران]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2026|02|28|1939|04|19|df=y}} | death_place = [[تهران]]، ايران | party = {{plainlist| * [[اسلامي ريپبلڪن پارٽي]] (1979ع–1987ع) * [[جنگجو روحاني تنظيم]] (1977ع–1989ع) * [[آزاد سياستدان|آزاد]] (1989ع–2026ع) }} | otherparty = | spouse = {{marriage|[[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]]|1964}} | children = 6، جن ۾ [[مصطفيٰ خامنئي|مصطفيٰ]]، [[مجتبيٰ خامنئي|مجتبيٰ]]، ۽ [[مسعود خامنئي|مسعود]] شامل آهن | father = [[جواد خامنئي]] | mother = خديجه ميردامادي | relatives = [[خامنئي خاندان]] | education = {{ubl|خراسان مدرسا|[[نجف مدرسا]]|[[قم مدرسا]]}} | signature = | website = {{URL|english.khamenei.ir}} | allegiance = <!-- اسلامي جمهوريه ايران --> | branch = {{ubli|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution.svg}} [[اسلامي انقلابي گارڊ ڪور]]|[[غير منظم جنگي هيڊڪوارٽر]]}} | serviceyears = 1979ع–1989ع{{efn|سپريم ليڊر جي حيثيت ۾ هو اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جي هٿياربند فوجن جي سپهه سالار طور سرگرم رهيو.}} | commands = {{flagicon image|Flag of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran.svg}} [[اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جون هٿياربند فوجون]] | battles = {{tree list}} * [[ايران-عراق جنگ]] ** [[آپريشن Samen-ol-A'emeh]]<ref name="raee">{{cite journal |last1=Raee |first1=Sajjad |editor1-last=Ardestani |editor1-first=Hussein |script-title=fa:نقش آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای در دفاع مقدس: سال اول جنگ |journal=Negin-e Iran - Quarterly for Studies of Iran–Iraq War |date=Winter 2008 |volume=7 |issue=26 |pages=9–24 |url=http://www.negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |access-date=15 January 2018 |trans-title=Ayatollah Khamanei's Role in the Sacred Defense - During the First Year |language=fa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428015402/http://negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |archive-date=28 April 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[ٻارهن-ڏينهن واري جنگ]] * [[2026 ايران جنگ]]{{Assassinated|علي خامنئي جو قتل}} {{tree list/end}} | module = {{Infobox religious biography|embed=yes | main_interests = [[اسلامي فقہ جا اصول|اصول الفقه]]، [[تفسير]]<ref name="cgie"/> | notable_ideas = [[علي خامنئي جو ايٽمي هٿيارن خلاف فتويٰ|ايٽمي هٿيارن خلاف فتويٰ]] | religion = [[اسلام]] | denomination = [[اثنا عشري|اثنا عشري شيعا]] | jurisprudence = [[جعفري]] | creed = [[اصولي]] | teacher = {{ubl|[[حسين بروجردي]]|روح الله خميني<ref name="cgie"/>}}}} | module2 = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Ali Khamenei speech at the Hussainiya of Lovers of Karbala, Sari - 14 October 1995 (13740722 2546).wav|title=علي خامنئي جو آواز|type=speech|description=خامنئي [[ساري، ايران|ساري]] ۾<br />حسينيه عاشقانِ ڪربلا ۾ ڳالهائيندي<br />رڪارڊ ٿيل 14 آڪٽوبر 1995ع}} | footnotes = | death_cause = [[علي خامنئي جو قتل|هوائي حملي ذريعي قتل]] }} ''' آيت الله سيد علي حسيني خامنائي''' (1939-2026) [[ايران]] جو ٻيو [[سپريم ليڊر]] (رهبر معظم 237) ھيو. پاڻ 1981 کان 1989 تائين ايران جو [[صدر]] بہ رهيو. [[اسلامي انقلاب]] کان اڳ ۽ شروع وارا ڪجهہ سال ”[[وزيراعظم]]“ جو بہ کين عھدو هيو جيڪو نئين آئين مطابق ختم ڪري وزيراعظم جون ڪيتريون ئي جوابداريون ملڪ جي صدر حوالي ڪيون ويون ۽ صدر جيڪو پھرين فقط نالي ماتر رهيو ٿي يعني علامتي سربراھ طور ۽ سندس ڪي خاص اختيار نہ هئا هاڻ انتظاميہ ۽ ریاست جو سربراھ آهي. هو ملڪ جو سڀ ۾ وڏو چونڊيل نمائندو آهي.<ref name="الطاف">[http://sindhitravelogues.blogspot.com/2011/02/blog-post_9639.html سنڌي سفرناما : خامنائي ۽ خاتمي - الطاف شيخ<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> صدر کانسواءِ ملڪ جو ٻيو سربراه ”رهبر معظم ‎“ يعني سپريم ليڊر سڏجي ٿو. هو ملڪ جي سياسي ۽ مذهبي اٿارٽي مڃيو وڃي ٿو. [[امام خميني]] اسلامي جمهوريہ ايران جو پھريون [[سپريم ليڊر]] هو ۽ 1989 ۾ سندس وفات کان پوءِ 28 فيبروري 2026ع تائين سيد علي حسيني خامنہ اي ايران جو ٻيو سپريم ليڊر ٿيو. سندس تصويرون اڪيلي سر يا امام خميني سان گڏ جتي ڪٿي نظر اينديون. سپريم ليڊر گهڻو ڪري اهو ٿئي ٿو جيڪو عالم دين هجي. سيد علي حسيني خامنہ اي سپريم ليڊر ٿيڻ کان اڳ، امام خميني جي ڏينھن ۾ 1981 کان 1989 تائين ايران جو صدر ٿي رهيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> == پرورش ۽ تعليم == پاڻ 1939ع ۾ [[مشھد|'''مشھد''']] ۾ رهندڙ هڪ آذري ڪُٽنب ۾ ڄائو. علي خامنہ اي اٺن ڀائرن ڀينرن ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو ٻار ھيو. هن جا ٻہ ٻيا ڀائر بہ هن وانگر ايران جا وڏا مذهبي عالم ھيا. سندس ننڍو ڀاءُ هادي خامنہ اي هڪ اخبار جو قابل ايڊيٽر ۽ مولوي ھيو. علي خامنہ ايءَ پرائمري تعليم دوران مذهبي تعليم حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ مدرسي ۾ پڙھڻ ويو. مشھد جي هن مدرسي ۾ ايران جون مشھور شخصيتون حاجي شيخ هاشم قاضيويني ۽ آيت الله ميلاني هن جا معلم رهيا. 1957 ۾ هو نجف هليو ويو جتي هڪ سال جو مختصر عرصو گذارڻ بعد قم ۾ اچي رهائش اختيار ڪئي. جتي هن آيت الله حسين بورجردي ۽ آيت الله روح الله خميني جهڙن شخصيتين جي ڪلاس مان علم پرايو. انکانپوءِ 1963 کان هن اسلامي تحريڪن ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. شھنشاھ پھلوي جو زمانو هو، جنھن کي اهي ڳالهيون پسند نہ هيون ۽ علي خامنہ اي کي ڪيترا دفعا جيل بہ وڃڻو پيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> == اسلامي انقلاب ۾ ڪردار == علي خامنائي ايران جي اسلامي انقلاب جو اهم ڪردار رهيو ۽ امام خميني جي ويجهن ساٿين مان هو. تھران ۾ جمعي نماز جي امام آيت الله حسين علي منتظري جي 1979 ۾ استيفا ڏيڻ بعد امام خمينيءَ علي خامنائي کي ليڊر بنايو.<ref name="الطاف"/> [[عراق ايران جنگ]] ۾ علي خامنائي جنگ جي ميدان ۾ به رهيو ۽ هڪ بم ڦاٽڻ تي هو شديد زخمي ٿي پيو. هن کي ”زندھ شھيد“ جي لقب سان سڏيو ويندو ھيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> == تعليم جو واڌارو == علي خامنائيءَ سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي جي شعبي ۾ ايران جي نوجوانن کي گھڻو اڳيان آندو.<ref name="الطاف"/> هن جو اهو چوڻ ھيو تہ ”زمين هيٺ دٻيل تيل ۽ گئس جو ذخيرو آخر تہ هڪ ڏينھن ختم ٿي ويندو. ان ڪري هينئر کان ئي اسان کي [[نيوڪليئر ٽيڪنالاجي]] جو علم حاصل ڪرڻ کپي ۽ ان مان فائدا حاصل ڪرڻ کپن.“ == لکيل ڪتاب == علي خامنائي جا ڪيترائي ڪتاب ۽ مضمون لکيل آهن جن مان ڪجهہ انگريزي ۾ بہ ترجمو ٿيل آهن.<ref name="الطاف"/> سندس تقريرن ۽ پيغامن جا نو واليوم تعليمي ادارن ۾ پڙهايا بہ وڃن ٿا. عرب ليکڪن سيد قطب، رضي الياسين ۽ عبدالمنيم ناصري جا ڪجهہ ڪتاب علي خامنائي عربي مان فارسي ۾ پڻ ترجمو ڪيا.<ref name="الطاف"/> == قتل == [[File:Ilham Aliyev visited Iranian Embassy in Azerbaijan to offer condolences 3.jpg|thumb|آذربائيجاني صدر [[الهام عليوف]] باڪو ۾ ايراني سفارتخاني جو دورو ڪري رهيو آهي تہ جيئن خامنئي جي لاڏاڻي تي تعزيت جو اظھار ڪري سگهجي، 4 مارچ 2026ع]] 28 فيبروري 2026ع تي، ايران ۾ ڪيترن ئي نشانن تي وڏي پيماني تي [[2026 ايران جنگ|آمريڪي ۽ اسرائيلي ميزائل حملا]] ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Sanya Burgess |author2=Molly Blackall |date=1 March 2026 |title=How Trump and Israel's killing of Khamenei played out – hour by hour |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/trump-israels-killing-khamenei-played-out-4266623 |access-date=2 March 2026 |website=The i Paper |language=en-US |archive-date=3 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260303175231/https://inews.co.uk/news/trump-israels-killing-khamenei-played-out-4266623 |url-status=live }}</ref> ان ڏينھن کانپوءِ، [[رائٽرز]] هڪ گمنام اسرائيلي اهلڪار جي رپورٽ شايع ڪئي جنھن دعويٰ ڪئي تہ خامنئي جو لاش ملي ويو آهي، ۽ هو فوت ٿي چڪو آهي.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Stewart|first=Phil|last2=Hafezi|first2=Parisa|last3=Rose|first3=Emily|last4=Mills|first4=Andrew|date=28 February 2026|title=Iranian leader Khamenei killed in strikes, Israel says|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/irans-supreme-leader-ali-khamenei-194449508.html |access-date=28 February 2026|work=Reuters: [[Yahoo]]|via=www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/israel-us-launch-strikes-iran-2026-02-28/}}</ref> ايراني اسٽيٽ ٽي وي 1 مارچ 2026ع تي صبح جو 5:00 وڳي جي لڳ ڀڳ [[ايران معياري وقت]] مطابق خامنئي جي موت جي تصديق ڪئي.{{efn|[[فارس نيوز ايجنسي]] حملن کانپوءِ سندس ڌيءَ، ناٺي، ننھن ۽ پوٽي جي موت جي خبر ڏني وئي <ref name=Gabrelletal02032026>{{Cite web|author1=Jon Gambrell|author2=Melanie Lidman|author3=Josh Boak|author4=Eric Tucker|date=28 February 2026|title=Iranian state media say country's supreme leader is dead|url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-explosion-tehran-c2f11247d8a66e36929266f2c557a54c|access-date=1 March 2026|website=AP News|language=en|quote=Citing unidentified sources, the semiofficial Fars news agency, believed to be close to the Revolutionary Guard, reported that several relatives of Khamenei were also killed, including a daughter, son-in-law, daughter-in-law and grandchild.|archive-date=28 February 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228082605/https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-explosion-tehran-c2f11247d8a66e36929266f2c557a54c|url-status=live}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2026 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei is dead, state media says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228065750/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Gabrelletal02032026" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2026 |title=Ayatollah Khamenei Death: Official Confirmation |url=https://islamicinfocenter.com/ayatollah-khamenei-death/ |access-date=1 March 2026 |website=Islamic Info Center |language=en |archive-date=2 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260302155943/https://islamicinfocenter.com/ayatollah-khamenei-death/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ٻڌايو ويو تہ خامنئي کي ان وقت قتل ڪيو ويو جڏهن هو پنھنجي آفيس ۾ موجود هو.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Benedict |title=How the US pulled off the assassination of the century |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2026/03/01/how-the-us-pulled-off-the-assassination-of-the-century/ |website=The Telegraph |access-date=4 March 2026 |date=1 March 2026 |archive-date=1 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260301125853/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2026/03/01/how-the-us-pulled-off-the-assassination-of-the-century/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Keane |first1=Isabel |title=Months of CIA tracking and a rare window of opportunity: How the assassination of Ayatollah Khamenei unfolded |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-assassination-airstrikes-b2929787.html |website=The Independent |access-date=4 March 2026 |date=1 March 2026}}</ref> 2 مارچ 2026ع تي، اها تصديق ڪئي وئي تہ خامنئي جي گهر واري، [[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]] حملي ۾ لڳل زخمن جي ڪري ٻن ڏينھن کانپوءِ لاڏاڻو ڪري وئي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ben Ari |first=Lior |date=2 March 2026 |title=Reports in Iran: Khamenei's wife dies from her wounds |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/r9qqou6xc |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=Ynetglobal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/5762788-iran-ali-khamenei-wife-death/|title=Khamenei's wife dies from injuries sustained in US, Israeli attack: State media|first=Tara|last=Suter|publisher=The Hill|date=2 March 2026|accessdate=2 March 2026}}</ref> [[فارس نيوز ايجنسي]] جي مطابق، کيس [[مشھد]] ۾ دفن ڪيو ويندو، جيڪو خامنئي جي پيدائش جو شھر ۽ سندس پيءُ جي وفات جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Brian Osgood |author2=Virginia Pietromarchi |author3=Mariamne Everett |title=Fire contained at US consulate in Dubai after Iranian drone incident |date=3 March 2026 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/3/3/iran-live-news-israel-bombs-tehran-beirut-trump-says-war-to-last-4-weeks |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:اسلامي شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:ايران]] [[زمرو:ايراني شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:ايران جا سپريم ليڊر]] [[زمرو:ايران جي حڪومت]] [[زمرو:ايران جي سياست]] [[زمرو:تازيون وفاتون]] [[زمرو:1939ع جون پيدائشون]] 9185mf9tzjvpi59oonxqpsyayt7sl3e 367957 367924 2026-03-28T02:51:58Z Intisar Ali 8681 367957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | above = Test | label1 = A | data1 = B }} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = {{ubl|[[آيت الله#گرينڊ آيت الله|گرينڊ آيت الله]]|[[سيد]]}} | native_name = <!--خامنئي آذربائيجاني ۽ فارسي نسل مان هو، ۽ هو فارسي ۽ آذربائيجاني ٻئي ٻوليون ڳالهائيندو هو. انهيءَ سبب سندس ڪيترائي مقامي نالا آهن ۽ اهي سڀ هتي نه رکڻ گهرجن.--> | image = Ali Khamenei Nowruz message official portrait 1397 02.jpg<!--اتفاقِ راءِ کان سواءِ تصوير نه بدلائجو--> | alt = 2017ع ۾ 77 ورهين جي خامنئي جي هڪ تصوير | caption = خامنئي 2017ع ۾ | order = ٻيون | office = ايران جو سپريم ليڊر | president = {{Collapsible list|title=''فهرست ڏسو'' | ''هو پاڻ'' | [[اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني]] | [[محمد خاتمي]] | [[محمود احمدي نژاد]] | [[حسن روحاني]] | [[ابراهيم رئيسي]] | [[محمد مخبر]] (قائم مقام) | [[مسعود پزشڪيان]] }} | primeminister = [[مير حسين موسوي]]<br />(آگسٽ 1989ع تائين) | term_start = 4 جون 1989ع{{efn|6 آگسٽ 1989ع تائين [[Acting (law)|قائم مقام]]}} | term_end = 28 فيبروري 2026ع | predecessor = [[روح الله خميني]] | successor = [[مجتبيٰ خامنئي]] | order1 = ٽيون | office1 = ايران جو صدر | 1blankname1 = {{nowrap|سپريم ليڊر}} | 1namedata1 = {{ubl|روح الله خميني|''هو پاڻ''}} | 2blankname1 = وزيراعظم | 2namedata1 = مير حسين موسوي | term_start1 = 9 آڪٽوبر 1981ع | term_end1 = 16 آگسٽ 1989ع | predecessor1 = [[محمد علي رجائي]] | successor1 = اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني {{Collapsed infobox section begin|ٻيا عهدا جيڪي سنڀاليائين|titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey}} | office2 = [[Expediency Discernment Council]] جو پهريون چيئرمين | appointed2 = روح الله خميني | predecessor2 = ''عهدو قائم ڪيو ويو'' | successor2 = اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني | term_start2 = 7 فيبروري 1988ع | term_end2 = 4 جون 1989ع | office3 = [[Assembly of Experts]] جو ميمبر | term_start3 = 15 آگسٽ 1983ع | term_end3 = 4 جون 1989ع | constituency3 = [[تهران صوبو]] | majority3 = 2,800,353 (87.8%)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/520344 |title=چه کسی در نخستین انتخابات خبرگان اول شد؟ +جدول ("Who came first in the first election of the Experts?" )|date=7 January 2014 |url-status=dead |website=mashreghnews.ir |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010024415/https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/520344/%da%86%d9%87-%da%a9%d8%b3%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%86%d8%ae%d8%b3%d8%aa%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ae%d8%a8%d8%b1%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%b4%d8%af-%d8%ac%d8%af%d9%88%d9%84 |archive-date=10 October 2017}}</ref> | office4 = [[اسلامي مشاورتي مجلس]] جو ميمبر | term_start4 = 28 مئي 1980ع | term_end4 = 13 آڪٽوبر 1981ع | constituency4 = [[تهران، ري، شميرانات ۽ اسلامشهر (انتخابي ضلعو)|تهران، ري ۽ شميرانات]] | majority4 = 1,405,976 (65.8%)<ref>{{cite web |title=Parliament members |url=http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/parliament_member/show/762450 |publisher=[[Iranian Majlis]] |access-date=28 October 2014 |language=fa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707095033/http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/parliament_member/show/762450 |archive-date=7 July 2014}}</ref> | office5 = [[تهران جي جمعي نماز جو امام]] | term_start5 = 14 جنوري 1980ع | term_end5 = 28 فيبروري 2026ع | appointer5 = روح الله خميني | 1blankname5 = {{nowrap|عبوري امام}} | 1namedata5 = {{Collapsible list|title=''فهرست ڏسو'' | [[احمد جنتي]] | [[احمد خاتمي]] | [[ڪاظم صديقي]] | [[علي موحدي ڪرماني]] | [[محمد حسن ابوترابي فرد]] | [[محمد جواد حاج علي اڪبري]] }} | predecessor5 = [[حسين علي منتظري]] | successor5 = خالي {{Collapsed infobox section end}} | birth_name = علي حسيني خامنئي | birth_date = {{birth date|1939|04|19|df=y}} | birth_place = [[مشهد]]، [[ايران]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2026|02|28|1939|04|19|df=y}} | death_place = [[تهران]]، ايران | party = {{plainlist| * [[اسلامي ريپبلڪن پارٽي]] (1979ع–1987ع) * [[جنگجو روحاني تنظيم]] (1977ع–1989ع) * [[آزاد سياستدان|آزاد]] (1989ع–2026ع) }} | otherparty = | spouse = {{marriage|[[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]]|1964}} | children = 6، جن ۾ [[مصطفيٰ خامنئي|مصطفيٰ]]، [[مجتبيٰ خامنئي|مجتبيٰ]]، ۽ [[مسعود خامنئي|مسعود]] شامل آهن | father = [[جواد خامنئي]] | mother = خديجه ميردامادي | relatives = [[خامنئي خاندان]] | education = {{ubl|خراسان مدرسا|[[نجف مدرسا]]|[[قم مدرسا]]}} | signature = | website = {{URL|english.khamenei.ir}} | allegiance = <!-- اسلامي جمهوريه ايران --> | branch = {{ubli|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution.svg}} [[اسلامي انقلابي گارڊ ڪور]]|[[غير منظم جنگي هيڊڪوارٽر]]}} | serviceyears = 1979ع–1989ع{{efn|سپريم ليڊر جي حيثيت ۾ هو اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جي هٿياربند فوجن جي سپهه سالار طور سرگرم رهيو.}} | commands = {{flagicon image|Flag of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran.svg}} [[اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جون هٿياربند فوجون]] | battles = {{tree list}} * [[ايران-عراق جنگ]] ** [[آپريشن Samen-ol-A'emeh]]<ref name="raee">{{cite journal |last1=Raee |first1=Sajjad |editor1-last=Ardestani |editor1-first=Hussein |script-title=fa:نقش آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای در دفاع مقدس: سال اول جنگ |journal=Negin-e Iran - Quarterly for Studies of Iran–Iraq War |date=Winter 2008 |volume=7 |issue=26 |pages=9–24 |url=http://www.negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |access-date=15 January 2018 |trans-title=Ayatollah Khamanei's Role in the Sacred Defense - During the First Year |language=fa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428015402/http://negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |archive-date=28 April 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[ٻارهن-ڏينهن واري جنگ]] * [[2026 ايران جنگ]]{{Assassinated|علي خامنئي جو قتل}} {{tree list/end}} | module = {{Infobox religious biography|embed=yes | main_interests = [[اسلامي فقہ جا اصول|اصول الفقه]]، [[تفسير]]<ref name="cgie"/> | notable_ideas = [[علي خامنئي جو ايٽمي هٿيارن خلاف فتويٰ|ايٽمي هٿيارن خلاف فتويٰ]] | religion = [[اسلام]] | denomination = [[اثنا عشري|اثنا عشري شيعا]] | jurisprudence = [[جعفري]] | creed = [[اصولي]] | teacher = {{ubl|[[حسين بروجردي]]|روح الله خميني<ref name="cgie"/>}}}} | module2 = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Ali Khamenei speech at the Hussainiya of Lovers of Karbala, Sari - 14 October 1995 (13740722 2546).wav|title=علي خامنئي جو آواز|type=speech|description=خامنئي [[ساري، ايران|ساري]] ۾<br />حسينيه عاشقانِ ڪربلا ۾ ڳالهائيندي<br />رڪارڊ ٿيل 14 آڪٽوبر 1995ع}} | footnotes = | death_cause = [[علي خامنئي جو قتل|هوائي حملي ذريعي قتل]] }} ''' آيت الله سيد علي حسيني خامنائي''' (1939-2026) [[ايران]] جو ٻيو [[سپريم ليڊر]] (رهبر معظم 237) ھيو. پاڻ 1981 کان 1989 تائين ايران جو [[صدر]] بہ رهيو. [[اسلامي انقلاب]] کان اڳ ۽ شروع وارا ڪجهہ سال ”[[وزيراعظم]]“ جو بہ کين عھدو هيو جيڪو نئين آئين مطابق ختم ڪري وزيراعظم جون ڪيتريون ئي جوابداريون ملڪ جي صدر حوالي ڪيون ويون ۽ صدر جيڪو پھرين فقط نالي ماتر رهيو ٿي يعني علامتي سربراھ طور ۽ سندس ڪي خاص اختيار نہ هئا هاڻ انتظاميہ ۽ ریاست جو سربراھ آهي. هو ملڪ جو سڀ ۾ وڏو چونڊيل نمائندو آهي.<ref name="الطاف">[http://sindhitravelogues.blogspot.com/2011/02/blog-post_9639.html سنڌي سفرناما : خامنائي ۽ خاتمي - الطاف شيخ<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> صدر کانسواءِ ملڪ جو ٻيو سربراه ”رهبر معظم ‎“ يعني سپريم ليڊر سڏجي ٿو. هو ملڪ جي سياسي ۽ مذهبي اٿارٽي مڃيو وڃي ٿو. [[امام خميني]] اسلامي جمهوريہ ايران جو پھريون [[سپريم ليڊر]] هو ۽ 1989 ۾ سندس وفات کان پوءِ 28 فيبروري 2026ع تائين سيد علي حسيني خامنہ اي ايران جو ٻيو سپريم ليڊر ٿيو. سندس تصويرون اڪيلي سر يا امام خميني سان گڏ جتي ڪٿي نظر اينديون. سپريم ليڊر گهڻو ڪري اهو ٿئي ٿو جيڪو عالم دين هجي. سيد علي حسيني خامنہ اي سپريم ليڊر ٿيڻ کان اڳ، امام خميني جي ڏينھن ۾ 1981 کان 1989 تائين ايران جو صدر ٿي رهيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> == پرورش ۽ تعليم == پاڻ 1939ع ۾ [[مشھد|'''مشھد''']] ۾ رهندڙ هڪ آذري ڪُٽنب ۾ ڄائو. علي خامنہ اي اٺن ڀائرن ڀينرن ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو ٻار ھيو. هن جا ٻہ ٻيا ڀائر بہ هن وانگر ايران جا وڏا مذهبي عالم ھيا. سندس ننڍو ڀاءُ هادي خامنہ اي هڪ اخبار جو قابل ايڊيٽر ۽ مولوي ھيو. علي خامنہ ايءَ پرائمري تعليم دوران مذهبي تعليم حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ مدرسي ۾ پڙھڻ ويو. مشھد جي هن مدرسي ۾ ايران جون مشھور شخصيتون حاجي شيخ هاشم قاضيويني ۽ آيت الله ميلاني هن جا معلم رهيا. 1957 ۾ هو نجف هليو ويو جتي هڪ سال جو مختصر عرصو گذارڻ بعد قم ۾ اچي رهائش اختيار ڪئي. جتي هن آيت الله حسين بورجردي ۽ آيت الله روح الله خميني جهڙن شخصيتين جي ڪلاس مان علم پرايو. انکانپوءِ 1963 کان هن اسلامي تحريڪن ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. شھنشاھ پھلوي جو زمانو هو، جنھن کي اهي ڳالهيون پسند نہ هيون ۽ علي خامنہ اي کي ڪيترا دفعا جيل بہ وڃڻو پيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> == اسلامي انقلاب ۾ ڪردار == علي خامنائي ايران جي اسلامي انقلاب جو اهم ڪردار رهيو ۽ امام خميني جي ويجهن ساٿين مان هو. تھران ۾ جمعي نماز جي امام آيت الله حسين علي منتظري جي 1979 ۾ استيفا ڏيڻ بعد امام خمينيءَ علي خامنائي کي ليڊر بنايو.<ref name="الطاف"/> [[عراق ايران جنگ]] ۾ علي خامنائي جنگ جي ميدان ۾ به رهيو ۽ هڪ بم ڦاٽڻ تي هو شديد زخمي ٿي پيو. هن کي ”زندھ شھيد“ جي لقب سان سڏيو ويندو ھيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> == تعليم جو واڌارو == علي خامنائيءَ سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي جي شعبي ۾ ايران جي نوجوانن کي گھڻو اڳيان آندو.<ref name="الطاف"/> هن جو اهو چوڻ ھيو تہ ”زمين هيٺ دٻيل تيل ۽ گئس جو ذخيرو آخر تہ هڪ ڏينھن ختم ٿي ويندو. ان ڪري هينئر کان ئي اسان کي [[نيوڪليئر ٽيڪنالاجي]] جو علم حاصل ڪرڻ کپي ۽ ان مان فائدا حاصل ڪرڻ کپن.“ == لکيل ڪتاب == علي خامنائي جا ڪيترائي ڪتاب ۽ مضمون لکيل آهن جن مان ڪجهہ انگريزي ۾ بہ ترجمو ٿيل آهن.<ref name="الطاف"/> سندس تقريرن ۽ پيغامن جا نو واليوم تعليمي ادارن ۾ پڙهايا بہ وڃن ٿا. عرب ليکڪن سيد قطب، رضي الياسين ۽ عبدالمنيم ناصري جا ڪجهہ ڪتاب علي خامنائي عربي مان فارسي ۾ پڻ ترجمو ڪيا.<ref name="الطاف"/> == قتل == [[File:Ilham Aliyev visited Iranian Embassy in Azerbaijan to offer condolences 3.jpg|thumb|آذربائيجاني صدر [[الهام عليوف]] باڪو ۾ ايراني سفارتخاني جو دورو ڪري رهيو آهي تہ جيئن خامنئي جي لاڏاڻي تي تعزيت جو اظھار ڪري سگهجي، 4 مارچ 2026ع]] 28 فيبروري 2026ع تي، ايران ۾ ڪيترن ئي نشانن تي وڏي پيماني تي [[2026 ايران جنگ|آمريڪي ۽ اسرائيلي ميزائل حملا]] ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Sanya Burgess |author2=Molly Blackall |date=1 March 2026 |title=How Trump and Israel's killing of Khamenei played out – hour by hour |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/trump-israels-killing-khamenei-played-out-4266623 |access-date=2 March 2026 |website=The i Paper |language=en-US |archive-date=3 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260303175231/https://inews.co.uk/news/trump-israels-killing-khamenei-played-out-4266623 |url-status=live }}</ref> ان ڏينھن کانپوءِ، [[رائٽرز]] هڪ گمنام اسرائيلي اهلڪار جي رپورٽ شايع ڪئي جنھن دعويٰ ڪئي تہ خامنئي جو لاش ملي ويو آهي، ۽ هو فوت ٿي چڪو آهي.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Stewart|first=Phil|last2=Hafezi|first2=Parisa|last3=Rose|first3=Emily|last4=Mills|first4=Andrew|date=28 February 2026|title=Iranian leader Khamenei killed in strikes, Israel says|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/irans-supreme-leader-ali-khamenei-194449508.html |access-date=28 February 2026|work=Reuters: [[Yahoo]]|via=www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/israel-us-launch-strikes-iran-2026-02-28/}}</ref> ايراني اسٽيٽ ٽي وي 1 مارچ 2026ع تي صبح جو 5:00 وڳي جي لڳ ڀڳ [[ايران معياري وقت]] مطابق خامنئي جي موت جي تصديق ڪئي.{{efn|[[فارس نيوز ايجنسي]] حملن کانپوءِ سندس ڌيءَ، ناٺي، ننھن ۽ پوٽي جي موت جي خبر ڏني وئي <ref name=Gabrelletal02032026>{{Cite web|author1=Jon Gambrell|author2=Melanie Lidman|author3=Josh Boak|author4=Eric Tucker|date=28 February 2026|title=Iranian state media say country's supreme leader is dead|url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-explosion-tehran-c2f11247d8a66e36929266f2c557a54c|access-date=1 March 2026|website=AP News|language=en|quote=Citing unidentified sources, the semiofficial Fars news agency, believed to be close to the Revolutionary Guard, reported that several relatives of Khamenei were also killed, including a daughter, son-in-law, daughter-in-law and grandchild.|archive-date=28 February 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228082605/https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-explosion-tehran-c2f11247d8a66e36929266f2c557a54c|url-status=live}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2026 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei is dead, state media says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228065750/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Gabrelletal02032026" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2026 |title=Ayatollah Khamenei Death: Official Confirmation |url=https://islamicinfocenter.com/ayatollah-khamenei-death/ |access-date=1 March 2026 |website=Islamic Info Center |language=en |archive-date=2 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260302155943/https://islamicinfocenter.com/ayatollah-khamenei-death/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ٻڌايو ويو تہ خامنئي کي ان وقت قتل ڪيو ويو جڏهن هو پنھنجي آفيس ۾ موجود هو.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Benedict |title=How the US pulled off the assassination of the century |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2026/03/01/how-the-us-pulled-off-the-assassination-of-the-century/ |website=The Telegraph |access-date=4 March 2026 |date=1 March 2026 |archive-date=1 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260301125853/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2026/03/01/how-the-us-pulled-off-the-assassination-of-the-century/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Keane |first1=Isabel |title=Months of CIA tracking and a rare window of opportunity: How the assassination of Ayatollah Khamenei unfolded |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-assassination-airstrikes-b2929787.html |website=The Independent |access-date=4 March 2026 |date=1 March 2026}}</ref> 2 مارچ 2026ع تي، اها تصديق ڪئي وئي تہ خامنئي جي گهر واري، [[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]] حملي ۾ لڳل زخمن جي ڪري ٻن ڏينھن کانپوءِ لاڏاڻو ڪري وئي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ben Ari |first=Lior |date=2 March 2026 |title=Reports in Iran: Khamenei's wife dies from her wounds |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/r9qqou6xc |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=Ynetglobal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/5762788-iran-ali-khamenei-wife-death/|title=Khamenei's wife dies from injuries sustained in US, Israeli attack: State media|first=Tara|last=Suter|publisher=The Hill|date=2 March 2026|accessdate=2 March 2026}}</ref> [[فارس نيوز ايجنسي]] جي مطابق، کيس [[مشھد]] ۾ دفن ڪيو ويندو، جيڪو خامنئي جي پيدائش جو شھر ۽ سندس پيءُ جي وفات جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Brian Osgood |author2=Virginia Pietromarchi |author3=Mariamne Everett |title=Fire contained at US consulate in Dubai after Iranian drone incident |date=3 March 2026 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/3/3/iran-live-news-israel-bombs-tehran-beirut-trump-says-war-to-last-4-weeks |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:اسلامي شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:ايران]] [[زمرو:ايراني شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:ايران جا سپريم ليڊر]] [[زمرو:ايران جي حڪومت]] [[زمرو:ايران جي سياست]] [[زمرو:تازيون وفاتون]] [[زمرو:1939ع جون پيدائشون]] ho4mjvw7xbve8rg1p1og519oyeirlhw 367958 367957 2026-03-28T02:54:42Z Intisar Ali 8681 367958 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | above = Test | label1 = A | data1 = B }} {{Collapsible list | title = Test | list = * A * B * C }} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = {{ubl|[[آيت الله#گرينڊ آيت الله|گرينڊ آيت الله]]|[[سيد]]}} | native_name = <!--خامنئي آذربائيجاني ۽ فارسي نسل مان هو، ۽ هو فارسي ۽ آذربائيجاني ٻئي ٻوليون ڳالهائيندو هو. انهيءَ سبب سندس ڪيترائي مقامي نالا آهن ۽ اهي سڀ هتي نه رکڻ گهرجن.--> | image = Ali Khamenei Nowruz message official portrait 1397 02.jpg<!--اتفاقِ راءِ کان سواءِ تصوير نه بدلائجو--> | alt = 2017ع ۾ 77 ورهين جي خامنئي جي هڪ تصوير | caption = خامنئي 2017ع ۾ | order = ٻيون | office = ايران جو سپريم ليڊر | president = {{Collapsible list|title=''فهرست ڏسو'' | ''هو پاڻ'' | [[اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني]] | [[محمد خاتمي]] | [[محمود احمدي نژاد]] | [[حسن روحاني]] | [[ابراهيم رئيسي]] | [[محمد مخبر]] (قائم مقام) | [[مسعود پزشڪيان]] }} | primeminister = [[مير حسين موسوي]]<br />(آگسٽ 1989ع تائين) | term_start = 4 جون 1989ع{{efn|6 آگسٽ 1989ع تائين [[Acting (law)|قائم مقام]]}} | term_end = 28 فيبروري 2026ع | predecessor = [[روح الله خميني]] | successor = [[مجتبيٰ خامنئي]] | order1 = ٽيون | office1 = ايران جو صدر | 1blankname1 = {{nowrap|سپريم ليڊر}} | 1namedata1 = {{ubl|روح الله خميني|''هو پاڻ''}} | 2blankname1 = وزيراعظم | 2namedata1 = مير حسين موسوي | term_start1 = 9 آڪٽوبر 1981ع | term_end1 = 16 آگسٽ 1989ع | predecessor1 = [[محمد علي رجائي]] | successor1 = اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني {{Collapsed infobox section begin|ٻيا عهدا جيڪي سنڀاليائين|titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey}} | office2 = [[Expediency Discernment Council]] جو پهريون چيئرمين | appointed2 = روح الله خميني | predecessor2 = ''عهدو قائم ڪيو ويو'' | successor2 = اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني | term_start2 = 7 فيبروري 1988ع | term_end2 = 4 جون 1989ع | office3 = [[Assembly of Experts]] جو ميمبر | term_start3 = 15 آگسٽ 1983ع | term_end3 = 4 جون 1989ع | constituency3 = [[تهران صوبو]] | majority3 = 2,800,353 (87.8%)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/520344 |title=چه کسی در نخستین انتخابات خبرگان اول شد؟ +جدول ("Who came first in the first election of the Experts?" )|date=7 January 2014 |url-status=dead |website=mashreghnews.ir |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010024415/https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/520344/%da%86%d9%87-%da%a9%d8%b3%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%86%d8%ae%d8%b3%d8%aa%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ae%d8%a8%d8%b1%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%b4%d8%af-%d8%ac%d8%af%d9%88%d9%84 |archive-date=10 October 2017}}</ref> | office4 = [[اسلامي مشاورتي مجلس]] جو ميمبر | term_start4 = 28 مئي 1980ع | term_end4 = 13 آڪٽوبر 1981ع | constituency4 = [[تهران، ري، شميرانات ۽ اسلامشهر (انتخابي ضلعو)|تهران، ري ۽ شميرانات]] | majority4 = 1,405,976 (65.8%)<ref>{{cite web |title=Parliament members |url=http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/parliament_member/show/762450 |publisher=[[Iranian Majlis]] |access-date=28 October 2014 |language=fa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707095033/http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/parliament_member/show/762450 |archive-date=7 July 2014}}</ref> | office5 = [[تهران جي جمعي نماز جو امام]] | term_start5 = 14 جنوري 1980ع | term_end5 = 28 فيبروري 2026ع | appointer5 = روح الله خميني | 1blankname5 = {{nowrap|عبوري امام}} | 1namedata5 = {{Collapsible list|title=''فهرست ڏسو'' | [[احمد جنتي]] | [[احمد خاتمي]] | [[ڪاظم صديقي]] | [[علي موحدي ڪرماني]] | [[محمد حسن ابوترابي فرد]] | [[محمد جواد حاج علي اڪبري]] }} | predecessor5 = [[حسين علي منتظري]] | successor5 = خالي {{Collapsed infobox section end}} | birth_name = علي حسيني خامنئي | birth_date = {{birth date|1939|04|19|df=y}} | birth_place = [[مشهد]]، [[ايران]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2026|02|28|1939|04|19|df=y}} | death_place = [[تهران]]، ايران | party = {{plainlist| * [[اسلامي ريپبلڪن پارٽي]] (1979ع–1987ع) * [[جنگجو روحاني تنظيم]] (1977ع–1989ع) * [[آزاد سياستدان|آزاد]] (1989ع–2026ع) }} | otherparty = | spouse = {{marriage|[[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]]|1964}} | children = 6، جن ۾ [[مصطفيٰ خامنئي|مصطفيٰ]]، [[مجتبيٰ خامنئي|مجتبيٰ]]، ۽ [[مسعود خامنئي|مسعود]] شامل آهن | father = [[جواد خامنئي]] | mother = خديجه ميردامادي | relatives = [[خامنئي خاندان]] | education = {{ubl|خراسان مدرسا|[[نجف مدرسا]]|[[قم مدرسا]]}} | signature = | website = {{URL|english.khamenei.ir}} | allegiance = <!-- اسلامي جمهوريه ايران --> | branch = {{ubli|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution.svg}} [[اسلامي انقلابي گارڊ ڪور]]|[[غير منظم جنگي هيڊڪوارٽر]]}} | serviceyears = 1979ع–1989ع{{efn|سپريم ليڊر جي حيثيت ۾ هو اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جي هٿياربند فوجن جي سپهه سالار طور سرگرم رهيو.}} | commands = {{flagicon image|Flag of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran.svg}} [[اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جون هٿياربند فوجون]] | battles = {{tree list}} * [[ايران-عراق جنگ]] ** [[آپريشن Samen-ol-A'emeh]]<ref name="raee">{{cite journal |last1=Raee |first1=Sajjad |editor1-last=Ardestani |editor1-first=Hussein |script-title=fa:نقش آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای در دفاع مقدس: سال اول جنگ |journal=Negin-e Iran - Quarterly for Studies of Iran–Iraq War |date=Winter 2008 |volume=7 |issue=26 |pages=9–24 |url=http://www.negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |access-date=15 January 2018 |trans-title=Ayatollah Khamanei's Role in the Sacred Defense - During the First Year |language=fa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428015402/http://negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |archive-date=28 April 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[ٻارهن-ڏينهن واري جنگ]] * [[2026 ايران جنگ]]{{Assassinated|علي خامنئي جو قتل}} {{tree list/end}} | module = {{Infobox religious biography|embed=yes | main_interests = [[اسلامي فقہ جا اصول|اصول الفقه]]، [[تفسير]]<ref name="cgie"/> | notable_ideas = [[علي خامنئي جو ايٽمي هٿيارن خلاف فتويٰ|ايٽمي هٿيارن خلاف فتويٰ]] | religion = [[اسلام]] | denomination = [[اثنا عشري|اثنا عشري شيعا]] | jurisprudence = [[جعفري]] | creed = [[اصولي]] | teacher = {{ubl|[[حسين بروجردي]]|روح الله خميني<ref name="cgie"/>}}}} | module2 = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Ali Khamenei speech at the Hussainiya of Lovers of Karbala, Sari - 14 October 1995 (13740722 2546).wav|title=علي خامنئي جو آواز|type=speech|description=خامنئي [[ساري، ايران|ساري]] ۾<br />حسينيه عاشقانِ ڪربلا ۾ ڳالهائيندي<br />رڪارڊ ٿيل 14 آڪٽوبر 1995ع}} | footnotes = | death_cause = [[علي خامنئي جو قتل|هوائي حملي ذريعي قتل]] }} ''' آيت الله سيد علي حسيني خامنائي''' (1939-2026) [[ايران]] جو ٻيو [[سپريم ليڊر]] (رهبر معظم 237) ھيو. پاڻ 1981 کان 1989 تائين ايران جو [[صدر]] بہ رهيو. [[اسلامي انقلاب]] کان اڳ ۽ شروع وارا ڪجهہ سال ”[[وزيراعظم]]“ جو بہ کين عھدو هيو جيڪو نئين آئين مطابق ختم ڪري وزيراعظم جون ڪيتريون ئي جوابداريون ملڪ جي صدر حوالي ڪيون ويون ۽ صدر جيڪو پھرين فقط نالي ماتر رهيو ٿي يعني علامتي سربراھ طور ۽ سندس ڪي خاص اختيار نہ هئا هاڻ انتظاميہ ۽ ریاست جو سربراھ آهي. هو ملڪ جو سڀ ۾ وڏو چونڊيل نمائندو آهي.<ref name="الطاف">[http://sindhitravelogues.blogspot.com/2011/02/blog-post_9639.html سنڌي سفرناما : خامنائي ۽ خاتمي - الطاف شيخ<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> صدر کانسواءِ ملڪ جو ٻيو سربراه ”رهبر معظم ‎“ يعني سپريم ليڊر سڏجي ٿو. هو ملڪ جي سياسي ۽ مذهبي اٿارٽي مڃيو وڃي ٿو. [[امام خميني]] اسلامي جمهوريہ ايران جو پھريون [[سپريم ليڊر]] هو ۽ 1989 ۾ سندس وفات کان پوءِ 28 فيبروري 2026ع تائين سيد علي حسيني خامنہ اي ايران جو ٻيو سپريم ليڊر ٿيو. سندس تصويرون اڪيلي سر يا امام خميني سان گڏ جتي ڪٿي نظر اينديون. سپريم ليڊر گهڻو ڪري اهو ٿئي ٿو جيڪو عالم دين هجي. سيد علي حسيني خامنہ اي سپريم ليڊر ٿيڻ کان اڳ، امام خميني جي ڏينھن ۾ 1981 کان 1989 تائين ايران جو صدر ٿي رهيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> == پرورش ۽ تعليم == پاڻ 1939ع ۾ [[مشھد|'''مشھد''']] ۾ رهندڙ هڪ آذري ڪُٽنب ۾ ڄائو. علي خامنہ اي اٺن ڀائرن ڀينرن ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو ٻار ھيو. هن جا ٻہ ٻيا ڀائر بہ هن وانگر ايران جا وڏا مذهبي عالم ھيا. سندس ننڍو ڀاءُ هادي خامنہ اي هڪ اخبار جو قابل ايڊيٽر ۽ مولوي ھيو. علي خامنہ ايءَ پرائمري تعليم دوران مذهبي تعليم حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ مدرسي ۾ پڙھڻ ويو. مشھد جي هن مدرسي ۾ ايران جون مشھور شخصيتون حاجي شيخ هاشم قاضيويني ۽ آيت الله ميلاني هن جا معلم رهيا. 1957 ۾ هو نجف هليو ويو جتي هڪ سال جو مختصر عرصو گذارڻ بعد قم ۾ اچي رهائش اختيار ڪئي. جتي هن آيت الله حسين بورجردي ۽ آيت الله روح الله خميني جهڙن شخصيتين جي ڪلاس مان علم پرايو. انکانپوءِ 1963 کان هن اسلامي تحريڪن ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. شھنشاھ پھلوي جو زمانو هو، جنھن کي اهي ڳالهيون پسند نہ هيون ۽ علي خامنہ اي کي ڪيترا دفعا جيل بہ وڃڻو پيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> == اسلامي انقلاب ۾ ڪردار == علي خامنائي ايران جي اسلامي انقلاب جو اهم ڪردار رهيو ۽ امام خميني جي ويجهن ساٿين مان هو. تھران ۾ جمعي نماز جي امام آيت الله حسين علي منتظري جي 1979 ۾ استيفا ڏيڻ بعد امام خمينيءَ علي خامنائي کي ليڊر بنايو.<ref name="الطاف"/> [[عراق ايران جنگ]] ۾ علي خامنائي جنگ جي ميدان ۾ به رهيو ۽ هڪ بم ڦاٽڻ تي هو شديد زخمي ٿي پيو. هن کي ”زندھ شھيد“ جي لقب سان سڏيو ويندو ھيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> == تعليم جو واڌارو == علي خامنائيءَ سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي جي شعبي ۾ ايران جي نوجوانن کي گھڻو اڳيان آندو.<ref name="الطاف"/> هن جو اهو چوڻ ھيو تہ ”زمين هيٺ دٻيل تيل ۽ گئس جو ذخيرو آخر تہ هڪ ڏينھن ختم ٿي ويندو. ان ڪري هينئر کان ئي اسان کي [[نيوڪليئر ٽيڪنالاجي]] جو علم حاصل ڪرڻ کپي ۽ ان مان فائدا حاصل ڪرڻ کپن.“ == لکيل ڪتاب == علي خامنائي جا ڪيترائي ڪتاب ۽ مضمون لکيل آهن جن مان ڪجهہ انگريزي ۾ بہ ترجمو ٿيل آهن.<ref name="الطاف"/> سندس تقريرن ۽ پيغامن جا نو واليوم تعليمي ادارن ۾ پڙهايا بہ وڃن ٿا. عرب ليکڪن سيد قطب، رضي الياسين ۽ عبدالمنيم ناصري جا ڪجهہ ڪتاب علي خامنائي عربي مان فارسي ۾ پڻ ترجمو ڪيا.<ref name="الطاف"/> == قتل == [[File:Ilham Aliyev visited Iranian Embassy in Azerbaijan to offer condolences 3.jpg|thumb|آذربائيجاني صدر [[الهام عليوف]] باڪو ۾ ايراني سفارتخاني جو دورو ڪري رهيو آهي تہ جيئن خامنئي جي لاڏاڻي تي تعزيت جو اظھار ڪري سگهجي، 4 مارچ 2026ع]] 28 فيبروري 2026ع تي، ايران ۾ ڪيترن ئي نشانن تي وڏي پيماني تي [[2026 ايران جنگ|آمريڪي ۽ اسرائيلي ميزائل حملا]] ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Sanya Burgess |author2=Molly Blackall |date=1 March 2026 |title=How Trump and Israel's killing of Khamenei played out – hour by hour |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/trump-israels-killing-khamenei-played-out-4266623 |access-date=2 March 2026 |website=The i Paper |language=en-US |archive-date=3 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260303175231/https://inews.co.uk/news/trump-israels-killing-khamenei-played-out-4266623 |url-status=live }}</ref> ان ڏينھن کانپوءِ، [[رائٽرز]] هڪ گمنام اسرائيلي اهلڪار جي رپورٽ شايع ڪئي جنھن دعويٰ ڪئي تہ خامنئي جو لاش ملي ويو آهي، ۽ هو فوت ٿي چڪو آهي.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Stewart|first=Phil|last2=Hafezi|first2=Parisa|last3=Rose|first3=Emily|last4=Mills|first4=Andrew|date=28 February 2026|title=Iranian leader Khamenei killed in strikes, Israel says|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/irans-supreme-leader-ali-khamenei-194449508.html |access-date=28 February 2026|work=Reuters: [[Yahoo]]|via=www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/israel-us-launch-strikes-iran-2026-02-28/}}</ref> ايراني اسٽيٽ ٽي وي 1 مارچ 2026ع تي صبح جو 5:00 وڳي جي لڳ ڀڳ [[ايران معياري وقت]] مطابق خامنئي جي موت جي تصديق ڪئي.{{efn|[[فارس نيوز ايجنسي]] حملن کانپوءِ سندس ڌيءَ، ناٺي، ننھن ۽ پوٽي جي موت جي خبر ڏني وئي <ref name=Gabrelletal02032026>{{Cite web|author1=Jon Gambrell|author2=Melanie Lidman|author3=Josh Boak|author4=Eric Tucker|date=28 February 2026|title=Iranian state media say country's supreme leader is dead|url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-explosion-tehran-c2f11247d8a66e36929266f2c557a54c|access-date=1 March 2026|website=AP News|language=en|quote=Citing unidentified sources, the semiofficial Fars news agency, believed to be close to the Revolutionary Guard, reported that several relatives of Khamenei were also killed, including a daughter, son-in-law, daughter-in-law and grandchild.|archive-date=28 February 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228082605/https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-explosion-tehran-c2f11247d8a66e36929266f2c557a54c|url-status=live}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2026 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei is dead, state media says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228065750/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Gabrelletal02032026" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2026 |title=Ayatollah Khamenei Death: Official Confirmation |url=https://islamicinfocenter.com/ayatollah-khamenei-death/ |access-date=1 March 2026 |website=Islamic Info Center |language=en |archive-date=2 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260302155943/https://islamicinfocenter.com/ayatollah-khamenei-death/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ٻڌايو ويو تہ خامنئي کي ان وقت قتل ڪيو ويو جڏهن هو پنھنجي آفيس ۾ موجود هو.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Benedict |title=How the US pulled off the assassination of the century |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2026/03/01/how-the-us-pulled-off-the-assassination-of-the-century/ |website=The Telegraph |access-date=4 March 2026 |date=1 March 2026 |archive-date=1 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260301125853/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2026/03/01/how-the-us-pulled-off-the-assassination-of-the-century/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Keane |first1=Isabel |title=Months of CIA tracking and a rare window of opportunity: How the assassination of Ayatollah Khamenei unfolded |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-assassination-airstrikes-b2929787.html |website=The Independent |access-date=4 March 2026 |date=1 March 2026}}</ref> 2 مارچ 2026ع تي، اها تصديق ڪئي وئي تہ خامنئي جي گهر واري، [[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]] حملي ۾ لڳل زخمن جي ڪري ٻن ڏينھن کانپوءِ لاڏاڻو ڪري وئي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ben Ari |first=Lior |date=2 March 2026 |title=Reports in Iran: Khamenei's wife dies from her wounds |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/r9qqou6xc |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=Ynetglobal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/5762788-iran-ali-khamenei-wife-death/|title=Khamenei's wife dies from injuries sustained in US, Israeli attack: State media|first=Tara|last=Suter|publisher=The Hill|date=2 March 2026|accessdate=2 March 2026}}</ref> [[فارس نيوز ايجنسي]] جي مطابق، کيس [[مشھد]] ۾ دفن ڪيو ويندو، جيڪو خامنئي جي پيدائش جو شھر ۽ سندس پيءُ جي وفات جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Brian Osgood |author2=Virginia Pietromarchi |author3=Mariamne Everett |title=Fire contained at US consulate in Dubai after Iranian drone incident |date=3 March 2026 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/3/3/iran-live-news-israel-bombs-tehran-beirut-trump-says-war-to-last-4-weeks |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:اسلامي شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:ايران]] [[زمرو:ايراني شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:ايران جا سپريم ليڊر]] [[زمرو:ايران جي حڪومت]] [[زمرو:ايران جي سياست]] [[زمرو:تازيون وفاتون]] [[زمرو:1939ع جون پيدائشون]] h79uairaayo6wj10b3g6j0vizwcrl13 367959 367958 2026-03-28T02:58:34Z Intisar Ali 8681 367959 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | above = Test | label1 = A | data1 = B }} {{Collapsible list | title = Test | list = * A * B * C }} {{Collapsible list | title = Test | list = * A * B * C }} {{Collapsible list | title = Test | 1 = A | 2 = B | 3 = C }} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = {{ubl|[[آيت الله#گرينڊ آيت الله|گرينڊ آيت الله]]|[[سيد]]}} | native_name = <!--خامنئي آذربائيجاني ۽ فارسي نسل مان هو، ۽ هو فارسي ۽ آذربائيجاني ٻئي ٻوليون ڳالهائيندو هو. انهيءَ سبب سندس ڪيترائي مقامي نالا آهن ۽ اهي سڀ هتي نه رکڻ گهرجن.--> | image = Ali Khamenei Nowruz message official portrait 1397 02.jpg<!--اتفاقِ راءِ کان سواءِ تصوير نه بدلائجو--> | alt = 2017ع ۾ 77 ورهين جي خامنئي جي هڪ تصوير | caption = خامنئي 2017ع ۾ | order = ٻيون | office = ايران جو سپريم ليڊر | president = {{Collapsible list|title=''فهرست ڏسو'' | ''هو پاڻ'' | [[اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني]] | [[محمد خاتمي]] | [[محمود احمدي نژاد]] | [[حسن روحاني]] | [[ابراهيم رئيسي]] | [[محمد مخبر]] (قائم مقام) | [[مسعود پزشڪيان]] }} | primeminister = [[مير حسين موسوي]]<br />(آگسٽ 1989ع تائين) | term_start = 4 جون 1989ع{{efn|6 آگسٽ 1989ع تائين [[Acting (law)|قائم مقام]]}} | term_end = 28 فيبروري 2026ع | predecessor = [[روح الله خميني]] | successor = [[مجتبيٰ خامنئي]] | order1 = ٽيون | office1 = ايران جو صدر | 1blankname1 = {{nowrap|سپريم ليڊر}} | 1namedata1 = {{ubl|روح الله خميني|''هو پاڻ''}} | 2blankname1 = وزيراعظم | 2namedata1 = مير حسين موسوي | term_start1 = 9 آڪٽوبر 1981ع | term_end1 = 16 آگسٽ 1989ع | predecessor1 = [[محمد علي رجائي]] | successor1 = اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني {{Collapsed infobox section begin|ٻيا عهدا جيڪي سنڀاليائين|titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey}} | office2 = [[Expediency Discernment Council]] جو پهريون چيئرمين | appointed2 = روح الله خميني | predecessor2 = ''عهدو قائم ڪيو ويو'' | successor2 = اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني | term_start2 = 7 فيبروري 1988ع | term_end2 = 4 جون 1989ع | office3 = [[Assembly of Experts]] جو ميمبر | term_start3 = 15 آگسٽ 1983ع | term_end3 = 4 جون 1989ع | constituency3 = [[تهران صوبو]] | majority3 = 2,800,353 (87.8%)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/520344 |title=چه کسی در نخستین انتخابات خبرگان اول شد؟ +جدول ("Who came first in the first election of the Experts?" )|date=7 January 2014 |url-status=dead |website=mashreghnews.ir |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010024415/https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/520344/%da%86%d9%87-%da%a9%d8%b3%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%86%d8%ae%d8%b3%d8%aa%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ae%d8%a8%d8%b1%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%b4%d8%af-%d8%ac%d8%af%d9%88%d9%84 |archive-date=10 October 2017}}</ref> | office4 = [[اسلامي مشاورتي مجلس]] جو ميمبر | term_start4 = 28 مئي 1980ع | term_end4 = 13 آڪٽوبر 1981ع | constituency4 = [[تهران، ري، شميرانات ۽ اسلامشهر (انتخابي ضلعو)|تهران، ري ۽ شميرانات]] | majority4 = 1,405,976 (65.8%)<ref>{{cite web |title=Parliament members |url=http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/parliament_member/show/762450 |publisher=[[Iranian Majlis]] |access-date=28 October 2014 |language=fa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707095033/http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/parliament_member/show/762450 |archive-date=7 July 2014}}</ref> | office5 = [[تهران جي جمعي نماز جو امام]] | term_start5 = 14 جنوري 1980ع | term_end5 = 28 فيبروري 2026ع | appointer5 = روح الله خميني | 1blankname5 = {{nowrap|عبوري امام}} | 1namedata5 = {{Collapsible list|title=''فهرست ڏسو'' | [[احمد جنتي]] | [[احمد خاتمي]] | [[ڪاظم صديقي]] | [[علي موحدي ڪرماني]] | [[محمد حسن ابوترابي فرد]] | [[محمد جواد حاج علي اڪبري]] }} | predecessor5 = [[حسين علي منتظري]] | successor5 = خالي {{Collapsed infobox section end}} | birth_name = علي حسيني خامنئي | birth_date = {{birth date|1939|04|19|df=y}} | birth_place = [[مشهد]]، [[ايران]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2026|02|28|1939|04|19|df=y}} | death_place = [[تهران]]، ايران | party = {{plainlist| * [[اسلامي ريپبلڪن پارٽي]] (1979ع–1987ع) * [[جنگجو روحاني تنظيم]] (1977ع–1989ع) * [[آزاد سياستدان|آزاد]] (1989ع–2026ع) }} | otherparty = | spouse = {{marriage|[[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]]|1964}} | children = 6، جن ۾ [[مصطفيٰ خامنئي|مصطفيٰ]]، [[مجتبيٰ خامنئي|مجتبيٰ]]، ۽ [[مسعود خامنئي|مسعود]] شامل آهن | father = [[جواد خامنئي]] | mother = خديجه ميردامادي | relatives = [[خامنئي خاندان]] | education = {{ubl|خراسان مدرسا|[[نجف مدرسا]]|[[قم مدرسا]]}} | signature = | website = {{URL|english.khamenei.ir}} | allegiance = <!-- اسلامي جمهوريه ايران --> | branch = {{ubli|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution.svg}} [[اسلامي انقلابي گارڊ ڪور]]|[[غير منظم جنگي هيڊڪوارٽر]]}} | serviceyears = 1979ع–1989ع{{efn|سپريم ليڊر جي حيثيت ۾ هو اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جي هٿياربند فوجن جي سپهه سالار طور سرگرم رهيو.}} | commands = {{flagicon image|Flag of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran.svg}} [[اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جون هٿياربند فوجون]] | battles = {{tree list}} * [[ايران-عراق جنگ]] ** [[آپريشن Samen-ol-A'emeh]]<ref name="raee">{{cite journal |last1=Raee |first1=Sajjad |editor1-last=Ardestani |editor1-first=Hussein |script-title=fa:نقش آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای در دفاع مقدس: سال اول جنگ |journal=Negin-e Iran - Quarterly for Studies of Iran–Iraq War |date=Winter 2008 |volume=7 |issue=26 |pages=9–24 |url=http://www.negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |access-date=15 January 2018 |trans-title=Ayatollah Khamanei's Role in the Sacred Defense - During the First Year |language=fa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428015402/http://negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |archive-date=28 April 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[ٻارهن-ڏينهن واري جنگ]] * [[2026 ايران جنگ]]{{Assassinated|علي خامنئي جو قتل}} {{tree list/end}} | module = {{Infobox religious biography|embed=yes | main_interests = [[اسلامي فقہ جا اصول|اصول الفقه]]، [[تفسير]]<ref name="cgie"/> | notable_ideas = [[علي خامنئي جو ايٽمي هٿيارن خلاف فتويٰ|ايٽمي هٿيارن خلاف فتويٰ]] | religion = [[اسلام]] | denomination = [[اثنا عشري|اثنا عشري شيعا]] | jurisprudence = [[جعفري]] | creed = [[اصولي]] | teacher = {{ubl|[[حسين بروجردي]]|روح الله خميني<ref name="cgie"/>}}}} | module2 = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Ali Khamenei speech at the Hussainiya of Lovers of Karbala, Sari - 14 October 1995 (13740722 2546).wav|title=علي خامنئي جو آواز|type=speech|description=خامنئي [[ساري، ايران|ساري]] ۾<br />حسينيه عاشقانِ ڪربلا ۾ ڳالهائيندي<br />رڪارڊ ٿيل 14 آڪٽوبر 1995ع}} | footnotes = | death_cause = [[علي خامنئي جو قتل|هوائي حملي ذريعي قتل]] }} ''' آيت الله سيد علي حسيني خامنائي''' (1939-2026) [[ايران]] جو ٻيو [[سپريم ليڊر]] (رهبر معظم 237) ھيو. پاڻ 1981 کان 1989 تائين ايران جو [[صدر]] بہ رهيو. [[اسلامي انقلاب]] کان اڳ ۽ شروع وارا ڪجهہ سال ”[[وزيراعظم]]“ جو بہ کين عھدو هيو جيڪو نئين آئين مطابق ختم ڪري وزيراعظم جون ڪيتريون ئي جوابداريون ملڪ جي صدر حوالي ڪيون ويون ۽ صدر جيڪو پھرين فقط نالي ماتر رهيو ٿي يعني علامتي سربراھ طور ۽ سندس ڪي خاص اختيار نہ هئا هاڻ انتظاميہ ۽ ریاست جو سربراھ آهي. هو ملڪ جو سڀ ۾ وڏو چونڊيل نمائندو آهي.<ref name="الطاف">[http://sindhitravelogues.blogspot.com/2011/02/blog-post_9639.html سنڌي سفرناما : خامنائي ۽ خاتمي - الطاف شيخ<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> صدر کانسواءِ ملڪ جو ٻيو سربراه ”رهبر معظم ‎“ يعني سپريم ليڊر سڏجي ٿو. هو ملڪ جي سياسي ۽ مذهبي اٿارٽي مڃيو وڃي ٿو. [[امام خميني]] اسلامي جمهوريہ ايران جو پھريون [[سپريم ليڊر]] هو ۽ 1989 ۾ سندس وفات کان پوءِ 28 فيبروري 2026ع تائين سيد علي حسيني خامنہ اي ايران جو ٻيو سپريم ليڊر ٿيو. سندس تصويرون اڪيلي سر يا امام خميني سان گڏ جتي ڪٿي نظر اينديون. سپريم ليڊر گهڻو ڪري اهو ٿئي ٿو جيڪو عالم دين هجي. سيد علي حسيني خامنہ اي سپريم ليڊر ٿيڻ کان اڳ، امام خميني جي ڏينھن ۾ 1981 کان 1989 تائين ايران جو صدر ٿي رهيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> == پرورش ۽ تعليم == پاڻ 1939ع ۾ [[مشھد|'''مشھد''']] ۾ رهندڙ هڪ آذري ڪُٽنب ۾ ڄائو. علي خامنہ اي اٺن ڀائرن ڀينرن ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو ٻار ھيو. هن جا ٻہ ٻيا ڀائر بہ هن وانگر ايران جا وڏا مذهبي عالم ھيا. سندس ننڍو ڀاءُ هادي خامنہ اي هڪ اخبار جو قابل ايڊيٽر ۽ مولوي ھيو. علي خامنہ ايءَ پرائمري تعليم دوران مذهبي تعليم حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ مدرسي ۾ پڙھڻ ويو. مشھد جي هن مدرسي ۾ ايران جون مشھور شخصيتون حاجي شيخ هاشم قاضيويني ۽ آيت الله ميلاني هن جا معلم رهيا. 1957 ۾ هو نجف هليو ويو جتي هڪ سال جو مختصر عرصو گذارڻ بعد قم ۾ اچي رهائش اختيار ڪئي. جتي هن آيت الله حسين بورجردي ۽ آيت الله روح الله خميني جهڙن شخصيتين جي ڪلاس مان علم پرايو. انکانپوءِ 1963 کان هن اسلامي تحريڪن ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. شھنشاھ پھلوي جو زمانو هو، جنھن کي اهي ڳالهيون پسند نہ هيون ۽ علي خامنہ اي کي ڪيترا دفعا جيل بہ وڃڻو پيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> == اسلامي انقلاب ۾ ڪردار == علي خامنائي ايران جي اسلامي انقلاب جو اهم ڪردار رهيو ۽ امام خميني جي ويجهن ساٿين مان هو. تھران ۾ جمعي نماز جي امام آيت الله حسين علي منتظري جي 1979 ۾ استيفا ڏيڻ بعد امام خمينيءَ علي خامنائي کي ليڊر بنايو.<ref name="الطاف"/> [[عراق ايران جنگ]] ۾ علي خامنائي جنگ جي ميدان ۾ به رهيو ۽ هڪ بم ڦاٽڻ تي هو شديد زخمي ٿي پيو. هن کي ”زندھ شھيد“ جي لقب سان سڏيو ويندو ھيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> == تعليم جو واڌارو == علي خامنائيءَ سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي جي شعبي ۾ ايران جي نوجوانن کي گھڻو اڳيان آندو.<ref name="الطاف"/> هن جو اهو چوڻ ھيو تہ ”زمين هيٺ دٻيل تيل ۽ گئس جو ذخيرو آخر تہ هڪ ڏينھن ختم ٿي ويندو. ان ڪري هينئر کان ئي اسان کي [[نيوڪليئر ٽيڪنالاجي]] جو علم حاصل ڪرڻ کپي ۽ ان مان فائدا حاصل ڪرڻ کپن.“ == لکيل ڪتاب == علي خامنائي جا ڪيترائي ڪتاب ۽ مضمون لکيل آهن جن مان ڪجهہ انگريزي ۾ بہ ترجمو ٿيل آهن.<ref name="الطاف"/> سندس تقريرن ۽ پيغامن جا نو واليوم تعليمي ادارن ۾ پڙهايا بہ وڃن ٿا. عرب ليکڪن سيد قطب، رضي الياسين ۽ عبدالمنيم ناصري جا ڪجهہ ڪتاب علي خامنائي عربي مان فارسي ۾ پڻ ترجمو ڪيا.<ref name="الطاف"/> == قتل == [[File:Ilham Aliyev visited Iranian Embassy in Azerbaijan to offer condolences 3.jpg|thumb|آذربائيجاني صدر [[الهام عليوف]] باڪو ۾ ايراني سفارتخاني جو دورو ڪري رهيو آهي تہ جيئن خامنئي جي لاڏاڻي تي تعزيت جو اظھار ڪري سگهجي، 4 مارچ 2026ع]] 28 فيبروري 2026ع تي، ايران ۾ ڪيترن ئي نشانن تي وڏي پيماني تي [[2026 ايران جنگ|آمريڪي ۽ اسرائيلي ميزائل حملا]] ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Sanya Burgess |author2=Molly Blackall |date=1 March 2026 |title=How Trump and Israel's killing of Khamenei played out – hour by hour |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/trump-israels-killing-khamenei-played-out-4266623 |access-date=2 March 2026 |website=The i Paper |language=en-US |archive-date=3 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260303175231/https://inews.co.uk/news/trump-israels-killing-khamenei-played-out-4266623 |url-status=live }}</ref> ان ڏينھن کانپوءِ، [[رائٽرز]] هڪ گمنام اسرائيلي اهلڪار جي رپورٽ شايع ڪئي جنھن دعويٰ ڪئي تہ خامنئي جو لاش ملي ويو آهي، ۽ هو فوت ٿي چڪو آهي.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Stewart|first=Phil|last2=Hafezi|first2=Parisa|last3=Rose|first3=Emily|last4=Mills|first4=Andrew|date=28 February 2026|title=Iranian leader Khamenei killed in strikes, Israel says|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/irans-supreme-leader-ali-khamenei-194449508.html |access-date=28 February 2026|work=Reuters: [[Yahoo]]|via=www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/israel-us-launch-strikes-iran-2026-02-28/}}</ref> ايراني اسٽيٽ ٽي وي 1 مارچ 2026ع تي صبح جو 5:00 وڳي جي لڳ ڀڳ [[ايران معياري وقت]] مطابق خامنئي جي موت جي تصديق ڪئي.{{efn|[[فارس نيوز ايجنسي]] حملن کانپوءِ سندس ڌيءَ، ناٺي، ننھن ۽ پوٽي جي موت جي خبر ڏني وئي <ref name=Gabrelletal02032026>{{Cite web|author1=Jon Gambrell|author2=Melanie Lidman|author3=Josh Boak|author4=Eric Tucker|date=28 February 2026|title=Iranian state media say country's supreme leader is dead|url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-explosion-tehran-c2f11247d8a66e36929266f2c557a54c|access-date=1 March 2026|website=AP News|language=en|quote=Citing unidentified sources, the semiofficial Fars news agency, believed to be close to the Revolutionary Guard, reported that several relatives of Khamenei were also killed, including a daughter, son-in-law, daughter-in-law and grandchild.|archive-date=28 February 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228082605/https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-explosion-tehran-c2f11247d8a66e36929266f2c557a54c|url-status=live}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2026 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei is dead, state media says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228065750/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Gabrelletal02032026" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2026 |title=Ayatollah Khamenei Death: Official Confirmation |url=https://islamicinfocenter.com/ayatollah-khamenei-death/ |access-date=1 March 2026 |website=Islamic Info Center |language=en |archive-date=2 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260302155943/https://islamicinfocenter.com/ayatollah-khamenei-death/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ٻڌايو ويو تہ خامنئي کي ان وقت قتل ڪيو ويو جڏهن هو پنھنجي آفيس ۾ موجود هو.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Benedict |title=How the US pulled off the assassination of the century |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2026/03/01/how-the-us-pulled-off-the-assassination-of-the-century/ |website=The Telegraph |access-date=4 March 2026 |date=1 March 2026 |archive-date=1 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260301125853/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2026/03/01/how-the-us-pulled-off-the-assassination-of-the-century/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Keane |first1=Isabel |title=Months of CIA tracking and a rare window of opportunity: How the assassination of Ayatollah Khamenei unfolded |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-assassination-airstrikes-b2929787.html |website=The Independent |access-date=4 March 2026 |date=1 March 2026}}</ref> 2 مارچ 2026ع تي، اها تصديق ڪئي وئي تہ خامنئي جي گهر واري، [[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]] حملي ۾ لڳل زخمن جي ڪري ٻن ڏينھن کانپوءِ لاڏاڻو ڪري وئي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ben Ari |first=Lior |date=2 March 2026 |title=Reports in Iran: Khamenei's wife dies from her wounds |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/r9qqou6xc |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=Ynetglobal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/5762788-iran-ali-khamenei-wife-death/|title=Khamenei's wife dies from injuries sustained in US, Israeli attack: State media|first=Tara|last=Suter|publisher=The Hill|date=2 March 2026|accessdate=2 March 2026}}</ref> [[فارس نيوز ايجنسي]] جي مطابق، کيس [[مشھد]] ۾ دفن ڪيو ويندو، جيڪو خامنئي جي پيدائش جو شھر ۽ سندس پيءُ جي وفات جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Brian Osgood |author2=Virginia Pietromarchi |author3=Mariamne Everett |title=Fire contained at US consulate in Dubai after Iranian drone incident |date=3 March 2026 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/3/3/iran-live-news-israel-bombs-tehran-beirut-trump-says-war-to-last-4-weeks |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:اسلامي شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:ايران]] [[زمرو:ايراني شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:ايران جا سپريم ليڊر]] [[زمرو:ايران جي حڪومت]] [[زمرو:ايران جي سياست]] [[زمرو:تازيون وفاتون]] [[زمرو:1939ع جون پيدائشون]] 6snmxkzn546v2xtn2bp0gu4ua4n3jrp 367966 367959 2026-03-28T04:12:12Z Intisar Ali 8681 367966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | above = Test | label1 = A | data1 = B }} {{Collapsible list | title = Test | 1 = A | 2 = B | 3 = C }} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = {{ubl|[[آيت الله#گرينڊ آيت الله|گرينڊ آيت الله]]|[[سيد]]}} | native_name = <!--خامنئي آذربائيجاني ۽ فارسي نسل مان هو، ۽ هو فارسي ۽ آذربائيجاني ٻئي ٻوليون ڳالهائيندو هو. انهيءَ سبب سندس ڪيترائي مقامي نالا آهن ۽ اهي سڀ هتي نه رکڻ گهرجن.--> | image = Ali Khamenei Nowruz message official portrait 1397 02.jpg<!--اتفاقِ راءِ کان سواءِ تصوير نه بدلائجو--> | alt = 2017ع ۾ 77 ورهين جي خامنئي جي هڪ تصوير | caption = خامنئي 2017ع ۾ | order = ٻيون | office = ايران جو سپريم ليڊر | president = {{Collapsible list|title=''فهرست ڏسو'' | ''هو پاڻ'' | [[اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني]] | [[محمد خاتمي]] | [[محمود احمدي نژاد]] | [[حسن روحاني]] | [[ابراهيم رئيسي]] | [[محمد مخبر]] (قائم مقام) | [[مسعود پزشڪيان]] }} | primeminister = [[مير حسين موسوي]]<br />(آگسٽ 1989ع تائين) | term_start = 4 جون 1989ع{{efn|6 آگسٽ 1989ع تائين [[Acting (law)|قائم مقام]]}} | term_end = 28 فيبروري 2026ع | predecessor = [[روح الله خميني]] | successor = [[مجتبيٰ خامنئي]] | order1 = ٽيون | office1 = ايران جو صدر | 1blankname1 = {{nowrap|سپريم ليڊر}} | 1namedata1 = {{ubl|روح الله خميني|''هو پاڻ''}} | 2blankname1 = وزيراعظم | 2namedata1 = مير حسين موسوي | term_start1 = 9 آڪٽوبر 1981ع | term_end1 = 16 آگسٽ 1989ع | predecessor1 = [[محمد علي رجائي]] | successor1 = اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني {{Collapsed infobox section begin|ٻيا عهدا جيڪي سنڀاليائين|titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey}} | office2 = [[Expediency Discernment Council]] جو پهريون چيئرمين | appointed2 = روح الله خميني | predecessor2 = ''عهدو قائم ڪيو ويو'' | successor2 = اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني | term_start2 = 7 فيبروري 1988ع | term_end2 = 4 جون 1989ع | office3 = [[Assembly of Experts]] جو ميمبر | term_start3 = 15 آگسٽ 1983ع | term_end3 = 4 جون 1989ع | constituency3 = [[تهران صوبو]] | majority3 = 2,800,353 (87.8%)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/520344 |title=چه کسی در نخستین انتخابات خبرگان اول شد؟ +جدول ("Who came first in the first election of the Experts?" )|date=7 January 2014 |url-status=dead |website=mashreghnews.ir |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010024415/https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/520344/%da%86%d9%87-%da%a9%d8%b3%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%86%d8%ae%d8%b3%d8%aa%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ae%d8%a8%d8%b1%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%b4%d8%af-%d8%ac%d8%af%d9%88%d9%84 |archive-date=10 October 2017}}</ref> | office4 = [[اسلامي مشاورتي مجلس]] جو ميمبر | term_start4 = 28 مئي 1980ع | term_end4 = 13 آڪٽوبر 1981ع | constituency4 = [[تهران، ري، شميرانات ۽ اسلامشهر (انتخابي ضلعو)|تهران، ري ۽ شميرانات]] | majority4 = 1,405,976 (65.8%)<ref>{{cite web |title=Parliament members |url=http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/parliament_member/show/762450 |publisher=[[Iranian Majlis]] |access-date=28 October 2014 |language=fa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707095033/http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/parliament_member/show/762450 |archive-date=7 July 2014}}</ref> | office5 = [[تهران جي جمعي نماز جو امام]] | term_start5 = 14 جنوري 1980ع | term_end5 = 28 فيبروري 2026ع | appointer5 = روح الله خميني | 1blankname5 = {{nowrap|عبوري امام}} | 1namedata5 = {{Collapsible list|title=''فهرست ڏسو'' | [[احمد جنتي]] | [[احمد خاتمي]] | [[ڪاظم صديقي]] | [[علي موحدي ڪرماني]] | [[محمد حسن ابوترابي فرد]] | [[محمد جواد حاج علي اڪبري]] }} | predecessor5 = [[حسين علي منتظري]] | successor5 = خالي {{Collapsed infobox section end}} | birth_name = علي حسيني خامنئي | birth_date = {{birth date|1939|04|19|df=y}} | birth_place = [[مشهد]]، [[ايران]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2026|02|28|1939|04|19|df=y}} | death_place = [[تهران]]، ايران | party = {{plainlist| * [[اسلامي ريپبلڪن پارٽي]] (1979ع–1987ع) * [[جنگجو روحاني تنظيم]] (1977ع–1989ع) * [[آزاد سياستدان|آزاد]] (1989ع–2026ع) }} | otherparty = | spouse = {{marriage|[[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]]|1964}} | children = 6، جن ۾ [[مصطفيٰ خامنئي|مصطفيٰ]]، [[مجتبيٰ خامنئي|مجتبيٰ]]، ۽ [[مسعود خامنئي|مسعود]] شامل آهن | father = [[جواد خامنئي]] | mother = خديجه ميردامادي | relatives = [[خامنئي خاندان]] | education = {{ubl|خراسان مدرسا|[[نجف مدرسا]]|[[قم مدرسا]]}} | signature = | website = {{URL|english.khamenei.ir}} | allegiance = <!-- اسلامي جمهوريه ايران --> | branch = {{ubli|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution.svg}} [[اسلامي انقلابي گارڊ ڪور]]|[[غير منظم جنگي هيڊڪوارٽر]]}} | serviceyears = 1979ع–1989ع{{efn|سپريم ليڊر جي حيثيت ۾ هو اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جي هٿياربند فوجن جي سپهه سالار طور سرگرم رهيو.}} | commands = {{flagicon image|Flag of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran.svg}} [[اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جون هٿياربند فوجون]] | battles = {{tree list}} * [[ايران-عراق جنگ]] ** [[آپريشن Samen-ol-A'emeh]]<ref name="raee">{{cite journal |last1=Raee |first1=Sajjad |editor1-last=Ardestani |editor1-first=Hussein |script-title=fa:نقش آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای در دفاع مقدس: سال اول جنگ |journal=Negin-e Iran - Quarterly for Studies of Iran–Iraq War |date=Winter 2008 |volume=7 |issue=26 |pages=9–24 |url=http://www.negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |access-date=15 January 2018 |trans-title=Ayatollah Khamanei's Role in the Sacred Defense - During the First Year |language=fa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428015402/http://negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |archive-date=28 April 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[ٻارهن-ڏينهن واري جنگ]] * [[2026 ايران جنگ]]{{Assassinated|علي خامنئي جو قتل}} {{tree list/end}} | module = {{Infobox religious biography|embed=yes | main_interests = [[اسلامي فقہ جا اصول|اصول الفقه]]، [[تفسير]]<ref name="cgie"/> | notable_ideas = [[علي خامنئي جو ايٽمي هٿيارن خلاف فتويٰ|ايٽمي هٿيارن خلاف فتويٰ]] | religion = [[اسلام]] | denomination = [[اثنا عشري|اثنا عشري شيعا]] | jurisprudence = [[جعفري]] | creed = [[اصولي]] | teacher = {{ubl|[[حسين بروجردي]]|روح الله خميني<ref name="cgie"/>}}}} | module2 = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Ali Khamenei speech at the Hussainiya of Lovers of Karbala, Sari - 14 October 1995 (13740722 2546).wav|title=علي خامنئي جو آواز|type=speech|description=خامنئي [[ساري، ايران|ساري]] ۾<br />حسينيه عاشقانِ ڪربلا ۾ ڳالهائيندي<br />رڪارڊ ٿيل 14 آڪٽوبر 1995ع}} | footnotes = | death_cause = [[علي خامنئي جو قتل|هوائي حملي ذريعي قتل]] }} ''' آيت الله سيد علي حسيني خامنائي''' (1939-2026) [[ايران]] جو ٻيو [[سپريم ليڊر]] (رهبر معظم 237) ھيو. پاڻ 1981 کان 1989 تائين ايران جو [[صدر]] بہ رهيو. [[اسلامي انقلاب]] کان اڳ ۽ شروع وارا ڪجهہ سال ”[[وزيراعظم]]“ جو بہ کين عھدو هيو جيڪو نئين آئين مطابق ختم ڪري وزيراعظم جون ڪيتريون ئي جوابداريون ملڪ جي صدر حوالي ڪيون ويون ۽ صدر جيڪو پھرين فقط نالي ماتر رهيو ٿي يعني علامتي سربراھ طور ۽ سندس ڪي خاص اختيار نہ هئا هاڻ انتظاميہ ۽ ریاست جو سربراھ آهي. هو ملڪ جو سڀ ۾ وڏو چونڊيل نمائندو آهي.<ref name="الطاف">[http://sindhitravelogues.blogspot.com/2011/02/blog-post_9639.html سنڌي سفرناما : خامنائي ۽ خاتمي - الطاف شيخ<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> صدر کانسواءِ ملڪ جو ٻيو سربراه ”رهبر معظم ‎“ يعني سپريم ليڊر سڏجي ٿو. هو ملڪ جي سياسي ۽ مذهبي اٿارٽي مڃيو وڃي ٿو. [[امام خميني]] اسلامي جمهوريہ ايران جو پھريون [[سپريم ليڊر]] هو ۽ 1989 ۾ سندس وفات کان پوءِ 28 فيبروري 2026ع تائين سيد علي حسيني خامنہ اي ايران جو ٻيو سپريم ليڊر ٿيو. سندس تصويرون اڪيلي سر يا امام خميني سان گڏ جتي ڪٿي نظر اينديون. سپريم ليڊر گهڻو ڪري اهو ٿئي ٿو جيڪو عالم دين هجي. سيد علي حسيني خامنہ اي سپريم ليڊر ٿيڻ کان اڳ، امام خميني جي ڏينھن ۾ 1981 کان 1989 تائين ايران جو صدر ٿي رهيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> == پرورش ۽ تعليم == پاڻ 1939ع ۾ [[مشھد|'''مشھد''']] ۾ رهندڙ هڪ آذري ڪُٽنب ۾ ڄائو. علي خامنہ اي اٺن ڀائرن ڀينرن ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو ٻار ھيو. هن جا ٻہ ٻيا ڀائر بہ هن وانگر ايران جا وڏا مذهبي عالم ھيا. سندس ننڍو ڀاءُ هادي خامنہ اي هڪ اخبار جو قابل ايڊيٽر ۽ مولوي ھيو. علي خامنہ ايءَ پرائمري تعليم دوران مذهبي تعليم حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ مدرسي ۾ پڙھڻ ويو. مشھد جي هن مدرسي ۾ ايران جون مشھور شخصيتون حاجي شيخ هاشم قاضيويني ۽ آيت الله ميلاني هن جا معلم رهيا. 1957 ۾ هو نجف هليو ويو جتي هڪ سال جو مختصر عرصو گذارڻ بعد قم ۾ اچي رهائش اختيار ڪئي. جتي هن آيت الله حسين بورجردي ۽ آيت الله روح الله خميني جهڙن شخصيتين جي ڪلاس مان علم پرايو. انکانپوءِ 1963 کان هن اسلامي تحريڪن ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. شھنشاھ پھلوي جو زمانو هو، جنھن کي اهي ڳالهيون پسند نہ هيون ۽ علي خامنہ اي کي ڪيترا دفعا جيل بہ وڃڻو پيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> == اسلامي انقلاب ۾ ڪردار == علي خامنائي ايران جي اسلامي انقلاب جو اهم ڪردار رهيو ۽ امام خميني جي ويجهن ساٿين مان هو. تھران ۾ جمعي نماز جي امام آيت الله حسين علي منتظري جي 1979 ۾ استيفا ڏيڻ بعد امام خمينيءَ علي خامنائي کي ليڊر بنايو.<ref name="الطاف"/> [[عراق ايران جنگ]] ۾ علي خامنائي جنگ جي ميدان ۾ به رهيو ۽ هڪ بم ڦاٽڻ تي هو شديد زخمي ٿي پيو. هن کي ”زندھ شھيد“ جي لقب سان سڏيو ويندو ھيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> == تعليم جو واڌارو == علي خامنائيءَ سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي جي شعبي ۾ ايران جي نوجوانن کي گھڻو اڳيان آندو.<ref name="الطاف"/> هن جو اهو چوڻ ھيو تہ ”زمين هيٺ دٻيل تيل ۽ گئس جو ذخيرو آخر تہ هڪ ڏينھن ختم ٿي ويندو. ان ڪري هينئر کان ئي اسان کي [[نيوڪليئر ٽيڪنالاجي]] جو علم حاصل ڪرڻ کپي ۽ ان مان فائدا حاصل ڪرڻ کپن.“ == لکيل ڪتاب == علي خامنائي جا ڪيترائي ڪتاب ۽ مضمون لکيل آهن جن مان ڪجهہ انگريزي ۾ بہ ترجمو ٿيل آهن.<ref name="الطاف"/> سندس تقريرن ۽ پيغامن جا نو واليوم تعليمي ادارن ۾ پڙهايا بہ وڃن ٿا. عرب ليکڪن سيد قطب، رضي الياسين ۽ عبدالمنيم ناصري جا ڪجهہ ڪتاب علي خامنائي عربي مان فارسي ۾ پڻ ترجمو ڪيا.<ref name="الطاف"/> == قتل == [[File:Ilham Aliyev visited Iranian Embassy in Azerbaijan to offer condolences 3.jpg|thumb|آذربائيجاني صدر [[الهام عليوف]] باڪو ۾ ايراني سفارتخاني جو دورو ڪري رهيو آهي تہ جيئن خامنئي جي لاڏاڻي تي تعزيت جو اظھار ڪري سگهجي، 4 مارچ 2026ع]] 28 فيبروري 2026ع تي، ايران ۾ ڪيترن ئي نشانن تي وڏي پيماني تي [[2026 ايران جنگ|آمريڪي ۽ اسرائيلي ميزائل حملا]] ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Sanya Burgess |author2=Molly Blackall |date=1 March 2026 |title=How Trump and Israel's killing of Khamenei played out – hour by hour |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/trump-israels-killing-khamenei-played-out-4266623 |access-date=2 March 2026 |website=The i Paper |language=en-US |archive-date=3 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260303175231/https://inews.co.uk/news/trump-israels-killing-khamenei-played-out-4266623 |url-status=live }}</ref> ان ڏينھن کانپوءِ، [[رائٽرز]] هڪ گمنام اسرائيلي اهلڪار جي رپورٽ شايع ڪئي جنھن دعويٰ ڪئي تہ خامنئي جو لاش ملي ويو آهي، ۽ هو فوت ٿي چڪو آهي.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Stewart|first=Phil|last2=Hafezi|first2=Parisa|last3=Rose|first3=Emily|last4=Mills|first4=Andrew|date=28 February 2026|title=Iranian leader Khamenei killed in strikes, Israel says|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/irans-supreme-leader-ali-khamenei-194449508.html |access-date=28 February 2026|work=Reuters: [[Yahoo]]|via=www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/israel-us-launch-strikes-iran-2026-02-28/}}</ref> ايراني اسٽيٽ ٽي وي 1 مارچ 2026ع تي صبح جو 5:00 وڳي جي لڳ ڀڳ [[ايران معياري وقت]] مطابق خامنئي جي موت جي تصديق ڪئي.{{efn|[[فارس نيوز ايجنسي]] حملن کانپوءِ سندس ڌيءَ، ناٺي، ننھن ۽ پوٽي جي موت جي خبر ڏني وئي <ref name=Gabrelletal02032026>{{Cite web|author1=Jon Gambrell|author2=Melanie Lidman|author3=Josh Boak|author4=Eric Tucker|date=28 February 2026|title=Iranian state media say country's supreme leader is dead|url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-explosion-tehran-c2f11247d8a66e36929266f2c557a54c|access-date=1 March 2026|website=AP News|language=en|quote=Citing unidentified sources, the semiofficial Fars news agency, believed to be close to the Revolutionary Guard, reported that several relatives of Khamenei were also killed, including a daughter, son-in-law, daughter-in-law and grandchild.|archive-date=28 February 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228082605/https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-explosion-tehran-c2f11247d8a66e36929266f2c557a54c|url-status=live}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2026 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei is dead, state media says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228065750/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Gabrelletal02032026" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2026 |title=Ayatollah Khamenei Death: Official Confirmation |url=https://islamicinfocenter.com/ayatollah-khamenei-death/ |access-date=1 March 2026 |website=Islamic Info Center |language=en |archive-date=2 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260302155943/https://islamicinfocenter.com/ayatollah-khamenei-death/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ٻڌايو ويو تہ خامنئي کي ان وقت قتل ڪيو ويو جڏهن هو پنھنجي آفيس ۾ موجود هو.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Benedict |title=How the US pulled off the assassination of the century |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2026/03/01/how-the-us-pulled-off-the-assassination-of-the-century/ |website=The Telegraph |access-date=4 March 2026 |date=1 March 2026 |archive-date=1 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260301125853/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2026/03/01/how-the-us-pulled-off-the-assassination-of-the-century/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Keane |first1=Isabel |title=Months of CIA tracking and a rare window of opportunity: How the assassination of Ayatollah Khamenei unfolded |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-assassination-airstrikes-b2929787.html |website=The Independent |access-date=4 March 2026 |date=1 March 2026}}</ref> 2 مارچ 2026ع تي، اها تصديق ڪئي وئي تہ خامنئي جي گهر واري، [[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]] حملي ۾ لڳل زخمن جي ڪري ٻن ڏينھن کانپوءِ لاڏاڻو ڪري وئي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ben Ari |first=Lior |date=2 March 2026 |title=Reports in Iran: Khamenei's wife dies from her wounds |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/r9qqou6xc |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=Ynetglobal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/5762788-iran-ali-khamenei-wife-death/|title=Khamenei's wife dies from injuries sustained in US, Israeli attack: State media|first=Tara|last=Suter|publisher=The Hill|date=2 March 2026|accessdate=2 March 2026}}</ref> [[فارس نيوز ايجنسي]] جي مطابق، کيس [[مشھد]] ۾ دفن ڪيو ويندو، جيڪو خامنئي جي پيدائش جو شھر ۽ سندس پيءُ جي وفات جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Brian Osgood |author2=Virginia Pietromarchi |author3=Mariamne Everett |title=Fire contained at US consulate in Dubai after Iranian drone incident |date=3 March 2026 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/3/3/iran-live-news-israel-bombs-tehran-beirut-trump-says-war-to-last-4-weeks |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:اسلامي شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:ايران]] [[زمرو:ايراني شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:ايران جا سپريم ليڊر]] [[زمرو:ايران جي حڪومت]] [[زمرو:ايران جي سياست]] [[زمرو:تازيون وفاتون]] [[زمرو:1939ع جون پيدائشون]] kx2z9heotfh607br59s46txxshxxiw3 367983 367966 2026-03-28T05:40:09Z Intisar Ali 8681 367983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = {{ubl|[[آيت الله#گرينڊ آيت الله|گرينڊ آيت الله]]|[[سيد]]}} | native_name = <!--خامنئي آذربائيجاني ۽ فارسي نسل مان هو، ۽ هو فارسي ۽ آذربائيجاني ٻئي ٻوليون ڳالهائيندو هو. انهيءَ سبب سندس ڪيترائي مقامي نالا آهن ۽ اهي سڀ هتي نه رکڻ گهرجن.--> | image = Ali Khamenei Nowruz message official portrait 1397 02.jpg<!--اتفاقِ راءِ کان سواءِ تصوير نه بدلائجو--> | alt = 2017ع ۾ 77 ورهين جي خامنئي جي هڪ تصوير | caption = خامنئي 2017ع ۾ | order = ٻيون | office = ايران جو سپريم ليڊر | president = {{Collapsible list|title=''فهرست ڏسو'' | ''هو پاڻ'' | [[اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني]] | [[محمد خاتمي]] | [[محمود احمدي نژاد]] | [[حسن روحاني]] | [[ابراهيم رئيسي]] | [[محمد مخبر]] (قائم مقام) | [[مسعود پزشڪيان]] }} | primeminister = [[مير حسين موسوي]]<br />(آگسٽ 1989ع تائين) | term_start = 4 جون 1989ع{{efn|6 آگسٽ 1989ع تائين [[Acting (law)|قائم مقام]]}} | term_end = 28 فيبروري 2026ع | predecessor = [[روح الله خميني]] | successor = [[مجتبيٰ خامنئي]] | order1 = ٽيون | office1 = ايران جو صدر | 1blankname1 = {{nowrap|سپريم ليڊر}} | 1namedata1 = {{ubl|روح الله خميني|''هو پاڻ''}} | 2blankname1 = وزيراعظم | 2namedata1 = مير حسين موسوي | term_start1 = 9 آڪٽوبر 1981ع | term_end1 = 16 آگسٽ 1989ع | predecessor1 = [[محمد علي رجائي]] | successor1 = اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني {{Collapsed infobox section begin|ٻيا عهدا جيڪي سنڀاليائين|titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey}} | office2 = [[Expediency Discernment Council]] جو پهريون چيئرمين | appointed2 = روح الله خميني | predecessor2 = ''عهدو قائم ڪيو ويو'' | successor2 = اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني | term_start2 = 7 فيبروري 1988ع | term_end2 = 4 جون 1989ع | office3 = [[Assembly of Experts]] جو ميمبر | term_start3 = 15 آگسٽ 1983ع | term_end3 = 4 جون 1989ع | constituency3 = [[تهران صوبو]] | majority3 = 2,800,353 (87.8%)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/520344 |title=چه کسی در نخستین انتخابات خبرگان اول شد؟ +جدول ("Who came first in the first election of the Experts?" )|date=7 January 2014 |url-status=dead |website=mashreghnews.ir |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010024415/https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/520344/%da%86%d9%87-%da%a9%d8%b3%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%86%d8%ae%d8%b3%d8%aa%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ae%d8%a8%d8%b1%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%b4%d8%af-%d8%ac%d8%af%d9%88%d9%84 |archive-date=10 October 2017}}</ref> | office4 = [[اسلامي مشاورتي مجلس]] جو ميمبر | term_start4 = 28 مئي 1980ع | term_end4 = 13 آڪٽوبر 1981ع | constituency4 = [[تهران، ري، شميرانات ۽ اسلامشهر (انتخابي ضلعو)|تهران، ري ۽ شميرانات]] | majority4 = 1,405,976 (65.8%)<ref>{{cite web |title=Parliament members |url=http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/parliament_member/show/762450 |publisher=[[Iranian Majlis]] |access-date=28 October 2014 |language=fa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707095033/http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/parliament_member/show/762450 |archive-date=7 July 2014}}</ref> | office5 = [[تهران جي جمعي نماز جو امام]] | term_start5 = 14 جنوري 1980ع | term_end5 = 28 فيبروري 2026ع | appointer5 = روح الله خميني | 1blankname5 = {{nowrap|عبوري امام}} | 1namedata5 = {{Collapsible list|title=''فهرست ڏسو'' | [[احمد جنتي]] | [[احمد خاتمي]] | [[ڪاظم صديقي]] | [[علي موحدي ڪرماني]] | [[محمد حسن ابوترابي فرد]] | [[محمد جواد حاج علي اڪبري]] }} | predecessor5 = [[حسين علي منتظري]] | successor5 = خالي {{Collapsed infobox section end}} | birth_name = علي حسيني خامنئي | birth_date = {{birth date|1939|04|19|df=y}} | birth_place = [[مشهد]]، [[ايران]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2026|02|28|1939|04|19|df=y}} | death_place = [[تهران]]، ايران | party = {{plainlist| * [[اسلامي ريپبلڪن پارٽي]] (1979ع–1987ع) * [[جنگجو روحاني تنظيم]] (1977ع–1989ع) * [[آزاد سياستدان|آزاد]] (1989ع–2026ع) }} | otherparty = | spouse = {{marriage|[[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]]|1964}} | children = 6، جن ۾ [[مصطفيٰ خامنئي|مصطفيٰ]]، [[مجتبيٰ خامنئي|مجتبيٰ]]، ۽ [[مسعود خامنئي|مسعود]] شامل آهن | father = [[جواد خامنئي]] | mother = خديجه ميردامادي | relatives = [[خامنئي خاندان]] | education = {{ubl|خراسان مدرسا|[[نجف مدرسا]]|[[قم مدرسا]]}} | signature = | website = {{URL|english.khamenei.ir}} | allegiance = <!-- اسلامي جمهوريه ايران --> | branch = {{ubli|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution.svg}} [[اسلامي انقلابي گارڊ ڪور]]|[[غير منظم جنگي هيڊڪوارٽر]]}} | serviceyears = 1979ع–1989ع{{efn|سپريم ليڊر جي حيثيت ۾ هو اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جي هٿياربند فوجن جي سپهه سالار طور سرگرم رهيو.}} | commands = {{flagicon image|Flag of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran.svg}} [[اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جون هٿياربند فوجون]] | battles = {{tree list}} * [[ايران-عراق جنگ]] ** [[آپريشن Samen-ol-A'emeh]]<ref name="raee">{{cite journal |last1=Raee |first1=Sajjad |editor1-last=Ardestani |editor1-first=Hussein |script-title=fa:نقش آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای در دفاع مقدس: سال اول جنگ |journal=Negin-e Iran - Quarterly for Studies of Iran–Iraq War |date=Winter 2008 |volume=7 |issue=26 |pages=9–24 |url=http://www.negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |access-date=15 January 2018 |trans-title=Ayatollah Khamanei's Role in the Sacred Defense - During the First Year |language=fa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428015402/http://negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |archive-date=28 April 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[ٻارهن-ڏينهن واري جنگ]] * [[2026 ايران جنگ]]{{Assassinated|علي خامنئي جو قتل}} {{tree list/end}} | module = {{Infobox religious biography|embed=yes | main_interests = [[اسلامي فقہ جا اصول|اصول الفقه]]، [[تفسير]]<ref name="cgie"/> | notable_ideas = [[علي خامنئي جو ايٽمي هٿيارن خلاف فتويٰ|ايٽمي هٿيارن خلاف فتويٰ]] | religion = [[اسلام]] | denomination = [[اثنا عشري|اثنا عشري شيعا]] | jurisprudence = [[جعفري]] | creed = [[اصولي]] | teacher = {{ubl|[[حسين بروجردي]]|روح الله خميني<ref name="cgie"/>}}}} | module2 = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Ali Khamenei speech at the Hussainiya of Lovers of Karbala, Sari - 14 October 1995 (13740722 2546).wav|title=علي خامنئي جو آواز|type=speech|description=خامنئي [[ساري، ايران|ساري]] ۾<br />حسينيه عاشقانِ ڪربلا ۾ ڳالهائيندي<br />رڪارڊ ٿيل 14 آڪٽوبر 1995ع}} | footnotes = | death_cause = [[علي خامنئي جو قتل|هوائي حملي ذريعي قتل]] }} ''' آيت الله سيد علي حسيني خامنائي''' (1939-2026) [[ايران]] جو ٻيو [[سپريم ليڊر]] (رهبر معظم 237) ھيو. پاڻ 1981 کان 1989 تائين ايران جو [[صدر]] بہ رهيو. [[اسلامي انقلاب]] کان اڳ ۽ شروع وارا ڪجهہ سال ”[[وزيراعظم]]“ جو بہ کين عھدو هيو جيڪو نئين آئين مطابق ختم ڪري وزيراعظم جون ڪيتريون ئي جوابداريون ملڪ جي صدر حوالي ڪيون ويون ۽ صدر جيڪو پھرين فقط نالي ماتر رهيو ٿي يعني علامتي سربراھ طور ۽ سندس ڪي خاص اختيار نہ هئا هاڻ انتظاميہ ۽ ریاست جو سربراھ آهي. هو ملڪ جو سڀ ۾ وڏو چونڊيل نمائندو آهي.<ref name="الطاف">[http://sindhitravelogues.blogspot.com/2011/02/blog-post_9639.html سنڌي سفرناما : خامنائي ۽ خاتمي - الطاف شيخ<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> صدر کانسواءِ ملڪ جو ٻيو سربراه ”رهبر معظم ‎“ يعني سپريم ليڊر سڏجي ٿو. هو ملڪ جي سياسي ۽ مذهبي اٿارٽي مڃيو وڃي ٿو. [[امام خميني]] اسلامي جمهوريہ ايران جو پھريون [[سپريم ليڊر]] هو ۽ 1989 ۾ سندس وفات کان پوءِ 28 فيبروري 2026ع تائين سيد علي حسيني خامنہ اي ايران جو ٻيو سپريم ليڊر ٿيو. سندس تصويرون اڪيلي سر يا امام خميني سان گڏ جتي ڪٿي نظر اينديون. سپريم ليڊر گهڻو ڪري اهو ٿئي ٿو جيڪو عالم دين هجي. سيد علي حسيني خامنہ اي سپريم ليڊر ٿيڻ کان اڳ، امام خميني جي ڏينھن ۾ 1981 کان 1989 تائين ايران جو صدر ٿي رهيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> == پرورش ۽ تعليم == پاڻ 1939ع ۾ [[مشھد|'''مشھد''']] ۾ رهندڙ هڪ آذري ڪُٽنب ۾ ڄائو. علي خامنہ اي اٺن ڀائرن ڀينرن ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو ٻار ھيو. هن جا ٻہ ٻيا ڀائر بہ هن وانگر ايران جا وڏا مذهبي عالم ھيا. سندس ننڍو ڀاءُ هادي خامنہ اي هڪ اخبار جو قابل ايڊيٽر ۽ مولوي ھيو. علي خامنہ ايءَ پرائمري تعليم دوران مذهبي تعليم حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ مدرسي ۾ پڙھڻ ويو. مشھد جي هن مدرسي ۾ ايران جون مشھور شخصيتون حاجي شيخ هاشم قاضيويني ۽ آيت الله ميلاني هن جا معلم رهيا. 1957 ۾ هو نجف هليو ويو جتي هڪ سال جو مختصر عرصو گذارڻ بعد قم ۾ اچي رهائش اختيار ڪئي. جتي هن آيت الله حسين بورجردي ۽ آيت الله روح الله خميني جهڙن شخصيتين جي ڪلاس مان علم پرايو. انکانپوءِ 1963 کان هن اسلامي تحريڪن ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. شھنشاھ پھلوي جو زمانو هو، جنھن کي اهي ڳالهيون پسند نہ هيون ۽ علي خامنہ اي کي ڪيترا دفعا جيل بہ وڃڻو پيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> == اسلامي انقلاب ۾ ڪردار == علي خامنائي ايران جي اسلامي انقلاب جو اهم ڪردار رهيو ۽ امام خميني جي ويجهن ساٿين مان هو. تھران ۾ جمعي نماز جي امام آيت الله حسين علي منتظري جي 1979 ۾ استيفا ڏيڻ بعد امام خمينيءَ علي خامنائي کي ليڊر بنايو.<ref name="الطاف"/> [[عراق ايران جنگ]] ۾ علي خامنائي جنگ جي ميدان ۾ به رهيو ۽ هڪ بم ڦاٽڻ تي هو شديد زخمي ٿي پيو. هن کي ”زندھ شھيد“ جي لقب سان سڏيو ويندو ھيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> == تعليم جو واڌارو == علي خامنائيءَ سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي جي شعبي ۾ ايران جي نوجوانن کي گھڻو اڳيان آندو.<ref name="الطاف"/> هن جو اهو چوڻ ھيو تہ ”زمين هيٺ دٻيل تيل ۽ گئس جو ذخيرو آخر تہ هڪ ڏينھن ختم ٿي ويندو. ان ڪري هينئر کان ئي اسان کي [[نيوڪليئر ٽيڪنالاجي]] جو علم حاصل ڪرڻ کپي ۽ ان مان فائدا حاصل ڪرڻ کپن.“ == لکيل ڪتاب == علي خامنائي جا ڪيترائي ڪتاب ۽ مضمون لکيل آهن جن مان ڪجهہ انگريزي ۾ بہ ترجمو ٿيل آهن.<ref name="الطاف"/> سندس تقريرن ۽ پيغامن جا نو واليوم تعليمي ادارن ۾ پڙهايا بہ وڃن ٿا. عرب ليکڪن سيد قطب، رضي الياسين ۽ عبدالمنيم ناصري جا ڪجهہ ڪتاب علي خامنائي عربي مان فارسي ۾ پڻ ترجمو ڪيا.<ref name="الطاف"/> == قتل == [[File:Ilham Aliyev visited Iranian Embassy in Azerbaijan to offer condolences 3.jpg|thumb|آذربائيجاني صدر [[الهام عليوف]] باڪو ۾ ايراني سفارتخاني جو دورو ڪري رهيو آهي تہ جيئن خامنئي جي لاڏاڻي تي تعزيت جو اظھار ڪري سگهجي، 4 مارچ 2026ع]] 28 فيبروري 2026ع تي، ايران ۾ ڪيترن ئي نشانن تي وڏي پيماني تي [[2026 ايران جنگ|آمريڪي ۽ اسرائيلي ميزائل حملا]] ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Sanya Burgess |author2=Molly Blackall |date=1 March 2026 |title=How Trump and Israel's killing of Khamenei played out – hour by hour |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/trump-israels-killing-khamenei-played-out-4266623 |access-date=2 March 2026 |website=The i Paper |language=en-US |archive-date=3 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260303175231/https://inews.co.uk/news/trump-israels-killing-khamenei-played-out-4266623 |url-status=live }}</ref> ان ڏينھن کانپوءِ، [[رائٽرز]] هڪ گمنام اسرائيلي اهلڪار جي رپورٽ شايع ڪئي جنھن دعويٰ ڪئي تہ خامنئي جو لاش ملي ويو آهي، ۽ هو فوت ٿي چڪو آهي.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Stewart|first=Phil|last2=Hafezi|first2=Parisa|last3=Rose|first3=Emily|last4=Mills|first4=Andrew|date=28 February 2026|title=Iranian leader Khamenei killed in strikes, Israel says|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/irans-supreme-leader-ali-khamenei-194449508.html |access-date=28 February 2026|work=Reuters: [[Yahoo]]|via=www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/israel-us-launch-strikes-iran-2026-02-28/}}</ref> ايراني اسٽيٽ ٽي وي 1 مارچ 2026ع تي صبح جو 5:00 وڳي جي لڳ ڀڳ [[ايران معياري وقت]] مطابق خامنئي جي موت جي تصديق ڪئي.{{efn|[[فارس نيوز ايجنسي]] حملن کانپوءِ سندس ڌيءَ، ناٺي، ننھن ۽ پوٽي جي موت جي خبر ڏني وئي <ref name=Gabrelletal02032026>{{Cite web|author1=Jon Gambrell|author2=Melanie Lidman|author3=Josh Boak|author4=Eric Tucker|date=28 February 2026|title=Iranian state media say country's supreme leader is dead|url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-explosion-tehran-c2f11247d8a66e36929266f2c557a54c|access-date=1 March 2026|website=AP News|language=en|quote=Citing unidentified sources, the semiofficial Fars news agency, believed to be close to the Revolutionary Guard, reported that several relatives of Khamenei were also killed, including a daughter, son-in-law, daughter-in-law and grandchild.|archive-date=28 February 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228082605/https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-explosion-tehran-c2f11247d8a66e36929266f2c557a54c|url-status=live}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2026 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei is dead, state media says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228065750/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Gabrelletal02032026" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2026 |title=Ayatollah Khamenei Death: Official Confirmation |url=https://islamicinfocenter.com/ayatollah-khamenei-death/ |access-date=1 March 2026 |website=Islamic Info Center |language=en |archive-date=2 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260302155943/https://islamicinfocenter.com/ayatollah-khamenei-death/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ٻڌايو ويو تہ خامنئي کي ان وقت قتل ڪيو ويو جڏهن هو پنھنجي آفيس ۾ موجود هو.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Benedict |title=How the US pulled off the assassination of the century |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2026/03/01/how-the-us-pulled-off-the-assassination-of-the-century/ |website=The Telegraph |access-date=4 March 2026 |date=1 March 2026 |archive-date=1 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260301125853/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2026/03/01/how-the-us-pulled-off-the-assassination-of-the-century/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Keane |first1=Isabel |title=Months of CIA tracking and a rare window of opportunity: How the assassination of Ayatollah Khamenei unfolded |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-assassination-airstrikes-b2929787.html |website=The Independent |access-date=4 March 2026 |date=1 March 2026}}</ref> 2 مارچ 2026ع تي، اها تصديق ڪئي وئي تہ خامنئي جي گهر واري، [[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]] حملي ۾ لڳل زخمن جي ڪري ٻن ڏينھن کانپوءِ لاڏاڻو ڪري وئي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ben Ari |first=Lior |date=2 March 2026 |title=Reports in Iran: Khamenei's wife dies from her wounds |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/r9qqou6xc |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=Ynetglobal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/5762788-iran-ali-khamenei-wife-death/|title=Khamenei's wife dies from injuries sustained in US, Israeli attack: State media|first=Tara|last=Suter|publisher=The Hill|date=2 March 2026|accessdate=2 March 2026}}</ref> [[فارس نيوز ايجنسي]] جي مطابق، کيس [[مشھد]] ۾ دفن ڪيو ويندو، جيڪو خامنئي جي پيدائش جو شھر ۽ سندس پيءُ جي وفات جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Brian Osgood |author2=Virginia Pietromarchi |author3=Mariamne Everett |title=Fire contained at US consulate in Dubai after Iranian drone incident |date=3 March 2026 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/3/3/iran-live-news-israel-bombs-tehran-beirut-trump-says-war-to-last-4-weeks |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:اسلامي شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:ايران]] [[زمرو:ايراني شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:ايران جا سپريم ليڊر]] [[زمرو:ايران جي حڪومت]] [[زمرو:ايران جي سياست]] [[زمرو:تازيون وفاتون]] [[زمرو:1939ع جون پيدائشون]] sioww3h7b1dcfmy3y3vevz5dalu4gvu 367984 367983 2026-03-28T05:41:17Z Intisar Ali 8681 367984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = {{ubl|[[آيت الله#گرينڊ آيت الله|گرينڊ آيت الله]]|[[سيد]]}} | native_name = <!--خامنئي آذربائيجاني ۽ فارسي نسل مان هو، ۽ هو فارسي ۽ آذربائيجاني ٻئي ٻوليون ڳالهائيندو هو. انهيءَ سبب سندس ڪيترائي مقامي نالا آهن ۽ اهي سڀ هتي نه رکڻ گهرجن.--> | image = Ali Khamenei Nowruz message official portrait 1397 02.jpg<!--اتفاقِ راءِ کان سواءِ تصوير نه بدلائجو--> | alt = 2017ع ۾ 77 ورهين جي خامنئي جي هڪ تصوير | caption = خامنئي 2017ع ۾ | order = ٻيون | office = ايران جو سپريم ليڊر | president = {{Collapsible list|title=''فهرست ڏسو'' | ''هو پاڻ'' | [[اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني]] | [[محمد خاتمي]] | [[محمود احمدي نژاد]] | [[حسن روحاني]] | [[ابراهيم رئيسي]] | [[محمد مخبر]] (قائم مقام) | [[مسعود پزشڪيان]] }} | primeminister = [[مير حسين موسوي]]<br />(آگسٽ 1989ع تائين) | term_start = 4 جون 1989ع{{efn|6 آگسٽ 1989ع تائين [[Acting (law)|قائم مقام]]}} | term_end = 28 فيبروري 2026ع | predecessor = [[روح الله خميني]] | successor = [[مجتبيٰ خامنئي]] | order1 = ٽيون | office1 = ايران جو صدر | 1blankname1 = {{nowrap|سپريم ليڊر}} | 1namedata1 = {{ubl|روح الله خميني|''هو پاڻ''}} | 2blankname1 = وزيراعظم | 2namedata1 = مير حسين موسوي | term_start1 = 9 آڪٽوبر 1981ع | term_end1 = 16 آگسٽ 1989ع | predecessor1 = [[محمد علي رجائي]] | successor1 = اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني {{Collapsed infobox section begin|ٻيا عهدا جيڪي سنڀاليائين|titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey}} | office2 = [[Expediency Discernment Council]] جو پهريون چيئرمين | appointed2 = روح الله خميني | predecessor2 = ''عهدو قائم ڪيو ويو'' | successor2 = اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني | term_start2 = 7 فيبروري 1988ع | term_end2 = 4 جون 1989ع | office3 = [[Assembly of Experts]] جو ميمبر | term_start3 = 15 آگسٽ 1983ع | term_end3 = 4 جون 1989ع | constituency3 = [[تهران صوبو]] | majority3 = 2,800,353 (87.8%)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/520344 |title=چه کسی در نخستین انتخابات خبرگان اول شد؟ +جدول ("Who came first in the first election of the Experts?" )|date=7 January 2014 |url-status=dead |website=mashreghnews.ir |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010024415/https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/520344/%da%86%d9%87-%da%a9%d8%b3%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%86%d8%ae%d8%b3%d8%aa%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ae%d8%a8%d8%b1%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%b4%d8%af-%d8%ac%d8%af%d9%88%d9%84 |archive-date=10 October 2017}}</ref> | office4 = [[اسلامي مشاورتي مجلس]] جو ميمبر | term_start4 = 28 مئي 1980ع | term_end4 = 13 آڪٽوبر 1981ع | constituency4 = [[تهران، ري، شميرانات ۽ اسلامشهر (انتخابي ضلعو)|تهران، ري ۽ شميرانات]] | majority4 = 1,405,976 (65.8%)<ref>{{cite web |title=Parliament members |url=http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/parliament_member/show/762450 |publisher=[[Iranian Majlis]] |access-date=28 October 2014 |language=fa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707095033/http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/parliament_member/show/762450 |archive-date=7 July 2014}}</ref> | office5 = [[تهران جي جمعي نماز جو امام]] | term_start5 = 14 جنوري 1980ع | term_end5 = 28 فيبروري 2026ع | appointer5 = روح الله خميني | 1blankname5 = {{nowrap|عبوري امام}} | 1namedata5 = {{Collapsible list|title=''فهرست ڏسو'' | [[احمد جنتي]] | [[احمد خاتمي]] | [[ڪاظم صديقي]] | [[علي موحدي ڪرماني]] | [[محمد حسن ابوترابي فرد]] | [[محمد جواد حاج علي اڪبري]] }} | predecessor5 = [[حسين علي منتظري]] | successor5 = خالي {{Collapsed infobox section end}} | birth_name = علي حسيني خامنئي | birth_date = {{birth date|1939|04|19|df=y}} | birth_place = [[مشهد]]، [[ايران]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2026|02|28|1939|04|19|df=y}} | death_place = [[تهران]]، ايران | party = {{plainlist| * [[اسلامي ريپبلڪن پارٽي]] (1979ع–1987ع) * [[جنگجو روحاني تنظيم]] (1977ع–1989ع) * [[آزاد سياستدان|آزاد]] (1989ع–2026ع) }} | otherparty = | spouse = {{marriage|[[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]]|1964}} | children = 6، جن ۾ [[مصطفيٰ خامنئي|مصطفيٰ]]، [[مجتبيٰ خامنئي|مجتبيٰ]]، ۽ [[مسعود خامنئي|مسعود]] شامل آهن | father = [[جواد خامنئي]] | mother = خديجه ميردامادي | relatives = [[خامنئي خاندان]] | education = {{ubl|خراسان مدرسا|[[نجف مدرسا]]|[[قم مدرسا]]}} | signature = | website = {{URL|english.khamenei.ir}} | allegiance = <!-- اسلامي جمهوريه ايران --> | branch = {{ubli|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution.svg}} [[اسلامي انقلابي گارڊ ڪور]]|[[غير منظم جنگي هيڊڪوارٽر]]}} | serviceyears = 1979ع–1989ع{{efn|سپريم ليڊر جي حيثيت ۾ هو اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جي هٿياربند فوجن جي سپهه سالار طور سرگرم رهيو.}} | commands = {{flagicon image|Flag of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran.svg}} [[اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جون هٿياربند فوجون]] | battles = {{tree list}} * [[ايران-عراق جنگ]] ** [[آپريشن Samen-ol-A'emeh]]<ref name="raee">{{cite journal |last1=Raee |first1=Sajjad |editor1-last=Ardestani |editor1-first=Hussein |script-title=fa:نقش آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای در دفاع مقدس: سال اول جنگ |journal=Negin-e Iran - Quarterly for Studies of Iran–Iraq War |date=Winter 2008 |volume=7 |issue=26 |pages=9–24 |url=http://www.negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |access-date=15 January 2018 |trans-title=Ayatollah Khamanei's Role in the Sacred Defense - During the First Year |language=fa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428015402/http://negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |archive-date=28 April 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[ٻارهن-ڏينهن واري جنگ]] * [[2026 ايران جنگ]]{{Assassinated|علي خامنئي جو قتل}} {{tree list/end}} | module = {{Infobox religious biography|embed=yes | main_interests = [[اسلامي فقہ جا اصول|اصول الفقه]]، [[تفسير]]<ref name="cgie"/> | notable_ideas = [[علي خامنئي جو ايٽمي هٿيارن خلاف فتويٰ|ايٽمي هٿيارن خلاف فتويٰ]] | religion = [[اسلام]] | denomination = [[اثنا عشري|اثنا عشري شيعا]] | jurisprudence = [[جعفري]] | creed = [[اصولي]] | teacher = {{ubl|[[حسين بروجردي]]|روح الله خميني<ref name="cgie"/>}}}} | module2 = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Ali Khamenei speech at the Hussainiya of Lovers of Karbala, Sari - 14 October 1995 (13740722 2546).wav|title=علي خامنئي جو آواز|type=speech|description=خامنئي [[ساري، ايران|ساري]] ۾<br />حسينيه عاشقانِ ڪربلا ۾ ڳالهائيندي<br />رڪارڊ ٿيل 14 آڪٽوبر 1995ع}} | footnotes = | death_cause = [[علي خامنئي جو قتل|هوائي حملي ذريعي قتل]] }} ''' آيت الله سيد علي حسيني خامنائي''' (1939-2026) [[ايران]] جو ٻيو [[سپريم ليڊر]] (رهبر معظم 237) ھيو. پاڻ 1981 کان 1989 تائين ايران جو [[صدر]] بہ رهيو. [[اسلامي انقلاب]] کان اڳ ۽ شروع وارا ڪجهہ سال ”[[وزيراعظم]]“ جو بہ کين عھدو هيو جيڪو نئين آئين مطابق ختم ڪري وزيراعظم جون ڪيتريون ئي جوابداريون ملڪ جي صدر حوالي ڪيون ويون ۽ صدر جيڪو پھرين فقط نالي ماتر رهيو ٿي يعني علامتي سربراھ طور ۽ سندس ڪي خاص اختيار نہ هئا هاڻ انتظاميہ ۽ ریاست جو سربراھ آهي. هو ملڪ جو سڀ ۾ وڏو چونڊيل نمائندو آهي.<ref name="الطاف">[http://sindhitravelogues.blogspot.com/2011/02/blog-post_9639.html سنڌي سفرناما : خامنائي ۽ خاتمي - الطاف شيخ<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> صدر کانسواءِ ملڪ جو ٻيو سربراه ”رهبر معظم ‎“ يعني سپريم ليڊر سڏجي ٿو. هو ملڪ جي سياسي ۽ مذهبي اٿارٽي مڃيو وڃي ٿو. [[امام خميني]] اسلامي جمهوريہ ايران جو پھريون [[سپريم ليڊر]] هو ۽ 1989 ۾ سندس وفات کان پوءِ 28 فيبروري 2026ع تائين سيد علي حسيني خامنہ اي ايران جو ٻيو سپريم ليڊر ٿيو. سندس تصويرون اڪيلي سر يا امام خميني سان گڏ جتي ڪٿي نظر اينديون. سپريم ليڊر گهڻو ڪري اهو ٿئي ٿو جيڪو عالم دين هجي. سيد علي حسيني خامنہ اي سپريم ليڊر ٿيڻ کان اڳ، امام خميني جي ڏينھن ۾ 1981 کان 1989 تائين ايران جو صدر ٿي رهيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> == پرورش ۽ تعليم == پاڻ 1939ع ۾ [[مشھد|'''مشھد''']] ۾ رهندڙ هڪ آذري ڪُٽنب ۾ ڄائو. علي خامنہ اي اٺن ڀائرن ڀينرن ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو ٻار ھيو. هن جا ٻہ ٻيا ڀائر بہ هن وانگر ايران جا وڏا مذهبي عالم ھيا. سندس ننڍو ڀاءُ هادي خامنہ اي هڪ اخبار جو قابل ايڊيٽر ۽ مولوي ھيو. علي خامنہ ايءَ پرائمري تعليم دوران مذهبي تعليم حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ مدرسي ۾ پڙھڻ ويو. مشھد جي هن مدرسي ۾ ايران جون مشھور شخصيتون حاجي شيخ هاشم قاضيويني ۽ آيت الله ميلاني هن جا معلم رهيا. 1957 ۾ هو نجف هليو ويو جتي هڪ سال جو مختصر عرصو گذارڻ بعد قم ۾ اچي رهائش اختيار ڪئي. جتي هن آيت الله حسين بورجردي ۽ آيت الله روح الله خميني جهڙن شخصيتين جي ڪلاس مان علم پرايو. انکانپوءِ 1963 کان هن اسلامي تحريڪن ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. شھنشاھ پھلوي جو زمانو هو، جنھن کي اهي ڳالهيون پسند نہ هيون ۽ علي خامنہ اي کي ڪيترا دفعا جيل بہ وڃڻو پيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> == اسلامي انقلاب ۾ ڪردار == علي خامنائي ايران جي اسلامي انقلاب جو اهم ڪردار رهيو ۽ امام خميني جي ويجهن ساٿين مان هو. تھران ۾ جمعي نماز جي امام آيت الله حسين علي منتظري جي 1979 ۾ استيفا ڏيڻ بعد امام خمينيءَ علي خامنائي کي ليڊر بنايو.<ref name="الطاف"/> [[عراق ايران جنگ]] ۾ علي خامنائي جنگ جي ميدان ۾ به رهيو ۽ هڪ بم ڦاٽڻ تي هو شديد زخمي ٿي پيو. هن کي ”زندھ شھيد“ جي لقب سان سڏيو ويندو ھيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> == تعليم جو واڌارو == علي خامنائيءَ سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي جي شعبي ۾ ايران جي نوجوانن کي گھڻو اڳيان آندو.<ref name="الطاف"/> هن جو اهو چوڻ ھيو تہ ”زمين هيٺ دٻيل تيل ۽ گئس جو ذخيرو آخر تہ هڪ ڏينھن ختم ٿي ويندو. ان ڪري هينئر کان ئي اسان کي [[نيوڪليئر ٽيڪنالاجي]] جو علم حاصل ڪرڻ کپي ۽ ان مان فائدا حاصل ڪرڻ کپن.“ == لکيل ڪتاب == علي خامنائي جا ڪيترائي ڪتاب ۽ مضمون لکيل آهن جن مان ڪجهہ انگريزي ۾ بہ ترجمو ٿيل آهن.<ref name="الطاف"/> سندس تقريرن ۽ پيغامن جا نو واليوم تعليمي ادارن ۾ پڙهايا بہ وڃن ٿا. عرب ليکڪن سيد قطب، رضي الياسين ۽ عبدالمنيم ناصري جا ڪجهہ ڪتاب علي خامنائي عربي مان فارسي ۾ پڻ ترجمو ڪيا.<ref name="الطاف"/> == قتل == [[File:Ilham Aliyev visited Iranian Embassy in Azerbaijan to offer condolences 3.jpg|thumb|آذربائيجاني صدر [[الهام عليوف]] باڪو ۾ ايراني سفارتخاني جو دورو ڪري رهيو آهي تہ جيئن خامنئي جي لاڏاڻي تي تعزيت جو اظھار ڪري سگهجي، 4 مارچ 2026ع]] 28 فيبروري 2026ع تي، ايران ۾ ڪيترن ئي نشانن تي وڏي پيماني تي [[2026 ايران جنگ|آمريڪي ۽ اسرائيلي ميزائل حملا]] ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Sanya Burgess |author2=Molly Blackall |date=1 March 2026 |title=How Trump and Israel's killing of Khamenei played out – hour by hour |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/trump-israels-killing-khamenei-played-out-4266623 |access-date=2 March 2026 |website=The i Paper |language=en-US |archive-date=3 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260303175231/https://inews.co.uk/news/trump-israels-killing-khamenei-played-out-4266623 |url-status=live }}</ref> ان ڏينھن کانپوءِ، [[رائٽرز]] هڪ گمنام اسرائيلي اهلڪار جي رپورٽ شايع ڪئي جنھن دعويٰ ڪئي تہ خامنئي جو لاش ملي ويو آهي، ۽ هو فوت ٿي چڪو آهي.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Stewart|first=Phil|last2=Hafezi|first2=Parisa|last3=Rose|first3=Emily|last4=Mills|first4=Andrew|date=28 February 2026|title=Iranian leader Khamenei killed in strikes, Israel says|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/irans-supreme-leader-ali-khamenei-194449508.html |access-date=28 February 2026|work=Reuters: [[Yahoo]]|via=www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/israel-us-launch-strikes-iran-2026-02-28/}}</ref> ايراني اسٽيٽ ٽي وي 1 مارچ 2026ع تي صبح جو 5:00 وڳي جي لڳ ڀڳ [[ايران معياري وقت]] مطابق خامنئي جي موت جي تصديق ڪئي.{{efn|[[فارس نيوز ايجنسي]] حملن کانپوءِ سندس ڌيءَ، ناٺي، ننھن ۽ پوٽي جي موت جي خبر ڏني وئي <ref name=Gabrelletal02032026>{{Cite web|author1=Jon Gambrell|author2=Melanie Lidman|author3=Josh Boak|author4=Eric Tucker|date=28 February 2026|title=Iranian state media say country's supreme leader is dead|url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-explosion-tehran-c2f11247d8a66e36929266f2c557a54c|access-date=1 March 2026|website=AP News|language=en|quote=Citing unidentified sources, the semiofficial Fars news agency, believed to be close to the Revolutionary Guard, reported that several relatives of Khamenei were also killed, including a daughter, son-in-law, daughter-in-law and grandchild.|archive-date=28 February 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228082605/https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-explosion-tehran-c2f11247d8a66e36929266f2c557a54c|url-status=live}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2026 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei is dead, state media says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228065750/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Gabrelletal02032026" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2026 |title=Ayatollah Khamenei Death: Official Confirmation |url=https://islamicinfocenter.com/ayatollah-khamenei-death/ |access-date=1 March 2026 |website=Islamic Info Center |language=en |archive-date=2 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260302155943/https://islamicinfocenter.com/ayatollah-khamenei-death/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ٻڌايو ويو تہ خامنئي کي ان وقت قتل ڪيو ويو جڏهن هو پنھنجي آفيس ۾ موجود هو.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Benedict |title=How the US pulled off the assassination of the century |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2026/03/01/how-the-us-pulled-off-the-assassination-of-the-century/ |website=The Telegraph |access-date=4 March 2026 |date=1 March 2026 |archive-date=1 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260301125853/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2026/03/01/how-the-us-pulled-off-the-assassination-of-the-century/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Keane |first1=Isabel |title=Months of CIA tracking and a rare window of opportunity: How the assassination of Ayatollah Khamenei unfolded |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-assassination-airstrikes-b2929787.html |website=The Independent |access-date=4 March 2026 |date=1 March 2026}}</ref> 2 مارچ 2026ع تي، اها تصديق ڪئي وئي تہ خامنئي جي گهر واري، [[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]] حملي ۾ لڳل زخمن جي ڪري ٻن ڏينھن کانپوءِ لاڏاڻو ڪري وئي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ben Ari |first=Lior |date=2 March 2026 |title=Reports in Iran: Khamenei's wife dies from her wounds |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/r9qqou6xc |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=Ynetglobal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/5762788-iran-ali-khamenei-wife-death/|title=Khamenei's wife dies from injuries sustained in US, Israeli attack: State media|first=Tara|last=Suter|publisher=The Hill|date=2 March 2026|accessdate=2 March 2026}}</ref> [[فارس نيوز ايجنسي]] جي مطابق، کيس [[مشھد]] ۾ دفن ڪيو ويندو، جيڪو خامنئي جي پيدائش جو شھر ۽ سندس پيءُ جي وفات جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Brian Osgood |author2=Virginia Pietromarchi |author3=Mariamne Everett |title=Fire contained at US consulate in Dubai after Iranian drone incident |date=3 March 2026 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/3/3/iran-live-news-israel-bombs-tehran-beirut-trump-says-war-to-last-4-weeks |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:اسلامي شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:ايران]] [[زمرو:ايراني شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:ايران جا سپريم ليڊر]] [[زمرو:ايران جي حڪومت]] [[زمرو:ايران جي سياست]] [[زمرو:تازيون وفاتون]] [[زمرو:1939ع جون پيدائشون]] <references group="lower-alpha"/> nnr2ayn9wbix52f3yhiu87sc7eimsrf 367986 367984 2026-03-28T05:47:44Z Intisar Ali 8681 367986 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = {{ubl|[[آيت الله#گرينڊ آيت الله|گرينڊ آيت الله]]|[[سيد]]}} | native_name = <!--خامنئي آذربائيجاني ۽ فارسي نسل مان هو، ۽ هو فارسي ۽ آذربائيجاني ٻئي ٻوليون ڳالهائيندو هو. انهيءَ سبب سندس ڪيترائي مقامي نالا آهن ۽ اهي سڀ هتي نه رکڻ گهرجن.--> | image = Ali Khamenei Nowruz message official portrait 1397 02.jpg<!--اتفاقِ راءِ کان سواءِ تصوير نه بدلائجو--> | alt = 2017ع ۾ 77 ورهين جي خامنئي جي هڪ تصوير | caption = خامنئي 2017ع ۾ | order = ٻيون | office = ايران جو سپريم ليڊر | president = {{Collapsible list|title=''فهرست ڏسو'' | ''هو پاڻ'' | [[اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني]] | [[محمد خاتمي]] | [[محمود احمدي نژاد]] | [[حسن روحاني]] | [[ابراهيم رئيسي]] | [[محمد مخبر]] (قائم مقام) | [[مسعود پزشڪيان]] }} | primeminister = [[مير حسين موسوي]]<br />(آگسٽ 1989ع تائين) | term_start = 4 جون 1989ع{{efn|6 آگسٽ 1989ع تائين [[Acting (law)|قائم مقام]]}} | term_end = 28 فيبروري 2026ع | predecessor = [[روح الله خميني]] | successor = [[مجتبيٰ خامنئي]] | order1 = ٽيون | office1 = ايران جو صدر | 1blankname1 = {{nowrap|سپريم ليڊر}} | 1namedata1 = {{ubl|روح الله خميني|''هو پاڻ''}} | 2blankname1 = وزيراعظم | 2namedata1 = مير حسين موسوي | term_start1 = 9 آڪٽوبر 1981ع | term_end1 = 16 آگسٽ 1989ع | predecessor1 = [[محمد علي رجائي]] | successor1 = اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني {{Collapsed infobox section begin|ٻيا عهدا جيڪي سنڀاليائين|titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey}} | office2 = [[Expediency Discernment Council]] جو پهريون چيئرمين | appointed2 = روح الله خميني | predecessor2 = ''عهدو قائم ڪيو ويو'' | successor2 = اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني | term_start2 = 7 فيبروري 1988ع | term_end2 = 4 جون 1989ع | office3 = [[Assembly of Experts]] جو ميمبر | term_start3 = 15 آگسٽ 1983ع | term_end3 = 4 جون 1989ع | constituency3 = [[تهران صوبو]] | majority3 = 2,800,353 (87.8%)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/520344 |title=چه کسی در نخستین انتخابات خبرگان اول شد؟ +جدول ("Who came first in the first election of the Experts?" )|date=7 January 2014 |url-status=dead |website=mashreghnews.ir |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010024415/https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/520344/%da%86%d9%87-%da%a9%d8%b3%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%86%d8%ae%d8%b3%d8%aa%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ae%d8%a8%d8%b1%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%b4%d8%af-%d8%ac%d8%af%d9%88%d9%84 |archive-date=10 October 2017}}</ref> | office4 = [[اسلامي مشاورتي مجلس]] جو ميمبر | term_start4 = 28 مئي 1980ع | term_end4 = 13 آڪٽوبر 1981ع | constituency4 = [[تهران، ري، شميرانات ۽ اسلامشهر (انتخابي ضلعو)|تهران، ري ۽ شميرانات]] | majority4 = 1,405,976 (65.8%)<ref>{{cite web |title=Parliament members |url=http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/parliament_member/show/762450 |publisher=[[Iranian Majlis]] |access-date=28 October 2014 |language=fa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707095033/http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/parliament_member/show/762450 |archive-date=7 July 2014}}</ref> | office5 = [[تهران جي جمعي نماز جو امام]] | term_start5 = 14 جنوري 1980ع | term_end5 = 28 فيبروري 2026ع | appointer5 = روح الله خميني | 1blankname5 = {{nowrap|عبوري امام}} | 1namedata5 = {{Collapsible list|title=''فهرست ڏسو'' | [[احمد جنتي]] | [[احمد خاتمي]] | [[ڪاظم صديقي]] | [[علي موحدي ڪرماني]] | [[محمد حسن ابوترابي فرد]] | [[محمد جواد حاج علي اڪبري]] }} | predecessor5 = [[حسين علي منتظري]] | successor5 = خالي {{Collapsed infobox section end}} | birth_name = علي حسيني خامنئي | birth_date = {{birth date|1939|04|19|df=y}} | birth_place = [[مشهد]]، [[ايران]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2026|02|28|1939|04|19|df=y}} | death_place = [[تهران]]، ايران | party = {{plainlist| * [[اسلامي ريپبلڪن پارٽي]] (1979ع–1987ع) * [[جنگجو روحاني تنظيم]] (1977ع–1989ع) * [[آزاد سياستدان|آزاد]] (1989ع–2026ع) }} | otherparty = | spouse = {{marriage|[[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]]|1964}} | children = 6، جن ۾ [[مصطفيٰ خامنئي|مصطفيٰ]]، [[مجتبيٰ خامنئي|مجتبيٰ]]، ۽ [[مسعود خامنئي|مسعود]] شامل آهن | father = [[جواد خامنئي]] | mother = خديجه ميردامادي | relatives = [[خامنئي خاندان]] | education = {{ubl|خراسان مدرسا|[[نجف مدرسا]]|[[قم مدرسا]]}} | signature = | website = {{URL|english.khamenei.ir}} | allegiance = <!-- اسلامي جمهوريه ايران --> | branch = {{ubli|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution.svg}} [[اسلامي انقلابي گارڊ ڪور]]|[[غير منظم جنگي هيڊڪوارٽر]]}} | serviceyears = 1979ع–1989ع{{efn|سپريم ليڊر جي حيثيت ۾ هو اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جي هٿياربند فوجن جي سپهه سالار طور سرگرم رهيو.}} | commands = {{flagicon image|Flag of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran.svg}} [[اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جون هٿياربند فوجون]] | battles = {{tree list}} * [[ايران-عراق جنگ]] ** [[آپريشن Samen-ol-A'emeh]]<ref name="raee">{{cite journal |last1=Raee |first1=Sajjad |editor1-last=Ardestani |editor1-first=Hussein |script-title=fa:نقش آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای در دفاع مقدس: سال اول جنگ |journal=Negin-e Iran - Quarterly for Studies of Iran–Iraq War |date=Winter 2008 |volume=7 |issue=26 |pages=9–24 |url=http://www.negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |access-date=15 January 2018 |trans-title=Ayatollah Khamanei's Role in the Sacred Defense - During the First Year |language=fa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428015402/http://negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |archive-date=28 April 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[ٻارهن-ڏينهن واري جنگ]] * [[2026 ايران جنگ]]{{Assassinated|علي خامنئي جو قتل}} {{tree list/end}} | module = {{Infobox religious biography|embed=yes | main_interests = [[اسلامي فقہ جا اصول|اصول الفقه]]، [[تفسير]]<ref name="cgie"> Velayati, Ali Akbar. "Ayatollah Ali Khamenei". The Great Islamic Encyclopedia (in Persian). Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2017. </ref> | notable_ideas = [[علي خامنئي جو ايٽمي هٿيارن خلاف فتويٰ|ايٽمي هٿيارن خلاف فتويٰ]] | religion = [[اسلام]] | denomination = [[اثنا عشري|اثنا عشري شيعا]] | jurisprudence = [[جعفري]] | creed = [[اصولي]] | teacher = {{ubl|[[حسين بروجردي]]|روح الله خميني<ref name="cgie"/>}}}} | module2 = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Ali Khamenei speech at the Hussainiya of Lovers of Karbala, Sari - 14 October 1995 (13740722 2546).wav|title=علي خامنئي جو آواز|type=speech|description=خامنئي [[ساري، ايران|ساري]] ۾<br />حسينيه عاشقانِ ڪربلا ۾ ڳالهائيندي<br />رڪارڊ ٿيل 14 آڪٽوبر 1995ع}} | footnotes = | death_cause = [[علي خامنئي جو قتل|هوائي حملي ذريعي قتل]] }} ''' آيت الله سيد علي حسيني خامنائي''' (1939-2026) [[ايران]] جو ٻيو [[سپريم ليڊر]] (رهبر معظم 237) ھيو. پاڻ 1981 کان 1989 تائين ايران جو [[صدر]] بہ رهيو. [[اسلامي انقلاب]] کان اڳ ۽ شروع وارا ڪجهہ سال ”[[وزيراعظم]]“ جو بہ کين عھدو هيو جيڪو نئين آئين مطابق ختم ڪري وزيراعظم جون ڪيتريون ئي جوابداريون ملڪ جي صدر حوالي ڪيون ويون ۽ صدر جيڪو پھرين فقط نالي ماتر رهيو ٿي يعني علامتي سربراھ طور ۽ سندس ڪي خاص اختيار نہ هئا هاڻ انتظاميہ ۽ ریاست جو سربراھ آهي. هو ملڪ جو سڀ ۾ وڏو چونڊيل نمائندو آهي.<ref name="الطاف">[http://sindhitravelogues.blogspot.com/2011/02/blog-post_9639.html سنڌي سفرناما : خامنائي ۽ خاتمي - الطاف شيخ<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> صدر کانسواءِ ملڪ جو ٻيو سربراه ”رهبر معظم ‎“ يعني سپريم ليڊر سڏجي ٿو. هو ملڪ جي سياسي ۽ مذهبي اٿارٽي مڃيو وڃي ٿو. [[امام خميني]] اسلامي جمهوريہ ايران جو پھريون [[سپريم ليڊر]] هو ۽ 1989 ۾ سندس وفات کان پوءِ 28 فيبروري 2026ع تائين سيد علي حسيني خامنہ اي ايران جو ٻيو سپريم ليڊر ٿيو. سندس تصويرون اڪيلي سر يا امام خميني سان گڏ جتي ڪٿي نظر اينديون. سپريم ليڊر گهڻو ڪري اهو ٿئي ٿو جيڪو عالم دين هجي. سيد علي حسيني خامنہ اي سپريم ليڊر ٿيڻ کان اڳ، امام خميني جي ڏينھن ۾ 1981 کان 1989 تائين ايران جو صدر ٿي رهيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> == پرورش ۽ تعليم == پاڻ 1939ع ۾ [[مشھد|'''مشھد''']] ۾ رهندڙ هڪ آذري ڪُٽنب ۾ ڄائو. علي خامنہ اي اٺن ڀائرن ڀينرن ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو ٻار ھيو. هن جا ٻہ ٻيا ڀائر بہ هن وانگر ايران جا وڏا مذهبي عالم ھيا. سندس ننڍو ڀاءُ هادي خامنہ اي هڪ اخبار جو قابل ايڊيٽر ۽ مولوي ھيو. علي خامنہ ايءَ پرائمري تعليم دوران مذهبي تعليم حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ مدرسي ۾ پڙھڻ ويو. مشھد جي هن مدرسي ۾ ايران جون مشھور شخصيتون حاجي شيخ هاشم قاضيويني ۽ آيت الله ميلاني هن جا معلم رهيا. 1957 ۾ هو نجف هليو ويو جتي هڪ سال جو مختصر عرصو گذارڻ بعد قم ۾ اچي رهائش اختيار ڪئي. جتي هن آيت الله حسين بورجردي ۽ آيت الله روح الله خميني جهڙن شخصيتين جي ڪلاس مان علم پرايو. انکانپوءِ 1963 کان هن اسلامي تحريڪن ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. شھنشاھ پھلوي جو زمانو هو، جنھن کي اهي ڳالهيون پسند نہ هيون ۽ علي خامنہ اي کي ڪيترا دفعا جيل بہ وڃڻو پيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> == اسلامي انقلاب ۾ ڪردار == علي خامنائي ايران جي اسلامي انقلاب جو اهم ڪردار رهيو ۽ امام خميني جي ويجهن ساٿين مان هو. تھران ۾ جمعي نماز جي امام آيت الله حسين علي منتظري جي 1979 ۾ استيفا ڏيڻ بعد امام خمينيءَ علي خامنائي کي ليڊر بنايو.<ref name="الطاف"/> [[عراق ايران جنگ]] ۾ علي خامنائي جنگ جي ميدان ۾ به رهيو ۽ هڪ بم ڦاٽڻ تي هو شديد زخمي ٿي پيو. هن کي ”زندھ شھيد“ جي لقب سان سڏيو ويندو ھيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> == تعليم جو واڌارو == علي خامنائيءَ سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي جي شعبي ۾ ايران جي نوجوانن کي گھڻو اڳيان آندو.<ref name="الطاف"/> هن جو اهو چوڻ ھيو تہ ”زمين هيٺ دٻيل تيل ۽ گئس جو ذخيرو آخر تہ هڪ ڏينھن ختم ٿي ويندو. ان ڪري هينئر کان ئي اسان کي [[نيوڪليئر ٽيڪنالاجي]] جو علم حاصل ڪرڻ کپي ۽ ان مان فائدا حاصل ڪرڻ کپن.“ == لکيل ڪتاب == علي خامنائي جا ڪيترائي ڪتاب ۽ مضمون لکيل آهن جن مان ڪجهہ انگريزي ۾ بہ ترجمو ٿيل آهن.<ref name="الطاف"/> سندس تقريرن ۽ پيغامن جا نو واليوم تعليمي ادارن ۾ پڙهايا بہ وڃن ٿا. عرب ليکڪن سيد قطب، رضي الياسين ۽ عبدالمنيم ناصري جا ڪجهہ ڪتاب علي خامنائي عربي مان فارسي ۾ پڻ ترجمو ڪيا.<ref name="الطاف"/> == قتل == [[File:Ilham Aliyev visited Iranian Embassy in Azerbaijan to offer condolences 3.jpg|thumb|آذربائيجاني صدر [[الهام عليوف]] باڪو ۾ ايراني سفارتخاني جو دورو ڪري رهيو آهي تہ جيئن خامنئي جي لاڏاڻي تي تعزيت جو اظھار ڪري سگهجي، 4 مارچ 2026ع]] 28 فيبروري 2026ع تي، ايران ۾ ڪيترن ئي نشانن تي وڏي پيماني تي [[2026 ايران جنگ|آمريڪي ۽ اسرائيلي ميزائل حملا]] ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Sanya Burgess |author2=Molly Blackall |date=1 March 2026 |title=How Trump and Israel's killing of Khamenei played out – hour by hour |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/trump-israels-killing-khamenei-played-out-4266623 |access-date=2 March 2026 |website=The i Paper |language=en-US |archive-date=3 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260303175231/https://inews.co.uk/news/trump-israels-killing-khamenei-played-out-4266623 |url-status=live }}</ref> ان ڏينھن کانپوءِ، [[رائٽرز]] هڪ گمنام اسرائيلي اهلڪار جي رپورٽ شايع ڪئي جنھن دعويٰ ڪئي تہ خامنئي جو لاش ملي ويو آهي، ۽ هو فوت ٿي چڪو آهي.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Stewart|first=Phil|last2=Hafezi|first2=Parisa|last3=Rose|first3=Emily|last4=Mills|first4=Andrew|date=28 February 2026|title=Iranian leader Khamenei killed in strikes, Israel says|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/irans-supreme-leader-ali-khamenei-194449508.html |access-date=28 February 2026|work=Reuters: [[Yahoo]]|via=www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/israel-us-launch-strikes-iran-2026-02-28/}}</ref> ايراني اسٽيٽ ٽي وي 1 مارچ 2026ع تي صبح جو 5:00 وڳي جي لڳ ڀڳ [[ايران معياري وقت]] مطابق خامنئي جي موت جي تصديق ڪئي.{{efn|[[فارس نيوز ايجنسي]] حملن کانپوءِ سندس ڌيءَ، ناٺي، ننھن ۽ پوٽي جي موت جي خبر ڏني وئي <ref name=Gabrelletal02032026>{{Cite web|author1=Jon Gambrell|author2=Melanie Lidman|author3=Josh Boak|author4=Eric Tucker|date=28 February 2026|title=Iranian state media say country's supreme leader is dead|url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-explosion-tehran-c2f11247d8a66e36929266f2c557a54c|access-date=1 March 2026|website=AP News|language=en|quote=Citing unidentified sources, the semiofficial Fars news agency, believed to be close to the Revolutionary Guard, reported that several relatives of Khamenei were also killed, including a daughter, son-in-law, daughter-in-law and grandchild.|archive-date=28 February 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228082605/https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-explosion-tehran-c2f11247d8a66e36929266f2c557a54c|url-status=live}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2026 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei is dead, state media says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228065750/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Gabrelletal02032026" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2026 |title=Ayatollah Khamenei Death: Official Confirmation |url=https://islamicinfocenter.com/ayatollah-khamenei-death/ |access-date=1 March 2026 |website=Islamic Info Center |language=en |archive-date=2 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260302155943/https://islamicinfocenter.com/ayatollah-khamenei-death/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ٻڌايو ويو تہ خامنئي کي ان وقت قتل ڪيو ويو جڏهن هو پنھنجي آفيس ۾ موجود هو.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Benedict |title=How the US pulled off the assassination of the century |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2026/03/01/how-the-us-pulled-off-the-assassination-of-the-century/ |website=The Telegraph |access-date=4 March 2026 |date=1 March 2026 |archive-date=1 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260301125853/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2026/03/01/how-the-us-pulled-off-the-assassination-of-the-century/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Keane |first1=Isabel |title=Months of CIA tracking and a rare window of opportunity: How the assassination of Ayatollah Khamenei unfolded |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-assassination-airstrikes-b2929787.html |website=The Independent |access-date=4 March 2026 |date=1 March 2026}}</ref> 2 مارچ 2026ع تي، اها تصديق ڪئي وئي تہ خامنئي جي گهر واري، [[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]] حملي ۾ لڳل زخمن جي ڪري ٻن ڏينھن کانپوءِ لاڏاڻو ڪري وئي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ben Ari |first=Lior |date=2 March 2026 |title=Reports in Iran: Khamenei's wife dies from her wounds |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/r9qqou6xc |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=Ynetglobal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/5762788-iran-ali-khamenei-wife-death/|title=Khamenei's wife dies from injuries sustained in US, Israeli attack: State media|first=Tara|last=Suter|publisher=The Hill|date=2 March 2026|accessdate=2 March 2026}}</ref> [[فارس نيوز ايجنسي]] جي مطابق، کيس [[مشھد]] ۾ دفن ڪيو ويندو، جيڪو خامنئي جي پيدائش جو شھر ۽ سندس پيءُ جي وفات جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Brian Osgood |author2=Virginia Pietromarchi |author3=Mariamne Everett |title=Fire contained at US consulate in Dubai after Iranian drone incident |date=3 March 2026 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/3/3/iran-live-news-israel-bombs-tehran-beirut-trump-says-war-to-last-4-weeks |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:اسلامي شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:ايران]] [[زمرو:ايراني شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:ايران جا سپريم ليڊر]] [[زمرو:ايران جي حڪومت]] [[زمرو:ايران جي سياست]] [[زمرو:تازيون وفاتون]] [[زمرو:1939ع جون پيدائشون]] <references group="lower-alpha"/> ebz9kb86qyv5zt7bvglk6csaehnlztp 367987 367986 2026-03-28T05:52:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 367987 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = {{ubl|[[آيت الله#گرينڊ آيت الله|گرينڊ آيت الله]]|[[سيد]]}} | native_name = <!--خامنئي آذربائيجاني ۽ فارسي نسل مان هو، ۽ هو فارسي ۽ آذربائيجاني ٻئي ٻوليون ڳالهائيندو هو. انهيءَ سبب سندس ڪيترائي مقامي نالا آهن ۽ اهي سڀ هتي نه رکڻ گهرجن.--> | image = Ali Khamenei Nowruz message official portrait 1397 02.jpg<!--اتفاقِ راءِ کان سواءِ تصوير نه بدلائجو--> | alt = 2017ع ۾ 77 ورهين جي خامنئي جي هڪ تصوير | caption = خامنئي 2017ع ۾ | order = ٻيون | office = ايران جو سپريم ليڊر | president = {{Collapsible list|title=''فهرست ڏسو'' | ''هو پاڻ'' | [[اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني]] | [[محمد خاتمي]] | [[محمود احمدي نژاد]] | [[حسن روحاني]] | [[ابراهيم رئيسي]] | [[محمد مخبر]] (قائم مقام) | [[مسعود پزشڪيان]] }} | primeminister = [[مير حسين موسوي]]<br />(آگسٽ 1989ع تائين) | term_start = 4 جون 1989ع{{efn|6 آگسٽ 1989ع تائين [[Acting (law)|قائم مقام]]}} | term_end = 28 فيبروري 2026ع | predecessor = [[روح الله خميني]] | successor = [[مجتبيٰ خامنئي]] | order1 = ٽيون | office1 = ايران جو صدر | 1blankname1 = {{nowrap|سپريم ليڊر}} | 1namedata1 = {{ubl|روح الله خميني|''هو پاڻ''}} | 2blankname1 = وزيراعظم | 2namedata1 = مير حسين موسوي | term_start1 = 9 آڪٽوبر 1981ع | term_end1 = 16 آگسٽ 1989ع | predecessor1 = [[محمد علي رجائي]] | successor1 = اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني {{Collapsed infobox section begin|ٻيا عهدا جيڪي سنڀاليائين|titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey}} | office2 = [[Expediency Discernment Council]] جو پهريون چيئرمين | appointed2 = روح الله خميني | predecessor2 = ''عهدو قائم ڪيو ويو'' | successor2 = اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني | term_start2 = 7 فيبروري 1988ع | term_end2 = 4 جون 1989ع | office3 = [[Assembly of Experts]] جو ميمبر | term_start3 = 15 آگسٽ 1983ع | term_end3 = 4 جون 1989ع | constituency3 = [[تهران صوبو]] | majority3 = 2,800,353 (87.8%)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/520344 |title=چه کسی در نخستین انتخابات خبرگان اول شد؟ +جدول ("Who came first in the first election of the Experts?" )|date=7 January 2014 |url-status=dead |website=mashreghnews.ir |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010024415/https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/520344/%da%86%d9%87-%da%a9%d8%b3%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%86%d8%ae%d8%b3%d8%aa%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ae%d8%a8%d8%b1%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%b4%d8%af-%d8%ac%d8%af%d9%88%d9%84 |archive-date=10 October 2017}}</ref> | office4 = [[اسلامي مشاورتي مجلس]] جو ميمبر | term_start4 = 28 مئي 1980ع | term_end4 = 13 آڪٽوبر 1981ع | constituency4 = [[تهران، ري، شميرانات ۽ اسلامشهر (انتخابي ضلعو)|تهران، ري ۽ شميرانات]] | majority4 = 1,405,976 (65.8%)<ref>{{cite web |title=Parliament members |url=http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/parliament_member/show/762450 |publisher=[[Iranian Majlis]] |access-date=28 October 2014 |language=fa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707095033/http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/parliament_member/show/762450 |archive-date=7 July 2014}}</ref> | office5 = [[تهران جي جمعي نماز جو امام]] | term_start5 = 14 جنوري 1980ع | term_end5 = 28 فيبروري 2026ع | appointer5 = روح الله خميني | 1blankname5 = {{nowrap|عبوري امام}} | 1namedata5 = {{Collapsible list|title=''فهرست ڏسو'' | [[احمد جنتي]] | [[احمد خاتمي]] | [[ڪاظم صديقي]] | [[علي موحدي ڪرماني]] | [[محمد حسن ابوترابي فرد]] | [[محمد جواد حاج علي اڪبري]] }} | predecessor5 = [[حسين علي منتظري]] | successor5 = خالي {{Collapsed infobox section end}} | birth_name = علي حسيني خامنئي | birth_date = {{birth date|1939|04|19|df=y}} | birth_place = [[مشهد]]، [[ايران]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2026|02|28|1939|04|19|df=y}} | death_place = [[تهران]]، ايران | party = {{plainlist| * [[اسلامي ريپبلڪن پارٽي]] (1979ع–1987ع) * [[جنگجو روحاني تنظيم]] (1977ع–1989ع) * [[آزاد سياستدان|آزاد]] (1989ع–2026ع) }} | otherparty = | spouse = {{marriage|[[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]]|1964}} | children = 6، جن ۾ [[مصطفيٰ خامنئي|مصطفيٰ]]، [[مجتبيٰ خامنئي|مجتبيٰ]]، ۽ [[مسعود خامنئي|مسعود]] شامل آهن | father = [[جواد خامنئي]] | mother = خديجه ميردامادي | relatives = [[خامنئي خاندان]] | education = {{ubl|خراسان مدرسا|[[نجف مدرسا]]|[[قم مدرسا]]}} | signature = | website = {{URL|english.khamenei.ir}} | allegiance = <!-- اسلامي جمهوريه ايران --> | branch = {{ubli|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution.svg}} [[اسلامي انقلابي گارڊ ڪور]]|[[غير منظم جنگي هيڊڪوارٽر]]}} | serviceyears = 1979ع–1989ع{{efn|سپريم ليڊر جي حيثيت ۾ هو اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جي هٿياربند فوجن جي سپهه سالار طور سرگرم رهيو.}} | commands = {{flagicon image|Flag of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran.svg}} [[اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جون هٿياربند فوجون]] | battles = {{tree list}} * [[ايران-عراق جنگ]] ** [[آپريشن Samen-ol-A'emeh]]<ref name="raee">{{cite journal |last1=Raee |first1=Sajjad |editor1-last=Ardestani |editor1-first=Hussein |script-title=fa:نقش آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای در دفاع مقدس: سال اول جنگ |journal=Negin-e Iran - Quarterly for Studies of Iran–Iraq War |date=Winter 2008 |volume=7 |issue=26 |pages=9–24 |url=http://www.negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |access-date=15 January 2018 |trans-title=Ayatollah Khamanei's Role in the Sacred Defense - During the First Year |language=fa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428015402/http://negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |archive-date=28 April 2016 |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428015402/http://negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |date=28 April 2016 }}</ref> * [[ٻارهن-ڏينهن واري جنگ]] * [[2026 ايران جنگ]]{{Assassinated|علي خامنئي جو قتل}} {{tree list/end}} | module = {{Infobox religious biography|embed=yes | main_interests = [[اسلامي فقہ جا اصول|اصول الفقه]]، [[تفسير]]<ref name="cgie"> Velayati, Ali Akbar. "Ayatollah Ali Khamenei". The Great Islamic Encyclopedia (in Persian). Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2017. </ref> | notable_ideas = [[علي خامنئي جو ايٽمي هٿيارن خلاف فتويٰ|ايٽمي هٿيارن خلاف فتويٰ]] | religion = [[اسلام]] | denomination = [[اثنا عشري|اثنا عشري شيعا]] | jurisprudence = [[جعفري]] | creed = [[اصولي]] | teacher = {{ubl|[[حسين بروجردي]]|روح الله خميني<ref name="cgie"/>}}}} | module2 = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Ali Khamenei speech at the Hussainiya of Lovers of Karbala, Sari - 14 October 1995 (13740722 2546).wav|title=علي خامنئي جو آواز|type=speech|description=خامنئي [[ساري، ايران|ساري]] ۾<br />حسينيه عاشقانِ ڪربلا ۾ ڳالهائيندي<br />رڪارڊ ٿيل 14 آڪٽوبر 1995ع}} | footnotes = | death_cause = [[علي خامنئي جو قتل|هوائي حملي ذريعي قتل]] }} ''' آيت الله سيد علي حسيني خامنائي''' (1939-2026) [[ايران]] جو ٻيو [[سپريم ليڊر]] (رهبر معظم 237) ھيو. پاڻ 1981 کان 1989 تائين ايران جو [[صدر]] بہ رهيو. [[اسلامي انقلاب]] کان اڳ ۽ شروع وارا ڪجهہ سال ”[[وزيراعظم]]“ جو بہ کين عھدو هيو جيڪو نئين آئين مطابق ختم ڪري وزيراعظم جون ڪيتريون ئي جوابداريون ملڪ جي صدر حوالي ڪيون ويون ۽ صدر جيڪو پھرين فقط نالي ماتر رهيو ٿي يعني علامتي سربراھ طور ۽ سندس ڪي خاص اختيار نہ هئا هاڻ انتظاميہ ۽ ریاست جو سربراھ آهي. هو ملڪ جو سڀ ۾ وڏو چونڊيل نمائندو آهي.<ref name="الطاف">[http://sindhitravelogues.blogspot.com/2011/02/blog-post_9639.html سنڌي سفرناما : خامنائي ۽ خاتمي - الطاف شيخ<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> صدر کانسواءِ ملڪ جو ٻيو سربراه ”رهبر معظم ‎“ يعني سپريم ليڊر سڏجي ٿو. هو ملڪ جي سياسي ۽ مذهبي اٿارٽي مڃيو وڃي ٿو. [[امام خميني]] اسلامي جمهوريہ ايران جو پھريون [[سپريم ليڊر]] هو ۽ 1989 ۾ سندس وفات کان پوءِ 28 فيبروري 2026ع تائين سيد علي حسيني خامنہ اي ايران جو ٻيو سپريم ليڊر ٿيو. سندس تصويرون اڪيلي سر يا امام خميني سان گڏ جتي ڪٿي نظر اينديون. سپريم ليڊر گهڻو ڪري اهو ٿئي ٿو جيڪو عالم دين هجي. سيد علي حسيني خامنہ اي سپريم ليڊر ٿيڻ کان اڳ، امام خميني جي ڏينھن ۾ 1981 کان 1989 تائين ايران جو صدر ٿي رهيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> == پرورش ۽ تعليم == پاڻ 1939ع ۾ [[مشھد|'''مشھد''']] ۾ رهندڙ هڪ آذري ڪُٽنب ۾ ڄائو. علي خامنہ اي اٺن ڀائرن ڀينرن ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو ٻار ھيو. هن جا ٻہ ٻيا ڀائر بہ هن وانگر ايران جا وڏا مذهبي عالم ھيا. سندس ننڍو ڀاءُ هادي خامنہ اي هڪ اخبار جو قابل ايڊيٽر ۽ مولوي ھيو. علي خامنہ ايءَ پرائمري تعليم دوران مذهبي تعليم حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ مدرسي ۾ پڙھڻ ويو. مشھد جي هن مدرسي ۾ ايران جون مشھور شخصيتون حاجي شيخ هاشم قاضيويني ۽ آيت الله ميلاني هن جا معلم رهيا. 1957 ۾ هو نجف هليو ويو جتي هڪ سال جو مختصر عرصو گذارڻ بعد قم ۾ اچي رهائش اختيار ڪئي. جتي هن آيت الله حسين بورجردي ۽ آيت الله روح الله خميني جهڙن شخصيتين جي ڪلاس مان علم پرايو. انکانپوءِ 1963 کان هن اسلامي تحريڪن ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. شھنشاھ پھلوي جو زمانو هو، جنھن کي اهي ڳالهيون پسند نہ هيون ۽ علي خامنہ اي کي ڪيترا دفعا جيل بہ وڃڻو پيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> == اسلامي انقلاب ۾ ڪردار == علي خامنائي ايران جي اسلامي انقلاب جو اهم ڪردار رهيو ۽ امام خميني جي ويجهن ساٿين مان هو. تھران ۾ جمعي نماز جي امام آيت الله حسين علي منتظري جي 1979 ۾ استيفا ڏيڻ بعد امام خمينيءَ علي خامنائي کي ليڊر بنايو.<ref name="الطاف"/> [[عراق ايران جنگ]] ۾ علي خامنائي جنگ جي ميدان ۾ به رهيو ۽ هڪ بم ڦاٽڻ تي هو شديد زخمي ٿي پيو. هن کي ”زندھ شھيد“ جي لقب سان سڏيو ويندو ھيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> == تعليم جو واڌارو == علي خامنائيءَ سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي جي شعبي ۾ ايران جي نوجوانن کي گھڻو اڳيان آندو.<ref name="الطاف"/> هن جو اهو چوڻ ھيو تہ ”زمين هيٺ دٻيل تيل ۽ گئس جو ذخيرو آخر تہ هڪ ڏينھن ختم ٿي ويندو. ان ڪري هينئر کان ئي اسان کي [[نيوڪليئر ٽيڪنالاجي]] جو علم حاصل ڪرڻ کپي ۽ ان مان فائدا حاصل ڪرڻ کپن.“ == لکيل ڪتاب == علي خامنائي جا ڪيترائي ڪتاب ۽ مضمون لکيل آهن جن مان ڪجهہ انگريزي ۾ بہ ترجمو ٿيل آهن.<ref name="الطاف"/> سندس تقريرن ۽ پيغامن جا نو واليوم تعليمي ادارن ۾ پڙهايا بہ وڃن ٿا. عرب ليکڪن سيد قطب، رضي الياسين ۽ عبدالمنيم ناصري جا ڪجهہ ڪتاب علي خامنائي عربي مان فارسي ۾ پڻ ترجمو ڪيا.<ref name="الطاف"/> == قتل == [[File:Ilham Aliyev visited Iranian Embassy in Azerbaijan to offer condolences 3.jpg|thumb|آذربائيجاني صدر [[الهام عليوف]] باڪو ۾ ايراني سفارتخاني جو دورو ڪري رهيو آهي تہ جيئن خامنئي جي لاڏاڻي تي تعزيت جو اظھار ڪري سگهجي، 4 مارچ 2026ع]] 28 فيبروري 2026ع تي، ايران ۾ ڪيترن ئي نشانن تي وڏي پيماني تي [[2026 ايران جنگ|آمريڪي ۽ اسرائيلي ميزائل حملا]] ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Sanya Burgess |author2=Molly Blackall |date=1 March 2026 |title=How Trump and Israel's killing of Khamenei played out – hour by hour |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/trump-israels-killing-khamenei-played-out-4266623 |access-date=2 March 2026 |website=The i Paper |language=en-US |archive-date=3 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260303175231/https://inews.co.uk/news/trump-israels-killing-khamenei-played-out-4266623 |url-status=live }}</ref> ان ڏينھن کانپوءِ، [[رائٽرز]] هڪ گمنام اسرائيلي اهلڪار جي رپورٽ شايع ڪئي جنھن دعويٰ ڪئي تہ خامنئي جو لاش ملي ويو آهي، ۽ هو فوت ٿي چڪو آهي.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Stewart|first=Phil|last2=Hafezi|first2=Parisa|last3=Rose|first3=Emily|last4=Mills|first4=Andrew|date=28 February 2026|title=Iranian leader Khamenei killed in strikes, Israel says|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/irans-supreme-leader-ali-khamenei-194449508.html |access-date=28 February 2026|work=Reuters: [[Yahoo]]|via=www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/israel-us-launch-strikes-iran-2026-02-28/}}</ref> ايراني اسٽيٽ ٽي وي 1 مارچ 2026ع تي صبح جو 5:00 وڳي جي لڳ ڀڳ [[ايران معياري وقت]] مطابق خامنئي جي موت جي تصديق ڪئي.{{efn|[[فارس نيوز ايجنسي]] حملن کانپوءِ سندس ڌيءَ، ناٺي، ننھن ۽ پوٽي جي موت جي خبر ڏني وئي <ref name=Gabrelletal02032026>{{Cite web|author1=Jon Gambrell|author2=Melanie Lidman|author3=Josh Boak|author4=Eric Tucker|date=28 February 2026|title=Iranian state media say country's supreme leader is dead|url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-explosion-tehran-c2f11247d8a66e36929266f2c557a54c|access-date=1 March 2026|website=AP News|language=en|quote=Citing unidentified sources, the semiofficial Fars news agency, believed to be close to the Revolutionary Guard, reported that several relatives of Khamenei were also killed, including a daughter, son-in-law, daughter-in-law and grandchild.|archive-date=28 February 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228082605/https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-explosion-tehran-c2f11247d8a66e36929266f2c557a54c|url-status=live}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2026 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei is dead, state media says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228065750/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Gabrelletal02032026" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2026 |title=Ayatollah Khamenei Death: Official Confirmation |url=https://islamicinfocenter.com/ayatollah-khamenei-death/ |access-date=1 March 2026 |website=Islamic Info Center |language=en |archive-date=2 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260302155943/https://islamicinfocenter.com/ayatollah-khamenei-death/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ٻڌايو ويو تہ خامنئي کي ان وقت قتل ڪيو ويو جڏهن هو پنھنجي آفيس ۾ موجود هو.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Benedict |title=How the US pulled off the assassination of the century |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2026/03/01/how-the-us-pulled-off-the-assassination-of-the-century/ |website=The Telegraph |access-date=4 March 2026 |date=1 March 2026 |archive-date=1 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260301125853/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2026/03/01/how-the-us-pulled-off-the-assassination-of-the-century/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Keane |first1=Isabel |title=Months of CIA tracking and a rare window of opportunity: How the assassination of Ayatollah Khamenei unfolded |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-assassination-airstrikes-b2929787.html |website=The Independent |access-date=4 March 2026 |date=1 March 2026}}</ref> 2 مارچ 2026ع تي، اها تصديق ڪئي وئي تہ خامنئي جي گهر واري، [[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]] حملي ۾ لڳل زخمن جي ڪري ٻن ڏينھن کانپوءِ لاڏاڻو ڪري وئي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ben Ari |first=Lior |date=2 March 2026 |title=Reports in Iran: Khamenei's wife dies from her wounds |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/r9qqou6xc |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=Ynetglobal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/5762788-iran-ali-khamenei-wife-death/|title=Khamenei's wife dies from injuries sustained in US, Israeli attack: State media|first=Tara|last=Suter|publisher=The Hill|date=2 March 2026|accessdate=2 March 2026}}</ref> [[فارس نيوز ايجنسي]] جي مطابق، کيس [[مشھد]] ۾ دفن ڪيو ويندو، جيڪو خامنئي جي پيدائش جو شھر ۽ سندس پيءُ جي وفات جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Brian Osgood |author2=Virginia Pietromarchi |author3=Mariamne Everett |title=Fire contained at US consulate in Dubai after Iranian drone incident |date=3 March 2026 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/3/3/iran-live-news-israel-bombs-tehran-beirut-trump-says-war-to-last-4-weeks |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:اسلامي شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:ايران]] [[زمرو:ايراني شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:ايران جا سپريم ليڊر]] [[زمرو:ايران جي حڪومت]] [[زمرو:ايران جي سياست]] [[زمرو:تازيون وفاتون]] [[زمرو:1939ع جون پيدائشون]] <references group="lower-alpha"/> 17u5p5mdtag218acdro8jt66x1s39nd ماڊيول:Separated entries 828 17461 367907 366196 2026-03-27T20:52:44Z Intisar Ali 8681 367907 Scribunto text/plain -- هي ماڊيول پوزيشنل پيرا ميٽرن کي انپٽ طور وٺي انهن کي گڏ ڪري ٿو، -- ۽ وچ ۾ اختياري جدا ڪندڙ (separator) شامل ڪري ٿو. -- آخري جدا ڪندڙ (جنهن کي "conjunction" چيو وڃي ٿو) الڳ نموني سان مقرر ڪري سگهجي ٿو، -- جنهن سان قدرتي ٻولي واريون فهرستون ٺاهي سگهجن ٿيون، -- جهڙوڪ: "foo, bar, baz and qux". local compressSparseArray = require('Module:TableTools').compressSparseArray local p = {} function p._main(args) local dataPlural = args.dataPlural local separator = args.separator -- Decode (convert to Unicode) HTML escape sequences, such as "&#32;" for space. and mw.text.decode(args.separator) or '' local conjunction = args.conjunction and mw.text.decode(args.conjunction) or separator -- Discard values before the starting parameter. local start = tonumber(args.start) if start then for i = 1, start - 1 do args[i] = nil end end -- Discard named parameters. local values = compressSparseArray(args) local result = mw.text.listToText(values, separator, conjunction) if dataPlural and #values > 0 and (#separator > 0 or #conjunction > 0) then -- flag to [[Module:Detect singular]] whether this is a list with >1 element result = result..'<span style="display:none" data-plural="'..(#values > 1 and '1' or '0')..'"></span>' end return result end local function makeInvokeFunction(separator, conjunction, first) return function (frame) local args = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs(frame, {frameOnly = (frame.args.frameOnly or '') ~= ''}) args.separator = separator or args.separator args.conjunction = conjunction or args.conjunction args.first = first or args.first return p._main(args) end end p.main = makeInvokeFunction() p.br = makeInvokeFunction('<br />') p.comma = makeInvokeFunction(mw.message.new('comma-separator'):plain()) return p ib7xf9dg0hauiq1y7z40vcsp828cznv خانبھادر غلام محمد اسراڻ 0 19176 368050 343180 2026-03-28T08:04:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13773 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 368050 wikitext text/x-wiki خانبهادر غلام محمد خان اسراڻ ولد عبدالله خان اسراڻ 1880ع ۾ پيدا ٿيو. ابتدائي -تعليم- عربي ۽ فارسيءَ ۾ حاصل ڪيائين. ڪجهه درجا سنڌي پڻ پڙهيو. پاڻ عربي ۽ فارسي ٻوليءَ جو وڏو ڄاڻو هو. سندس سنڌي خط و ڪتابت پڻ فارسي انداز ۾ هوندي هئي. جواني جي عمر ۾ قدم رکڻ بعد سنڌ جي قديم روايتي سردارن، وڏيرن وانگر پنهنجو وقت ميلن، ملاکڙن، رڇ ڪتن جي مقابلي ۾ گذارڻ بدران دين ۽ سماجي ڀلائيءَ طرف لاڙو رکيائين. لچ لوفر ۽ چورن جو ته سخت مخالف هو. سندس -جنم- ته اميراڻي گهراڻي ۾ ٿيو پر هو صاحب غريبن جو هڏ ڏوکي ۽ همدرد، طبيعت جو درويش صفت انسان، سلڇڻو، سٻاجهڙو نيڪ مرد پنهنجي دور جي وڏي ڌاڪي وارو مڙس هو. حق، سچ ۽ انصاف پسند هن فرشته صفت -انسان- جي هاڪ سڄي سنڌ ۾ هوندي هئي. اهو ئي سبب هو جو ٻين ضلعن مان ماڻهو فيصلو ڪرائڻ لاءِ وٽس هلي ايندا هئا. هو صاحب راڄن جي آيل مهمانن کي ماني به کارائيندو هو ته رهائيندو به هو، پر هميشه فيصلا انصاف -ڀريا- ڪندو هو. فيصلن جي ڪري وٽس هر وقت لاڙڪاڻي شهر واري بنگلي تي ماڻهن جا هجوم هوندا هئا. پاڻ گهڻو ڪري ڳوٺ خيرپور جوسي واري ڪوٽ ۾ رهندو هو، -جتي- به فيصلن لاءِ ماڻهن جا هجوم هوندا هئا. هن جي نيڪ عمل ۽ ڪردار سبب اها چوڻي مشهور هئي ته جيڪڏهن عزت سان رهڻو هجي ته خانبهادر اسراڻ جي پاڙي ۾ رهجي. [[لاڙڪاڻو|لاڙڪاڻي]] شهر ۾ خانبهادر غلام محمد اسراڻ جو -بنگلو- ڀٽن جي سردار واحد بخش خان -ڀٽي- سان گڏ هوندو هو. ٻنهي جي پاڻ ۾ گهاٽي دوستي هوندي هئي. هو سال 1920ع ۾ لاڙڪاڻي ڊسٽرڪٽ لوڪل بورڊ جو ميمبر ۽ سر شاهنواز خان ڀٽو پهريون عوامي چونڊيل چيئرمئن منتخب ٿيو. خانبهادر اسراڻ ضلعي ڪائونسل پاران تعليمي سرگرمين کي وڌائڻ لاءِ اسڪول بورڊ جو پهريون صدر چونڊيو. 1920ع کان 1933ع تائين ضلعي ڪائونسل جو ميمبر رهيو، تڏهوڪي لاڙڪاڻي جي سياسي ماحول ۾ ٻه وڏا سياسي گروپ هوندا هئا. سياست انهن ٻنهي گروپن ۾ ورهايل هئي، هڪ طرف سر شاهنواز خان ڀٽو ۽ سندس خاص ساٿي خانصاحب -امير- علي لاهوري، خانبهادر اسراڻ ۽ ٻيا، ته ٻئي طرف خانبهادر محمد -ايوب کهڙو- ۽ خاص ساٿي خانبهادر علي حسن خان هڪڙو، وڏيرو غلام عمر -انڙ- ۽ ٻيا هئا. نومبر 1920ع ۾ جڏهن لاڙڪاڻي مان خانبهادر اسراڻ، سر شاهنواز ڀٽو ۽ خانبهادر ڌڻي بخش -بمبئي- ليجسليٽو ڪائونسل جا ميمبر چونڊيا. تڏهن هر -ٽن- سالن بعد اليڪشن ٿيندي هئي ۽ وري 18 نومبر 1923ع تي اليڪشن ٿيڻي هئي. لاڙڪاڻي جي -ٽن- سيٽن تي سر شاهنواز ڀٽو، نواب -امير- علي لاهوري، خانبهادر اسراڻ، خانبهادر ڌڻي بخش جتوئي، پير حامد علي شاهه، خانصاحب ڪريم بخش -جتوئي- ۽ محمد -ايوب کهڙو- اميدوار بيٺا. هن موقعي تي سر شاهنواز ڀُٽي ضلعي جي سردارن ۽ وڏيرن جو سنڌ مدرسي لاڙڪاڻي (هاڻوڪي گرلس ڪاليج) ۾ اجلاس منعقد ڪيو. اجلاس ۾ نواب لاهوري ۽ نواب غيبي خان اڳوڻن ميمبرن کي وري چونڊجڻ لاءِ تجويز ڪيو. ڪن وڏيرن کهڙي صاحب کي تجويز ڪيو، پر اڪثريت سندس نالو قبول نه ڪيو. مسٽر محمد -ايوب کهڙو- نوجوان -تعليم- يافته ۽ تازو سياسي ميدان ۾ آيو هو. هو صاحب اليڪشن ۾ بيٺو، سر شاهنواز ڀُٽي لاڙڪاڻي جي وڏيرن جي -اتحاد- خاطر خانبهادر اسراڻ کي اليڪشن -تان- هٿ کڻايو. وري قانوني لحاظ کان خانبهادر اسراڻ کهڙي صاحب خلاف هڪ پٽيشن به داخل ڪئي ته سندس عمر اڃا 23 سال آهي، پر هن موقعي تي سر شاهنواز ڀُٽي ۽ خانبهادر محمد ايوب کهڙي ۽ نواب غيبي خان چانڊيي وٽس بنگلي تي اچي پٽيشن واپس وٺڻ لاءِ گذارش ڪئي ته هن شريف -انسان- اها به واپس ورتي. اهڙيءَ طرح سال 1930ع ۾ -بمبئي- ليجسليٽو ڪائونسل جون چونڊون ٿيون، -ان- وقت ڪائونسل آف اسٽيٽ جي چونڊ به ٿيڻ واري هئي. سردار واحد بخش خان ڀٽو -ان- اليڪشن ۾ علي بخش محمد حسين جي مقابلي ۾ اميدوار بيٺو، پر صلح ٿيڻ تي خانبهادر اسراڻ -بمبئي- ڪائونسل جي ميمبريءَ -تان- هٿ کڻي اها جڳهه سردار واحد بخش -ڀٽي- کي ڏني. جڏهن ته 1930ع ۾ خانبهادر اسراڻ دادو مان اليڪشن کٽي -بمبئي- ليجسليٽو ڪائونسل جو ميمبر بڻيو. خانبهادر اسراڻ سنڌ جي بمبئيءَ کان علحدگيءَ واري تحريڪ بابت انگريزن جي جوڙيل ايڊوائيزري ڪائونسل جو 1930، کان 1937ع تائين ميمبر رهيو. -انگريز- سرڪار جي اعلان مطابق پهرين -اپريل- 1936ع تي سنڌ صوبو ٿيڻو هو ۽ 31 -جنوري- 1937ع تي سنڌ اسيمبليءَ جي پهرين اليڪشن ٿيڻي هئي. خانبهادر اسراڻ قمبر، ميهڙ واري -تڪ- -تان- فتح حاصل ڪري دادو ضلعي مان ميمبر سنڌ -اسيمبلي- چونڊجڻ جو اعزاز حاصل ڪيو. سياسي لحاظ کان خانبهادر هر اليڪشن ۾ سوڀ ماڻي. لڳاتار ضلعي ڪائونسل لاڙڪاڻي ۽ -بمبئي- ليجسليٽو ڪائونسل کان علاوه پهرين سنڌ اسيمبليءَ جي ميمبر منتخب هئڻ مان سندس شخصيت جي مقبوليت جو اندازو ٿئي ٿو. سياسي لحاظ کان پهرين سر شاهنواز خان -ڀٽي- سان ويجهو رهيو، پر پوءِ خانبهادر محمد ايوب کهڙي سان لاڳاپا رهيس. سنڌ جي هن اهم مدبر سياستدان ۽ نيڪ مرد، 5 مئي 1952ع تي اٽڪل 72 سالن جي ڄمار ۾ وفات ڪئي. سندس اولاد ۾ ٻه پٽ غلام مصطفيٰ خان ۽ روشن علي خان اسراڻ مختلف وقتن تي ضلعي لوڪل ڪائونسل ۾ مختلف عهدن تي منتخب ٿيندا رهيا. سندس پوٽو غلام مجتبيٰ خان 1979ع ۾ ڊسٽرڪٽ ڪائونسل جو چيئرمين ۽ 1988-1993- 1997ع ۽ ۾ پيپلز پارٽيءَ جي -ٽڪيٽ- تي قمبر مان سنڌ اسيمبليءَ جو ميمبر منتخب ٿيو. سندس پوٽو ضياءُ الدين خان 1978ع ۾ سنڌ نيشنل فرنٽ جي پليٽ فارم -تان- ضلعي ڪائونسل جو وائيس چيئرمين چونڊيو ويو. ٽيون پوٽو سرفراز الدين سال 1990ع ۾ ضلعي ڪائونسل لاڙڪاڻي جو وائيس چيئرمين چونڊيو ويو. چوٿون پوٽو غلام مجدد اسراڻ سيڪريٽري ٽو سنڌ گورنمينٽ، چيئرمين اينٽي ڪرپشن اسٽيبلشمينٽ ۽ وفاقي گورنمينٽ جي اهم عهدن تي فائز رهيو. غلام مجدد اسراڻ هن وقت ٻيو ڀيرو سنڌ اسيمبليءَ جو ميمبر چونڊيو ويو آهي.<ref>[http://encyclopediasindhiana.org/article.php?Dflt=%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BB%20%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%20%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%8C%20%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1 اسراڻ غلام محمد، خانبهادر : (Sindhianaسنڌيانا)<!-- Bot generated title -->]{{مئل ڳنڍڻو|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:پاڪستاني سياستدان]] [[زمرو:پاڪستاني شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:سنڌي سياستدان]] 1368uzi2k58a3p7ioqg4p1yvjy2pjuy ماڊيول:Citation/CS1 828 28451 368100 332096 2026-03-28T11:36:56Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 368100 Scribunto text/plain require ('strict'); --[[--------------------------< F O R W A R D D E C L A R A T I O N S >-------------------------------------- each of these counts against the Lua upvalue limit ]] local validation; -- functions in Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation local utilities; -- functions in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities local z = {}; -- table of tables in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities local identifiers; -- functions and tables in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers local metadata; -- functions in Module:Citation/CS1/COinS local cfg = {}; -- table of configuration tables that are defined in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration local whitelist = {}; -- table of tables listing valid template parameter names; defined in Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist --[[------------------< P A G E S C O P E V A R I A B L E S >--------------- declare variables here that have page-wide scope that are not brought in from other modules; that are created here and used here ]] local added_deprecated_cat; -- boolean flag so that the category is added only once local added_vanc_errs; -- boolean flag so we only emit one Vancouver error / category local added_generic_name_errs; -- boolean flag so we only emit one generic name error / category and stop testing names once an error is encountered local added_numeric_name_errs; -- boolean flag so we only emit one numeric name error / category and stop testing names once an error is encountered local added_numeric_name_maint; -- boolean flag so we only emit one numeric name maint category and stop testing names once a category has been emitted local is_preview_mode; -- true when article is in preview mode; false when using 'Preview page with this template' (previewing the module) local is_sandbox; -- true when using sandbox modules to render citation local url_was_archive_today; -- boolean flag set to true when has_archive_today_url() has unset |url= because it held a deprecated archive.today url --[[--------------------------< F I R S T _ S E T >------------------------------------------------------------ Locates and returns the first set value in a table of values where the order established in the table, left-to-right (or top-to-bottom), is the order in which the values are evaluated. Returns nil if none are set. This version replaces the original 'for _, val in pairs do' and a similar version that used ipairs. With the pairs version the order of evaluation could not be guaranteed. With the ipairs version, a nil value would terminate the for-loop before it reached the actual end of the list. ]] local function first_set (list, count) local i = 1; while i <= count do -- loop through all items in list if utilities.is_set( list[i] ) then return list[i]; -- return the first set list member end i = i + 1; -- point to next end end --[[--------------------------< A D D _ V A N C _ E R R O R >---------------------------------------------------- Adds a single Vancouver system error message to the template's output regardless of how many error actually exist. To prevent duplication, added_vanc_errs is nil until an error message is emitted. added_vanc_errs is a Boolean declared in page scope variables above ]] local function add_vanc_error (source, position) if added_vanc_errs then return end added_vanc_errs = true; -- note that we've added this category utilities.set_message ('err_vancouver', {source, position}); end --[[--------------------------< I S _ S C H E M E >------------------------------------------------------------ does this thing that purports to be a URI scheme seem to be a valid scheme? The scheme is checked to see if it is in agreement with http://tools.ietf.org/html/std66#section-3.1 which says: Scheme names consist of a sequence of characters beginning with a letter and followed by any combination of letters, digits, plus ("+"), period ("."), or hyphen ("-"). returns true if it does, else false ]] local function is_scheme (scheme) return scheme and scheme:match ('^%a[%a%d%+%.%-]*:'); -- true if scheme is set and matches the pattern end --[=[-------------------------< I S _ D O M A I N _ N A M E >-------------------------------------------------- Does this thing that purports to be a domain name seem to be a valid domain name? Syntax defined here: http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1034#section-3.5 BNF defined here: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4234 Single character names are generally reserved; see https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-dnsind-iana-dns-01#page-15; see also [[Single-letter second-level domain]] list of TLDs: https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db RFC 952 (modified by RFC 1123) requires the first and last character of a hostname to be a letter or a digit. Between the first and last characters the name may use letters, digits, and the hyphen. Also allowed are IPv4 addresses. IPv6 not supported domain is expected to be stripped of any path so that the last character in the last character of the TLD. tld is two or more alpha characters. Any preceding '//' (from splitting a URL with a scheme) will be stripped here. Perhaps not necessary but retained in case it is necessary for IPv4 dot decimal. There are several tests: the first character of the whole domain name including subdomains must be a letter or a digit internationalized domain name (ASCII characters with .xn-- ASCII Compatible Encoding (ACE) prefix xn-- in the TLD) see https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3490 single-letter/digit second-level domains in the .org, .cash, and .today TLDs q, x, and z SL domains in the .com TLD i and q SL domains in the .net TLD single-letter SL domains in the ccTLDs (where the ccTLD is two letters) two-character SL domains in gTLDs (where the gTLD is two or more letters) three-plus-character SL domains in gTLDs (where the gTLD is two or more letters) IPv4 dot-decimal address format; TLD not allowed returns true if domain appears to be a proper name and TLD or IPv4 address, else false ]=] local function is_domain_name (domain) if not domain then return false; -- if not set, abandon end domain = domain:gsub ('^//', ''); -- strip '//' from domain name if present; done here so we only have to do it once if not domain:match ('^[%w]') then -- first character must be letter or digit return false; end if domain:match ('^%a+:') then -- hack to detect things that look like s:Page:Title where Page: is namespace at Wikisource return false; end local patterns = { -- patterns that look like URLs '%f[%w][%w][%w%-]+[%w]%.%a%a+$', -- three or more character hostname.hostname or hostname.tld '%f[%w][%w][%w%-]+[%w]%.xn%-%-[%w]+$', -- internationalized domain name with ACE prefix '%f[%a][qxz]%.com$', -- assigned one character .com hostname (x.com times out 2015-12-10) '%f[%a][iq]%.net$', -- assigned one character .net hostname (q.net registered but not active 2015-12-10) '%f[%w][%w]%.%a%a$', -- one character hostname and ccTLD (2 chars) '%f[%w][%w][%w]%.%a%a+$', -- two character hostname and TLD '^%d%d?%d?%.%d%d?%d?%.%d%d?%d?%.%d%d?%d?', -- IPv4 address '[%a%d]+%:?' -- IPv6 address } for _, pattern in ipairs (patterns) do -- loop through the patterns list if domain:match (pattern) then return true; -- if a match then we think that this thing that purports to be a URL is a URL end end for _, d in ipairs (cfg.single_letter_2nd_lvl_domains_t) do -- look for single letter second level domain names for these top level domains if domain:match ('%f[%w][%w]%.' .. d) then return true end end return false; -- no matches, we don't know what this thing is end --[[--------------------------< I S _ U R L >------------------------------------------------------------------ returns true if the scheme and domain parts of a URL appear to be a valid URL; else false. This function is the last step in the validation process. This function is separate because there are cases that are not covered by split_url(), for example is_parameter_ext_wikilink() which is looking for bracketted external wikilinks. ]] local function is_url (scheme, domain) if utilities.is_set (scheme) then -- if scheme is set check it and domain return is_scheme (scheme) and is_domain_name (domain); else return is_domain_name (domain); -- scheme not set when URL is protocol-relative end end --[[--------------------------< S P L I T _ U R L >------------------------------------------------------------ Split a URL into a scheme, authority indicator, and domain. First remove Fully Qualified Domain Name terminator (a dot following TLD) (if any) and any path(/), query(?) or fragment(#). If protocol-relative URL, return nil scheme and domain else return nil for both scheme and domain. When not protocol-relative, get scheme, authority indicator, and domain. If there is an authority indicator (one or more '/' characters immediately following the scheme's colon), make sure that there are only 2. Any URL that does not have news: scheme must have authority indicator (//). TODO: are there other common schemes like news: that don't use authority indicator? Strip off any port and path; ]] local function split_url (url_str) local scheme, authority, domain; url_str = url_str:gsub ('([%a%d])%.?[/%?#].*$', '%1'); -- strip FQDN terminator and path(/), query(?), fragment (#) (the capture prevents false replacement of '//') if url_str:match ('^//%S*') then -- if there is what appears to be a protocol-relative URL domain = url_str:match ('^//(%S*)') elseif url_str:match ('%S-:/*%S+') then -- if there is what appears to be a scheme, optional authority indicator, and domain name scheme, authority, domain = url_str:match ('(%S-:)(/*)(%S+)'); -- extract the scheme, authority indicator, and domain portions if utilities.is_set (authority) then authority = authority:gsub ('//', '', 1); -- replace place 1 pair of '/' with nothing; if utilities.is_set(authority) then -- if anything left (1 or 3+ '/' where authority should be) then return scheme; -- return scheme only making domain nil which will cause an error message end else if not scheme:match ('^news:') then -- except for news:..., MediaWiki won't link URLs that do not have authority indicator; TODO: a better way to do this test? return scheme; -- return scheme only making domain nil which will cause an error message end end domain = domain:gsub ('(%a):%d+', '%1'); -- strip port number if present end return scheme, domain; end --[[--------------------------< L I N K _ P A R A M _ O K >--------------------------------------------------- checks the content of |title-link=, |series-link=, |author-link=, etc. for properly formatted content: no wikilinks, no URLs Link parameters are to hold the title of a Wikipedia article, so none of the WP:TITLESPECIALCHARACTERS are allowed: # < > [ ] | { } _ except the underscore which is used as a space in wiki URLs and # which is used for section links returns false when the value contains any of these characters. When there are no illegal characters, this function returns TRUE if value DOES NOT appear to be a valid URL (the |<param>-link= parameter is ok); else false when value appears to be a valid URL (the |<param>-link= parameter is NOT ok). ]] local function link_param_ok (value) local scheme, domain; if value:find ('[<>%[%]|{}]') then -- if any prohibited characters return false; end scheme, domain = split_url (value); -- get scheme or nil and domain or nil from URL; return not is_url (scheme, domain); -- return true if value DOES NOT appear to be a valid URL end --[[--------------------------< L I N K _ T I T L E _ O K >--------------------------------------------------- Use link_param_ok() to validate |<param>-link= value and its matching |<title>= value. |<title>= may be wiki-linked but not when |<param>-link= has a value. This function emits an error message when that condition exists check <link> for inter-language interwiki-link prefix. prefix must be a MediaWiki-recognized language code and must begin with a colon. ]] local function link_title_ok (link, lorig, title, torig) local orig; if utilities.is_set (link) then -- don't bother if <param>-link doesn't have a value if not link_param_ok (link) then -- check |<param>-link= markup orig = lorig; -- identify the failing link parameter elseif title:find ('%[%[') then -- check |title= for wikilink markup orig = torig; -- identify the failing |title= parameter elseif link:match ('^%a+:') then -- if the link is what looks like an interwiki local prefix = link:match ('^(%a+):'):lower(); -- get the interwiki prefix if cfg.inter_wiki_map[prefix] then -- if prefix is in the map, must have preceding colon orig = lorig; -- flag as error end end end if utilities.is_set (orig) then link = ''; -- unset utilities.set_message ('err_bad_paramlink', orig); -- URL or wikilink in |title= with |title-link=; end return link; -- link if ok, empty string else end --[[--------------------------< C H E C K _ U R L >------------------------------------------------------------ Determines whether a URL string appears to be valid. First we test for space characters. If any are found, return false. Then split the URL into scheme and domain portions, or for protocol-relative (//example.com) URLs, just the domain. Use is_url() to validate the two portions of the URL. If both are valid, or for protocol-relative if domain is valid, return true, else false. Because it is different from a standard URL, and because this module used external_link() to make external links that work for standard and news: links, we validate newsgroup names here. The specification for a newsgroup name is at https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5536#section-3.1.4 ]] local function check_url( url_str ) if nil == url_str:match ("^%S+$") then -- if there are any spaces in |url=value it can't be a proper URL return false; end local scheme, domain; scheme, domain = split_url (url_str); -- get scheme or nil and domain or nil from URL; if 'news:' == scheme then -- special case for newsgroups return domain:match('^[%a%d%+%-_]+%.[%a%d%+%-_%.]*[%a%d%+%-_]$'); end return is_url (scheme, domain); -- return true if value appears to be a valid URL end --[=[-------------------------< I S _ P A R A M E T E R _ E X T _ W I K I L I N K >---------------------------- Return true if a parameter value has a string that begins and ends with square brackets [ and ] and the first non-space characters following the opening bracket appear to be a URL. The test will also find external wikilinks that use protocol-relative URLs. Also finds bare URLs. The frontier pattern prevents a match on interwiki-links which are similar to scheme:path URLs. The tests that find bracketed URLs are required because the parameters that call this test (currently |title=, |chapter=, |work=, and |publisher=) may have wikilinks and there are articles or redirects like '//Hus' so, while uncommon, |title=[[//Hus]] is possible as might be [[en://Hus]]. ]=] local function is_parameter_ext_wikilink (value) local scheme, domain; if value:match ('%f[%[]%[%a%S*:%S+.*%]') then -- if ext. wikilink with scheme and domain: [xxxx://yyyyy.zzz] scheme, domain = split_url (value:match ('%f[%[]%[(%a%S*:%S+).*%]')); elseif value:match ('%f[%[]%[//%S+.*%]') then -- if protocol-relative ext. wikilink: [//yyyyy.zzz] scheme, domain = split_url (value:match ('%f[%[]%[(//%S+).*%]')); elseif value:match ('%a%S*:%S+') then -- if bare URL with scheme; may have leading or trailing plain text scheme, domain = split_url (value:match ('(%a%S*:%S+)')); elseif value:match ('^//%S+') or value:match ('%s//%S+') then -- if protocol-relative bare URL: //yyyyy.zzz; authority indicator (//) must be be preceded nothing or by whitespace scheme, domain = split_url (value:match ('(//%S+)')); -- what is left should be the domain else return false; -- didn't find anything that is obviously a URL end return is_url (scheme, domain); -- return true if value appears to be a valid URL end --[[--------------------------< I S _ A R C H I V E _ T O D A Y _ U R L >-------------------------------------- archive.today (and .ph, .is, .md, .li, .fo, .vn) are deprecated. See Wikipedia:Requests_for_comment/Archive.is_RFC_5 (Special:Permalink/1339352976) <val> is a string that may or may not be a url ]] local function is_archive_today_url (val) if is_parameter_ext_wikilink (val) then -- is <val> a url? local tld = val:match ('archive%.(%l+)'); -- get the tld return tld and cfg.archive_today_tlds_t[tld]; -- return true if <tld> is one of the archive.today tlds; nil else end end --[[--------------------------< H A S _ A R C H I V E _ T O D A Y _ U R L >------------------------------------ blank any parameter that holds one of the archive.today tlds (.today, .ph, .is, .md, .li, .fo, .vn) and also blank parameters that are dependent on the offending parameter. input <cite_args_t> is a table of all of this template's parameters This function modifies <cite_args_t> when |url= or its alias |URL= hold an archive.today url, this function sets the flag <url_was_archive_today> which is used later to suppress the missing url error message from {{citation}} when it has |website=<summat> or from the templates {{cite web}}, {{cite podcast}}, {{cite mailing list}} which all require a url. returns nothing ]] local function has_archive_today_url (cite_args_t) local unset_params_t = {}; -- to hold a sequence of parameters to unset from cite_args_t for p, v in pairs (cite_args_t) do -- look at each parameter in the template if is_archive_today_url (v:lower()) then -- if it has a parameter with an archive.today url table.insert (unset_params_t, p); -- add the url-holding parameter name to our list of parameters to unset (may or may not be a legitimate url parameter) if 'url' == p:lower() then -- if this parameter is |url= or |URL= url_was_archive_today = true; -- set a flag so that cite web / podcast / mailinglist don't emit a missing url error message end if cfg.dependencies_t[p] then -- if this url-holding parameter (<p>) has dependencies for _, dependent in ipairs (cfg.dependencies_t[p]) do -- loop through the url-holding parameter's dependency sequence table.insert (unset_params_t, dependent); -- add dependent parameter to the list to be unset end end end end if 0 < #unset_params_t then -- when there are parameters to unset if not is_preview_mode then -- when in preview mode do not suppress any parameters for _, unset_param in ipairs (unset_params_t) do -- loop through the sequence cite_args_t[unset_param] = nil; -- and unset the url-holding parameter and its dependent parameters to avoid parameter-requires-other-parameter errors end end utilities.set_message ('maint_deprecated_archive'); -- add a maintenance message end end --[[-------------------------< C H E C K _ F O R _ U R L >----------------------------------------------------- loop through a list of parameters and their values. Look at the value and if it has an external link, emit an error message. ]] local function check_for_url (parameter_list, error_list) for k, v in pairs (parameter_list) do -- for each parameter in the list if is_parameter_ext_wikilink (v) then -- look at the value; if there is a URL add an error message table.insert (error_list, utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', k)); end end end --[[--------------------------< S A F E _ F O R _ U R L >------------------------------------------------------ Escape sequences for content that will be used for URL descriptions ]] local function safe_for_url( str ) if str:match( "%[%[.-%]%]" ) ~= nil then utilities.set_message ('err_wikilink_in_url', {}); end return str:gsub( '[%[%]\n]', { ['['] = '&#91;', [']'] = '&#93;', ['\n'] = ' ' } ); end --[[--------------------------< E X T E R N A L _ L I N K >---------------------------------------------------- Format an external link with error checking ]] local function external_link (URL, label, source, access) local err_msg = ''; local domain; local path; local base_url; if not utilities.is_set (label) then label = URL; if utilities.is_set (source) then utilities.set_message ('err_bare_url_missing_title', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', source)}); else error (cfg.messages["bare_url_no_origin"]); -- programmer error; valid parameter name does not have matching meta-parameter end end if not check_url (URL) then utilities.set_message ('err_bad_url', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', source)}); end domain, path = URL:match ('^([/%.%-%+:%a%d]+)([/%?#].*)$'); -- split the URL into scheme plus domain and path if path then -- if there is a path portion path = path:gsub ('[%[%]]', {['['] = '%5b', [']'] = '%5d'}); -- replace '[' and ']' with their percent-encoded values URL = table.concat ({domain, path}); -- and reassemble end base_url = table.concat ({ "[", URL, " ", safe_for_url (label), "]" }); -- assemble a wiki-markup URL if utilities.is_set (access) then -- access level (subscription, registration, limited) base_url = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['ext-link-access-signal'], {cfg.presentation[access].class, cfg.presentation[access].title, base_url}); -- add the appropriate icon end return base_url; end --[[--------------------------< D E P R E C A T E D _ P A R A M E T E R >-------------------------------------- Categorize and emit an error message when the citation contains one or more deprecated parameters. The function includes the offending parameter name to the error message. Only one error message is emitted regardless of the number of deprecated parameters in the citation. added_deprecated_cat is a Boolean declared in page scope variables above ]] local function deprecated_parameter(name) if not added_deprecated_cat then added_deprecated_cat = true; -- note that we've added this category utilities.set_message ('err_deprecated_params', {name}); -- add error message end end --[=[-------------------------< K E R N _ Q U O T E S >-------------------------------------------------------- Apply kerning to open the space between the quote mark provided by the module and a leading or trailing quote mark contained in a |title= or |chapter= parameter's value. This function will positive kern either single or double quotes: "'Unkerned title with leading and trailing single quote marks'" " 'Kerned title with leading and trailing single quote marks' " (in real life the kerning isn't as wide as this example) Double single quotes (italic or bold wiki-markup) are not kerned. Replaces Unicode quote marks in plain text or in the label portion of a [[L|D]] style wikilink with typewriter quote marks regardless of the need for kerning. Unicode quote marks are not replaced in simple [[D]] wikilinks. Call this function for chapter titles, for website titles, etc.; not for book titles. ]=] local function kern_quotes (str) local cap = ''; local wl_type, label, link; wl_type, label, link = utilities.is_wikilink (str); -- wl_type is: 0, no wl (text in label variable); 1, [[D]]; 2, [[L|D]] if 1 == wl_type then -- [[D]] simple wikilink with or without quote marks if mw.ustring.match (str, '%[%[[\"“”\'‘’].+[\"“”\'‘’]%]%]') then -- leading and trailing quote marks str = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['kern-left'], str); str = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['kern-right'], str); elseif mw.ustring.match (str, '%[%[[\"“”\'‘’].+%]%]') then -- leading quote marks str = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['kern-left'], str); elseif mw.ustring.match (str, '%[%[.+[\"“”\'‘’]%]%]') then -- trailing quote marks str = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['kern-right'], str); end else -- plain text or [[L|D]]; text in label variable label = mw.ustring.gsub (label, '[“”]', '\"'); -- replace “” (U+201C & U+201D) with " (typewriter double quote mark) label = mw.ustring.gsub (label, '[‘’]', '\''); -- replace ‘’ (U+2018 & U+2019) with ' (typewriter single quote mark) cap = mw.ustring.match (label, "^([\"\'][^\'].+)"); -- match leading double or single quote but not doubled single quotes (italic markup) if utilities.is_set (cap) then label = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['kern-left'], cap); end cap = mw.ustring.match (label, "^(.+[^\'][\"\'])$") -- match trailing double or single quote but not doubled single quotes (italic markup) if utilities.is_set (cap) then label = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['kern-right'], cap); end if 2 == wl_type then str = utilities.make_wikilink (link, label); -- reassemble the wikilink else str = label; end end return str; end --[[--------------------------< F O R M A T _ S C R I P T _ V A L U E >---------------------------------------- |script-title= holds title parameters that are not written in Latin-based scripts: Chinese, Japanese, Arabic, Hebrew, etc. These scripts should not be italicized and may be written right-to-left. The value supplied by |script-title= is concatenated onto Title after Title has been wrapped in italic markup. Regardless of language, all values provided by |script-title= are wrapped in <bdi>...</bdi> tags to isolate RTL languages from the English left to right. |script-title= provides a unique feature. The value in |script-title= may be prefixed with a two-character ISO 639-1 language code and a colon: |script-title=ja:*** *** (where * represents a Japanese character) Spaces between the two-character code and the colon and the colon and the first script character are allowed: |script-title=ja : *** *** |script-title=ja: *** *** |script-title=ja :*** *** Spaces preceding the prefix are allowed: |script-title = ja:*** *** The prefix is checked for validity. If it is a valid ISO 639-1 language code, the lang attribute (lang="ja") is added to the <bdi> tag so that browsers can know the language the tag contains. This may help the browser render the script more correctly. If the prefix is invalid, the lang attribute is not added. At this time there is no error message for this condition. Supports |script-title=, |script-chapter=, |script-<periodical>= ]] local function format_script_value (script_value, script_param) local lang=''; -- initialize to empty string local name; if script_value:match('^%l%l%l?%s*:') then -- if first 3 or 4 non-space characters are script language prefix lang = script_value:match('^(%l%l%l?)%s*:%s*%S.*'); -- get the language prefix or nil if there is no script if not utilities.is_set (lang) then utilities.set_message ('err_script_parameter', {script_param, cfg.err_msg_supl['missing title part']}); -- prefix without 'title'; add error message return ''; -- script_value was just the prefix so return empty string end -- if we get this far we have prefix and script name = cfg.lang_tag_remap[lang] or mw.language.fetchLanguageName( lang, cfg.this_wiki_code ); -- get language name so that we can use it to categorize if utilities.is_set (name) then -- is prefix a proper ISO 639-1 language code? script_value = script_value:gsub ('^%l+%s*:%s*', ''); -- strip prefix from script -- is prefix one of these language codes? if utilities.in_array (lang, cfg.script_lang_codes) then utilities.add_prop_cat ('script', {name, lang}) else utilities.set_message ('err_script_parameter', {script_param, cfg.err_msg_supl['unknown language code']}); -- unknown script-language; add error message end lang = ' lang="' .. lang .. '" '; -- convert prefix into a lang attribute else utilities.set_message ('err_script_parameter', {script_param, cfg.err_msg_supl['invalid language code']}); -- invalid language code; add error message lang = ''; -- invalid so set lang to empty string end else utilities.set_message ('err_script_parameter', {script_param, cfg.err_msg_supl['missing prefix']}); -- no language code prefix; add error message end script_value = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['bdi'], {lang, script_value}); -- isolate in case script is RTL return script_value; end --[[--------------------------< S C R I P T _ C O N C A T E N A T E >------------------------------------------ Initially for |title= and |script-title=, this function concatenates those two parameter values after the script value has been wrapped in <bdi> tags. ]] local function script_concatenate (title, script, script_param) if utilities.is_set (script) then script = format_script_value (script, script_param); -- <bdi> tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; returns empty string on error if utilities.is_set (script) then title = title .. ' ' .. script; -- concatenate title and script title end end return title; end --[[--------------------------< W R A P _ M S G >-------------------------------------------------------------- Applies additional message text to various parameter values. Supplied string is wrapped using a message_list configuration taking one argument. Supports lower case text for {{citation}} templates. Additional text taken from citation_config.messages - the reason this function is similar to but separate from wrap_style(). ]] local function wrap_msg (key, str, lower) if not utilities.is_set ( str ) then return ""; end if true == lower then local msg; msg = cfg.messages[key]:lower(); -- set the message to lower case before return utilities.substitute ( msg, str ); -- including template text else return utilities.substitute ( cfg.messages[key], str ); end end --[[----------------< W I K I S O U R C E _ U R L _ M A K E >------------------- Makes a Wikisource URL from Wikisource interwiki-link. Returns the URL and appropriate label; nil else. str is the value assigned to |chapter= (or aliases) or |title= or |title-link= ]] local function wikisource_url_make (str) local wl_type, D, L; local ws_url, ws_label; local wikisource_prefix = table.concat ({'https://', cfg.this_wiki_code, '.wikisource.org/wiki/'}); wl_type, D, L = utilities.is_wikilink (str); -- wl_type is 0 (not a wikilink), 1 (simple wikilink), 2 (complex wikilink) if 0 == wl_type then -- not a wikilink; might be from |title-link= str = D:match ('^[Ww]ikisource:(.+)') or D:match ('^[Ss]:(.+)'); -- article title from interwiki link with long-form or short-form namespace if utilities.is_set (str) then ws_url = table.concat ({ -- build a Wikisource URL wikisource_prefix, -- prefix str, -- article title }); ws_label = str; -- label for the URL end elseif 1 == wl_type then -- simple wikilink: [[Wikisource:ws article]] str = D:match ('^[Ww]ikisource:(.+)') or D:match ('^[Ss]:(.+)'); -- article title from interwiki link with long-form or short-form namespace if utilities.is_set (str) then ws_url = table.concat ({ -- build a Wikisource URL wikisource_prefix, -- prefix str, -- article title }); ws_label = str; -- label for the URL end elseif 2 == wl_type then -- non-so-simple wikilink: [[Wikisource:ws article|displayed text]] ([[L|D]]) str = L:match ('^[Ww]ikisource:(.+)') or L:match ('^[Ss]:(.+)'); -- article title from interwiki link with long-form or short-form namespace if utilities.is_set (str) then ws_label = D; -- get ws article name from display portion of interwiki link ws_url = table.concat ({ -- build a Wikisource URL wikisource_prefix, -- prefix str, -- article title without namespace from link portion of wikilink }); end end if ws_url then ws_url = mw.uri.encode (ws_url, 'WIKI'); -- make a usable URL ws_url = ws_url:gsub ('%%23', '#'); -- undo percent-encoding of fragment marker end return ws_url, ws_label, L or D; -- return proper URL or nil and a label or nil end --[[----------------< F O R M A T _ P E R I O D I C A L >----------------------- Format the three periodical parameters: |script-<periodical>=, |<periodical>=, and |trans-<periodical>= into a single Periodical meta-parameter. ]] local function format_periodical (script_periodical, script_periodical_source, periodical, trans_periodical) if not utilities.is_set (periodical) then periodical = ''; -- to be safe for concatenation else periodical = utilities.wrap_style ('italic-title', periodical); -- style end periodical = script_concatenate (periodical, script_periodical, script_periodical_source); -- <bdi> tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; must be done after title is wrapped if utilities.is_set (trans_periodical) then trans_periodical = utilities.wrap_style ('trans-italic-title', trans_periodical); if utilities.is_set (periodical) then periodical = periodical .. ' ' .. trans_periodical; else -- here when trans-periodical without periodical or script-periodical periodical = trans_periodical; utilities.set_message ('err_trans_missing_title', {'periodical'}); end end return periodical; end --[[------------------< F O R M A T _ C H A P T E R _ T I T L E >--------------- Format the four chapter parameters: |script-chapter=, |chapter=, |trans-chapter=, and |chapter-url= into a single chapter meta- parameter (chapter_url_source used for error messages). ]] local function format_chapter_title (script_chapter, script_chapter_source, chapter, chapter_source, trans_chapter, trans_chapter_source, chapter_url, chapter_url_source, no_quotes, access) local ws_url, ws_label, L = wikisource_url_make (chapter); -- make a wikisource URL and label from a wikisource interwiki link if ws_url then ws_label = ws_label:gsub ('_', ' '); -- replace underscore separators with space characters chapter = ws_label; end if not utilities.is_set (chapter) then chapter = ''; -- to be safe for concatenation else if false == no_quotes then chapter = kern_quotes (chapter); -- if necessary, separate chapter title's leading and trailing quote marks from module provided quote marks chapter = utilities.wrap_style ('quoted-title', chapter); end end chapter = script_concatenate (chapter, script_chapter, script_chapter_source); -- <bdi> tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; must be done after title is wrapped if utilities.is_set (chapter_url) then chapter = external_link (chapter_url, chapter, chapter_url_source, access); -- adds bare_url_missing_title error if appropriate elseif ws_url then chapter = external_link (ws_url, chapter .. '&nbsp;', 'ws link in chapter'); -- adds bare_url_missing_title error if appropriate; space char to move icon away from chap text; TODO: better way to do this? chapter = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['interwiki-icon'], {cfg.presentation['class-wikisource'], L, chapter}); end if utilities.is_set (trans_chapter) then trans_chapter = utilities.wrap_style ('trans-quoted-title', trans_chapter); if utilities.is_set (chapter) then chapter = chapter .. ' ' .. trans_chapter; else -- here when trans_chapter without chapter or script-chapter chapter = trans_chapter; chapter_source = trans_chapter_source:match ('trans%-?(.+)'); -- when no chapter, get matching name from trans-<param> utilities.set_message ('err_trans_missing_title', {chapter_source}); end end return chapter; end --[[----------------< H A S _ I N V I S I B L E _ C H A R S >------------------- This function searches a parameter's value for non-printable or invisible characters. The search stops at the first match. This function will detect the visible replacement character when it is part of the Wikisource. Detects but ignores nowiki and math stripmarkers. Also detects other named stripmarkers (gallery, math, pre, ref) and identifies them with a slightly different error message. See also coins_cleanup(). Output of this function is an error message that identifies the character or the Unicode group, or the stripmarker that was detected along with its position (or, for multi-byte characters, the position of its first byte) in the parameter value. ]] local function has_invisible_chars (param, v) local position = ''; -- position of invisible char or starting position of stripmarker local capture; -- used by stripmarker detection to hold name of the stripmarker local stripmarker; -- boolean set true when a stripmarker is found capture = string.match (v, '[%w%p ]*'); -- test for values that are simple ASCII text and bypass other tests if true if capture == v then -- if same there are no Unicode characters return; end for _, invisible_char in ipairs (cfg.invisible_chars) do local char_name = invisible_char[1]; -- the character or group name local pattern = invisible_char[2]; -- the pattern used to find it position, _, capture = mw.ustring.find (v, pattern); -- see if the parameter value contains characters that match the pattern if position and (cfg.invisible_defs.zwj == capture) then -- if we found a zero-width joiner character if mw.ustring.find (v, cfg.indic_script) then -- it's ok if one of the Indic scripts position = nil; -- unset position elseif cfg.emoji_t[mw.ustring.codepoint (v, position+1)] then -- is zwj followed by a character listed in emoji{}? position = nil; -- unset position end end if position then if 'nowiki' == capture or 'math' == capture or -- nowiki and math stripmarkers (not an error condition) ('templatestyles' == capture and utilities.in_array (param, {'id', 'quote'})) then -- templatestyles stripmarker allowed in these parameters stripmarker = true; -- set a flag elseif true == stripmarker and cfg.invisible_defs.del == capture then -- because stripmakers begin and end with the delete char, assume that we've found one end of a stripmarker position = nil; -- unset else local err_msg; if capture and not (cfg.invisible_defs.del == capture or cfg.invisible_defs.zwj == capture) then err_msg = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages.invisible_1, {capture, char_name}); -- <capture> here is stripmarker name else err_msg = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages.invisible_2, char_name); end utilities.set_message ('err_invisible_char', {err_msg, utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', param), position}); -- add error message return; -- and done with this parameter end end end end --[[-------------------< A R G U M E N T _ W R A P P E R >---------------------- Argument wrapper. This function provides support for argument mapping defined in the configuration file so that multiple names can be transparently aliased to single internal variable. ]] local function argument_wrapper ( args ) local origin = {}; return setmetatable({ ORIGIN = function ( self, k ) local dummy = self[k]; -- force the variable to be loaded. return origin[k]; end }, { __index = function ( tbl, k ) if origin[k] ~= nil then return nil; end local args, list, v = args, cfg.aliases[k]; if type( list ) == 'table' then v, origin[k] = utilities.select_one ( args, list, 'err_redundant_parameters' ); if origin[k] == nil then origin[k] = ''; -- Empty string, not nil end elseif list ~= nil then v, origin[k] = args[list], list; else -- maybe let through instead of raising an error? -- v, origin[k] = args[k], k; error( cfg.messages['unknown_argument_map'] .. ': ' .. k); end -- Empty strings, not nil; if v == nil then v = ''; origin[k] = ''; end tbl = rawset( tbl, k, v ); return v; end, }); end --[[--------------------------< N O W R A P _ D A T E >------------------------- When date is YYYY-MM-DD format wrap in nowrap span: <span ...>YYYY-MM-DD</span>. When date is DD MMMM YYYY or is MMMM DD, YYYY then wrap in nowrap span: <span ...>DD MMMM</span> YYYY or <span ...>MMMM DD,</span> YYYY DOES NOT yet support MMMM YYYY or any of the date ranges. ]] local function nowrap_date (date) local cap = ''; local cap2 = ''; if date:match("^%d%d%d%d%-%d%d%-%d%d$") then date = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['nowrap1'], date); elseif date:match("^%a+%s*%d%d?,%s+%d%d%d%d$") or date:match ("^%d%d?%s*%a+%s+%d%d%d%d$") then cap, cap2 = string.match (date, "^(.*)%s+(%d%d%d%d)$"); date = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['nowrap2'], {cap, cap2}); end return date; end --[[--------------------------< S E T _ T I T L E T Y P E >--------------------- This function sets default title types (equivalent to the citation including |type=<default value>) for those templates that have defaults. Also handles the special case where it is desirable to omit the title type from the rendered citation (|type=none). ]] local function set_titletype (cite_class, title_type) if utilities.is_set (title_type) then if 'none' == cfg.keywords_xlate[title_type] then title_type = ''; -- if |type=none then type parameter not displayed end return title_type; -- if |type= has been set to any other value use that value end return cfg.title_types [cite_class] or ''; -- set template's default title type; else empty string for concatenation end --[[--------------------------< S A F E _ J O I N >----------------------------- Joins a sequence of strings together while checking for duplicate separation characters. ]] local function safe_join( tbl, duplicate_char ) local f = {}; -- create a function table appropriate to type of 'duplicate character' if 1 == #duplicate_char then -- for single byte ASCII characters use the string library functions f.gsub = string.gsub f.match = string.match f.sub = string.sub else -- for multi-byte characters use the ustring library functions f.gsub = mw.ustring.gsub f.match = mw.ustring.match f.sub = mw.ustring.sub end local str = ''; -- the output string local comp = ''; -- what does 'comp' mean? local end_chr = ''; local trim; for _, value in ipairs( tbl ) do if value == nil then value = ''; end if str == '' then -- if output string is empty str = value; -- assign value to it (first time through the loop) elseif value ~= '' then if value:sub(1, 1) == '<' then -- special case of values enclosed in spans and other markup. comp = value:gsub( "%b<>", "" ); -- remove HTML markup (<span>string</span> -> string) else comp = value; end -- typically duplicate_char is sepc if f.sub(comp, 1, 1) == duplicate_char then -- is first character same as duplicate_char? why test first character? -- Because individual string segments often (always?) begin with terminal punct for the -- preceding segment: 'First element' .. 'sepc next element' .. etc.? trim = false; end_chr = f.sub(str, -1, -1); -- get the last character of the output string -- str = str .. "<HERE(enchr=" .. end_chr .. ")" -- debug stuff? if end_chr == duplicate_char then -- if same as separator str = f.sub(str, 1, -2); -- remove it elseif end_chr == "'" then -- if it might be wiki-markup if f.sub(str, -3, -1) == duplicate_char .. "''" then -- if last three chars of str are sepc'' str = f.sub(str, 1, -4) .. "''"; -- remove them and add back '' elseif f.sub(str, -5, -1) == duplicate_char .. "]]''" then -- if last five chars of str are sepc]]'' trim = true; -- why? why do this and next differently from previous? elseif f.sub(str, -4, -1) == duplicate_char .. "]''" then -- if last four chars of str are sepc]'' trim = true; -- same question end elseif end_chr == "]" then -- if it might be wiki-markup if f.sub(str, -3, -1) == duplicate_char .. "]]" then -- if last three chars of str are sepc]] wikilink trim = true; elseif f.sub(str, -3, -1) == duplicate_char .. '"]' then -- if last three chars of str are sepc"] quoted external link trim = true; elseif f.sub(str, -2, -1) == duplicate_char .. "]" then -- if last two chars of str are sepc] external link trim = true; elseif f.sub(str, -4, -1) == duplicate_char .. "'']" then -- normal case when |url=something & |title=Title. trim = true; end elseif end_chr == " " then -- if last char of output string is a space if f.sub(str, -2, -1) == duplicate_char .. " " then -- if last two chars of str are <sepc><space> str = f.sub(str, 1, -3); -- remove them both end end if trim then if value ~= comp then -- value does not equal comp when value contains HTML markup local dup2 = duplicate_char; if f.match(dup2, "%A" ) then dup2 = "%" .. dup2; end -- if duplicate_char not a letter then escape it value = f.gsub(value, "(%b<>)" .. dup2, "%1", 1 ) -- remove duplicate_char if it follows HTML markup else value = f.sub(value, 2, -1 ); -- remove duplicate_char when it is first character end end end str = str .. value; -- add it to the output string end end return str; end --[[--------------------------< I S _ S U F F I X >----------------------------- returns true if suffix is properly formed Jr, Sr, or ordinal in the range 1–9. Puncutation not allowed. ]] local function is_suffix (suffix) if utilities.in_array (suffix, {'Jr', 'Sr', 'Jnr', 'Snr', '1st', '2nd', '3rd'}) or suffix:match ('^%dth$') then return true; end return false; end --[[--------------------< I S _ G O O D _ V A N C _ N A M E >------------------- For Vancouver style, author/editor names are supposed to be rendered in Latin (read ASCII) characters. When a name uses characters that contain diacritical marks, those characters are to be converted to the corresponding Latin character. When a name is written using a non-Latin alphabet or logogram, that name is to be transliterated into Latin characters. The module doesn't do this so editors may/must. This test allows |first= and |last= names to contain any of the letters defined in the four Unicode Latin character sets [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0000.pdf C0 Controls and Basic Latin] 0041–005A, 0061–007A [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0080.pdf C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement] 00C0–00D6, 00D8–00F6, 00F8–00FF [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0100.pdf Latin Extended-A] 0100–017F [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0180.pdf Latin Extended-B] 0180–01BF, 01C4–024F |lastn= also allowed to contain hyphens, spaces, and apostrophes. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7271/box/A35029/) |firstn= also allowed to contain hyphens, spaces, apostrophes, and periods This original test: if nil == mw.ustring.find (last, "^[A-Za-zÀ-ÖØ-öø-ƿDŽ-ɏ%-%s%']*$") or nil == mw.ustring.find (first, "^[A-Za-zÀ-ÖØ-öø-ƿDŽ-ɏ%-%s%'%.]+[2-6%a]*$") then was written outside of the code editor and pasted here because the code editor gets confused between character insertion point and cursor position. The test has been rewritten to use decimal character escape sequence for the individual bytes of the Unicode characters so that it is not necessary to use an external editor to maintain this code. \195\128-\195\150 – À-Ö (U+00C0–U+00D6 – C0 controls) \195\152-\195\182 – Ø-ö (U+00D8-U+00F6 – C0 controls) \195\184-\198\191 – ø-ƿ (U+00F8-U+01BF – C0 controls, Latin extended A & B) \199\132-\201\143 – DŽ-ɏ (U+01C4-U+024F – Latin extended B) ]] local function is_good_vanc_name (last, first, suffix, position) if not suffix then if first:find ('[,%s]') then -- when there is a space or comma, might be first name/initials + generational suffix first = first:match ('(.-)[,%s]+'); -- get name/initials suffix = first:match ('[,%s]+(.+)$'); -- get generational suffix end end if utilities.is_set (suffix) then if not is_suffix (suffix) then add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl.suffix, position); return false; -- not a name with an appropriate suffix end end if nil == mw.ustring.find (last, "^[A-Za-z\195\128-\195\150\195\152-\195\182\195\184-\198\191\199\132-\201\143\225\184\128-\225\187\191%-%s%']*$") or nil == mw.ustring.find (first, "^[A-Za-z\195\128-\195\150\195\152-\195\182\195\184-\198\191\199\132-\201\143\225\184\128-\225\187\191%-%s%'%.]*$") then add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl['non-Latin char'], position); return false; -- not a string of Latin characters; Vancouver requires Romanization end; return true; end --[[--------------------------< R E D U C E _ T O _ I N I T I A L S >------------------------------------------ Attempts to convert names to initials in support of |name-list-style=vanc. Names in |firstn= may be separated by spaces or hyphens, or for initials, a period. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7271/box/A35062/. Vancouver style requires family rank designations (Jr, II, III, etc.) to be rendered as Jr, 2nd, 3rd, etc. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7271/box/A35085/. This code only accepts and understands generational suffix in the Vancouver format because Roman numerals look like, and can be mistaken for, initials. This function uses ustring functions because firstname initials may be any of the Unicode Latin characters accepted by is_good_vanc_name (). ]] local function reduce_to_initials (first, position) if first:find (',', 1, true) then return first; -- commas not allowed; abandon end local name, suffix = mw.ustring.match (first, "^(%u+) ([%dJS][%drndth]+)$"); if not name then -- if not initials and a suffix name = mw.ustring.match (first, "^(%u+)$"); -- is it just initials? end if name then -- if first is initials with or without suffix if 3 > mw.ustring.len (name) then -- if one or two initials if suffix then -- if there is a suffix if is_suffix (suffix) then -- is it legitimate? return first; -- one or two initials and a valid suffix so nothing to do else add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl.suffix, position); -- one or two initials with invalid suffix so error message return first; -- and return first unmolested end else return first; -- one or two initials without suffix; nothing to do end end end -- if here then name has 3 or more uppercase letters so treat them as a word local initials_t, names_t = {}, {}; -- tables to hold name parts and initials local i = 1; -- counter for number of initials names_t = mw.text.split (first, '[%s%-]+'); -- split into a sequence of names and possible suffix while names_t[i] do -- loop through the sequence if 1 < i and names_t[i]:match ('[%dJS][%drndth]+%.?$') then -- if not the first name, and looks like a suffix (may have trailing dot) names_t[i] = names_t[i]:gsub ('%.', ''); -- remove terminal dot if present if is_suffix (names_t[i]) then -- if a legitimate suffix table.insert (initials_t, ' ' .. names_t[i]); -- add a separator space, insert at end of initials sequence break; -- and done because suffix must fall at the end of a name end -- no error message if not a suffix; possibly because of Romanization end if 3 > i then table.insert (initials_t, mw.ustring.sub (names_t[i], 1, 1)); -- insert the initial at end of initials sequence end i = i + 1; -- bump the counter end return table.concat (initials_t); -- Vancouver format does not include spaces. end --[[--------------------------< I N T E R W I K I _ P R E F I X E N _ G E T >---------------------------------- extract interwiki prefixen from <value>. Returns two one or two values: false – no prefixen nil – prefix exists but not recognized project prefix, language prefix – when value has either of: :<project>:<language>:<article> :<language>:<project>:<article> project prefix, nil – when <value> has only a known single-letter prefix nil, language prefix – when <value> has only a known language prefix accepts single-letter project prefixen: 'd' (wikidata), 's' (wikisource), and 'w' (wikipedia) prefixes; at this writing, the other single-letter prefixen (b (wikibook), c (commons), m (meta), n (wikinews), q (wikiquote), and v (wikiversity)) are not supported. ]] local function interwiki_prefixen_get (value, is_link) if not value:find (':%l+:') then -- if no prefix return false; -- abandon; boolean here to distinguish from nil fail returns later end local prefix_patterns_linked_t = { -- sequence of valid interwiki and inter project prefixen '^%[%[:([dsw]):(%l%l+):', -- wikilinked; project and language prefixes '^%[%[:(%l%l+):([dsw]):', -- wikilinked; language and project prefixes '^%[%[:([dsw]):', -- wikilinked; project prefix '^%[%[:(%l%l+):', -- wikilinked; language prefix } local prefix_patterns_unlinked_t = { -- sequence of valid interwiki and inter project prefixen '^:([dsw]):(%l%l+):', -- project and language prefixes '^:(%l%l+):([dsw]):', -- language and project prefixes '^:([dsw]):', -- project prefix '^:(%l%l+):', -- language prefix } local cap1, cap2; for _, pattern in ipairs ((is_link and prefix_patterns_linked_t) or prefix_patterns_unlinked_t) do cap1, cap2 = value:match (pattern); if cap1 then break; -- found a match so stop looking end end if cap1 and cap2 then -- when both then :project:language: or :language:project: (both forms allowed) if 1 == #cap1 then -- length == 1 then :project:language: if cfg.inter_wiki_map[cap2] then -- is language prefix in the interwiki map? return cap1, cap2; -- return interwiki project and interwiki language end else -- here when :language:project: if cfg.inter_wiki_map[cap1] then -- is language prefix in the interwiki map? return cap2, cap1; -- return interwiki project and interwiki language end end return nil; -- unknown interwiki language elseif not (cap1 or cap2) then -- both are nil? return nil; -- we got something that looks like a project prefix but isn't; return fail elseif 1 == #cap1 then -- here when one capture return cap1, nil; -- length is 1 so return project, nil language else -- here when one capture and its length it more than 1 if cfg.inter_wiki_map[cap1] then -- is language prefix in the interwiki map? return nil, cap1; -- return nil project, language end end end --[[--------------------------< L I S T _ P E O P L E >-------------------------- Formats a list of people (authors, contributors, editors, interviewers, translators) names in the list will be linked when |<name>-link= has a value |<name>-mask- does NOT have a value; masked names are presumed to have been rendered previously so should have been linked there when |<name>-mask=0, the associated name is not rendered ]] local function list_people (control, people, etal) local sep; local namesep; local format = control.format; local maximum = control.maximum; local name_list = {}; if 'vanc' == format then -- Vancouver-like name styling? sep = cfg.presentation['sep_nl_vanc']; -- name-list separator between names is a comma namesep = cfg.presentation['sep_name_vanc']; -- last/first separator is a space else sep = cfg.presentation['sep_nl']; -- name-list separator between names is a semicolon namesep = cfg.presentation['sep_name']; -- last/first separator is <comma><space> end if sep:sub (-1, -1) ~= " " then sep = sep .. " " end if utilities.is_set (maximum) and maximum < 1 then return "", 0; end -- returned 0 is for EditorCount; not used for other names for i, person in ipairs (people) do if utilities.is_set (person.last) then local mask = person.mask; local one; local sep_one = sep; if utilities.is_set (maximum) and i > maximum then etal = true; break; end if mask then local n = tonumber (mask); -- convert to a number if it can be converted; nil else if n then one = 0 ~= n and string.rep("&mdash;", n) or nil; -- make a string of (n > 0) mdashes, nil else, to replace name person.link = nil; -- don't create link to name if name is replaces with mdash string or has been set nil else one = mask; -- replace name with mask text (must include name-list separator) sep_one = " "; -- modify name-list separator end else one = person.last; -- get surname local first = person.first -- get given name if utilities.is_set (first) then if ("vanc" == format) then -- if Vancouver format one = one:gsub ('%.', ''); -- remove periods from surnames (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7271/box/A35029/) if not person.corporate and is_good_vanc_name (one, first, nil, i) then -- and name is all Latin characters; corporate authors not tested first = reduce_to_initials (first, i); -- attempt to convert first name(s) to initials end end one = one .. namesep .. first; end end if utilities.is_set (person.link) then one = utilities.make_wikilink (person.link, one); -- link author/editor end if one then -- if <one> has a value (name, mdash replacement, or mask text replacement) local proj, tag = interwiki_prefixen_get (one, true); -- get the interwiki prefixen if present if 'w' == proj and ('Wikipedia' == mw.site.namespaces.Project['name']) then proj = nil; -- for stuff like :w:de:<article>, :w is unnecessary TODO: maint cat? end if proj then local proj_name = ({['d'] = cfg.messages.wikidata, ['s'] = cfg.messages.wikisource, ['w'] = cfg.messages.wikipedia})[proj]; -- :w (wikipedia) for linking from a non-wikipedia project if proj_name then one = one .. utilities.wrap_style ('interproj', proj_name); -- add resized leading space, brackets, static text, language name utilities.add_prop_cat ('interproj-linked-name', proj); -- categorize it; <proj> is sort key tag = nil; -- unset; don't do both project and language end end if tag == cfg.this_wiki_code then tag = nil; -- stuff like :en:<article> at en.wiki is pointless TODO: maint cat? end if tag then local lang = cfg.lang_tag_remap[tag] or cfg.mw_languages_by_tag_t[tag]; if lang then -- error messaging done in extract_names() where we know parameter names one = one .. utilities.wrap_style ('interwiki', lang); -- add resized leading space, brackets, static text, language name utilities.add_prop_cat ('interwiki-linked-name', tag); -- categorize it; <tag> is sort key end end table.insert (name_list, one); -- add it to the list of names table.insert (name_list, sep_one); -- add the proper name-list separator end end end local count = #name_list / 2; -- (number of names + number of separators) divided by 2 if 0 < count then if 1 < count and not etal then if 'amp' == format then name_list[#name_list-2] = " & "; -- replace last separator with ampersand text elseif 'and' == format then if 2 == count then name_list[#name_list-2] = cfg.presentation.sep_nl_and; -- replace last separator with 'and' text else name_list[#name_list-2] = cfg.presentation.sep_nl_end; -- replace last separator with '(sep) and' text end end end name_list[#name_list] = nil; -- erase the last separator end local result = table.concat (name_list); -- construct list if etal and utilities.is_set (result) then -- etal may be set by |display-authors=etal but we might not have a last-first list result = result .. sep .. cfg.messages['et al']; -- we've got a last-first list and etal so add et al. end return result, count; -- return name-list string and count of number of names (count used for editor names only) end --[[--------------------< M A K E _ C I T E R E F _ I D >----------------------- Generates a CITEREF anchor ID if we have at least one name or a date. Otherwise returns an empty string. namelist is one of the contributor-, author-, or editor-name lists chosen in that order. year is Year or anchor_year. ]] local function make_citeref_id (namelist, year) local names={}; -- a table for the one to four names and year for i,v in ipairs (namelist) do -- loop through the list and take up to the first four last names names[i] = v.last if i == 4 then break end -- if four then done end table.insert (names, year); -- add the year at the end local id = table.concat(names); -- concatenate names and year for CITEREF id if utilities.is_set (id) then -- if concatenation is not an empty string return "CITEREF" .. id; -- add the CITEREF portion else return ''; -- return an empty string; no reason to include CITEREF id in this citation end end --[[--------------------------< C I T E _ C L A S S _A T T R I B U T E _M A K E >------------------------------ construct <cite> tag class attribute for this citation. <cite_class> – config.CitationClass from calling template <mode> – value from |mode= parameter ]] local function cite_class_attribute_make (cite_class, mode) local class_t = {}; table.insert (class_t, 'citation'); -- required for blue highlight if 'citation' ~= cite_class then table.insert (class_t, cite_class); -- identify this template for user css table.insert (class_t, utilities.is_set (mode) and mode or 'cs1'); -- identify the citation style for user css or javascript else table.insert (class_t, utilities.is_set (mode) and mode or 'cs2'); -- identify the citation style for user css or javascript end for _, prop_key in ipairs (z.prop_keys_t) do table.insert (class_t, prop_key); -- identify various properties for user css or javascript end return table.concat (class_t, ' '); -- make a big string and done end --[[---------------------< N A M E _ H A S _ E T A L >-------------------------- Evaluates the content of name parameters (author, editor, etc.) for variations on the theme of et al. If found, the et al. is removed, a flag is set to true and the function returns the modified name and the flag. This function never sets the flag to false but returns its previous state because it may have been set by previous passes through this function or by the associated |display-<names>=etal parameter ]] local function name_has_etal (name, etal, nocat, param) if utilities.is_set (name) then -- name can be nil in which case just return local patterns = cfg.et_al_patterns; -- get patterns from configuration for _, pattern in ipairs (patterns) do -- loop through all of the patterns if name:match (pattern) then -- if this 'et al' pattern is found in name name = name:gsub (pattern, ''); -- remove the offending text etal = true; -- set flag (may have been set previously here or by |display-<names>=etal) if not nocat then -- no categorization for |vauthors= utilities.set_message ('err_etal', {param}); -- and set an error if not added end end end end return name, etal; end --[[---------------------< N A M E _ I S _ N U M E R I C >---------------------- Add an error message and category when <name> parameter value does not contain letters. Add a maintenance category when <name> parameter value has numeric characters mixed with characters that are not numeric characters; could be letters and/or punctuation characters. This function will only emit one error and one maint message for the current template. Does not emit both error and maint messages/categories for the same parameter value. returns nothing ]] local function name_is_numeric (name, name_alias, list_name) local patterns = { '^%D+%d', -- <name> must have digits preceded by other characters '^%D*%d+%D+', -- <name> must have digits followed by other characters } if not added_numeric_name_errs and mw.ustring.match (name, '^[%A]+$') then -- if we have not already set an error message and <name> does not have any alpha characters utilities.set_message ('err_numeric_names', name_alias); -- add an error message added_numeric_name_errs = true; -- set the flag so we emit only one error message return; -- when here no point in further testing; abandon end if not added_numeric_name_maint then -- if we have already set a maint message for _, pattern in ipairs (patterns) do -- spin through list of patterns if mw.ustring.match (name, pattern) then -- digits preceded or followed by anything but digits; %D+ includes punctuation utilities.set_message ('maint_numeric_names', cfg.special_case_translation [list_name]); -- add a maint cat for this template added_numeric_name_maint = true; -- set the flag so we emit only one maint message return; -- when here no point in further testing; abandon end end end end --[[-----------------< N A M E _ H A S _ M U L T _ N A M E S >------------------ Evaluates the content of last/surname (authors etc.) parameters for multiple names. Multiple names are indicated if there is more than one comma or any "unescaped" semicolons. Escaped semicolons are ones used as part of selected HTML entities. If the condition is met, the function adds the multiple name maintenance category. Same test for first except that commas should not appear in given names (MOS:JR says that the generational suffix does not take a separator character). Titles, degrees, postnominals, affiliations, all normally comma separated don't belong in a citation. <name> – name parameter value <list_name> – AuthorList, EditorList, etc <limit> – number of allowed commas; 1 (default) for surnames; 0 for given names returns nothing ]] local function name_has_mult_names (name, list_name, limit) local _, commas, semicolons, nbsps; limit = limit and limit or 1; if utilities.is_set (name) then _, commas = name:gsub (',', ''); -- count the number of commas _, semicolons = name:gsub (';', ''); -- count the number of semicolons -- nbsps probably should be its own separate count rather than merged in -- some way with semicolons because Lua patterns do not support the -- grouping operator that regex does, which means there is no way to add -- more entities to escape except by adding more counts with the new -- entities _, nbsps = name:gsub ('&nbsp;',''); -- count nbsps -- There is exactly 1 semicolon per &nbsp; entity, so subtract nbsps -- from semicolons to 'escape' them. If additional entities are added, -- they also can be subtracted. if limit < commas or 0 < (semicolons - nbsps) then utilities.set_message ('maint_mult_names', cfg.special_case_translation [list_name]); -- add a maint message end end end --[=[-------------------------< I S _ G E N E R I C >---------------------------------------------------------- Compares values assigned to various parameters according to the string provided as <item> in the function call. <item> can have on of two values: 'generic_names' – for name-holding parameters: |last=, |first=, |editor-last=, etc 'generic_titles' – for |title= There are two types of generic tests. The 'accept' tests look for a pattern that should not be rejected by the 'reject' test. For example, |author=[[John Smith (author)|Smith, John]] would be rejected by the 'author' reject test. But piped wikilinks with 'author' disambiguation should not be rejected so the 'accept' test prevents that from happening. Accept tests are always performed before reject tests. Each of the 'accept' and 'reject' sequence tables hold tables for en.wiki (['en']) and local.wiki (['local']) that each can hold a test sequence table The sequence table holds, at index [1], a test pattern, and, at index [2], a boolean control value. The control value tells string.find() or mw.ustring.find() to do plain-text search (true) or a pattern search (false). The intent of all this complexity is to make these searches as fast as possible so that we don't run out of processing time on very large articles. Returns true when a reject test finds the pattern or string false when an accept test finds the pattern or string nil else ]=] local function is_generic (item, value, wiki) local test_val; local str_lower = { -- use string.lower() for en.wiki (['en']) and use mw.ustring.lower() or local.wiki (['local']) ['en'] = string.lower, ['local'] = mw.ustring.lower, } local str_find = { -- use string.find() for en.wiki (['en']) and use mw.ustring.find() or local.wiki (['local']) ['en'] = string.find, ['local'] = mw.ustring.find, } local function test (val, test_t, wiki) -- local function to do the testing; <wiki> selects lower() and find() functions val = test_t[2] and str_lower[wiki](value) or val; -- when <test_t[2]> set to 'true', plaintext search using lowercase value return str_find[wiki] (val, test_t[1], 1, test_t[2]); -- return nil when not found or matched end local test_types_t = {'accept', 'reject'}; -- test accept patterns first, then reject patterns local wikis_t = {'en', 'local'}; -- do tests for each of these keys; en.wiki first, local.wiki second for _, test_type in ipairs (test_types_t) do -- for each test type for _, generic_value in pairs (cfg.special_case_translation[item][test_type]) do -- spin through the list of generic value fragments to accept or reject for _, wiki in ipairs (wikis_t) do if generic_value[wiki] then if test (value, generic_value[wiki], wiki) then -- go do the test return ('reject' == test_type); -- param value rejected, return true; false else end end end end end end --[[--------------------------< N A M E _ I S _ G E N E R I C >------------------------------------------------ calls is_generic() to determine if <name> is a 'generic name' listed in cfg.generic_names; <name_alias> is the parameter name used in error messaging ]] local function name_is_generic (name, name_alias) if not added_generic_name_errs and is_generic ('generic_names', name) then utilities.set_message ('err_generic_name', name_alias); -- set an error message added_generic_name_errs = true; end end --[[--------------------------< N A M E _ C H E C K S >-------------------------------------------------------- This function calls various name checking functions used to validate the content of the various name-holding parameters. ]] local function name_checks (last, first, list_name, last_alias, first_alias) local accept_name; if utilities.is_set (last) then last, accept_name = utilities.has_accept_as_written (last); -- remove accept-this-as-written markup when it wraps all of <last> if not accept_name then -- <last> not wrapped in accept-as-written markup name_has_mult_names (last, list_name); -- check for multiple names in the parameter name_is_numeric (last, last_alias, list_name); -- check for names that have no letters or are a mix of digits and other characters name_is_generic (last, last_alias); -- check for names found in the generic names list end end if utilities.is_set (first) then first, accept_name = utilities.has_accept_as_written (first); -- remove accept-this-as-written markup when it wraps all of <first> if not accept_name then -- <first> not wrapped in accept-as-written markup name_has_mult_names (first, list_name, 0); -- check for multiple names in the parameter; 0 is number of allowed commas in a given name name_is_numeric (first, first_alias, list_name); -- check for names that have no letters or are a mix of digits and other characters name_is_generic (first, first_alias); -- check for names found in the generic names list end local wl_type, D = utilities.is_wikilink (first); if 0 ~= wl_type then first = D; utilities.set_message ('err_bad_paramlink', first_alias); end end return last, first; -- done end --[[----------------------< E X T R A C T _ N A M E S >------------------------- Gets name list from the input arguments Searches through args in sequential order to find |lastn= and |firstn= parameters (or their aliases), and their matching link and mask parameters. Stops searching when both |lastn= and |firstn= are not found in args after two sequential attempts: found |last1=, |last2=, and |last3= but doesn't find |last4= and |last5= then the search is done. This function emits an error message when there is a |firstn= without a matching |lastn=. When there are 'holes' in the list of last names, |last1= and |last3= are present but |last2= is missing, an error message is emitted. |lastn= is not required to have a matching |firstn=. When an author or editor parameter contains some form of 'et al.', the 'et al.' is stripped from the parameter and a flag (etal) returned that will cause list_people() to add the static 'et al.' text from Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration. This keeps 'et al.' out of the template's metadata. When this occurs, an error is emitted. ]] local function extract_names(args, list_name) local names = {}; -- table of names local last; -- individual name components local first; local link; local mask; local i = 1; -- loop counter/indexer local n = 1; -- output table indexer local count = 0; -- used to count the number of times we haven't found a |last= (or alias for authors, |editor-last or alias for editors) local etal = false; -- return value set to true when we find some form of et al. in an author parameter local last_alias, first_alias, link_alias; -- selected parameter aliases used in error messaging while true do last, last_alias = utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Last'], 'err_redundant_parameters', i ); -- search through args for name components beginning at 1 first, first_alias = utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-First'], 'err_redundant_parameters', i ); link, link_alias = utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Link'], 'err_redundant_parameters', i ); mask = utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Mask'], 'err_redundant_parameters', i ); if last then -- error check |lastn= alias for unknown interwiki link prefix; done here because this is where we have the parameter name local project, language = interwiki_prefixen_get (last, true); -- true because we expect interwiki links in |lastn= to be wikilinked if nil == project and nil == language then -- when both are nil utilities.set_message ('err_bad_paramlink', last_alias); -- not known, emit an error message -- TODO: err_bad_interwiki? last = utilities.remove_wiki_link (last); -- remove wikilink markup; show display value only end end if link then -- error check |linkn= alias for unknown interwiki link prefix local project, language = interwiki_prefixen_get (link, false); -- false because wiki links in |author-linkn= is an error if nil == project and nil == language then -- when both are nil utilities.set_message ('err_bad_paramlink', link_alias); -- not known, emit an error message -- TODO: err_bad_interwiki? link = nil; -- unset so we don't link link_alias = nil; end end last, etal = name_has_etal (last, etal, false, last_alias); -- find and remove variations on et al. first, etal = name_has_etal (first, etal, false, first_alias); -- find and remove variations on et al. last, first = name_checks (last, first, list_name, last_alias, first_alias); -- multiple names, extraneous annotation, etc. checks if first and not last then -- if there is a firstn without a matching lastn local alias = first_alias:find ('given', 1, true) and 'given' or 'first'; -- get first or given form of the alias utilities.set_message ('err_first_missing_last', { first_alias, -- param name of alias missing its mate first_alias:gsub (alias, {['first'] = 'last', ['given'] = 'surname'}), -- make param name appropriate to the alias form }); -- add this error message elseif not first and not last then -- if both firstn and lastn aren't found, are we done? count = count + 1; -- number of times we haven't found last and first if 2 <= count then -- two missing names and we give up break; -- normal exit or there is a two-name hole in the list; can't tell which end else -- we have last with or without a first local result; link = link_title_ok (link, link_alias, last, last_alias); -- check for improper wiki-markup if first then link = link_title_ok (link, link_alias, first, first_alias); -- check for improper wiki-markup end names[n] = {last = last, first = first, link = link, mask = mask, corporate = false}; -- add this name to our names list (corporate for |vauthors= only) n = n + 1; -- point to next location in the names table if 1 == count then -- if the previous name was missing utilities.set_message ('err_missing_name', {list_name:match ("(%w+)List"):lower(), i - 1}); -- add this error message end count = 0; -- reset the counter, we're looking for two consecutive missing names end i = i + 1; -- point to next args location end return names, etal; -- all done, return our list of names and the etal flag end --[[--------------------------< N A M E _ T A G _ G E T >------------------------------------------------------ attempt to decode |language=<lang_param> and return language name and matching tag; nil else. This function looks for: <lang_param> as a tag in cfg.lang_tag_remap{} <lang_param> as a name in cfg.lang_name_remap{} <lang_param> as a name in cfg.mw_languages_by_name_t <lang_param> as a tag in cfg.mw_languages_by_tag_t when those fail, presume that <lang_param> is an IETF-like tag that MediaWiki does not recognize. Strip all script, region, variant, whatever subtags from <lang_param> to leave just a two or three character language tag and look for the new <lang_param> in cfg.mw_languages_by_tag_t{} on success, returns name (in properly capitalized form) and matching tag (in lowercase); on failure returns nil ]] local function name_tag_get (lang_param) local lang_param_lc = mw.ustring.lower (lang_param); -- use lowercase as an index into the various tables local name; local tag; name = cfg.lang_tag_remap[lang_param_lc]; -- assume <lang_param_lc> is a tag; attempt to get remapped language name if name then -- when <name>, <lang_param> is a tag for a remapped language name if cfg.lang_name_remap[name:lower()][2] ~= lang_param_lc then utilities.set_message ('maint_unknown_lang'); -- add maint category if not already added return name, cfg.lang_name_remap[name:lower()][2]; -- so return name and tag from lang_name_remap[name]; special case to xlate sr-ec and sr-el to sr-cyrl and sr-latn end return name, lang_param_lc; -- so return <name> from remap and <lang_param_lc> end tag = lang_param_lc:match ('^(%a%a%a?)%-.*'); -- still assuming that <lang_param_lc> is a tag; strip script, region, variant subtags name = cfg.lang_tag_remap[tag]; -- attempt to get remapped language name with language subtag only if name then -- when <name>, <tag> is a tag for a remapped language name return name, tag; -- so return <name> from remap and <tag> end if cfg.lang_name_remap[lang_param_lc] then -- not a remapped tag, assume <lang_param_lc> is a name; attempt to get remapped language tag return cfg.lang_name_remap[lang_param_lc][1], cfg.lang_name_remap[lang_param_lc][2]; -- for this <lang_param_lc>, return a (possibly) new name and appropriate tag end name = cfg.mw_languages_by_tag_t[lang_param_lc]; -- assume that <lang_param_lc> is a tag; attempt to get its matching language name if name then return name, lang_param_lc; -- <lang_param_lc> is a tag so return it and <name> end tag = cfg.mw_languages_by_name_t[lang_param_lc]; -- assume that <lang_param_lc> is a language name; attempt to get its matching tag if tag then return cfg.mw_languages_by_tag_t[tag], tag; -- <lang_param_lc> is a name so return the name from the table and <tag> end tag = lang_param_lc:match ('^(%a%a%a?)%-.*'); -- is <lang_param_lc> an IETF-like tag that MediaWiki doesn't recognize? <tag> gets the language subtag; nil else if tag then name = cfg.mw_languages_by_tag_t[tag]; -- attempt to get a language name using the shortened <tag> if name then return name, tag; -- <lang_param_lc> is an unrecognized IETF-like tag so return <name> and language subtag end end end --[[-------------------< L A N G U A G E _ P A R A M E T E R >------------------ Gets language name from a provided two- or three-character ISO 639 code. If a code is recognized by MediaWiki, use the returned name; if not, then use the value that was provided with the language parameter. When |language= contains a recognized language (either code or name), the page is assigned to the category for that code: Category:Norwegian-language sources (no). For valid three-character code languages, the page is assigned to the single category for '639-2' codes: Category:CS1 ISO 639-2 language sources. Languages that are the same as the local wiki are not categorized. MediaWiki does not recognize three-character equivalents of two-character codes: code 'ar' is recognized but code 'ara' is not. This function supports multiple languages in the form |language=nb, French, th where the language names or codes are separated from each other by commas with optional space characters. ]] local function language_parameter (lang) local tag; -- some form of IETF-like language tag; language subtag with optional region, sript, vatiant, etc subtags local lang_subtag; -- ve populates |language= with mostly unecessary region subtags the MediaWiki does not recognize; this is the base language subtag local name; -- the language name local language_list = {}; -- table of language names to be rendered local names_t = {}; -- table made from the value assigned to |language= local this_wiki_name = mw.language.fetchLanguageName (cfg.this_wiki_code, cfg.this_wiki_code); -- get this wiki's language name names_t = mw.text.split (lang, '%s*,%s*'); -- names should be a comma separated list for _, lang in ipairs (names_t) do -- reuse lang here because we don't yet know if lang is a language name or a language tag name, tag = name_tag_get (lang); -- attempt to get name/tag pair for <lang>; <name> has proper capitalization; <tag> is lowercase if utilities.is_set (tag) then lang_subtag = tag:gsub ('^(%a%a%a?)%-.*', '%1'); -- for categorization, strip any IETF-like tags from language tag if cfg.this_wiki_code ~= lang_subtag then -- when the language is not the same as this wiki's language if 2 == lang_subtag:len() then -- and is a two-character tag utilities.add_prop_cat ('foreign-lang-source', {name, tag}, lang_subtag); -- categorize it; tag appended to allow for multiple language categorization else -- or is a recognized language (but has a three-character tag) utilities.add_prop_cat ('foreign-lang-source-2', {lang_subtag}, lang_subtag); -- categorize it differently TODO: support multiple three-character tag categories per cs1|2 template? end elseif cfg.local_lang_cat_enable then -- when the language and this wiki's language are the same and categorization is enabled utilities.add_prop_cat ('local-lang-source', {name, lang_subtag}); -- categorize it end else name = lang; -- return whatever <lang> has so that we show something utilities.set_message ('maint_unknown_lang'); -- add maint category if not already added end table.insert (language_list, name); name = ''; -- so we can reuse it end name = utilities.make_sep_list (#language_list, language_list); if (1 == #language_list) and (lang_subtag == cfg.this_wiki_code) then -- when only one language, find lang name in this wiki lang name; for |language=en-us, 'English' in 'American English' return ''; -- if one language and that language is this wiki's return an empty string (no annotation) end return (" " .. wrap_msg ('language', name)); -- otherwise wrap with '(in ...)' --[[ TODO: should only return blank or name rather than full list so we can clean up the bunched parenthetical elements Language, Type, Format ]] end --[[-----------------------< S E T _ C S _ S T Y L E >-------------------------- Gets the default CS style configuration for the given mode. Returns default separator and either postscript as passed in or the default. In CS1, the default postscript and separator are '.'. In CS2, the default postscript is the empty string and the default separator is ','. ]] local function set_cs_style (postscript, mode) if utilities.is_set(postscript) then -- emit a maintenance message if user postscript is the default cs1 postscript -- we catch the opposite case for cs2 in set_style if mode == 'cs1' and postscript == cfg.presentation['ps_' .. mode] then utilities.set_message ('maint_postscript'); end else postscript = cfg.presentation['ps_' .. mode]; end return cfg.presentation['sep_' .. mode], postscript; end --[[--------------------------< S E T _ S T Y L E >----------------------------- Sets the separator and postscript styles. Checks the |mode= first and the #invoke CitationClass second. Removes the postscript if postscript == none. ]] local function set_style (mode, postscript, cite_class) local sep; if 'cs2' == mode then sep, postscript = set_cs_style (postscript, 'cs2'); elseif 'cs1' == mode then sep, postscript = set_cs_style (postscript, 'cs1'); elseif 'citation' == cite_class then sep, postscript = set_cs_style (postscript, 'cs2'); else sep, postscript = set_cs_style (postscript, 'cs1'); end if cfg.keywords_xlate[postscript:lower()] == 'none' then -- emit a maintenance message if user postscript is the default cs2 postscript -- we catch the opposite case for cs1 in set_cs_style if 'cs2' == mode or ('cs1' ~= mode and 'citation' == cite_class) then -- {{citation |title=Title |mode=cs1 |postscript=none}} should not emit maint message utilities.set_message ('maint_postscript'); end postscript = ''; end return sep, postscript end --[=[-------------------------< I S _ P D F >----------------------------------- Determines if a URL has the file extension that is one of the PDF file extensions used by [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] when applying the PDF icon to external links. returns true if file extension is one of the recognized extensions, else false ]=] local function is_pdf (url) return url:match ('%.pdf$') or url:match ('%.PDF$') or url:match ('%.pdf[%?#]') or url:match ('%.PDF[%?#]') or url:match ('%.PDF&#035') or url:match ('%.pdf&#035'); end --[[--------------------------< S T Y L E _ F O R M A T >----------------------- Applies CSS style to |format=, |chapter-format=, etc. Also emits an error message if the format parameter does not have a matching URL parameter. If the format parameter is not set and the URL contains a file extension that is recognized as a PDF document by MediaWiki's commons.css, this code will set the format parameter to (PDF) with the appropriate styling. ]] local function style_format (format, url, fmt_param, url_param) if utilities.is_set (format) then format = utilities.wrap_style ('format', format); -- add leading space, parentheses, resize if not utilities.is_set (url) then utilities.set_message ('err_format_missing_url', {fmt_param, url_param}); -- add an error message end elseif is_pdf (url) then -- format is not set so if URL is a PDF file then format = utilities.wrap_style ('format', 'PDF'); -- set format to PDF else format = ''; -- empty string for concatenation end return format; end --[[---------------------< G E T _ D I S P L A Y _ N A M E S >------------------ Returns a number that defines the number of names displayed for author and editor name lists and a Boolean flag to indicate when et al. should be appended to the name list. When the value assigned to |display-xxxxors= is a number greater than or equal to zero, return the number and the previous state of the 'etal' flag (false by default but may have been set to true if the name list contains some variant of the text 'et al.'). When the value assigned to |display-xxxxors= is the keyword 'etal', return a number that is one greater than the number of authors in the list and set the 'etal' flag true. This will cause the list_people() to display all of the names in the name list followed by 'et al.' In all other cases, returns nil and the previous state of the 'etal' flag. inputs: max: A['DisplayAuthors'] or A['DisplayEditors'], etc; a number or some flavor of etal count: #a or #e list_name: 'authors' or 'editors' etal: author_etal or editor_etal This function sets an error message when |display-xxxxors= value greater than or equal to number of names but not when <max> comes from {{cs1 config}} global settings. When using global settings, <param> is set to the keyword 'cs1 config' which is used to supress the normal error. Error is suppressed because it is to be expected that some citations in an article will have the same or fewer names that the limit specified in {{cs1 config}}. ]] local function get_display_names (max, count, list_name, etal, param) if utilities.is_set (max) then if 'etal' == max:lower():gsub("[ '%.]", '') then -- the :gsub() portion makes 'etal' from a variety of 'et al.' spellings and stylings max = count + 1; -- number of authors + 1 so display all author name plus et al. etal = true; -- overrides value set by extract_names() elseif max:match ('^%d+$') then -- if is a string of numbers max = tonumber (max); -- make it a number if (max >= count) and ('cs1 config' ~= param) then -- error when local |display-xxxxors= value greater than or equal to number of names; not an error when using global setting utilities.set_message ('err_disp_name', {param, max}); -- add error message max = nil; end else -- not a valid keyword or number utilities.set_message ('err_disp_name', {param, max}); -- add error message max = nil; -- unset; as if |display-xxxxors= had not been set end end return max, etal; end --[[----------< E X T R A _ T E X T _ I N _ P A G E _ C H E C K >--------------- Adds error if |page=, |pages=, |quote-page=, |quote-pages= has what appears to be some form of p. or pp. abbreviation in the first characters of the parameter content. check page for extraneous p, p., pp, pp., pg, pg. at start of parameter value: good pattern: '^P[^%.P%l]' matches when page begins PX or P# but not Px where x and X are letters and # is a digit bad pattern: '^[Pp][PpGg]' matches when page begins pp, pP, Pp, PP, pg, pG, Pg, PG ]] local function extra_text_in_page_check (val, name) if not val:match (cfg.vol_iss_pg_patterns.good_ppattern) then for _, pattern in ipairs (cfg.vol_iss_pg_patterns.bad_ppatterns) do -- spin through the selected sequence table of patterns if val:match (pattern) then -- when a match, error so utilities.set_message ('err_extra_text_pages', name); -- add error message return; -- and done end end end end --[[--------------------------< E X T R A _ T E X T _ I N _ V O L _ I S S _ C H E C K >------------------------ Adds error if |volume= or |issue= has what appears to be some form of redundant 'type' indicator. Applies to both; this function looks for issue text in both |issue= and |volume= and looks for volume-like text in |voluem= and |issue=. For |volume=: 'V.', or 'Vol.' (with or without the dot) abbreviations or 'Volume' in the first characters of the parameter content (all case insensitive). 'V' and 'v' (without the dot) are presumed to be roman numerals so are allowed. For |issue=: 'No.', 'I.', 'Iss.' (with or without the dot) abbreviations, or 'Issue' in the first characters of the parameter content (all case insensitive); numero styling: 'n°' with degree sign U+00B0, and № precomposed numero sign U+2116. Single character values ('v', 'i', 'n') allowed when not followed by separator character ('.', ':', '=', or whitespace character) – param values are trimmed of whitespace by MediaWiki before delivered to the module. <val> is |volume= or |issue= parameter value <name> is |volume= or |issue= parameter name for error message <selector> is 'v' for |volume=, 'i' for |issue= sets error message on failure; returns nothing ]] local function extra_text_in_vol_iss_check (val, name, selector) if not utilities.is_set (val) then return; end local handler = 'v' == selector and 'err_extra_text_volume' or 'err_extra_text_issue'; local accept_val; val, accept_val = utilities.has_accept_as_written (val); --if accept_val then -- if uncomment this, |volume=((vol. 1)) suppresses error -- return; --end --val = mw.text.unstripNoWiki (val); -- if uncomment this, |volume=<nowiki>vol. 1</nowiki> shows error val = val:lower(); -- force parameter value to lower case for _, pattern in ipairs (cfg.vol_iss_pg_patterns.vi_patterns_t) do -- spin through the sequence table of patterns if val:match (pattern) then -- when a match, error so utilities.set_message (handler, name); -- add error message return; -- and done end end end --[=[-------------------------< G E T _ V _ N A M E _ T A B L E >---------------------------------------------- split apart a |vauthors= or |veditors= parameter. This function allows for corporate names, wrapped in doubled parentheses to also have commas; in the old version of the code, the doubled parentheses were included in the rendered citation and in the metadata. Individual author names may be wikilinked |vauthors=Jones AB, [[E. B. White|White EB]], ((Black, Brown, and Co.)) ]=] local function get_v_name_table (vparam, output_table, output_link_table) local _, accept = utilities.has_accept_as_written (vparam); if accept then utilities.add_prop_cat ('vanc-accept'); -- add properties category end local name_table = mw.text.split(vparam, "%s*,%s*"); -- names are separated by commas local wl_type, label, link; -- wl_type not used here; just a placeholder local i = 1; while name_table[i] do if name_table[i]:match ('^%(%(.*[^%)][^%)]$') then -- first segment of corporate with one or more commas; this segment has the opening doubled parentheses local name = name_table[i]; i = i + 1; -- bump indexer to next segment while name_table[i] do name = name .. ', ' .. name_table[i]; -- concatenate with previous segments if name_table[i]:match ('^.*%)%)$') then -- if this table member has the closing doubled parentheses break; -- and done reassembling so end i = i + 1; -- bump indexer end table.insert (output_table, name); -- and add corporate name to the output table table.insert (output_link_table, ''); -- no wikilink else wl_type, label, link = utilities.is_wikilink (name_table[i]); -- wl_type is: 0, no wl (text in label variable); 1, [[D]]; 2, [[L|D]] table.insert (output_table, label); -- add this name if 1 == wl_type then table.insert (output_link_table, label); -- simple wikilink [[D]] else table.insert (output_link_table, link); -- no wikilink or [[L|D]]; add this link if there is one, else empty string end end i = i + 1; end return output_table; end --[[--------------------------< P A R S E _ V A U T H O R S _ V E D I T O R S >-------------------------------- This function extracts author / editor names from |vauthors= or |veditors= and finds matching |xxxxor-maskn= and |xxxxor-linkn= in args. It then returns a table of assembled names just as extract_names() does. Author / editor names in |vauthors= or |veditors= must be in Vancouver system style. Corporate or institutional names may sometimes be required and because such names will often fail the is_good_vanc_name() and other format compliance tests, are wrapped in doubled parentheses ((corporate name)) to suppress the format tests. Supports generational suffixes Jr, 2nd, 3rd, 4th–6th. This function sets the Vancouver error when a required comma is missing and when there is a space between an author's initials. ]] local function parse_vauthors_veditors (args, vparam, list_name) local names = {}; -- table of names assembled from |vauthors=, |author-maskn=, |author-linkn= local v_name_table = {}; local v_link_table = {}; -- when name is wikilinked, targets go in this table local etal = false; -- return value set to true when we find some form of et al. vauthors parameter local last, first, link, mask, suffix; local corporate = false; vparam, etal = name_has_etal (vparam, etal, true); -- find and remove variations on et al. do not categorize (do it here because et al. might have a period) v_name_table = get_v_name_table (vparam, v_name_table, v_link_table); -- names are separated by commas for i, v_name in ipairs(v_name_table) do first = ''; -- set to empty string for concatenation and because it may have been set for previous author/editor local accept_name; v_name, accept_name = utilities.has_accept_as_written (v_name); -- remove accept-this-as-written markup when it wraps all of <v_name> if accept_name then last = v_name; corporate = true; -- flag used in list_people() elseif string.find(v_name, "%s") then if v_name:find('[;%.]') then -- look for commonly occurring punctuation characters; add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl.punctuation, i); end local lastfirstTable = {} lastfirstTable = mw.text.split(v_name, "%s+") first = table.remove(lastfirstTable); -- removes and returns value of last element in table which should be initials or generational suffix if not mw.ustring.match (first, '^%u+$') then -- mw.ustring here so that later we will catch non-Latin characters suffix = first; -- not initials so assume that whatever we got is a generational suffix first = table.remove(lastfirstTable); -- get what should be the initials from the table end last = table.concat(lastfirstTable, ' ') -- returns a string that is the concatenation of all other names that are not initials and generational suffix if not utilities.is_set (last) then first = ''; -- unset last = v_name; -- last empty because something wrong with first add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl.name, i); end if mw.ustring.match (last, '%a+%s+%u+%s+%a+') then add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl['missing comma'], i); -- matches last II last; the case when a comma is missing end if mw.ustring.match (v_name, ' %u %u$') then -- this test is in the wrong place TODO: move or replace with a more appropriate test add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl.initials, i); -- matches a space between two initials end else last = v_name; -- last name or single corporate name? Doesn't support multiword corporate names? do we need this? end if utilities.is_set (first) then if not mw.ustring.match (first, "^%u?%u$") then -- first shall contain one or two upper-case letters, nothing else add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl.initials, i); -- too many initials; mixed case initials (which may be ok Romanization); hyphenated initials end is_good_vanc_name (last, first, suffix, i); -- check first and last before restoring the suffix which may have a non-Latin digit if utilities.is_set (suffix) then first = first .. ' ' .. suffix; -- if there was a suffix concatenate with the initials suffix = ''; -- unset so we don't add this suffix to all subsequent names end else if not corporate then is_good_vanc_name (last, '', nil, i); end end link = utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Link'], 'err_redundant_parameters', i ) or v_link_table[i]; mask = utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Mask'], 'err_redundant_parameters', i ); names[i] = {last = last, first = first, link = link, mask = mask, corporate = corporate}; -- add this assembled name to our names list end return names, etal; -- all done, return our list of names end --[[--------------------------< S E L E C T _ A U T H O R _ E D I T O R _ S O U R C E >------------------------ Select one of |authors=, |authorn= / |lastn / firstn=, or |vauthors= as the source of the author name list or select one of |editorn= / editor-lastn= / |editor-firstn= or |veditors= as the source of the editor name list. Only one of these appropriate three will be used. The hierarchy is: |authorn= (and aliases) highest and |authors= lowest; |editorn= (and aliases) highest and |veditors= lowest (support for |editors= withdrawn) When looking for |authorn= / |editorn= parameters, test |xxxxor1= and |xxxxor2= (and all of their aliases); stops after the second test which mimicks the test used in extract_names() when looking for a hole in the author name list. There may be a better way to do this, I just haven't discovered what that way is. Emits an error message when more than one xxxxor name source is provided. In this function, vxxxxors = vauthors or veditors; xxxxors = authors as appropriate. ]] local function select_author_editor_source (vxxxxors, xxxxors, args, list_name) local lastfirst = false; if utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Last'], 'none', 1 ) or -- do this twice in case we have a |first1= without a |last1=; this ... utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-First'], 'none', 1 ) or -- ... also catches the case where |first= is used with |vauthors= utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Last'], 'none', 2 ) or utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-First'], 'none', 2 ) then lastfirst = true; end if (utilities.is_set (vxxxxors) and true == lastfirst) or -- these are the three error conditions (utilities.is_set (vxxxxors) and utilities.is_set (xxxxors)) or (true == lastfirst and utilities.is_set (xxxxors)) then utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', utilities.substitute (cfg.special_case_translation.name_list_params, ('AuthorList' == list_name) and cfg.special_case_translation.author or cfg.special_case_translation.editor)); -- add error message end if true == lastfirst then return 1 end; -- return a number indicating which author name source to use if utilities.is_set (vxxxxors) then return 2 end; if utilities.is_set (xxxxors) then return 3 end; return 1; -- no authors so return 1; this allows missing author name test to run in case there is a first without last end --[[--------------------------< I S _ V A L I D _ P A R A M E T E R _ V A L U E >------------------------------ This function is used to validate a parameter's assigned value for those parameters that have only a limited number of allowable values (yes, y, true, live, dead, etc.). When the parameter value has not been assigned a value (missing or empty in the source template) the function returns the value specified by ret_val. If the parameter value is one of the list of allowed values returns the translated value; else, emits an error message and returns the value specified by ret_val. TODO: explain <invert> ]] local function is_valid_parameter_value (value, name, possible, ret_val, invert) if not utilities.is_set (value) then return ret_val; -- an empty parameter is ok end if (not invert and utilities.in_array (value, possible)) then -- normal; <value> is in <possible> table return cfg.keywords_xlate[value]; -- return translation of parameter keyword elseif invert and not utilities.in_array (value, possible) then -- invert; <value> is not in <possible> table return value; -- return <value> as it is else utilities.set_message ('err_invalid_param_val', {name, value}); -- not an allowed value so add error message return ret_val; end end --[[--------------------------< T E R M I N A T E _ N A M E _ L I S T >---------------------------------------- This function terminates a name list (author, contributor, editor) with a separator character (sepc) and a space when the last character is not a sepc character or when the last three characters are not sepc followed by two closing square brackets (close of a wikilink). When either of these is true, the name_list is terminated with a single space character. ]] local function terminate_name_list (name_list, sepc) if (string.sub (name_list, -3, -1) == sepc .. '. ') then -- if already properly terminated return name_list; -- just return the name list elseif (string.sub (name_list, -1, -1) == sepc) or (string.sub (name_list, -3, -1) == sepc .. ']]') then -- if last name in list ends with sepc char return name_list .. " "; -- don't add another else return name_list .. sepc .. ' '; -- otherwise terminate the name list end end --[[-------------------------< F O R M A T _ V O L U M E _ I S S U E >----------------------------------------- returns the concatenation of the formatted volume and issue (or journal article number) parameters as a single string; or formatted volume or formatted issue, or an empty string if neither are set. ]] local function format_volume_issue (volume, issue, article, cite_class, origin, sepc, lower) if not utilities.is_set (volume) and not utilities.is_set (issue) and not utilities.is_set (article) then return ''; end -- same condition as in format_pages_sheets() local is_journal = 'journal' == cite_class or (utilities.in_array (cite_class, {'citation', 'map', 'interview'}) and 'journal' == origin); local is_numeric_vol = volume and (volume:match ('^[MDCLXVI]+$') or volume:match ('^%d+$')); -- is only uppercase roman numerals or only digits? local is_long_vol = volume and (4 < mw.ustring.len(volume)); -- is |volume= value longer than 4 characters? if volume and (not is_numeric_vol and is_long_vol) then -- when not all digits or Roman numerals, is |volume= longer than 4 characters? utilities.add_prop_cat ('long-vol'); -- yes, add properties cat end if is_journal then -- journal-style formatting local vol = ''; if utilities.is_set (volume) then if is_numeric_vol then -- |volume= value all digits or all uppercase Roman numerals? vol = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['vol-bold'], {sepc, volume}); -- render in bold face elseif is_long_vol then -- not all digits or Roman numerals; longer than 4 characters? vol = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['j-vol'], {sepc, utilities.hyphen_to_dash (volume)}); -- not bold else -- four or fewer characters vol = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['vol-bold'], {sepc, utilities.hyphen_to_dash (volume)}); -- bold end end vol = vol .. (utilities.is_set (issue) and utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['j-issue'], issue) or '') vol = vol .. (utilities.is_set (article) and utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['j-article-num'], article) or '') return vol; end if 'podcast' == cite_class and utilities.is_set (issue) then return wrap_msg ('issue', {sepc, issue}, lower); end if 'conference' == cite_class and utilities.is_set (article) then -- |article-number= supported only in journal and conference cites if utilities.is_set (volume) and utilities.is_set (article) then -- both volume and article number return wrap_msg ('vol-art', {sepc, utilities.hyphen_to_dash (volume), article}, lower); elseif utilities.is_set (article) then -- article number alone; when volume alone, handled below return wrap_msg ('art', {sepc, article}, lower); end end -- all other types of citation if utilities.is_set (volume) and utilities.is_set (issue) then return wrap_msg ('vol-no', {sepc, utilities.hyphen_to_dash (volume), issue}, lower); elseif utilities.is_set (volume) then return wrap_msg ('vol', {sepc, utilities.hyphen_to_dash (volume)}, lower); else return wrap_msg ('issue', {sepc, issue}, lower); end end --[[-------------------------< F O R M A T _ P A G E S _ S H E E T S >----------------------------------------- adds static text to one of |page(s)= or |sheet(s)= values and returns it with all of the others set to empty strings. The return order is: page, pages, sheet, sheets Singular has priority over plural when both are provided. ]] local function format_pages_sheets (page, pages, sheet, sheets, cite_class, origin, sepc, nopp, lower) if 'map' == cite_class then -- only cite map supports sheet(s) as in-source locators if utilities.is_set (sheet) then if 'journal' == origin then return '', '', wrap_msg ('j-sheet', sheet, lower), ''; else return '', '', wrap_msg ('sheet', {sepc, sheet}, lower), ''; end elseif utilities.is_set (sheets) then if 'journal' == origin then return '', '', '', wrap_msg ('j-sheets', sheets, lower); else return '', '', '', wrap_msg ('sheets', {sepc, sheets}, lower); end end end local is_journal = 'journal' == cite_class or (utilities.in_array (cite_class, {'citation', 'map', 'interview'}) and 'journal' == origin); if utilities.is_set (page) then if is_journal then return utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['j-page(s)'], page), '', '', ''; elseif not nopp then return utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['p-prefix'], {sepc, page}), '', '', ''; else return utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['nopp'], {sepc, page}), '', '', ''; end elseif utilities.is_set (pages) then if is_journal then return utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['j-page(s)'], pages), '', '', ''; elseif tonumber(pages) ~= nil and not nopp then -- if pages is only digits, assume a single page number return '', utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['p-prefix'], {sepc, pages}), '', ''; elseif not nopp then return '', utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['pp-prefix'], {sepc, pages}), '', ''; else return '', utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['nopp'], {sepc, pages}), '', ''; end end return '', '', '', ''; -- return empty strings end --[[--------------------------< I N S O U R C E _ L O C _ G E T >---------------------------------------------- returns one of the in-source locators: page, pages, or at. If any of these are interwiki links to Wikisource, returns the label portion of the interwiki-link as plain text for use in COinS. This COinS thing is done because here we convert an interwiki-link to an external link and add an icon span around that; get_coins_pages() doesn't know about the span. TODO: should it? TODO: add support for sheet and sheets?; streamline; TODO: make it so that this function returns only one of the three as the single in-source (the return value assigned to a new name)? ]] local function insource_loc_get (page, page_orig, pages, pages_orig, at) local ws_url, ws_label, coins_pages, L; -- for Wikisource interwiki-links; TODO: this corrupts page metadata (span remains in place after cleanup; fix there?) if utilities.is_set (page) then if utilities.is_set (pages) or utilities.is_set (at) then pages = ''; -- unset the others at = ''; end extra_text_in_page_check (page, page_orig); -- emit error message when |page= value begins with what looks like p., pp., etc. ws_url, ws_label, L = wikisource_url_make (page); -- make ws URL from |page= interwiki link; link portion L becomes tooltip label if ws_url then page = external_link (ws_url, ws_label .. '&nbsp;', 'ws link in page'); -- space char after label to move icon away from in-source text; TODO: a better way to do this? page = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['interwiki-icon'], {cfg.presentation['class-wikisource'], L, page}); coins_pages = ws_label; end elseif utilities.is_set (pages) then if utilities.is_set (at) then at = ''; -- unset end extra_text_in_page_check (pages, pages_orig); -- emit error message when |page= value begins with what looks like p., pp., etc. ws_url, ws_label, L = wikisource_url_make (pages); -- make ws URL from |pages= interwiki link; link portion L becomes tooltip label if ws_url then pages = external_link (ws_url, ws_label .. '&nbsp;', 'ws link in pages'); -- space char after label to move icon away from in-source text; TODO: a better way to do this? pages = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['interwiki-icon'], {cfg.presentation['class-wikisource'], L, pages}); coins_pages = ws_label; end elseif utilities.is_set (at) then ws_url, ws_label, L = wikisource_url_make (at); -- make ws URL from |at= interwiki link; link portion L becomes tooltip label if ws_url then at = external_link (ws_url, ws_label .. '&nbsp;', 'ws link in at'); -- space char after label to move icon away from in-source text; TODO: a better way to do this? at = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['interwiki-icon'], {cfg.presentation['class-wikisource'], L, at}); coins_pages = ws_label; end end return page, pages, at, coins_pages; end --[[--------------------------< I S _ U N I Q U E _ A R C H I V E _ U R L >------------------------------------ add error message when |archive-url= value is same as |url= or chapter-url= (or alias...) value ]] local function is_unique_archive_url (archive, url, c_url, source, date) if utilities.is_set (archive) then if archive == url or archive == c_url then utilities.set_message ('err_bad_url', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', source)}); -- add error message return '', ''; -- unset |archive-url= and |archive-date= because same as |url= or |chapter-url= end end return archive, date; end --[=[-------------------------< A R C H I V E _ U R L _ C H E C K >-------------------------------------------- Check archive.org URLs to make sure they at least look like they are pointing at valid archives and not to the save snapshot URL or to calendar pages. When the archive URL is 'https://web.archive.org/save/' (or http://...) archive.org saves a snapshot of the target page in the URL. That is something that Wikipedia should not allow unwitting readers to do. When the archive.org URL does not have a complete timestamp, archive.org chooses a snapshot according to its own algorithm or provides a calendar 'search' result. [[WP:ELNO]] discourages links to search results. This function looks at the value assigned to |archive-url= and returns empty strings for |archive-url= and |archive-date= and an error message when: |archive-url= holds an archive.org save command URL |archive-url= is an archive.org URL that does not have a complete timestamp (YYYYMMDDhhmmss 14 digits) in the correct place otherwise returns |archive-url= and |archive-date= There are two mostly compatible archive.org URLs: //web.archive.org/<timestamp>... -- the old form //web.archive.org/web/<timestamp>... -- the new form The old form does not support or map to the new form when it contains a display flag. There are four identified flags ('id_', 'js_', 'cs_', 'im_') but since archive.org ignores others following the same form (two letters and an underscore) we don't check for these specific flags but we do check the form. This function supports a preview mode. When the article is rendered in preview mode, this function may return a modified archive URL: for save command errors, return undated wildcard (/*/) for timestamp errors when the timestamp has a wildcard, return the URL unmodified for timestamp errors when the timestamp does not have a wildcard, return with timestamp limited to six digits plus wildcard (/yyyymm*/) A secondary function is to return an archive-url timestamp from those archive urls that have them. The timestamp is used by validation.archive_date_check() to see if the value in |archive-date= matches the timestamp in the archive url. ]=] local function archive_url_check (url, date) local err_msg = ''; -- start with the error message empty local path, timestamp, flag; -- portions of the archive.org URL local function is_ts_date_valid (timestamp, origin_date) -- local function to validate archive url taimestamp date; time ignored local y, m, d = timestamp:match ('(%d%d%d%d)(%d%d)(%d%d)'); -- split into parts if y and validation.is_valid_date (y, m, d) and (tonumber (y) >= 1996) then return true, tonumber (y) >= origin_date; -- <origin_date> is 1996 for archive.org end end if (not url:match('//web%.archive%.org/')) and (not url:match('//liveweb%.archive%.org/')) then -- also deprecated liveweb Wayback machine URL return url, date; -- not an archive.org archive, return ArchiveURL and ArchiveDate end if url:match('//web%.archive%.org/save/') then -- if a save command URL, we don't want to allow saving of the target page err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.save; url = url:gsub ('(//web%.archive%.org)/save/', '%1/*/', 1); -- for preview mode: modify ArchiveURL elseif url:match('//liveweb%.archive%.org/') then err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.liveweb; else path, timestamp, flag = url:match('//web%.archive%.org/([^%d]*)(%d+)([^/]*)/'); -- split out some of the URL parts for evaluation if not path then -- malformed in some way; pattern did not match err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.timestamp; elseif 14 ~= timestamp:len() then -- path and flag optional, must have 14-digit timestamp here err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.timestamp; if '*' ~= flag then local replacement = timestamp:match ('^%d%d%d%d%d%d') or timestamp:match ('^%d%d%d%d'); -- get the first 6 (YYYYMM) or first 4 digits (YYYY) if replacement then -- nil if there aren't at least 4 digits (year) replacement = replacement .. string.rep ('0', 14 - replacement:len()); -- year or yearmo (4 or 6 digits) zero-fill to make 14-digit timestamp url=url:gsub ('(//web%.archive%.org/[^%d]*)%d[^/]*', '%1' .. replacement .. '*', 1) -- for preview, modify ts to 14 digits plus splat for calendar display end end elseif not is_ts_date_valid (timestamp, 1996) then -- is ymd portion of timestamp a valid date? err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.timestamp; timestamp = nil; -- unset because invalid elseif utilities.is_set (path) and 'web/' ~= path then -- older archive URLs do not have the extra 'web/' path element err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.path; elseif utilities.is_set (flag) and not utilities.is_set (path) then -- flag not allowed with the old form URL (without the 'web/' path element) err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.flag; elseif utilities.is_set (flag) and not flag:match ('%a%a_') then -- flag if present must be two alpha characters and underscore (requires 'web/' path element) err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.flag; else return url, date, timestamp; -- return ArchiveURL, ArchiveDate, and timestamp from |archive-url= end end -- if here, something not right so utilities.set_message ('err_archive_url', {err_msg}); -- add error message and if is_preview_mode then return url, date, timestamp; -- preview mode so return ArchiveURL, ArchiveDate, and timestamp from |archive-url= else return '', ''; -- return empty strings for ArchiveURL and ArchiveDate end end --[[--------------------------< P L A C E _ C H E C K >-------------------------------------------------------- check |place=, |publication-place=, |location= to see if these params include digits. This function added because many editors misuse location to specify the in-source location (|page(s)= and |at= are supposed to do that) returns the original parameter value without modification; added maint cat when parameter value contains digits ]] local function place_check (param_val) if not utilities.is_set (param_val) then -- parameter empty or omitted return param_val; -- return that empty state end if mw.ustring.find (param_val, '%d') then -- not empty, are there digits in the parameter value utilities.set_message ('maint_location'); -- yep, add maint cat end return param_val; -- and done end --[[--------------------------< I S _ A R C H I V E D _ C O P Y >---------------------------------------------- compares |title= to 'Archived copy' (placeholder added by bots that can't find proper title); if matches, return true; nil else ]] local function is_archived_copy (title) title = mw.ustring.lower(title); -- switch title to lower case if title:find (cfg.special_case_translation.archived_copy.en) then -- if title is 'Archived copy' return true; elseif cfg.special_case_translation.archived_copy['local'] then if mw.ustring.find (title, cfg.special_case_translation.archived_copy['local']) then -- mw.ustring() because might not be Latin script return true; end end end --[[--------------------------< D I S P L A Y _ N A M E S _ S E L E C T >-------------------------------------- for any of the |display-authors=, |display-editors=, etc parameters, select either the local or global setting. When both are present, look at <local_display_names> value. When the value is some sort of 'et al.'string, special handling is required. When {{cs1 config}} has |display-<namelist>= AND this template has |display-<namelist>=etal AND: the number of names specified by <number_of_names> is: greater than the number specified in the global |display-<namelist>= parameter (<global_display_names>) use global |display-<namelist>= parameter value set overridden maint category less than or equal to the number specified in the global |display-<namelist>= parameter use local |display-<namelist>= parameter value The purpose of this function is to prevent categorizing a template that has fewer names than the global setting to keep the etal annotation specified by <local_display_names>. ]] local function display_names_select (global_display_names, local_display_names, param_name, number_of_names, test) if global_display_names and utilities.is_set (local_display_names) then -- when both if 'etal' == local_display_names:lower():gsub("[ '%.]", '') then -- the :gsub() portion makes 'etal' from a variety of 'et al.' spellings and stylings number_of_names = tonumber (number_of_names); -- convert these to numbers for comparison local global_display_names_num = tonumber (global_display_names); -- <global_display_names> not set when parameter value is not digits if number_of_names > global_display_names_num then -- template has more names than global config allows to be displayed? utilities.set_message ('maint_overridden_setting'); -- set a maint message because global is overriding local |display-<namelist>=etal return global_display_names, 'cs1 config'; -- return global with spoof parameter name (for get_display_names()) else return local_display_names, param_name; -- return local because fewer names so let <local_display_names> control end end -- here when <global_display_names> and <local_display_names> both numbers; <global_display_names> controls utilities.set_message ('maint_overridden_setting'); -- set a maint message return global_display_names, 'cs1 config'; -- return global with spoof parameter name (for get_display_names()) end -- here when only one of <global_display_names> or <local_display_names> set if global_display_names then return global_display_names, 'cs1 config'; -- return global with spoof parameter name (for get_display_names()) else return local_display_names, param_name; -- return local end end --[[--------------------------< M O D E _ S E T >-------------------------------------------------------------- fetch global mode setting from {{cs1 config}} (if present) or from |mode= (if present); global setting overrides local |mode= parameter value. When both are present, emit maintenance message ]] local function mode_set (Mode, Mode_origin) local mode; if cfg.global_cs1_config_t['Mode'] then -- global setting in {{cs1 config}}; nil when empty or assigned value invalid mode = is_valid_parameter_value (cfg.global_cs1_config_t['Mode'], 'cs1 config: mode', cfg.keywords_lists['mode'], ''); -- error messaging 'param' here is a hoax else mode = is_valid_parameter_value (Mode, Mode_origin, cfg.keywords_lists['mode'], ''); end if cfg.global_cs1_config_t['Mode'] and utilities.is_set (Mode) then -- when template has |mode=<something> which global setting has overridden utilities.set_message ('maint_overridden_setting'); -- set a maint message end return mode; end --[[--------------------------< Q U O T E _ M A K E >---------------------------------------------------------- create quotation from |quote=, |trans-quote=, and/or script-quote= with or without |quote-page= or |quote-pages= when any of those three quote parameters are set, this function unsets <PostScript>. When none of those parameters are set, |quote-page= and |quote-pages= are unset to nil so that they are not included in the template's metadata ]] local function quote_make (quote, trans_quote, script_quote, quote_page, quote_pages, nopp, sepc, postscript) if utilities.is_set (quote) or utilities.is_set (trans_quote) or utilities.is_set (script_quote) then if utilities.is_set (quote) then if quote:sub(1, 1) == '"' and quote:sub(-1, -1) == '"' then -- if first and last characters of quote are quote marks quote = quote:sub(2, -2); -- strip them off end end quote = kern_quotes (quote); -- kern if needed quote = utilities.wrap_style ('quoted-text', quote ); -- wrap in <q>...</q> tags if utilities.is_set (script_quote) then quote = script_concatenate (quote, script_quote, 'script-quote'); -- <bdi> tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; must be done after quote is wrapped end if utilities.is_set (trans_quote) then if trans_quote:sub(1, 1) == '"' and trans_quote:sub(-1, -1) == '"' then -- if first and last characters of |trans-quote are quote marks trans_quote = trans_quote:sub(2, -2); -- strip them off end quote = quote .. " " .. utilities.wrap_style ('trans-quoted-title', trans_quote ); end if utilities.is_set (quote_page) or utilities.is_set (quote_pages) then -- add page prefix local quote_prefix = ''; if utilities.is_set (quote_page) then extra_text_in_page_check (quote_page, 'quote-page'); -- add to maint cat if |quote-page= value begins with what looks like p., pp., etc. if not nopp then quote_prefix = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['p-prefix'], {sepc, quote_page}), '', '', ''; else quote_prefix = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['nopp'], {sepc, quote_page}), '', '', ''; end elseif utilities.is_set (quote_pages) then extra_text_in_page_check (quote_pages, 'quote-pages'); -- add to maint cat if |quote-pages= value begins with what looks like p., pp., etc. if tonumber(quote_pages) ~= nil and not nopp then -- if only digits, assume single page quote_prefix = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['p-prefix'], {sepc, quote_pages}), '', ''; elseif not nopp then quote_prefix = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['pp-prefix'], {sepc, quote_pages}), '', ''; else quote_prefix = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['nopp'], {sepc, quote_pages}), '', ''; end end quote = quote_prefix .. ": " .. quote; else quote = sepc .. " " .. quote; end postscript = ""; -- cs1|2 does not supply terminal punctuation when |quote= is set elseif utilities.is_set (quote_page) or utilities.is_set (quote_pages) then quote_page = nil; -- unset; these require |quote=; TODO: error message? quote_pages = nil; end return quote, quote_page, quote_pages, postscript; end --[[--------------------------< C H E C K _ P U B L I S H E R _ N A M E >-------------------------------------- look for variations of '<text>: <text>' that might be '<location>: <publisher>' in |publisher= parameter value. when found, emit a maintenance message; return nil else <publisher> is the value assigned to |publisher= or |institution= ]] local function check_publisher_name (publisher) local patterns_t = { '^[%w%s]+%s*:%s*[%w%s]+$', -- plain text <location>: <publisher> '^%[+[%w%s:|]+%]+%s*:%s*[%w%s]+$', -- partially wikilinked [[<location>]]: <publisher> '^[%w%s]+%s*:%s*%[+[%w%s:|]+%]+$', -- partially wikilinked <location>: [[<publisher>]] '^%[+[%w%s:|]+%]+%s*:%s*%[+[%w%s:|]+%]+$', -- wikilinked [[<location>]]: [[<publisher>]] } for _, pattern in ipairs (patterns_t) do -- spin through the patterns_t sequence if mw.ustring.match (publisher, pattern) then -- does this pattern match? utilities.set_message ('maint_publisher_location'); -- set a maint message return; -- and done end end end --[[--------------------------< I S _ P A G E _ A R T _ N U M >------------------------------------------------ compare the trailing (rightmost) characters of the |doi= value against the whole value assigned to |page(s)=. return boolean true when: |page(s)= has exactly 8 digits and a dot between the fourth and fifth digits matches the trailing 9 characters of the |doi= value: |page=12345678 → |page=1234.5678 matches |doi=10.xxxx/yyyy1234.5678 |page(s)= is 5 or more characters and matches |doi= values's trailing characters |page(s)= begins with a lowercase 'e' and |page(s)= without the 'e' matches |doi= values's trailing characters: |page=e12345 → |page=12345 matches |doi=10.xxxx/yyyy12345 |page(s)= begins with a uppercase 'CD' followed by (typically) six digits matches |doi= values that ends with 'CDxxxxxx.pubx' (where 'x' is any single digit) return nil when |page(s)= values: are ranges separated by underscore, hyphen, emdash, endash, figure dash, or minus character are comma- or semicolon-separated lists of pages have external urls (has text 'http') are digit-only values less than 10000 do not match |doi= values's trailing characters ]] local function is_page_art_num (page, doi) if not (utilities.is_set (page) and utilities.is_set (doi)) then -- both required return; -- abandon; nothing to do end if page:match ('[,;_−–—‒%-]') then -- when |page(s)= might be a page range or a separated list of pages return; -- abandon end page = page:lower(); -- because doi names are case insensitive doi = doi:lower(); -- force these to lowercase for testing if page:match ('http') then -- when |page(s)= appears to hold a url return; -- abandon end if tonumber (page) then -- is |page(s)= digits only if 10000 > tonumber (page) then -- when |page(s)= less than 10000 return; -- abandon end if doi:match (page .. '$') then -- digits only page number match the last digits in |doi=? return true; end if 8 == page:len() then -- special case when |page(s)= is exactly 8 digits local dot_page = page:gsub ('(%d%d%d%d)(%d%d%d%d)', '%1.%2'); -- make a |page=xxxx.yyyy version commonly used in |doi= if doi:match (dot_page .. '$') then -- 8-digit dotted page number match the last characters in |doi=? return true; end end else -- here when |page(s)= is alpha-numeric if 4 < page:len() then -- when |page(s)= is five or more characters if doi:match (page .. '$') then -- alpha-numeric page match the last characters in |doi=? return true; end local epage = page:match ('^e([%w]+)$'); -- if first character of |page= is 'e', remove it if epage and doi:match (epage .. '$') then -- page number match the last characters in |doi=? return true; end local cdpage = page:match ('^cd%d+$'); -- if first characters of |page= are 'CD' and last characters are digits (typically 6 digits) if cdpage and doi:match (cdpage .. '%.pub%d$') then -- page number matches doi 'CDxxxxxx.pubx' where 'x' is a digit return true; end end end end --[[--------------------------< C I T A T I O N 0 >------------------------------------------------------------ This is the main function doing the majority of the citation formatting. ]] local function citation0( config, args ) --[[ Load Input Parameters The argument_wrapper facilitates the mapping of multiple aliases to single internal variable. ]] local A = argument_wrapper ( args ); local i -- Pick out the relevant fields from the arguments. Different citation templates -- define different field names for the same underlying things. local author_etal; local a = {}; -- authors list from |lastn= / |firstn= pairs or |vauthors= local Authors; local NameListStyle; if cfg.global_cs1_config_t['NameListStyle'] then -- global setting in {{cs1 config}} overrides local |name-list-style= parameter value; nil when empty or assigned value invalid NameListStyle = is_valid_parameter_value (cfg.global_cs1_config_t['NameListStyle'], 'cs1 config: name-list-style', cfg.keywords_lists['name-list-style'], ''); -- error messaging 'param' here is a hoax else NameListStyle = is_valid_parameter_value (A['NameListStyle'], A:ORIGIN('NameListStyle'), cfg.keywords_lists['name-list-style'], ''); end if cfg.global_cs1_config_t['NameListStyle'] and utilities.is_set (A['NameListStyle']) then -- when template has |name-list-style=<something> which global setting has overridden utilities.set_message ('maint_overridden_setting'); -- set a maint message end local Collaboration = A['Collaboration']; do -- to limit scope of selected local selected = select_author_editor_source (A['Vauthors'], A['Authors'], args, 'AuthorList'); if 1 == selected then a, author_etal = extract_names (args, 'AuthorList'); -- fetch author list from |authorn= / |lastn= / |firstn=, |author-linkn=, and |author-maskn= elseif 2 == selected then NameListStyle = 'vanc'; -- override whatever |name-list-style= might be a, author_etal = parse_vauthors_veditors (args, A['Vauthors'], 'AuthorList'); -- fetch author list from |vauthors=, |author-linkn=, and |author-maskn= elseif 3 == selected then Authors = A['Authors']; -- use content of |people= or |credits=; |authors= is deprecated; TODO: constrain |people= and |credits= to cite av media, episode, serial? end if utilities.is_set (Collaboration) then author_etal = true; -- so that |display-authors=etal not required end end local editor_etal; local e = {}; -- editors list from |editor-lastn= / |editor-firstn= pairs or |veditors= do -- to limit scope of selected local selected = select_author_editor_source (A['Veditors'], nil, args, 'EditorList'); -- support for |editors= withdrawn if 1 == selected then e, editor_etal = extract_names (args, 'EditorList'); -- fetch editor list from |editorn= / |editor-lastn= / |editor-firstn=, |editor-linkn=, and |editor-maskn= elseif 2 == selected then NameListStyle = 'vanc'; -- override whatever |name-list-style= might be e, editor_etal = parse_vauthors_veditors (args, args.veditors, 'EditorList'); -- fetch editor list from |veditors=, |editor-linkn=, and |editor-maskn= end end local Chapter = A['Chapter']; -- done here so that we have access to |contribution= from |chapter= and |script-chapter= aliases local Chapter_origin = A:ORIGIN ('Chapter'); local ScriptChapter = A['ScriptChapter']; local ScriptChapter_origin = A:ORIGIN ('ScriptChapter'); local Contribution; -- because contribution is required for contributor(s) if 'contribution' == Chapter_origin then -- is there a |contribution= parameter? Contribution = Chapter; -- get the name of the contribution elseif 'script-contribution' == ScriptChapter_origin then -- no, so is there a |script-contribution= parameter? Contribution = ScriptChapter; -- get the name of the contribution end local c = {}; -- contributors list from |contributor-lastn= / contributor-firstn= pairs if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {"book", "citation"}) and not utilities.is_set (A['Periodical']) then -- |contributor= and |contribution= only supported in book cites c = extract_names (args, 'ContributorList'); -- fetch contributor list from |contributorn= / |contributor-lastn=, -firstn=, -linkn=, -maskn= if 0 < #c then if not utilities.is_set (Contribution) then -- |contributor= requires |contribution= utilities.set_message ('err_contributor_missing_required_param', 'contribution'); -- add missing contribution error message c = {}; -- blank the contributors' table; it is used as a flag later end if 0 == #a then -- |contributor= requires |author= utilities.set_message ('err_contributor_missing_required_param', 'author'); -- add missing author error message c = {}; -- blank the contributors' table; it is used as a flag later end end else -- if not a book cite if utilities.select_one (args, cfg.aliases['ContributorList-Last'], 'err_redundant_parameters', 1 ) then -- are there contributor name list parameters? utilities.set_message ('err_contributor_ignored'); -- add contributor ignored error message end Contribution = nil; -- unset end local Title = A['Title']; local TitleLink = A['TitleLink']; local auto_select = ''; -- default is auto local accept_link; TitleLink, accept_link = utilities.has_accept_as_written (TitleLink, true); -- test for accept-this-as-written markup if (not accept_link) and utilities.in_array (TitleLink, {'none', 'pmc', 'doi'}) then -- check for special keywords auto_select = TitleLink; -- remember selection for later TitleLink = ''; -- treat as if |title-link= would have been empty end TitleLink = link_title_ok (TitleLink, A:ORIGIN ('TitleLink'), Title, 'title'); -- check for wiki-markup in |title-link= or wiki-markup in |title= when |title-link= is set local Section = ''; -- {{cite map}} only; preset to empty string for concatenation if not used if 'map' == config.CitationClass and 'section' == Chapter_origin then Section = A['Chapter']; -- get |section= from |chapter= alias list; |chapter= and the other aliases not supported in {{cite map}} Chapter = ''; -- unset for now; will be reset later from |map= if present end local Periodical = A['Periodical']; local Periodical_origin = A:ORIGIN('Periodical'); local ScriptPeriodical = A['ScriptPeriodical']; local ScriptPeriodical_origin = A:ORIGIN('ScriptPeriodical'); local TransPeriodical = A['TransPeriodical']; local TransPeriodical_origin = A:ORIGIN ('TransPeriodical'); if (utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'book', 'encyclopaedia'}) and (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical) or utilities.is_set (TransPeriodical))) then local param; if utilities.is_set (Periodical) then -- get a parameter name from one of these periodical related meta-parameters Periodical = ''; -- unset because not valid {{cite book}} or {{cite encyclopedia}} parameters param = Periodical_origin -- get parameter name for error messaging elseif utilities.is_set (TransPeriodical) then TransPeriodical = ''; -- unset because not valid {{cite book}} or {{cite encyclopedia}} parameters param = TransPeriodical_origin; -- get parameter name for error messaging elseif utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical) then ScriptPeriodical = ''; -- unset because not valid {{cite book}} or {{cite encyclopedia}} parameters param = ScriptPeriodical_origin; -- get parameter name for error messaging end if utilities.is_set (param) then -- if we found one utilities.set_message ('err_periodical_ignored', {param}); -- emit an error message end end if utilities.is_set (Periodical) then local i; Periodical, i = utilities.strip_apostrophe_markup (Periodical); -- strip apostrophe markup so that metadata isn't contaminated if i then -- non-zero when markup was stripped so emit an error message utilities.set_message ('err_apostrophe_markup', {Periodical_origin}); end end if 'mailinglist' == config.CitationClass then -- special case for {{cite mailing list}} if utilities.is_set (Periodical) and utilities.is_set (A ['MailingList']) then -- both set emit an error TODO: make a function for this and similar? utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', Periodical_origin) .. cfg.presentation['sep_list_pair'] .. utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'mailinglist')}); end Periodical = A ['MailingList']; -- error or no, set Periodical to |mailinglist= value because this template is {{cite mailing list}} Periodical_origin = A:ORIGIN('MailingList'); end -- web and news not tested for now because of -- Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard#Is_there_a_semi-automated_tool_that_could_fix_these_annoying_"Cite_Web"_errors? if not (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical)) then -- 'periodical' templates require periodical parameter -- local p = {['journal'] = 'journal', ['magazine'] = 'magazine', ['news'] = 'newspaper', ['web'] = 'website'}; -- for error message local p = {['journal'] = 'journal', ['magazine'] = 'magazine'}; -- for error message if p[config.CitationClass] then utilities.set_message ('err_missing_periodical', {config.CitationClass, p[config.CitationClass]}); end end local Volume; if 'citation' == config.CitationClass then if utilities.is_set (Periodical) then if not utilities.in_array (Periodical_origin, cfg.citation_no_volume_t) then -- {{citation}} does not render |volume= when these parameters are used Volume = A['Volume']; -- but does for all other 'periodicals' end elseif utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical) then if 'script-website' ~= ScriptPeriodical_origin then -- {{citation}} does not render volume for |script-website= Volume = A['Volume']; -- but does for all other 'periodicals' end else Volume = A['Volume']; -- and does for non-'periodical' cites end elseif utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, cfg.templates_using_volume) then -- render |volume= for cs1 according to the configuration settings Volume = A['Volume']; end extra_text_in_vol_iss_check (Volume, A:ORIGIN ('Volume'), 'v'); local Issue; if 'citation' == config.CitationClass then if utilities.is_set (Periodical) and utilities.in_array (Periodical_origin, cfg.citation_issue_t) then -- {{citation}} may render |issue= when these parameters are used Issue = A['Issue']; end elseif utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, cfg.templates_using_issue) then -- conference & map books do not support issue; {{citation}} listed here because included in settings table if not (utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'conference', 'map', 'citation'}) and not (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical))) then Issue = A['Issue']; end end local ArticleNumber; if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'journal', 'conference'}) or ('citation' == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Periodical) and 'journal' == Periodical_origin) then ArticleNumber = A['ArticleNumber']; end extra_text_in_vol_iss_check (Issue, A:ORIGIN ('Issue'), 'i'); Issue = utilities.hyphen_to_dash (Issue); local Page; local Pages; local At; local QuotePage; local QuotePages; if not utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, cfg.templates_not_using_page) then -- TODO: rewrite to emit ignored parameter error message? Page = A['Page']; Pages = utilities.hyphen_to_dash (A['Pages']); At = A['At']; QuotePage = A['QuotePage']; QuotePages = utilities.hyphen_to_dash (A['QuotePages']); end local NoPP = is_valid_parameter_value (A['NoPP'], A:ORIGIN('NoPP'), cfg.keywords_lists['yes_true_y'], nil); local Mode = mode_set (A['Mode'], A:ORIGIN('Mode')); -- separator character and postscript local sepc, PostScript = set_style (Mode:lower(), A['PostScript'], config.CitationClass); local Quote; Quote, QuotePage, QuotePages, PostScript = quote_make (A['Quote'], A['TransQuote'], A['ScriptQuote'], QuotePage, QuotePages, NoPP, sepc, PostScript); local Edition = A['Edition']; local PublicationPlace = place_check (A['PublicationPlace'], A:ORIGIN('PublicationPlace')); local Place = place_check (A['Place'], A:ORIGIN('Place')); local PublisherName = A['PublisherName']; local PublisherName_origin = A:ORIGIN('PublisherName'); if utilities.is_set (PublisherName) and (cfg.keywords_xlate['none'] ~= PublisherName) then local i = 0; PublisherName, i = utilities.strip_apostrophe_markup (PublisherName); -- strip apostrophe markup so that metadata isn't contaminated; publisher is never italicized if i and (0 < i) then -- non-zero when markup was stripped so emit an error message utilities.set_message ('err_apostrophe_markup', {PublisherName_origin}); end end if ('document' == config.CitationClass) and not utilities.is_set (PublisherName) then utilities.set_message ('err_missing_publisher', {config.CitationClass, 'publisher'}); end local Newsgroup = A['Newsgroup']; -- TODO: strip apostrophe markup? local Newsgroup_origin = A:ORIGIN('Newsgroup'); if 'newsgroup' == config.CitationClass then if utilities.is_set (PublisherName) and (cfg.keywords_xlate['none'] ~= PublisherName) then -- general use parameter |publisher= not allowed in cite newsgroup utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored', {PublisherName_origin}); end PublisherName = nil; -- ensure that this parameter is unset for the time being; will be used again after COinS end if 'book' == config.CitationClass or 'encyclopaedia' == config.CitationClass or ('citation' == config.CitationClass and not utilities.is_set (Periodical)) then local accept; PublisherName, accept = utilities.has_accept_as_written (PublisherName); -- check for and remove accept-as-written markup from |publisher= wrapped if not accept then -- when no accept-as-written markup check_publisher_name (PublisherName); -- emit maint message when |publisher= might be prefixed with publisher's location end end local URL = A['URL']; -- TODO: better way to do this for URL, ChapterURL, and MapURL? local UrlAccess = is_valid_parameter_value (A['UrlAccess'], A:ORIGIN('UrlAccess'), cfg.keywords_lists['url-access'], nil); if not utilities.is_set (URL) and utilities.is_set (UrlAccess) then UrlAccess = nil; utilities.set_message ('err_param_access_requires_param', 'url'); end local ChapterURL = A['ChapterURL']; local ChapterUrlAccess = is_valid_parameter_value (A['ChapterUrlAccess'], A:ORIGIN('ChapterUrlAccess'), cfg.keywords_lists['url-access'], nil); if not utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) and utilities.is_set (ChapterUrlAccess) then ChapterUrlAccess = nil; utilities.set_message ('err_param_access_requires_param', {A:ORIGIN('ChapterUrlAccess'):gsub ('%-access', '')}); end local MapUrlAccess = is_valid_parameter_value (A['MapUrlAccess'], A:ORIGIN('MapUrlAccess'), cfg.keywords_lists['url-access'], nil); if not utilities.is_set (A['MapURL']) and utilities.is_set (MapUrlAccess) then MapUrlAccess = nil; utilities.set_message ('err_param_access_requires_param', {'map-url'}); end local this_page = mw.title.getCurrentTitle(); -- also used for COinS and for language local no_tracking_cats = is_valid_parameter_value (A['NoTracking'], A:ORIGIN('NoTracking'), cfg.keywords_lists['yes_true_y'], nil); -- check this page to see if it is in one of the namespaces that cs1 is not supposed to add to the error categories if not utilities.is_set (no_tracking_cats) then -- ignore if we are already not going to categorize this page if cfg.uncategorized_namespaces[this_page.namespace] then -- is this page's namespace id one of the uncategorized namespace ids? no_tracking_cats = "true"; -- set no_tracking_cats end for _, v in ipairs (cfg.uncategorized_subpages) do -- cycle through page name patterns if this_page.text:match (v) then -- test page name against each pattern no_tracking_cats = "true"; -- set no_tracking_cats break; -- bail out if one is found end end end -- check for extra |page=, |pages= or |at= parameters. (also sheet and sheets while we're at it) utilities.select_one (args, {'page', 'p', 'pp', 'pages', 'at', 'sheet', 'sheets'}, 'err_redundant_parameters'); -- this is a dummy call simply to get the error message and category local coins_pages; Page, Pages, At, coins_pages = insource_loc_get (Page, A:ORIGIN('Page'), Pages, A:ORIGIN('Pages'), At); if utilities.is_set (PublicationPlace) and utilities.is_set (Place) then -- both |publication-place= and |place= (|location=) allowed if different utilities.add_prop_cat ('location-test'); -- add property cat to evaluate how often PublicationPlace and Place are used together if PublicationPlace == Place then Place = ''; -- unset; don't need both if they are the same end elseif not utilities.is_set (PublicationPlace) and utilities.is_set (Place) then -- when only |place= (|location=) is set ... PublicationPlace = Place; -- promote |place= (|location=) to |publication-place end if PublicationPlace == Place then Place = ''; end -- don't need both if they are the same local URL_origin = A:ORIGIN('URL'); -- get name of parameter that holds URL local ChapterURL_origin = A:ORIGIN('ChapterURL'); -- get name of parameter that holds ChapterURL -- local ScriptChapter = A['ScriptChapter']; -- local ScriptChapter_origin = A:ORIGIN ('ScriptChapter'); local Format = A['Format']; local ChapterFormat = A['ChapterFormat']; local TransChapter = A['TransChapter']; local TransChapter_origin = A:ORIGIN ('TransChapter'); local TransTitle = A['TransTitle']; local ScriptTitle = A['ScriptTitle']; --[[ Parameter remapping for cite encyclopedia: When the citation has these parameters: |encyclopedia= and |title= then map |title= to |article= and |encyclopedia= to |title= for rendering |encyclopedia= and |article= then map |encyclopedia= to |title= for rendering |trans-title= maps to |trans-chapter= when |title= is re-mapped |url= maps to |chapter-url= when |title= is remapped All other combinations of |encyclopedia=, |title=, and |article= are not modified ]] local Encyclopedia = A['Encyclopedia']; -- used as a flag by this module and by ~/COinS local ScriptEncyclopedia = A['ScriptEncyclopedia']; local TransEncyclopedia = A['TransEncyclopedia']; if utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia) or utilities.is_set (ScriptEncyclopedia) then -- emit error message when Encyclopedia set but template is other than {{cite encyclopedia}} or {{citation}} if 'encyclopaedia' ~= config.CitationClass and 'citation' ~= config.CitationClass then if utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia) then utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored', {A:ORIGIN ('Encyclopedia')}); else utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored', {A:ORIGIN ('ScriptEncyclopedia')}); end Encyclopedia = nil; -- unset these because not supported by this template ScriptEncyclopedia = nil; TransEncyclopedia = nil; end elseif utilities.is_set (TransEncyclopedia) then utilities.set_message ('err_trans_missing_title', {'encyclopedia'}); end if ('encyclopaedia' == config.CitationClass) or ('citation' == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia)) then if utilities.is_set (Periodical) and utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia) then -- when both parameters set emit an error message; {{citation}} only; Periodical not allowed in {{cite encyclopedia}} utilities.set_message ('err_periodical_ignored', {Periodical_origin}); end if utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia) or utilities.is_set (ScriptEncyclopedia) then Periodical = Encyclopedia; -- error or no, set Periodical to Encyclopedia for rendering; {{citation}} could (not legitimately) have both; use Encyclopedia Periodical_origin = A:ORIGIN ('Encyclopedia'); ScriptPeriodical = ScriptEncyclopedia; ScriptPeriodical_origin = A:ORIGIN ('ScriptEncyclopedia'); if utilities.is_set (Title) or utilities.is_set (ScriptTitle) then if not utilities.is_set (Chapter) then Chapter = Title; -- |encyclopedia= and |title= are set so map |title= params to |article= params for rendering ScriptChapter = ScriptTitle; ScriptChapter_origin = A:ORIGIN('ScriptTitle') TransChapter = TransTitle; ChapterURL = URL; ChapterURL_origin = URL_origin; ChapterUrlAccess = UrlAccess; ChapterFormat = Format; if not utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) and utilities.is_set (TitleLink) then Chapter = utilities.make_wikilink (TitleLink, Chapter); end Title = Periodical; -- now map |encyclopedia= params to |title= params for rendering ScriptTitle = ScriptPeriodical or ''; TransTitle = TransEncyclopedia or ''; Periodical = ''; -- redundant so unset ScriptPeriodical = ''; URL = ''; Format = ''; TitleLink = ''; end elseif utilities.is_set (Chapter) or utilities.is_set (ScriptChapter) then -- |title= not set Title = Periodical; -- |encyclopedia= set and |article= set so map |encyclopedia= to |title= for rendering ScriptTitle = ScriptPeriodical or ''; TransTitle = TransEncyclopedia or ''; Periodical = ''; -- redundant so unset ScriptPeriodical = ''; end end end -- special case for cite techreport. local ID = A['ID']; if (config.CitationClass == "techreport") then -- special case for cite techreport if utilities.is_set (A['Number']) then -- cite techreport uses 'number', which other citations alias to 'issue' if not utilities.is_set (ID) then -- can we use ID for the "number"? ID = A['Number']; -- yes, use it else -- ID has a value so emit error message utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'id') .. cfg.presentation['sep_list_pair'] .. utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'number')}); end end end -- Account for the oddity that is {{cite conference}}, before generation of COinS data. local ChapterLink -- = A['ChapterLink']; -- deprecated as a parameter but still used internally by cite episode local Conference = A['Conference']; local BookTitle = A['BookTitle']; local TransTitle_origin = A:ORIGIN ('TransTitle'); if 'conference' == config.CitationClass then if utilities.is_set (BookTitle) then Chapter = Title; Chapter_origin = 'title'; -- ChapterLink = TitleLink; -- |chapter-link= is deprecated ChapterURL = URL; ChapterUrlAccess = UrlAccess; ChapterURL_origin = URL_origin; URL_origin = ''; ChapterFormat = Format; TransChapter = TransTitle; TransChapter_origin = TransTitle_origin; Title = BookTitle; Format = ''; -- TitleLink = ''; TransTitle = ''; URL = ''; end elseif 'speech' ~= config.CitationClass then Conference = ''; -- not cite conference or cite speech so make sure this is empty string end local cs2_lower = function (text) -- if mode is cs2, use lower case if (sepc ~= '.') then return text:lower(); end return text; end local use_lowercase = ( sepc == ',' ); -- controls capitalization of certain static text -- cite map oddities local Cartography = ""; local Scale = ""; local Sheet = A['Sheet'] or ''; local Sheets = A['Sheets'] or ''; if config.CitationClass == "map" then if utilities.is_set (Chapter) then --TODO: make a function for this and similar? utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'map') .. cfg.presentation['sep_list_pair'] .. utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', Chapter_origin)}); -- add error message end Chapter = A['Map']; Chapter_origin = A:ORIGIN('Map'); ChapterURL = A['MapURL']; ChapterURL_origin = A:ORIGIN('MapURL'); TransChapter = A['TransMap']; ScriptChapter = A['ScriptMap'] ScriptChapter_origin = A:ORIGIN('ScriptMap') ChapterUrlAccess = MapUrlAccess; ChapterFormat = A['MapFormat']; Cartography = A['Cartography']; if utilities.is_set ( Cartography ) then Cartography = sepc .. " " .. wrap_msg ('cartography', Cartography, use_lowercase); end Scale = A['Scale']; if utilities.is_set ( Scale ) then Scale = sepc .. " " .. Scale; end end -- Account for the oddities that are {{cite episode}} and {{cite serial}}, before generation of COinS data. local Series = A['Series']; if 'episode' == config.CitationClass or 'serial' == config.CitationClass then local SeriesLink = A['SeriesLink']; SeriesLink = link_title_ok (SeriesLink, A:ORIGIN ('SeriesLink'), Series, 'series'); -- check for wiki-markup in |series-link= or wiki-markup in |series= when |series-link= is set local Network = A['Network']; local Station = A['Station']; local s, n = {}, {}; -- do common parameters first if utilities.is_set (Network) then table.insert(n, Network); end if utilities.is_set (Station) then table.insert(n, Station); end ID = table.concat(n, sepc .. ' '); if 'episode' == config.CitationClass then -- handle the oddities that are strictly {{cite episode}} local Season = A['Season']; local SeriesNumber = A['SeriesNumber']; if utilities.is_set (Season) and utilities.is_set (SeriesNumber) then -- these are mutually exclusive so if both are set TODO: make a function for this and similar? utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'season') .. cfg.presentation['sep_list_pair'] .. utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'seriesno')}); -- add error message SeriesNumber = ''; -- unset; prefer |season= over |seriesno= end -- assemble a table of parts concatenated later into Series if utilities.is_set (Season) then table.insert(s, wrap_msg ('season', Season, use_lowercase)); end if utilities.is_set (SeriesNumber) then table.insert(s, wrap_msg ('seriesnum', SeriesNumber, use_lowercase)); end if utilities.is_set (Issue) then table.insert(s, wrap_msg ('episode', Issue, use_lowercase)); end Issue = ''; -- unset because this is not a unique parameter Chapter = Title; -- promote title parameters to chapter ScriptChapter = ScriptTitle; ScriptChapter_origin = A:ORIGIN('ScriptTitle'); ChapterLink = TitleLink; -- alias |episode-link= TransChapter = TransTitle; ChapterURL = URL; ChapterUrlAccess = UrlAccess; ChapterURL_origin = URL_origin; ChapterFormat = Format; Title = Series; -- promote series to title TitleLink = SeriesLink; Series = table.concat(s, sepc .. ' '); -- this is concatenation of season, seriesno, episode number if utilities.is_set (ChapterLink) and not utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) then -- link but not URL Chapter = utilities.make_wikilink (ChapterLink, Chapter); elseif utilities.is_set (ChapterLink) and utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) then -- if both are set, URL links episode; Series = utilities.make_wikilink (ChapterLink, Series); end URL = ''; -- unset TransTitle = ''; ScriptTitle = ''; Format = ''; else -- now oddities that are cite serial Issue = ''; -- unset because this parameter no longer supported by the citation/core version of cite serial Chapter = A['Episode']; -- TODO: make |episode= available to cite episode someday? if utilities.is_set (Series) and utilities.is_set (SeriesLink) then Series = utilities.make_wikilink (SeriesLink, Series); end Series = utilities.wrap_style ('italic-title', Series); -- series is italicized end end -- end of {{cite episode}} stuff -- handle type parameter for those CS1 citations that have default values local TitleType = A['TitleType']; local Degree = A['Degree']; if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'AV-media-notes', 'document', 'interview', 'mailinglist', 'map', 'podcast', 'pressrelease', 'report', 'speech', 'techreport', 'thesis'}) then TitleType = set_titletype (config.CitationClass, TitleType); if utilities.is_set (Degree) and "Thesis" == TitleType then -- special case for cite thesis TitleType = Degree .. ' ' .. cfg.title_types ['thesis']:lower(); end end if utilities.is_set (TitleType) then -- if type parameter is specified TitleType = utilities.substitute ( cfg.messages['type'], TitleType); -- display it in parentheses -- TODO: Hack on TitleType to fix bunched parentheses problem end -- legacy: promote PublicationDate to Date if neither Date nor Year are set. local Date = A['Date']; local Date_origin; -- to hold the name of parameter promoted to Date; required for date error messaging local PublicationDate = A['PublicationDate']; local Year = A['Year']; if utilities.is_set (Year) then validation.year_check (Year); -- returns nothing; emits maint message when |year= doesn't hold a 'year' value end if not utilities.is_set (Date) then Date = Year; -- promote Year to Date Year = nil; -- make nil so Year as empty string isn't used for CITEREF if not utilities.is_set (Date) and utilities.is_set (PublicationDate) then -- use PublicationDate when |date= and |year= are not set Date = PublicationDate; -- promote PublicationDate to Date PublicationDate = ''; -- unset, no longer needed Date_origin = A:ORIGIN('PublicationDate'); -- save the name of the promoted parameter else Date_origin = A:ORIGIN('Year'); -- save the name of the promoted parameter end else Date_origin = A:ORIGIN('Date'); -- not a promotion; name required for error messaging end if PublicationDate == Date then PublicationDate = ''; end -- if PublicationDate is same as Date, don't display in rendered citation --[[ Go test all of the date-holding parameters for valid MOS:DATE format and make sure that dates are real dates. This must be done before we do COinS because here is where we get the date used in the metadata. Date validation supporting code is in Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation ]] local DF = is_valid_parameter_value (A['DF'], A:ORIGIN('DF'), cfg.keywords_lists['df'], ''); if not utilities.is_set (DF) then DF = cfg.global_df; -- local |df= if present overrides global df set by {{use xxx date}} template end local ArchiveURL; local ArchiveDate; local ArchiveFormat = A['ArchiveFormat']; local archive_url_timestamp; -- timestamp from wayback machine url ArchiveURL, ArchiveDate, archive_url_timestamp = archive_url_check (A['ArchiveURL'], A['ArchiveDate']) ArchiveFormat = style_format (ArchiveFormat, ArchiveURL, 'archive-format', 'archive-url'); ArchiveURL, ArchiveDate = is_unique_archive_url (ArchiveURL, URL, ChapterURL, A:ORIGIN('ArchiveURL'), ArchiveDate); -- add error message when URL or ChapterURL == ArchiveURL local AccessDate = A['AccessDate']; local COinS_date = {}; -- holds date info extracted from |date= for the COinS metadata by Module:Date verification local DoiBroken = A['DoiBroken']; local Embargo = A['Embargo']; local anchor_year; -- used in the CITEREF identifier do -- create defined block to contain local variables error_message, date_parameters_list, mismatch local error_message = ''; -- AirDate has been promoted to Date so not necessary to check it local date_parameters_list = { ['access-date'] = {val = AccessDate, name = A:ORIGIN ('AccessDate')}, ['archive-date'] = {val = ArchiveDate, name = A:ORIGIN ('ArchiveDate')}, ['date'] = {val = Date, name = Date_origin}, ['doi-broken-date'] = {val = DoiBroken, name = A:ORIGIN ('DoiBroken')}, ['pmc-embargo-date'] = {val = Embargo, name = A:ORIGIN ('Embargo')}, ['publication-date'] = {val = PublicationDate, name = A:ORIGIN ('PublicationDate')}, ['year'] = {val = Year, name = A:ORIGIN ('Year')}, }; local error_list = {}; anchor_year, Embargo = validation.dates(date_parameters_list, COinS_date, error_list); if utilities.is_set (Year) and utilities.is_set (Date) then -- both |date= and |year= not normally needed; validation.year_date_check (Year, A:ORIGIN ('Year'), Date, A:ORIGIN ('Date'), error_list); end if 0 == #error_list then -- error free dates only; 0 when error_list is empty local modified = false; -- flag if utilities.is_set (DF) then -- if we need to reformat dates modified = validation.reformat_dates (date_parameters_list, DF); -- reformat to DF format, use long month names if appropriate end if true == validation.date_hyphen_to_dash (date_parameters_list) then -- convert hyphens to dashes where appropriate modified = true; utilities.set_message ('maint_date_format'); -- hyphens were converted so add maint category end -- for those wikis that can and want to have English date names translated to the local language; not supported at en.wiki if cfg.date_name_auto_xlate_enable and validation.date_name_xlate (date_parameters_list, cfg.date_digit_auto_xlate_enable ) then utilities.set_message ('maint_date_auto_xlated'); -- add maint cat modified = true; end if modified then -- if the date_parameters_list values were modified AccessDate = date_parameters_list['access-date'].val; -- overwrite date holding parameters with modified values ArchiveDate = date_parameters_list['archive-date'].val; Date = date_parameters_list['date'].val; DoiBroken = date_parameters_list['doi-broken-date'].val; PublicationDate = date_parameters_list['publication-date'].val; end if archive_url_timestamp and utilities.is_set (ArchiveDate) then validation.archive_date_check (ArchiveDate, archive_url_timestamp, DF); -- does YYYYMMDD in archive_url_timestamp match date in ArchiveDate end else utilities.set_message ('err_bad_date', {utilities.make_sep_list (#error_list, error_list)}); -- add this error message end end -- end of do if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'book', 'encyclopaedia'}) or -- {{cite book}}, {{cite encyclopedia}}; TODO: {{cite conference}} and others? ('citation' == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia)) or -- {{citation}} as an encylopedia citation ('citation' == config.CitationClass and not utilities.is_set (Periodical)) then -- {{citation}} as a book citation if utilities.is_set (PublicationPlace) then if not utilities.is_set (PublisherName) then local date = COinS_date.rftdate and tonumber (COinS_date.rftdate:match ('%d%d%d%d')); -- get year portion of COinS date (because in Arabic numerals); convert string to number if date and (1850 <= date) then -- location has no publisher; if date is 1850 or later utilities.set_message ('maint_location_no_publisher'); -- add maint cat end else -- PublisherName has a value if cfg.keywords_xlate['none'] == PublisherName then -- if that value is 'none' (only for book and encyclopedia citations) PublisherName = ''; -- unset end end end end local ID_list = {}; -- sequence table of rendered identifiers local ID_list_coins = {}; -- table of identifiers and their values from args; key is same as cfg.id_handlers's key local Class = A['Class']; -- arxiv class identifier local ID_support = { {A['ASINTLD'], 'ASIN', 'err_asintld_missing_asin', A:ORIGIN ('ASINTLD')}, {DoiBroken, 'DOI', 'err_doibroken_missing_doi', A:ORIGIN ('DoiBroken')}, {Embargo, 'PMC', 'err_embargo_missing_pmc', A:ORIGIN ('Embargo')}, } ID_list, ID_list_coins = identifiers.identifier_lists_get (args, { DoiBroken = DoiBroken, -- for |doi= ASINTLD = A['ASINTLD'], -- for |asin= Embargo = Embargo, -- for |pmc= Class = Class, -- for |arxiv= CitationClass = config.CitationClass, -- for |arxiv= Year=anchor_year, -- for |isbn= }, ID_support); if 'citation' == config.CitationClass then -- catch ve/citoid malformed book cites in {{citation}} templates for _, id in ipairs (ID_list) do -- search through the ID_list sequence looking for an ISBN identifier string if id:find ('ISBN', 3, true) then -- plain find, start at index 3 ([[ISBN) if utilities.is_set (Periodical) then -- when a |work= alias is set utilities.set_message ('maint_work_isbn'); -- add maint cat end end end end -- Account for the oddities that are {{cite arxiv}}, {{cite biorxiv}}, {{cite citeseerx}}, {{cite medrxiv}}, {{cite ssrn}}, before generation of COinS data. if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, whitelist.preprint_template_list_t) then -- |arxiv= or |eprint= required for cite arxiv; |biorxiv=, |citeseerx=, |medrxiv=, |ssrn= required for their templates if not (args[cfg.id_handlers[config.CitationClass:upper()].parameters[1]] or -- can't use ID_list_coins k/v table here because invalid parameters omitted args[cfg.id_handlers[config.CitationClass:upper()].parameters[2]]) then -- which causes unexpected parameter missing error message utilities.set_message ('err_' .. config.CitationClass .. '_missing'); -- add error message end Periodical = ({['arxiv'] = 'arXiv', ['biorxiv'] = 'bioRxiv', ['citeseerx'] = 'CiteSeerX', ['medrxiv'] = 'medRxiv', ['ssrn'] = 'Social Science Research Network'})[config.CitationClass]; end -- Link the title of the work if no |url= was provided, but we have a |pmc= or a |doi= with |doi-access=free if config.CitationClass == "journal" and not utilities.is_set (URL) and not utilities.is_set (TitleLink) and not utilities.in_array (cfg.keywords_xlate[Title], {'off', 'none'}) then -- TODO: remove 'none' once existing citations have been switched to 'off', so 'none' can be used as token for "no title" instead if 'none' ~= cfg.keywords_xlate[auto_select] then -- if auto-linking not disabled if identifiers.auto_link_urls[auto_select] then -- manual selection URL = identifiers.auto_link_urls[auto_select]; -- set URL to be the same as identifier's external link URL_origin = cfg.id_handlers[auto_select:upper()].parameters[1]; -- set URL_origin to parameter name for use in error message if citation is missing a |title= elseif identifiers.auto_link_urls['pmc'] then -- auto-select PMC URL = identifiers.auto_link_urls['pmc']; -- set URL to be the same as the PMC external link if not embargoed URL_origin = cfg.id_handlers['PMC'].parameters[1]; -- set URL_origin to parameter name for use in error message if citation is missing a |title= elseif identifiers.auto_link_urls['doi'] then -- auto-select DOI URL = identifiers.auto_link_urls['doi']; URL_origin = cfg.id_handlers['DOI'].parameters[1]; end end if utilities.is_set (URL) then -- set when using an identifier-created URL if utilities.is_set (AccessDate) then -- |access-date= requires |url=; identifier-created URL is not |url= utilities.set_message ('err_accessdate_missing_url'); -- add an error message AccessDate = ''; -- unset end if utilities.is_set (ArchiveURL) then -- |archive-url= requires |url=; identifier-created URL is not |url= utilities.set_message ('err_archive_missing_url'); -- add an error message ArchiveURL = ''; -- unset end end end -- At this point fields may be nil if they weren't specified in the template use. We can use that fact. -- Test if citation has no title if not utilities.is_set (Title) and not utilities.is_set (TransTitle) and not utilities.is_set (ScriptTitle) then -- has special case for cite episode utilities.set_message ('err_citation_missing_title', {'episode' == config.CitationClass and 'series' or 'title'}); end if utilities.in_array (cfg.keywords_xlate[Title], {'off', 'none'}) and utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'journal', 'citation'}) and (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical)) and ('journal' == Periodical_origin or 'script-journal' == ScriptPeriodical_origin) then -- special case for journal cites Title = ''; -- set title to empty string utilities.set_message ('maint_untitled'); -- add maint cat end if 'journal' == config.CitationClass or ('citation' == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Periodical) and 'journal' == Periodical_origin) then if is_page_art_num (((utilities.is_set (Page) and Page) or (utilities.is_set (Pages) and Pages)) or nil, ID_list_coins['DOI']) then -- does |page(s)= look like it holds an article number utilities.set_message ('maint_page_art_num'); -- add maint cat end end -- COinS metadata (see <http://ocoins.info/>) for automated parsing of citation information. -- handle the oddity that is cite encyclopedia and {{citation |encyclopedia=something}}. Here we presume that -- when Periodical, Title, and Chapter are all set, then Periodical is the book (encyclopedia) title, Title -- is the article title, and Chapter is a section within the article. So, we remap local coins_chapter = Chapter; -- default assuming that remapping not required local coins_title = Title; -- et tu if 'encyclopaedia' == config.CitationClass or ('citation' == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia)) then if utilities.is_set (Chapter) and utilities.is_set (Title) and utilities.is_set (Periodical) then -- if all are used then coins_chapter = Title; -- remap coins_title = Periodical; end end local coins_author = a; -- default for coins rft.au if 0 < #c then -- but if contributor list coins_author = c; -- use that instead end -- this is the function call to COinS() local OCinSoutput = metadata.COinS({ ['Periodical'] = utilities.strip_apostrophe_markup (Periodical), -- no markup in the metadata ['Encyclopedia'] = Encyclopedia, -- just a flag; content ignored by ~/COinS ['Chapter'] = metadata.make_coins_title (coins_chapter, ScriptChapter), -- Chapter and ScriptChapter stripped of bold / italic / accept-as-written markup ['Degree'] = Degree; -- cite thesis only ['Title'] = metadata.make_coins_title (coins_title, ScriptTitle), -- Title and ScriptTitle stripped of bold / italic / accept-as-written markup ['PublicationPlace'] = PublicationPlace, ['Date'] = COinS_date.rftdate, -- COinS_date.* has correctly formatted date values if Date is valid; ['Season'] = COinS_date.rftssn, ['Quarter'] = COinS_date.rftquarter, ['Chron'] = COinS_date.rftchron, ['Series'] = Series, ['Volume'] = Volume, ['Issue'] = Issue, ['ArticleNumber'] = ArticleNumber, ['Pages'] = coins_pages or metadata.get_coins_pages (first_set ({Sheet, Sheets, Page, Pages, At, QuotePage, QuotePages}, 7)), -- pages stripped of external links ['Edition'] = Edition, ['PublisherName'] = PublisherName or Newsgroup, -- any apostrophe markup already removed from PublisherName ['URL'] = first_set ({ChapterURL, URL}, 2), ['Authors'] = coins_author, ['ID_list'] = ID_list_coins, ['RawPage'] = this_page.prefixedText, }, config.CitationClass); -- Account for the oddities that are {{cite arxiv}}, {{cite biorxiv}}, {{cite citeseerx}}, {{cite medrxiv}}, and {{cite ssrn}} AFTER generation of COinS data. if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, whitelist.preprint_template_list_t) then -- we have set rft.jtitle in COinS to arXiv, bioRxiv, CiteSeerX, medRxiv, or ssrn now unset so it isn't displayed Periodical = ''; -- periodical not allowed in these templates; if article has been published, use cite journal end -- special case for cite newsgroup. Do this after COinS because we are modifying Publishername to include some static text if 'newsgroup' == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Newsgroup) then PublisherName = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['newsgroup'], external_link( 'news:' .. Newsgroup, Newsgroup, Newsgroup_origin, nil )); end local Editors; local EditorCount; -- used only for choosing {ed.) or (eds.) annotation at end of editor name-list local Contributors; -- assembled contributors name list local contributor_etal; local Translators; -- assembled translators name list local translator_etal; local t = {}; -- translators list from |translator-lastn= / translator-firstn= pairs t = extract_names (args, 'TranslatorList'); -- fetch translator list from |translatorn= / |translator-lastn=, -firstn=, -linkn=, -maskn= local Interviewers; local interviewers_list = {}; interviewers_list = extract_names (args, 'InterviewerList'); -- process preferred interviewers parameters local interviewer_etal; -- Now perform various field substitutions. -- We also add leading spaces and surrounding markup and punctuation to the -- various parts of the citation, but only when they are non-nil. do local last_first_list; local control = { format = NameListStyle, -- empty string, '&', 'amp', 'and', or 'vanc' maximum = nil, -- as if display-authors or display-editors not set mode = Mode }; do -- do editor name list first because the now unsupported coauthors used to modify control table local display_names, param = display_names_select (cfg.global_cs1_config_t['DisplayEditors'], A['DisplayEditors'], A:ORIGIN ('DisplayEditors'), #e); control.maximum, editor_etal = get_display_names (display_names, #e, 'editors', editor_etal, param); Editors, EditorCount = list_people (control, e, editor_etal); if 1 == EditorCount and (true == editor_etal or 1 < #e) then -- only one editor displayed but includes etal then EditorCount = 2; -- spoof to display (eds.) annotation end end do -- now do interviewers local display_names, param = display_names_select (cfg.global_cs1_config_t['DisplayInterviewers'], A['DisplayInterviewers'], A:ORIGIN ('DisplayInterviewers'), #interviewers_list); control.maximum, interviewer_etal = get_display_names (display_names, #interviewers_list, 'interviewers', interviewer_etal, param); Interviewers = list_people (control, interviewers_list, interviewer_etal); end do -- now do translators local display_names, param = display_names_select (cfg.global_cs1_config_t['DisplayTranslators'], A['DisplayTranslators'], A:ORIGIN ('DisplayTranslators'), #t); control.maximum, translator_etal = get_display_names (display_names, #t, 'translators', translator_etal, param); Translators = list_people (control, t, translator_etal); end do -- now do contributors local display_names, param = display_names_select (cfg.global_cs1_config_t['DisplayContributors'], A['DisplayContributors'], A:ORIGIN ('DisplayContributors'), #c); control.maximum, contributor_etal = get_display_names (display_names, #c, 'contributors', contributor_etal, param); Contributors = list_people (control, c, contributor_etal); end do -- now do authors local display_names, param = display_names_select (cfg.global_cs1_config_t['DisplayAuthors'], A['DisplayAuthors'], A:ORIGIN ('DisplayAuthors'), #a, author_etal); control.maximum, author_etal = get_display_names (display_names, #a, 'authors', author_etal, param); last_first_list = list_people (control, a, author_etal); if utilities.is_set (Authors) then Authors, author_etal = name_has_etal (Authors, author_etal, false, 'authors'); -- find and remove variations on et al. if author_etal then Authors = Authors .. ' ' .. cfg.messages['et al']; -- add et al. to authors parameter end else Authors = last_first_list; -- either an author name list or an empty string end end -- end of do if utilities.is_set (Authors) and utilities.is_set (Collaboration) then Authors = Authors .. ' (' .. Collaboration .. ')'; -- add collaboration after et al. end end local ConferenceFormat = A['ConferenceFormat']; local ConferenceURL = A['ConferenceURL']; ConferenceFormat = style_format (ConferenceFormat, ConferenceURL, 'conference-format', 'conference-url'); Format = style_format (Format, URL, 'format', 'url'); -- special case for chapter format so no error message or cat when chapter not supported if not (utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'web', 'news', 'journal', 'magazine', 'pressrelease', 'podcast', 'newsgroup', 'arxiv', 'biorxiv', 'citeseerx', 'medrxiv', 'ssrn'}) or ('citation' == config.CitationClass and (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical)) and not utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia))) then ChapterFormat = style_format (ChapterFormat, ChapterURL, 'chapter-format', 'chapter-url'); end if not utilities.is_set (URL) then if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {"web", "podcast", "mailinglist"}) or -- |url= required for {{cite web}}, {{cite podcast}}, and {{cite mailing list}} ('citation' == config.CitationClass and ('website' == Periodical_origin or 'script-website' == ScriptPeriodical_origin)) then -- and required for {{citation}} with |website= or |script-website= if not url_was_archive_today then -- is <URL> empty/missing because it was a deprecated archive.today url utilities.set_message ('err_cite_web_url'); -- no; emit an error message for an empty/ missing |url= end end -- do we have |accessdate= without either |url= or |chapter-url=? if utilities.is_set (AccessDate) and not utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) then -- ChapterURL may be set when URL is not set; utilities.set_message ('err_accessdate_missing_url'); AccessDate = ''; end end local UrlStatus = is_valid_parameter_value (A['UrlStatus'], A:ORIGIN('UrlStatus'), cfg.keywords_lists['url-status'], ''); local OriginalURL local OriginalURL_origin local OriginalFormat local OriginalAccess; UrlStatus = UrlStatus:lower(); -- used later when assembling archived text if utilities.is_set ( ArchiveURL ) then if utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) then -- if chapter-url= is set apply archive url to it OriginalURL = ChapterURL; -- save copy of source chapter's url for archive text OriginalURL_origin = ChapterURL_origin; -- name of |chapter-url= parameter for error messages OriginalFormat = ChapterFormat; -- and original |chapter-format= if 'live' ~= UrlStatus then ChapterURL = ArchiveURL -- swap-in the archive's URL ChapterURL_origin = A:ORIGIN('ArchiveURL') -- name of |archive-url= parameter for error messages ChapterFormat = ArchiveFormat or ''; -- swap in archive's format ChapterUrlAccess = nil; -- restricted access levels do not make sense for archived URLs end elseif utilities.is_set (URL) then OriginalURL = URL; -- save copy of original source URL OriginalURL_origin = URL_origin; -- name of URL parameter for error messages OriginalFormat = Format; -- and original |format= OriginalAccess = UrlAccess; if 'live' ~= UrlStatus then -- if URL set then |archive-url= applies to it URL = ArchiveURL -- swap-in the archive's URL URL_origin = A:ORIGIN('ArchiveURL') -- name of archive URL parameter for error messages Format = ArchiveFormat or ''; -- swap in archive's format UrlAccess = nil; -- restricted access levels do not make sense for archived URLs end end elseif utilities.is_set (UrlStatus) then -- if |url-status= is set when |archive-url= is not set utilities.set_message ('maint_url_status'); -- add maint cat end if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'web', 'news', 'journal', 'magazine', 'pressrelease', 'podcast', 'newsgroup', 'arxiv', 'biorxiv', 'citeseerx', 'medrxiv', 'ssrn'}) or -- if any of the 'periodical' cites except encyclopedia ('citation' == config.CitationClass and (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical)) and not utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia)) then local chap_param; if utilities.is_set (Chapter) then -- get a parameter name from one of these chapter related meta-parameters chap_param = A:ORIGIN ('Chapter') elseif utilities.is_set (TransChapter) then chap_param = A:ORIGIN ('TransChapter') elseif utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) then chap_param = A:ORIGIN ('ChapterURL') elseif utilities.is_set (ScriptChapter) then chap_param = ScriptChapter_origin; else utilities.is_set (ChapterFormat) chap_param = A:ORIGIN ('ChapterFormat') end if utilities.is_set (chap_param) then -- if we found one utilities.set_message ('err_chapter_ignored', {chap_param}); -- add error message Chapter = ''; -- and set them to empty string to be safe with concatenation TransChapter = ''; ChapterURL = ''; ScriptChapter = ''; ChapterFormat = ''; end else -- otherwise, format chapter / article title local no_quotes = false; -- default assume that we will be quoting the chapter parameter value if utilities.is_set (Contribution) and 0 < #c then -- if this is a contribution with contributor(s) if utilities.in_array (Contribution:lower(), cfg.keywords_lists.contribution) then -- and a generic contribution title no_quotes = true; -- then render it unquoted end end Chapter = format_chapter_title (ScriptChapter, ScriptChapter_origin, Chapter, Chapter_origin, TransChapter, TransChapter_origin, ChapterURL, ChapterURL_origin, no_quotes, ChapterUrlAccess); -- Contribution is also in Chapter if utilities.is_set (Chapter) then Chapter = Chapter .. ChapterFormat ; if 'map' == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (TitleType) then Chapter = Chapter .. ' ' .. TitleType; -- map annotation here; not after title end Chapter = Chapter .. sepc .. ' '; elseif utilities.is_set (ChapterFormat) then -- |chapter= not set but |chapter-format= is so ... Chapter = ChapterFormat .. sepc .. ' '; -- ... ChapterFormat has error message, we want to see it end end -- Format main title local plain_title = false; local accept_title; Title, accept_title = utilities.has_accept_as_written (Title, true); -- remove accept-this-as-written markup when it wraps all of <Title> if accept_title and ('' == Title) then -- only support forced empty for now "(())" Title = cfg.messages['notitle']; -- replace by predefined "No title" message -- TODO: utilities.set_message ( 'err_redundant_parameters', ...); -- issue proper error message instead of muting ScriptTitle = ''; -- just mute for now TransTitle = ''; -- just mute for now plain_title = true; -- suppress text decoration for descriptive title utilities.set_message ('maint_untitled'); -- add maint cat end if not accept_title then -- <Title> not wrapped in accept-as-written markup if '...' == Title:sub (-3) then -- if ellipsis is the last three characters of |title= Title = Title:gsub ('(%.%.%.)%.+$', '%1'); -- limit the number of dots to three elseif not mw.ustring.find (Title, '%.%s*%a%.$') and -- end of title is not a 'dot-(optional space-)letter-dot' initialism ... not mw.ustring.find (Title, '%s+%a%.$') then -- ...and not a 'space-letter-dot' initial (''Allium canadense'' L.) Title = mw.ustring.gsub(Title, '%' .. sepc .. '$', ''); -- remove any trailing separator character; sepc and ms.ustring() here for languages that use multibyte separator characters end if utilities.is_set (ArchiveURL) and is_archived_copy (Title) then utilities.set_message ('maint_archived_copy'); -- add maintenance category before we modify the content of Title end if is_generic ('generic_titles', Title) then utilities.set_message ('err_generic_title'); -- set an error message end end if (not plain_title) and (utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'web', 'news', 'journal', 'magazine', 'document', 'pressrelease', 'podcast', 'newsgroup', 'mailinglist', 'interview', 'arxiv', 'biorxiv', 'citeseerx', 'medrxiv', 'ssrn'}) or ('citation' == config.CitationClass and (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical)) and not utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia)) or ('map' == config.CitationClass and (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical)))) then -- special case for cite map when the map is in a periodical treat as an article Title = kern_quotes (Title); -- if necessary, separate title's leading and trailing quote marks from module provided quote marks Title = utilities.wrap_style ('quoted-title', Title); Title = script_concatenate (Title, ScriptTitle, 'script-title'); -- <bdi> tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; must be done after title is wrapped TransTitle = utilities.wrap_style ('trans-quoted-title', TransTitle ); elseif plain_title or ('report' == config.CitationClass) then -- no styling for cite report and descriptive titles (otherwise same as above) Title = script_concatenate (Title, ScriptTitle, 'script-title'); -- <bdi> tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; must be done after title is wrapped TransTitle = utilities.wrap_style ('trans-quoted-title', TransTitle ); -- for cite report, use this form for trans-title else Title = utilities.wrap_style ('italic-title', Title); Title = script_concatenate (Title, ScriptTitle, 'script-title'); -- <bdi> tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; must be done after title is wrapped TransTitle = utilities.wrap_style ('trans-italic-title', TransTitle); end if utilities.is_set (TransTitle) then if utilities.is_set (Title) then TransTitle = " " .. TransTitle; else utilities.set_message ('err_trans_missing_title', {'title'}); end end if utilities.is_set (Title) then -- TODO: is this the right place to be making Wikisource URLs? if utilities.is_set (TitleLink) and utilities.is_set (URL) then utilities.set_message ('err_wikilink_in_url'); -- set an error message because we can't have both TitleLink = ''; -- unset end if not utilities.is_set (TitleLink) and utilities.is_set (URL) then Title = external_link (URL, Title, URL_origin, UrlAccess) .. TransTitle .. Format; URL = ''; -- unset these because no longer needed Format = ""; elseif utilities.is_set (TitleLink) and not utilities.is_set (URL) then local ws_url; ws_url = wikisource_url_make (TitleLink); -- ignore ws_label return; not used here if ws_url then Title = external_link (ws_url, Title .. '&nbsp;', 'ws link in title-link'); -- space char after Title to move icon away from italic text; TODO: a better way to do this? Title = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['interwiki-icon'], {cfg.presentation['class-wikisource'], TitleLink, Title}); Title = Title .. TransTitle; else Title = utilities.make_wikilink (TitleLink, Title) .. TransTitle; end else local ws_url, ws_label, L; -- Title has italic or quote markup by the time we get here which causes is_wikilink() to return 0 (not a wikilink) ws_url, ws_label, L = wikisource_url_make (Title:gsub('^[\'"]*(.-)[\'"]*$', '%1')); -- make ws URL from |title= interwiki link (strip italic or quote markup); link portion L becomes tooltip label if ws_url then Title = Title:gsub ('%b[]', ws_label); -- replace interwiki link with ws_label to retain markup Title = external_link (ws_url, Title .. '&nbsp;', 'ws link in title'); -- space char after Title to move icon away from italic text; TODO: a better way to do this? Title = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['interwiki-icon'], {cfg.presentation['class-wikisource'], L, Title}); Title = Title .. TransTitle; else Title = Title .. TransTitle; end end else Title = TransTitle; end if utilities.is_set (Place) then Place = " " .. wrap_msg ('written', Place, use_lowercase) .. sepc .. " "; end local ConferenceURL_origin = A:ORIGIN('ConferenceURL'); -- get name of parameter that holds ConferenceURL if utilities.is_set (Conference) then if utilities.is_set (ConferenceURL) then Conference = external_link( ConferenceURL, Conference, ConferenceURL_origin, nil ); end Conference = sepc .. " " .. Conference .. ConferenceFormat; elseif utilities.is_set (ConferenceURL) then Conference = sepc .. " " .. external_link( ConferenceURL, nil, ConferenceURL_origin, nil ); end local Position = ''; if not utilities.is_set (Position) then local Minutes = A['Minutes']; local Time = A['Time']; if utilities.is_set (Minutes) then if utilities.is_set (Time) then --TODO: make a function for this and similar? utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'minutes') .. cfg.presentation['sep_list_pair'] .. utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'time')}); end Position = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages.minutes, Minutes); else if utilities.is_set (Time) then local TimeCaption = A['TimeCaption'] if not utilities.is_set (TimeCaption) then TimeCaption = cs2_lower(cfg.messages['event']); end Position = " " .. TimeCaption .. " " .. Time; end end else Position = " " .. Position; At = ''; end Page, Pages, Sheet, Sheets = format_pages_sheets (Page, Pages, Sheet, Sheets, config.CitationClass, Periodical_origin, sepc, NoPP, use_lowercase); At = utilities.is_set (At) and (sepc .. " " .. At) or ""; Position = utilities.is_set (Position) and (sepc .. " " .. Position) or ""; if config.CitationClass == 'map' then local Sections = A['Sections']; -- Section (singular) is an alias of Chapter so set earlier local Inset = A['Inset']; if utilities.is_set ( Inset ) then Inset = sepc .. " " .. wrap_msg ('inset', Inset, use_lowercase); end if utilities.is_set ( Sections ) then Section = sepc .. " " .. wrap_msg ('sections', Sections, use_lowercase); elseif utilities.is_set ( Section ) then Section = sepc .. " " .. wrap_msg ('section', Section, use_lowercase); end At = At .. Inset .. Section; end local Others = A['Others']; if utilities.is_set (Others) and 0 == #a and 0 == #e then -- add maint cat when |others= has value and used without |author=, |editor= if config.CitationClass == "AV-media-notes" or config.CitationClass == "audio-visual" then -- special maint for AV/M which has a lot of 'false' positives right now utilities.set_message ('maint_others_avm') else utilities.set_message ('maint_others'); end end Others = utilities.is_set (Others) and (sepc .. " " .. Others) or ""; if utilities.is_set (Translators) then Others = safe_join ({sepc .. ' ', wrap_msg ('translated', Translators, use_lowercase), Others}, sepc); end if utilities.is_set (Interviewers) then Others = safe_join ({sepc .. ' ', wrap_msg ('interview', Interviewers, use_lowercase), Others}, sepc); end local TitleNote = A['TitleNote']; TitleNote = utilities.is_set (TitleNote) and (sepc .. " " .. TitleNote) or ""; if utilities.is_set (Edition) then if Edition:match ('%f[%a][Ee]d%n?%.?$') or Edition:match ('%f[%a][Ee]dition$') then -- Ed, ed, Ed., ed., Edn, edn, Edn., edn. utilities.set_message ('err_extra_text_edition'); -- add error message end Edition = " " .. wrap_msg ('edition', Edition); else Edition = ''; end Series = utilities.is_set (Series) and wrap_msg ('series', {sepc, Series}) or ""; -- not the same as SeriesNum local Agency = A['Agency'] or ''; -- |agency= is supported by {{cite magazine}}, {{cite news}}, {{cite press release}}, {{cite web}}, and certain {{citation}} templates if utilities.is_set (Agency) then -- this testing done here because {{citation}} supports 'news' citations if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'magazine', 'news', 'pressrelease', 'web'}) or ('citation' == config.CitationClass and utilities.in_array (Periodical_origin, {"magazine", "newspaper", "work"})) then Agency = wrap_msg ('agency', {sepc, Agency}); -- format for rendering else Agency = ''; -- unset; not supported utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored', {'agency'}); -- add error message end end Volume = format_volume_issue (Volume, Issue, ArticleNumber, config.CitationClass, Periodical_origin, sepc, use_lowercase); if utilities.is_set (AccessDate) then local retrv_text = " " .. cfg.messages['retrieved']; AccessDate = nowrap_date (AccessDate); -- wrap in nowrap span if date in appropriate format retrv_text = cs2_lower(retrv_text); -- if mode is cs2, lower case AccessDate = utilities.substitute (retrv_text, AccessDate); -- add retrieved text AccessDate = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['accessdate'], {sepc, AccessDate}); -- allow editors to hide accessdates end if utilities.is_set (ID) then ID = sepc .. " " .. ID; end local Docket = A['Docket']; if "thesis" == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Docket) then ID = sepc .. " Docket " .. Docket .. ID; end if "report" == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Docket) then -- for cite report when |docket= is set ID = sepc .. ' ' .. Docket; -- overwrite ID even if |id= is set end if utilities.is_set (URL) then URL = " " .. external_link( URL, nil, URL_origin, UrlAccess ); end -- We check length of PostScript here because it will have been nuked by -- the quote parameters. We'd otherwise emit a message even if there wasn't -- a displayed postscript. -- TODO: Should the max size (1) be configurable? -- TODO: Should we check a specific pattern? if utilities.is_set(PostScript) and mw.ustring.len(PostScript) > 1 then utilities.set_message ('maint_postscript') end local Archived; if utilities.is_set (ArchiveURL) then if not utilities.is_set (ArchiveDate) then -- ArchiveURL set but ArchiveDate not set utilities.set_message ('err_archive_missing_date'); -- emit an error message ArchiveURL = ''; -- empty string for concatenation ArchiveDate = ''; -- empty string for concatenation end else if utilities.is_set (ArchiveDate) then -- ArchiveURL not set but ArchiveDate is set utilities.set_message ('err_archive_date_missing_url'); -- emit an error message ArchiveURL = ''; -- empty string for concatenation ArchiveDate = ''; -- empty string for concatenation end end if utilities.is_set (ArchiveURL) then local arch_text; if "live" == UrlStatus then if utilities.is_set (ArchiveDate) then Archived = sepc .. ' ' .. utilities.substitute ( cfg.messages['archived-live'], { external_link( ArchiveURL, cs2_lower(cfg.messages['archived']), A:ORIGIN('ArchiveURL'), nil) .. ArchiveFormat, ArchiveDate } ); else Archived = ''; end if not utilities.is_set (OriginalURL) then utilities.set_message ('err_archive_missing_url'); Archived = ''; -- empty string for concatenation end elseif utilities.is_set (OriginalURL) then -- UrlStatus is empty, 'dead', 'unfit', 'usurped', 'bot: unknown' if utilities.in_array (UrlStatus, {'unfit', 'usurped', 'bot: unknown'}) then Archived = sepc .. ' ' .. utilities.substitute ( cs2_lower(cfg.messages['archived-unfit']), ArchiveDate); if 'bot: unknown' == UrlStatus then utilities.set_message ('maint_bot_unknown'); -- and add a category if not already added else utilities.add_prop_cat ('unfit'); -- and add a category if not already added end else -- UrlStatus is empty, 'dead' if utilities.is_set (ArchiveDate) then Archived = sepc .. ' ' .. utilities.substitute ( cs2_lower(cfg.messages['archived-dead']), { external_link( OriginalURL, cfg.messages['original'], OriginalURL_origin, OriginalAccess ) .. OriginalFormat, ArchiveDate } ); else Archived = ''; -- unset for concatenation end end else -- OriginalUrl not set utilities.set_message ('err_archive_missing_url'); Archived = ''; -- empty string for concatenation end elseif utilities.is_set (ArchiveFormat) then Archived = ArchiveFormat; -- if set and ArchiveURL not set ArchiveFormat has error message else Archived = ''; end local TranscriptURL = A['TranscriptURL'] local TranscriptFormat = A['TranscriptFormat']; TranscriptFormat = style_format (TranscriptFormat, TranscriptURL, 'transcript-format', 'transcripturl'); local Transcript = A['Transcript']; local TranscriptURL_origin = A:ORIGIN('TranscriptURL'); -- get name of parameter that holds TranscriptURL if utilities.is_set (Transcript) then if utilities.is_set (TranscriptURL) then Transcript = external_link( TranscriptURL, Transcript, TranscriptURL_origin, nil ); end Transcript = sepc .. ' ' .. Transcript .. TranscriptFormat; elseif utilities.is_set (TranscriptURL) then Transcript = external_link( TranscriptURL, nil, TranscriptURL_origin, nil ); end local Publisher; if utilities.is_set (PublicationDate) then PublicationDate = wrap_msg ('published', PublicationDate); end if utilities.is_set (PublisherName) then if utilities.is_set (PublicationPlace) then Publisher = sepc .. " " .. PublicationPlace .. ": " .. PublisherName .. PublicationDate; else Publisher = sepc .. " " .. PublisherName .. PublicationDate; end elseif utilities.is_set (PublicationPlace) then Publisher= sepc .. " " .. PublicationPlace .. PublicationDate; else Publisher = PublicationDate; end -- Several of the above rely upon detecting this as nil, so do it last. if (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical) or utilities.is_set (TransPeriodical)) then if utilities.is_set (Title) or utilities.is_set (TitleNote) then Periodical = sepc .. " " .. format_periodical (ScriptPeriodical, ScriptPeriodical_origin, Periodical, TransPeriodical, TransPeriodical_origin); else Periodical = format_periodical (ScriptPeriodical, ScriptPeriodical_origin, Periodical, TransPeriodical, TransPeriodical_origin); end end local Language = A['Language']; if utilities.is_set (Language) then Language = language_parameter (Language); -- format, categories, name from ISO639-1, etc. else Language=''; -- language not specified so make sure this is an empty string; --[[ TODO: need to extract the wrap_msg from language_parameter so that we can solve parentheses bunching problem with Format/Language/TitleType ]] end --[[ Handle the oddity that is cite speech. This code overrides whatever may be the value assigned to TitleNote (through |department=) and forces it to be " (Speech)" so that the annotation directly follows the |title= parameter value in the citation rather than the |event= parameter value (if provided). ]] if "speech" == config.CitationClass then -- cite speech only TitleNote = TitleType; -- move TitleType to TitleNote so that it renders ahead of |event= TitleType = ''; -- and unset if utilities.is_set (Periodical) then -- if Periodical, perhaps because of an included |website= or |journal= parameter if utilities.is_set (Conference) then -- and if |event= is set Conference = Conference .. sepc .. " "; -- then add appropriate punctuation to the end of the Conference variable before rendering end end end -- Piece all bits together at last. Here, all should be non-nil. -- We build things this way because it is more efficient in LUA -- not to keep reassigning to the same string variable over and over. local tcommon; local tcommon2; -- used for book cite when |contributor= is set local pgtext = Position .. Sheet .. Sheets .. Page .. Pages .. At; -- Volume = safe_join ({Volume, pgtext}, sepc); if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {"book", "citation"}) and not utilities.is_set (Periodical) then -- special cases for book cites if utilities.is_set (Contributors) then -- when we are citing foreword, preface, introduction, etc. tcommon = safe_join ({Title, TitleNote}, sepc); -- author and other stuff will come after this and before tcommon2 tcommon2 = safe_join ({TitleType, Series, Language, Volume, Others, Edition, Publisher}, sepc); else tcommon = safe_join ({Title, TitleNote, TitleType, Series, Language, Volume, Others, Edition, Publisher}, sepc); end elseif 'map' == config.CitationClass then -- special cases for cite map if utilities.is_set (Chapter) then -- map in a book; TitleType is part of Chapter tcommon = safe_join ({Title, Edition, Scale, Series, Language, Cartography, Others, Publisher, Volume}, sepc); elseif utilities.is_set (Periodical) then -- map in a periodical tcommon = safe_join ({Title, TitleType, Periodical, Scale, Series, Language, Cartography, Others, Publisher, Volume}, sepc); else -- a sheet or stand-alone map tcommon = safe_join ({Title, TitleType, Edition, Scale, Series, Language, Cartography, Others, Publisher}, sepc); end elseif 'episode' == config.CitationClass then -- special case for cite episode tcommon = safe_join ({Title, TitleNote, TitleType, Series, Language, Edition, Publisher}, sepc); else -- all other CS1 templates tcommon = safe_join ({Title, TitleNote, Conference, Periodical, TitleType, Series, Language, Volume, Others, Edition, Publisher, Agency}, sepc); end if #ID_list > 0 then ID_list = safe_join( { sepc .. " ", table.concat( ID_list, sepc .. " " ), ID }, sepc ); else ID_list = ID; end local Via = A['Via']; Via = utilities.is_set (Via) and wrap_msg ('via', Via) or ''; local idcommon; if 'audio-visual' == config.CitationClass or 'episode' == config.CitationClass then -- special case for cite AV media & cite episode position transcript idcommon = safe_join( { ID_list, URL, Archived, Transcript, AccessDate, Via, Quote }, sepc ); else idcommon = safe_join( { ID_list, URL, Archived, AccessDate, Via, Quote }, sepc ); end local text; -- local pgtext = Position .. Sheet .. Sheets .. Page .. Pages .. At; local OrigDate = A['OrigDate']; OrigDate = utilities.is_set (OrigDate) and wrap_msg ('origdate', OrigDate) or ''; if utilities.is_set (Date) then if utilities.is_set (Authors) or utilities.is_set (Editors) then -- date follows authors or editors when authors not set Date = " (" .. Date .. ")" .. OrigDate .. sepc .. " "; -- in parentheses else -- neither of authors and editors set if (string.sub(tcommon, -1, -1) == sepc) then -- if the last character of tcommon is sepc Date = " " .. Date .. OrigDate; -- Date does not begin with sepc else Date = sepc .. " " .. Date .. OrigDate; -- Date begins with sepc end end end if utilities.is_set (Authors) then if (not utilities.is_set (Date)) then -- when date is set it's in parentheses; no Authors termination Authors = terminate_name_list (Authors, sepc); -- when no date, terminate with 0 or 1 sepc and a space end if utilities.is_set (Editors) then local in_text = ''; local post_text = ''; if utilities.is_set (Chapter) and 0 == #c then in_text = cfg.messages['in'] .. ' '; in_text = cs2_lower(in_text); -- lowercase for cs2 end if EditorCount <= 1 then post_text = ' (' .. cfg.messages['editor'] .. ')'; -- be consistent with no-author, no-date case else post_text = ' (' .. cfg.messages['editors'] .. ')'; end Editors = terminate_name_list (in_text .. Editors .. post_text, sepc); -- terminate with 0 or 1 sepc and a space end if utilities.is_set (Contributors) then -- book cite and we're citing the intro, preface, etc. local by_text = sepc .. ' ' .. cfg.messages['by'] .. ' '; by_text = cs2_lower(by_text); -- lowercase for cs2 Authors = by_text .. Authors; -- author follows title so tweak it here if utilities.is_set (Editors) and utilities.is_set (Date) then -- when Editors make sure that Authors gets terminated Authors = terminate_name_list (Authors, sepc); -- terminate with 0 or 1 sepc and a space end if (not utilities.is_set (Date)) then -- when date is set it's in parentheses; no Contributors termination Contributors = terminate_name_list (Contributors, sepc); -- terminate with 0 or 1 sepc and a space end text = safe_join( {Contributors, Date, Chapter, tcommon, Authors, Place, Editors, tcommon2, pgtext, idcommon }, sepc ); -- text = safe_join( {Contributors, Date, Chapter, tcommon, Authors, Place, Editors, tcommon2, idcommon }, sepc ); else text = safe_join( {Authors, Date, Chapter, Place, Editors, tcommon, pgtext, idcommon }, sepc ); -- text = safe_join( {Authors, Date, Chapter, Place, Editors, tcommon, idcommon }, sepc ); end elseif utilities.is_set (Editors) then if utilities.is_set (Date) then if EditorCount <= 1 then Editors = Editors .. cfg.presentation['sep_name'] .. cfg.messages['editor']; else Editors = Editors .. cfg.presentation['sep_name'] .. cfg.messages['editors']; end else if EditorCount <= 1 then Editors = Editors .. " (" .. cfg.messages['editor'] .. ")" .. sepc .. " " else Editors = Editors .. " (" .. cfg.messages['editors'] .. ")" .. sepc .. " " end end text = safe_join( {Editors, Date, Chapter, Place, tcommon, pgtext, idcommon}, sepc ); -- text = safe_join( {Editors, Date, Chapter, Place, tcommon, idcommon}, sepc ); else if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {"journal", "citation"}) and utilities.is_set (Periodical) then text = safe_join( {Chapter, Place, tcommon, pgtext, Date, idcommon}, sepc ); -- text = safe_join( {Chapter, Place, tcommon, Date, idcommon}, sepc ); else text = safe_join( {Chapter, Place, tcommon, Date, pgtext, idcommon}, sepc ); -- text = safe_join( {Chapter, Place, tcommon, Date, idcommon}, sepc ); end end if utilities.is_set (PostScript) and PostScript ~= sepc then text = safe_join( {text, sepc}, sepc ); -- Deals with italics, spaces, etc. if '.' == sepc then -- remove final seperator if present text = text:gsub ('%' .. sepc .. '$', ''); -- dot must be escaped here else text = mw.ustring.gsub (text, sepc .. '$', ''); -- using ustring for non-dot sepc (likely a non-Latin character) end end text = safe_join( {text, PostScript}, sepc ); -- Now enclose the whole thing in a <cite> element local options_t = {}; options_t.class = cite_class_attribute_make (config.CitationClass, Mode); local Ref = is_valid_parameter_value (A['Ref'], A:ORIGIN('Ref'), cfg.keywords_lists['ref'], nil, true); -- nil when |ref=harv; A['Ref'] else if 'none' ~= cfg.keywords_xlate[(Ref and Ref:lower()) or ''] then local namelist_t = {}; -- holds selected contributor, author, editor name list local year = first_set ({Year, anchor_year}, 2); -- Year first for legacy citations and for YMD dates that require disambiguation if #c > 0 then -- if there is a contributor list namelist_t = c; -- select it elseif #a > 0 then -- or an author list namelist_t = a; elseif #e > 0 then -- or an editor list namelist_t = e; end local citeref_id; if #namelist_t > 0 then -- if there are names in namelist_t citeref_id = make_citeref_id (namelist_t, year); -- go make the CITEREF anchor if mw.uri.anchorEncode (citeref_id) == ((Ref and mw.uri.anchorEncode (Ref)) or '') then -- Ref may already be encoded (by {{sfnref}}) so citeref_id must be encoded before comparison utilities.set_message ('maint_ref_duplicates_default'); end else citeref_id = ''; -- unset end options_t.id = Ref or citeref_id; end if string.len (text:gsub('%b<>', '')) <= 2 then -- remove html and html-like tags; then get length of what remains; z.error_cats_t = {}; -- blank the categories list z.error_msgs_t = {}; -- blank the error messages list OCinSoutput = nil; -- blank the metadata string text = ''; -- blank the the citation utilities.set_message ('err_empty_citation'); -- set empty citation message and category end local render_t = {}; -- here we collect the final bits for concatenation into the rendered citation if is_preview_mode and (0 ~= #z.error_msgs_t or 0 ~= #z.maint_cats_t) then -- when in preview mode if not utilities.is_set (options_t.id) then -- and when this template has not created an anchor ID math.randomseed (tonumber (mw.getLanguage ('en'):formatDate ('U')) * 10000 + os.clock() * 10000); options_t.id = 'CITEREF_temp_preview_id_' .. math.random (100000, 999999); -- create temporary anchor ID for preview mode end end if utilities.is_set (options_t.id) then -- here we wrap the rendered citation in <cite ...>...</cite> tags options_t.id = mw.uri.anchorEncode(options_t.id); -- do this here; also used when adding preview warning messages table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['cite-id'], {options_t.id, mw.text.nowiki(options_t.class), text})); -- when |ref= is set or when there is a namelist else table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['cite'], {mw.text.nowiki(options_t.class), text})); -- when |ref=none or when namelist_t empty and |ref= is missing or is empty end if OCinSoutput then -- blanked when citation is 'empty' so don't bother to add boilerplate metadata span table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['ocins'], OCinSoutput)); -- format and append metadata to the citation end local template_name = cfg.citation_class_map_t[config.CitationClass]; local template_link = '[[Template:' .. template_name .. '|' .. template_name .. ']]'; local msg_prefix = '<code class="cs1-code">{{' .. template_link .. '}}</code>: '; if 0 ~= #z.error_msgs_t then mw.addWarning (utilities.substitute (cfg.messages.warning_msg_e, {template_link, options_t.id})); table.insert (render_t, ' '); -- insert a space between citation and its error messages table.sort (z.error_msgs_t); -- sort the error messages list; sorting includes wrapping <span> and <code> tags; hidden-error sorts ahead of visible-error local hidden = true; -- presume that the only error messages emited by this template are hidden for _, v in ipairs (z.error_msgs_t) do -- spin through the list of error messages if v:find ('cs1-visible-error', 1, true) then -- look for the visible error class name hidden = false; -- found one; so don't hide the error message prefix break; -- and done because no need to look further end end z.error_msgs_t[1] = table.concat ({utilities.error_comment (msg_prefix, hidden), z.error_msgs_t[1]}); -- add error message prefix to first error message to prevent extraneous punctuation table.insert (render_t, table.concat (z.error_msgs_t, '; ')); -- make a big string of error messages and add it to the rendering end if 0 ~= #z.maint_cats_t then mw.addWarning (utilities.substitute (cfg.messages.warning_msg_m, {template_link, options_t.id})); table.sort (z.maint_cats_t); -- sort the maintenance messages list local maint_msgs_t = {}; -- here we collect all of the maint messages if 0 == #z.error_msgs_t then -- if no error messages table.insert (maint_msgs_t, msg_prefix); -- insert message prefix in maint message livery end for _, v in ipairs( z.maint_cats_t ) do -- append maintenance categories table.insert (maint_msgs_t, -- assemble new maint message and add it to the maint_msgs_t table table.concat ({v, ' (', utilities.substitute (cfg.messages[':cat wikilink'], v), ')'}) ); end table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['hidden-maint'], table.concat (maint_msgs_t, ' '))); -- wrap the group of maint messages with proper presentation and save end if not no_tracking_cats then local sort_key; local cat_wikilink = 'cat wikilink'; if cfg.enable_sort_keys then -- when namespace sort keys enabled local namespace_number = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace; -- get namespace number for this wikitext sort_key = (0 ~= namespace_number and (cfg.name_space_sort_keys[namespace_number] or cfg.name_space_sort_keys.other)) or nil; -- get sort key character; nil for mainspace cat_wikilink = (not sort_key and 'cat wikilink') or 'cat wikilink sk'; -- make <cfg.messages> key end for _, v in ipairs (z.error_cats_t) do -- append error categories table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.messages[cat_wikilink], {v, sort_key})); end if cfg.id_limits_data_load_fail then -- boolean true when load failed utilities.set_message ('maint_id_limit_load_fail'); -- done here because this maint cat emits no message end for _, v in ipairs (z.maint_cats_t) do -- append maintenance categories table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.messages[cat_wikilink], {v, sort_key})); end for _, v in ipairs (z.prop_cats_t) do -- append properties categories table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['cat wikilink'], v)); -- no sort keys end end return table.concat (render_t); -- make a big string and done end --[[--------------------------< V A L I D A T E >-------------------------------------------------------------- Looks for a parameter's name in one of several whitelists. Parameters in the whitelist can have three values: true - active, supported parameters false - deprecated, supported parameters nil - unsupported parameters ]] local function validate (name, cite_class, empty) local name = tostring (name); local enum_name; -- parameter name with enumerator (if any) replaced with '#' local state; local function state_test (state, name) -- local function to do testing of state values if true == state then return true; end -- valid actively supported parameter if false == state then if empty then return nil; end -- empty deprecated parameters are treated as unknowns deprecated_parameter (name); -- parameter is deprecated but still supported return true; end if 'tracked' == state then local base_name = name:gsub ('%d', ''); -- strip enumerators from parameter names that have them to get the base name utilities.add_prop_cat ('tracked-param', {base_name}, base_name); -- add a properties category; <base_name> modifies <key> return true; end return nil; end if name:find ('#') then -- # is a cs1|2 reserved character so parameters with # not permitted return nil; end -- replace enumerator digit(s) with # (|last25= becomes |last#=) (mw.ustring because non-Western 'local' digits) enum_name = mw.ustring.gsub (name, '%d+$', '#'); -- where enumerator is last charaters in parameter name (these to protect |s2cid=) enum_name = mw.ustring.gsub (enum_name, '%d+([%-l])', '#%1'); -- where enumerator is in the middle of the parameter name; |author#link= is the oddity if 'document' == cite_class then -- special case for {{cite document}} state = whitelist.document_parameters_t[enum_name]; -- this list holds enumerated and nonenumerated parameters if true == state_test (state, name) then return true; end return false; end if utilities.in_array (cite_class, whitelist.preprint_template_list_t) then -- limited parameter sets allowed for these templates state = whitelist.limited_parameters_t[enum_name]; -- this list holds enumerated and nonenumerated parameters if true == state_test (state, name) then return true; end state = whitelist.preprint_arguments_t[cite_class][name]; -- look in the parameter-list for the template identified by cite_class if true == state_test (state, name) then return true; end return false; -- not supported because not found or name is set to nil end -- end limited parameter-set templates if utilities.in_array (cite_class, whitelist.unique_param_template_list_t) then -- template-specific parameters for templates that accept parameters from the basic argument list state = whitelist.unique_arguments_t[cite_class][name]; -- look in the template-specific parameter-lists for the template identified by cite_class if true == state_test (state, name) then return true; end end -- if here, fall into general validation state = whitelist.common_parameters_t[enum_name]; -- all other templates; all normal parameters allowed; this list holds enumerated and nonenumerated parameters if true == state_test (state, name) then return true; end return false; -- not supported because not found or name is set to nil end --[=[-------------------------< I N T E R _ W I K I _ C H E C K >---------------------------------------------- check <value> for inter-language interwiki-link markup. <prefix> must be a MediaWiki-recognized language code. when these values have the form (without leading colon): [[<prefix>:link|label]] return label as plain-text [[<prefix>:link]] return <prefix>:link as plain-text return value as is else ]=] local function inter_wiki_check (parameter, value) local prefix = value:match ('%[%[(%a+):'); -- get an interwiki prefix if one exists local _; if prefix and cfg.inter_wiki_map[prefix:lower()] then -- if prefix is in the map, needs preceding colon so utilities.set_message ('err_bad_paramlink', parameter); -- emit an error message _, value, _ = utilities.is_wikilink (value); -- extract label portion from wikilink end return value; end --[[--------------------------< M I S S I N G _ P I P E _ C H E C K >------------------------------------------ Look at the contents of a parameter. If the content has a string of characters and digits followed by an equal sign, compare the alphanumeric string to the list of cs1|2 parameters. If found, then the string is possibly a parameter that is missing its pipe. There are two tests made: {{cite ... |title=Title access-date=2016-03-17}} -- the first parameter has a value and whitespace separates that value from the missing pipe parameter name {{cite ... |title=access-date=2016-03-17}} -- the first parameter has no value (whitespace after the first = is trimmed by MediaWiki) cs1|2 shares some parameter names with XML/HTML attributes: class=, title=, etc. To prevent false positives XML/HTML tags are removed before the search. If a missing pipe is detected, this function adds the missing pipe maintenance category. ]] local function missing_pipe_check (parameter, value) local capture; value = value:gsub ('%b<>', ''); -- remove XML/HTML tags because attributes: class=, title=, etc. capture = value:match ('%s+(%a[%w%-]+)%s*=') or value:match ('^(%a[%w%-]+)%s*='); -- find and categorize parameters with possible missing pipes if capture and validate (capture) then -- if the capture is a valid parameter name utilities.set_message ('err_missing_pipe', parameter); end end --[[--------------------------< H A S _ E X T R A N E O U S _ P U N C T >-------------------------------------- look for extraneous terminal punctuation in most parameter values; parameters listed in skip table are not checked ]] local function has_extraneous_punc (param, value) if 'number' == type (param) then return; end param = param:gsub ('%d+', '#'); -- enumerated name-list mask params allow terminal punct; normalize if cfg.punct_skip[param] then return; -- parameter name found in the skip table so done end if value:match ('[,;:]$') then utilities.set_message ('maint_extra_punct'); -- has extraneous punctuation; add maint cat end if value:match ('^=') then -- sometimes an extraneous '=' character appears ... utilities.set_message ('maint_extra_punct'); -- has extraneous punctuation; add maint cat end end --[[--------------------------< H A S _ T W L _ U R L >-------------------------------------------------------- look for The Wikipedia Library urls in url-holding parameters. TWL urls are accessible only for readers who are active extended confirmed Wikipedia editors. This function sets an error message when such urls are discovered and when appropriate, sets the |<param>-url-access=subscription. returns nothing. looks for: '.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org' ]] local function has_twl_url (url_params_t, cite_args_t) local url_error_t = {}; -- sequence of url-holding parameters that have a TWL url for param, value in pairs (url_params_t) do if value:find ('%.wikipedialibrary%.idm%.oclc%.org') then -- has the TWL base url? table.insert (url_error_t, param); -- add parameter name to the error list end end if 0 ~= #url_error_t then -- non-zero when there are errors table.sort (url_error_t); -- sor for error messaging for i, param in ipairs (url_error_t) do if cfg.url_access_map_t[param] then -- if <param> has a matching -access parameter cite_args_t[cfg.url_access_map_t[param]] = cfg.keywords_xlate.subscription; -- set |<param>-url-access=subscription end url_error_t[i] = utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', param); -- make the parameter pretty for error message end utilities.set_message ('err_param_has_twl_url', {utilities.make_sep_list (#url_error_t, url_error_t)}); -- add this error message end end --[[--------------------------< H A S _ E X T R A N E O U S _ U R L >------------------------------------------ look for extraneous url parameter values; parameters listed in skip table are not checked ]] local function has_extraneous_url (non_url_param_t) local url_error_t = {}; check_for_url (non_url_param_t, url_error_t); -- extraneous url check if 0 ~= #url_error_t then -- non-zero when there are errors table.sort (url_error_t); utilities.set_message ('err_param_has_ext_link', {utilities.make_sep_list (#url_error_t, url_error_t)}); -- add this error message end end --[[--------------------------< _ C I T A T I O N >------------------------------------------------------------ Module entry point frame – from template call (citation()); may be nil when called from another module args_t – table of all cs1|2 parameters in the template (the parent frame) config_t – table of template-supplied parameter (the #invoke frame) ]] local function _citation (frame, args_t, config_t) -- save a copy in case we need to display an error message in preview mode if not frame then frame = mw.getCurrentFrame(); -- if called from another module, get a frame for frame-provided functions end -- i18n: set the name that your wiki uses to identify sandbox subpages from sandbox template invoke (or can be set here) local sandbox = ((config_t.SandboxPath and '' ~= config_t.SandboxPath) and config_t.SandboxPath) or '/sandbox'; -- sandbox path from {{#invoke:Citation/CS1/sandbox|citation|SandboxPath=/...}} is_sandbox = nil ~= string.find (frame:getTitle(), sandbox, 1, true); -- is this invoke the sandbox module? sandbox = is_sandbox and sandbox or ''; -- use i18n sandbox to load sandbox modules when this module is the sandox; live modules else cfg = mw.loadData ('Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration' .. sandbox); -- load sandbox versions of support modules when {{#invoke:Citation/CS1/sandbox|...}}; live modules else whitelist = mw.loadData ('Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist' .. sandbox); utilities = require ('Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities' .. sandbox); validation = require ('Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation' .. sandbox); identifiers = require ('Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers' .. sandbox); metadata = require ('Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' .. sandbox); utilities.set_selected_modules (cfg); -- so that functions in Utilities can see the selected cfg tables identifiers.set_selected_modules (cfg, utilities); -- so that functions in Identifiers can see the selected cfg tables and selected Utilities module validation.set_selected_modules (cfg, utilities); -- so that functions in Date validataion can see selected cfg tables and the selected Utilities module metadata.set_selected_modules (cfg, utilities); -- so that functions in COinS can see the selected cfg tables and selected Utilities module z = utilities.z; -- table of error and category tables in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities local cite_args_t = {}; -- because args_t is the parent (template) frame args (which cannot be modified); params and their values will be placed here is_preview_mode = not utilities.is_set (frame:preprocess ('{{REVISIONID}}')); local suggestions = {}; -- table where we store suggestions if we need to loadData them local error_text; -- used as a flag local capture; -- the single supported capture when matching unknown parameters using patterns local empty_unknowns = {}; -- sequence table to hold empty unknown params for error message listing for k, v in pairs (args_t) do -- get parameters from the parent (template) frame v = mw.ustring.gsub (v, '^%s*(.-)%s*$', '%1'); -- trim leading/trailing whitespace; when v is only whitespace, becomes empty string if v ~= '' then if cfg.enum_needs_xlation and 'string' == type (k) then -- for wikis that set date_names['local_digits'] to non-western digits k = mw.ustring.gsub (k, '%d', cfg.date_names.local_digits); -- translate 'local' digits enumerators to Western 0-9 end if not validate( k, config_t.CitationClass ) then if type (k) ~= 'string' then -- exclude empty numbered parameters if v:match("%S+") ~= nil then error_text = utilities.set_message ('err_text_ignored', {v}); end elseif validate (k:lower(), config_t.CitationClass) then error_text = utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored_suggest', {k, k:lower()}); -- suggest the lowercase version of the parameter else if nil == suggestions.suggestions then -- if this table is nil then we need to load it suggestions = mw.loadData ('Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' .. sandbox); --load sandbox version of suggestion module when {{#invoke:Citation/CS1/sandbox|...}}; live module else end for pattern, param in pairs (suggestions.patterns) do -- loop through the patterns to see if we can suggest a proper parameter capture = k:match (pattern); -- the whole match if no capture in pattern else the capture if a match if capture then -- if the pattern matches param = utilities.substitute (param, capture); -- add the capture to the suggested parameter (typically the enumerator) if validate (param, config_t.CitationClass) then -- validate the suggestion to make sure that the suggestion is supported by this template (necessary for limited parameter lists) error_text = utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored_suggest', {k, param}); -- set the suggestion error message else error_text = utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored', {k}); -- suggested param not supported by this template v = ''; -- unset end end end if not utilities.is_set (error_text) then -- couldn't match with a pattern, is there an explicit suggestion? if (suggestions.suggestions[ k:lower() ] ~= nil) and validate (suggestions.suggestions[ k:lower() ], config_t.CitationClass) then utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored_suggest', {k, suggestions.suggestions[ k:lower() ]}); else utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored', {k}); v = ''; -- unset value assigned to unrecognized parameters (this for the limited parameter lists) end end end end cite_args_t[k] = v; -- save this parameter and its value elseif not utilities.is_set (v) then -- for empty parameters if not validate (k, config_t.CitationClass, true) then -- is this empty parameter a valid parameter k = ('' == k) and cfg.err_msg_supl.empty_str or k; -- when k is empty string (or was space(s) trimmed to empty string), replace with descriptive text table.insert (empty_unknowns, utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', k)); -- format for error message and add to the list end end end if 0 ~= #empty_unknowns then -- create empty unknown error message utilities.set_message ('err_param_unknown_empty', { 1 == #empty_unknowns and '' or 's', utilities.make_sep_list (#empty_unknowns, empty_unknowns) }); end local non_url_param_t = {}; -- table of parameters and values that are not url-holding parameters local url_param_t = {}; -- table of url-holding paramters and their values for k, v in pairs (cite_args_t) do if 'string' == type (k) then -- don't evaluate positional parameters has_invisible_chars (k, v); -- look for invisible characters end has_extraneous_punc (k, v); -- look for extraneous terminal punctuation in parameter values missing_pipe_check (k, v); -- do we think that there is a parameter that is missing a pipe? cite_args_t[k] = inter_wiki_check (k, v); -- when language interwiki-linked parameter missing leading colon replace with wiki-link label if 'string' == type (k) then -- when parameter k is not positional if not cfg.url_skip[k] then -- and not in url skip table non_url_param_t[k] = v; -- make a parameter/value list for extraneous url check else -- and is in url skip table (a url-holding parameter) url_param_t[k] = v; -- make a parameter/value list to check for values that are The Wikipedia Library url end end end if cfg.suppress_archive_today_urls then has_archive_today_url (cite_args_t); -- look for and suppress archive.today urls and dependent parameters for all templates end has_extraneous_url (non_url_param_t); -- look for url in parameter values where a url does not belong has_twl_url (url_param_t, cite_args_t); -- look for url-holding parameters that hold a The Wikipedia Library url return table.concat ({ frame:extensionTag ('templatestyles', '', {src='Module:Citation/CS1' .. sandbox .. '/styles.css'}), citation0 (config_t, cite_args_t) }); end --[[--------------------------< C I T A T I O N >-------------------------------------------------------------- Template entry point ]] local function citation (frame) local config_t = {}; -- table to store parameters from the module {{#invoke:}} local args_t = frame:getParent().args; -- get template's preset parameters for k, v in pairs (frame.args) do -- get parameters from the {{#invoke}} frame config_t[k] = v; -- args_t[k] = v; -- crude debug support that allows us to render a citation from module {{#invoke:}}; skips parameter validation; TODO: keep? end return _citation (frame, args_t, config_t) end --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T E D F U N C T I O N S >------------------------------------------ ]] return { citation = citation, -- template entry point _citation = _citation, -- module entry point } o0mp7ygqu5bibs2dabkkkkneiickrfx ماڊيول:Citation/CS1/Utilities 828 28463 368102 332100 2026-03-28T11:39:15Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 368102 Scribunto text/plain local z = { error_cats_t = {}; -- for categorizing citations that contain errors error_ids_t = {}; -- list of error identifiers; used to prevent duplication of certain errors; local to this module error_msgs_t = {}; -- sequence table of error messages maint_cats_t = {}; -- for categorizing citations that aren't erroneous per se, but could use a little work prop_cats_t = {}; -- for categorizing citations based on certain properties, language of source for instance prop_keys_t = {}; -- for adding classes to the citation's <cite> tag }; --[[--------------------------< F O R W A R D D E C L A R A T I O N S >-------------------------------------- ]] local cfg; -- table of tables imported from selected Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration --[[--------------------------< I S _ S E T >------------------------------------------------------------------ Returns true if argument is set; false otherwise. Argument is 'set' when it exists (not nil) or when it is not an empty string. ]] local function is_set (var) return not (var == nil or var == ''); end --[[--------------------------< I N _ A R R A Y >-------------------------------------------------------------- Whether needle is in haystack ]] local function in_array (needle, haystack) if needle == nil then return false; end for n, v in ipairs (haystack) do if v == needle then return n; end end return false; end --[[--------------------------< H A S _ A C C E P T _ A S _ W R I T T E N >------------------------------------ When <str> is wholly wrapped in accept-as-written markup, return <str> without markup and true; return <str> and false else with allow_empty = false, <str> must have at least one character inside the markup with allow_empty = true, <str> the markup frame can be empty like (()) to distinguish an empty template parameter from the specific condition "has no applicable value" in citation-context. After further evaluation the two cases might be merged at a later stage, but should be kept separated for now. ]] local function has_accept_as_written (str, allow_empty) if not is_set (str) then return str, false; end local count; if true == allow_empty then str, count = str:gsub ('^%(%((.*)%)%)$', '%1'); -- allows (()) to be an empty set else str, count = str:gsub ('^%(%((.+)%)%)$', '%1'); end return str, 0 ~= count; end --[[--------------------------< S U B S T I T U T E >---------------------------------------------------------- Populates numbered arguments in a message string using an argument table. <args> may be a single string or a sequence table of multiple strings. ]] local function substitute (msg, args) return args and mw.message.newRawMessage (msg, args):plain() or msg; end --[[--------------------------< E R R O R _ C O M M E N T >---------------------------------------------------- Wraps error messages with CSS markup according to the state of hidden. <content> may be a single string or a sequence table of multiple strings. ]] local function error_comment (content, hidden) return substitute (hidden and cfg.presentation['hidden-error'] or cfg.presentation['visible-error'], content); end --[[--------------------------< H Y P H E N _ T O _ D A S H >-------------------------------------------------- Converts a hyphen, endash, emdash to endash under certain conditions. The hyphen/en/em must separate like items; unlike items are returned unmodified. These forms are modified: letter - letter (A-B) digit - digit (4-5) digit separator digit - digit separator digit (4.1-4.5 or 4-1-4-5) letterdigit - letterdigit (A1-A5) (an optional separator between letter and digit is supported – a.1-a.5 or a-1-a-5) digitletter - digitletter (5a-5d) (an optional separator between letter and digit is supported – 5.a-5.d or 5-a-5-d) any other forms are returned unmodified. str may be a comma- or semicolon-separated list of page ranges with/without single pages ]] local function hyphen_to_dash (str) if not is_set (str) then return str; end str = str:gsub ("(%(%(.-%)%))", function(m) return m:gsub(",", "，"):gsub(";", "；") end) -- replace commas and semicolons in accept-as-written markup with similar unicode characters so they'll be ignored during the split str = str:gsub ('&[nm]dash;', {['&ndash;'] = '–', ['&mdash;'] = '—'}); -- replace &mdash; and &ndash; entities with their characters; semicolon mucks up the text.split str = str:gsub ('&#45;', '-'); -- replace HTML numeric entity with hyphen character str = str:gsub ('&nbsp;', ' '); -- replace &nbsp; entity with generic keyboard space character local out = {}; local list = mw.text.split (str, '%s*[,;]%s*'); -- split str at comma or semicolon separators if there are any local accept; -- boolean for _, item in ipairs (list) do -- for each item in the list item, accept = has_accept_as_written (item); -- remove accept-this-as-written markup when it wraps all of item if not accept and mw.ustring.match (item, '^%w*[%.%-]?%w+%s*[—–-]%s*%w*[%.%-]?%w+$') then -- if pagination uses <hyphen|dot> separators with hyphen/endash/emdash <range separator> if mw.ustring.match (item, '^%a+[%.%-]%d+%s*[—–-]%s*%a+[%.%-]%d+$') or -- letter<hyphen|dot>digit <range separator> letter<hyphen|dot>digit (requires <hyphen|dot> separator between letter and digit) mw.ustring.match (item, '^%d+[%.%-]%a+%s*[—–-]%s*%d+[%.%-]%a+$') or -- digit<hyphen|dot>letter <range separator> digit<hyphen|dot>letter (requires <hyphen|dot> separator between digit and letter) mw.ustring.match (item, '^%d+[%.%-]%d+%s*[—–-]%s*%d+[%.%-]%d+$') then -- digit<hyphen|dot>digit <range separator> digit<hyphen|dot>digit (requires <hyphen|dot> separator between digit and digit) item = mw.ustring.gsub (item, '(%w*[%.%-]%w+)%s*[—–-]%s*(%w*[%.%-]%w+)', '<span class="nowrap">%1 –</span> <span class="nowrap">%2</span>'); -- replace <range separator>, with spaced endash elseif mw.ustring.match (item, '^%d+%a+%s*[—–-]%s*%d+%a+$') or -- digitletter <range separator> digitletter mw.ustring.match (item, '^%a+%d+%s*[—–-]%s*%a+%d+$') or -- letterdigit <range separator> letterdigit mw.ustring.match (item, '^%d+%s*[—–-]%s*%d+$') or -- digit <range separator> digit mw.ustring.match (item, '^%a+%s*[—–-]%s*%a+$') then -- letter<range separator> letter item = mw.ustring.gsub (item, '(%w+)%s*[—–-]%s*(%w+)', '<span class="nowrap">%1–</span>%2'); -- replace <range separator> with endash, remove extraneous space characters else -- item = mw.ustring.gsub (item, '%s*[—–-]%s*', '–'); -- disabled; here when 'unlike' items so return <item> as is end end table.insert (out, item); -- add the (possibly modified) item to the output table end local temp_str = ''; -- concatenate the output table into a comma separated string temp_str, accept = has_accept_as_written (table.concat (out, ', ')); -- remove accept-this-as-written markup when it wraps all of concatenated out if accept then temp_str = has_accept_as_written (str); -- when global markup removed, return original str; do it this way to suppress boolean second return value return temp_str:gsub("，", ","):gsub("；", ";"); else return temp_str:gsub("，", ","):gsub("；", ";"); -- else, return assembled temp_str end end --[=[-------------------------< M A K E _ W I K I L I N K >---------------------------------------------------- Makes a wikilink; when both link and display text is provided, returns a wikilink in the form [[L|D]]; if only link is provided (or link and display are the same), returns a wikilink in the form [[L]]; if neither are provided or link is omitted, returns an empty string. ]=] local function make_wikilink (link, display) if not is_set (link) then return '' end if is_set (display) and link ~= display then return table.concat ({'[[', link, '|', display, ']]'}); else return table.concat ({'[[', link, ']]'}); end end --[[--------------------------< S E T _ M E S S A G E >---------------------------------------------------------- Sets an error message using the ~/Configuration error_conditions{} table along with arguments supplied in the function call, inserts the resulting message in z.error_msgs_t{} sequence table, and returns the error message. <error_id> – key value for appropriate error handler in ~/Configuration error_conditions{} table <arguments> – may be a single string or a sequence table of multiple strings to be subsititued into error_conditions[error_id].message <raw> – boolean true – causes this function to return the error message not wrapped in visible-error, hidden-error span tag; returns error_conditions[error_id].hidden as a second return value does not add message to z.error_msgs_t sequence table false, nil – adds message wrapped in visible-error, hidden-error span tag to z.error_msgs_t returns the error message wrapped in visible-error, hidden-error span tag; there is no second return value <prefix> – string to be prepended to <message> -- TODO: remove support for these unused(?) arguments? <suffix> – string to be appended to <message> TODO: change z.error_cats_t and z.maint_cats_t to have the form cat_name = true? this to avoid dups without having to have an extra table ]] local added_maint_cats = {} -- list of maintenance categories that have been added to z.maint_cats_t; TODO: figure out how to delete this table local function set_message (error_id, arguments, raw, prefix, suffix) local error_state = cfg.error_conditions[error_id]; prefix = prefix or ''; suffix = suffix or ''; if error_state == nil then error (cfg.messages['undefined_error'] .. ': ' .. error_id); -- because missing error handler in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration elseif is_set (error_state.category) then if error_state.message then -- when error_state.message defined, this is an error message table.insert (z.error_cats_t, error_state.category); else if not added_maint_cats[error_id] then added_maint_cats[error_id] = true; -- note that we've added this category table.insert (z.maint_cats_t, substitute (error_state.category, arguments)); -- make cat name then add to table end return; -- because no message, nothing more to do end end local message = substitute (error_state.message, arguments); message = table.concat ( { message, ' (', make_wikilink ( table.concat ( { cfg.messages['help page link'], '#', error_state.anchor }), cfg.messages['help page label']), ')' }); z.error_ids_t[error_id] = true; if z.error_ids_t['err_citation_missing_title'] and -- if missing-title error already noted in_array (error_id, {'err_bare_url_missing_title', 'err_trans_missing_title'}) then -- and this error is one of these return '', false; -- don't bother because one flavor of missing title is sufficient end message = table.concat ({prefix, message, suffix}); if true == raw then return message, error_state.hidden; -- return message not wrapped in visible-error, hidden-error span tag end message = error_comment (message, error_state.hidden); -- wrap message in visible-error, hidden-error span tag table.insert (z.error_msgs_t, message); -- add it to the messages sequence table return message; -- and done; return value generally not used but is used as a flag in various functions of ~/Identifiers end --[[-------------------------< I S _ A L I A S _ U S E D >----------------------------------------------------- This function is used by select_one() to determine if one of a list of alias parameters is in the argument list provided by the template. Input: args – pointer to the arguments table from calling template alias – one of the list of possible aliases in the aliases lists from Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration index – for enumerated parameters, identifies which one enumerated – true/false flag used to choose how enumerated aliases are examined value – value associated with an alias that has previously been selected; nil if not yet selected selected – the alias that has previously been selected; nil if not yet selected error_list – list of aliases that are duplicates of the alias already selected Returns: value – value associated with alias we selected or that was previously selected or nil if an alias not yet selected selected – the alias we selected or the alias that was previously selected or nil if an alias not yet selected ]] local function is_alias_used (args, alias, index, enumerated, value, selected, error_list) if enumerated then -- is this a test for an enumerated parameters? alias = alias:gsub ('#', index); -- replace '#' with the value in index else alias = alias:gsub ('#', ''); -- remove '#' if it exists end if is_set (args[alias]) then -- alias is in the template's argument list if value ~= nil and selected ~= alias then -- if we have already selected one of the aliases local skip; for _, v in ipairs (error_list) do -- spin through the error list to see if we've added this alias if v == alias then skip = true; break; -- has been added so stop looking end end if not skip then -- has not been added so table.insert (error_list, alias); -- add error alias to the error list end else value = args[alias]; -- not yet selected an alias, so select this one selected = alias; end end return value, selected; -- return newly selected alias, or previously selected alias end --[[--------------------------< A D D _ M A I N T _ C A T >------------------------------------------------------ Adds a category to z.maint_cats_t using names from the configuration file with additional text if any. To prevent duplication, the added_maint_cats table lists the categories by key that have been added to z.maint_cats_t. ]] local function add_maint_cat (key, arguments) if not added_maint_cats [key] then added_maint_cats [key] = true; -- note that we've added this category table.insert (z.maint_cats_t, substitute (cfg.maint_cats [key], arguments)); -- make name then add to table end end --[[--------------------------< A D D _ P R O P _ C A T >-------------------------------------------------------- Adds a category to z.prop_cats_t using names from the configuration file with additional text if any. foreign_lang_source and foreign_lang_source_2 keys have a language code appended to them so that multiple languages may be categorized but multiples of the same language are not categorized. added_prop_cats is a table declared in page scope variables above ]] local added_prop_cats = {}; -- list of property categories that have been added to z.prop_cats_t local function add_prop_cat (key, arguments, key_modifier) local key_modified = key .. ((key_modifier and key_modifier) or ''); -- modify <key> with <key_modifier> if present and not nil if not added_prop_cats [key_modified] then added_prop_cats [key_modified] = true; -- note that we've added this category table.insert (z.prop_cats_t, substitute (cfg.prop_cats [key], arguments)); -- make name then add to table table.insert (z.prop_keys_t, 'cs1-prop-' .. key); -- convert key to class for use in the citation's <cite> tag end end --[[--------------------------< S A F E _ F O R _ I T A L I C S >---------------------------------------------- Protects a string that will be wrapped in wiki italic markup '' ... '' Note: We cannot use <i> for italics, as the expected behavior for italics specified by ''...'' in the title is that they will be inverted (i.e. unitalicized) in the resulting references. In addition, <i> and '' tend to interact poorly under Mediawiki's HTML tidy. ]] local function safe_for_italics (str) if not is_set (str) then return str end if str:sub (1, 1) == "'" then str = "<span></span>" .. str; end if str:sub (-1, -1) == "'" then str = str .. "<span></span>"; end return str:gsub ('\n', ' '); -- Remove newlines as they break italics. end --[[--------------------------< W R A P _ S T Y L E >---------------------------------------------------------- Applies styling to various parameters. Supplied string is wrapped using a message_list configuration taking one argument; protects italic styled parameters. Additional text taken from citation_config.presentation - the reason this function is similar to but separate from wrap_msg(). ]] local function wrap_style (key, str) if not is_set (str) then return ""; elseif in_array (key, {'italic-title', 'trans-italic-title'}) then str = safe_for_italics (str); end return substitute (cfg.presentation[key], {str}); end --[[--------------------------< M A K E _ S E P _ L I S T >------------------------------------------------------------ make a separated list of items using provided separators. <sep_list> - typically '<comma><space>' <sep_list_pair> - typically '<space>and<space>' <sep_list_end> - typically '<comma><space>and<space>' or '<comma><space>&<space>' defaults to cfg.presentation['sep_list'], cfg.presentation['sep_list_pair'], and cfg.presentation['sep_list_end'] if <sep_list_end> is specified, <sep_list> and <sep_list_pair> must also be supplied ]] local function make_sep_list (count, list_seq, sep_list, sep_list_pair, sep_list_end) local list = ''; if not sep_list then -- set the defaults sep_list = cfg.presentation['sep_list']; sep_list_pair = cfg.presentation['sep_list_pair']; sep_list_end = cfg.presentation['sep_list_end']; end if 2 >= count then list = table.concat (list_seq, sep_list_pair); -- insert separator between two items; returns list_seq[1] then only one item elseif 2 < count then list = table.concat (list_seq, sep_list, 1, count - 1); -- concatenate all but last item with plain list separator list = table.concat ({list, list_seq[count]}, sep_list_end); -- concatenate last item onto end of <list> with final separator end return list; end --[[--------------------------< S E L E C T _ O N E >---------------------------------------------------------- Chooses one matching parameter from a list of parameters to consider. The list of parameters to consider is just names. For parameters that may be enumerated, the position of the numerator in the parameter name is identified by the '#' so |author-last1= and |author1-last= are represented as 'author-last#' and 'author#-last'. Because enumerated parameter |<param>1= is an alias of |<param>= we must test for both possibilities. Generates an error if more than one match is present. ]] local function select_one (args, aliases_list, error_condition, index) local value = nil; -- the value assigned to the selected parameter local selected = ''; -- the name of the parameter we have chosen local error_list = {}; if index ~= nil then index = tostring(index); end for _, alias in ipairs (aliases_list) do -- for each alias in the aliases list if alias:match ('#') then -- if this alias can be enumerated if '1' == index then -- when index is 1 test for enumerated and non-enumerated aliases value, selected = is_alias_used (args, alias, index, false, value, selected, error_list); -- first test for non-enumerated alias end value, selected = is_alias_used (args, alias, index, true, value, selected, error_list); -- test for enumerated alias else value, selected = is_alias_used (args, alias, index, false, value, selected, error_list); -- test for non-enumerated alias end end if #error_list > 0 and 'none' ~= error_condition then -- for cases where this code is used outside of extract_names() for i, v in ipairs (error_list) do error_list[i] = wrap_style ('parameter', v); end table.insert (error_list, wrap_style ('parameter', selected)); set_message (error_condition, {make_sep_list (#error_list, error_list)}); end return value, selected; end --[=[-------------------------< R E M O V E _ W I K I _ L I N K >---------------------------------------------- Gets the display text from a wikilink like [[A|B]] or [[B]] gives B The str:gsub() returns either A|B froma [[A|B]] or B from [[B]] or B from B (no wikilink markup). In l(), l:gsub() removes the link and pipe (if they exist); the second :gsub() trims whitespace from the label if str was wrapped in wikilink markup. Presumably, this is because without wikimarkup in str, there is no match in the initial gsub, the replacement function l() doesn't get called. ]=] local function remove_wiki_link (str) return (str:gsub ("%[%[([^%[%]]*)%]%]", function(l) return l:gsub ("^[^|]*|(.*)$", "%1" ):gsub ("^%s*(.-)%s*$", "%1"); end)); end --[=[-------------------------< I S _ W I K I L I N K >-------------------------------------------------------- Determines if str is a wikilink, extracts, and returns the wikilink type, link text, and display text parts. If str is a complex wikilink ([[L|D]]): returns wl_type 2 and D and L from [[L|D]]; if str is a simple wikilink ([[D]]) returns wl_type 1 and D from [[D]] and L as empty string; if not a wikilink: returns wl_type 0, str as D, and L as empty string. trims leading and trailing whitespace and pipes from L and D ([[L|]] and [[|D]] are accepted by MediaWiki and treated like [[D]]; while [[|D|]] is not accepted by MediaWiki, here, we accept it and return D without the pipes). ]=] local function is_wikilink (str) local D, L local wl_type = 2; -- assume that str is a complex wikilink [[L|D]] if not str:match ('^%[%[[^%]]+%]%]$') then -- is str some sort of a wikilink (must have some sort of content) return 0, str, ''; -- not a wikilink; return wl_type as 0, str as D, and empty string as L end L, D = str:match ('^%[%[([^|]+)|([^%]]+)%]%]$'); -- get L and D from [[L|D]] if not is_set (D) then -- if no separate display D = str:match ('^%[%[([^%]]*)|*%]%]$'); -- get D from [[D]] or [[D|]] wl_type = 1; end D = mw.text.trim (D, '%s|'); -- trim white space and pipe characters return wl_type, D, L or ''; end --[[--------------------------< S T R I P _ A P O S T R O P H E _ M A R K U P >-------------------------------- Strip wiki italic and bold markup from argument so that it doesn't contaminate COinS metadata. This function strips common patterns of apostrophe markup. We presume that editors who have taken the time to markup a title have, as a result, provided valid markup. When they don't, some single apostrophes are left behind. Returns the argument without wiki markup and a number; the number is more-or-less meaningless except as a flag to indicate that markup was replaced; do not rely on it as an indicator of how many of any kind of markup was removed; returns the argument and nil when no markup removed ]] local function strip_apostrophe_markup (argument) if not is_set (argument) then return argument, nil; -- no argument, nothing to do end if nil == argument:find ( "''", 1, true ) then -- Is there at least one double apostrophe? If not, exit. return argument, nil; end local flag; while true do if argument:find ("'''''", 1, true) then -- bold italic (5) argument, flag = argument:gsub ("%'%'%'%'%'", ""); -- remove all instances of it elseif argument:find ("''''", 1, true) then -- italic start and end without content (4) argument, flag=argument:gsub ("%'%'%'%'", ""); elseif argument:find ("'''", 1, true) then -- bold (3) argument, flag=argument:gsub ("%'%'%'", ""); elseif argument:find ("''", 1, true) then -- italic (2) argument, flag = argument:gsub ("%'%'", ""); else break; end end return argument, flag; -- done end --[[--------------------------< S E T _ S E L E C T E D _ M O D U L E S >-------------------------------------- Sets local cfg table to same (live or sandbox) as that used by the other modules. ]] local function set_selected_modules (cfg_table_ptr) cfg = cfg_table_ptr; end --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T S >---------------------------------------------------------------- ]] return { add_maint_cat = add_maint_cat, -- exported functions add_prop_cat = add_prop_cat, error_comment = error_comment, has_accept_as_written = has_accept_as_written, hyphen_to_dash = hyphen_to_dash, in_array = in_array, is_set = is_set, is_wikilink = is_wikilink, make_sep_list = make_sep_list, make_wikilink = make_wikilink, remove_wiki_link = remove_wiki_link, safe_for_italics = safe_for_italics, select_one = select_one, set_message = set_message, set_selected_modules = set_selected_modules, strip_apostrophe_markup = strip_apostrophe_markup, substitute = substitute, wrap_style = wrap_style, z = z, -- exported table } ipuk2skv52zxnbboa2zzah6ug9yuin7 ماڊيول:Citation/CS1/Date validation 828 28465 368108 332098 2026-03-28T11:47:16Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 368108 Scribunto text/plain --[[--------------------------< F O R W A R D D E C L A R A T I O N S >-------------------------------------- ]] local add_prop_cat, is_set, in_array, set_message, substitute, wrap_style; -- imported functions from selected Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities local cfg; -- table of tables imported from selected Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration --[[--------------------------< F I L E - S C O P E D E C L A R A T I O N S >-------------------------------- File-scope variables are declared here ]] local lang_object = mw.getContentLanguage(); -- used by is_valid_accessdate(), is_valid_year(), date_name_xlate(); TODO: move to ~/Configuration? local year_limit; -- used by is_valid_year() --[=[-------------------------< I S _ V A L I D _ A C C E S S D A T E >---------------------------------------- returns true if: Wikipedia start date <= accessdate < today + 2 days Wikipedia start date is 2001-01-15T00:00:00 UTC which is 979516800 seconds after 1970-01-01T00:00:00 UTC (the start of Unix time) accessdate is the date provided in |access-date= at time 00:00:00 UTC today is the current date at time 00:00:00 UTC plus 48 hours if today is 2015-01-01T00:00:00 then adding 24 hours gives 2015-01-02T00:00:00 – one second more than today adding 24 hours gives 2015-01-03T00:00:00 – one second more than tomorrow This function does not work if it is fed month names for languages other than English. Wikimedia #time: parser apparently doesn't understand non-English date month names. This function will always return false when the date contains a non-English month name because good1 is false after the call to lang.formatDate(). To get around that call this function with YYYY-MM-DD format dates. ]=] local function is_valid_accessdate (accessdate) local good1, good2; local access_ts, tomorrow_ts; -- to hold Unix time stamps representing the dates good1, access_ts = pcall (lang_object.formatDate, lang_object, 'U', accessdate ); -- convert accessdate value to Unix timestamp good2, tomorrow_ts = pcall (lang_object.formatDate, lang_object, 'U', 'today + 2 days' ); -- today midnight + 2 days is one second more than all day tomorrow if good1 and good2 then -- lang.formatDate() returns a timestamp in the local script which which tonumber() may not understand access_ts = tonumber (access_ts) or lang_object:parseFormattedNumber (access_ts); -- convert to numbers for the comparison; tomorrow_ts = tonumber (tomorrow_ts) or lang_object:parseFormattedNumber (tomorrow_ts); else return false; -- one or both failed to convert to Unix time stamp end if 979516800 <= access_ts and access_ts < tomorrow_ts then -- Wikipedia start date <= accessdate < tomorrow's date return true; else return false; -- accessdate out of range end end --[[--------------------------< G E T _ M O N T H _ N U M B E R >---------------------------------------------- returns a number according to the month in a date: 1 for January, etc. Capitalization and spelling must be correct. If not a valid month, returns 0 ]] local function get_month_number (month) return cfg.date_names['local'].long[month] or cfg.date_names['local'].short[month] or -- look for local names first cfg.date_names['en'].long[month] or cfg.date_names['en'].short[month] or -- failing that, look for English names 0; -- not a recognized month name end --[[--------------------------< G E T _ S E A S O N _ N U M B E R >-------------------------------------------- returns a number according to the sequence of seasons in a year: 21 for Spring, etc. Capitalization and spelling must be correct. If not a valid season, returns 0. 21-24 = Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter, independent of “Hemisphere” returns 0 when <param> is not |date= Season numbering is defined by Extended Date/Time Format (EDTF) specification (https://www.loc.gov/standards/datetime/) which became part of ISO 8601 in 2019. See '§Sub-year groupings'. The standard defines various divisions using numbers 21-41. cs1|2 only supports generic seasons. EDTF does support the distinction between north and south hemisphere seasons but cs1|2 has no way to make that distinction. These additional divisions not currently supported: 25-28 = Spring - Northern Hemisphere, Summer- Northern Hemisphere, Autumn - Northern Hemisphere, Winter - Northern Hemisphere 29-32 = Spring – Southern Hemisphere, Summer– Southern Hemisphere, Autumn – Southern Hemisphere, Winter - Southern Hemisphere 33-36 = Quarter 1, Quarter 2, Quarter 3, Quarter 4 (3 months each) 37-39 = Quadrimester 1, Quadrimester 2, Quadrimester 3 (4 months each) 40-41 = Semestral 1, Semestral-2 (6 months each) ]] local function get_season_number (season, param) if 'date' ~= param then return 0; -- season dates only supported by |date= end return cfg.date_names['local'].season[season] or -- look for local names first cfg.date_names['en'].season[season] or -- failing that, look for English names 0; -- not a recognized season name end --[[--------------------------< G E T _ Q U A R T E R _ N U M B E R >------------------------------------------ returns a number according to the sequence of quarters in a year: 33 for first quarter, etc. Capitalization and spelling must be correct. If not a valid quarter, returns 0. 33-36 = Quarter 1, Quarter 2, Quarter 3, Quarter 4 (3 months each) returns 0 when <param> is not |date= Quarter numbering is defined by Extended Date/Time Format (EDTF) specification (https://www.loc.gov/standards/datetime/) which became part of ISO 8601 in 2019. See '§Sub-year groupings'. The standard defines various divisions using numbers 21-41. cs1|2 only supports generic seasons and quarters. These additional divisions not currently supported: 37-39 = Quadrimester 1, Quadrimester 2, Quadrimester 3 (4 months each) 40-41 = Semestral 1, Semestral-2 (6 months each) ]] local function get_quarter_number (quarter, param) if 'date' ~= param then return 0; -- quarter dates only supported by |date= end quarter = mw.ustring.gsub (quarter, ' +', ' '); -- special case replace multiple space chars with a single space char return cfg.date_names['local'].quarter[quarter] or -- look for local names first cfg.date_names['en'].quarter[quarter] or -- failing that, look for English names 0; -- not a recognized quarter name end --[[--------------------------< G E T _ P R O P E R _ N A M E _ N U M B E R >---------------------------------- returns a non-zero number if date contains a recognized proper-name. Capitalization and spelling must be correct. returns 0 when <param> is not |date= ]] local function get_proper_name_number (name, param) if 'date' ~= param then return 0; -- proper-name dates only supported by |date= end return cfg.date_names['local'].named[name] or -- look for local names dates first cfg.date_names['en'].named[name] or -- failing that, look for English names 0; -- not a recognized named date end --[[--------------------------< G E T _ E L E M E N T _ N U M B E R <------------------------------------------ returns true if month or season or quarter or proper name is valid (properly spelled, capitalized, abbreviated) ]] local function get_element_number (element, param) local num; local funcs = {get_month_number, get_season_number, get_quarter_number, get_proper_name_number}; -- list of functions to execute in order for _, func in ipairs (funcs) do -- spin through the function list num = func (element, param); -- call the function and get the returned number if 0 ~= num then -- non-zero when valid month season quarter return num; -- return that number end end return nil; -- not valid end --[[--------------------------< I S _ V A L I D _ Y E A R >---------------------------------------------------- Function gets current year from the server and compares it to year from a citation parameter. Years more than one year in the future are not acceptable. Special case for |pmc-embargo-date=: years more than two years in the future are not acceptable ]] local function is_valid_year (year, param) if not is_set (year_limit) then year_limit = tonumber(os.date("%Y"))+1; -- global variable so we only have to fetch it once end year = tonumber (year) or lang_object:parseFormattedNumber (year); -- convert to number for the comparison if year and (100 > year) then -- years less than 100 not supported return false; end if 'pmc-embargo-date' == param then -- special case for |pmc-embargo-date= return year and (year <= tonumber(os.date("%Y"))+2) or false; -- years more than two years in the future are not accepted end return year and (year <= year_limit) or false; end --[[--------------------------< I S _ V A L I D _ D A T E >---------------------------------------------------- Returns true if day is less than or equal to the number of days in month and year is no farther into the future than next year; else returns false. Assumes Julian calendar prior to year 1582 and Gregorian calendar thereafter. Accounts for Julian calendar leap years before 1582 and Gregorian leap years after 1582. Where the two calendars overlap (1582 to approximately 1923) dates are assumed to be Gregorian. ]] local function is_valid_date (year, month, day, param) local days_in_month = {31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31}; local month_length; if not is_valid_year (year, param) then -- no farther into the future than next year except |pmc-embargo-date= no more than two years in the future return false; end month = tonumber (month); -- required for YYYY-MM-DD dates if (2 == month) then -- if February month_length = 28; -- then 28 days unless if 1582 > tonumber(year) then -- Julian calendar if 0 == (year%4) then -- is a leap year? month_length = 29; -- if leap year then 29 days in February end else -- Gregorian calendar if (0 == (year%4) and (0 ~= (year%100) or 0 == (year%400))) then -- is a leap year? month_length = 29; -- if leap year then 29 days in February end end else month_length = days_in_month[month] or 0; -- invalid month number is nil so default <month_length> to 0 end if tonumber (day) > month_length then return false; end return true; end --[[--------------------------< I S _ V A L I D _ M O N T H _ R A N G E _ S T Y L E >-------------------------- Months in a range are expected to have the same style: Jan–Mar or October–December but not February–Mar or Jul–August. This function looks in cfg.date_names{} to see if both month names are listed in the long subtable or both are listed in the short subtable. When both have the same style (both are listed in the same table), returns true; false else ]] local function is_valid_month_range_style (month1, month2) if (cfg.date_names.en.long[month1] and cfg.date_names.en.long[month2]) or -- are both English names listed in the long subtable? (cfg.date_names.en.short[month1] and cfg.date_names.en.short[month2]) or -- are both English names listed in the short subtable? (cfg.date_names['local'].long[month1] and cfg.date_names['local'].long[month2]) or -- are both local names listed in the long subtable? (cfg.date_names['local'].short[month1] and cfg.date_names['local'].short[month2]) then -- are both local names listed in the short subtable? return true; end return false; -- names are mixed end --[[--------------------------< I S _ V A L I D _ M O N T H _ S E A S O N _ R A N G E >------------------------ Check a pair of months or seasons to see if both are valid members of a month or season pair. Month pairs are expected to be left to right, earliest to latest in time. All season ranges are accepted as valid because there are publishers out there who have published a Summer–Spring YYYY issue, hence treat as ok ]] local function is_valid_month_season_range(range_start, range_end, param) local range_start_number = get_month_number (range_start); local range_end_number; if 0 == range_start_number then -- is this a month range? range_start_number = get_season_number (range_start, param); -- not a month; is it a season? get start season number range_end_number = get_season_number (range_end, param); -- get end season number if (0 ~= range_start_number) and (0 ~= range_end_number) and (range_start_number ~= range_end_number) then return true; -- any season pairing is accepted except when both are the same end return false; -- range_start and/or range_end is not a season end -- here when range_start is a month range_end_number = get_month_number (range_end); -- get end month number if range_start_number < range_end_number and -- range_start is a month; does range_start precede range_end? is_valid_month_range_style (range_start, range_end) then -- do months have the same style? return true; -- proper order and same style end return false; -- range_start month number is greater than or equal to range end number; or range end isn't a month end --[[--------------------------< M A K E _ C O I N S _ D A T E >------------------------------------------------ This function receives a table of date parts for one or two dates and an empty table reference declared in Module:Citation/CS1. The function is called only for |date= parameters and only if the |date=<value> is determined to be a valid date format. The question of what to do with invalid date formats is not answered here. The date parts in the input table are converted to an ISO 8601 conforming date string: single whole dates: yyyy-mm-dd month and year dates: yyyy-mm year dates: yyyy ranges: yyyy-mm-dd/yyyy-mm-dd yyyy-mm/yyyy-mm yyyy/yyyy Dates in the Julian calendar are reduced to year or year/year so that we don't have to do calendar conversion from Julian to Proleptic Gregorian. The input table has: year, year2 – always present; if before 1582, ignore months and days if present month, month2 – 0 if not provided, 1-12 for months, 21-24 for seasons; 99 Christmas day, day2 – 0 if not provided, 1-31 for days the output table receives: rftdate: an ISO 8601 formatted date rftchron: a free-form version of the date, usually without year which is in rftdate (season ranges and proper-name dates) rftssn: one of four season keywords: winter, spring, summer, fall (lowercase) rftquarter: one of four values: 1, 2, 3, 4 ]] local function make_COinS_date (input, tCOinS_date) local date; -- one date or first date in a range local date2 = ''; -- end of range date input.year = tonumber (input.year) or lang_object:parseFormattedNumber (input.year); -- language-aware tonumber() input.year2 = tonumber (input.year2) or lang_object:parseFormattedNumber (input.year2); -- COinS dates are pseudo-ISO 8601 so convert to Arabic numerals if ((1582 == input.year) and (10 > tonumber(input.month))) or (1582 > input.year) then -- if a Julian calendar date tCOinS_date.rftdate = tostring (input.year); -- &rft.date gets year only return; -- done end -- here for all forms of Gregorian dates if 20 < tonumber (input.month) then -- if season, quarter, or proper-name date date = input.year; -- &rft.date gets year only if 0 ~= input.year2 and input.year ~= input.year2 then -- if a range, only the second year portion when not the same as range start year date = string.format ('%.4d/%.4d', input.year, input.year2) -- assemble the date range end local season = {[24] = 'winter', [21] = 'spring', [22] = 'summer', [23] = 'fall', [33] = '1', [34] = '2', [35] = '3', [36] = '4', [98] = 'Easter', [99] = 'Christmas'}; -- seasons lowercase, no autumn; proper-names use title case if 0 == input.month2 then -- single season, quarter, or proper-name date if 40 < tonumber(input.month) then tCOinS_date.rftchron = season[input.month]; -- proper-name date; used in journal metadata only elseif 30 < tonumber(input.month) then tCOinS_date.rftquarter = season[input.month]; -- quarter date; used in journal metadata only else tCOinS_date.rftssn = season[input.month]; -- season date; used in journal metadata only end else -- season ranges are lumped into &rft.chron; &rft.ssn and &rft.quarter are left blank if input.year ~= input.year2 then -- season year – season year range or season year–year if 0 ~= input.month2 then tCOinS_date.rftchron = string.format ('%s %s – %s %s', season[input.month], input.year, season[input.month2], input.year2); -- used in journal metadata only end else -- season–season year range tCOinS_date.rftchron = season[input.month] .. '–' .. season[input.month2]; -- season–season year range; used in journal metadata only end end tCOinS_date.rftdate = tostring (date); return; -- done end -- here for gregorian calendar dates if 0 ~= input.day then date = string.format ('%s-%.2d-%.2d', input.year, tonumber(input.month), tonumber(input.day)); -- whole date elseif 0 ~= input.month then date = string.format ('%s-%.2d', input.year, tonumber(input.month)); -- year and month else date = string.format ('%s', input.year); -- just year end if 0 ~= input.year2 then if 0 ~= input.day2 then date2 = string.format ('/%s-%.2d-%.2d', input.year2, tonumber(input.month2), tonumber(input.day2)); -- whole date elseif 0 ~= input.month2 then date2 = string.format ('/%s-%.2d', input.year2, tonumber(input.month2)); -- year and month else date2 = string.format ('/%s', input.year2); -- just year end end tCOinS_date.rftdate = date .. date2; -- date2 has the '/' separator return; end --[[--------------------------< P A T T E R N S _ T >---------------------------------------------------------- this is the list of patterns for date formats that this module recognizes. Approximately the first half of these patterns represent formats that might be reformatted into another format. Those that might be reformatted have 'indicator' letters that identify the content of the matching capture: 'd' (day), 'm' (month), 'a' (anchor year), 'y' (year); second day, month, year have a '2' suffix. These patterns are used for both date validation and for reformatting. This table should not be moved to ~/Configuration because changes to this table require changes to check_date() and to reformatter() and reformat_date() ]] local patterns_t = { -- year-initial numerical year-month-day ['ymd'] = {'^([1-9]%d%d%d)%-(%d%d)%-(%d%d)$', 'y', 'm', 'd'}, -- month-initial: month day, year ['Mdy'] = {'^(%D-) +([1-9]%d?), +(([1-9]%d%d%d?)%a?)$', 'm', 'd', 'a', 'y'}, -- month-initial day range: month day–day, year; days are separated by endash ['Md-dy'] = {'^(%D-) +([1-9]%d?)[%-–]([1-9]%d?), +(([1-9]%d%d%d?)%a?)$', 'm', 'd', 'd2', 'a', 'y'}, -- day-initial: day month year ['dMy'] = {'^([1-9]%d?) +(%D-) +(([1-9]%d%d%d?)%a?)$', 'd', 'm', 'a', 'y'}, -- year-initial: year month day; day: 1 or 2 two digits, leading zero allowed; not supported at en.wiki -- ['yMd'] = {'^(([1-9]%d%d%d?)%a?) +(%D-) +(%d%d?)$', 'a', 'y', 'm', 'd'}, -- day-range-initial: day–day month year; days are separated by endash ['d-dMy'] = {'^([1-9]%d?)[%-–]([1-9]%d?) +(%D-) +(([1-9]%d%d%d?)%a?)$', 'd', 'd2', 'm', 'a', 'y'}, -- day initial month-day-range: day month - day month year; uses spaced endash ['dM-dMy'] = {'^([1-9]%d?) +(%D-) +[%-–] +([1-9]%d?) +(%D-) +(([1-9]%d%d%d?)%a?)$', 'd', 'm', 'd2', 'm2', 'a', 'y'}, -- month initial month-day-range: month day – month day, year; uses spaced endash ['Md-Mdy'] = {'^(%D-) +([1-9]%d?) +[%-–] +(%D-) +([1-9]%d?), +(([1-9]%d%d%d?)%a?)$','m', 'd', 'm2', 'd2', 'a', 'y'}, -- day initial month-day-year-range: day month year - day month year; uses spaced endash ['dMy-dMy'] = {'^([1-9]%d?) +(%D-) +([1-9]%d%d%d?) +[%-–] +([1-9]%d?) +(%D-) +(([1-9]%d%d%d?)%a?)$', 'd', 'm', 'y', 'd2', 'm2', 'a', 'y2'}, -- month initial month-day-year-range: month day, year – month day, year; uses spaced endash ['Mdy-Mdy'] = {'^(%D-) +([1-9]%d?), +([1-9]%d%d%d?) +[%-–] +(%D-) +([1-9]%d?), +(([1-9]%d%d%d?)%a?)$', 'm', 'd', 'y', 'm2', 'd2', 'a', 'y2'}, -- these date formats cannot be converted, per se, but month name can be rendered short or long -- month/season year - month/season year; separated by spaced endash ['My-My'] = {'^(%D-) +([1-9]%d%d%d?) +[%-–] +(%D-) +(([1-9]%d%d%d?)%a?)$', 'm', 'y', 'm2', 'a', 'y2'}, -- month/season range year; months separated by endash ['M-My'] = {'^(%D-)[%-–](%D-) +(([1-9]%d%d%d?)%a?)$', 'm', 'm2', 'a', 'y'}, -- month/season year or proper-name year; quarter year when First Quarter YYYY etc. ['My'] = {'^([^%d–]-) +(([1-9]%d%d%d?)%a?)$', 'm', 'a', 'y'}, -- this way because endash is a member of %D; %D- will match January–March 2019 when it shouldn't -- these date formats cannot be converted ['Sy4-y2'] = {'^(%D-) +(([1-9]%d)%d%d)[%-–]((%d%d)%a?)$'}, -- special case Winter/Summer year-year (YYYY-YY); year separated with unspaced endash ['Sy-y'] = {'^(%D-) +([1-9]%d%d%d?)[%-–](([1-9]%d%d%d?)%a?)$'}, -- special case Winter/Summer year-year; year separated with unspaced endash ['y-y'] = {'^([1-9]%d%d%d?)[%-–](([1-9]%d%d%d?)%a?)$'}, -- year range: YYY-YYY or YYY-YYYY or YYYY–YYYY; separated by unspaced endash; 100-9999 ['y4-y2'] = {'^(([1-9]%d)%d%d)[%-–]((%d%d)%a?)$'}, -- year range: YYYY–YY; separated by unspaced endash ['y'] = {'^(([1-9]%d%d%d?)%a?)$'}, -- year; here accept either YYY or YYYY } --[[--------------------------< I S _ V A L I D _ E M B A R G O _ D A T E >------------------------------------ returns true and date value if that value has proper dmy, mdy, ymd format. returns false and 9999 (embargoed forever) when date value is not proper format; assumes that when |pmc-embargo-date= is set, the editor intended to embargo a PMC but |pmc-embargo-date= does not hold a single date. ]] local function is_valid_embargo_date (v) if v:match (patterns_t['ymd'][1]) or -- ymd v:match (patterns_t['Mdy'][1]) or -- dmy v:match (patterns_t['dMy'][1]) then -- mdy return true, v; end return false, '9999'; -- if here not good date so return false and set embargo date to long time in future end --[[--------------------------< C H E C K _ D A T E >---------------------------------------------------------- Check date format to see that it is one of the formats approved by WP:DATESNO or WP:DATERANGE. Exception: only allowed range separator is endash. Additionally, check the date to see that it is a real date: no 31 in 30-day months; no 29 February when not a leap year. Months, both long-form and three character abbreviations, and seasons must be spelled correctly. Future years beyond next year are not allowed. If the date fails the format tests, this function returns false and does not return values for anchor_year and COinS_date. When this happens, the date parameter is (DEBUG: not?) used in the COinS metadata and the CITEREF identifier gets its year from the year parameter if present otherwise CITEREF does not get a date value. Inputs: date_string - date string from date-holding parameters (date, year, publication-date, access-date, pmc-embargo-date, archive-date, lay-date) Returns: false if date string is not a real date; else true, anchor_year, COinS_date anchor_year can be used in CITEREF anchors COinS_date is ISO 8601 format date; see make_COInS_date() ]] local function check_date (date_string, param, tCOinS_date) local year; -- assume that year2, months, and days are not used; local year2 = 0; -- second year in a year range local month = 0; local month2 = 0; -- second month in a month range local day = 0; local day2 = 0; -- second day in a day range local anchor_year; local coins_date; if date_string:match (patterns_t['ymd'][1]) then -- year-initial numerical year month day format year, month, day = date_string:match (patterns_t['ymd'][1]); if 12 < tonumber(month) or 1 > tonumber(month) or 1582 > tonumber(year) or 0 == tonumber(day) then return false; end -- month or day number not valid or not Gregorian calendar anchor_year = year; elseif mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['Mdy'][1]) then -- month-initial: month day, year month, day, anchor_year, year = mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['Mdy'][1]); month = get_month_number (month); if 0 == month then return false; end -- return false if month text isn't one of the twelve months elseif mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['Md-dy'][1]) then -- month-initial day range: month day–day, year; days are separated by endash month, day, day2, anchor_year, year = mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['Md-dy'][1]); if tonumber(day) >= tonumber(day2) then return false; end -- date range order is left to right: earlier to later; dates may not be the same; month = get_month_number (month); if 0 == month then return false; end -- return false if month text isn't one of the twelve months month2=month; -- for metadata year2 = year; elseif mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['dMy'][1]) then -- day-initial: day month year day, month, anchor_year, year = mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['dMy'][1]); month = get_month_number (month); if 0 == month then return false; end -- return false if month text isn't one of the twelve months --[[ NOT supported at en.wiki elseif mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['yMd'][1]) then -- year-initial: year month day; day: 1 or 2 two digits, leading zero allowed anchor_year, year, month, day = mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['yMd'][1]); month = get_month_number (month); if 0 == month then return false; end -- return false if month text isn't one of the twelve months -- end NOT supported at en.wiki ]] elseif mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['d-dMy'][1]) then -- day-range-initial: day–day month year; days are separated by endash day, day2, month, anchor_year, year = mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['d-dMy'][1]); if tonumber(day) >= tonumber(day2) then return false; end -- date range order is left to right: earlier to later; dates may not be the same; month = get_month_number (month); if 0 == month then return false; end -- return false if month text isn't one of the twelve months month2 = month; -- for metadata year2 = year; elseif mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['dM-dMy'][1]) then -- day initial month-day-range: day month - day month year; uses spaced endash day, month, day2, month2, anchor_year, year = mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['dM-dMy'][1]); if (not is_valid_month_season_range(month, month2)) or not is_valid_year(year) then return false; end -- date range order is left to right: earlier to later; month = get_month_number (month); -- for metadata month2 = get_month_number (month2); year2 = year; elseif mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['Md-Mdy'][1]) then -- month initial month-day-range: month day – month day, year; uses spaced endash month, day, month2, day2, anchor_year, year = mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['Md-Mdy'][1]); if (not is_valid_month_season_range(month, month2, param)) or not is_valid_year(year) then return false; end month = get_month_number (month); -- for metadata month2 = get_month_number (month2); year2 = year; elseif mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['dMy-dMy'][1]) then -- day initial month-day-year-range: day month year - day month year; uses spaced endash day, month, year, day2, month2, anchor_year, year2 = mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['dMy-dMy'][1]); if tonumber(year2) <= tonumber(year) then return false; end -- must be sequential years, left to right, earlier to later if not is_valid_year(year2) or not is_valid_month_range_style(month, month2) then return false; end -- year2 no more than one year in the future; months same style month = get_month_number (month); -- for metadata month2 = get_month_number (month2); if 0 == month or 0 == month2 then return false; end -- both must be valid elseif mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['Mdy-Mdy'][1]) then -- month initial month-day-year-range: month day, year – month day, year; uses spaced endash month, day, year, month2, day2, anchor_year, year2 = mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['Mdy-Mdy'][1]); if tonumber(year2) <= tonumber(year) then return false; end -- must be sequential years, left to right, earlier to later if not is_valid_year(year2) or not is_valid_month_range_style(month, month2) then return false; end -- year2 no more than one year in the future; months same style month = get_month_number (month); -- for metadata month2 = get_month_number(month2); if 0 == month or 0 == month2 then return false; end -- both must be valid elseif mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['Sy4-y2'][1]) then -- special case Winter/Summer year-year (YYYY-YY); year separated with unspaced endash local century; month, year, century, anchor_year, year2 = mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['Sy4-y2'][1]); if 'Winter' ~= month and 'Summer' ~= month then return false end; -- 'month' can only be Winter or Summer anchor_year = year .. '–' .. anchor_year; -- assemble anchor_year from both years year2 = century..year2; -- add the century to year2 for comparisons if 1 ~= tonumber(year2) - tonumber(year) then return false; end -- must be sequential years, left to right, earlier to later if not is_valid_year(year2) then return false; end -- no year farther in the future than next year month = get_season_number(month, param); elseif mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['Sy-y'][1]) then -- special case Winter/Summer year-year; year separated with unspaced endash month, year, anchor_year, year2 = mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['Sy-y'][1]); month = get_season_number (month, param); -- <month> can only be winter or summer; also for metadata if (month ~= cfg.date_names['en'].season['Winter']) and (month ~= cfg.date_names['en'].season['Summer']) then return false; -- not Summer or Winter; abandon end anchor_year = year .. '–' .. anchor_year; -- assemble anchor_year from both years if 1 ~= tonumber(year2) - tonumber(year) then return false; end -- must be sequential years, left to right, earlier to later if not is_valid_year(year2) then return false; end -- no year farther in the future than next year elseif mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['My-My'][1]) then -- month/season year - month/season year; separated by spaced endash month, year, month2, anchor_year, year2 = mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['My-My'][1]); anchor_year = year .. '–' .. anchor_year; -- assemble anchor_year from both years if tonumber(year) >= tonumber(year2) then return false; end -- left to right, earlier to later, not the same if not is_valid_year(year2) then return false; end -- no year farther in the future than next year if 0 ~= get_month_number(month) and 0 ~= get_month_number(month2) and is_valid_month_range_style(month, month2) then -- both must be month year, same month style month = get_month_number(month); month2 = get_month_number(month2); elseif 0 ~= get_season_number(month, param) and 0 ~= get_season_number(month2, param) then -- both must be season year, not mixed month = get_season_number(month, param); month2 = get_season_number(month2, param); else return false; end elseif mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['M-My'][1]) then -- month/season range year; months separated by endash month, month2, anchor_year, year = mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['M-My'][1]); if (not is_valid_month_season_range(month, month2, param)) or (not is_valid_year(year)) then return false; end if 0 ~= get_month_number(month) then -- determined to be a valid range so just check this one to know if month or season month = get_month_number(month); month2 = get_month_number(month2); if 0 == month or 0 == month2 then return false; end else month = get_season_number(month, param); month2 = get_season_number(month2, param); end year2 = year; elseif mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['My'][1]) then -- month/season/quarter/proper-name year month, anchor_year, year = mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['My'][1]); if not is_valid_year(year) then return false; end month = get_element_number(month, param); -- get month season quarter proper-name number or nil if not month then return false; end -- not valid whatever it is elseif mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['y-y'][1]) then -- Year range: YYY-YYY or YYY-YYYY or YYYY–YYYY; separated by unspaced endash; 100-9999 year, anchor_year, year2 = mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['y-y'][1]); anchor_year = year .. '–' .. anchor_year; -- assemble anchor year from both years if tonumber(year) >= tonumber(year2) then return false; end -- left to right, earlier to later, not the same if not is_valid_year(year2) then return false; end -- no year farther in the future than next year elseif mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['y4-y2'][1]) then -- Year range: YYYY–YY; separated by unspaced endash local century; year, century, anchor_year, year2 = mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['y4-y2'][1]); anchor_year = year .. '–' .. anchor_year; -- assemble anchor year from both years if 13 > tonumber(year2) then return false; end -- don't allow 2003-05 which might be May 2003 year2 = century .. year2; -- add the century to year2 for comparisons if tonumber(year) >= tonumber(year2) then return false; end -- left to right, earlier to later, not the same if not is_valid_year(year2) then return false; end -- no year farther in the future than next year if in_array (param, {'date', 'publication-date', 'year'}) then -- here when 'valid' abbreviated year range; if one of these parameters add_prop_cat ('year-range-abbreviated'); -- add properties cat end elseif mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['y'][1]) then -- year; here accept either YYY or YYYY anchor_year, year = mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['y'][1]); if false == is_valid_year(year) then return false; end else return false; -- date format not one of the MOS:DATE approved formats end if param ~= 'date' then -- CITEREF disambiguation only allowed in |date=; |year= & |publication-date= promote to date if anchor_year:match ('%l$') then return false; end end if 'access-date' == param then -- test access-date here because we have numerical date parts if 0 ~= year and 0 ~= month and 0 ~= day and -- all parts of a single date required 0 == year2 and 0 == month2 and 0 == day2 then -- none of these; access-date must not be a range if not is_valid_accessdate(year .. '-' .. month .. '-' .. day) then return false; -- return false when access-date out of bounds end else return false; -- return false when access-date is a range of two dates end end if 'archive-date' == param then -- test archive-date here because we have numerical date parts if not (0 ~= year and 0 ~= month and 0 ~= day and -- all parts of a single date required 0 == year2 and 0 == month2 and 0 == day2) then -- none of these; archive-date must not be a range return false; -- return false when archive-date is a range of two dates end end local result=true; -- check whole dates for validity; assume true because not all dates will go through this test if 0 ~= year and 0 ~= month and 0 ~= day and 0 == year2 and 0 == month2 and 0 == day2 then -- YMD (simple whole date) result = is_valid_date (year, month, day, param); -- <param> for |pmc-embargo-date= elseif 0 ~= year and 0 ~= month and 0 ~= day and 0 == year2 and 0 == month2 and 0 ~= day2 then -- YMD-d (day range) result = is_valid_date (year, month, day); result = result and is_valid_date (year, month, day2); elseif 0 ~= year and 0 ~= month and 0 ~= day and 0 == year2 and 0 ~= month2 and 0 ~= day2 then -- YMD-md (day month range) result = is_valid_date (year, month, day); result = result and is_valid_date (year, month2, day2); elseif 0 ~= year and 0 ~= month and 0 ~= day and 0 ~= year2 and 0 ~= month2 and 0 ~= day2 then -- YMD-ymd (day month year range) result = is_valid_date(year, month, day); result = result and is_valid_date(year2, month2, day2); end if false == result then return false; end if nil ~= tCOinS_date then -- this table only passed into this function when testing |date= parameter values make_COinS_date ({year = year, month = month, day = day, year2 = year2, month2 = month2, day2 = day2}, tCOinS_date); -- make an ISO 8601 date string for COinS end return true, anchor_year; -- format is good and date string represents a real date end --[[--------------------------< D A T E S >-------------------------------------------------------------------- Cycle the date-holding parameters in passed table date_parameters_list through check_date() to check compliance with MOS:DATE. For all valid dates, check_date() returns true. The |date= parameter test is unique, it is the only date holding parameter from which values for anchor_year (used in CITEREF identifiers) and COinS_date (used in the COinS metadata) are derived. The |date= parameter is the only date-holding parameter that is allowed to contain the no-date keywords "n.d." or "nd" (without quotes). Unlike most error messages created in this module, only one error message is created by this function. Because all of the date holding parameters are processed serially, parameters with errors are added to the <error_list> sequence table as the dates are tested. ]] local function dates(date_parameters_list, tCOinS_date, error_list) local anchor_year; -- will return as nil if the date being tested is not |date= local COinS_date; -- will return as nil if the date being tested is not |date= local embargo_date; -- if embargo date is a good dmy, mdy, ymd date then holds original value else reset to 9999 local good_date = false; for k, v in pairs(date_parameters_list) do -- for each date-holding parameter in the list if is_set(v.val) then -- if the parameter has a value v.val = mw.ustring.gsub(v.val, '%d', cfg.date_names.local_digits); -- translate 'local' digits to Western 0-9 if v.val:match("^c%. [1-9]%d%d%d?%a?$") then -- special case for c. year or with or without CITEREF disambiguator - only |date= and |year= local year = v.val:match("c%. ([1-9]%d%d%d?)%a?"); -- get the year portion so it can be tested if 'date' == k then anchor_year, COinS_date = v.val:match("((c%. [1-9]%d%d%d?)%a?)"); -- anchor year and COinS_date only from |date= parameter good_date = is_valid_year(year); elseif 'year' == k then good_date = is_valid_year(year); else good_date = false; end elseif 'date' == k then -- if the parameter is |date= if v.val:match("^n%.d%.%a?$") then -- ToDo: I18N -- if |date=n.d. with or without a CITEREF disambiguator good_date, anchor_year, COinS_date = true, v.val:match("((n%.d%.)%a?)"); -- ToDo: I18N -- "n.d."; no error when date parameter is set to no date elseif v.val:match("^nd%a?$") then -- ToDo: I18N -- if |date=nd with or without a CITEREF disambiguator good_date, anchor_year, COinS_date = true, v.val:match("((nd)%a?)"); -- ToDo: I18N -- "nd"; no error when date parameter is set to no date else good_date, anchor_year, COinS_date = check_date (v.val, k, tCOinS_date); -- go test the date end elseif 'year' == k then -- if the parameter is |year= it should hold only a year value if v.val:match("^[1-9]%d%d%d?%a?$") then -- if |year = 3 or 4 digits only with or without a CITEREF disambiguator good_date, anchor_year, COinS_date = true, v.val:match("((%d+)%a?)"); else good_date = false; end elseif 'pmc-embargo-date' == k then -- if the parameter is |pmc-embargo-date= good_date = check_date (v.val, k); -- go test the date if true == good_date then -- if the date is a valid date good_date, embargo_date = is_valid_embargo_date (v.val); -- is |pmc-embargo-date= date a single dmy, mdy, or ymd formatted date? yes: returns embargo date; no: returns 9999 end else -- any other date-holding parameter good_date = check_date (v.val, k); -- go test the date end if false == good_date then -- assemble one error message so we don't add the tracking category multiple times table.insert (error_list, wrap_style ('parameter', v.name)); -- make parameter name suitable for error message list end end end return anchor_year, embargo_date; -- and done end --[[--------------------------< Y E A R _ C H E C K >---------------------------------------------------------- Temporary function to test |year= for acceptable values: YYY, YYYY, year-only ranges, their circa forms, with or without CITEREF disambiguators. When |year= holds some form of date that is not one of these year-only dates, emit a maintenance message. This function necessary because many non-cs1|2 templates have a |year= parameter so cirrus searches are more-or- less useless ]] local function year_check (year) year = year:gsub ('c%. *', ''); -- remove circa annotation (if present) before testing <year> for _, index in ipairs ({'y-y', 'y4-y2', 'y'}) do -- spin through these indexes into patterns_t if mw.ustring.match (year, patterns_t[index][1]) then return; -- if a match then |year= holds a valid 'year' end end set_message ('maint_year'); -- if here, |year= value is not an accepted value; add a maint cat end --[[--------------------------< Y E A R _ D A T E _ C H E C K >------------------------------------------------ Compare the value provided in |year= with the year value(s) provided in |date=. This function sets a local numeric value: 0 - year value does not match the year value in date 1 - (default) year value matches the year value in date or one of the year values when date contains two years 2 - year value matches the year value in date when date is in the form YYYY-MM-DD and year is disambiguated (|year=YYYYx) the numeric value in <result> determines the 'output' if any from this function: 0 – adds error message to error_list sequence table 1 – adds maint cat 2 – does nothing ]] local function year_date_check (year_string, year_origin, date_string, date_origin, error_list) local year; local date1; local date2; local result = 1; -- result of the test; assume that the test passes year = year_string:match ('(%d%d%d%d?)'); if date_string:match ('%d%d%d%d%-%d%d%-%d%d') then --special case where both date and year are required YYYY-MM-DD and YYYYx date1 = date_string:match ('(%d%d%d%d)'); year = year_string:match ('(%d%d%d%d)'); if year ~= date1 then result = 0; -- years don't match elseif year_string:match ('%d%d%d%d%a') then result = 2; -- years match; but because disambiguated, don't add to maint cat end elseif date_string:match ("%d%d%d%d?.-%d%d%d%d?") then -- any of the standard range formats of date with two three- or four-digit years date1, date2 = date_string:match ("(%d%d%d%d?).-(%d%d%d%d?)"); if year ~= date1 and year ~= date2 then result = 0; end elseif mw.ustring.match(date_string, "%d%d%d%d[%-–]%d%d") then -- YYYY-YY date ranges local century; date1, century, date2 = mw.ustring.match(date_string, "((%d%d)%d%d)[%-–]+(%d%d)"); date2 = century..date2; -- convert YY to YYYY if year ~= date1 and year ~= date2 then result = 0; end elseif date_string:match ("%d%d%d%d?") then -- any of the standard formats of date with one year date1 = date_string:match ("(%d%d%d%d?)"); if year ~= date1 then result = 0; end else -- should never get here; this function called only when no other date errors result = 0; -- no recognizable year in date end if 0 == result then -- year / date mismatch table.insert (error_list, substitute (cfg.messages['mismatch'], {year_origin, date_origin})); -- add error message to error_list sequence table elseif 1 == result then -- redundant year / date set_message ('maint_date_year'); -- add a maint cat end end --[[--------------------------< R E F O R M A T T E R >-------------------------------------------------------- reformat 'date' into new format specified by format_param if pattern_idx (the current format of 'date') can be reformatted. Does the grunt work for reformat_dates(). The table re_formats maps pattern_idx (current format) and format_param (desired format) to a table that holds: format string used by string.format() identifier letters ('d', 'm', 'y', 'd2', 'm2', 'y2') that serve as indexes into a table t{} that holds captures from mw.ustring.match() for the various date parts specified by patterns_t[pattern_idx][1] Items in patterns_t{} have the general form: ['ymd'] = {'^(%d%d%d%d)%-(%d%d)%-(%d%d)$', 'y', 'm', 'd'}, where: ['ymd'] is pattern_idx patterns_t['ymd'][1] is the match pattern with captures for mw.ustring.match() patterns_t['ymd'][2] is an indicator letter identifying the content of the first capture patterns_t['ymd'][3] ... the second capture etc. when a pattern matches a date, the captures are loaded into table t{} in capture order using the idemtifier characters as indexes into t{} For the above, a ymd date is in t{} as: t.y = first capture (year), t.m = second capture (month), t.d = third capture (day) To reformat, this function is called with the pattern_idx that matches the current format of the date and with format_param set to the desired format. This function loads table t{} as described and then calls string.format() with the format string specified by re_format[pattern_idx][format_param][1] using values taken from t{} according to the capture identifier letters specified by patterns_t[pattern_idx][format_param][n] where n is 2.. ]] local re_formats = { ['ymd'] = { -- date format is ymd; reformat to: ['mdy'] = {'%s %s, %s', 'm', 'd', 'y'}, -- |df=mdy ['dmy'] = {'%s %s %s', 'd', 'm', 'y'}, -- |df=dmy -- ['yMd'] = {'%s %s %s', 'y', 'm', 'd'}, -- |df=yMd; not supported at en.wiki }, ['Mdy'] = { -- date format is Mdy; reformat to: ['mdy'] = {'%s %s, %s', 'm', 'd', 'y'}, -- for long/short reformatting ['dmy'] = {'%s %s %s', 'd', 'm', 'y'}, -- |df=dmy ['ymd'] = {'%s-%s-%s', 'y', 'm', 'd'}, -- |df=ymd -- ['yMd'] = {'%s %s %s', 'y', 'm', 'd'}, -- |df=yMd; not supported at en.wiki }, ['dMy'] = { -- date format is dMy; reformat to: ['dmy'] = {'%s %s %s', 'd', 'm', 'y'}, -- for long/short reformatting ['mdy'] = {'%s %s, %s', 'm', 'd', 'y'}, -- |df=mdy ['ymd'] = {'%s-%s-%s', 'y', 'm', 'd'}, -- |df=ymd -- ['yMd'] = {'%s %s %s', 'y', 'm', 'd'}, -- |df=yMd; not supported at en.wiki }, ['Md-dy'] = { -- date format is Md-dy; reformat to: ['mdy'] = {'%s %s–%s, %s', 'm', 'd', 'd2', 'y'}, -- for long/short reformatting ['dmy'] = {'%s–%s %s %s', 'd', 'd2', 'm', 'y'}, -- |df=dmy -> d-dMy }, ['d-dMy'] = { -- date format is d-d>y; reformat to: ['dmy'] = {'%s–%s %s %s', 'd', 'd2', 'm', 'y'}, -- for long/short reformatting ['mdy'] = {'%s %s–%s, %s', 'm', 'd', 'd2', 'y'}, -- |df=mdy -> Md-dy }, ['dM-dMy'] = { -- date format is dM-dMy; reformat to: ['dmy'] = {'%s %s – %s %s %s', 'd', 'm', 'd2', 'm2', 'y'}, -- for long/short reformatting ['mdy'] = {'%s %s – %s %s, %s', 'm', 'd', 'm2', 'd2', 'y'}, -- |df=mdy -> Md-Mdy }, ['Md-Mdy'] = { -- date format is Md-Mdy; reformat to: ['mdy'] = {'%s %s – %s %s, %s', 'm', 'd', 'm2', 'd2', 'y'}, -- for long/short reformatting ['dmy'] = {'%s %s – %s %s %s', 'd', 'm', 'd2', 'm2', 'y'}, -- |df=dmy -> dM-dMy }, ['dMy-dMy'] = { -- date format is dMy-dMy; reformat to: ['dmy'] = {'%s %s %s – %s %s %s', 'd', 'm', 'y', 'd2', 'm2', 'y2'}, -- for long/short reformatting ['mdy'] = {'%s %s, %s – %s %s, %s', 'm', 'd', 'y', 'm2', 'd2', 'y2'}, -- |df=mdy -> Mdy-Mdy }, ['Mdy-Mdy'] = { -- date format is Mdy-Mdy; reformat to: ['mdy'] = {'%s %s, %s – %s %s, %s', 'm', 'd', 'y', 'm2', 'd2', 'y2'}, -- for long/short reformatting ['dmy'] = {'%s %s %s – %s %s %s', 'd', 'm', 'y', 'd2', 'm2', 'y2'}, -- |df=dmy -> dMy-dMy }, ['My-My'] = { -- these for long/short reformatting ['any'] = {'%s %s – %s %s', 'm', 'y', 'm2', 'y2'}, -- dmy/mdy agnostic }, ['M-My'] = { -- these for long/short reformatting ['any'] = {'%s–%s %s', 'm', 'm2', 'y'}, -- dmy/mdy agnostic }, ['My'] = { -- these for long/short reformatting ['any'] = {'%s %s', 'm', 'y'}, -- dmy/mdy agnostic }, -- ['yMd'] = { -- not supported at en.wiki -- ['mdy'] = {'%s %s, %s', 'm', 'd', 'y'}, -- |df=mdy -- ['dmy'] = {'%s %s %s', 'd', 'm', 'y'}, -- |df=dmy -- ['ymd'] = {'%s-%s-%s', 'y', 'm', 'd'}, -- |df=ymd -- }, } local function reformatter (date, pattern_idx, format_param, mon_len) if not in_array (pattern_idx, {'ymd', 'Mdy', 'Md-dy', 'dMy', 'yMd', 'd-dMy', 'dM-dMy', 'Md-Mdy', 'dMy-dMy', 'Mdy-Mdy', 'My-My', 'M-My', 'My'}) then return; -- not in this set of date format patterns_t then not a reformattable date end if 'ymd' == format_param and in_array (pattern_idx, {'ymd', 'Md-dy', 'd-dMy', 'dM-dMy', 'Md-Mdy', 'dMy-dMy', 'Mdy-Mdy', 'My-My', 'M-My', 'My'}) then return; -- ymd date ranges not supported at en.wiki; no point in reformatting ymd to ymd end if in_array (pattern_idx, {'My', 'M-My', 'My-My'}) then -- these are not dmy/mdy so can't be 'reformatted' into either format_param = 'any'; -- so format-agnostic end -- yMd is not supported at en.wiki; when yMd is supported at your wiki, uncomment the next line -- if 'yMd' == format_param and in_array (pattern_idx, {'yMd', 'Md-dy', 'd-dMy', 'dM-dMy', 'Md-Mdy', 'dMy-dMy', 'Mdy-Mdy'}) then -- these formats not convertable; yMd not supported at en.wiki if 'yMd' == format_param then -- yMd not supported at en.wiki; when yMd is supported at your wiki, remove or comment-out this line return; -- not a reformattable date end local c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7; -- these hold the captures specified in patterns_t[pattern_idx][1] c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7 = mw.ustring.match (date, patterns_t[pattern_idx][1]); -- get the captures local t = { -- table that holds k/v pairs of date parts from the captures and patterns_t[pattern_idx][2..] [patterns_t[pattern_idx][2]] = c1; -- at minimum there is always one capture with a matching indicator letter [patterns_t[pattern_idx][3] or 'x'] = c2; -- patterns_t can have a variable number of captures; each capture requires an indicator letter; [patterns_t[pattern_idx][4] or 'x'] = c3; -- where there is no capture, there is no indicator letter so n in patterns_t[pattern_idx][n] will be nil; [patterns_t[pattern_idx][5] or 'x'] = c4; -- the 'x' here spoofs an indicator letter to prevent 'table index is nil' error [patterns_t[pattern_idx][6] or 'x'] = c5; [patterns_t[pattern_idx][7] or 'x'] = c6; [patterns_t[pattern_idx][8] or 'x'] = c7; }; if t.a then -- if this date has an anchor year capture (all convertable date formats except ymd) if t.y2 then -- for year range date formats t.y2 = t.a; -- use the anchor year capture when reassembling the date else -- here for single date formats (except ymd) t.y = t.a; -- use the anchor year capture when reassembling the date end end if tonumber(t.m) then -- if raw month is a number (converting from ymd) if 's' == mon_len then -- if we are to use abbreviated month names t.m = cfg.date_names['inv_local_short'][tonumber(t.m)]; -- convert it to a month name else t.m = cfg.date_names['inv_local_long'][tonumber(t.m)]; -- convert it to a month name end t.d = t.d:gsub ('0(%d)', '%1'); -- strip leading '0' from day if present elseif 'ymd' == format_param then -- when converting to ymd t.y = t.y:gsub ('%a', ''); -- strip CITREF disambiguator if present; anchor year already known so process can proceed; TODO: maint message? if 1582 > tonumber (t.y) then -- ymd format dates not allowed before 1582 return; end t.m = string.format ('%02d', get_month_number (t.m)); -- make sure that month and day are two digits t.d = string.format ('%02d', t.d); elseif mon_len then -- if mon_len is set to either 'short' or 'long' for _, mon in ipairs ({'m', 'm2'}) do -- because there can be two month names, check both if t[mon] then t[mon] = get_month_number (t[mon]); -- get the month number for this month (is length agnostic) if 0 == t[mon] then return; end -- seasons and named dates can't be converted t[mon] = (('s' == mon_len) and cfg.date_names['inv_local_short'][t[mon]]) or cfg.date_names['inv_local_long'][t[mon]]; -- fetch month name according to length end end end local new_date = string.format (re_formats[pattern_idx][format_param][1], -- format string t[re_formats[pattern_idx][format_param][2]], -- named captures from t{} t[re_formats[pattern_idx][format_param][3]], t[re_formats[pattern_idx][format_param][4]], t[re_formats[pattern_idx][format_param][5]], t[re_formats[pattern_idx][format_param][6]], t[re_formats[pattern_idx][format_param][7]], t[re_formats[pattern_idx][format_param][8]] ); return new_date; end --[[-------------------------< R E F O R M A T _ D A T E S >-------------------------------------------------- Reformats existing dates into the format specified by format. format is one of several manual keywords: dmy, dmy-all, mdy, mdy-all, ymd, ymd-all. The -all version includes access- and archive-dates; otherwise these dates are not reformatted. This function allows automatic date formatting. In ~/Configuration, the article source is searched for one of the {{use xxx dates}} templates. If found, xxx becomes the global date format as xxx-all. If |cs1-dates= in {{use xxx dates}} has legitimate value then that value determines how cs1|2 dates will be rendered. Legitimate values for |cs1-dates= are: l - all dates are rendered with long month names ls - publication dates use long month names; access-/archive-dates use abbreviated month names ly - publication dates use long month names; access-/archive-dates rendered in ymd format s - all dates are rendered with abbreviated (short) month names sy - publication dates use abbreviated month names; access-/archive-dates rendered in ymd format y - all dates are rendered in ymd format the format argument for automatic date formatting will be the format specified by {{use xxx dates}} with the value supplied by |cs1-dates so one of: xxx-l, xxx-ls, xxx-ly, xxx-s, xxx-sy, xxx-y, or simply xxx (|cs1-dates= empty, omitted, or invalid) where xxx shall be either of dmy or mdy. dates are extracted from date_parameters_list, reformatted (if appropriate), and then written back into the list in the new format. Dates in date_parameters_list are presumed here to be valid (no errors). This function returns true when a date has been reformatted, false else. Actual reformatting is done by reformatter(). ]] local function reformat_dates (date_parameters_list, format) local all = false; -- set to false to skip access- and archive-dates local len_p = 'l'; -- default publication date length shall be long local len_a = 'l'; -- default access-/archive-date length shall be long local result = false; local new_date; if format:match('%a+%-all') then -- manual df keyword; auto df keyword when length not specified in {{use xxx dates}}; format = format:match('(%a+)%-all'); -- extract the format all = true; -- all dates are long format dates because this keyword doesn't specify length elseif format:match('%a+%-[lsy][sy]?') then -- auto df keywords; internal only all = true; -- auto df applies to all dates; use length specified by capture len_p for all dates format, len_p, len_a = format:match('(%a+)%-([lsy])([sy]?)'); -- extract the format and length keywords if 'y' == len_p then -- because allowed by MOS:DATEUNIFY (sort of) range dates and My dates not reformatted format = 'ymd'; -- override {{use xxx dates}} elseif (not is_set(len_a)) or (len_p == len_a) then -- no access-/archive-date length specified or same length as publication dates then len_a = len_p; -- in case len_a not set end end -- else only publication dates and they are long for param_name, param_val in pairs (date_parameters_list) do -- for each date-holding parameter in the list if is_set (param_val.val) then -- if the parameter has a value if not (not all and in_array (param_name, {'access-date', 'archive-date'})) then -- skip access- or archive-date unless format is xxx-all; yeah, ugly; TODO: find a better way for pattern_idx, pattern in pairs (patterns_t) do if mw.ustring.match (param_val.val, pattern[1]) then if all and in_array (param_name, {'access-date', 'archive-date'}) then -- if this date is an access- or archive-date new_date = reformatter (param_val.val, pattern_idx, (('y' == len_a) and 'ymd') or format, len_a); -- choose ymd or dmy/mdy according to len_a setting else -- all other dates new_date = reformatter (param_val.val, pattern_idx, format, len_p); end if new_date then -- set when date was reformatted date_parameters_list[param_name].val = new_date; -- update date in date list result = true; -- and announce that changes have been made break; end end -- if end -- for end -- if end -- if end -- for return result; -- declare boolean result and done end --[[--------------------------< D A T E _ H Y P H E N _ T O _ D A S H >---------------------------------------- Loops through the list of date-holding parameters and converts any hyphen to an ndash. Not called if the cs1|2 template has any date errors. Modifies the date_parameters_list and returns true if hyphens are replaced, else returns false. ]] local function date_hyphen_to_dash (date_parameters_list) local result = false; local n; for param_name, param_val in pairs(date_parameters_list) do -- for each date-holding parameter in the list if is_set (param_val.val) and not mw.ustring.match (param_val.val, patterns_t.ymd[1]) then -- for those that are not ymd dates (ustring because here digits may not be Western) param_val.val, n = param_val.val:gsub ('%-', '–'); -- replace any hyphen with ndash if 0 ~= n then date_parameters_list[param_name].val = param_val.val; -- update the list result = true; end end end return result; -- so we know if any hyphens were replaced end --[[-------------------------< D A T E _ N A M E _ X L A T E >------------------------------------------------ Attempts to translate English date names to local-language date names using names supplied by MediaWiki's date parser function. This is simple name-for-name replacement and may not work for all languages. if xlat_dig is true, this function will also translate Western (English) digits to the local language's digits. This will also translate ymd dates. ]] local function date_name_xlate (date_parameters_list, xlt_dig) local xlate; local mode; -- long or short month names local modified = false; local date; local sources_t = { {cfg.date_names.en.long, cfg.date_names.inv_local_long}, -- for translating long English month names to long local month names {cfg.date_names.en.short, cfg.date_names.inv_local_short}, -- short month names {cfg.date_names.en.quarter, cfg.date_names.inv_local_quarter}, -- quarter date names {cfg.date_names.en.season, cfg.date_names.inv_local_season}, -- season date nam {cfg.date_names.en.named, cfg.date_names.inv_local_named}, -- named dates } local function is_xlateable (month) -- local function to get local date name that replaces existing English-language date name for _, date_names_t in ipairs (sources_t) do -- for each sequence table in date_names_t if date_names_t[1][month] then -- if date name is English month (long or short), quarter, season or named and if date_names_t[2][date_names_t[1][month]] then -- if there is a matching local date name return date_names_t[2][date_names_t[1][month]]; -- return the local date name end end end end for param_name, param_val in pairs(date_parameters_list) do -- for each date-holding parameter in the list if is_set(param_val.val) then -- if the parameter has a value date = param_val.val; for month in mw.ustring.gmatch (date, '[%a ]+') do -- iterate through all date names in the date (single date or date range) month = mw.text.trim (month); -- this because quarterly dates contain whitespace xlate = is_xlateable (month); -- get translate <month>; returns translation or nil if xlate then date = mw.ustring.gsub (date, month, xlate); -- replace the English with the translation date_parameters_list[param_name].val = date; -- save the translated date modified = true; end end if xlt_dig then -- shall we also translate digits? date = date:gsub ('%d', cfg.date_names.xlate_digits); -- translate digits from Western to 'local digits' date_parameters_list[param_name].val = date; -- save the translated date modified = true; end end end return modified; end --[[--------------------------< S E T _ S E L E C T E D _ M O D U L E S >-------------------------------------- Sets local imported functions table to same (live or sandbox) as that used by the other modules. ]] local function set_selected_modules (cfg_table_ptr, utilities_page_ptr) add_prop_cat = utilities_page_ptr.add_prop_cat ; -- import functions from selected Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities module is_set = utilities_page_ptr.is_set; in_array = utilities_page_ptr.in_array; set_message = utilities_page_ptr.set_message; substitute = utilities_page_ptr.substitute; wrap_style = utilities_page_ptr.wrap_style; cfg = cfg_table_ptr; -- import tables from selected Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration end --[[--------------------------< A R C H I V E _ D A T E _ C H E C K >------------------------------------------ Compare value in |archive-date= with the timestamp in Wayback machine urls. Emits an error message with suggested date from the |archive-url= timestamp in an appropriate format when the value in |archive-date= does not match the timestamp. this function never called when any date in a cs1|2 template has errors error message suggests new |archive-date= value in an appropriate format specified by <df>. <df> is either |df= or cfg.global_df in that order. If <df> is nil, suggested date has format from |archive-date=. There is a caveat: when |df=dmy or |df=mdy, the reformatter leaves |access-date= and |archive-date= formats as they are. The error message suggested date is passed to the formatter as YYYY-MM-DD so when |df=dmy or |df=mdy, the format is not changed. ]] local function archive_date_check (archive_date, archive_url_timestamp, df) local archive_date_format = 'dmy-y'; -- holds the date format of date in |archive-date; default to ymd; 'dmy' used here to spoof reformat_dates() for _, v_t in ipairs ({{'dMy', 'dmy-all'}, {'Mdy', 'mdy-all'}}) do -- is |archive-date= format dmy or mdy? if archive_date:match (patterns_t[v_t[1]][1]) then -- does the pattern match? archive_date_format = cfg.keywords_xlate[v_t[2]]; -- get appropriate |df= supported keyword from the i18n translator table break; end end local dates_t = {}; dates_t['archive-date'] = {val=archive_date, name=''}; -- setup to call reformat_dates(); never called when errors so <name> unset as not needed reformat_dates (dates_t, 'dmy-y'); -- reformat |archive-date= to ymd; 'dmy' used here to spoof reformat_dates() local archive_url_date = archive_url_timestamp:gsub ('(%d%d%d%d)(%d%d)(%d%d)%d*', '%1-%2-%3'); -- make ymd format date from timestamp if dates_t['archive-date'].val == archive_url_date then -- are the two dates the same return; -- yes, done else dates_t['archive-date'] = {val=archive_url_date, name=''}; -- setup to call reformat_dates() with the timestamp date reformat_dates (dates_t, df or archive_date_format); -- reformat timestamp to format specified by <df> or format used in |archive-date= archive_url_date = dates_t['archive-date'].val; set_message ('err_archive_date_url_ts_mismatch', archive_url_date); -- emit an error message end end --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T E D F U N C T I O N S >------------------------------------------ ]] return { -- return exported functions archive_date_check = archive_date_check, date_hyphen_to_dash = date_hyphen_to_dash, date_name_xlate = date_name_xlate, dates = dates, is_valid_date = is_valid_date, reformat_dates = reformat_dates, set_selected_modules = set_selected_modules, year_check = year_check, year_date_check = year_date_check, } 039z8dc7ugbbv8w4tsnejz5bfud8dgw شبير ڪنڀار 0 30983 368055 341084 2026-03-28T09:29:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13773 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 368055 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = شبير ڪنڀار<br/> '''Shabir Kumbhar''' | image = [[File:Shabir Kumbhar 2016.jpg|thumb|Attending Sindhi language conference Karachi Sindh.]]| شبير ڪنڀار | image_size = | image_upright = | alt = | caption = شبير ڪنڀار | birth_date = <!-- {{Birth date and age |1972|01|01}} --> | birth_place = [[هالا]]، [[مٽياري ضلعو]]، [[سنڌ]] | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | death_place = | resting_place = | occupation = ، [[ليکڪ]], فانٽ انجنير | language = [[سنڌي ٻولي|سنڌي]] | residence = [[هالا]] | nationality = [[پاڪستان|پاڪستاني]] | citizenship = | education = ايم. اي، [[سنڌي ادب]] | alma_mater = [[سنڌ يونيورسٽي]] | period = هاڻوڪو | subject = [[لسانيات]] | relatives = | awards = [[شاھ عبداللطيف ڀٽائي]] اوارڊ [[2017ع]] }} '''شبير ڪنڀار''' ([[انگريزي ٻولي]]: Shabir Kumbhar)، [[سنڌي ٻولي]]ءَ جو انجنيئر، فانٽ ٺاهيندڙ ۽ شاھ لطيف جو شارح آهي. ==زندگي جو احوال== شبير ڪنڀار جو اصل نالو غلام شبير ولد ڀلي ڏنو ڪنڀار آهي. پنھنجي ذهانت، محنت ۽ جاکوڙ سان ڪمپيوٽر جي دنيا ۾ سنڌي ٻوليءَ جي واڌ ويجهه، سنڌي ٻوليءَ جي لپيءَ جي اکري نمونن (Fonts) جا مختلف نمونا متعارف ڪرڻ ، [[سنڌو لکت]] ۽ [[سنڌو لکت فونٽ]] (Indus Script)<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://epaper.dawn.com/DetailImage.php?StoryImage=22_02_2017_119_005|title=Experts stress need to reform STB syllabus {{!}} ePaper {{!}} DAWN.COM|website=epaper.dawn.com|language=en|access-date=2018-05-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1485003/govt-support-deciphering-indus-script/|title='Govt should support deciphering of Indus script' - The Express Tribune|date=2017-08-19|work=The Express Tribune|access-date=2018-05-18|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mohenjodaroonline.net/index.php/indus-script/corpus-by-asko-parpola|title=Corpus by Asko Parpola|last=NFM|work=Mohenjodaro|access-date=2018-05-18|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://iaoj.wordpress.com/2017/02/03/indus-script-font/|title=INDUS SCRIPT FONT|date=2017-02-03|work=Indus Asia Online Journal (iaoj)|access-date=2018-05-18|language=en-US}}</ref> کي ڪمپيوٽر جي تقاضائن ۾ سانڍڻ، شاھ لطيف جهڙن سنڌي ٻوليءَ جي وڏن شاعرن کي ڪمپيوٽر جي دنيا ۾ محفوظ ڪري دنيا تائين پهچائڻ جهڙين خاص خدمتن وسيلي سنڌي ڪمپيوٽنگ جي دنيا ۾ پاڻ مڃائيندڙ شبير ڪنڀار [[هالا]] تعلقي ضلعي [[مٽياري]] (اڳ [[حيدرآباد]]) ، [[سنڌ]] جي ننڍڙي ڳوٺ سيراچون ڪاڪا ۾ پهرين جنوري 1972ع ۾ جنم ورتو. ==تعليم== شبير ڪنڀار پرائيمريءَ تعليم پنهنجي ڳوٺ جي پرائيمري اسڪول منجهان1981ع ۾ حاصل ڪئي. سيڪنڊري تعليم لاءِ کيس گورنمينٽ مڊل اسڪول پنجمورو، نيو سعيدآباد ۾ داخل ڪيو ويو، جتان 1981ع ۾ ڇهون درجو پاس ڪيائين ته سندس والد خاندان جي بهتر تعليم ۽ تربيت جي سهوليت جي سانگي 1982ع ۾ لڏي اچي تاريخي شهر هالا ۾ رهائش اختيار ڪئي. کيس وڌيڪ تعليم حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ مخدوم غلام حيدر هاءِ اسڪول هالا ۾ داخل ڪيو ويو جتان 1986ع ۾ مئٽرڪ پاس ڪيائين. هن ٻارهين جماعت سروري اسلاميه ڪاليج هالا مان 1989ع ۾ پاس ڪئي. هن بي.اي سنڌ يونيورسٽي منجهان 1993ع ۾ حاصل ڪئي. ايم.اي سنڌي ادب ۾ 1995ع ۾ سنڌ يونيورسٽي ڄام شورو مان امتيازي حيثيت ۾ پاس ڪيائين. شبير ڪنڀار کي ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جي معلومات جو شوق هو. ڪمپيوٽر جي سکيا جي سلسلي ۾ ھن ڪنھن به خاص اداري مان ڪا باقائدي تعليم/سکيا نه ورتي پر شوق جي تڪميل لاءِ گهرجن پٽاندر آن لائين ريڊنگ وسيلي ڪمپيوٽر بابت گهربل مھارتون حاصل ڪيون ۽ ان ۾ ڳڻپ لائق ڪاميابيون ماڻيون. شبير ڪنڀار پنهنجي ذاتي لڳاءُ تحت ڪمپوٽر ۾ ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ کان علاوه استاد جي حيثيت ۾ سِکيائون به ورتيون. هن پي ٽي سي سال 1995ع ۾، ،پي ٽي سي سي جو امتحان سال 1996ع ۾، بي.ايڊ جي ڊگري سال 1997ع ۾ حاصل ڪئي جڏهن ته ايم ايڊ جو امتحان سال 2000ع ۾ پاس ڪيو. ان کانسواءِ نوڪري دؤران پيشي سان لاڳاپيل ٻيون به ڪيتريون ئي سکيائون حاصل ڪري چڪو آهي. ==ڪاوشون== شبير ڪنڀار 2000ع ۾ پنهنجي تعليم مڪمل ڪري ۽ پنهنجي ذاتي ڪاروبار کي ڇڏي اچي انٽرنيٽ تي سنڌي ٻوليءَ کي متعارف ڪرائڻ لاءِ رات ڏينهن هڪ ڪري ”سنڌي فونٽ“ جي ڊجيٽل بنيادي ۽ معياري عمارت سازيءَ جو ڪم شروع ڪيو<ref>http://www.sindhsalamat.com/font/font_dev.php?id=1{{مئل ڳنڍڻو|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>. هن شاهـ عبداللطيف ڀٽائي جي مادري ٻوليءَ کي دنيا جي شاهوڪار ٻولين جي قطار ۾ شامل ڪرائڻ ۾ پنهنجن دوستن جي گڏيل گروپ ۾ ڪم ڪيو جنهن جي عبد الماجد ڀرڳڙيءَ جي نگراني ڪندو رهيو<ref>[http://www.bhurgri.com/bhurgri/amar/contact-us/contact-with-graphic-designer شبير ڪنڀار<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. هن سنڌي ٻوليءَ جي فونٽس ٺاهڻ ۾ مک ڪردار ادا ڪيو. هن جي گروپ جي دوستن جن ۾ [[امر فياض ٻرڙو|امر فياض]] ٻرڙو، عبدالستار زرگر، عرفان شڪارپوري، احمد سومرو، عبيد ٿهيم، علي حسن ملاح ۽ عباس ڪوريجي جا نالا ڳڻائي سگهجن ٿا. جڏهن ته سليمان وساڻ به سندن سٿ جو سهڪاري رهيو آهي. شبير ڪنڀار شاهـ عبدالطيف ڀٽائي جي رسالي کي ڊجيٽل سپورٽ ڏئي گوگل جي دنيا ۾ متعارف ڪرايو آهي، جيڪو هر وقت انٽرنيٽ تي موجود آهي. الفابيٽ وائيز هر شعر توهان آسانيءَ سان ڳولي پڙهي سگهجي ٿو.<ref>[http://shahbhittai.blogspot.com/2015/03/blog-post_23.html شاهه جو رسالو : الف ب وار (ترتيب : شبير ڪنڀار)~شاهه جو پيغام<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ان کان علاوه ممتاز مرزا واري گنج تي به ”سنڌي فونٽ“ ٺاهي زبرون، زيريون ڏئي انٽرنيٽ تي آڻڻ لاءِ پنهنجون ڪوششو نجاري رکيو اچي. موبائيل تي سنڌي لکڻ جو سسٽم جو بنياد شبير ڪنڀار جو ڪارنامو آهي. انشاءَالله ڊاڪٽر نبي بخش بلوچ جي خواب کي ساڀيان جي شڪل ڏئي سنڌي ٻوليءَ کي اوج تائين پهچائيندو ۽ تمام جلد شاهـ جو گنج توهان زبرن ۽ زيرن سان آسانيءَ سان انٽرنيٽ تي پڙهي سگهندا. ==ادبي کيتر== جڏهن ته شبير [[شاھ عبداللطيف ڀٽائي|شاهه عبداللطيف ڀٽائي]] جي بيتن جو پارکو، سائين [[طالب الموليٰ]] جي غزلن ۽ ڪافين کي برزبان ياد پڙهي ٿو ۽ لاڙ جي لعل مولوي حاجي احمد ملاح جي شاعريءَ جو بـ مداح آهي. شبير ڪنڀار ڏيک، ويک، ٺٺ ٺانگر ۽ جُڙتو پاڻپڻي کان پاسيرو ٿي سنڌي ٻوليءَ جي واڌاري ۽ اوسر لاءِ رات ڏينهن ڪم ڪري رهيو آهي سدائين مصروف زندگي گذاريندڙ شبير ڪنڀار تعليم کاتي ۾ استاد به آهي ته پنهنجي ذاتي ڪاشيءَ جي ڪارخاني جي نگراني به ڪري ٿو ۽ هالا تعلقي جو هڪ ننڍڙو زميندار آبادگار بـ آهي.<ref>[http://sindhipeoples.blogspot.com/2016/06/blog-post_76.html سنڌي شخصيتون: شبير ڪنڀار - نظام الدين ڪاڪا<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ==مڃتا== شبير ڪنڀار کي سنڌي ٻوليءَ جي ڊجيٽل انجينيئرنگ ۾ جوڳو ڪم ڪرڻ تي نومبر 2017ع تي [[شاھ عبداللطيف ڀٽائي|شاهہ عبداللطيف ڀٽائي]] ايوارڊ ڏنو ويو.<ref>{{Citation |title=ڀٽ شاهه: پڄاڻي واري تقريب ۾ بلاول ڀٽو زرداري پاران لطيف ايوارڊ تقسيم ڪيا ويا {{!}} روزاني سرواڻ<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.dailysarwan.com/featured/%DA%80%D9%BD-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%87-%D9%BE%DA%84%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8-%DB%BE-%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84-%DA%80%D9%BD%D9%88-%D8%B2%D8%B1/ |accessdate=2018-05-09 |archive-date=2022-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629200021/https://www.dailysarwan.com/featured/%DA%80%D9%BD-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%87-%D9%BE%DA%84%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8-%DB%BE-%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84-%DA%80%D9%BD%D9%88-%D8%B2%D8%B1/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nawaiwaqt.com.pk/07-Nov-2017/696716|title=شاہ لطیف پر امن سرزمین سے دہشتگردوں کوامن کا پیغام دیناچاہتے ہیں : بلاول|date=2017-11-07|work=Nawaiwaqt|access-date=2018-05-18|language=ur-PK}}{{مئل ڳنڍڻو|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == حوالا == {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:سنڌي لپي]] [[زمرو:سنڌي ٻولي]] [[زمرو:سنڌي شخصيتون]] oebts4mc688sgzx6bdjlvek3ktkm270 سنڌ انڊسٽريل ائنڊ ٽريڊينگ اسٽيٽ 0 32015 368052 255446 2026-03-28T08:53:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 368052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple issues| {{Notability|date=September 2008}} {{Refimprove|date=September 2008}} }} سنڌ انڊسٽريل ائنڊ ٽريڊينگ اسٽيٽ يا جنهن کي سائٽ پڻ چون ٿا، برطانوي حڪومت جي طرز تي[[سنڌ|حڪومت سنڌ]] پاران [[نومبر]] 1947ء ۾ [[صنعت|صنعتن]] جي لاءِ قائم ڪئي وئي هئي ۔ هي ملڪ جو پهريون ٽريڊنگ اسِٽيٽ هيو، جنهن سان نئين آزاد ٿيل ملڪ کي معاشي ميدان ۾ وڌڻ ۾ ڪافي مدد ملي۔ ==تاريخ== آزاديءَ جي وقت [[پاڪستان]] وٽ صرف چند هڪ ئي صنعتون هيون، تنهنڪري حڪومت سنڌ انهيءَ سال نومبر 1947تي سنڌ ۾ هڪ باقاعدہ انڊسٽريل ايريا سنڌ انڊسٽريل ٽريڊنگ اسٽيٽ جي نالي سان قائم ڪيو۔ هتي سڀ کان وڌيڪ مشڪل مرحلو بنيادي سهوليتن جو هيو ڇو تہ ڪوئي به صنعت بغير انهن شين جي هتي لڳائڻ ممڪن نه هيو۔ ان مقصد جي لاءِ حڪومت جنهن زمين جي چُونڊ ڪئي ، اُن ۾ روڊ تعمير ڪيا، پاڻي، بجلي، گيس، نڪاس ( سيورج) ۽ ٽيليفون جي سهوليتون ڏنيون ۔ ريلوي جي نئين لائن وڇائي ۽ بس اسٽاپ بڻايا۔ مزدورن جي لاءِ نيون ڪالونيون بڻائيون ۽گودام بڻايا۔ انهن ڪمن کان پوءِ سنڌ ۾ ترقيءَ جو گِراف وڌيڪ تيز کان تيز تر ٿي ويو۔ ==تنضمي ڍانچو== سائٽ کي مختلف پاليسين جي تحت حڪومت سنڌ تيار ڪيو، جنهن جي لاءِ سنڌ حڪومنت آرڊر نمبر 24-I.B/47.1 dated June 2, 1947 جاري ڪيو ۽ انجي حڪومت سنڌ جي ڊپارٽمنٽ آف سائٽ جي سپرد ڪري ڇڏيو جيڪو وزارت صنعت ۽ تجارت، حڪومت سنڌ جي ماتحت آهي۔ ڊپارٽمنٽ بورڊ ڊائرڪٹٽرز جي ذريعي هلندو آهي، جن کي حڪومت سنڌ لڳائيندي آهي ۔ هن وقت سنڌ ۾ ڪُل 10 ٽريڊنگ اسٽيٽ آهن۔ {| class="wikitable" |- ! نالو !! جگهہ !! قيام !! رقبو (ايڪڙ) |- |[[سائٽ ڪراچي]] || [[ڪراچي ]] || 1947 || 4460 |- | سائٽ حيدآباد || [[حيدرآباد، سنڌ|حيدآباد]] || 1950 || 1268 |- | سائٽ ٽنڊو آدم || [[ٽنڊو آدم]] || 1952 || 150 |- | سائٽ ڪوٽڙي || [[ڪوٽڙي]] || 1962 || 1875 |- | سائٽ سکر || [[سکر]] || 1963 || 1060 |- | سائٽ سپر هاءِ وي Phase-1 || [[سپر هاءِ وي]] || 1983 || 300 |- | سائٽ نوري آباد Phase-I || [[نوري آباد]] || 1983 || 5342 |- | سائٹ سپر هاءِ وي Phase-II || [[سپر هاءِ وي]] || 1992 || 1000 |- | سائٽ نواب شاهہ || [[نوابشاهه| نواب شاهہ]] || 1994 || 240 |- | سائٽ نوري آباد Phase-II || [[نوري آباد]] || 2003 || 2000 |- |} ==وڌيڪ ڏسو== * [[سائٽ ٽائون]] == حوالا == {{حوالا}} * [http://www.dawn.com/weekly///books/archive/070624/books1.htm Mapping SITE - روزاني ڊان] * [http://www.dawn.com/2008/07/03/ebr3.htm Sindh to focus on industrial infrastructure this year - روزنامہ ڊان] ==ويب سائٽ== * [http://www.site.com.pk سائٽ لميٽيڊ - آفيشل ويب سائٽ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140212014827/http://www.site.com.pk/ |date=2014-02-12 }} [[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ 1947ء جون تنصيوبون]] [[زمرو:پاڪستاني ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:سنڌ جي معيشت]] 6epnlsinshlqpy9rnbfxjpsado6bo8r پاڪستان ۾ اچ وڃ جون نشانيون 0 37999 367846 350544 2026-03-27T15:17:02Z Fry1989 1715 /* چتاءَ جون نشانيون */ 367846 wikitext text/x-wiki [[عڪس:Sign_to_Hyderabad.jpg|thumb|حيدرآباد ڏانھن اشارو ڪندڙ رستي جي نشاني]] [[عڪس:Traffic_logo_Naran.JPG|thumb|ناران ۾ ٽرئفڪ لوگو]] '''پاڪستان ۾ اچ وڃ جون نشانيون''': پاڪستان ۾ روڊ جا نشان Road signs in Pakistan: برطانوي ۽ يورپي رستن جي نشانين جي سرشتي تي ٻڌل آھن، هڪ غير معمولي فرق سان انهن نشانن جا پيغام ٻن ٻولين اردو، [[قومي زبان|قومي ٻولي]] ۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي]] ۾ آهن، ۽ ڪجهه حالتن ۾، اهي مقامي (مڪاني) علائقائي يا صوبائي ٻولين ۾ پڻ آهن. پاڪستان کسٻي ھٿ تي سواري ھلائڻ جي سرشتي تي عمل ڪري ٿو. [[سواري]] کي ساڄي ھٿ تي اوورٽيڪ ڪرڻ لازم آھي. شڪايتون ٿينديون رھيون آھن تہ ملڪ جي ڪجهه حصن ۾ روڊ جون نشانين ۽ بنيادي بناوت ۾ تجديد نٿي آندي وڃي، 2008 جي ھڪ رپورٽ مطابق مڪاني حڪومتن ڪيترن ئي ڪيسن ۾ ڀڳل، گم ٿيل، يا مدي خارج رستي جي قاعدن جي نشانين تي ڌيان نہ ڏنو آھي. اڪيلي [[لاهور]] ۾ ھڪ رپورٽ ڪاٿو لڳايو تہ شھر ۾ سڀني خراب اچ وڃ جي نشانين کي سڌارڻ جي لاءِ گھٽ ۾ گھٽ 800 ملين گھربل ھئا. == ٽريفڪ جون نشانيون == ٽريفڪ کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاء ٽريفڪ جا نشان <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nhmp.gov.pk/?page_id=408|title=Traffic Signs {{!}} NH&MP {{!}} National Highways & Motorway Police|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-19}}</ref> === لازمي نشانيون === <gallery> فائل:Pakistan road sign R-01.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-02.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-03.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-04.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-05.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-06.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-08.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-09.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-10.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-11.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-13.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-20.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-21.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-22.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-23.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-24.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-25.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-27.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-28.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-29.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-30.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-31.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-32.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-33.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-34.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-35.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-36.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-37.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-38.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-39.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-40.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-41.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-42.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-43.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-44.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-45.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-46.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-47.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-48.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-49.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-50.svg </gallery> === چتاءَ جون نشانيون === <gallery> فائل:Pakistan road sign W-01.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-02.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-03.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-04.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-05.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-06.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-07.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-08.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-09.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-10.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-11.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-12.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-13.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-14.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-15.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-16.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-17.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-18.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-19.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-20.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-21.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-22.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-23.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-24.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-25.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-26.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-27.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-28.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-29-L.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-29-R.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-30.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-31.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-32.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-33.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-34.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-35.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-36.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-37.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-38.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-39.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-40.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-41.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-42.svg </gallery> == پڻ ڏسو == * پاڪستان ۾ اچ وچ == حوالا == {{reflist}} == خارجي ڳنڍڻا == [[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ نقل ۽ حمل]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ اچ وچ]] [[زمرو:پاڪستاني روڊن جا نشان]] qbqsrgu4xxbx8erf2x07ddjdvfg06b4 367847 367846 2026-03-27T15:24:54Z Fry1989 1715 /* چتاءَ جون نشانيون */ 367847 wikitext text/x-wiki [[عڪس:Sign_to_Hyderabad.jpg|thumb|حيدرآباد ڏانھن اشارو ڪندڙ رستي جي نشاني]] [[عڪس:Traffic_logo_Naran.JPG|thumb|ناران ۾ ٽرئفڪ لوگو]] '''پاڪستان ۾ اچ وڃ جون نشانيون''': پاڪستان ۾ روڊ جا نشان Road signs in Pakistan: برطانوي ۽ يورپي رستن جي نشانين جي سرشتي تي ٻڌل آھن، هڪ غير معمولي فرق سان انهن نشانن جا پيغام ٻن ٻولين اردو، [[قومي زبان|قومي ٻولي]] ۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي]] ۾ آهن، ۽ ڪجهه حالتن ۾، اهي مقامي (مڪاني) علائقائي يا صوبائي ٻولين ۾ پڻ آهن. پاڪستان کسٻي ھٿ تي سواري ھلائڻ جي سرشتي تي عمل ڪري ٿو. [[سواري]] کي ساڄي ھٿ تي اوورٽيڪ ڪرڻ لازم آھي. شڪايتون ٿينديون رھيون آھن تہ ملڪ جي ڪجهه حصن ۾ روڊ جون نشانين ۽ بنيادي بناوت ۾ تجديد نٿي آندي وڃي، 2008 جي ھڪ رپورٽ مطابق مڪاني حڪومتن ڪيترن ئي ڪيسن ۾ ڀڳل، گم ٿيل، يا مدي خارج رستي جي قاعدن جي نشانين تي ڌيان نہ ڏنو آھي. اڪيلي [[لاهور]] ۾ ھڪ رپورٽ ڪاٿو لڳايو تہ شھر ۾ سڀني خراب اچ وڃ جي نشانين کي سڌارڻ جي لاءِ گھٽ ۾ گھٽ 800 ملين گھربل ھئا. == ٽريفڪ جون نشانيون == ٽريفڪ کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاء ٽريفڪ جا نشان <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nhmp.gov.pk/?page_id=408|title=Traffic Signs {{!}} NH&MP {{!}} National Highways & Motorway Police|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-19}}</ref> === لازمي نشانيون === <gallery> فائل:Pakistan road sign R-01.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-02.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-03.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-04.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-05.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-06.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-08.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-09.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-10.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-11.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-13.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-20.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-21.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-22.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-23.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-24.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-25.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-27.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-28.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-29.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-30.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-31.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-32.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-33.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-34.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-35.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-36.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-37.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-38.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-39.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-40.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-41.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-42.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-43.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-44.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-45.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-46.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-47.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-48.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-49.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-50.svg </gallery> === چتاءَ جون نشانيون === <gallery> فائل:Pakistan road sign W-01.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-02.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-03.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-04.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-05.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-06.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-07.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-08.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-09.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-10.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-11.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-12.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-13.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-14.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-15.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-16.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-17.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-18.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-19.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-20.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-21.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-22.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-23.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-24.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-25.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-26.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-27.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-28-L-R.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-28-R-L.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-29-L.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-29-R.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-30.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-31.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-32.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-33.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-34.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-35.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-36.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-37.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-38.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-39.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-40.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-41.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-42.svg </gallery> == پڻ ڏسو == * پاڪستان ۾ اچ وچ == حوالا == {{reflist}} == خارجي ڳنڍڻا == [[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ نقل ۽ حمل]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ اچ وچ]] [[زمرو:پاڪستاني روڊن جا نشان]] 9ghu6fw08l476pgnskj8ii683bs3isu 367848 367847 2026-03-27T15:29:54Z Fry1989 1715 /* چتاءَ جون نشانيون */ 367848 wikitext text/x-wiki [[عڪس:Sign_to_Hyderabad.jpg|thumb|حيدرآباد ڏانھن اشارو ڪندڙ رستي جي نشاني]] [[عڪس:Traffic_logo_Naran.JPG|thumb|ناران ۾ ٽرئفڪ لوگو]] '''پاڪستان ۾ اچ وڃ جون نشانيون''': پاڪستان ۾ روڊ جا نشان Road signs in Pakistan: برطانوي ۽ يورپي رستن جي نشانين جي سرشتي تي ٻڌل آھن، هڪ غير معمولي فرق سان انهن نشانن جا پيغام ٻن ٻولين اردو، [[قومي زبان|قومي ٻولي]] ۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي]] ۾ آهن، ۽ ڪجهه حالتن ۾، اهي مقامي (مڪاني) علائقائي يا صوبائي ٻولين ۾ پڻ آهن. پاڪستان کسٻي ھٿ تي سواري ھلائڻ جي سرشتي تي عمل ڪري ٿو. [[سواري]] کي ساڄي ھٿ تي اوورٽيڪ ڪرڻ لازم آھي. شڪايتون ٿينديون رھيون آھن تہ ملڪ جي ڪجهه حصن ۾ روڊ جون نشانين ۽ بنيادي بناوت ۾ تجديد نٿي آندي وڃي، 2008 جي ھڪ رپورٽ مطابق مڪاني حڪومتن ڪيترن ئي ڪيسن ۾ ڀڳل، گم ٿيل، يا مدي خارج رستي جي قاعدن جي نشانين تي ڌيان نہ ڏنو آھي. اڪيلي [[لاهور]] ۾ ھڪ رپورٽ ڪاٿو لڳايو تہ شھر ۾ سڀني خراب اچ وڃ جي نشانين کي سڌارڻ جي لاءِ گھٽ ۾ گھٽ 800 ملين گھربل ھئا. == ٽريفڪ جون نشانيون == ٽريفڪ کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاء ٽريفڪ جا نشان <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nhmp.gov.pk/?page_id=408|title=Traffic Signs {{!}} NH&MP {{!}} National Highways & Motorway Police|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-19}}</ref> === لازمي نشانيون === <gallery> فائل:Pakistan road sign R-01.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-02.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-03.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-04.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-05.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-06.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-08.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-09.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-10.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-11.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-13.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-20.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-21.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-22.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-23.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-24.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-25.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-27.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-28.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-29.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-30.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-31.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-32.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-33.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-34.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-35.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-36.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-37.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-38.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-39.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-40.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-41.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-42.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-43.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-44.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-45.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-46.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-47.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-48.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-49.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign R-50.svg </gallery> === چتاءَ جون نشانيون === <gallery> فائل:Pakistan road sign W-01.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-02.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-03.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-04.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-05.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-06.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-07.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-08.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-09.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-10.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-11.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-12.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-13.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-14.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-15.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-16.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-17.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-18.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-19.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-20.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-21.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-22.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-23.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-24.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-25.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-26.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-27.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-28-L-R.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-28-R-L.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-29-L.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-29-R.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-30.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-31.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-32.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-33.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-34.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-35.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-36.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-37-L.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-37-R.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-38.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-39.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-40.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-41.svg فائل:Pakistan road sign W-42.svg </gallery> == پڻ ڏسو == * پاڪستان ۾ اچ وچ == حوالا == {{reflist}} == خارجي ڳنڍڻا == [[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ نقل ۽ حمل]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ اچ وچ]] [[زمرو:پاڪستاني روڊن جا نشان]] 83eww4plnmtqdg5utx9s8l3bzulez9d ميجر جنرل 0 41796 368109 362201 2026-03-28T11:48:56Z Xocolatl 21858 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Genmjr OF7-Rockkragen AT.gif]] → [[File:GenMjr OF7-Rockkragen AT.gif]] [[c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · Fehler Kurzbezeichnung korrigiert. 368109 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ميجر جنرل''' [[انگريزي]] (Major general) [[مخفف]] ('''MG''' يا '''Maj. Gen.''') هڪ فوجي عهدو آهي، جيڪو ڪيترن ئي ملڪن ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. هي ٻن تارن وارو فوجي جنرل هوندو آهي. هي فوجي عهدو [[برگيڊيئر]] کان مٿاهون ۽ [[ليفٽيننٽ جنرل]] کان هيٺيائون هوندو آهي.  == ملڪ == === برازيل === ''برازيل جي فوج ۾ ميجر جنرل ([[اسپيني ٻولي|اسپينش]]: ''General de Brigada [[انگريزي]]: Brigade General'')  عهدو [[جنرل آفيسر]] جو سڀني کان هيٺيائون عهدو هوند آهي. '' === اسٽونيا === اسٽونيا جي فوج ۾ ميجر جنرل کي kindralmajor چيو ويندو آهي. === هندوستان === هندوستان ۾ ميجر جنرل [[بحري فوج]] جي [[ريئر ايڊمرل]] ۽ [[هوائي فوج]] جي [[ايئر وائيس مارشل]] جي برابر هوندو آهي.  هي عهدو [[ليفٽيننٽ جنرل]] ۽ [[برگيڊيئر]] جي وچ وارو هوندو آهي. === پاڪستان === [[پاڪ فوج]] ۾ ميجر جنرل [[بحري فوج]] جي [[ريئر ايڊمرل]] ۽ [[هوائي فوج]] جي [[ايئر وائيس مارشل]] جي برابر هوندو آهي. پاڪ فوج ۾ هي عهدو [[ليفٽيننٽ جنرل]] ۽ [[برگيڊيئر]] جي وچ وارو هوندو آهي. پاڪ فوج ۾ ٻه عورت ميجر جنرل آهي. == نشان == === زميني فوج === <gallery> Afgn-Army-Turan Jenral(MGen).svg | افغانستان Australian Army OF-7.svg | آسٽرليا GenMjr OF7-Rockkragen AT.gif | آسٽريا فائل:Bangladesh-army-OF-7.svg | بنگلاديش Brasil-Insígnia de General de Brigada-V.gif | برازيل CDN-Army-MGen-Shoulder.svg | ڪينيڊا CzArmy 2011 OF7-Generalmajor shoulder.svg | چيڪ ريپبلڪ EgyptianArmyInsignia-MajorGeneral.svg | مصر فائل:Georgia-Army-OF-7.svg |جارجيا DH321-Generalmajor.png | جرمني Army-GRE-OF-07.svg | يونان Major_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg | انڊيا فائل:20-TNI Army-MG.svg |انڊونيشيا sarlashgar.png |ايران IT-Army-OF7.svg |آتلي فائل:JGSDF Major General insignia (b).svg |جاپان Army-NOR-OF-07.svg |ناروي Nl-landmacht-generaal majoor.svg |هالينڊ فائل:OF-7 Pakistan Army.svg |پاڪستان فائل:PHIL_ARMY_MGEN_WOODLAND.svg |فلپائين Army-POL-OF-07.svg |پولينڊ 20 - Major-general.svg |پورتگال RO-Army-OF7.png |رومانيا 4ej.png |اسپين فائل:OF-7_Generalmajor_M87.png |سوئيڊن CHE OF7 Div.svg |سوئيزرلينڊ فائل:RTA OF-7 (Major General).svg |ٿائيلينڊ فائل:Turkey-army-OF-7.svg |ترڪي فائل:British Army OF-7.svg |برطانيا Army-USA-OF-07.svg |آمريڪا US Army O8 shoulderboard rotated.svg | آمريڪا (1959 کان 2014 تائين) </gallery> === هوائي فوج === <gallery> Brazilian_Air_Force_Brigadier_rank_insignia.svg| برازيل Canadian_RCAF_(shoulder)_OF-7.svg|ڪينيڊا Czech-Airforce_OF-7.svg |چيڪ ريپبلڪ Georgia Air Force OF-8.png |جارجيا Hellenic Air Force OF-7.svg |يونان فائل:Ireland-AirForce-OF-7.svg |آئيرلينڊ فائل:JASDF Major General insignia (b).svg|جاپان Malaysia-Air_Force-OF-7.svg |ماليشيا PHIL ARMY MGEN WOODLAND.svg |فلپائين Rank insignia of generał dywizji of the Air Force of Poland.svg|پولينڊ Portugal-AirForce-OF-7.svg |پروتگال RO-Airforce-OF-7s.PNG |رومانيا OF-7_Generalmajor_FV_hylsa.jpg |سوئيڊن Turkey-air-force-OF-7.svg |ترڪي فائل:US Air Force O8 shoulderboard.svg| آمريڪا </gallery> === بحري فوج === <gallery> فائل:1in.png |اسپين فائل:OF-7_Konteramiral_FL_hylsa.jpg |سوئيڊن فائل:British Royal Marines OF-7.svg |برطانيا فائل:US_Marine_O8_shoulderboard_vertical.svg | آمريڪا فائل:20-TNI Navy-RADM.svg |انڊونيشيا </gallery> == Footnotes == <references /> == حوالا == * Boatner, Mark M., III. ''The Civil War Dictionary.'' New York: David McKay, 1959. {{ISBN|0-679-50013-8}}. * Bowden, Scotty & Tarbox, Charlie. ''Armies on the Danube 1809.'' Arlington, TX: Empire Games Press, 1980. OCLC{{OCLC|6649795}}. * Foote, Shelby. ''The Civil War: A Narrative. Vol. 2''. New York: Random House, 1986. {{ISBN|0-394-74621-X}}. sabij8nf0gc9mvyd8dpeyvdi8ksk8zc 3 سيپٽمبر 0 44581 367978 252713 2026-03-28T05:19:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 367978 wikitext text/x-wiki {{calendar}} '''3 سيپٽمبر''' {{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي=September 3}}، [[عيسوي سال]] جو 246 هون ([[ليپ سال]] 247 هون) ڏينهن آهي، [[سال]] پوري ٿيڻ ۾ 119 ڏينهن ([[ليپ سال]] 120 ڏينهن) باقي آهن. <ref>{{حوالا-وڪي|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=September_3&oldid=857907623|عنوان=September 3|ٻولي=انگریزي|اخذ ڪيل=}}</ref> == واقعا == * '''[[1260ع]]''' - فلسطين ۾ مسلمانن ۽ منگولين جي وچ ۾ تاريخ جي ھڪ اھم جنگ لڙي وئي. ھن جنگ کي "عين جالوت واري جنگ" ڪوٺيو وڃي ٿو. *'''[[1939ع]]''' - ٻي عالمي جنگ ۾ برطانيہ ۽ فرانس نازي جرمنيءَ خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. * '''[[1976ع]]''' - آمريڪي خلائي جھاز وائيڪنگ ٽو (Viking 2) مريخ گرھ جي مٿاڇري تي لٿو. *'''[[1977ع]]''' - پاڪستان جي وزيراعظم ذوالفقار علي ڀٽي کي قصوري قتل ڪيس ۾ گرفتار ڪيو ويو. *'''[[1994ع]]''' - چين ۽ روس جي وچ ۾ ائٽمي جنگ نہ ڪرڻ جو معاھدو ٿيو. == پيدائش == *'''[[1936ع]]''' - [https://www.sindhisangat.com/relwani_jiwatram.php '''ريلواڻي جيانت جيوترام (Relwani Jayant Jiwatram)'''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806220149/https://www.sindhisangat.com/relwani_jiwatram.php |date=2020-08-06 }}، صحافي ۽ ليکڪ * '''1954ع''' - '''[http://whoiswhoinkarachi.blogspot.com/2009/09/dr-jabbar-khattak-editor-awami-awaz.html ڊاڪٽر عبدالجبار خٽڪ]'''، صحافي * '''[[1964|1964ع]]''' - '''[[جنيد جمشيد]]'''، گلوڪار،نعت خوان ۽ مذھبي عالم * '''[[1971ع]] ــ [[:en:Kiran_Desai|ڪرن ڊيسائي]]'''، جڳ مشھور ناول نگار == فوتگيون == == ڏڻ ۽ عام موڪل == *[[قطر]] جي آزاديءَ جو ڏھاڙو ==وڌيڪ ڏسو == *[[4 سيپٽمبر]] *[[5 سيپٽمبر]] == حوالا == {{حوالا}} {{مهينا}} [[زمرو:سال جا ڏينهن]] [[زمرو:سيپٽمبر]] nuf6m85zgle4y31fkvirxk8ip6b6wf3 26 سيپٽمبر 0 45151 367977 253685 2026-03-28T05:15:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 367977 wikitext text/x-wiki {{calendar}} '''26 سيپٽمبر''' {{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي=September 26}}، [[عيسوي سال]] جو 269 هون ([[ليپ سال]] 270 هون) ڏينهن آهي، [[سال]] پوري ٿيڻ ۾ 96 ڏينهن ([[ليپ سال]] 97 ڏينهن) باقي آهن. == واقعا == * '''[[1905ع]]''' – [[البرٽ آئنسٽائن]] [[انس ميرابلس پيپر]] شايع ڪيو، جنهن ۾ هن [[ٿيوري آف رليٽوٽي]] پيش ڪيو. * '''[[1960ع]]''' – پهريون دفعو [[جان ايف ڪينيڊي]] ۽ رچرڊ نڪسن جو صدارتي بحث [[ٽيليويزن|ٽي وي]] تي ڏيکاريو ويو. * '''[[1984ع]]''' – [[چين]] ۽ [[برطانيا]] راضي ٿيا ته [[هانگ ڪانگ جي منتقلي|هانگ ڪانگ جي خودمختياري]] 1997ع تي چين جي حوالي ڪئي ويندي. == پيدائش == * '''[[1820ع]] ــ [[:en:Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar|ايشور چندر ودياساگر]]'''، بنگالي فلسفي، تعليمي ماھر ۽ اديب * '''[[1923ع]] ــ [[:en:Dev_Anand|ديو آنند]]'''، ڀارتي فلمي اداڪار، پروڊيوسر ۽ ڊائريڪٽر * '''[[1932ع]] ــ [[:en:Manmohan_Singh|من موھن سنگھ]]'''، ھندستان جو پھريون سک وزيراعظم * '''[[1956ع]] ــ [[:en:Naheed_Akhtar|ناھيد اختر]]'''، مشھور پاڪستاني گلوڪارہ == فوتگيون == * '''[[1990ع]] ــ [https://www.sindhisangat.com/(late)kodwani_jassumal.php ڪوڏواڻي ٽھلرام جيسومل (ٽھلرام آزاد)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013151621/https://www.sindhisangat.com/(late)kodwani_jassumal.php |date=2019-10-13 }}'''، برک اديب * '''[[2007ع]] ــ [http://encyclopediasindhiana.org/article.php?Dflt=%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%AA%D9%8A%20%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86 نورالدين سرڪي]'''، قانوندان ۽ اديب == ڏڻ ۽ عام موڪل == * '''[https://www.un.org/en/events/nuclearweaponelimination/ نيوڪلائي ھٿيارن جي مڪمل خاتمي جو ڏينھن]''' ==وڌيڪ ڏسو == *[[27 سيپٽمبر]] *[[28 سيپٽمبر]] == حوالا == {{حوالا}} {{مهينا}} [[زمرو:سال جا ڏينهن]] [[زمرو:سيپٽمبر]] tuh2useacm3sgqprtopediiztc0myg1 ايران جا صوبا 0 45955 368066 314020 2026-03-28T10:42:22Z Ibne maryam 17680 368066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox subdivision type | name =ايران جا صوبا | alt_name = صوبو<br>{{lang|fa|استان}} | map = [[فائل:Iran provinces.svg|330px]] | category = [[وحداني رياست]] | territory = [[ايران]] | start_date = | current_number = 31 صوبا | number_date = | population_range = 557,599 ([[ايلام صوبو]]) – 12,183,391 ([[تهران صوبو|تهران]]) | area_range = {{Convert|5833|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} ([[البرز صوبو|البرز]]) – {{Convert|183285|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} ([[ڪرمان صوبو|ڪرمان]]) | government = صوبائي حڪومت، [[حڪومت ايران|قومي حڪومت]] | subdivision = [[ايران جا شهراستان|شهرستان]] }} [[فائل:Provinces_of_Iran_by_population.svg|thumb|280x280px|2014ع جي آدمشاري ۾ آبادي جو تناسب]] [[ايران]] 31 [[صوبو|صوبن]] تي مشتمل ملڪ آهي، ايران ۾ صوبن کي '''استان''' ڪوٺيو وڃي ٿو. هر صوبي کي مقامي شهر مان انتظامي طور سنڀاليو ويندو آهي، جيڪو اڪثر صوبي جو وڏو شهر هوندو آهي، جنهن کي ''[[مرڪز]]'' ڪوٺيو ويندو آهي. هر صوبي جو اڳواڻ [[گورنر جنرل]] هوندو آهي.<ref name="govgen">{{cite web|url=http://www2.irna.com/en/news/view/line-203/0710215516003338.htm|title=Paris for further cultural cooperation with Iran|last=IRNA|first=Online Edition|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023184320/http://www2.irna.com/en/news/view/line-203/0710215516003338.htm|archivedate=23 October 2007|deadurl=yes|accessdate=2007-10-21|df=dmy-all}}</ref> گورنر جنرل ڪابينا جي راضپي کان پوءِ [[ايران جي گھرو وزارت|گھرو وزارت]] مقرر ڪندو آهي. == صوبن جی فھرست == {{Clear}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ ایران جا صوبا ء متعلق معلومات |- style="background:#ace1af;" !صوبو !مختصر !دارالحڪومت !data-sort-type="number"|آبادي (2023)<ref name="2023 census">{{cite web |url=https://irandataportal.syr.edu/census/census-2023 |title=Census 2023: Population and Households of the Country by Province and Sub-province (Shahrestan) |format=Excel |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=Iran Data Portal |publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran |access-date=17 December 2022}}</ref> !ایراضي ! data-sort-type="number" |آبادی جی کثافت (/km<sup>2</sup>) !ضلعا !class="unsortable"|نوٽ !class="unsortable"|نقشو |- | البرز|| AL || ڪرج || style="text-align:right" | 2,730,000 || style="text-align:right" | 5,833|| style="text-align:right" | 465.01|| style="text-align:right" |7||<small>23</small> <small>جنوری، 2010 تائین تھران صوبي جو حصو ھو۔</small>||[[Image:IranAlborz-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | اردابیل|| AR || اردابیل || style="text-align:right" | 1,284,000 || style="text-align:right" | 17,800|| style="text-align:right" | 71.37|| style="text-align:right" |12||<small>1993ع تائین</small> <small>اوبر آذربائيجان صوبي جو حصو ھو.<ref name="ICS">{{cite web| url=http://www.Iranchamber.com/provinces/06_ardabil/06_ardabil.php| title=Ardabil Province| first=Iranian| last=Chamber Society| access-date=2008-07-23| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612055812/http://www.iranchamber.com/provinces/06_ardabil/06_ardabil.php| archive-date=12 June 2008| url-status=live}}</ref></small>||[[Image:IranArdabil-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | بوشھر|| BU || بوشھر || style="text-align:right" | 1,174,000 || style="text-align:right" | 22,743|| style="text-align:right" | 51.15|| style="text-align:right" |10||<small><sub>اصل م فارس صوبي جو حصو ھو ء 1977ع تائین خلیج فارس (فارس جی نار) جی نالی سان سدایو ویندو ھو.<ref name="statoid" /></sub></small>||[[Image:IranBushehr-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | چھار محل ء بختیاري || CB || شھر خورد || style="text-align:right" | 973,000 || style="text-align:right" | 16,332|| style="text-align:right" | 58.03|| style="text-align:right" |11||<small>1973ع تائین اصفھان صوبي جو حصو ھو</small>.<ref name="CMB">{{cite web| url=http://www.ostan-cb.ir/default.aspx?page=185| title=Chahar Mahaal and Bakhtiari Province| first=Ostandarie| last=Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province| access-date=2008-07-23}}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>||[[Image:IranChaharMahaalBakhtiari-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | اوبر آذربائیجان || EA || تبریز || style="text-align:right" | 3,925,000 || style="text-align:right" | 45,650|| style="text-align:right" | 85.64|| style="text-align:right" |21|| ||[[Image:IranEastAzerbaijan-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | [[فارس صوبو|فارس]]|| FA || شیراز || style="text-align:right" | 4,904,000 || style="text-align:right" | 122,608|| style="text-align:right" | 39.57|| style="text-align:right" |37|| ||[[Image:IranFars-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | گیلان|| GN || راشت || style="text-align:right" | 2,546,000 || style="text-align:right" | 14,042|| style="text-align:right" | 180.22|| style="text-align:right" |17|| ||[[Image:IranGilan-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | گلستان|| GO || گورگان || style="text-align:right" | 1,893,000 || style="text-align:right" | 20,195|| style="text-align:right" | 92.53|| style="text-align:right" |14|| <small><sup>31 مئی 1997ع تی علی آباد، گنبد کائوس، گورگان، خوردکوئے، منودشت، ء ترکمان کی مازندران صوبي سان الگ کری گلستان صوبو بنایو ویو۔ گورگان 1937ع تائین استرآباد جی نالی سان سدایو ویندو ھو</sup>.<ref name="statoid" /></small>||[[Image:IranGolestan-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | ھمدان|| HA || ھمدان || style="text-align:right" | 1,756,000 || style="text-align:right" | 19,368|| style="text-align:right" | 90.78|| style="text-align:right" |10||Originally part of Kermanshah province.<ref name="statoid"/>||[[Image:IranHamadan-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | [[هرمزگان صوبو|ھرمزگان]]|| HO || بندر عباس || style="text-align:right" | 1,806,000 || style="text-align:right" | 70,669|| style="text-align:right" | 25.14|| style="text-align:right" |13||<small><sub>Originally part of Kerman province.<ref name="statoid" /> Until 1977, the province was known as ''Banader va''</sub></small> ''<small><sup>Jazayer-e Bahr-e Oman</sup></small>'' <small><sup>(Ports and Islands of the Sea of Oman).<ref name="statoid" /></sup></small>||[[Image:IranHormozgan-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | ایلام|| IL || ایلام || style="text-align:right" | 591,000 || style="text-align:right" | 20,133|| style="text-align:right" | 28.82|| style="text-align:right" |11||Originally part of Kermanshah province.<ref name="statoid"/>||[[Image:IranIlam-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | [[اصفھان صوبو|اصفھان]]|| IS || اصفھان || style="text-align:right" | 5,136,000 || style="text-align:right" | 107,029|| style="text-align:right" | 47.85|| style="text-align:right" |28||In <small><sub>1986, some parts of Markazi province were transferred to Isfahan, Semnan, and Zanjan province</sub></small>s.<ref name="statoid"/>||[[Image:IranEsfahan-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | ڪرمان|| KN || ڪرمان || style="text-align:right" | 3,184,000 || style="text-align:right" | 183,285|| style="text-align:right" | 17.27|| style="text-align:right" |23|| ||[[Image:IranKerman-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | ڪرمان شاھہ|| KE || ڪرمان شاھہ || style="text-align:right" | 2,003,000 || style="text-align:right" | 24,998|| style="text-align:right" | 78.10|| style="text-align:right" |14||B<small><sub>etween 1950 and 1979, both Kermanshah</sub> <sup>province and city were known as ''Kermanshahan'', and between 1979 and 1995 as ''Bakhtaran''.<ref name="statoid" /></sup></small>||[[Image:IranKermanshah-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | خوزستان|| KH || اھواز || style="text-align:right" | 4,725,000 || style="text-align:right" | 64,055|| style="text-align:right" | 73.54|| style="text-align:right" |30|| ||[[Image:IranKhuzestan-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | ڪوھہ گیلویہ ء بویر احمد | KB || یاسوج || style="text-align:right" | 728,000 || style="text-align:right" | 15,504|| style="text-align:right" | 45.99|| style="text-align:right" |9||Originally part of Khuzestan province. Until 1990, the province was known as ''Bovir Ahmadi and Kohkiluyeh''.<ref name="statoid"/>||[[Image:IranKohkiluyehBuyerAhmad-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | ڪردستان || KU || سننداج || style="text-align:right" | 1,614,000 || style="text-align:right" | 29,137|| style="text-align:right" | 55.02|| style="text-align:right" |10||Originally part of Gilan province.<ref name="statoid"/>||[[Image:IranKurdistan-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | لرستان|| LO || خرم آباد || style="text-align:right" | 1,784,000 || style="text-align:right" | 28,294|| style="text-align:right" | 62.23|| style="text-align:right" |11||Originally part of Khuzestan province.<ref name="statoid"/>||[[Image:IranLorestan-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | مرڪزي || MA || آراڪ || style="text-align:right" | 1,436,000 || style="text-align:right" | 29,130|| style="text-align:right" | 49.07|| style="text-align:right" |12||Originally part of Mazandaran province.<ref name="statoid"/> In 1986, some parts of Markazi province were transferred to Isfahan, Semnan, and Zanjan provinces.<ref name="statoid"/>||[[Image:IranMarkazi-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | [[Mazandaran province|Mazandaran]]|| MN || [[Sari, Iran|Sari]] || style="text-align:right" | 3,302,000 || style="text-align:right" | 23,701|| style="text-align:right" | 138.54|| style="text-align:right" |22|| ||[[Image:IranMazandaran-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | [[اتر خراسان صوبو|اتر خراسان]]|| NK || [[بجنورد]] || style="text-align:right" | 868,000 || style="text-align:right" | 28,434|| style="text-align:right" | 30.35|| style="text-align:right" |10||On 29 September 2004, Khorasan province was divided into three provinces: North Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan, and South Khorasan.<ref name="jazeera"/>||[[Image:IranNorthKhorasan-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | قزوین|| QA || قزوین || style="text-align:right" | 1,284,000 || style="text-align:right" | 15,549|| style="text-align:right" | 81.92|| style="text-align:right" |6||On 31 December 1996, the counties of Qazvin and Takestan were separated from Zanjan province to form Qazvin province.<ref name="statoid"/>||[[Image:IranQazvin.svg|80px]] |- | قم|| QM || قم || style="text-align:right" | 1,300,000 || style="text-align:right" | 11,526|| style="text-align:right" | 112.12|| style="text-align:right" |3||Until 1995, Qom was a county of Tehran province.<ref name="statoid"/>||[[Image:IranQom.svg|80px]] |- | [[رضاوي خراسان صوبو|رضاوي]] [[رضاوي خراسان صوبو|خراسان]] | RK || مشھد || style="text-align:right" | 6,444,000 || style="text-align:right" | 118,884|| style="text-align:right" | 54.12|| style="text-align:right" |33||On 29 September 2004, Khorasan province was divided into three provinces: North Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan, and South Khorasan.<ref name="jazeera"/>||[[Image:IranRazaviKhorasan-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | سمنان|| SE || [[Semnan (city)|Semnan]] || style="text-align:right" | 715,000 || style="text-align:right" | 97,491|| style="text-align:right" | 7.20|| style="text-align:right" |8||Originally part of Mazandaran province.<ref name="statoid"/> In 1986, some parts of Markazi province were transferred to Isfahan, Semnan, and Zanjan provinces.<ref name="statoid"/>||[[Image:IranSemnan-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | [[سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبو|سیستان ء بلوچستان]] || SB || زاھدان || style="text-align:right" | 2,777,000 || style="text-align:right" | 180,726|| style="text-align:right" | 15.35|| style="text-align:right" |26||Until 1986, the province was known as ''Baluchestan and Sistan''.<ref name="statoid"/>||[[Image:IranSistanBaluchistan-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | ڏکڻ خراسان|| SK || برجند || style="text-align:right" | 786,000 || style="text-align:right" | 151,913|| style="text-align:right" | 5.06|| style="text-align:right" |11||On 29 September 2004, Khorasan province was divided into three provinces: North Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan, and South Khorasan.<ref name="jazeera"/>||[[Image:IranSouthKhorasan-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | تھران || TE || تھران || style="text-align:right" | 13,323,000 || style="text-align:right" | 18,814|| style="text-align:right" | 705.20|| style="text-align:right" |16||Until 1986, Tehran was part of Markazi province.||[[Image:IranTehran-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | اولھہ آذربائیجان || WA || ارمیاہ || style="text-align:right" | 3,278,000 || style="text-align:right" | 37,437|| style="text-align:right" | 87.22|| style="text-align:right" |17||During the [[Pahlavi dynasty]], [[Urmia]] was known as ''Rezaiyeh''.<ref name="InfoPlease">{{cite web|url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0850203.html|title=Urmia|access-date=2008-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908103150/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0850203.html|archive-date=8 September 2008|url-status=live}}</ref>||[[Image:IranWestAzerbaijan-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | یزد|| YA || یزد || style="text-align:right" | 1,156,000 || style="text-align:right" | 76,469|| style="text-align:right" | 14.89|| style="text-align:right" |13||Originally part of Isfahan province.<ref name="CMB"/> In 1986, part of Kerman province was transferred to Yazd province. In 2002, Tabas County (area: 55,344&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>) was transferred from Khorasan province to Yazd province.<ref name="statoid"/>||[[Image:IranYazd-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | زنجان|| ZA || [[Zanjan (city)|زنجان]] || style="text-align:right" | 1,103,000 || style="text-align:right" | 21,773|| style="text-align:right" | 48.57|| style="text-align:right" |8||Originally part of Gilan province. In 1986, some parts of Markazi province were transferred to Isfahan, Semnan, and Zanjan provinces.<ref name="statoid"/>||[[Image:IranZanjan-SVG.svg|80px]] |- class="sortbottom" | '''[[Iran|ايران]] (ڪل)''' || IR || پ|| style="text-align:right" |'''79,937,000''' |'''{{convert|1,628,554|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}''' || style="text-align:right" | 49.078|| style="text-align:right" |'''474'''|| ||[[Image:Iran location map.svg|80px]] |} == حوالا == {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:ملڪ جي لحاظ کان پهرين سطح جي انتظامي ورهاست]] [[زمرو:ايران جا صوبا]] hgjxohzy0l1ld6fi5vaggyhcc4dhls1 368071 368066 2026-03-28T10:45:58Z Ibne maryam 17680 368071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox subdivision type | name =ايران جا صوبا | alt_name = صوبو<br>{{lang|fa|استان}} | map = [[فائل:Iran provinces.svg|330px]] | category = [[وحداني رياست]] | territory = [[ايران]] | start_date = | current_number = 31 صوبا | number_date = | population_range = 557,599 ([[ايلام صوبو]]) – 12,183,391 ([[تهران صوبو|تهران]]) | area_range = {{Convert|5833|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} ([[البرز صوبو|البرز]]) – {{Convert|183285|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} ([[ڪرمان صوبو|ڪرمان]]) | government = صوبائي حڪومت، [[حڪومت ايران|قومي حڪومت]] | subdivision = [[ايران جا شهراستان|شهرستان]] }} [[فائل:Provinces_of_Iran_by_population.svg|thumb|280x280px|2014ع جي آدمشاري ۾ آبادي جو تناسب]] [[ايران]] 31 [[صوبو|صوبن]] تي مشتمل ملڪ آهي، ايران ۾ صوبن کي '''استان''' ڪوٺيو وڃي ٿو. هر صوبي کي مقامي شهر مان انتظامي طور سنڀاليو ويندو آهي، جيڪو اڪثر صوبي جو وڏو شهر هوندو آهي، جنهن کي ''[[مرڪز]]'' ڪوٺيو ويندو آهي. هر صوبي جو اڳواڻ [[گورنر جنرل]] هوندو آهي.<ref name="govgen">{{cite web|url=http://www2.irna.com/en/news/view/line-203/0710215516003338.htm|title=Paris for further cultural cooperation with Iran|last=IRNA|first=Online Edition|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023184320/http://www2.irna.com/en/news/view/line-203/0710215516003338.htm|archivedate=23 October 2007|deadurl=yes|accessdate=2007-10-21|df=dmy-all}}</ref> گورنر جنرل ڪابينا جي راضپي کان پوءِ [[ايران جي گھرو وزارت|گھرو وزارت]] مقرر ڪندو آهي. == صوبن جی فھرست == {{Clear}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ ایران جا صوبا ء متعلق معلومات |- style="background:#ace1af;" !صوبو !مختصر !دارالحڪومت !data-sort-type="number"|آبادي (2023)<ref name="2023 census">{{cite web |url=https://irandataportal.syr.edu/census/census-2023 |title=Census 2023: Population and Households of the Country by Province and Sub-province (Shahrestan) |format=Excel |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=Iran Data Portal |publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran |access-date=17 December 2022}}</ref> !ایراضي ! data-sort-type="number" |آبادی جی کثافت (/km<sup>2</sup>) !ضلعا !class="unsortable"|نوٽ !class="unsortable"|نقشو |- | البرز|| AL || [[ڪرج]]|| style="text-align:right" | 2,730,000 || style="text-align:right" | 5,833|| style="text-align:right" | 465.01|| style="text-align:right" |7||<small>23</small> <small>جنوری، 2010 تائین تھران صوبي جو حصو ھو۔</small>||[[Image:IranAlborz-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | اردابیل|| AR || اردابیل || style="text-align:right" | 1,284,000 || style="text-align:right" | 17,800|| style="text-align:right" | 71.37|| style="text-align:right" |12||<small>1993ع تائین</small> <small>اوبر آذربائيجان صوبي جو حصو ھو.<ref name="ICS">{{cite web| url=http://www.Iranchamber.com/provinces/06_ardabil/06_ardabil.php| title=Ardabil Province| first=Iranian| last=Chamber Society| access-date=2008-07-23| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612055812/http://www.iranchamber.com/provinces/06_ardabil/06_ardabil.php| archive-date=12 June 2008| url-status=live}}</ref></small>||[[Image:IranArdabil-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | بوشھر|| BU || بوشھر || style="text-align:right" | 1,174,000 || style="text-align:right" | 22,743|| style="text-align:right" | 51.15|| style="text-align:right" |10||<small><sub>اصل م فارس صوبي جو حصو ھو ء 1977ع تائین خلیج فارس (فارس جی نار) جی نالی سان سدایو ویندو ھو.<ref name="statoid" /></sub></small>||[[Image:IranBushehr-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | چھار محل ء بختیاري || CB || شھر خورد || style="text-align:right" | 973,000 || style="text-align:right" | 16,332|| style="text-align:right" | 58.03|| style="text-align:right" |11||<small>1973ع تائین اصفھان صوبي جو حصو ھو</small>.<ref name="CMB">{{cite web| url=http://www.ostan-cb.ir/default.aspx?page=185| title=Chahar Mahaal and Bakhtiari Province| first=Ostandarie| last=Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province| access-date=2008-07-23}}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>||[[Image:IranChaharMahaalBakhtiari-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | اوبر آذربائیجان || EA || تبریز || style="text-align:right" | 3,925,000 || style="text-align:right" | 45,650|| style="text-align:right" | 85.64|| style="text-align:right" |21|| ||[[Image:IranEastAzerbaijan-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | [[فارس صوبو|فارس]]|| FA || شیراز || style="text-align:right" | 4,904,000 || style="text-align:right" | 122,608|| style="text-align:right" | 39.57|| style="text-align:right" |37|| ||[[Image:IranFars-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | گیلان|| GN || راشت || style="text-align:right" | 2,546,000 || style="text-align:right" | 14,042|| style="text-align:right" | 180.22|| style="text-align:right" |17|| ||[[Image:IranGilan-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | گلستان|| GO || گورگان || style="text-align:right" | 1,893,000 || style="text-align:right" | 20,195|| style="text-align:right" | 92.53|| style="text-align:right" |14|| <small><sup>31 مئی 1997ع تی علی آباد، گنبد کائوس، گورگان، خوردکوئے، منودشت، ء ترکمان کی مازندران صوبي سان الگ کری گلستان صوبو بنایو ویو۔ گورگان 1937ع تائین استرآباد جی نالی سان سدایو ویندو ھو</sup>.<ref name="statoid" /></small>||[[Image:IranGolestan-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | ھمدان|| HA || ھمدان || style="text-align:right" | 1,756,000 || style="text-align:right" | 19,368|| style="text-align:right" | 90.78|| style="text-align:right" |10||Originally part of Kermanshah province.<ref name="statoid"/>||[[Image:IranHamadan-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | [[هرمزگان صوبو|ھرمزگان]]|| HO || [[بندر عباس]]|| style="text-align:right" | 1,806,000 || style="text-align:right" | 70,669|| style="text-align:right" | 25.14|| style="text-align:right" |13||<small><sub>Originally part of Kerman province.<ref name="statoid" /> Until 1977, the province was known as ''Banader va''</sub></small> ''<small><sup>Jazayer-e Bahr-e Oman</sup></small>'' <small><sup>(Ports and Islands of the Sea of Oman).<ref name="statoid" /></sup></small>||[[Image:IranHormozgan-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | ایلام|| IL || ایلام || style="text-align:right" | 591,000 || style="text-align:right" | 20,133|| style="text-align:right" | 28.82|| style="text-align:right" |11||Originally part of Kermanshah province.<ref name="statoid"/>||[[Image:IranIlam-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | [[اصفھان صوبو|اصفھان]]|| IS || [[اصفھان]]|| style="text-align:right" | 5,136,000 || style="text-align:right" | 107,029|| style="text-align:right" | 47.85|| style="text-align:right" |28||In <small><sub>1986, some parts of Markazi province were transferred to Isfahan, Semnan, and Zanjan province</sub></small>s.<ref name="statoid"/>||[[Image:IranEsfahan-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | ڪرمان|| KN || ڪرمان || style="text-align:right" | 3,184,000 || style="text-align:right" | 183,285|| style="text-align:right" | 17.27|| style="text-align:right" |23|| ||[[Image:IranKerman-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | ڪرمان شاھہ|| KE || ڪرمان شاھہ || style="text-align:right" | 2,003,000 || style="text-align:right" | 24,998|| style="text-align:right" | 78.10|| style="text-align:right" |14||B<small><sub>etween 1950 and 1979, both Kermanshah</sub> <sup>province and city were known as ''Kermanshahan'', and between 1979 and 1995 as ''Bakhtaran''.<ref name="statoid" /></sup></small>||[[Image:IranKermanshah-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | خوزستان|| KH || اھواز || style="text-align:right" | 4,725,000 || style="text-align:right" | 64,055|| style="text-align:right" | 73.54|| style="text-align:right" |30|| ||[[Image:IranKhuzestan-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | ڪوھہ گیلویہ ء بویر احمد | KB || یاسوج || style="text-align:right" | 728,000 || style="text-align:right" | 15,504|| style="text-align:right" | 45.99|| style="text-align:right" |9||Originally part of Khuzestan province. Until 1990, the province was known as ''Bovir Ahmadi and Kohkiluyeh''.<ref name="statoid"/>||[[Image:IranKohkiluyehBuyerAhmad-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | ڪردستان || KU || سننداج || style="text-align:right" | 1,614,000 || style="text-align:right" | 29,137|| style="text-align:right" | 55.02|| style="text-align:right" |10||Originally part of Gilan province.<ref name="statoid"/>||[[Image:IranKurdistan-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | لرستان|| LO || خرم آباد || style="text-align:right" | 1,784,000 || style="text-align:right" | 28,294|| style="text-align:right" | 62.23|| style="text-align:right" |11||Originally part of Khuzestan province.<ref name="statoid"/>||[[Image:IranLorestan-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | مرڪزي || MA || آراڪ || style="text-align:right" | 1,436,000 || style="text-align:right" | 29,130|| style="text-align:right" | 49.07|| style="text-align:right" |12||Originally part of Mazandaran province.<ref name="statoid"/> In 1986, some parts of Markazi province were transferred to Isfahan, Semnan, and Zanjan provinces.<ref name="statoid"/>||[[Image:IranMarkazi-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | مازندران|| MN || ساري || style="text-align:right" | 3,302,000 || style="text-align:right" | 23,701|| style="text-align:right" | 138.54|| style="text-align:right" |22|| ||[[Image:IranMazandaran-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | [[اتر خراسان صوبو|اتر خراسان]]|| NK || [[بجنورد]] || style="text-align:right" | 868,000 || style="text-align:right" | 28,434|| style="text-align:right" | 30.35|| style="text-align:right" |10||On 29 September 2004, Khorasan province was divided into three provinces: North Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan, and South Khorasan.<ref name="jazeera"/>||[[Image:IranNorthKhorasan-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | قزوین|| QA || قزوین || style="text-align:right" | 1,284,000 || style="text-align:right" | 15,549|| style="text-align:right" | 81.92|| style="text-align:right" |6||On 31 December 1996, the counties of Qazvin and Takestan were separated from Zanjan province to form Qazvin province.<ref name="statoid"/>||[[Image:IranQazvin.svg|80px]] |- | قم|| QM || قم || style="text-align:right" | 1,300,000 || style="text-align:right" | 11,526|| style="text-align:right" | 112.12|| style="text-align:right" |3||Until 1995, Qom was a county of Tehran province.<ref name="statoid"/>||[[Image:IranQom.svg|80px]] |- | [[رضاوي خراسان صوبو|رضاوي]] [[رضاوي خراسان صوبو|خراسان]] | RK || [[مشھد]]|| style="text-align:right" | 6,444,000 || style="text-align:right" | 118,884|| style="text-align:right" | 54.12|| style="text-align:right" |33||On 29 September 2004, Khorasan province was divided into three provinces: North Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan, and South Khorasan.<ref name="jazeera"/>||[[Image:IranRazaviKhorasan-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | سمنان|| SE || سمنان || style="text-align:right" | 715,000 || style="text-align:right" | 97,491|| style="text-align:right" | 7.20|| style="text-align:right" |8||Originally part of Mazandaran province.<ref name="statoid"/> In 1986, some parts of Markazi province were transferred to Isfahan, Semnan, and Zanjan provinces.<ref name="statoid"/>||[[Image:IranSemnan-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | [[سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبو|سیستان ء بلوچستان]] || SB || [[زاھدان]]|| style="text-align:right" | 2,777,000 || style="text-align:right" | 180,726|| style="text-align:right" | 15.35|| style="text-align:right" |26||Until 1986, the province was known as ''Baluchestan and Sistan''.<ref name="statoid"/>||[[Image:IranSistanBaluchistan-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | ڏکڻ خراسان|| SK || برجند || style="text-align:right" | 786,000 || style="text-align:right" | 151,913|| style="text-align:right" | 5.06|| style="text-align:right" |11||On 29 September 2004, Khorasan province was divided into three provinces: North Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan, and South Khorasan.<ref name="jazeera"/>||[[Image:IranSouthKhorasan-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | تھران || TE || [[تھران]]|| style="text-align:right" | 13,323,000 || style="text-align:right" | 18,814|| style="text-align:right" | 705.20|| style="text-align:right" |16||Until 1986, Tehran was part of Markazi province.||[[Image:IranTehran-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | اولھہ آذربائیجان || WA || ارمیاہ || style="text-align:right" | 3,278,000 || style="text-align:right" | 37,437|| style="text-align:right" | 87.22|| style="text-align:right" |17||During the [[Pahlavi dynasty]], [[Urmia]] was known as ''Rezaiyeh''.<ref name="InfoPlease">{{cite web|url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0850203.html|title=Urmia|access-date=2008-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908103150/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0850203.html|archive-date=8 September 2008|url-status=live}}</ref>||[[Image:IranWestAzerbaijan-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | یزد|| YA || یزد || style="text-align:right" | 1,156,000 || style="text-align:right" | 76,469|| style="text-align:right" | 14.89|| style="text-align:right" |13||Originally part of Isfahan province.<ref name="CMB"/> In 1986, part of Kerman province was transferred to Yazd province. In 2002, Tabas County (area: 55,344&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>) was transferred from Khorasan province to Yazd province.<ref name="statoid"/>||[[Image:IranYazd-SVG.svg|80px]] |- | زنجان|| ZA || [[Zanjan (city)|زنجان]] || style="text-align:right" | 1,103,000 || style="text-align:right" | 21,773|| style="text-align:right" | 48.57|| style="text-align:right" |8||Originally part of Gilan province. In 1986, some parts of Markazi province were transferred to Isfahan, Semnan, and Zanjan provinces.<ref name="statoid"/>||[[Image:IranZanjan-SVG.svg|80px]] |- class="sortbottom" | '''[[Iran|ايران]] (ڪل)''' || IR || تهران || style="text-align:right" |'''79,937,000''' |'''{{convert|1,628,554|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}''' || style="text-align:right" | 49.078|| style="text-align:right" |'''474'''|| ||[[Image:Iran location map.svg|80px]] |} == حوالا == {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:ملڪ جي لحاظ کان پهرين سطح جي انتظامي ورهاست]] [[زمرو:ايران جا صوبا]] djwdkiu59b7ejp60vr2iws3mzoalv3c 1 ڊسمبر 0 46010 367975 343847 2026-03-28T05:06:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13773 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 367975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{calendar}} '''1 ڊسمبر''' {{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي='''December 1'''}}، [[عيسوي سال]] جو 335 هون ([[ليپ سال]] 336 هون) ڏينهن آهي، [[سال]] پوري ٿيڻ ۾ 30 ڏينهن باقي آهن. == واقعا == 1 ڊسمبر 1938ع ٻي ھاري ڪانفرنس ٽنڊوڄام ۾ رفيق محمد امين خان کوسو جي صدارت ھيٺ ٿي. == پيدائش == * '''[[1761ع]]''' ــ '''[[:en:Marie_Tussaud|ميري تسائو]]''' (Marie Tussaud)، ميڻ جا پتلا ٺاھڻ جي ماھر خاتون، لنڊن جي ميڊم تسائو عجائب گھر جو پايو وجھندڙ خاتون * '''[[1916ع]]''' ــ '''[http://encyclopediasindhiana.org/article.php?Dflt=%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%20%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF%20%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84 محمد پريل سومرو]'''، پيري (چورن جا پيرا کڻندڙ) * '''[[1924ع]]''' ــ '''[[Nisar Bazmi|نثار بزمي]]'''، موسيقار * '''[[1931ع]]''' ــ '''[[حفيظ شيخ]]'''، سنڌي ڪھاڻيڪار * '''[[1937ع]]''' ــ '''[https://www.sindhisangat.com/goverdhan_sharma.php گوورڌن نامديو شرما ”گھايل“]{{مئل ڳنڍڻو|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'''، شاعر ۽ اديب * '''[[1937ع]]''' ــ '''[[سعيدالزمان صديقي]]'''، پاڪستان جي سپريم ڪورٽ جو اڳوڻو چيف جسٽس * '''[[1938ع]]''' ــ '''[http://encyclopediasindhiana.org/article.php?Dflt=%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%20%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF%20%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%84%20%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1 محمد اسماعيل منصور سومرو]'''، تعليمي ماھر، اديب، شاعر * '''[[1938ع]]''' ــ '''[[:en:Wajihuddin_Ahmed|وجيھہ الدين احمد]]'''، سپريم ڪورٽ جو اڳوڻو جج * '''[[1941ع]]''' ــ '''[http://encyclopediasindhiana.org/article.php?Dflt=%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%20%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A امير بخاري] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501092639/http://encyclopediasindhiana.org/article.php?Dflt=%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%20%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A |date=2016-05-01 }}'''، شاعر، ليکڪ ۽ صحافي * '''[[1947ع]]''' ــ '''[[:en:Mian_Muhammad_Mansha|ميان محمد منشا]]'''، پاڪستان جي ڪاروباري شخصيت * '''[[1948ع]]''' ــ '''[[:en:Sarfraz_Nawaz|سرفراز نواز]]'''، پاڪستان جو اڳوڻو ڪرڪيٽر * '''[[1958ع]]''' ــ '''[[افضل سولنگي]]'''، عوامي شاعر * '''[[1963ع]]''' ــ '''[[:en:Arjuna_Ranatunga|ارجنا راناتنگا]] '''، سريلنڪا جو ڪرڪيٽر * '''[[1964ع]]''' ــ '''[[:en:Udit_Narayan|ادت نارائڻ]]'''، ڀارتي ڳائڻو * '''[[1965ع]]''' ــ '''[https://encyclopediasindhiana.org/article.php?Dflt=%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87%20%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A%20%DA%8A%D8%A7%DA%AA%D9%BD%D8%B1 ڊاڪٽر زرينہ قاضي]'''، تعليمي ماھر ۽ ليکڪہ * '''[[1967ع]]''' ــ '''[[امر فياض ٻرڙو]]'''، لسانياتي انجنيئر * '''[[1981ع]]''' ــ '''[[:en:Meesha_Shafi|ميشا شفيع]]'''، پاڪستاني اداڪارہ، ماڊل ۽ گلوڪارہ == فوتگيون == * '''[[1210ع]]''' ــ '''[[:en:Qutb_al-Din_Aibak|قطب الدين ايبڪ]]'''، غلام گھراڻي جو بادشاھ * '''[[1980ع]]''' ــ '''[[منگهارام ملڪاڻي|منگھارام اڌارام ملڪاڻي]]'''، سنڌي دانشور، ليکڪ ۽ ڊرامانگار * '''[[1986ع]]''' ــ '''[https://encyclopediasindhiana.org/article.php?Dflt=%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%20%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF%20%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8 محمد ايوب ساند]'''، استاد ۽ سماج سڌارڪ * '''[[1990ع]]''' ــ '''[[:en:Vijaya_Lakshmi_Pandit|وجي لڪشمي پنڊت]]'''، گڏيل قومن جي جنرل اسيمبليءَ جي پھرين خاتون صدر * '''[[2003ع]]''' ــ '''[[:en:Hamza_Alvi|حمزہ علوي]]'''، سوشلسٽ، ليکڪ * '''[[2003ع]]''' ــ '''[https://www.dawn.com/news/127378 علي احمد بروھي]'''، ليکڪ == ڏڻ ۽ عام موڪل == * ايڊز جو عالمي ڏينھن *[[سنڌي ثقافتي ڏھاڙو|سنڌي ثقافتي ڏهاڙو]] ==وڌيڪ ڏسو == * [[2 ڊسمبر]] * [[3 ڊسمبر]] == حوالا == {{حوالا}} {{مهينا}} [[زمرو:سال جا ڏينهن]] [[زمرو:ڊسمبر]] aqozpz0qmzue5sdpnqrgo4ur7bykz0i ماءُ جو ڏھاڙو 0 47701 368072 275409 2026-03-28T10:50:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13773 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 368072 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ڄاڻخانو موڪل|holiday_name=مدرز ڊي، امڙِين جو ڏينھن، ماءُ جو ڏھاڙو|type=غير مذھبي|image=Clara's Card.jpg|caption=ھڪ ٻُڍڙي ماءُ پنھنجي پُٽَ پاران تحفو ڏنل ڪارڊ ھٿ ۾ پَڪڙي ويٺل آ|observedby=اڪثر مُلڪ|significance=ماءُ جو احترام ۽ ماءُ جا احسان مڃڻ جي يادگيري|date=ٻہ ٽي مختلف تاريخن تي|celebrations=|duration=1 ڏينھن|frequency=سالياڻو|observances=|relatedto=[[ٻارڙن جو ڏھاڙو]]،[[پيءُ جو ڏھاڙو]]، [[پاڻي جو عالمي ڏھاڙو]]}} '''ماءُ ڏھاڙو'''، ماءُ جو عالمي ڏھاڙو، '''امڙين جو ڏينهن''' يا '''مائرن جو ڏينهن ('''{{lang-en|Mother's Day}}''')''' هر سال ھي ڏھاڙو مختلف مُلڪن ۾ مَلھايو ويندو آهي، ان ڏينھن کي ملھائڻ لاءِ دنيا ۾ ڪا بہ ھڪ متفق تاريخ نه آهي، اهو ڏينهن مختلف ملڪن ۾ مختلف تاريخن تي ملھايو ويندو آهي. [[پاڪستان]] ۽ اٽليءَ سميت گهڻا ملڪ، ھي ڏھاڙو مئي مهيني ۾ ھفتي جي ٻئي آچر تي ملھائيندا آھن،<ref>https://onlineindus.com/sindhi/78229{{مئل ڳنڍڻو|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ۽ اهڙا ڪيترائي ملڪ پڻ آھن جيڪي اھو ڏينھن جنوري، مارچ، نومبر يا آڪٽوبر ۾ مَلھائيندا آھن. هن ڏينهن کي مَلِھائڻ جو مقصد پنھنجي ماءُُ جي اهميت جو احساس ڪرڻ، سندس خدمت ڪرڻ، ۽ امڙ کي خوشي ڏيڻ آهي. مائرن جو ڏھاڙو موڪل طور پھريون ڀيرو 1908ع ۾ ملھايو ويو، جڏھن انا جروس پنھنجي ماءُ کي ڀيٽا ڏيڻ لاءِ يادگيري طور سينٽ اينڊريئو ميٿئيوڊسٽ چرچ، گرافٽن اولھ ورجينيا ۾ ملھايو.<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://www.pahenjiakhbar.com/news_paper/%da%aa%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ac%d9%8a-%d8%b9%d8%b8%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%b1%d8%b4%d8%aa%d9%8a-%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%a1%d9%8f-%da%a9%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%b3%d9%86%da%8c-%d8%b3%d9%88/|title=سنڌ سوڌو سموري دُنيا ۾ اڄ مائرن جو عالمي ڏينهن ملهايو پيو وڃي|language=sd|access-date=2019-05-12}}</ref> انا جوروس جو چوڻ ھيو تہ ”تحفا ۽ ٺھيل ڪارڊ وٺڻ بدران ماڻھو پنھنجي امڙ کيََ جَسسس ڏيڻ، ڀيٽا ڏيڻ ۽ ساراھڻ لاءِ ھٿ سان لکيل خط محبت جي اظھار طور ڀيٽا ڏين“. ھن ڏينھن تي پرنٽ توڙي اليڪٽرانڪ ميڊيا خاص پروگرام ھلائيندا آھن، جڏھن تہ ماڻھو پنھنجي امڙين کي مانُ ڏيڻ لاءِ تحفا ڏيندا آھن<ref>{{Citation |title=آرڪائيو ڪاپي |url=https://onlineindus.com/Sindhi/newsdescription/12715 |accessdate=2019-05-12 |archive-date=2021-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301060933/https://onlineindus.com/Sindhi/newsdescription/12715 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ۽ سندن خدمتن جي ساراھ ڪندا آھن. جِِن ماڻھن جون مائر فوت ٿي ويون ھونديون آھن سي پنھنجي ماءُ لاءِ دعا گھرندا آھن، سندن قبر تي ويندا آھن، اسڪول مائرن کي خدمتن جي مڃتا لاءِ خاص پروگرام منعقد ڪري ڀيٽا پيش ڪندا آھن. === پاڪستان === [[پاڪستان]] ۾ ماءُ جو ڏھاڙو مئي جي ٻئي آچر تي ملهايو ويندو آهي. == حوالا == {{حوالا}} == پڻ ڏسو == * [[پيئرن جو ڏينهن]] [[زمرو:نومبر جون تقريبون]] [[زمرو:مئي جون تقريبون]] [[زمرو:سرگرم موڪلون]] [[زمرو:مارچ جون تقريبون]] [[زمرو:مادريت]] [[زمرو:فيبروري جون تقريبون]] [[زمرو:سوويت يونين ۾ عوامي موڪلون]] [[زمرو:ڊسمبر جون تقريبون]] [[زمرو:جون ۾ تقريبون]] [[زمرو:جولاءِ ۾ تقريبون]] [[زمرو:جنوري ۾ تقريبون]] [[زمرو:آگسٽ ۾ تقريبون]] [[زمرو:آڪٽوبر ۾ تقريبون]] [[زمرو:اپريل جون تقريبون]] 8woc45wdyrxn5su4iw4gbinjwn8aapc سانچو:Soft hyphen 10 48614 367906 147196 2026-03-27T20:50:14Z Intisar Ali 8681 صفحي کي [[سانچو:Shy]] ڏانھن چوريو 367906 wikitext text/x-wiki #چوريو[[سانچو:Shy]] j58hu6doln2gw6f23ymo8gfbtluiswr تھران 0 48862 368091 354072 2026-03-28T11:11:21Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* حوالا */ 368091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = {{raise|0.2em| تھران}} | official_name | گريٽر تھران | native_name = {{lower|0.1em|{{lang|fa|تهران بزرگ}}}} | native_name_lang = | settlement_type = [[گاديءَ جو هنڌ]] | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a = Towers in Tehran City at night.jpg|px300{{!}}ميلاد ٽاور قرب ٽائون وٽان | photo2a = Azadi Tower - Tehran City.jpg{{!}} آزادي ٽاور | photo2b = Elahiyeh.gif{{!}}شيميران | photo3a = Bagh-e Ferdows Tajrish.jpg{{!}} فردوس باغ | photo3b = City Theater, Tehran.jpg{{!}} شھر جي سينيما | photo4a = نمایی از شمس العماره.jpg{{!}}Golestan Palace | photo4b = Silk Bridge Tehran2.jpg{{!}}توڪال جبل ايڪسپريس وي وٽان | photo5a = Chitgar Lake, Tehran.jpg{{!}}چٽگار ڊنڍ | photo5b ={{!}} تبيعت پل | spacing = 2 | size = 266 | foot_montage = گھڙيالي ڦيري وانگر مٿان کان هيٺ: ميلاد ٽاور، قرب ٽائون وٽان؛ شيميران، تھران جي سينيما؛ توڪال جبل ابريشم پل کان ؛ تبيعت پل؛ چٽگار ڍنڍ؛ گولستان محل؛ فردوس باغ؛ ۽ آزادي ٽا. }} | image_caption = | image_seal = Tehran Logo.png | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = | pushpin_map = Iran Tehran#Iran#Asia | pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_relief = yes | pushpin_map_caption = تھران جو ايران ۽ ايشيا ۾ مقام | coordinates = {{coord|35|41|21|N|51|20|20|E|region:IR|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ملڪ | subdivision_name = {{flagicon|Iran}} [[ايران]] | subdivision_type1 = [[ايران جا صوبا|صوبو]] | subdivision_type2 = [[ايران جون ضلعا|ضلعو]] | subdivision_type3 = [[بخش| ضلعو]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name1 = [[تھران صوبو]] | subdivision_name2 = [[تھران ڪائونٽي]]<br/>[[رئي ڪائونٽي ، ايران|رئي]]<br/>[[شيميرانٽ ڪائونٽي]] | subdivision_name3 = [[سينٽرل ڊسٽرڪٽ, تھران| سينٽرل ضلعو]] | subdivision_name4 = | established_title = | established_date = 1778 | leader_title = [[تھران جو ميئر|ميئر]] | leader_name = [[پيروز حناچي]] | leader_title2 = [[تھران جي اسلامي شھري ڪائونسل| شھري ڪائونسل جو چيئرمين]] | leader_name2 = [[محسن ھاشمي رفسنجاني]] | area_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.daftlogic.com/downloads/kml/07102015-iocvfsaw.kml ''Tehran'']{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}. Daft Logic.</ref> | area_magnitude = | area_land_km2 = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = 1780 | area_metro_km2 = 1748 | area_urban_sq_mi = | elevation_footnotes = <ref>[http://en.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=97 ''Tehran, Environment & Geography''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033007/http://en.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=97 |date=2015-11-17 }}. Tehran.ir.</ref> | elevation_m = 900 to 1830 | elevation_ft = 2952 to 6003 | population_footnotes = <ref>Urban population: Data for [[Tehran County]]. ~97.5% of county population live in Tehran city<br>Metro population: Estimate on base of census data, includes central part of Tehran province and [[Karaj County]] and [[Fardis]] from [[Alborz province]]</ref> | population_density_km2 = 11800 | population_urban = 8,693,706<ref>https://www.amar.org.ir/english</ref> | population_metro = 15,232,564<ref>{{Cite web | website=citypopulation.de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913144137/http://citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html |url=http://citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html |archive-date=2018-09-13 |title = Major Agglomerations of the World - Population Statistics and Maps | date= 2018-09-13}}</ref> | population_est = | population_est_as_of = | population_blank1_title = Population Rank in Iran | population_blank1 = آبادي ۾ ملڪ جو سڀ کان وڏو شھر | population_demonym = تھراني - (انگريزي ۾ ) تھرانين | area_code = (+98) 021 | blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] | blank_info = [[Semi-arid climate#Cold semi-arid climates|BSk]] | website = [http://en.tehran.ir/ www.tehran.ir] | footnotes = | timezone = [[ايران جو معياري وقت]] | utc_offset = +03:30 | timezone_DST = [[Iran Daylight saving Time|IRDT]] | utc_offset_DST = +04:30 }} '''تھران '''{{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= '''Tehran '''}} {{transl|fa|Tehrân}} {{IPA-fa|tehˈɾɒ:n||Fa-ir-Tehran_(1).ogg}})[[ايران]] جو سڀ کان وڏو شھر ۽ گادي جو هنڌ آهي. اھو ايران جي [[تھران صوبو|تھران صوبي]] جو پڻ گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي. شھر جي آبادي 87 لک آھي ۽ [[گريٽر تھران ميٽروپوليٽن]] واري علائقي جي آبادي ڏيڍ ڪروڙ آھي. <ref> ''See [[List of metropolitan areas in Asia]].''</ref> ھي دنيا جو چوويھون وڏو شھر آھي. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/urban_2006_1.html |title=The world's largest cities and urban areas in 2006 |website=City Mayors |accessdate=2010-09-25}}</ref> 2016 کان شھري ڪائونسل جي فيصلي مطابق ھر سال ڇھ آڪٽوبر کي ھن شھر جو ڏينھن ڪري ملھايو ويندو آهي جنھن ڏينھن جن شھر کي قجر گھراڻي جي حڪومت ھن شھر کي سرڪاري طور تي گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻايو ھو.<ref>https://ifpnews.com/exclusive/citizens-of-capital-mark-tehran-day-on-october-6/</ref> ==تاريخ== تاريخ جي پراڻي رڪارڊ مطابق ھن شھر واري علائقي تي سڀ کان اول [[ميڊيا (علائقو)|ميڊيا]] وارن قبضو ڪيو ۽ ھي شھر اڏجڻ بعد [[ميڊيا (علائقو)|ميڊيا]] جو اھم شھر بڻجي ويو.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Erdösy, George. |title=The Indo-Aryans of ancient South Asia: Language, material culture and ethnicity |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |date=1995 |page=165 |quote=Possible western place names are the following: Raya-, which is also the ancient name of Median Raga in the Achaemenid inscriptions (Darius, Bisotun 2.13: ''a land in Media called Raga'') and modern Rey south of Tehran}}</ref> ھن شھر کي بعد ۾ مسلمان عربن، ترڪن ۽ منگولن چڙھائي ڪري اجاڙي ڇڏيو پر وري وري آباد ٿي اھميت حاصل ڪئي. [[قجر شاھي گھراڻو|قجر گھراڻي]] جي بادشاھ [[آغا محمد خان قجر]] 1796 ۾ روس سان جنگين دوران ڪوھ قاف جي علائقي کسجي وڃڻ ڪري، ڪوھ قاف جي ويجھو ھجڻ ڪري ھن شھر کي گادي جو هنڌ بڻايو. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/585619/Tehran |title=Tehran (Iran) : Introduction – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |work=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=2012-05-21}}</ref> ==مشھور جايون== تھران مشھور تاريخي جاين سان ڀريل آهي جن م [[گولستان محل]]، [[سعد آباد واري عمارت]]، [[نياوران ڪامپليڪس]] پڻ شامل آهن جن م گذريل ٻن شاھي گھراڻن جي رھائش ۽ درٻارون ھيون. ھن شھر جي مشھور جاين ۾ [[آزادي ٽاور]] ھڪ آهي جيڪو [[محمد رضا پھلوي(ايران)|رضا شاھ پھلوي]] 1971 م فارس جي شھنشاھيت جي اڍائي ھزار سالا جشن جي تقريب جي ياد ۾ ٺھرايل ھڪ يادگار آھي. ا شھر جو ميلاد ٽاور 2007 م مڪمل ٿيو جيڪو دنيا جي بغير ٽيڪ وارن منارن ۾ ڇھون نمبر وڏو منارو آھي. طبعيت پل بہ مشھور جاء آھي جيڪا 2014 ۾ ٺھي راس ٿي.<ref name="archdaily">{{Cite web |url=http://www.archdaily.com/566387/tabiat-pedestrian-bridge-diba-tensile-architecture |title=Tabiat Pedestrian Bridge / Diba Tensile Architecture |publisher=[[ArchDaily]] |date=November 17, 2014}}</ref> ==آبادي== ھن شھر جي آبادي جي اڪثريت [[فارسي ماڻھو|فارسي ماڻھن]] جي آھي جن جي ٻولي [[فارسي ٻولي|فارسي]] آھي.<ref name="Mohammad">{{Cite book |author=Abbasi-Shavazi, Mohammad Jalal; McDonald, Peter; Hosseini-Chavoshi, Meimanat. |title=The Fertility Transition in Iran: Revolution and Reproduction |publisher=Springer |date=September 30, 2009 |pages=100–101 |chapter=Region of Residence}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |author=Schuppe, Mareike. |title=Coping with Growth in Tehran: Strategies of Development Regulation |publisher=GRIN Verlag |date=2008 |page=13 |quote=Besides Persian, there are Azari, Armenian, and Jewish communities in Tehran. The vast majority of Tehran's residents are Persian-speaking (98.3%).}} </ref> شھر جي 99 سيڪڙو آبادي فارسي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ آھي جن ۾ غير فارسي نسل جا ماڻھو بہ شامل آهن جن جي فارسي مادري زبان نہ پر رابطي واري زبان آھي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:ايران]] [[زمرو:وڏا شهر]] [[زمرو:راڄڌانيون]] [[زمرو:تهران صوبو]] [[زمرو:ايران ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ راڄڌانيون]] [[زمرو:سلڪ روڊ سان گڏ آباد هنڌ]] rrreox8eb1fh2ylw7qiz4k8duoiy2ft 368095 368091 2026-03-28T11:22:05Z Ibne maryam 17680 368095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = {{raise|0.2em| تھران}} || | native_name = Tehran | native_name_lang =فارسي | settlement_type = [[راڄڌاني|گاديءَ جو هنڌ]] | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a = Towers in Tehran City at night.jpg|px300{{!}}ميلاد ٽاور قرب ٽائون وٽان | photo2a = Azadi Tower - Tehran City.jpg{{!}} آزادي ٽاور | photo2b = Elahiyeh.gif{{!}}شيميران | photo3a = Bagh-e Ferdows Tajrish.jpg{{!}} فردوس باغ | photo3b = City Theater, Tehran.jpg{{!}} شھر جي سينيما | photo4a = نمایی از شمس العماره.jpg{{!}}Golestan Palace | photo4b = Silk Bridge Tehran2.jpg{{!}}توڪال جبل ايڪسپريس وي وٽان | photo5a = Chitgar Lake, Tehran.jpg{{!}}چٽگار ڊنڍ | photo5b ={{!}} تبيعت پل | spacing = 2 | size = 266 | foot_montage = گھڙيالي ڦيري وانگر مٿان کان هيٺ: ميلاد ٽاور، قرب ٽائون وٽان؛ شيميران، تھران جي سينيما؛ توڪال جبل ابريشم پل کان ؛ تبيعت پل؛ چٽگار ڍنڍ؛ گولستان محل؛ فردوس باغ؛ ۽ آزادي ٽا.}} | image_caption = | image_seal = Tehran Logo.png | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = | pushpin_map = Iran Tehran#Iran#Asia | pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_relief = yes | pushpin_map_caption = تھران جو ايران ۽ ايشيا ۾ مقام | coordinates = {{coord|35|41|21|N|51|20|20|E|region:IR|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | subdivision_name = {{flagicon|Iran}} [[ايران]] | subdivision_type1 = [[ايران جا صوبا|صوبو]] | subdivision_type2 = [[ضلعو]] | subdivision_type3 = [[ضلعو|بخش]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name1 = [[تھران صوبو]] | subdivision_name2 = شهرستان تھران<br>شهرستان رئي<br/>شهرستان شيمرانت | subdivision_name3 = مرڪزي ضلعو | subdivision_name4 = | established_title = | established_date = 1778ع | leader_title = ميئر | leader_name = پيروز حناچي | leader_title2 = شھري ڪائونسل جو چيئرمين | leader_name2 = [[محسن ھاشمي رفسنجاني]] | area_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.daftlogic.com/downloads/kml/07102015-iocvfsaw.kml ''Tehran'']{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}. Daft Logic.</ref> | area_magnitude = | area_land_km2 = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = 1780 | area_metro_km2 = 1748 | area_urban_sq_mi = | elevation_footnotes = <ref>[http://en.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=97 ''Tehran, Environment & Geography''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033007/http://en.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=97 |date=2015-11-17 }}. Tehran.ir.</ref> | elevation_m = 900 to 1830 | elevation_ft = 2952 to 6003 | population_footnotes = <ref>Urban population: Data for [[Tehran County]]. ~97.5% of county population live in Tehran city<br>Metro population: Estimate on base of census data, includes central part of Tehran province and [[Karaj County]] and [[Fardis]] from [[Alborz province]]</ref> | population_density_km2 = 11800 | population_urban = 8,693,706<ref>https://www.amar.org.ir/english</ref> | population_metro = 15,232,564<ref>{{Cite web | website=citypopulation.de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913144137/http://citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html |url=http://citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html |archive-date=2018-09-13 |title = Major Agglomerations of the World - Population Statistics and Maps | date= 2018-09-13}}</ref> | population_est = | population_est_as_of = | population_blank1_title = Population Rank in Iran | population_blank1 = آبادي ۾ ملڪ جو سڀ کان وڏو شھر | population_demonym = تھراني - (انگريزي ۾ ) تھرانين | area_code = (+98) 021 | blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] | blank_info = [[Semi-arid climate#Cold semi-arid climates|BSk]] | website = [http://en.tehran.ir/ www.tehran.ir] | footnotes = | timezone = [[ايران جو معياري وقت]] | utc_offset = +03:30 | timezone_DST = [[Iran Daylight saving Time|IRDT]] | utc_offset_DST = +04:30 |official_name=تهران بزرگ<br>Greater Tehran}} '''تھران '''{{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= '''Tehran '''}} {{transl|fa|Tehrân}} {{IPA-fa|tehˈɾɒ:n||Fa-ir-Tehran_(1).ogg}})[[ايران]] جو سڀ کان وڏو شھر ۽ گادي جو هنڌ آهي. اھو ايران جي [[تھران صوبو|تھران صوبي]] جو پڻ گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي. شھر جي آبادي 87 لک آھي ۽ [[گريٽر تھران ميٽروپوليٽن]] واري علائقي جي آبادي ڏيڍ ڪروڙ آھي. <ref> ''See [[List of metropolitan areas in Asia]].''</ref> ھي دنيا جو چوويھون وڏو شھر آھي. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/urban_2006_1.html |title=The world's largest cities and urban areas in 2006 |website=City Mayors |accessdate=2010-09-25}}</ref> 2016 کان شھري ڪائونسل جي فيصلي مطابق ھر سال ڇھ آڪٽوبر کي ھن شھر جو ڏينھن ڪري ملھايو ويندو آهي جنھن ڏينھن جن شھر کي قجر گھراڻي جي حڪومت ھن شھر کي سرڪاري طور تي گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻايو ھو.<ref>https://ifpnews.com/exclusive/citizens-of-capital-mark-tehran-day-on-october-6/</ref> ==تاريخ== تاريخ جي پراڻي رڪارڊ مطابق ھن شھر واري علائقي تي سڀ کان اول [[ميڊيا (علائقو)|ميڊيا]] وارن قبضو ڪيو ۽ ھي شھر اڏجڻ بعد [[ميڊيا (علائقو)|ميڊيا]] جو اھم شھر بڻجي ويو.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Erdösy, George. |title=The Indo-Aryans of ancient South Asia: Language, material culture and ethnicity |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |date=1995 |page=165 |quote=Possible western place names are the following: Raya-, which is also the ancient name of Median Raga in the Achaemenid inscriptions (Darius, Bisotun 2.13: ''a land in Media called Raga'') and modern Rey south of Tehran}}</ref> ھن شھر کي بعد ۾ مسلمان عربن، ترڪن ۽ منگولن چڙھائي ڪري اجاڙي ڇڏيو پر وري وري آباد ٿي اھميت حاصل ڪئي. [[قجر شاھي گھراڻو|قجر گھراڻي]] جي بادشاھ [[آغا محمد خان قجر]] 1796 ۾ روس سان جنگين دوران ڪوھ قاف جي علائقي کسجي وڃڻ ڪري، ڪوھ قاف جي ويجھو ھجڻ ڪري ھن شھر کي گادي جو هنڌ بڻايو. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/585619/Tehran |title=Tehran (Iran) : Introduction – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |work=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=2012-05-21}}</ref> ==مشھور جايون== تھران مشھور تاريخي جاين سان ڀريل آهي جن م [[گولستان محل]]، [[سعد آباد واري عمارت]]، [[نياوران ڪامپليڪس]] پڻ شامل آهن جن م گذريل ٻن شاھي گھراڻن جي رھائش ۽ درٻارون ھيون. ھن شھر جي مشھور جاين ۾ [[آزادي ٽاور]] ھڪ آهي جيڪو [[محمد رضا پھلوي(ايران)|رضا شاھ پھلوي]] 1971 م فارس جي شھنشاھيت جي اڍائي ھزار سالا جشن جي تقريب جي ياد ۾ ٺھرايل ھڪ يادگار آھي. ا شھر جو ميلاد ٽاور 2007 م مڪمل ٿيو جيڪو دنيا جي بغير ٽيڪ وارن منارن ۾ ڇھون نمبر وڏو منارو آھي. طبعيت پل بہ مشھور جاء آھي جيڪا 2014 ۾ ٺھي راس ٿي.<ref name="archdaily">{{Cite web |url=http://www.archdaily.com/566387/tabiat-pedestrian-bridge-diba-tensile-architecture |title=Tabiat Pedestrian Bridge / Diba Tensile Architecture |publisher=[[ArchDaily]] |date=November 17, 2014}}</ref> ==آبادي== ھن شھر جي آبادي جي اڪثريت [[فارسي ماڻھو|فارسي ماڻھن]] جي آھي جن جي ٻولي [[فارسي ٻولي|فارسي]] آھي.<ref name="Mohammad">{{Cite book |author=Abbasi-Shavazi, Mohammad Jalal; McDonald, Peter; Hosseini-Chavoshi, Meimanat. |title=The Fertility Transition in Iran: Revolution and Reproduction |publisher=Springer |date=September 30, 2009 |pages=100–101 |chapter=Region of Residence}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |author=Schuppe, Mareike. |title=Coping with Growth in Tehran: Strategies of Development Regulation |publisher=GRIN Verlag |date=2008 |page=13 |quote=Besides Persian, there are Azari, Armenian, and Jewish communities in Tehran. The vast majority of Tehran's residents are Persian-speaking (98.3%).}} </ref> شھر جي 99 سيڪڙو آبادي فارسي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ آھي جن ۾ غير فارسي نسل جا ماڻھو بہ شامل آهن جن جي فارسي مادري زبان نہ پر رابطي واري زبان آھي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:ايران]] [[زمرو:وڏا شهر]] [[زمرو:راڄڌانيون]] [[زمرو:تهران صوبو]] [[زمرو:ايران ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ راڄڌانيون]] [[زمرو:سلڪ روڊ سان گڏ آباد هنڌ]] t8bb1n1wqgcxtzxqs0q9w18kaxdn7k7 368096 368095 2026-03-28T11:25:01Z Ibne maryam 17680 368096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = {{raise|0.2em| تھران}} || | native_name = Tehran | native_name_lang =فارسي | settlement_type = [[راڄڌاني|گاديءَ جو هنڌ]] | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a = Towers in Tehran City at night.jpg|px300{{!}}ميلاد ٽاور قرب ٽائون وٽان | photo2a = Azadi Tower - Tehran City.jpg{{!}} آزادي ٽاور | photo2b = Elahiyeh.gif{{!}}شيميران | photo3a = Bagh-e Ferdows Tajrish.jpg{{!}} فردوس باغ | photo3b = City Theater, Tehran.jpg{{!}} شھر جي سينيما | photo4a = نمایی از شمس العماره.jpg{{!}}Golestan Palace | photo4b = Silk Bridge Tehran2.jpg{{!}}توڪال جبل ايڪسپريس وي وٽان | photo5a = Chitgar Lake, Tehran.jpg{{!}}چٽگار ڊنڍ | photo5b ={{!}} تبيعت پل | spacing = 2 | size = 266 | foot_montage = گھڙيالي ڦيري وانگر مٿان کان هيٺ: ميلاد ٽاور، قرب ٽائون وٽان؛ شيميران، تھران جي سينيما؛ توڪال جبل ابريشم پل کان ؛ تبيعت پل؛ چٽگار ڍنڍ؛ گولستان محل؛ فردوس باغ؛ ۽ آزادي ٽا.}} | image_caption = | image_seal = Tehran Logo.png | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = | pushpin_map = Iran Tehran#Iran#Asia | pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_relief = yes | pushpin_map_caption = تھران جو ايران ۽ ايشيا ۾ مقام | coordinates = {{coord|35|41|21|N|51|20|20|E|region:IR|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | subdivision_name = {{flagicon|Iran}} [[ايران]] | subdivision_type1 = [[ايران جا صوبا|صوبو]] | subdivision_type2 = [[ضلعو]] | subdivision_type3 = [[ضلعو|بخش]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name1 = [[تھران صوبو]] | subdivision_name2 = شهرستان تھران<br>شهرستان رئي<br/>شهرستان شيمرانت | subdivision_name3 = مرڪزي ضلعو | subdivision_name4 = | established_title = | established_date = 1778ع | leader_title = ميئر | leader_name = پيروز حناچي | leader_title2 = شھري ڪائونسل جو چيئرمين | leader_name2 = [[محسن ھاشمي رفسنجاني]] | area_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.daftlogic.com/downloads/kml/07102015-iocvfsaw.kml ''Tehran'']{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}. Daft Logic.</ref> | area_magnitude = | area_land_km2 = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = 1780 | area_metro_km2 = 1748 | area_urban_sq_mi = | elevation_footnotes = <ref>[http://en.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=97 ''Tehran, Environment & Geography''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033007/http://en.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=97 |date=2015-11-17 }}. Tehran.ir.</ref> | elevation_m = 900 to 1830 | elevation_ft = 2952 to 6003 | population_footnotes = <ref>Urban population: Data for [[Tehran County]]. ~97.5% of county population live in Tehran city<br>Metro population: Estimate on base of census data, includes central part of Tehran province and [[Karaj County]] and [[Fardis]] from [[Alborz province]]</ref> | population_density_km2 = 11800 | population_urban = 8,693,706<ref>https://www.amar.org.ir/english</ref> | population_metro = 15,232,564<ref>{{Cite web | website=citypopulation.de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913144137/http://citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html |url=http://citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html |archive-date=2018-09-13 |title = Major Agglomerations of the World - Population Statistics and Maps | date= 2018-09-13}}</ref> | population_est = | population_est_as_of = | population_blank1_title = Population Rank in Iran | population_blank1 = آبادي ۾ ملڪ جو سڀ کان وڏو شھر | population_demonym = تھراني - (انگريزي ۾ ) تھرانين | area_code = (+98) 021 | blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] | blank_info = [[Semi-arid climate#Cold semi-arid climates|BSk]] | website = [http://en.tehran.ir/ www.tehran.ir] | footnotes = | timezone = [[ايران جو معياري وقت]] | utc_offset = +03:30 | timezone_DST = [[Iran Daylight saving Time|IRDT]] | utc_offset_DST = +04:30 |official_name=تهران بزرگ<br>Greater Tehran}} '''تھران''' (Tehran) [[ايران]] جو سڀ کان وڏو شھر ۽ گادي جو هنڌ آهي. اھو ايران جي [[تھران صوبو|تھران صوبي]] جو پڻ گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي. شھر جي آبادي 87 لک آھي ۽ [[گريٽر تھران ميٽروپوليٽن]] واري علائقي جي آبادي ڏيڍ ڪروڙ آھي. <ref> ''See [[List of metropolitan areas in Asia]].''</ref> ھي دنيا جو چوويھون وڏو شھر آھي. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/urban_2006_1.html |title=The world's largest cities and urban areas in 2006 |website=City Mayors |accessdate=2010-09-25}}</ref> 2016ع کان شھري ڪائونسل جي فيصلي مطابق ھر سال ڇھ آڪٽوبر کي ھن شھر جو ڏينھن ڪري ملھايو ويندو آهي جنھن ڏينھن جن شھر کي قجر گھراڻي جي حڪومت ھن شھر کي سرڪاري طور تي گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻايو ھو.<ref>https://ifpnews.com/exclusive/citizens-of-capital-mark-tehran-day-on-october-6/</ref> ==تاريخ== تاريخ جي پراڻي رڪارڊ مطابق ھن شھر واري علائقي تي سڀ کان اول [[ميڊيا (علائقو)|ميڊيا]] وارن قبضو ڪيو ۽ ھي شھر اڏجڻ بعد [[ميڊيا (علائقو)|ميڊيا]] جو اھم شھر بڻجي ويو.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Erdösy, George. |title=The Indo-Aryans of ancient South Asia: Language, material culture and ethnicity |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |date=1995 |page=165 |quote=Possible western place names are the following: Raya-, which is also the ancient name of Median Raga in the Achaemenid inscriptions (Darius, Bisotun 2.13: ''a land in Media called Raga'') and modern Rey south of Tehran}}</ref> ھن شھر کي بعد ۾ مسلمان عربن، ترڪن ۽ منگولن چڙھائي ڪري اجاڙي ڇڏيو پر وري وري آباد ٿي اھميت حاصل ڪئي. [[قجر شاھي گھراڻو|قجر گھراڻي]] جي بادشاھ [[آغا محمد خان قجر]] 1796 ۾ روس سان جنگين دوران ڪوھ قاف جي علائقي کسجي وڃڻ ڪري، ڪوھ قاف جي ويجھو ھجڻ ڪري ھن شھر کي گادي جو هنڌ بڻايو. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/585619/Tehran |title=Tehran (Iran) : Introduction – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |work=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=2012-05-21}}</ref> ==مشھور جايون== تھران مشھور تاريخي جاين سان ڀريل آهي جن م [[گولستان محل]]، [[سعد آباد واري عمارت]]، [[نياوران ڪامپليڪس]] پڻ شامل آهن جن م گذريل ٻن شاھي گھراڻن جي رھائش ۽ درٻارون ھيون. ھن شھر جي مشھور جاين ۾ [[آزادي ٽاور]] ھڪ آهي جيڪو [[محمد رضا پھلوي(ايران)|رضا شاھ پھلوي]] 1971 م فارس جي شھنشاھيت جي اڍائي ھزار سالا جشن جي تقريب جي ياد ۾ ٺھرايل ھڪ يادگار آھي. ا شھر جو ميلاد ٽاور 2007 م مڪمل ٿيو جيڪو دنيا جي بغير ٽيڪ وارن منارن ۾ ڇھون نمبر وڏو منارو آھي. طبعيت پل بہ مشھور جاء آھي جيڪا 2014 ۾ ٺھي راس ٿي.<ref name="archdaily">{{Cite web |url=http://www.archdaily.com/566387/tabiat-pedestrian-bridge-diba-tensile-architecture |title=Tabiat Pedestrian Bridge / Diba Tensile Architecture |publisher=[[ArchDaily]] |date=November 17, 2014}}</ref> ==آبادي== ھن شھر جي آبادي جي اڪثريت [[فارسي ماڻھو|فارسي ماڻھن]] جي آھي جن جي ٻولي [[فارسي ٻولي|فارسي]] آھي.<ref name="Mohammad">{{Cite book |author=Abbasi-Shavazi, Mohammad Jalal; McDonald, Peter; Hosseini-Chavoshi, Meimanat. |title=The Fertility Transition in Iran: Revolution and Reproduction |publisher=Springer |date=September 30, 2009 |pages=100–101 |chapter=Region of Residence}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |author=Schuppe, Mareike. |title=Coping with Growth in Tehran: Strategies of Development Regulation |publisher=GRIN Verlag |date=2008 |page=13 |quote=Besides Persian, there are Azari, Armenian, and Jewish communities in Tehran. The vast majority of Tehran's residents are Persian-speaking (98.3%).}} </ref> شھر جي 99 سيڪڙو آبادي فارسي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ آھي جن ۾ غير فارسي نسل جا ماڻھو بہ شامل آهن جن جي فارسي مادري زبان نہ پر رابطي واري زبان آھي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:ايران]] [[زمرو:وڏا شهر]] [[زمرو:راڄڌانيون]] [[زمرو:تهران صوبو]] [[زمرو:ايران ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ راڄڌانيون]] [[زمرو:سلڪ روڊ سان گڏ آباد هنڌ]] l13qqcbhp6oht5bt9svrkd785isac84 سانچو:Infobox person/height 10 49085 367970 149590 2026-03-28T04:45:12Z Intisar Ali 8681 367970 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:person height|main}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> er0y8xmwd91jl83h0g23bm3e8psjplm ماڊيول:High-use 828 53777 368098 174731 2026-03-28T11:29:54Z Intisar Ali 8681 368098 Scribunto text/plain local p = {} local _fetch = require('Module:Transclusion_count').fetch function p.num(frame, count) if count == nil then count = _fetch(frame) end -- آئوٽ پٽ متن تيار ڪريو local return_value = "" if count == nil then if frame.args[1] == "risk" then return_value = "تمام وڏي انگ ۾" else return_value = "گھڻن" end else -- ننڍن انگن لاءِ 2 significant figures ۽ وڏن لاءِ 3 local sigfig = 2 if count >= 100000 then sigfig = 3 end -- مناسب significant figures موجب گول ڪرڻ جي تياري local f = math.floor(math.log10(count)) - sigfig + 1 -- مناسب هنڌ تي گول ڪريو، ۽ "لڳ ڀڳ" يا "+" شامل ڪريو if (frame.args[2] == "yes") or (mw.ustring.sub(frame.args[1],-1) == "+") then -- هيٺئين پاسي گول ڪريو return_value = string.format("%s+", mw.getContentLanguage():formatNum(math.floor( (count / 10^(f)) ) * (10^(f))) ) else -- ويجهي انگ تائين گول ڪريو return_value = string.format("لڳ ڀڳ&#x20;%s", mw.getContentLanguage():formatNum(math.floor( (count / 10^(f)) + 0.5) * (10^(f))) ) end -- سڀني صفحن جو سيڪڙو شامل ڪريو if frame.args["all-pages"] and frame.args["all-pages"] ~= "" then local percent = math.floor( ( (count/frame:callParserFunction('NUMBEROFPAGES', 'R') ) * 100) + 0.5) return_value = string.format("%s&#x20;صفحا، جيڪي سڀني مان لڳ ڀڳ %s%% آهن", return_value, percent) end end return return_value end function p.risk(frame) local return_value = "" if frame.args[1] == "risk" then return_value = "risk" else local count = _fetch(frame) if count and count >= 100000 then return_value = "risk" end end return return_value end function p.text(frame, count) if count == nil then count = _fetch(frame) end local return_value = {} local title = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() if title.subpageText == "doc" or title.subpageText == "sandbox" then title = title.basePageTitle end local templatecount = string.format("https://tools.wmflabs.org/templatecount/index.php?lang=en&namespace=%s&name=%s",mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace,mw.uri.encode(title.text)) local used_on_text = string.format("'''هي %s [%s %s صفحن] تي استعمال ٿئي ٿو'''", (mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace == 828 and "Lua ماڊيول" or "سانچو"), templatecount, p.num(frame, count) ) local sandbox_text = string.format("%s جي [[%s/sandbox|/sandbox]] يا [[%s/testcases|/testcases]] ذيلي صفحن%s ", (mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace == 828 and "ماڊيول" or "سانچي"), title.fullText, title.fullText, (mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace == 828 and "۔" or "، يا پنهنجي [[Wikipedia:Subpages#How to create user subpages|يوزر ذيلي صفحي]] ۾۔") ) if (frame.args[1] == "risk" or (count and count >= 100000) ) then local info = "" if frame.args["info"] and frame.args["info"] ~= "" then info = "<br />" .. frame.args["info"] end sandbox_text = string.format("۔%s<br /> وڏي پيماني جي رنڊڪ ۽ سرور تي غير ضروري بار کان بچڻ لاءِ، ان ۾ ڪا به تبديلي ڪرڻ کان اڳ %s ۾ آزمائجي۔ آزمودل تبديليون پوءِ هڪ ئي ترميم ۾ هن صفحي ۾ شامل ڪري سگهجن ٿيون۔&#x20;", info, sandbox_text ) else sandbox_text = string.format("، تنهن ڪري ان ۾ تبديليون وڏي پيماني تي نظر اينديون۔ مهرباني ڪري ڪنهن به تبديلي کي %s ۾ آزمائي ڏسو", sandbox_text ) end local discussion_text = "مهرباني ڪري تبديليءَ بابت بحث " if frame.args["2"] and frame.args["2"] ~= "" and frame.args["2"] ~= "yes" then discussion_text = string.format("%s[[%s]] تي ڪريو", discussion_text, frame.args["2"]) else discussion_text = string.format("%s[[%s|ڳالهه ٻولهه واري صفحي]] تي ڪريو", discussion_text, title.talkPageTitle.fullText ) end return table.concat({used_on_text, sandbox_text, discussion_text, "، پوءِ انهن کي لاڳو ڪريو۔"}) end function p.main(frame) local count = _fetch(frame) local return_value = "" local image = "[[File:Ambox warning yellow.svg|40px|alt=Warning|link=]]" local type_param = "style" if (frame.args[1] == "risk" or (count and count >= 100000) ) then image = "[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|40px|alt=Warning|link=]]" type_param = "content" end if frame.args["form"] == "editnotice" then return_value = frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'editnotice', args = { ["image"] = image, ["text"] = p.text(frame, count), ["expiry"] = (frame.args["expiry"] or "") } } else return_value = frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'ombox', args = { ["type"] = type_param, ["image"] = image, ["text"] = p.text(frame, count), ["expiry"] = (frame.args["expiry"] or "") } } end return return_value end return p 64msw3v7nl6ph1x49yz28sevrtfvanu اختيار 0 55096 367988 354039 2026-03-28T06:01:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 367988 wikitext text/x-wiki '''اختيار''': '''اختياري''' : '''اٿارٽي''' {{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' Authority'''}} ھڪ جائز طاقت جو نالو آهي جيڪا ڪو ماڻھو يا گروھ رکي ٿو ۽ ان جو استعمال ٻين تي ڪري ٿو<ref>] Bealey, Frank (1999). The Blackwell Dictionary of Political Science: A User's Guide to Its Terms. pp. 22–23. ISBN 0-631-20694-9. </ref>. انگريزي لفظ '''اٿارٽي''' لاطيني ٻولي جي لفظ '''ايڪٽوريٽس''' {{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' Actoritis '''}} مان نڪتل آهي جنھن جون معنائون آهن: ايجاد، مشورو، راء، اثر ۽ حڪم. رياست اھا طاقت باقائدي پنھنجي عدالتي ۽ انتظامي شاخن کي سونپيندي آهي<ref> The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought Third Edition, Allan Bullock and Stephen Trombley, Eds. p.115. </ref>. جديد سوشالاجي جي ماھر [[ميڪس ويبر]] مطابق جائز اختيار ۾ مخصوص ماڻھڻ جو ھڪ گروھ مخصوص شخص يا شخصن ذريعي ڏنل حڪم جي تعميل ڪندو آهي. ھي وڌيڪ لکي ٿو ته جائز اختيار جي ظهور لاء ان جي خاصيتن جو ھجڻ ضروري آهي. ان لاء حاڪم يا حاڪمن جو گروھ، ماتحت يا ماتحت ماڻھن جو گروھ، اختيار جو حڪم تحت ظاھر ٿيڻ، ھجڻ ضروري آهي<ref> http://vista.ir/content/60484/ میکس ویبر کی سوشیالوجی۔ سیاسی - سیاسی اور اقسام کے لیجیتیم اتھارٹی (حکام) / </ref>. ==اختيار ۽ طاقت== حاڪميت جي استعمال ۾ اڪثر غلطي سان اختيار ۽ طاقت کي ھم معني سمجھيو ويندو آھي جيڪو ائين ناھي. اختيار سياسي جواز جي سڃاڻپ ڪرائيندو آهي، جيڪو حڪومتي طاقت جي استعمال واري حق کي منظور ڪرڻ سميت درست قرار ڏئي ٿو. جڏھن ته طاقت ڪنھن سونپيل مقصد جي [[اطاعت]] يا فرمانبرداري ذريعي حاصلات جي صلاحيت جي سڃاڻپ ڪرائي ٿي. اھڙي طرح اختيار فيصلن ڪرڻ جي [[طاقت]]، قانون مطابق فيصلن ڪرڻ جي حق ۽ ۽ انھن فيصلن تي عملدرآمد ڪرائڻ جو نالو آهي<ref> The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought Third Edition, Allan Bullock and Stephen Trombley, Eds. p.677–678.</ref>. اطاعت ۽ فرمانبرداري قائم رکڻ لاءِ طاقت جي جائز استعمال جو بنياد اختيار ھوندو آھي<ref name="انسائيڪلوپيڊيا آف اسلام "> - Encyclopedia of Islam- Juan E. Campo J. Gordon Melton, Series Editor-: Facts On File, Inc. An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 - pages# 71,73 </ref>. ==سياسي اختيار== سيڪيولر خيال مطابق اختيار ذريعي حاڪم يا حڪومتون نہ رڳو ماڻھن تي ماڻھن جي مرضي سان حڪومت ڪرڻ جو حق رکندا آهن پر ان سان گڏوگڏ ان حق جو جواز پڻ ڏيندا آهن<ref name="انسائيڪلوپيڊيا آف اسلام"/>. لبرل جمھوريت ۾ اختيار جو سرچشمو [[عوام]] ھوندو آھي جيڪي چونڊ ذريعي اختيار حاڪم جي حوالي ڪندا آهن<ref name="انسائيڪلوپيڊيا آف اسلام"/>. وراثتي بادشاھتن ۾ اختيار [[شاھي حڪمران]] جي ذات ۽ ان جي خاندان ۾ رھندو آھي<ref name="انسائيڪلوپيڊيا آف اسلام"/>. ٻنھي [[لبرل جمھوريت]] ۽ وراثتي بادشاھت ۾ بجاوري جي حاصلات لاء وحشياڻي طاقت جي استعمال جي ڪا گنجائش ڪانھي. ==اسلام ۾ سياسي اختيار== [[اسلام]] ۾ اختيار مقدس ھوندو آھي جنھن جو سرچشمو [[خدا]] جو فرمان يعني [[قرآن]] ۽ [[رسول]] صه جو فرمان يعني [[سنت]] آھي. قرآن مطابق خدا ڪائنات جو خالق آهي ۽ پوري [[ڪائنات]] تي سندس اختيار آھي ۽ انسان کي ان پنھنجي فرمانبرداري لاء خلقيو آهي<ref name="انسائيڪلوپيڊيا آف اسلام"/>. اسلامي دينيات مطابق قرآن آفاقي وصفون رکندڙ خدا جو ڪلام آھي. مسلمان مذھبي معاملن ۽ عقيدي لاء ان مان ھدايت وٺن ٿا، ۽ قرآن مذھبي قانون يا [[فقه]] جي چئن سرچشمن مان پھريون بنيادي سرچشمو آھي<ref name="انسائيڪلوپيڊيا آف اسلام"/>. اسلام مطابق خدا پنھنجي نبين ۽ پيغمبرن کي اختيار ڏنا ۽ انھن جي اطاعت جو حڪم ڏنو. محمد صہ جي اطاعت کي خدا جي اطاعت قرار ڏنو ويو. اھڙي طرح محمد صہ کي مليل اختيار وجدي يا شخصي اختيار ھيو<ref name="انسائيڪلوپيڊيا آف اسلام"/>. اھڙي طرح قرآن کان پوء محمد صہ جو فرمان يا حديث اختيار جو ٻيو سرچشمو ھيو<ref name="انسائيڪلوپيڊيا آف اسلام"/>. سياسي اختيار ۾ محمد صہ جي قائم ٿيل ان شخصي وجد جي وراثت پڻ ھڪ اھم زاويو بڻجي وئي. تاريخ ۾ [[خلافت عباسيه]]، [[فاطمي خلافت]] سان گڏوگڏ موجوده [[اردن]] ۽ [[مراڪش]] واري بادشاھت ان جا مثال آھن<ref name="انسائيڪلوپيڊيا آف اسلام"/>. شيعن مطابق حضرت [[علي]] رضہ ۽ حضرت [[فاطمه]] رضه مان محمد صہ جا وارث مسلمانن جا سياسي اختيار جا حقدار ھئا. وقت گذرڻ سان مختلف اسلامي ايمپائر قائم ٿيڻ سان سياسي اختيار وارو اھو شخصي خيال پيچيده ٿيندو ويو. حاڪمن دينوي ۽ دنياوي اختيارن کي دعويداري شروع ڪئي ۽ [[خليفة الله]] (الله جو نائب)، [[خليفة الرسول الله]] (الله جي رسول جو نائب)، [[اميرالمؤمنين]]، [[سلطان]] (زمين تي خدا جو نمائندو) وارا لقب اختيار ڪرڻ ان دعويداري جو مثال آھن<ref name="انسائيڪلوپيڊيا آف اسلام"/>. ==اختيار ۽ انارڪيت== قائدن جي فقدان ۽ اختيار جي ناجائز استعمال کي [[انارڪيت]] يا انارڪزم چئبو آهي<ref> [http://www.amazon.com/dp/1551642484 Decentralism: Where Is It Going?] </ref>. انارڪي پسند اختيار جي سخت مذمت ڪندا آهن . سندن خيال مطابق اختيار ئي [[افسرشاھي]] نظام جو سرچشمو آھي<ref>{{cite book | last = Graeber | first = David | authorlink = David Graeber | title = Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology | url = http://///www.prickly-paradigm.com/paradigm14.pdf | format = PDF | year = 2004 | publisher = [[Prickly Paradigm Press]] | location = [ [Chicago]] | language = [[English]] | isbn = 0-9728196-4-9 | accessdate = January 1 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110122200600/http://www.prickly-paradigm.com/paradigm14.PDF | archivedate = 2011-01-22 | dead-url = yes }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122200600/http://www.prickly-paradigm.com/paradigm14.PDF |date=2011-01-22 }}</ref>. ==جائز ۽ ناجائز اختيار== جديد [[سماجيات|سوشالاجي]] جي بانين مان ھڪ [[ميڪس ويبر]] (وفات 1920) مطابق جائز اختيار جا ٽي بنيادي قسم آهن جيڪي جديد دور جي مفڪرن طرفان مڃيل آھن <ref> http://vista.ir/content/60484/ Max Weber's Sociology-Political-Political-and-Types-of-Legitimate-Authority (Authorities) / </ref><ref name="انسائيڪلوپيڊيا آف اسلام"/>:<br> # روايتي اختيار جنھن جو بنياد ماضي جي تقديس يا تحريم آهي # ڪرشماتي يا وجدي اختيار جنھن جو بنياد شخصي تقديس يا تحريم آھي # منطقي بنياد تي قانوني اختيار جنھن ۾ [[نوڪرشاھي]] يا بيوروڪريسي وارا ادارا شامل آهن. == حوالا == {{حوالا|2}} [[زمرو:سياسي فلاسافي]] [[زمرو:معاشرتي تصور]] [[زمرو:سياسي خيال]] pfai0q951vx8jt3068lorc41qfhmi5u سانچو:Infobox officeholder 10 56346 367922 367487 2026-03-27T22:35:36Z Intisar Ali 8681 367922 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{infobox | bodyclass = vcard {{{bodyclass|}}} | bodystyle = {{#if:{{{mainwidth|}}}|width: {{{mainwidth}}}}} | child = {{lc:{{{embed}}}}} | abovestyle = font-size: 100%; | above = {{Yesno|{{{nobel|}}}|yes={{Nobel/Medium}}}} {{Br separated entries | 1 = {{#if:{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|{{{honorific-prefix|}}}}}}}}}|<div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline; font-weight: normal;">{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|{{{honorific-prefix}}}}}}}}}</div>}} | 2 = <div style="display:inline-block; font-size:130%;" class="fn">{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}</div> | 3 = {{#if:{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|{{{honorific-suffix|}}}}}}}}}|<div class="honorific-suffix" style="display:inline; font-weight: normal;">{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|{{{honorific-suffix}}}}}}}}}</div>}} }} | subheaderstyle = font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; | subheader = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes||{{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|<div class="nickname" {{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}"}}>{{{native_name}}}</div>}}}} | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}}|size={{{width|{{{imagesize|{{{image_size|}}}}}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{{image_upright|1}}}|alt={{{alt|}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | image2 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image name|}}}|size={{{width|{{{imagesize|{{{image_size|}}}}}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{{image_upright|1}}}|alt={{{alt|}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | image3 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{smallimage|}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{{image_upright|1}}}|alt={{{alt|}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | caption{{#if:{{{smallimage|}}}|3|{{#if:{{{image name|}}}|2}}}} = {{{caption|}}} | headerstyle = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes|background:#eee|background:lavender}} | data1 = {{#if:{{{speaker|}}}| {{#if:{{{nominee|}}}{{{candidate|}}}|| {{Infobox officeholder/office|color={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes|#eee|lavender}} | 1blankname = {{{1blankname2|}}} | 1namedata = {{{1namedata2|}}} | 2blankname = {{{2blankname2|}}} | 2namedata = {{{2namedata2|}}} | 3blankname = {{{3blankname2|}}} | 3namedata = {{{3namedata2|}}} | 4blankname = {{{4blankname2|}}} | 4namedata = {{{4namedata2|}}} | 5blankname = {{{5blankname2|}}} | 5namedata = {{{5namedata2|}}} | alongside = {{{alongside2|}}} | ambassador_from = {{{ambassador_from2|}}} | appointer = {{#if: {{{appointer2|}}} | {{{appointer2}}} | {{{appointed2|}}} }} | assembly = {{{assembly2|}}} | chancellor = {{{chancellor2|}}} | co-leader = {{{co-leader2|}}} | constituency_{{#if:{{{constituency_AM2|}}}|AM|MP}} = {{#if: {{{constituency_AM2|}}} | {{{constituency_AM2}}} | {{{constituency_MP2|}}} }} | constituency = {{{constituency2|}}} | country = {{{country2|}}} | deputy = {{{deputy2|}}} | district = {{{district2|}}} | firstminister = {{{firstminister2|}}} | governor-general = {{{governor-general2|}}} | governor_general = {{{governor_general2|}}} | governor = {{{governor2|}}} | jr/sr = {{{jr/sr2|}}} | jr/sr and state = {{{jr/sr and state2|}}} | leader = {{{leader2|}}} | legislature = {{{legislature2|}}} | lieutenant_governor = {{{lieutenant_governor2|}}} | lieutenant = {{{lieutenant2|}}} | majority_leader = {{#if: {{{majorityleader2|}}} | {{{majorityleader2}}} | {{{majority_leader2|}}} }} | minister_from = {{{minister_from2|}}} | minority_floor_leader = {{{minority_floor_leader2|}}} | majority_floor_leader = {{{majority_floor_leader2|}}} | majority = {{{majority2|}}} | minister = {{{minister2|}}} | minority_leader = {{#if: {{{minorityleader2|}}} | {{{minorityleader2}}} | {{{minority_leader2|}}} }} | monarch = {{{monarch2|}}} | nominator = {{{nominator2|}}} | office = {{{office2|}}} | order = {{{order2|}}} | parliament = {{{parliament2|}}} | predecessor = {{{predecessor2|}}} | preceding = {{{preceding2|}}} | preceded = {{{preceded2|}}} | premier = {{{premier2|}}} | president = {{{president2|}}} | primeminister = {{{primeminister2|}}} | riding = {{{riding2|}}} | speaker = {{{speaker|}}} | speaker_office = {{{speaker_office|}}} | state_assembly = {{{state_assembly|}}} | state_delegate = {{{state_delegate|}}} | state_house = {{{state_house|}}} | state_legislature = {{{state_legislature|}}} | state_senate = {{{state_senate|}}} | state = {{{state|}}} | succeeded = {{{succeeded2|}}} | succeeding = {{{succeeding2|}}} | successor = {{{successor2|}}} | taoiseach = {{{taoiseach2|}}} | termlabel = {{{term_label2|{{{termlabel2|عهدي ۾}}}}}} | termend = {{#if:{{{termend2|}}}|{{{termend2}}}|{{{term_end2|}}}}} | termstart = {{#if:{{{termstart2|}}}|{{{termstart2}}}|{{{term_start2|}}}}} | term = {{{term2|}}} | title = {{{title2|}}} | vicegovernor = {{{vicegovernor2|}}} | vicepresident = {{{vicepresident2|}}} | vicepremier = {{{vicepremier2|}}} | viceprimeminister = {{{viceprimeminister2|}}} | party = {{{party|}}} | prior_term = {{{prior_term|}}} }}}}}}<!-- -->{{Infobox officeholder/office|color={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes|#eee|lavender}} | 1blankname = {{{1blankname|}}} | 1namedata = {{{1namedata|}}} | 2blankname = {{{2blankname|}}} | 2namedata = {{{2namedata|}}} | 3blankname = {{{3blankname|}}} | 3namedata = {{{3namedata|}}} | 4blankname = {{{4blankname|}}} | 4namedata = {{{4namedata|}}} | 5blankname = {{{5blankname|}}} | 5namedata = {{{5namedata|}}} | alongside = {{{alongside|}}} | ambassador_from = {{{ambassador_from|}}} | appointer = {{#if: {{{appointer|}}} | {{{appointer}}} | {{{appointed|}}} }} | assembly = {{{assembly|}}} | candidate = {{{candidate|}}} | chancellor = {{{chancellor|}}} | co-leader = {{{co-leader|}}} | constituency_{{#if:{{{constituency_AM|}}}|AM|MP}} = {{#if: {{{constituency_AM|}}} | {{{constituency_AM}}} | {{{constituency_MP|}}} }} | constituency = {{{constituency|}}} | country = {{{country|}}} | deputy = {{{deputy|}}} | district = {{{district|}}} | election_date = {{{election_date|}}} | firstminister = {{{firstminister|}}} | governor-general = {{{governor-general|}}} | governor_general = {{{governor_general|}}} | governor = {{{governor|}}} | incumbent = {{{incumbent|}}} | jr/sr = {{{jr/sr|}}} | jr/sr and state = {{{jr/sr and state|}}} | leader = {{{leader|}}} | legislature = {{{legislature|}}} | lieutenant_governor = {{{lieutenant_governor|}}} | lieutenant = {{{lieutenant|}}} | majority_leader = {{#if: {{{majorityleader|}}} | {{{majorityleader}}} | {{{majority_leader|}}} }} | majority = {{{majority|}}} | minister = {{{minister|}}} | minister_from = {{{minister_from|}}} | minority_floor_leader = {{{minority_floor_leader|}}} | majority_floor_leader = {{{majority_floor_leader|}}} | minority_leader = {{#if: {{{minorityleader|}}} | {{{minorityleader}}} | {{{minority_leader|}}} }} | monarch = {{{monarch|}}} | nominator = {{{nominator|}}} | nominee = {{{nominee|}}} | office = {{{office|}}} | opponent = {{{opponent|}}} | order = {{{order|}}} | parliament = {{{parliament|}}} | party_election = {{{party_election|}}} | predecessor = {{{predecessor|}}} | preceding = {{{preceding|}}} | preceded = {{{preceded|}}} | premier = {{{premier|}}} | president = {{{president|}}} | primeminister = {{{primeminister|}}} | riding = {{{riding|}}} | runningmate = {{{runningmate|}}} | state_assembly = {{{state_assembly|}}} | state_delegate = {{{state_delegate|}}} | state_house = {{{state_house|}}} | state_legislature = {{{state_legislature|}}} | state_senate = {{{state_senate|}}} | state = {{{state|}}} | succeeded = {{{succeeded|}}} | succeeding = {{{succeeding|}}} | successor = {{{successor|}}} | taoiseach = {{{taoiseach|}}} | termlabel = {{{term_label|{{{termlabel|عهدي ۾}}}}}} | termend = {{#if: {{{termend|}}} | {{{termend}}} | {{{term_end|}}} }} | termstart = {{#if: {{{termstart|}}} | {{{termstart}}} | {{{term_start|}}} }} | term = {{{term|}}} | title = {{{title|}}} | vicegovernor = {{{vicegovernor|}}} | vicepresident = {{{vicepresident|}}} | vicepremier = {{{vicepremier|}}} | viceprimeminister = {{{viceprimeminister|}}} | party = {{{party|}}} | prior_term = {{{prior_term|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{nominee|}}}{{{candidate|}}}|| {{Infobox officeholder/office|color={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes|#eee|lavender}} | 1blankname = {{{1blankname1|}}} | 1namedata = {{{1namedata1|}}} | 2blankname = {{{2blankname1|}}} | 2namedata = {{{2namedata1|}}} | 3blankname = {{{3blankname1|}}} | 3namedata = {{{3namedata1|}}} | 4blankname = {{{4blankname1|}}} | 4namedata = {{{4namedata1|}}} | 5blankname = {{{5blankname1|}}} | 5namedata = {{{5namedata1|}}} | alongside = {{{alongside1|}}} | ambassador_from = {{{ambassador_from1|}}} | appointer = {{#if: {{{appointer1|}}} | {{{appointer1}}} | {{{appointed1|}}} }} | assembly = {{{assembly1|}}} | chancellor = {{{chancellor1|}}} | co-leader = {{{co-leader1|}}} | constituency_{{#if:{{{constituency_AM1|}}}|AM|MP}} = {{#if: {{{constituency_AM1|}}} | {{{constituency_AM1}}} | {{{constituency_MP1|}}} }} | constituency = {{{constituency1|}}} | country = {{{country1|}}} | deputy = {{{deputy1|}}} | district = {{{district1|}}} | firstminister = {{{firstminister1|}}} | governor-general = {{{governor-general1|}}} | governor_general = {{{governor_general1|}}} | governor = {{{governor1|}}} | jr/sr = {{{jr/sr1|}}} | jr/sr and state = {{{jr/sr and state1|}}} | leader = {{{leader1|}}} | legislature = {{{legislature1|}}} | lieutenant_governor = {{{lieutenant_governor1|}}} | lieutenant = {{{lieutenant1|}}} | minority_floor_leader = {{{minority_floor_leader1|}}} | minister_from = {{{minister_from1|}}} | majority_floor_leader = {{{majority_floor_leader1|}}} | majority_leader = {{#if: {{{majorityleader1|}}} | {{{majorityleader1}}} | {{{majority_leader1|}}} }} | majority = {{{majority1|}}} | minister = {{{minister1|}}} | minority_leader = {{#if: {{{minorityleader1|}}} | {{{minorityleader1}}} | {{{minority_leader1|}}} }} | monarch = {{{monarch1|}}} | nominator = {{{nominator1|}}} | office = {{{office1|}}} | order = {{{order1|}}} | parliament = {{{parliament1|}}} | predecessor = {{{predecessor1|}}} | preceding = {{{preceding1|}}} | preceded = {{{preceded1|}}} | premier = {{{premier1|}}} | president = {{{president1|}}} | primeminister = {{{primeminister1|}}} | riding = {{{riding1|}}} | state_assembly = {{{state_assembly1|}}} | state_delegate = {{{state_delegate1|}}} | state_house = {{{state_house1|}}} | state_legislature = {{{state_legislature1|}}} | state_senate = {{{state_senate1|}}} | state = {{{state1|}}} | succeeded = {{{succeeded1|}}} | succeeding = {{{succeeding1|}}} | successor = {{{successor1|}}} | taoiseach = {{{taoiseach1|}}} | termlabel = {{{term_label1|{{{termlabel1|عهدي ۾}}}}}} | termend = {{#if:{{{termend1|}}}|{{{termend1}}}|{{{term_end1|}}}}} | termstart = {{#if:{{{termstart1|}}}|{{{termstart1}}}|{{{term_start1|}}}}} | term = {{{term1|}}} | title = {{{title1|}}} | vicegovernor = {{{vicegovernor1|}}} | vicepresident = {{{vicepresident1|}}} | vicepremier = {{{vicepremier1|}}} | viceprimeminister = {{{viceprimeminister1|}}} | party = {{{party|}}} | prior_term = {{{prior_term1|}}} }}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{nominee|}}}{{{candidate|}}}|| {{#if:{{{speaker|}}}|| {{Infobox officeholder/office|color={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes|#eee|lavender}} | 1blankname = {{{1blankname2|}}} | 1namedata = {{{1namedata2|}}} | 2blankname = {{{2blankname2|}}} | 2namedata = {{{2namedata2|}}} | 3blankname = {{{3blankname2|}}} | 3namedata = {{{3namedata2|}}} | 4blankname = {{{4blankname2|}}} | 4namedata = {{{4namedata2|}}} | 5blankname = {{{5blankname2|}}} | 5namedata = {{{5namedata2|}}} | alongside = {{{alongside2|}}} | ambassador_from = {{{ambassador_from2|}}} | appointer = {{#if: {{{appointer2|}}} | {{{appointer2}}} | {{{appointed2|}}} }} | assembly = {{{assembly2|}}} | chancellor = {{{chancellor2|}}} | co-leader = {{{co-leader2|}}} | constituency_{{#if:{{{constituency_AM2|}}}|AM|MP}} = {{#if: {{{constituency_AM2|}}} | {{{constituency_AM2}}} | {{{constituency_MP2|}}} }} | constituency = {{{constituency2|}}} | country = {{{country2|}}} | deputy = {{{deputy2|}}} | district = {{{district2|}}} | firstminister = {{{firstminister2|}}} | governor-general = {{{governor-general2|}}} | governor_general = {{{governor_general2|}}} | governor = {{{governor2|}}} | jr/sr = {{{jr/sr2|}}} | jr/sr and state = {{{jr/sr and state2|}}} | leader = {{{leader2|}}} | legislature = {{{legislature2|}}} | lieutenant_governor = {{{lieutenant_governor2|}}} | lieutenant = {{{lieutenant2|}}} | majority_leader = {{#if: {{{majorityleader2|}}} | {{{majorityleader2}}} | {{{majority_leader2|}}} }} | minister_from = {{{minister_from2|}}} | minority_floor_leader = {{{minority_floor_leader2|}}} | majority_floor_leader = {{{majority_floor_leader2|}}} | majority = {{{majority2|}}} | minister = {{{minister2|}}} | minority_leader = {{#if: {{{minorityleader2|}}} | {{{minorityleader2}}} | {{{minority_leader2|}}} }} | monarch = {{{monarch2|}}} | nominator = {{{nominator2|}}} | office = {{{office2|}}} | order = {{{order2|}}} | parliament = {{{parliament2|}}} | predecessor = {{{predecessor2|}}} | preceding = {{{preceding2|}}} | preceded = {{{preceded2|}}} | premier = {{{premier2|}}} | president = {{{president2|}}} | primeminister = {{{primeminister2|}}} | riding = {{{riding2|}}} | state_assembly = {{{state_assembly2|}}} | state_delegate = {{{state_delegate2|}}} | state_house = {{{state_house2|}}} | state_legislature = {{{state_legislature2|}}} | state_senate = {{{state_senate2|}}} | state = {{{state2|}}} | succeeded = {{{succeeded2|}}} | succeeding = {{{succeeding2|}}} | successor = {{{successor2|}}} | taoiseach = {{{taoiseach2|}}} | termlabel = {{{term_label2|{{{termlabel2|عهدي ۾}}}}}} | termend = {{#if:{{{termend2|}}}|{{{termend2}}}|{{{term_end2|}}}}} | termstart = {{#if:{{{termstart2|}}}|{{{termstart2}}}|{{{term_start2|}}}}} | term = {{{term2|}}} | title = {{{title2|}}} | vicegovernor = {{{vicegovernor2|}}} | vicepresident = {{{vicepresident2|}}} | vicepremier = {{{vicepremier2|}}} | viceprimeminister = {{{viceprimeminister2|}}} | party = {{{party|}}} | prior_term = {{{prior_term2|}}} }}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{nominee|}}}{{{candidate|}}}|| {{Infobox officeholder/office|color={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes|#eee|lavender}} | 1blankname = {{{1blankname3|}}} | 1namedata = {{{1namedata3|}}} | 2blankname = {{{2blankname3|}}} | 2namedata = {{{2namedata3|}}} | 3blankname = {{{3blankname3|}}} | 3namedata = {{{3namedata3|}}} | 4blankname = {{{4blankname3|}}} | 4namedata = {{{4namedata3|}}} | 5blankname = {{{5blankname3|}}} | 5namedata = {{{5namedata3|}}} | alongside = {{{alongside3|}}} | ambassador_from = {{{ambassador_from3|}}} | appointer = {{#if: {{{appointer3|}}} | {{{appointer3}}} | {{{appointed3|}}} }} | assembly = {{{assembly3|}}} | chancellor = {{{chancellor3|}}} | co-leader = {{{co-leader3|}}} | constituency_{{#if:{{{constituency_AM3|}}}|AM|MP}} = {{#if: {{{constituency_AM3|}}} | {{{constituency_AM3}}} | {{{constituency_MP3|}}} }} | constituency = {{{constituency3|}}} | country = {{{country3|}}} | deputy = {{{deputy3|}}} | district = {{{district3|}}} | firstminister = {{{firstminister3|}}} | governor-general = {{{governor-general3|}}} | governor_general = {{{governor_general3|}}} | governor = {{{governor3|}}} | jr/sr = {{{jr/sr3|}}} | jr/sr and state = {{{jr/sr and state3|}}} | leader = {{{leader3|}}} | legislature = {{{legislature3|}}} | lieutenant_governor = {{{lieutenant_governor3|}}} | lieutenant = {{{lieutenant3|}}} | minority_floor_leader = {{{minority_floor_leader3|}}} | minister_from = {{{minister_from3|}}} | majority_floor_leader = {{{majority_floor_leader3|}}} | majority_leader = {{#if: {{{majorityleader3|}}} | {{{majorityleader3}}} | {{{majority_leader3|}}} }} | majority = {{{majority3|}}} | minister = {{{minister3|}}} | minority_leader = {{#if: {{{minorityleader3|}}} | {{{minorityleader3}}} | {{{minority_leader3|}}} }} | monarch = {{{monarch3|}}} | nominator = {{{nominator3|}}} | office = {{{office3|}}} | order = {{{order3|}}} | parliament = {{{parliament3|}}} | predecessor = {{{predecessor3|}}} | preceding = {{{preceding3|}}} | preceded = {{{preceded3|}}} | premier = {{{premier3|}}} | president = {{{president3|}}} | primeminister = {{{primeminister3|}}} | riding = {{{riding3|}}} | state_assembly = {{{state_assembly3|}}} | state_delegate = {{{state_delegate3|}}} | state_house = {{{state_house3|}}} | state_legislature = {{{state_legislature3|}}} | state_senate = {{{state_senate3|}}} | state = {{{state3|}}} | succeeded = {{{succeeded3|}}} | succeeding = {{{succeeding3|}}} | successor = {{{successor3|}}} | taoiseach = {{{taoiseach3|}}} | termlabel = {{{term_label3|{{{termlabel3|عهدي ۾}}}}}} | termend = {{#if:{{{termend3|}}}|{{{termend3}}}|{{{term_end3|}}}}} | termstart = {{#if:{{{termstart3|}}}|{{{termstart3}}}|{{{term_start3|}}}}} | term = {{{term3|}}} | title = {{{title3|}}} | vicegovernor = {{{vicegovernor3|}}} | vicepresident = {{{vicepresident3|}}} | vicepremier = {{{vicepremier3|}}} | viceprimeminister = {{{viceprimeminister3|}}} | party = {{{party|}}} | prior_term = {{{prior_term3|}}} }}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{nominee|}}}{{{candidate|}}}|| {{Infobox officeholder/office|color={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes|#eee|lavender}} | 1blankname = {{{1blankname4|}}} | 1namedata = {{{1namedata4|}}} | 2blankname = {{{2blankname4|}}} | 2namedata = {{{2namedata4|}}} | 3blankname = {{{3blankname4|}}} | 3namedata = {{{3namedata4|}}} | 4blankname = {{{4blankname4|}}} | 4namedata = {{{4namedata4|}}} | 5blankname = {{{5blankname4|}}} | 5namedata = {{{5namedata4|}}} | alongside = {{{alongside4|}}} | ambassador_from = {{{ambassador_from4|}}} | appointer = {{#if: {{{appointer4|}}} | {{{appointer4}}} | {{{appointed4|}}} }} | assembly = {{{assembly4|}}} | chancellor = {{{chancellor4|}}} | co-leader = {{{co-leader4|}}} | constituency_{{#if:{{{constituency_AM4|}}}|AM|MP}} = {{#if: {{{constituency_AM4|}}} | {{{constituency_AM4}}} | {{{constituency_MP4|}}} }} | constituency = {{{constituency4|}}} | country = {{{country4|}}} | deputy = {{{deputy4|}}} | district = {{{district4|}}} | firstminister = {{{firstminister4|}}} | governor-general = {{{governor-general4|}}} | governor_general = {{{governor_general4|}}} | governor = {{{governor4|}}} | jr/sr = {{{jr/sr4|}}} | jr/sr and state = {{{jr/sr and state4|}}} | leader = {{{leader4|}}} | legislature = {{{legislature4|}}} | lieutenant_governor = {{{lieutenant_governor4|}}} | lieutenant = {{{lieutenant4|}}} | minister_from = {{{minister_from4|}}} | minority_floor_leader = {{{minority_floor_leader4|}}} | majority_floor_leader = {{{majority_floor_leader4|}}} | majority_leader = {{#if: {{{majorityleader4|}}} | {{{majorityleader4}}} | {{{majority_leader4|}}} }} | majority = {{{majority4|}}} | minister = {{{minister4|}}} | minority_leader = {{#if: {{{minorityleader4|}}} | {{{minorityleader4}}} | {{{minority_leader4|}}} }} | monarch = {{{monarch4|}}} | nominator = {{{nominator4|}}} | office = {{{office4|}}} | order = {{{order4|}}} | parliament = {{{parliament4|}}} | predecessor = {{{predecessor4|}}} | preceding = {{{preceding4|}}} | preceded = {{{preceded4|}}} | premier = {{{premier4|}}} | president = {{{president4|}}} | primeminister = {{{primeminister4|}}} | riding = {{{riding4|}}} | state_assembly = {{{state_assembly4|}}} | state_delegate = {{{state_delegate4|}}} | state_house = {{{state_house4|}}} | state_legislature = {{{state_legislature4|}}} | state_senate = {{{state_senate4|}}} | state = {{{state4|}}} | succeeded = {{{succeeded4|}}} | succeeding = {{{succeeding4|}}} | successor = {{{successor4|}}} | taoiseach = {{{taoiseach4|}}} | termlabel = {{{term_label4|{{{termlabel4|عهدي ۾}}}}}} | termend = {{#if:{{{termend4|}}}|{{{termend4}}}|{{{term_end4|}}}}} | termstart = {{#if:{{{termstart4|}}}|{{{termstart4}}}|{{{term_start4|}}}}} | term = {{{term4|}}} | title = {{{title4|}}} | vicegovernor = {{{vicegovernor4|}}} | vicepresident = {{{vicepresident4|}}} | vicepremier = {{{vicepremier4|}}} | viceprimeminister = {{{viceprimeminister4|}}} | party = {{{party|}}} | prior_term = {{{prior_term4|}}} }}}}<!-- --->{{#if:{{{nominee|}}}{{{candidate|}}}|| {{Infobox officeholder/office|color={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes|#eee|lavender}} | 1blankname = {{{1blankname5|}}} | 1namedata = {{{1namedata5|}}} | 2blankname = {{{2blankname5|}}} | 2namedata = {{{2namedata5|}}} | 3blankname = {{{3blankname5|}}} | 3namedata = {{{3namedata5|}}} | 4blankname = {{{4blankname5|}}} | 4namedata = {{{4namedata5|}}} | 5blankname = {{{5blankname5|}}} | 5namedata = {{{5namedata5|}}} | alongside = {{{alongside5|}}} | ambassador_from = {{{ambassador_from5|}}} | appointer = {{#if: {{{appointer5|}}} | {{{appointer5}}} | {{{appointed5|}}} }} | assembly = {{{assembly5|}}} | chancellor = {{{chancellor5|}}} | co-leader = {{{co-leader5|}}} | constituency_{{#if:{{{constituency_AM5|}}}|AM|MP}} = {{#if: {{{constituency_AM5|}}} | {{{constituency_AM5}}} | {{{constituency_MP5|}}} }} | constituency = {{{constituency5|}}} | country = {{{country5|}}} | deputy = {{{deputy5|}}} | district = {{{district5|}}} | firstminister = {{{firstminister5|}}} | governor-general = {{{governor-general5|}}} | governor_general = {{{governor_general5|}}} | governor = {{{governor5|}}} | jr/sr = {{{jr/sr5|}}} | jr/sr and state = {{{jr/sr and state5|}}} | leader = {{{leader5|}}} | legislature = {{{legislature5|}}} | lieutenant_governor = {{{lieutenant_governor5|}}} | lieutenant = {{{lieutenant5|}}} | minister_from = {{{minister_from5|}}} | minority_floor_leader = {{{minority_floor_leader5|}}} | majority_floor_leader = {{{majority_floor_leader5|}}} | majority_leader = {{#if: {{{majorityleader5|}}} | {{{majorityleader5}}} | {{{majority_leader5|}}} }} | majority = {{{majority5|}}} | minister = {{{minister5|}}} | minority_leader = {{#if: {{{minorityleader5|}}} | {{{minorityleader5}}} | {{{minority_leader5|}}} }} | monarch = {{{monarch5|}}} | nominator = {{{nominator5|}}} | office = {{{office5|}}} | order = {{{order5|}}} | parliament = {{{parliament5|}}} | predecessor = {{{predecessor5|}}} | preceding = {{{preceding5|}}} | preceded = {{{preceded5|}}} | premier = {{{premier5|}}} | president = {{{president5|}}} | primeminister = {{{primeminister5|}}} | riding = {{{riding5|}}} | state_assembly = {{{state_assembly5|}}} | state_delegate = {{{state_delegate5|}}} | state_house = {{{state_house5|}}} | state_legislature = {{{state_legislature5|}}} | state_senate = {{{state_senate5|}}} | state = {{{state5|}}} | succeeded = {{{succeeded5|}}} | succeeding = {{{succeeding5|}}} | successor = {{{successor5|}}} | taoiseach = {{{taoiseach5|}}} | termlabel = {{{term_label5|{{{termlabel5|عهدي ۾}}}}}} | termend = {{#if:{{{termend5|}}}|{{{termend5}}}|{{{term_end5|}}}}} | termstart = {{#if:{{{termstart5|}}}|{{{termstart5}}}|{{{term_start5|}}}}} | term = {{{term5|}}} | title = {{{title5|}}} | vicegovernor = {{{vicegovernor5|}}} | vicepresident = {{{vicepresident5|}}} | vicepremier = {{{vicepremier5|}}} | viceprimeminister = {{{viceprimeminister5|}}} | party = {{{party|}}} | prior_term = {{{prior_term5|}}} }}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{nominee|}}}{{{candidate|}}}|| {{Infobox officeholder/office|color={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes|#eee|lavender}} | 1blankname = {{{1blankname6|}}} | 1namedata = {{{1namedata6|}}} | 2blankname = {{{2blankname6|}}} | 2namedata = {{{2namedata6|}}} | 3blankname = {{{3blankname6|}}} | 3namedata = {{{3namedata6|}}} | 4blankname = {{{4blankname6|}}} | 4namedata = {{{4namedata6|}}} | 5blankname = {{{5blankname6|}}} | 5namedata = {{{5namedata6|}}} | alongside = {{{alongside6|}}} | ambassador_from = {{{ambassador_from6|}}} | appointer = {{#if: {{{appointer6|}}} | {{{appointer6}}} | {{{appointed6|}}} }} | assembly = {{{assembly6|}}} | chancellor = {{{chancellor6|}}} | co-leader = {{{co-leader6|}}} | constituency_{{#if:{{{constituency_AM6|}}}|AM|MP}} = {{#if: {{{constituency_AM6|}}} | {{{constituency_AM6}}} | {{{constituency_MP6|}}} }} | constituency = {{{constituency6|}}} | country = {{{country6|}}} | deputy = {{{deputy6|}}} | district = {{{district6|}}} | firstminister = {{{firstminister6|}}} | governor-general = {{{governor-general6|}}} | governor_general = {{{governor_general6|}}} | governor = {{{governor6|}}} | jr/sr = {{{jr/sr6|}}} | jr/sr and state = {{{jr/sr and state6|}}} | leader = {{{leader6|}}} | legislature = {{{legislature6|}}} | lieutenant_governor = {{{lieutenant_governor6|}}} | lieutenant = {{{lieutenant6|}}} | minority_floor_leader = {{{minority_floor_leader6|}}} | minister_from = {{{minister_from6|}}} | majority_floor_leader = {{{majority_floor_leader6|}}} | majority_leader = {{#if: {{{majorityleader6|}}} | {{{majorityleader6}}} | {{{majority_leader6|}}} }} | majority = {{{majority6|}}} | minister = {{{minister6|}}} | minority_leader = {{#if: {{{minorityleader6|}}} | {{{minorityleader6}}} | {{{minority_leader6|}}} }} | monarch = {{{monarch6|}}} | nominator = {{{nominator6|}}} | office = {{{office6|}}} | order = {{{order6|}}} | parliament = {{{parliament6|}}} | predecessor = {{{predecessor6|}}} | preceding = {{{preceding6|}}} | preceded = {{{preceded6|}}} | premier = {{{premier6|}}} | president = {{{president6|}}} | primeminister = {{{primeminister6|}}} | riding = {{{riding6|}}} | state_assembly = {{{state_assembly6|}}} | state_delegate = {{{state_delegate6|}}} | state_house = {{{state_house6|}}} | state_legislature = {{{state_legislature6|}}} | state_senate = {{{state_senate6|}}} | state = {{{state6|}}} | succeeded = {{{succeeded6|}}} | succeeding = {{{succeeding6|}}} | successor = {{{successor6|}}} | taoiseach = {{{taoiseach6|}}} | termlabel = {{{term_label6|{{{termlabel6|عهدي ۾}}}}}} | termend = {{#if:{{{termend6|}}}|{{{termend6}}}|{{{term_end6|}}}}} | termstart = {{#if:{{{termstart6|}}}|{{{termstart6}}}|{{{term_start6|}}}}} | term = {{{term6|}}} | title = {{{title6|}}} | vicegovernor = {{{vicegovernor6|}}} | vicepresident = {{{vicepresident6|}}} | vicepremier = {{{vicepremier6|}}} | viceprimeminister = {{{viceprimeminister6|}}} | party = {{{party|}}} | prior_term = {{{prior_term6|}}} }}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{nominee|}}}{{{candidate|}}}|| {{Infobox officeholder/office|color={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes|#eee|lavender}} | 1blankname = {{{1blankname7|}}} | 1namedata = {{{1namedata7|}}} | 2blankname = {{{2blankname7|}}} | 2namedata = {{{2namedata7|}}} | 3blankname = {{{3blankname7|}}} | 3namedata = {{{3namedata7|}}} | 4blankname = {{{4blankname7|}}} | 4namedata = {{{4namedata7|}}} | 5blankname = {{{5blankname7|}}} | 5namedata = {{{5namedata7|}}} | alongside = {{{alongside7|}}} | ambassador_from = {{{ambassador_from7|}}} | appointer = {{#if: {{{appointer7|}}} | {{{appointer7}}} | {{{appointed7|}}} }} | assembly = {{{assembly7|}}} | chancellor = {{{chancellor7|}}} | co-leader = {{{co-leader7|}}} | constituency_{{#if:{{{constituency_AM7|}}}|AM|MP}} = {{#if: {{{constituency_AM7|}}} | {{{constituency_AM7}}} | {{{constituency_MP7|}}} }} | constituency = {{{constituency7|}}} | country = {{{country7|}}} | deputy = {{{deputy7|}}} | district = {{{district7|}}} | firstminister = {{{firstminister7|}}} | governor-general = {{{governor-general7|}}} | governor_general = {{{governor_general7|}}} | governor = {{{governor7|}}} | jr/sr = {{{jr/sr7|}}} | jr/sr and state = {{{jr/sr and state7|}}} | leader = {{{leader7|}}} | legislature = {{{legislature7|}}} | lieutenant_governor = {{{lieutenant_governor7|}}} | lieutenant = {{{lieutenant7|}}} | minister_from = {{{minister_from7|}}} | minority_floor_leader = {{{minority_floor_leader7|}}} | majority_floor_leader = {{{majority_floor_leader7|}}} | majority_leader = {{#if: {{{majorityleader7|}}} | {{{majorityleader7}}} | {{{majority_leader7|}}} }} | majority = {{{majority7|}}} | minister = {{{minister7|}}} | minority_leader = {{#if: {{{minorityleader7|}}} | {{{minorityleader7}}} | {{{minority_leader7|}}} }} | monarch = {{{monarch7|}}} | nominator = {{{nominator7|}}} | office = {{{office7|}}} | order = {{{order7|}}} | parliament = {{{parliament7|}}} | predecessor = {{{predecessor7|}}} | preceding = {{{preceding7|}}} | preceded = {{{preceded7|}}} | premier = {{{premier7|}}} | president = {{{president7|}}} | primeminister = {{{primeminister7|}}} | riding = {{{riding7|}}} | state_assembly = {{{state_assembly7|}}} | state_delegate = {{{state_delegate7|}}} | state_house = {{{state_house7|}}} | state_legislature = {{{state_legislature7|}}} | state_senate = {{{state_senate7|}}} | state = {{{state7|}}} | succeeded = {{{succeeded7|}}} | succeeding = {{{succeeding7|}}} | successor = {{{successor7|}}} | taoiseach = {{{taoiseach7|}}} | termlabel = {{{term_label7|{{{termlabel7|عهدي ۾}}}}}} | termend = {{#if:{{{termend7|}}}|{{{termend7}}}|{{{term_end7|}}}}} | termstart = {{#if:{{{termstart7|}}}|{{{termstart7}}}|{{{term_start7|}}}}} | term = {{{term7|}}} | title = {{{title7|}}} | vicegovernor = {{{vicegovernor7|}}} | vicepresident = {{{vicepresident7|}}} | vicepremier = {{{vicepremier7|}}} | viceprimeminister = {{{viceprimeminister7|}}} | party = {{{party|}}} | prior_term = {{{prior_term7|}}} }}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{nominee|}}}{{{candidate|}}}|| {{Infobox officeholder/office|color={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes|#eee|lavender}} | 1blankname = {{{1blankname8|}}} | 1namedata = {{{1namedata8|}}} | 2blankname = {{{2blankname8|}}} | 2namedata = {{{2namedata8|}}} | 3blankname = {{{3blankname8|}}} | 3namedata = {{{3namedata8|}}} | 4blankname = {{{4blankname8|}}} | 4namedata = {{{4namedata8|}}} | 5blankname = {{{5blankname8|}}} | 5namedata = {{{5namedata8|}}} | alongside = {{{alongside8|}}} | ambassador_from = {{{ambassador_from8|}}} | appointer = {{#if: {{{appointer8|}}} | {{{appointer8}}} | {{{appointed8|}}} }} | assembly = {{{assembly8|}}} | chancellor = {{{chancellor8|}}} | co-leader = {{{co-leader8|}}} | constituency_{{#if:{{{constituency_AM8|}}}|AM|MP}} = {{#if: {{{constituency_AM8|}}} | {{{constituency_AM8}}} | {{{constituency_MP8|}}} }} | constituency = {{{constituency8|}}} | country = {{{country8|}}} | deputy = {{{deputy8|}}} | district = {{{district8|}}} | firstminister = {{{firstminister8|}}} | governor-general = {{{governor-general8|}}} | governor_general = {{{governor_general8|}}} | governor = {{{governor8|}}} | jr/sr = {{{jr/sr8|}}} | jr/sr and state = {{{jr/sr and state8|}}} | leader = {{{leader8|}}} | legislature = {{{legislature8|}}} | lieutenant_governor = {{{lieutenant_governor8|}}} | lieutenant = {{{lieutenant8|}}} | minister_from = {{{minister_from8|}}} | minority_floor_leader = {{{minority_floor_leader8|}}} | majority_floor_leader = {{{majority_floor_leader8|}}} | majority_leader = {{#if: {{{majorityleader8|}}} | {{{majorityleader8}}} | {{{majority_leader8|}}} }} | majority = {{{majority8|}}} | minister = {{{minister8|}}} | minority_leader = {{#if: {{{minorityleader8|}}} | {{{minorityleader8}}} | {{{minority_leader8|}}} }} | monarch = {{{monarch8|}}} | nominator = {{{nominator8|}}} | office = {{{office8|}}} | order = {{{order8|}}} | parliament = {{{parliament8|}}} | predecessor = {{{predecessor8|}}} | preceding = {{{preceding8|}}} | preceded = {{{preceded8|}}} | premier = {{{premier8|}}} | president = {{{president8|}}} | primeminister = {{{primeminister8|}}} | riding = {{{riding8|}}} | state_assembly = {{{state_assembly8|}}} | state_delegate = {{{state_delegate8|}}} | state_house = {{{state_house8|}}} | state_legislature = {{{state_legislature8|}}} | state_senate = {{{state_senate8|}}} | state = {{{state8|}}} | succeeded = {{{succeeded8|}}} | succeeding = {{{succeeding8|}}} | successor = {{{successor8|}}} | taoiseach = {{{taoiseach8|}}} | termlabel = {{{term_label8|{{{termlabel8|عهدي ۾}}}}}} | termend = {{#if:{{{termend8|}}}|{{{termend8}}}|{{{term_end8|}}}}} | termstart = {{#if:{{{termstart8|}}}|{{{termstart8}}}|{{{term_start8|}}}}} | term = {{{term8|}}} | title = {{{title8|}}} | vicegovernor = {{{vicegovernor8|}}} | vicepresident = {{{vicepresident8|}}} | vicepremier = {{{vicepremier8|}}} | viceprimeminister = {{{viceprimeminister8|}}} | party = {{{party|}}} | prior_term = {{{prior_term8|}}} }}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{nominee|}}}{{{candidate|}}}|| {{Infobox officeholder/office|color={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes|#eee|lavender}} | 1blankname = {{{1blankname9|}}} | 1namedata = {{{1namedata9|}}} | 2blankname = {{{2blankname9|}}} | 2namedata = {{{2namedata9|}}} | 3blankname = {{{3blankname9|}}} | 3namedata = {{{3namedata9|}}} | 4blankname = {{{4blankname9|}}} | 4namedata = {{{4namedata9|}}} | 5blankname = {{{5blankname9|}}} | 5namedata = {{{5namedata9|}}} | alongside = {{{alongside9|}}} | ambassador_from = {{{ambassador_from9|}}} | appointer = {{#if: {{{appointer9|}}} | {{{appointer9}}} | {{{appointed9|}}} }} | assembly = {{{assembly9|}}} | chancellor = {{{chancellor9|}}} | co-leader = {{{co-leader9|}}} | constituency_{{#if:{{{constituency_AM9|}}}|AM|MP}} = {{#if: {{{constituency_AM9|}}} | {{{constituency_AM9}}} | {{{constituency_MP9|}}} }} | constituency = {{{constituency9|}}} | country = {{{country9|}}} | deputy = {{{deputy9|}}} | district = {{{district9|}}} | firstminister = {{{firstminister9|}}} | governor-general = {{{governor-general9|}}} | governor_general = {{{governor_general9|}}} | governor = {{{governor9|}}} | jr/sr = {{{jr/sr9|}}} | jr/sr and state = {{{jr/sr and state9|}}} | leader = {{{leader9|}}} | legislature = {{{legislature9|}}} | lieutenant_governor = {{{lieutenant_governor9|}}} | lieutenant = {{{lieutenant9|}}} | minister_from = {{{minister_from9|}}} | minority_floor_leader = {{{minority_floor_leader9|}}} | majority_floor_leader = {{{majority_floor_leader9|}}} | majority_leader = {{#if: {{{majorityleader9|}}} | {{{majorityleader9}}} | {{{majority_leader9|}}} }} | majority = {{{majority9|}}} | minister = {{{minister9|}}} | minority_leader = {{#if: {{{minorityleader9|}}} | {{{minorityleader9}}} | {{{minority_leader9|}}} }} | monarch = {{{monarch9|}}} | nominator = {{{nominator9|}}} | office = {{{office9|}}} | order = {{{order9|}}} | parliament = {{{parliament9|}}} | predecessor = {{{predecessor9|}}} | preceding = {{{preceding9|}}} | preceded = {{{preceded9|}}} | premier = {{{premier9|}}} | president = {{{president9|}}} | primeminister = {{{primeminister9|}}} | riding = {{{riding9|}}} | state_assembly = {{{state_assembly9|}}} | state_delegate = {{{state_delegate9|}}} | state_house = {{{state_house9|}}} | state_legislature = {{{state_legislature9|}}} | state_senate = {{{state_senate9|}}} | state = {{{state9|}}} | succeeded = {{{succeeded9|}}} | succeeding = {{{succeeding9|}}} | successor = {{{successor9|}}} | taoiseach = {{{taoiseach9|}}} | termlabel = {{{term_label9|{{{termlabel9|عهدي ۾}}}}}} | termend = {{#if:{{{termend9|}}}|{{{termend9}}}|{{{term_end9|}}}}} | termstart = {{#if:{{{termstart9|}}}|{{{termstart9}}}|{{{term_start9|}}}}} | term = {{{term9|}}} | title = {{{title9|}}} | vicegovernor = {{{vicegovernor9|}}} | vicepresident = {{{vicepresident9|}}} | vicepremier = {{{vicepremier9|}}} | viceprimeminister = {{{viceprimeminister9|}}} | party = {{{party|}}} | prior_term = {{{prior_term9|}}} }}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{nominee|}}}{{{candidate|}}}|| {{Infobox officeholder/office|color={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes|#eee|lavender}} | 1blankname = {{{1blankname10|}}} | 1namedata = {{{1namedata10|}}} | 2blankname = {{{2blankname10|}}} | 2namedata = {{{2namedata10|}}} | 3blankname = {{{3blankname10|}}} | 3namedata = {{{3namedata10|}}} | 4blankname = {{{4blankname10|}}} | 4namedata = {{{4namedata10|}}} | 5blankname = {{{5blankname10|}}} | 5namedata = {{{5namedata10|}}} | alongside = {{{alongside10|}}} | ambassador_from = {{{ambassador_from10|}}} | appointer = {{#if: {{{appointer10|}}} | {{{appointer10}}} | {{{appointed10|}}} }} | assembly = {{{assembly10|}}} | chancellor = {{{chancellor10|}}} | co-leader = {{{co-leader10|}}} | constituency_{{#if:{{{constituency_AM10|}}}|AM|MP}} = {{#if: {{{constituency_AM10|}}} | {{{constituency_AM10}}} | {{{constituency_MP10|}}} }} | constituency = {{{constituency10|}}} | country = {{{country10|}}} | deputy = {{{deputy10|}}} | district = {{{district10|}}} | firstminister = {{{firstminister10|}}} | governor-general = {{{governor-general10|}}} | governor_general = {{{governor_general10|}}} | governor = {{{governor10|}}} | jr/sr = {{{jr/sr10|}}} | jr/sr and state = {{{jr/sr and state10|}}} | leader = {{{leader10|}}} | legislature = {{{legislature10|}}} | lieutenant_governor = {{{lieutenant_governor10|}}} | lieutenant = {{{lieutenant10|}}} | minister_from = {{{minister_from10|}}} | minority_floor_leader = {{{minority_floor_leader10|}}} | majority_floor_leader = {{{majority_floor_leader10|}}} | majority_leader = {{#if: {{{majorityleader10|}}} | {{{majorityleader10}}} | {{{majority_leader10|}}} }} | majority = {{{majority10|}}} | minister = {{{minister10|}}} | minority_leader = {{#if: {{{minorityleader10|}}} | {{{minorityleader10}}} | {{{minority_leader10|}}} }} | monarch = {{{monarch10|}}} | nominator = {{{nominator10|}}} | office = {{{office10|}}} | order = {{{order10|}}} | parliament = {{{parliament10|}}} | predecessor = {{{predecessor10|}}} | preceding = {{{preceding10|}}} | preceded = {{{preceded10|}}} | premier = {{{premier10|}}} | president = {{{president10|}}} | primeminister = {{{primeminister10|}}} | riding = {{{riding10|}}} | state_assembly = {{{state_assembly10|}}} | state_delegate = {{{state_delegate10|}}} | state_house = {{{state_house10|}}} | state_legislature = {{{state_legislature10|}}} | state_senate = {{{state_senate10|}}} | state = {{{state10|}}} | succeeded = {{{succeeded10|}}} | succeeding = {{{succeeding10|}}} | successor = {{{successor10|}}} | taoiseach = {{{taoiseach10|}}} | termlabel = {{{term_label10|{{{termlabel10|عهدي ۾}}}}}} | termend = {{#if:{{{termend10|}}}|{{{termend10}}}|{{{term_end10|}}}}} | termstart = {{#if:{{{termstart10|}}}|{{{termstart10}}}|{{{term_start10|}}}}} | term = {{{term10|}}} | title = {{{title10|}}} | vicegovernor = {{{vicegovernor10|}}} | vicepresident = {{{vicepresident10|}}} | vicepremier = {{{vicepremier10|}}} | viceprimeminister = {{{viceprimeminister10|}}} | party = {{{party|}}} | prior_term = {{{prior_term10|}}} }}}}<!-- --->{{#if:{{{nominee|}}}{{{candidate|}}}|| {{Infobox officeholder/office|color={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes|#eee|lavender}} | 1blankname = {{{1blankname11|}}} | 1namedata = {{{1namedata11|}}} | 2blankname = {{{2blankname11|}}} | 2namedata = {{{2namedata11|}}} | 3blankname = {{{3blankname11|}}} | 3namedata = {{{3namedata11|}}} | 4blankname = {{{4blankname11|}}} | 4namedata = {{{4namedata11|}}} | 5blankname = {{{5blankname11|}}} | 5namedata = {{{5namedata11|}}} | alongside = {{{alongside11|}}} | ambassador_from = {{{ambassador_from11|}}} | appointer = {{#if: {{{appointer11|}}} | {{{appointer11}}} | {{{appointed11|}}} }} | assembly = {{{assembly11|}}} | chancellor = {{{chancellor11|}}} | co-leader = {{{co-leader11|}}} | constituency_{{#if:{{{constituency_AM11|}}}|AM|MP}} = {{#if: {{{constituency_AM11|}}} | {{{constituency_AM11}}} | {{{constituency_MP11|}}} }} | constituency = {{{constituency11|}}} | country = {{{country11|}}} | deputy = {{{deputy11|}}} | district = {{{district11|}}} | firstminister = {{{firstminister11|}}} | governor-general = {{{governor-general11|}}} | governor_general = {{{governor_general11|}}} | governor = {{{governor11|}}} | jr/sr = {{{jr/sr11|}}} | jr/sr and state = {{{jr/sr and state11|}}} | leader = {{{leader11|}}} | legislature = {{{legislature11|}}} | lieutenant_governor = {{{lieutenant_governor11|}}} | lieutenant = {{{lieutenant11|}}} | minister_from = {{{minister_from11|}}} | minority_floor_leader = {{{minority_floor_leader11|}}} | majority_floor_leader = {{{majority_floor_leader11|}}} | majority_leader = {{#if: {{{majorityleader11|}}} | {{{majorityleader11}}} | {{{majority_leader11|}}} }} | majority = {{{majority11|}}} | minister = {{{minister11|}}} | minority_leader = {{#if: {{{minorityleader11|}}} | {{{minorityleader11}}} | {{{minority_leader11|}}} }} | monarch = {{{monarch11|}}} | nominator = {{{nominator11|}}} | office = {{{office11|}}} | order = {{{order11|}}} | parliament = {{{parliament11|}}} | predecessor = {{{predecessor11|}}} | preceding = {{{preceding11|}}} | preceded = {{{preceded11|}}} | premier = {{{premier11|}}} | president = {{{president11|}}} | primeminister = {{{primeminister11|}}} | riding = {{{riding11|}}} | state_assembly = {{{state_assembly11|}}} | state_delegate = {{{state_delegate11|}}} | state_house = {{{state_house11|}}} | state_legislature = {{{state_legislature11|}}} | state_senate = {{{state_senate11|}}} | state = {{{state11|}}} | succeeded = {{{succeeded11|}}} | succeeding = {{{succeeding11|}}} | successor = {{{successor11|}}} | taoiseach = {{{taoiseach11|}}} | termlabel = {{{term_label11|{{{termlabel11|عهدي ۾}}}}}} | termend = {{#if:{{{termend11|}}}|{{{termend11}}}|{{{term_end11|}}}}} | termstart = {{#if:{{{termstart11|}}}|{{{termstart11}}}|{{{term_start11|}}}}} | term = {{{term11|}}} | title = {{{title11|}}} | vicegovernor = {{{vicegovernor11|}}} | vicepresident = {{{vicepresident11|}}} | vicepremier = {{{vicepremier11|}}} | viceprimeminister = {{{viceprimeminister11|}}} | party = {{{party|}}} | prior_term = {{{prior_term11|}}} }}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{nominee|}}}{{{candidate|}}}|| {{Infobox officeholder/office|color={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes|#eee|lavender}} | 1blankname = {{{1blankname12|}}} | 1namedata = {{{1namedata12|}}} | 2blankname = {{{2blankname12|}}} | 2namedata = {{{2namedata12|}}} | 3blankname = {{{3blankname12|}}} | 3namedata = {{{3namedata12|}}} | 4blankname = {{{4blankname12|}}} | 4namedata = {{{4namedata12|}}} | 5blankname = {{{5blankname12|}}} | 5namedata = {{{5namedata12|}}} | alongside = {{{alongside12|}}} | ambassador_from = {{{ambassador_from12|}}} | appointer = {{#if: {{{appointer12|}}} | {{{appointer12}}} | {{{appointed12|}}} }} | assembly = {{{assembly12|}}} | chancellor = {{{chancellor12|}}} | co-leader = {{{co-leader12|}}} | constituency_{{#if:{{{constituency_AM12|}}}|AM|MP}} = {{#if: {{{constituency_AM12|}}} | {{{constituency_AM12}}} | {{{constituency_MP12|}}} }} | constituency = {{{constituency12|}}} | country = {{{country12|}}} | deputy = {{{deputy12|}}} | district = {{{district12|}}} | firstminister = {{{firstminister12|}}} | governor-general = {{{governor-general12|}}} | governor_general = {{{governor_general12|}}} | governor = {{{governor12|}}} | jr/sr = {{{jr/sr12|}}} | jr/sr and state = {{{jr/sr and state12|}}} | leader = {{{leader12|}}} | legislature = {{{legislature12|}}} | lieutenant_governor = {{{lieutenant_governor12|}}} | lieutenant = {{{lieutenant12|}}} | minister_from = {{{minister_from12|}}} | minority_floor_leader = {{{minority_floor_leader12|}}} | majority_floor_leader = {{{majority_floor_leader12|}}} | majority_leader = {{#if: {{{majorityleader12|}}} | {{{majorityleader12}}} | {{{majority_leader12|}}} }} | majority = {{{majority12|}}} | minister = {{{minister12|}}} | minority_leader = {{#if: {{{minorityleader12|}}} | {{{minorityleader12}}} | {{{minority_leader12|}}} }} | monarch = {{{monarch12|}}} | nominator = {{{nominator12|}}} | office = {{{office12|}}} | order = {{{order12|}}} | parliament = {{{parliament12|}}} | predecessor = {{{predecessor12|}}} | preceding = {{{preceding12|}}} | preceded = {{{preceded12|}}} | premier = {{{premier12|}}} | president = {{{president12|}}} | primeminister = {{{primeminister12|}}} | riding = {{{riding12|}}} | state_assembly = {{{state_assembly12|}}} | state_delegate = {{{state_delegate12|}}} | state_house = {{{state_house12|}}} | state_legislature = {{{state_legislature12|}}} | state_senate = {{{state_senate12|}}} | state = {{{state12|}}} | succeeded = {{{succeeded12|}}} | succeeding = {{{succeeding12|}}} | successor = {{{successor12|}}} | taoiseach = {{{taoiseach12|}}} | termlabel = {{{term_label12|{{{termlabel12|عهدي ۾}}}}}} | termend = {{#if:{{{termend12|}}}|{{{termend12}}}|{{{term_end12|}}}}} | termstart = {{#if:{{{termstart12|}}}|{{{termstart12}}}|{{{term_start12|}}}}} | term = {{{term12|}}} | title = {{{title12|}}} | vicegovernor = {{{vicegovernor12|}}} | vicepresident = {{{vicepresident12|}}} | vicepremier = {{{vicepremier12|}}} | viceprimeminister = {{{viceprimeminister12|}}} | party = {{{party|}}} | prior_term = {{{prior_term12|}}} }}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{nominee|}}}{{{candidate|}}}|| {{Infobox officeholder/office|color={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes|#eee|lavender}} | 1blankname = {{{1blankname13|}}} | 1namedata = {{{1namedata13|}}} | 2blankname = {{{2blankname13|}}} | 2namedata = {{{2namedata13|}}} | 3blankname = {{{3blankname13|}}} | 3namedata = {{{3namedata13|}}} | 4blankname = {{{4blankname13|}}} | 4namedata = {{{4namedata13|}}} | 5blankname = {{{5blankname13|}}} | 5namedata = {{{5namedata13|}}} | alongside = {{{alongside13|}}} | ambassador_from = {{{ambassador_from13|}}} | appointer = {{#if: {{{appointer13|}}} | {{{appointer13}}} | {{{appointed13|}}} }} | assembly = {{{assembly13|}}} | chancellor = {{{chancellor13|}}} | co-leader = {{{co-leader13|}}} | constituency_{{#if:{{{constituency_AM13|}}}|AM|MP}} = {{#if: {{{constituency_AM13|}}} | {{{constituency_AM13}}} | {{{constituency_MP13|}}} }} | constituency = {{{constituency13|}}} | country = {{{country13|}}} | deputy = {{{deputy13|}}} | district = {{{district13|}}} | firstminister = {{{firstminister13|}}} | governor-general = {{{governor-general13|}}} | governor_general = {{{governor_general13|}}} | governor = {{{governor13|}}} | jr/sr = {{{jr/sr13|}}} | jr/sr and state = {{{jr/sr and state13|}}} | leader = {{{leader13|}}} | legislature = {{{legislature13|}}} | lieutenant_governor = {{{lieutenant_governor13|}}} | lieutenant = {{{lieutenant13|}}} | minister_from = {{{minister_from13|}}} | minority_floor_leader = {{{minority_floor_leader13|}}} | majority_floor_leader = {{{majority_floor_leader13|}}} | majority_leader = {{#if: {{{majorityleader13|}}} | {{{majorityleader13}}} | {{{majority_leader13|}}} }} | majority = {{{majority13|}}} | minister = {{{minister13|}}} | minority_leader = {{#if: {{{minorityleader13|}}} | {{{minorityleader13}}} | {{{minority_leader13|}}} }} | monarch = {{{monarch13|}}} | nominator = {{{nominator13|}}} | office = {{{office13|}}} | order = {{{order13|}}} | parliament = {{{parliament13|}}} | predecessor = {{{predecessor13|}}} | preceding = {{{preceding13|}}} | preceded = {{{preceded13|}}} | premier = {{{premier13|}}} | president = {{{president13|}}} | primeminister = {{{primeminister13|}}} | riding = {{{riding13|}}} | state_assembly = {{{state_assembly13|}}} | state_delegate = {{{state_delegate13|}}} | state_house = {{{state_house13|}}} | state_legislature = {{{state_legislature13|}}} | state_senate = {{{state_senate13|}}} | state = {{{state13|}}} | succeeded = {{{succeeded13|}}} | succeeding = {{{succeeding13|}}} | successor = {{{successor13|}}} | taoiseach = {{{taoiseach13|}}} | termlabel = {{{term_label13|{{{termlabel13|عهدي ۾}}}}}} | termend = {{#if:{{{termend13|}}}|{{{termend13}}}|{{{term_end13|}}}}} | termstart = {{#if:{{{termstart13|}}}|{{{termstart13}}}|{{{term_start13|}}}}} | term = {{{term13|}}} | title = {{{title13|}}} | vicegovernor = {{{vicegovernor13|}}} | vicepresident = {{{vicepresident13|}}} | vicepremier = {{{vicepremier13|}}} | viceprimeminister = {{{viceprimeminister13|}}} | party = {{{party|}}} | prior_term = {{{prior_term13|}}} }}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{nominee|}}}{{{candidate|}}}|| {{Infobox officeholder/office|color={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes|#eee|lavender}} | 1blankname = {{{1blankname14|}}} | 1namedata = {{{1namedata14|}}} | 2blankname = {{{2blankname14|}}} | 2namedata = {{{2namedata14|}}} | 3blankname = {{{3blankname14|}}} | 3namedata = {{{3namedata14|}}} | 4blankname = {{{4blankname14|}}} | 4namedata = {{{4namedata14|}}} | 5blankname = {{{5blankname14|}}} | 5namedata = {{{5namedata14|}}} | alongside = {{{alongside14|}}} | ambassador_from = {{{ambassador_from14|}}} | appointer = {{#if: {{{appointer14|}}} | {{{appointer14}}} | {{{appointed14|}}} }} | assembly = {{{assembly14|}}} | chancellor = {{{chancellor14|}}} | co-leader = {{{co-leader14|}}} | constituency_{{#if:{{{constituency_AM14|}}}|AM|MP}} = {{#if: {{{constituency_AM14|}}} | {{{constituency_AM14}}} | {{{constituency_MP14|}}} }} | constituency = {{{constituency14|}}} | country = {{{country14|}}} | deputy = {{{deputy14|}}} | district = {{{district14|}}} | firstminister = {{{firstminister14|}}} | governor-general = {{{governor-general14|}}} | governor_general = {{{governor_general14|}}} | governor = {{{governor14|}}} | jr/sr = {{{jr/sr14|}}} | jr/sr and state = {{{jr/sr and state14|}}} | leader = {{{leader14|}}} | legislature = {{{legislature14|}}} | lieutenant_governor = {{{lieutenant_governor14|}}} | lieutenant = {{{lieutenant14|}}} | minister_from = {{{minister_from14|}}} | minority_floor_leader = {{{minority_floor_leader14|}}} | majority_floor_leader = {{{majority_floor_leader14|}}} | majority_leader = {{#if: {{{majorityleader14|}}} | {{{majorityleader14}}} | {{{majority_leader14|}}} }} | majority = {{{majority14|}}} | minister = {{{minister14|}}} | minority_leader = {{#if: {{{minorityleader14|}}} | {{{minorityleader14}}} | {{{minority_leader14|}}} }} | monarch = {{{monarch14|}}} | nominator = {{{nominator14|}}} | office = {{{office14|}}} | order = {{{order14|}}} | parliament = {{{parliament14|}}} | predecessor = {{{predecessor14|}}} | preceding = {{{preceding14|}}} | preceded = {{{preceded14|}}} | premier = {{{premier14|}}} | president = {{{president14|}}} | primeminister = {{{primeminister14|}}} | riding = {{{riding14|}}} | state_assembly = {{{state_assembly14|}}} | state_delegate = {{{state_delegate14|}}} | state_house = {{{state_house14|}}} | state_legislature = {{{state_legislature14|}}} | state_senate = {{{state_senate14|}}} | state = {{{state14|}}} | succeeded = {{{succeeded14|}}} | succeeding = {{{succeeding14|}}} | successor = {{{successor14|}}} | taoiseach = {{{taoiseach14|}}} | termlabel = {{{term_label14|{{{termlabel14|عهدي ۾}}}}}} | termend = {{#if:{{{termend14|}}}|{{{termend14}}}|{{{term_end14|}}}}} | termstart = {{#if:{{{termstart14|}}}|{{{termstart14}}}|{{{term_start14|}}}}} | term = {{{term14|}}} | title = {{{title14|}}} | vicegovernor = {{{vicegovernor14|}}} | vicepresident = {{{vicepresident14|}}} | vicepremier = {{{vicepremier14|}}} | viceprimeminister = {{{viceprimeminister14|}}} | party = {{{party|}}} | prior_term = {{{prior_term14|}}} }}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{nominee|}}}{{{candidate|}}}|| {{Infobox officeholder/office|color={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes|#eee|lavender}} | 1blankname = {{{1blankname15|}}} | 1namedata = {{{1namedata15|}}} | 2blankname = {{{2blankname15|}}} | 2namedata = {{{2namedata15|}}} | 3blankname = {{{3blankname15|}}} | 3namedata = {{{3namedata15|}}} | 4blankname = {{{4blankname15|}}} | 4namedata = {{{4namedata15|}}} | 5blankname = {{{5blankname15|}}} | 5namedata = {{{5namedata15|}}} | alongside = {{{alongside15|}}} | ambassador_from = {{{ambassador_from15|}}} | appointer = {{#if: {{{appointer15|}}} | {{{appointer15}}} | {{{appointed15|}}} }} | assembly = {{{assembly15|}}} | chancellor = {{{chancellor15|}}} | co-leader = {{{co-leader15|}}} | constituency_{{#if:{{{constituency_AM15|}}}|AM|MP}} = {{#if: {{{constituency_AM15|}}} | {{{constituency_AM15}}} | {{{constituency_MP15|}}} }} | constituency = {{{constituency15|}}} | country = {{{country15|}}} | deputy = {{{deputy15|}}} | district = {{{district15|}}} | firstminister = {{{firstminister15|}}} | governor-general = {{{governor-general15|}}} | governor_general = {{{governor_general15|}}} | governor = {{{governor15|}}} | jr/sr = {{{jr/sr15|}}} | jr/sr and state = {{{jr/sr and state15|}}} | leader = {{{leader15|}}} | legislature = {{{legislature15|}}} | lieutenant_governor = {{{lieutenant_governor15|}}} | lieutenant = {{{lieutenant15|}}} | minister_from = {{{minister_from15|}}} | minority_floor_leader = {{{minority_floor_leader15|}}} | majority_floor_leader = {{{majority_floor_leader15|}}} | majority_leader = {{#if: {{{majorityleader15|}}} | {{{majorityleader15}}} | {{{majority_leader15|}}} }} | majority = {{{majority15|}}} | minister = {{{minister15|}}} | minority_leader = {{#if: {{{minorityleader15|}}} | {{{minorityleader15}}} | {{{minority_leader15|}}} }} | monarch = {{{monarch15|}}} | nominator = {{{nominator15|}}} | office = {{{office15|}}} | order = {{{order15|}}} | parliament = {{{parliament15|}}} | predecessor = {{{predecessor15|}}} | preceding = {{{preceding15|}}} | preceded = {{{preceded15|}}} | premier = {{{premier15|}}} | president = {{{president15|}}} | primeminister = {{{primeminister15|}}} | riding = {{{riding15|}}} | state_assembly = {{{state_assembly15|}}} | state_delegate = {{{state_delegate15|}}} | state_house = {{{state_house15|}}} | state_legislature = {{{state_legislature15|}}} | state_senate = {{{state_senate15|}}} | state = {{{state15|}}} | succeeded = {{{succeeded15|}}} | succeeding = {{{succeeding15|}}} | successor = {{{successor15|}}} | taoiseach = {{{taoiseach15|}}} | termlabel = {{{term_label15|{{{termlabel15|عهدي ۾}}}}}} | termend = {{#if:{{{termend15|}}}|{{{termend15}}}|{{{term_end15|}}}}} | termstart = {{#if:{{{termstart15|}}}|{{{termstart15}}}|{{{term_start15|}}}}} | term = {{{term15|}}} | title = {{{title15|}}} | vicegovernor = {{{vicegovernor15|}}} | vicepresident = {{{vicepresident15|}}} | vicepremier = {{{vicepremier15|}}} | viceprimeminister = {{{viceprimeminister15|}}} | party = {{{party|}}} | prior_term = {{{prior_term15|}}} }}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{nominee|}}}{{{candidate|}}}|| {{Infobox officeholder/office|color={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes|#eee|lavender}} | 1blankname = {{{1blankname16|}}} | 1namedata = {{{1namedata16|}}} | 2blankname = {{{2blankname16|}}} | 2namedata = {{{2namedata16|}}} | 3blankname = {{{3blankname16|}}} | 3namedata = {{{3namedata16|}}} | 4blankname = {{{4blankname16|}}} | 4namedata = {{{4namedata16|}}} | 5blankname = {{{5blankname16|}}} | 5namedata = {{{5namedata16|}}} | alongside = {{{alongside16|}}} | ambassador_from = {{{ambassador_from16|}}} | appointer = {{#if: {{{appointer16|}}} | {{{appointer16}}} | {{{appointed16|}}} }} | assembly = {{{assembly16|}}} | chancellor = {{{chancellor16|}}} | co-leader = {{{co-leader16|}}} | constituency_{{#if:{{{constituency_AM16|}}}|AM|MP}} = {{#if: {{{constituency_AM16|}}} | {{{constituency_AM16}}} | {{{constituency_MP16|}}} }} | constituency = {{{constituency16|}}} | country = {{{country16|}}} | deputy = {{{deputy16|}}} | district = {{{district16|}}} | firstminister = {{{firstminister16|}}} | governor-general = {{{governor-general16|}}} | governor_general = {{{governor_general16|}}} | governor = {{{governor16|}}} | jr/sr = {{{jr/sr16|}}} | jr/sr and state = {{{jr/sr and state16|}}} | leader = {{{leader16|}}} | legislature = {{{legislature16|}}} | lieutenant_governor = {{{lieutenant_governor16|}}} | lieutenant = {{{lieutenant16|}}} | minister_from = {{{minister_from16|}}} | minority_floor_leader = {{{minority_floor_leader16|}}} | majority_floor_leader = {{{majority_floor_leader16|}}} | majority_leader = {{#if: {{{majorityleader16|}}} | {{{majorityleader16}}} | {{{majority_leader16|}}} }} | majority = {{{majority16|}}} | minister = {{{minister16|}}} | minority_leader = {{#if: {{{minorityleader16|}}} | {{{minorityleader16}}} | {{{minority_leader16|}}} }} | monarch = {{{monarch16|}}} | nominator = {{{nominator16|}}} | office = {{{office16|}}} | order = {{{order16|}}} | parliament = {{{parliament16|}}} | predecessor = {{{predecessor16|}}} | preceding = {{{preceding16|}}} | preceded = {{{preceded16|}}} | premier = {{{premier16|}}} | president = {{{president16|}}} | primeminister = {{{primeminister16|}}} | riding = {{{riding16|}}} | state_assembly = {{{state_assembly16|}}} | state_delegate = {{{state_delegate16|}}} | state_house = {{{state_house16|}}} | state_legislature = {{{state_legislature16|}}} | state_senate = {{{state_senate16|}}} | state = {{{state16|}}} | succeeded = {{{succeeded16|}}} | succeeding = {{{succeeding16|}}} | successor = {{{successor16|}}} | taoiseach = {{{taoiseach16|}}} | termlabel = {{{term_label16|{{{termlabel16|عهدي ۾}}}}}} | termend = {{#if:{{{termend16|}}}|{{{termend16}}}|{{{term_end16|}}}}} | termstart = {{#if:{{{termstart16|}}}|{{{termstart16}}}|{{{term_start16|}}}}} | term = {{{term16|}}} | title = {{{title16|}}} | vicegovernor = {{{vicegovernor16|}}} | vicepresident = {{{vicepresident16|}}} | vicepremier = {{{vicepremier16|}}} | viceprimeminister = {{{viceprimeminister16|}}} | party = {{{party|}}} | prior_term = {{{prior_term16|}}} }}}} | data19 = {{{module0|}}} <!----------ذاتي تفصيل----------> | header20 = {{#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}{{{birth_name|{{{birthname|}}}}}}{{{birth_date|}}}{{{birth_place|}}}{{{death_date|}}}{{{death_place|}}}{{{resting_place|{{{restingplace|}}}}}}{{{resting_place_coordinates|{{{restingplacecoordinates|}}}}}}{{{citizenship|}}}{{{nationality|}}}{{{party|}}}{{{otherparty|}}}{{{spouse|}}}{{{partner|}}}{{{relations|}}}{{{children|}}}{{{parents|}}}{{{mother|}}}{{{father|}}}{{{relatives|}}}{{{residence|}}}{{{education|}}}{{{alma_mater|}}}{{{occupation|}}}{{{profession|}}}{{{known_for|}}}{{{salary|}}}{{{net_worth|}}}{{{cabinet|}}}{{{committees|}}}{{{portfolio|}}}{{{religion|}}}{{{awards|}}}{{{data1|}}}{{{data2|}}}{{{data3|}}}{{{data4|}}}{{{data5|}}}|ذاتي تفصيل}} | label21 = اچار | data21 = {{{pronunciation|}}} | label22 = ڄائو | data22 = {{br separated entries |1 = {{#if:{{{birth_name|{{{birthname|}}}}}}|<span class="nickname">{{{birth_name|{{{birthname}}}}}}</span>}} |2 = {{{birth_date|}}} |3 = {{{birth_place|}}} }} | label23 = وفات | data23 = {{br separated entries|{{{death_date|}}}|{{{death_place|}}}}} | label24 = وفات جو سبب | data24 = {{{death_cause|}}} | label25 = تدفين جي جاءِ | class25 = label | data25 = {{br separated entries|{{{resting_place|{{{restingplace|}}}}}}|{{{resting_place_coordinates|{{{restingplacecoordinates|}}}}}}}} | label26 = شھريت | data26 = {{{citizenship|}}} | label27 = قوميت | data27 = {{{nationality|}}} | label28 = سياسي پارٽي | data28 = {{#switch:{{{party}}} | [[يونائيٽيڊ اسٽيٽس ڊيموڪريٽڪ پارٽي|ڊيموڪريٽ]] | [[ڊيموڪريٽڪ پارٽي (يونائيٽيڊ اسٽيٽس)|ڊيموڪريٽڪ]] | [[ڊيموڪريٽڪ پارٽي (يونائيٽيڊ اسٽيٽس)|ڊيموڪريٽ]] = [[ڊيموڪريٽڪ پارٽي (يونائيٽيڊ اسٽيٽس)|ڊيموڪريٽڪ]] | [[ريپبلڪن پارٽي (يونائيٽيڊ اسٽيٽس)|ريپبلڪن]] | [[يونائيٽيڊ اسٽيٽس ريپبلڪن پارٽي]] | [[يونائيٽيڊ اسٽيٽس ريپبلڪن پارٽي|ريپبلڪن]] | [[ريپبلڪن پارٽي (يونائيٽيڊ اسٽيٽس)|ريپبلڪن پارٽي]] = [[ريپبلڪن پارٽي (يونائيٽيڊ اسٽيٽس)|ريپبلڪن]] | [[ڪنزرويٽو پارٽي (برطانيا)|ڪنزرويٽو پارٽي]] | [[ڪنزرويٽو پارٽي (برطانيا)|ڪنزرويٽو]] = [[ڪنزرويٽو پارٽي (برطانيا)|ڪنزرويٽو]] | [[ليبر پارٽي (برطانيا)|ليبر پارٽي]] | [[ليبر پارٽي (برطانيا)|ليبر]] = [[ليبر پارٽي (برطانيا)|ليبر]] | [[ڪنزرويٽو پارٽي آف ڪينيڊا|ڪنزرويٽو پارٽي]] | [[ڪنزرويٽو پارٽي آف ڪينيڊا|ڪنزرويٽو]] = [[ڪنزرويٽو پارٽي آف ڪينيڊا|ڪنزرويٽو]] | [[لبرل پارٽي آف ڪينيڊا|لبرل پارٽي]] | [[لبرل پارٽي آف ڪينيڊا|لبرل]] = [[لبرل پارٽي آف ڪينيڊا|لبرل]] | KMT | Kuomintang | [[KMT]] | [[Kuomintang|KMT]] | [[Kuomintang]] | Kuomintang (KMT) | [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) | {{KMT}} (KMT) | {{KMT}} = [[Kuomintang]] | DPP | [[ڊيموڪريٽڪ پروگريسيو پارٽي|DPP]] | [[ڊيموڪريٽڪ پروگريسيو پارٽي]] | {{DPP}} = [[ڊيموڪريٽڪ پروگريسيو پارٽي]] | #default = {{{party|}}} }} | label29 = ٻيون سياسي<br />وابستگيون | data29 = {{{otherparty|}}} | label30 = اوچائي | data30 = {{#if:{{{height|}}}|{{infobox person/height|{{{height|}}}}}}} | label31 = زال/مڙس | data31 = {{{spouse|}}} | label32 = گهريلو ساٿي | data32 = {{{partner|}}} | label33 = لاڳاپا | data33 = {{{relations|}}} | label34 = ٻار | data34 = {{{children|}}} | label35 = والدين | data35 = {{{parents|}}} | label36 = ماءُ | data36 = {{{mother|}}} | label37 = پيءُ | data37 = {{{father|}}} | label38 = مائٽ | data38 = {{{relatives|}}} | label39 = رهائش | class39 = {{#if:{{{death_date|}}}{{{death_place|}}}||label}} | data39 = {{{residence|}}} | label40 = تعليم | data40 = {{{education|}}} | label41 = [[الما ميٽر]] | data41 = {{{alma_mater|}}} | label42 = پيشو | data42 = {{{occupation|}}} | label43 = پيشو | data43 = {{{profession|}}} | label44 = لاءِ مشهور | data44 = {{{known_for|}}} | label45 = پگهار | data45 = {{{salary|}}} | label46 = خالص ملڪيت | data46 = {{{net_worth|}}} | label47 = ڪابينا | data47 = {{{cabinet|}}} | label48 = ڪميٽيون | data48 = {{{committees|}}} | label49 = پورٽ فوليو | data49 = {{{portfolio|}}} | label50 = مذهب | data50 = {{{religion|}}} | label51 = {{#if:{{{mawards|}}}|شهري اعزاز|اعزاز}} | data51 = {{{awards|}}} | label52 = {{{blank1}}} | data52 = {{{data1|}}} | label53 = {{{blank2}}} | data53 = {{{data2|}}} | label54 = {{{blank3}}} | data54 = {{{data3|}}} | label55 = {{{blank4}}} | data55 = {{{data4|}}} | label56 = {{{blank5}}} | data56 = {{{data5|}}} | label57 = دستخط | data57 = {{#if:{{{signature|}}}|[[File:{{{signature}}}|128x80px|alt={{{signature_alt|}}}|{{PAGENAME}} جو دستخط]]}} | label58 = ويب سائيٽ | data58 = {{{website|}}} | header59 = {{#if:{{{allegiance|}}}{{{branch|}}}{{{serviceyears|}}}{{{rank|}}}{{{unit|}}}{{{commands|}}}{{{battles|}}}{{{military_blank1|}}}|فوجي خدمت}} | label60 = لقب | data60 = {{{nickname|}}} | label61 = وفاداري | data61 = {{{allegiance|}}} | label62 = سروس/شاخ | data62 = {{{branch|}}} | label63 = خدمت جا سال | data63 = {{{serviceyears|}}} | label64 = عهدو | data64 = {{{rank|}}} | label65 = يونٽ | data65 = {{{unit|}}} | label66 = ڪمانڊ | data66 = {{{commands|}}} | label67 = جنگيون | data67 = {{{battles|}}} | label68 = {{#if:{{{awards|}}}|فوجي اعزاز|اعزاز}} | data68 = {{{mawards|}}} | label69 = {{{military_blank1}}} | data69 = {{{military_data1|}}} | label70 = {{{military_blank2}}} | data70 = {{{military_data2|}}} | label71 = {{{military_blank3}}} | data71 = {{{military_data3|}}} | label72 = {{{military_blank4}}} | data72 = {{{military_data4|}}} | label73 = {{{military_blank5}}} | data73 = {{{military_data5|}}} 6a0aettw4bcxlfmj2tth42anplj5fl1 367923 367922 2026-03-27T22:48:20Z Intisar Ali 8681 367923 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{infobox | bodyclass = vcard {{{bodyclass|}}} | bodystyle = {{#if:{{{mainwidth|}}}|width: {{{mainwidth}}}}} | child = {{lc:{{{embed}}}}} | abovestyle = font-size: 100%; | above = {{Yesno|{{{nobel|}}}|yes={{Nobel/Medium}}}} {{Br separated entries | 1 = {{#if:{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|{{{honorific-prefix|}}}}}}}}}|<div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline; font-weight: normal;">{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|{{{honorific-prefix}}}}}}}}}</div>}} | 2 = <div style="display:inline-block; font-size:130%;" class="fn">{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}</div> | 3 = {{#if:{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|{{{honorific-suffix|}}}}}}}}}|<div class="honorific-suffix" style="display:inline; font-weight: normal;">{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|{{{honorific-suffix}}}}}}}}}</div>}} }} | subheaderstyle = font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; | subheader = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes||{{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|<div class="nickname" {{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}"}}>{{{native_name}}}</div>}}}} | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}}|size={{{width|{{{imagesize|{{{image_size|}}}}}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{{image_upright|1}}}|alt={{{alt|}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | image2 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image name|}}}|size={{{width|{{{imagesize|{{{image_size|}}}}}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{{image_upright|1}}}|alt={{{alt|}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | image3 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{smallimage|}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{{image_upright|1}}}|alt={{{alt|}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | caption{{#if:{{{smallimage|}}}|3|{{#if:{{{image name|}}}|2}}}} = {{{caption|}}} | headerstyle = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes|background:#eee|background:lavender}} | data1 = {{#if:{{{speaker|}}}| {{#if:{{{nominee|}}}{{{candidate|}}}|| {{Infobox officeholder/office|color={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes|#eee|lavender}} | 1blankname = {{{1blankname2|}}} | 1namedata = {{{1namedata2|}}} | 2blankname = {{{2blankname2|}}} | 2namedata = {{{2namedata2|}}} | 3blankname = {{{3blankname2|}}} | 3namedata = {{{3namedata2|}}} | 4blankname = {{{4blankname2|}}} | 4namedata = {{{4namedata2|}}} | 5blankname = {{{5blankname2|}}} | 5namedata = {{{5namedata2|}}} | alongside = {{{alongside2|}}} | ambassador_from = {{{ambassador_from2|}}} | appointer = {{#if: {{{appointer2|}}} | {{{appointer2}}} | {{{appointed2|}}} }} | assembly = {{{assembly2|}}} | chancellor = {{{chancellor2|}}} | co-leader = {{{co-leader2|}}} | constituency_{{#if:{{{constituency_AM2|}}}|AM|MP}} = {{#if: {{{constituency_AM2|}}} | {{{constituency_AM2}}} | {{{constituency_MP2|}}} }} | constituency = {{{constituency2|}}} | country = {{{country2|}}} | deputy = {{{deputy2|}}} | district = {{{district2|}}} | firstminister = {{{firstminister2|}}} | governor-general = {{{governor-general2|}}} | governor_general = {{{governor_general2|}}} | governor = {{{governor2|}}} | jr/sr = {{{jr/sr2|}}} | jr/sr and state = {{{jr/sr and state2|}}} | leader = {{{leader2|}}} | legislature = {{{legislature2|}}} | lieutenant_governor = {{{lieutenant_governor2|}}} | lieutenant = {{{lieutenant2|}}} | majority_leader = {{#if: {{{majorityleader2|}}} | {{{majorityleader2}}} | {{{majority_leader2|}}} }} | minister_from = {{{minister_from2|}}} | minority_floor_leader = {{{minority_floor_leader2|}}} | majority_floor_leader = {{{majority_floor_leader2|}}} | majority = {{{majority2|}}} | minister = {{{minister2|}}} | minority_leader = {{#if: {{{minorityleader2|}}} | {{{minorityleader2}}} | {{{minority_leader2|}}} }} | monarch = {{{monarch2|}}} | nominator = {{{nominator2|}}} | office = {{{office2|}}} | order = {{{order2|}}} | parliament = {{{parliament2|}}} | predecessor = {{{predecessor2|}}} | preceding = {{{preceding2|}}} | preceded = {{{preceded2|}}} | premier = {{{premier2|}}} | president = {{{president2|}}} | primeminister = {{{primeminister2|}}} | riding = {{{riding2|}}} | speaker = {{{speaker|}}} | speaker_office = {{{speaker_office|}}} | state_assembly = {{{state_assembly|}}} | state_delegate = {{{state_delegate|}}} | state_house = {{{state_house|}}} | state_legislature = {{{state_legislature|}}} | state_senate = {{{state_senate|}}} | state = {{{state|}}} | succeeded = {{{succeeded2|}}} | succeeding = {{{succeeding2|}}} | successor = {{{successor2|}}} | taoiseach = {{{taoiseach2|}}} | termlabel = {{{term_label2|{{{termlabel2|عهدي ۾}}}}}} | termend = {{#if:{{{termend2|}}}|{{{termend2}}}|{{{term_end2|}}}}} | termstart = {{#if:{{{termstart2|}}}|{{{termstart2}}}|{{{term_start2|}}}}} | term = {{{term2|}}} | title = {{{title2|}}} | vicegovernor = {{{vicegovernor2|}}} | vicepresident = {{{vicepresident2|}}} | vicepremier = {{{vicepremier2|}}} | viceprimeminister = {{{viceprimeminister2|}}} | party = {{{party|}}} | prior_term = {{{prior_term|}}} }}}}}}<!-- -->{{Infobox officeholder/office|color={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes|#eee|lavender}} | 1blankname = {{{1blankname|}}} | 1namedata = {{{1namedata|}}} | 2blankname = {{{2blankname|}}} | 2namedata = {{{2namedata|}}} | 3blankname = {{{3blankname|}}} | 3namedata = {{{3namedata|}}} | 4blankname = {{{4blankname|}}} | 4namedata = {{{4namedata|}}} | 5blankname = {{{5blankname|}}} | 5namedata = {{{5namedata|}}} | alongside = {{{alongside|}}} | ambassador_from = {{{ambassador_from|}}} | appointer = {{#if: {{{appointer|}}} | {{{appointer}}} | {{{appointed|}}} }} | assembly = {{{assembly|}}} | candidate = {{{candidate|}}} | chancellor = {{{chancellor|}}} | co-leader = {{{co-leader|}}} | constituency_{{#if:{{{constituency_AM|}}}|AM|MP}} = {{#if: {{{constituency_AM|}}} | {{{constituency_AM}}} | {{{constituency_MP|}}} }} | constituency = {{{constituency|}}} | country = {{{country|}}} | deputy = {{{deputy|}}} | district = {{{district|}}} | election_date = {{{election_date|}}} | firstminister = {{{firstminister|}}} | governor-general = {{{governor-general|}}} | governor_general = {{{governor_general|}}} | governor = {{{governor|}}} | incumbent = {{{incumbent|}}} | jr/sr = {{{jr/sr|}}} | jr/sr and state = {{{jr/sr and state|}}} | leader = {{{leader|}}} | legislature = {{{legislature|}}} | lieutenant_governor = {{{lieutenant_governor|}}} | lieutenant = {{{lieutenant|}}} | majority_leader = {{#if: {{{majorityleader|}}} | {{{majorityleader}}} | {{{majority_leader|}}} }} | majority = {{{majority|}}} | minister = {{{minister|}}} | minister_from = {{{minister_from|}}} | minority_floor_leader = {{{minority_floor_leader|}}} | majority_floor_leader = {{{majority_floor_leader|}}} | minority_leader = {{#if: {{{minorityleader|}}} | {{{minorityleader}}} | {{{minority_leader|}}} }} | monarch = {{{monarch|}}} | nominator = {{{nominator|}}} | nominee = {{{nominee|}}} | office = {{{office|}}} | opponent = {{{opponent|}}} | order = {{{order|}}} | parliament = {{{parliament|}}} | party_election = {{{party_election|}}} | predecessor = {{{predecessor|}}} | preceding = {{{preceding|}}} | preceded = {{{preceded|}}} | premier = {{{premier|}}} | president = {{{president|}}} | primeminister = {{{primeminister|}}} | riding = {{{riding|}}} | runningmate = {{{runningmate|}}} | state_assembly = {{{state_assembly|}}} | state_delegate = {{{state_delegate|}}} | state_house = {{{state_house|}}} | state_legislature = {{{state_legislature|}}} | state_senate = {{{state_senate|}}} | state = {{{state|}}} | succeeded = {{{succeeded|}}} | succeeding = {{{succeeding|}}} | successor = {{{successor|}}} | taoiseach = {{{taoiseach|}}} | termlabel = {{{term_label|{{{termlabel|عهدي ۾}}}}}} | termend = {{#if: {{{termend|}}} | {{{termend}}} | {{{term_end|}}} }} | termstart = {{#if: {{{termstart|}}} | {{{termstart}}} | {{{term_start|}}} }} | term = {{{term|}}} | title = {{{title|}}} | vicegovernor = {{{vicegovernor|}}} | vicepresident = {{{vicepresident|}}} | vicepremier = {{{vicepremier|}}} | viceprimeminister = {{{viceprimeminister|}}} | party = {{{party|}}} | prior_term = {{{prior_term|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{nominee|}}}{{{candidate|}}}|| {{Infobox officeholder/office|color={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes|#eee|lavender}} | 1blankname = {{{1blankname1|}}} | 1namedata = {{{1namedata1|}}} | 2blankname = {{{2blankname1|}}} | 2namedata = {{{2namedata1|}}} | 3blankname = {{{3blankname1|}}} | 3namedata = {{{3namedata1|}}} | 4blankname = {{{4blankname1|}}} | 4namedata = {{{4namedata1|}}} | 5blankname = {{{5blankname1|}}} | 5namedata = {{{5namedata1|}}} | alongside = {{{alongside1|}}} | ambassador_from = {{{ambassador_from1|}}} | appointer = {{#if: {{{appointer1|}}} | {{{appointer1}}} | {{{appointed1|}}} }} | assembly = {{{assembly1|}}} | chancellor = {{{chancellor1|}}} | co-leader = {{{co-leader1|}}} | constituency_{{#if:{{{constituency_AM1|}}}|AM|MP}} = {{#if: {{{constituency_AM1|}}} | {{{constituency_AM1}}} | {{{constituency_MP1|}}} }} | constituency = {{{constituency1|}}} | country = {{{country1|}}} | deputy = {{{deputy1|}}} | district = {{{district1|}}} | firstminister = {{{firstminister1|}}} | governor-general = {{{governor-general1|}}} | governor_general = {{{governor_general1|}}} | governor = {{{governor1|}}} | jr/sr = {{{jr/sr1|}}} | jr/sr and state = {{{jr/sr and state1|}}} | leader = {{{leader1|}}} | legislature = {{{legislature1|}}} | lieutenant_governor = {{{lieutenant_governor1|}}} | lieutenant = {{{lieutenant1|}}} | minority_floor_leader = {{{minority_floor_leader1|}}} | minister_from = {{{minister_from1|}}} | majority_floor_leader = {{{majority_floor_leader1|}}} | majority_leader = {{#if: {{{majorityleader1|}}} | {{{majorityleader1}}} | {{{majority_leader1|}}} }} | majority = {{{majority1|}}} | minister = {{{minister1|}}} | minority_leader = {{#if: {{{minorityleader1|}}} | {{{minorityleader1}}} | {{{minority_leader1|}}} }} | monarch = {{{monarch1|}}} | nominator = {{{nominator1|}}} | office = {{{office1|}}} | order = {{{order1|}}} | parliament = {{{parliament1|}}} | predecessor = {{{predecessor1|}}} | preceding = {{{preceding1|}}} | preceded = {{{preceded1|}}} | premier = {{{premier1|}}} | president = {{{president1|}}} | primeminister = {{{primeminister1|}}} | riding = {{{riding1|}}} | state_assembly = {{{state_assembly1|}}} | state_delegate = {{{state_delegate1|}}} | state_house = {{{state_house1|}}} | state_legislature = {{{state_legislature1|}}} | state_senate = {{{state_senate1|}}} | state = {{{state1|}}} | succeeded = {{{succeeded1|}}} | succeeding = {{{succeeding1|}}} | successor = {{{successor1|}}} | taoiseach = {{{taoiseach1|}}} | termlabel = {{{term_label1|{{{termlabel1|عهدي ۾}}}}}} | termend = {{#if:{{{termend1|}}}|{{{termend1}}}|{{{term_end1|}}}}} | termstart = {{#if:{{{termstart1|}}}|{{{termstart1}}}|{{{term_start1|}}}}} | term = {{{term1|}}} | title = {{{title1|}}} | vicegovernor = {{{vicegovernor1|}}} | vicepresident = {{{vicepresident1|}}} | vicepremier = {{{vicepremier1|}}} | viceprimeminister = {{{viceprimeminister1|}}} | party = {{{party|}}} | prior_term = {{{prior_term1|}}} }}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{nominee|}}}{{{candidate|}}}|| {{#if:{{{speaker|}}}|| {{Infobox officeholder/office|color={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes|#eee|lavender}} | 1blankname = {{{1blankname2|}}} | 1namedata = {{{1namedata2|}}} | 2blankname = {{{2blankname2|}}} | 2namedata = {{{2namedata2|}}} | 3blankname = {{{3blankname2|}}} | 3namedata = {{{3namedata2|}}} | 4blankname = {{{4blankname2|}}} | 4namedata = {{{4namedata2|}}} | 5blankname = {{{5blankname2|}}} | 5namedata = {{{5namedata2|}}} | alongside = {{{alongside2|}}} | ambassador_from = {{{ambassador_from2|}}} | appointer = {{#if: {{{appointer2|}}} | {{{appointer2}}} | {{{appointed2|}}} }} | assembly = {{{assembly2|}}} | chancellor = {{{chancellor2|}}} | co-leader = {{{co-leader2|}}} | constituency_{{#if:{{{constituency_AM2|}}}|AM|MP}} = {{#if: {{{constituency_AM2|}}} | {{{constituency_AM2}}} | {{{constituency_MP2|}}} }} | constituency = {{{constituency2|}}} | country = {{{country2|}}} | deputy = {{{deputy2|}}} | district = {{{district2|}}} | firstminister = {{{firstminister2|}}} | governor-general = {{{governor-general2|}}} | governor_general = {{{governor_general2|}}} | governor = {{{governor2|}}} | jr/sr = {{{jr/sr2|}}} | jr/sr and state = {{{jr/sr and state2|}}} | leader = {{{leader2|}}} | legislature = {{{legislature2|}}} | lieutenant_governor = {{{lieutenant_governor2|}}} | lieutenant = {{{lieutenant2|}}} | majority_leader = {{#if: {{{majorityleader2|}}} | {{{majorityleader2}}} | {{{majority_leader2|}}} }} | minister_from = {{{minister_from2|}}} | minority_floor_leader = {{{minority_floor_leader2|}}} | majority_floor_leader = {{{majority_floor_leader2|}}} | majority = {{{majority2|}}} | minister = {{{minister2|}}} | minority_leader = {{#if: {{{minorityleader2|}}} | {{{minorityleader2}}} | {{{minority_leader2|}}} }} | monarch = {{{monarch2|}}} | nominator = {{{nominator2|}}} | office = {{{office2|}}} | order = {{{order2|}}} | parliament = {{{parliament2|}}} | predecessor = {{{predecessor2|}}} | preceding = {{{preceding2|}}} | preceded = {{{preceded2|}}} | premier = {{{premier2|}}} | president = {{{president2|}}} | primeminister = {{{primeminister2|}}} | riding = {{{riding2|}}} | state_assembly = {{{state_assembly2|}}} | state_delegate = {{{state_delegate2|}}} | state_house = {{{state_house2|}}} | state_legislature = {{{state_legislature2|}}} | state_senate = {{{state_senate2|}}} | state = {{{state2|}}} | succeeded = {{{succeeded2|}}} | succeeding = {{{succeeding2|}}} | successor = {{{successor2|}}} | taoiseach = {{{taoiseach2|}}} | termlabel = {{{term_label2|{{{termlabel2|عهدي ۾}}}}}} | termend = {{#if:{{{termend2|}}}|{{{termend2}}}|{{{term_end2|}}}}} | termstart = {{#if:{{{termstart2|}}}|{{{termstart2}}}|{{{term_start2|}}}}} | term = {{{term2|}}} | title = {{{title2|}}} | vicegovernor = {{{vicegovernor2|}}} | vicepresident = {{{vicepresident2|}}} | vicepremier = {{{vicepremier2|}}} | viceprimeminister = {{{viceprimeminister2|}}} | party = {{{party|}}} | prior_term = {{{prior_term2|}}} }}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{nominee|}}}{{{candidate|}}}|| {{Infobox officeholder/office|color={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes|#eee|lavender}} | 1blankname = {{{1blankname3|}}} | 1namedata = {{{1namedata3|}}} | 2blankname = {{{2blankname3|}}} | 2namedata = {{{2namedata3|}}} | 3blankname = {{{3blankname3|}}} | 3namedata = {{{3namedata3|}}} | 4blankname = {{{4blankname3|}}} | 4namedata = {{{4namedata3|}}} | 5blankname = {{{5blankname3|}}} | 5namedata = {{{5namedata3|}}} | alongside = {{{alongside3|}}} | ambassador_from = {{{ambassador_from3|}}} | appointer = {{#if: {{{appointer3|}}} | {{{appointer3}}} | {{{appointed3|}}} }} | assembly = {{{assembly3|}}} | chancellor = {{{chancellor3|}}} | co-leader = {{{co-leader3|}}} | constituency_{{#if:{{{constituency_AM3|}}}|AM|MP}} = {{#if: {{{constituency_AM3|}}} | {{{constituency_AM3}}} | {{{constituency_MP3|}}} }} | constituency = {{{constituency3|}}} | country = {{{country3|}}} | deputy = {{{deputy3|}}} | district = {{{district3|}}} | firstminister = {{{firstminister3|}}} | governor-general = {{{governor-general3|}}} | governor_general = {{{governor_general3|}}} | governor = {{{governor3|}}} | jr/sr = {{{jr/sr3|}}} | jr/sr and state = {{{jr/sr and state3|}}} | leader = {{{leader3|}}} | legislature = {{{legislature3|}}} | lieutenant_governor = {{{lieutenant_governor3|}}} | lieutenant = {{{lieutenant3|}}} | minority_floor_leader = {{{minority_floor_leader3|}}} | minister_from = {{{minister_from3|}}} | majority_floor_leader = {{{majority_floor_leader3|}}} | majority_leader = {{#if: {{{majorityleader3|}}} | {{{majorityleader3}}} | {{{majority_leader3|}}} }} | majority = {{{majority3|}}} | minister = {{{minister3|}}} | minority_leader = {{#if: {{{minorityleader3|}}} | {{{minorityleader3}}} | {{{minority_leader3|}}} }} | monarch = {{{monarch3|}}} | nominator = {{{nominator3|}}} | office = {{{office3|}}} | order = {{{order3|}}} | parliament = {{{parliament3|}}} | predecessor = {{{predecessor3|}}} | preceding = {{{preceding3|}}} | preceded = {{{preceded3|}}} | premier = {{{premier3|}}} | president = {{{president3|}}} | primeminister = {{{primeminister3|}}} | riding = {{{riding3|}}} | state_assembly = {{{state_assembly3|}}} | state_delegate = {{{state_delegate3|}}} | state_house = {{{state_house3|}}} | state_legislature = {{{state_legislature3|}}} | state_senate = {{{state_senate3|}}} | state = {{{state3|}}} | succeeded = {{{succeeded3|}}} | succeeding = {{{succeeding3|}}} | successor = {{{successor3|}}} | taoiseach = {{{taoiseach3|}}} | termlabel = {{{term_label3|{{{termlabel3|عهدي ۾}}}}}} | termend = {{#if:{{{termend3|}}}|{{{termend3}}}|{{{term_end3|}}}}} | termstart = {{#if:{{{termstart3|}}}|{{{termstart3}}}|{{{term_start3|}}}}} | term = {{{term3|}}} | title = {{{title3|}}} | vicegovernor = {{{vicegovernor3|}}} | vicepresident = {{{vicepresident3|}}} | vicepremier = {{{vicepremier3|}}} | viceprimeminister = {{{viceprimeminister3|}}} | party = {{{party|}}} | prior_term = {{{prior_term3|}}} }}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{nominee|}}}{{{candidate|}}}|| {{Infobox officeholder/office|color={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes|#eee|lavender}} | 1blankname = {{{1blankname4|}}} | 1namedata = {{{1namedata4|}}} | 2blankname = {{{2blankname4|}}} | 2namedata = {{{2namedata4|}}} | 3blankname = {{{3blankname4|}}} | 3namedata = {{{3namedata4|}}} | 4blankname = {{{4blankname4|}}} | 4namedata = {{{4namedata4|}}} | 5blankname = {{{5blankname4|}}} | 5namedata = {{{5namedata4|}}} | alongside = {{{alongside4|}}} | ambassador_from = {{{ambassador_from4|}}} | appointer = {{#if: {{{appointer4|}}} | {{{appointer4}}} | {{{appointed4|}}} }} | assembly = {{{assembly4|}}} | chancellor = {{{chancellor4|}}} | co-leader = {{{co-leader4|}}} | constituency_{{#if:{{{constituency_AM4|}}}|AM|MP}} = {{#if: {{{constituency_AM4|}}} | {{{constituency_AM4}}} | {{{constituency_MP4|}}} }} | constituency = {{{constituency4|}}} | country = {{{country4|}}} | deputy = {{{deputy4|}}} | district = {{{district4|}}} | firstminister = {{{firstminister4|}}} | governor-general = {{{governor-general4|}}} | governor_general = {{{governor_general4|}}} | governor = {{{governor4|}}} | jr/sr = {{{jr/sr4|}}} | jr/sr and state = {{{jr/sr and state4|}}} | leader = {{{leader4|}}} | legislature = {{{legislature4|}}} | lieutenant_governor = {{{lieutenant_governor4|}}} | lieutenant = {{{lieutenant4|}}} | minister_from = {{{minister_from4|}}} | minority_floor_leader = {{{minority_floor_leader4|}}} | majority_floor_leader = {{{majority_floor_leader4|}}} | majority_leader = {{#if: {{{majorityleader4|}}} | {{{majorityleader4}}} | {{{majority_leader4|}}} }} | majority = {{{majority4|}}} | minister = {{{minister4|}}} | minority_leader = {{#if: {{{minorityleader4|}}} | {{{minorityleader4}}} | {{{minority_leader4|}}} }} | monarch = {{{monarch4|}}} | nominator = {{{nominator4|}}} | office = {{{office4|}}} | order = {{{order4|}}} | parliament = {{{parliament4|}}} | predecessor = {{{predecessor4|}}} | preceding = {{{preceding4|}}} | preceded = {{{preceded4|}}} | premier = {{{premier4|}}} | president = {{{president4|}}} | primeminister = {{{primeminister4|}}} | riding = {{{riding4|}}} | state_assembly = {{{state_assembly4|}}} | state_delegate = {{{state_delegate4|}}} | state_house = {{{state_house4|}}} | state_legislature = {{{state_legislature4|}}} | state_senate = {{{state_senate4|}}} | state = {{{state4|}}} | succeeded = {{{succeeded4|}}} | succeeding = {{{succeeding4|}}} | successor = {{{successor4|}}} | taoiseach = {{{taoiseach4|}}} | termlabel = {{{term_label4|{{{termlabel4|عهدي ۾}}}}}} | termend = {{#if:{{{termend4|}}}|{{{termend4}}}|{{{term_end4|}}}}} | termstart = {{#if:{{{termstart4|}}}|{{{termstart4}}}|{{{term_start4|}}}}} | term = {{{term4|}}} | title = {{{title4|}}} | vicegovernor = {{{vicegovernor4|}}} | vicepresident = {{{vicepresident4|}}} | vicepremier = {{{vicepremier4|}}} | viceprimeminister = {{{viceprimeminister4|}}} | party = {{{party|}}} | prior_term = {{{prior_term4|}}} }}}}<!-- --->{{#if:{{{nominee|}}}{{{candidate|}}}|| {{Infobox officeholder/office|color={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes|#eee|lavender}} | 1blankname = {{{1blankname5|}}} | 1namedata = {{{1namedata5|}}} | 2blankname = {{{2blankname5|}}} | 2namedata = {{{2namedata5|}}} | 3blankname = {{{3blankname5|}}} | 3namedata = {{{3namedata5|}}} | 4blankname = {{{4blankname5|}}} | 4namedata = {{{4namedata5|}}} | 5blankname = {{{5blankname5|}}} | 5namedata = {{{5namedata5|}}} | alongside = {{{alongside5|}}} | ambassador_from = {{{ambassador_from5|}}} | appointer = {{#if: {{{appointer5|}}} | {{{appointer5}}} | {{{appointed5|}}} }} | assembly = {{{assembly5|}}} | chancellor = {{{chancellor5|}}} | co-leader = {{{co-leader5|}}} | constituency_{{#if:{{{constituency_AM5|}}}|AM|MP}} = {{#if: {{{constituency_AM5|}}} | {{{constituency_AM5}}} | {{{constituency_MP5|}}} }} | constituency = {{{constituency5|}}} | country = {{{country5|}}} | deputy = {{{deputy5|}}} | district = {{{district5|}}} | firstminister = {{{firstminister5|}}} | governor-general = {{{governor-general5|}}} | governor_general = {{{governor_general5|}}} | governor = {{{governor5|}}} | jr/sr = {{{jr/sr5|}}} | jr/sr and state = {{{jr/sr and state5|}}} | leader = {{{leader5|}}} | legislature = {{{legislature5|}}} | lieutenant_governor = {{{lieutenant_governor5|}}} | lieutenant = {{{lieutenant5|}}} | minister_from = {{{minister_from5|}}} | minority_floor_leader = {{{minority_floor_leader5|}}} | majority_floor_leader = {{{majority_floor_leader5|}}} | majority_leader = {{#if: {{{majorityleader5|}}} | {{{majorityleader5}}} | {{{majority_leader5|}}} }} | majority = {{{majority5|}}} | minister = {{{minister5|}}} | minority_leader = {{#if: {{{minorityleader5|}}} | {{{minorityleader5}}} | {{{minority_leader5|}}} }} | monarch = {{{monarch5|}}} | nominator = {{{nominator5|}}} | office = {{{office5|}}} | order = {{{order5|}}} | parliament = {{{parliament5|}}} | predecessor = {{{predecessor5|}}} | preceding = {{{preceding5|}}} | preceded = {{{preceded5|}}} | premier = {{{premier5|}}} | president = {{{president5|}}} | primeminister = {{{primeminister5|}}} | riding = {{{riding5|}}} | state_assembly = {{{state_assembly5|}}} | state_delegate = {{{state_delegate5|}}} | state_house = {{{state_house5|}}} | state_legislature = {{{state_legislature5|}}} | state_senate = {{{state_senate5|}}} | state = {{{state5|}}} | succeeded = {{{succeeded5|}}} | succeeding = {{{succeeding5|}}} | successor = {{{successor5|}}} | taoiseach = {{{taoiseach5|}}} | termlabel = {{{term_label5|{{{termlabel5|عهدي ۾}}}}}} | termend = {{#if:{{{termend5|}}}|{{{termend5}}}|{{{term_end5|}}}}} | termstart = {{#if:{{{termstart5|}}}|{{{termstart5}}}|{{{term_start5|}}}}} | term = {{{term5|}}} | title = {{{title5|}}} | vicegovernor = {{{vicegovernor5|}}} | vicepresident = {{{vicepresident5|}}} | vicepremier = {{{vicepremier5|}}} | viceprimeminister = {{{viceprimeminister5|}}} | party = {{{party|}}} | prior_term = {{{prior_term5|}}} }}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{nominee|}}}{{{candidate|}}}|| {{Infobox officeholder/office|color={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes|#eee|lavender}} | 1blankname = {{{1blankname6|}}} | 1namedata = {{{1namedata6|}}} | 2blankname = {{{2blankname6|}}} | 2namedata = {{{2namedata6|}}} | 3blankname = {{{3blankname6|}}} | 3namedata = {{{3namedata6|}}} | 4blankname = {{{4blankname6|}}} | 4namedata = {{{4namedata6|}}} | 5blankname = {{{5blankname6|}}} | 5namedata = {{{5namedata6|}}} | alongside = {{{alongside6|}}} | ambassador_from = {{{ambassador_from6|}}} | appointer = {{#if: {{{appointer6|}}} | {{{appointer6}}} | {{{appointed6|}}} }} | assembly = {{{assembly6|}}} | chancellor = {{{chancellor6|}}} | co-leader = {{{co-leader6|}}} | constituency_{{#if:{{{constituency_AM6|}}}|AM|MP}} = {{#if: {{{constituency_AM6|}}} | {{{constituency_AM6}}} | {{{constituency_MP6|}}} }} | constituency = {{{constituency6|}}} | country = {{{country6|}}} | deputy = {{{deputy6|}}} | district = {{{district6|}}} | firstminister = {{{firstminister6|}}} | governor-general = {{{governor-general6|}}} | governor_general = {{{governor_general6|}}} | governor = {{{governor6|}}} | jr/sr = {{{jr/sr6|}}} | jr/sr and state = {{{jr/sr and state6|}}} | leader = {{{leader6|}}} | legislature = {{{legislature6|}}} | lieutenant_governor = {{{lieutenant_governor6|}}} | lieutenant = {{{lieutenant6|}}} | minority_floor_leader = {{{minority_floor_leader6|}}} | minister_from = {{{minister_from6|}}} | majority_floor_leader = {{{majority_floor_leader6|}}} | majority_leader = {{#if: {{{majorityleader6|}}} | {{{majorityleader6}}} | {{{majority_leader6|}}} }} | majority = {{{majority6|}}} | minister = {{{minister6|}}} | minority_leader = {{#if: {{{minorityleader6|}}} | {{{minorityleader6}}} | {{{minority_leader6|}}} }} | monarch = {{{monarch6|}}} | nominator = {{{nominator6|}}} | office = {{{office6|}}} | order = {{{order6|}}} | parliament = {{{parliament6|}}} | predecessor = {{{predecessor6|}}} | preceding = {{{preceding6|}}} | preceded = {{{preceded6|}}} | premier = {{{premier6|}}} | president = {{{president6|}}} | primeminister = {{{primeminister6|}}} | riding = {{{riding6|}}} | state_assembly = {{{state_assembly6|}}} | state_delegate = {{{state_delegate6|}}} | state_house = {{{state_house6|}}} | state_legislature = {{{state_legislature6|}}} | state_senate = {{{state_senate6|}}} | state = {{{state6|}}} | succeeded = {{{succeeded6|}}} | succeeding = {{{succeeding6|}}} | successor = {{{successor6|}}} | taoiseach = {{{taoiseach6|}}} | termlabel = {{{term_label6|{{{termlabel6|عهدي ۾}}}}}} | termend = {{#if:{{{termend6|}}}|{{{termend6}}}|{{{term_end6|}}}}} | termstart = {{#if:{{{termstart6|}}}|{{{termstart6}}}|{{{term_start6|}}}}} | term = {{{term6|}}} | title = {{{title6|}}} | vicegovernor = {{{vicegovernor6|}}} | vicepresident = {{{vicepresident6|}}} | vicepremier = {{{vicepremier6|}}} | viceprimeminister = {{{viceprimeminister6|}}} | party = {{{party|}}} | prior_term = {{{prior_term6|}}} }}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{nominee|}}}{{{candidate|}}}|| {{Infobox officeholder/office|color={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes|#eee|lavender}} | 1blankname = {{{1blankname7|}}} | 1namedata = {{{1namedata7|}}} | 2blankname = {{{2blankname7|}}} | 2namedata = {{{2namedata7|}}} | 3blankname = {{{3blankname7|}}} | 3namedata = {{{3namedata7|}}} | 4blankname = {{{4blankname7|}}} | 4namedata = {{{4namedata7|}}} | 5blankname = {{{5blankname7|}}} | 5namedata = {{{5namedata7|}}} | alongside = {{{alongside7|}}} | ambassador_from = {{{ambassador_from7|}}} | appointer = {{#if: {{{appointer7|}}} | {{{appointer7}}} | {{{appointed7|}}} }} | assembly = {{{assembly7|}}} | chancellor = {{{chancellor7|}}} | co-leader = {{{co-leader7|}}} | constituency_{{#if:{{{constituency_AM7|}}}|AM|MP}} = {{#if: {{{constituency_AM7|}}} | {{{constituency_AM7}}} | {{{constituency_MP7|}}} }} | constituency = {{{constituency7|}}} | country = {{{country7|}}} | deputy = {{{deputy7|}}} | district = {{{district7|}}} | firstminister = {{{firstminister7|}}} | governor-general = {{{governor-general7|}}} | governor_general = {{{governor_general7|}}} | governor = {{{governor7|}}} | jr/sr = {{{jr/sr7|}}} | jr/sr and state = {{{jr/sr and state7|}}} | leader = {{{leader7|}}} | legislature = {{{legislature7|}}} | lieutenant_governor = {{{lieutenant_governor7|}}} | lieutenant = {{{lieutenant7|}}} | minister_from = {{{minister_from7|}}} | minority_floor_leader = {{{minority_floor_leader7|}}} | majority_floor_leader = {{{majority_floor_leader7|}}} | majority_leader = {{#if: {{{majorityleader7|}}} | {{{majorityleader7}}} | {{{majority_leader7|}}} }} | majority = {{{majority7|}}} | minister = {{{minister7|}}} | minority_leader = {{#if: {{{minorityleader7|}}} | {{{minorityleader7}}} | {{{minority_leader7|}}} }} | monarch = {{{monarch7|}}} | nominator = {{{nominator7|}}} | office = {{{office7|}}} | order = {{{order7|}}} | parliament = {{{parliament7|}}} | predecessor = {{{predecessor7|}}} | preceding = {{{preceding7|}}} | preceded = {{{preceded7|}}} | premier = {{{premier7|}}} | president = {{{president7|}}} | primeminister = {{{primeminister7|}}} | riding = {{{riding7|}}} | state_assembly = {{{state_assembly7|}}} | state_delegate = {{{state_delegate7|}}} | state_house = {{{state_house7|}}} | state_legislature = {{{state_legislature7|}}} | state_senate = {{{state_senate7|}}} | state = {{{state7|}}} | succeeded = {{{succeeded7|}}} | succeeding = {{{succeeding7|}}} | successor = {{{successor7|}}} | taoiseach = {{{taoiseach7|}}} | termlabel = {{{term_label7|{{{termlabel7|عهدي ۾}}}}}} | termend = {{#if:{{{termend7|}}}|{{{termend7}}}|{{{term_end7|}}}}} | termstart = {{#if:{{{termstart7|}}}|{{{termstart7}}}|{{{term_start7|}}}}} | term = {{{term7|}}} | title = {{{title7|}}} | vicegovernor = {{{vicegovernor7|}}} | vicepresident = {{{vicepresident7|}}} | vicepremier = {{{vicepremier7|}}} | viceprimeminister = {{{viceprimeminister7|}}} | party = {{{party|}}} | prior_term = {{{prior_term7|}}} }}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{nominee|}}}{{{candidate|}}}|| {{Infobox officeholder/office|color={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes|#eee|lavender}} | 1blankname = {{{1blankname8|}}} | 1namedata = {{{1namedata8|}}} | 2blankname = {{{2blankname8|}}} | 2namedata = {{{2namedata8|}}} | 3blankname = {{{3blankname8|}}} | 3namedata = {{{3namedata8|}}} | 4blankname = {{{4blankname8|}}} | 4namedata = {{{4namedata8|}}} | 5blankname = {{{5blankname8|}}} | 5namedata = {{{5namedata8|}}} | alongside = {{{alongside8|}}} | ambassador_from = {{{ambassador_from8|}}} | appointer = {{#if: {{{appointer8|}}} | {{{appointer8}}} | {{{appointed8|}}} }} | assembly = {{{assembly8|}}} | chancellor = {{{chancellor8|}}} | co-leader = {{{co-leader8|}}} | constituency_{{#if:{{{constituency_AM8|}}}|AM|MP}} = {{#if: {{{constituency_AM8|}}} | {{{constituency_AM8}}} | {{{constituency_MP8|}}} }} | constituency = {{{constituency8|}}} | country = {{{country8|}}} | deputy = {{{deputy8|}}} | district = {{{district8|}}} | firstminister = {{{firstminister8|}}} | governor-general = {{{governor-general8|}}} | governor_general = {{{governor_general8|}}} | governor = {{{governor8|}}} | jr/sr = {{{jr/sr8|}}} | jr/sr and state = {{{jr/sr and state8|}}} | leader = {{{leader8|}}} | legislature = {{{legislature8|}}} | lieutenant_governor = {{{lieutenant_governor8|}}} | lieutenant = {{{lieutenant8|}}} | minister_from = {{{minister_from8|}}} | minority_floor_leader = {{{minority_floor_leader8|}}} | majority_floor_leader = {{{majority_floor_leader8|}}} | majority_leader = {{#if: {{{majorityleader8|}}} | {{{majorityleader8}}} | {{{majority_leader8|}}} }} | majority = {{{majority8|}}} | minister = {{{minister8|}}} | minority_leader = {{#if: {{{minorityleader8|}}} | {{{minorityleader8}}} | {{{minority_leader8|}}} }} | monarch = {{{monarch8|}}} | nominator = {{{nominator8|}}} | office = {{{office8|}}} | order = {{{order8|}}} | parliament = {{{parliament8|}}} | predecessor = {{{predecessor8|}}} | preceding = {{{preceding8|}}} | preceded = {{{preceded8|}}} | premier = {{{premier8|}}} | president = {{{president8|}}} | primeminister = {{{primeminister8|}}} | riding = {{{riding8|}}} | state_assembly = {{{state_assembly8|}}} | state_delegate = {{{state_delegate8|}}} | state_house = {{{state_house8|}}} | state_legislature = {{{state_legislature8|}}} | state_senate = {{{state_senate8|}}} | state = {{{state8|}}} | succeeded = {{{succeeded8|}}} | succeeding = {{{succeeding8|}}} | successor = {{{successor8|}}} | taoiseach = {{{taoiseach8|}}} | termlabel = {{{term_label8|{{{termlabel8|عهدي ۾}}}}}} | termend = {{#if:{{{termend8|}}}|{{{termend8}}}|{{{term_end8|}}}}} | termstart = {{#if:{{{termstart8|}}}|{{{termstart8}}}|{{{term_start8|}}}}} | term = {{{term8|}}} | title = {{{title8|}}} | vicegovernor = {{{vicegovernor8|}}} | vicepresident = {{{vicepresident8|}}} | vicepremier = {{{vicepremier8|}}} | viceprimeminister = {{{viceprimeminister8|}}} | party = {{{party|}}} | prior_term = {{{prior_term8|}}} }}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{nominee|}}}{{{candidate|}}}|| {{Infobox officeholder/office|color={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes|#eee|lavender}} | 1blankname = {{{1blankname9|}}} | 1namedata = {{{1namedata9|}}} | 2blankname = {{{2blankname9|}}} | 2namedata = {{{2namedata9|}}} | 3blankname = {{{3blankname9|}}} | 3namedata = {{{3namedata9|}}} | 4blankname = {{{4blankname9|}}} | 4namedata = {{{4namedata9|}}} | 5blankname = {{{5blankname9|}}} | 5namedata = {{{5namedata9|}}} | alongside = {{{alongside9|}}} | ambassador_from = {{{ambassador_from9|}}} | appointer = {{#if: {{{appointer9|}}} | {{{appointer9}}} | {{{appointed9|}}} }} | assembly = {{{assembly9|}}} | chancellor = {{{chancellor9|}}} | co-leader = {{{co-leader9|}}} | constituency_{{#if:{{{constituency_AM9|}}}|AM|MP}} = {{#if: {{{constituency_AM9|}}} | {{{constituency_AM9}}} | {{{constituency_MP9|}}} }} | constituency = {{{constituency9|}}} | country = {{{country9|}}} | deputy = {{{deputy9|}}} | district = {{{district9|}}} | firstminister = {{{firstminister9|}}} | governor-general = {{{governor-general9|}}} | governor_general = {{{governor_general9|}}} | governor = {{{governor9|}}} | jr/sr = {{{jr/sr9|}}} | jr/sr and state = {{{jr/sr and state9|}}} | leader = {{{leader9|}}} | legislature = {{{legislature9|}}} | lieutenant_governor = {{{lieutenant_governor9|}}} | lieutenant = {{{lieutenant9|}}} | minister_from = {{{minister_from9|}}} | minority_floor_leader = {{{minority_floor_leader9|}}} | majority_floor_leader = {{{majority_floor_leader9|}}} | majority_leader = {{#if: {{{majorityleader9|}}} | {{{majorityleader9}}} | {{{majority_leader9|}}} }} | majority = {{{majority9|}}} | minister = {{{minister9|}}} | minority_leader = {{#if: {{{minorityleader9|}}} | {{{minorityleader9}}} | {{{minority_leader9|}}} }} | monarch = {{{monarch9|}}} | nominator = {{{nominator9|}}} | office = {{{office9|}}} | order = {{{order9|}}} | parliament = {{{parliament9|}}} | predecessor = {{{predecessor9|}}} | preceding = {{{preceding9|}}} | preceded = {{{preceded9|}}} | premier = {{{premier9|}}} | president = {{{president9|}}} | primeminister = {{{primeminister9|}}} | riding = {{{riding9|}}} | state_assembly = {{{state_assembly9|}}} | state_delegate = {{{state_delegate9|}}} | state_house = {{{state_house9|}}} | state_legislature = {{{state_legislature9|}}} | state_senate = {{{state_senate9|}}} | state = {{{state9|}}} | succeeded = {{{succeeded9|}}} | succeeding = {{{succeeding9|}}} | successor = {{{successor9|}}} | taoiseach = {{{taoiseach9|}}} | termlabel = {{{term_label9|{{{termlabel9|عهدي ۾}}}}}} | termend = {{#if:{{{termend9|}}}|{{{termend9}}}|{{{term_end9|}}}}} | termstart = {{#if:{{{termstart9|}}}|{{{termstart9}}}|{{{term_start9|}}}}} | term = {{{term9|}}} | title = {{{title9|}}} | vicegovernor = {{{vicegovernor9|}}} | vicepresident = {{{vicepresident9|}}} | vicepremier = {{{vicepremier9|}}} | viceprimeminister = {{{viceprimeminister9|}}} | party = {{{party|}}} | prior_term = {{{prior_term9|}}} }}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{nominee|}}}{{{candidate|}}}|| {{Infobox officeholder/office|color={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes|#eee|lavender}} | 1blankname = {{{1blankname10|}}} | 1namedata = {{{1namedata10|}}} | 2blankname = {{{2blankname10|}}} | 2namedata = {{{2namedata10|}}} | 3blankname = {{{3blankname10|}}} | 3namedata = {{{3namedata10|}}} | 4blankname = {{{4blankname10|}}} | 4namedata = {{{4namedata10|}}} | 5blankname = {{{5blankname10|}}} | 5namedata = {{{5namedata10|}}} | alongside = {{{alongside10|}}} | ambassador_from = {{{ambassador_from10|}}} | appointer = {{#if: {{{appointer10|}}} | {{{appointer10}}} | {{{appointed10|}}} }} | assembly = {{{assembly10|}}} | chancellor = {{{chancellor10|}}} | co-leader = {{{co-leader10|}}} | constituency_{{#if:{{{constituency_AM10|}}}|AM|MP}} = {{#if: {{{constituency_AM10|}}} | {{{constituency_AM10}}} | {{{constituency_MP10|}}} }} | constituency = {{{constituency10|}}} | country = {{{country10|}}} | deputy = {{{deputy10|}}} | district = {{{district10|}}} | firstminister = {{{firstminister10|}}} | governor-general = {{{governor-general10|}}} | governor_general = {{{governor_general10|}}} | governor = {{{governor10|}}} | jr/sr = {{{jr/sr10|}}} | jr/sr and state = {{{jr/sr and state10|}}} | leader = {{{leader10|}}} | legislature = {{{legislature10|}}} | lieutenant_governor = {{{lieutenant_governor10|}}} | lieutenant = {{{lieutenant10|}}} | minister_from = {{{minister_from10|}}} | minority_floor_leader = {{{minority_floor_leader10|}}} | majority_floor_leader = {{{majority_floor_leader10|}}} | majority_leader = {{#if: {{{majorityleader10|}}} | {{{majorityleader10}}} | {{{majority_leader10|}}} }} | majority = {{{majority10|}}} | minister = {{{minister10|}}} | minority_leader = {{#if: {{{minorityleader10|}}} | {{{minorityleader10}}} | {{{minority_leader10|}}} }} | monarch = {{{monarch10|}}} | nominator = {{{nominator10|}}} | office = {{{office10|}}} | order = {{{order10|}}} | parliament = {{{parliament10|}}} | predecessor = {{{predecessor10|}}} | preceding = {{{preceding10|}}} | preceded = {{{preceded10|}}} | premier = {{{premier10|}}} | president = {{{president10|}}} | primeminister = {{{primeminister10|}}} | riding = {{{riding10|}}} | state_assembly = {{{state_assembly10|}}} | state_delegate = {{{state_delegate10|}}} | state_house = {{{state_house10|}}} | state_legislature = {{{state_legislature10|}}} | state_senate = {{{state_senate10|}}} | state = {{{state10|}}} | succeeded = {{{succeeded10|}}} | succeeding = {{{succeeding10|}}} | successor = {{{successor10|}}} | taoiseach = {{{taoiseach10|}}} | termlabel = {{{term_label10|{{{termlabel10|عهدي ۾}}}}}} | termend = {{#if:{{{termend10|}}}|{{{termend10}}}|{{{term_end10|}}}}} | termstart = {{#if:{{{termstart10|}}}|{{{termstart10}}}|{{{term_start10|}}}}} | term = {{{term10|}}} | title = {{{title10|}}} | vicegovernor = {{{vicegovernor10|}}} | vicepresident = {{{vicepresident10|}}} | vicepremier = {{{vicepremier10|}}} | viceprimeminister = {{{viceprimeminister10|}}} | party = {{{party|}}} | prior_term = {{{prior_term10|}}} }}}}<!-- --->{{#if:{{{nominee|}}}{{{candidate|}}}|| {{Infobox officeholder/office|color={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes|#eee|lavender}} | 1blankname = {{{1blankname11|}}} | 1namedata = {{{1namedata11|}}} | 2blankname = {{{2blankname11|}}} | 2namedata = {{{2namedata11|}}} | 3blankname = {{{3blankname11|}}} | 3namedata = {{{3namedata11|}}} | 4blankname = {{{4blankname11|}}} | 4namedata = {{{4namedata11|}}} | 5blankname = {{{5blankname11|}}} | 5namedata = {{{5namedata11|}}} | alongside = {{{alongside11|}}} | ambassador_from = {{{ambassador_from11|}}} | appointer = {{#if: {{{appointer11|}}} | {{{appointer11}}} | {{{appointed11|}}} }} | assembly = {{{assembly11|}}} | chancellor = {{{chancellor11|}}} | co-leader = {{{co-leader11|}}} | constituency_{{#if:{{{constituency_AM11|}}}|AM|MP}} = {{#if: {{{constituency_AM11|}}} | {{{constituency_AM11}}} | {{{constituency_MP11|}}} }} | constituency = {{{constituency11|}}} | country = {{{country11|}}} | deputy = {{{deputy11|}}} | district = {{{district11|}}} | firstminister = {{{firstminister11|}}} | governor-general = {{{governor-general11|}}} | governor_general = {{{governor_general11|}}} | governor = {{{governor11|}}} | jr/sr = {{{jr/sr11|}}} | jr/sr and state = {{{jr/sr and state11|}}} | leader = {{{leader11|}}} | legislature = {{{legislature11|}}} | lieutenant_governor = {{{lieutenant_governor11|}}} | lieutenant = {{{lieutenant11|}}} | minister_from = {{{minister_from11|}}} | minority_floor_leader = {{{minority_floor_leader11|}}} | majority_floor_leader = {{{majority_floor_leader11|}}} | majority_leader = {{#if: {{{majorityleader11|}}} | {{{majorityleader11}}} | {{{majority_leader11|}}} }} | majority = {{{majority11|}}} | minister = {{{minister11|}}} | minority_leader = {{#if: {{{minorityleader11|}}} | {{{minorityleader11}}} | {{{minority_leader11|}}} }} | monarch = {{{monarch11|}}} | nominator = {{{nominator11|}}} | office = {{{office11|}}} | order = {{{order11|}}} | parliament = {{{parliament11|}}} | predecessor = {{{predecessor11|}}} | preceding = {{{preceding11|}}} | preceded = {{{preceded11|}}} | premier = {{{premier11|}}} | president = {{{president11|}}} | primeminister = {{{primeminister11|}}} | riding = {{{riding11|}}} | state_assembly = {{{state_assembly11|}}} | state_delegate = {{{state_delegate11|}}} | state_house = {{{state_house11|}}} | state_legislature = {{{state_legislature11|}}} | state_senate = {{{state_senate11|}}} | state = {{{state11|}}} | succeeded = {{{succeeded11|}}} | succeeding = {{{succeeding11|}}} | successor = {{{successor11|}}} | taoiseach = {{{taoiseach11|}}} | termlabel = {{{term_label11|{{{termlabel11|عهدي ۾}}}}}} | termend = {{#if:{{{termend11|}}}|{{{termend11}}}|{{{term_end11|}}}}} | termstart = {{#if:{{{termstart11|}}}|{{{termstart11}}}|{{{term_start11|}}}}} | term = {{{term11|}}} | title = {{{title11|}}} | vicegovernor = {{{vicegovernor11|}}} | vicepresident = {{{vicepresident11|}}} | vicepremier = {{{vicepremier11|}}} | viceprimeminister = {{{viceprimeminister11|}}} | party = {{{party|}}} | prior_term = {{{prior_term11|}}} }}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{nominee|}}}{{{candidate|}}}|| {{Infobox officeholder/office|color={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes|#eee|lavender}} | 1blankname = {{{1blankname12|}}} | 1namedata = {{{1namedata12|}}} | 2blankname = {{{2blankname12|}}} | 2namedata = {{{2namedata12|}}} | 3blankname = {{{3blankname12|}}} | 3namedata = {{{3namedata12|}}} | 4blankname = {{{4blankname12|}}} | 4namedata = {{{4namedata12|}}} | 5blankname = {{{5blankname12|}}} | 5namedata = {{{5namedata12|}}} | alongside = {{{alongside12|}}} | ambassador_from = {{{ambassador_from12|}}} | appointer = {{#if: {{{appointer12|}}} | {{{appointer12}}} | {{{appointed12|}}} }} | assembly = {{{assembly12|}}} | chancellor = {{{chancellor12|}}} | co-leader = {{{co-leader12|}}} | constituency_{{#if:{{{constituency_AM12|}}}|AM|MP}} = {{#if: {{{constituency_AM12|}}} | {{{constituency_AM12}}} | {{{constituency_MP12|}}} }} | constituency = {{{constituency12|}}} | country = {{{country12|}}} | deputy = {{{deputy12|}}} | district = {{{district12|}}} | firstminister = {{{firstminister12|}}} | governor-general = {{{governor-general12|}}} | governor_general = {{{governor_general12|}}} | governor = {{{governor12|}}} | jr/sr = {{{jr/sr12|}}} | jr/sr and state = {{{jr/sr and state12|}}} | leader = {{{leader12|}}} | legislature = {{{legislature12|}}} | lieutenant_governor = {{{lieutenant_governor12|}}} | lieutenant = {{{lieutenant12|}}} | minister_from = {{{minister_from12|}}} | minority_floor_leader = {{{minority_floor_leader12|}}} | majority_floor_leader = {{{majority_floor_leader12|}}} | majority_leader = {{#if: {{{majorityleader12|}}} | {{{majorityleader12}}} | {{{majority_leader12|}}} }} | majority = {{{majority12|}}} | minister = {{{minister12|}}} | minority_leader = {{#if: {{{minorityleader12|}}} | {{{minorityleader12}}} | {{{minority_leader12|}}} }} | monarch = {{{monarch12|}}} | nominator = {{{nominator12|}}} | office = {{{office12|}}} | order = {{{order12|}}} | parliament = {{{parliament12|}}} | predecessor = {{{predecessor12|}}} | preceding = {{{preceding12|}}} | preceded = {{{preceded12|}}} | premier = {{{premier12|}}} | president = {{{president12|}}} | primeminister = {{{primeminister12|}}} | riding = {{{riding12|}}} | state_assembly = {{{state_assembly12|}}} | state_delegate = {{{state_delegate12|}}} | state_house = {{{state_house12|}}} | state_legislature = {{{state_legislature12|}}} | state_senate = {{{state_senate12|}}} | state = {{{state12|}}} | succeeded = {{{succeeded12|}}} | succeeding = {{{succeeding12|}}} | successor = {{{successor12|}}} | taoiseach = {{{taoiseach12|}}} | termlabel = {{{term_label12|{{{termlabel12|عهدي ۾}}}}}} | termend = {{#if:{{{termend12|}}}|{{{termend12}}}|{{{term_end12|}}}}} | termstart = {{#if:{{{termstart12|}}}|{{{termstart12}}}|{{{term_start12|}}}}} | term = {{{term12|}}} | title = {{{title12|}}} | vicegovernor = {{{vicegovernor12|}}} | vicepresident = {{{vicepresident12|}}} | vicepremier = {{{vicepremier12|}}} | viceprimeminister = {{{viceprimeminister12|}}} | party = {{{party|}}} | prior_term = {{{prior_term12|}}} }}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{nominee|}}}{{{candidate|}}}|| {{Infobox officeholder/office|color={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes|#eee|lavender}} | 1blankname = {{{1blankname13|}}} | 1namedata = {{{1namedata13|}}} | 2blankname = {{{2blankname13|}}} | 2namedata = {{{2namedata13|}}} | 3blankname = {{{3blankname13|}}} | 3namedata = {{{3namedata13|}}} | 4blankname = {{{4blankname13|}}} | 4namedata = {{{4namedata13|}}} | 5blankname = {{{5blankname13|}}} | 5namedata = {{{5namedata13|}}} | alongside = {{{alongside13|}}} | ambassador_from = {{{ambassador_from13|}}} | appointer = {{#if: {{{appointer13|}}} | {{{appointer13}}} | {{{appointed13|}}} }} | assembly = {{{assembly13|}}} | chancellor = {{{chancellor13|}}} | co-leader = {{{co-leader13|}}} | constituency_{{#if:{{{constituency_AM13|}}}|AM|MP}} = {{#if: {{{constituency_AM13|}}} | {{{constituency_AM13}}} | {{{constituency_MP13|}}} }} | constituency = {{{constituency13|}}} | country = {{{country13|}}} | deputy = {{{deputy13|}}} | district = {{{district13|}}} | firstminister = {{{firstminister13|}}} | governor-general = {{{governor-general13|}}} | governor_general = {{{governor_general13|}}} | governor = {{{governor13|}}} | jr/sr = {{{jr/sr13|}}} | jr/sr and state = {{{jr/sr and state13|}}} | leader = {{{leader13|}}} | legislature = {{{legislature13|}}} | lieutenant_governor = {{{lieutenant_governor13|}}} | lieutenant = {{{lieutenant13|}}} | minister_from = {{{minister_from13|}}} | minority_floor_leader = {{{minority_floor_leader13|}}} | majority_floor_leader = {{{majority_floor_leader13|}}} | majority_leader = {{#if: {{{majorityleader13|}}} | {{{majorityleader13}}} | {{{majority_leader13|}}} }} | majority = {{{majority13|}}} | minister = {{{minister13|}}} | minority_leader = {{#if: {{{minorityleader13|}}} | {{{minorityleader13}}} | {{{minority_leader13|}}} }} | monarch = {{{monarch13|}}} | nominator = {{{nominator13|}}} | office = {{{office13|}}} | order = {{{order13|}}} | parliament = {{{parliament13|}}} | predecessor = {{{predecessor13|}}} | preceding = {{{preceding13|}}} | preceded = {{{preceded13|}}} | premier = {{{premier13|}}} | president = {{{president13|}}} | primeminister = {{{primeminister13|}}} | riding = {{{riding13|}}} | state_assembly = {{{state_assembly13|}}} | state_delegate = {{{state_delegate13|}}} | state_house = {{{state_house13|}}} | state_legislature = {{{state_legislature13|}}} | state_senate = {{{state_senate13|}}} | state = {{{state13|}}} | succeeded = {{{succeeded13|}}} | succeeding = {{{succeeding13|}}} | successor = {{{successor13|}}} | taoiseach = {{{taoiseach13|}}} | termlabel = {{{term_label13|{{{termlabel13|عهدي ۾}}}}}} | termend = {{#if:{{{termend13|}}}|{{{termend13}}}|{{{term_end13|}}}}} | termstart = {{#if:{{{termstart13|}}}|{{{termstart13}}}|{{{term_start13|}}}}} | term = {{{term13|}}} | title = {{{title13|}}} | vicegovernor = {{{vicegovernor13|}}} | vicepresident = {{{vicepresident13|}}} | vicepremier = {{{vicepremier13|}}} | viceprimeminister = {{{viceprimeminister13|}}} | party = {{{party|}}} | prior_term = {{{prior_term13|}}} }}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{nominee|}}}{{{candidate|}}}|| {{Infobox officeholder/office|color={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes|#eee|lavender}} | 1blankname = {{{1blankname14|}}} | 1namedata = {{{1namedata14|}}} | 2blankname = {{{2blankname14|}}} | 2namedata = {{{2namedata14|}}} | 3blankname = {{{3blankname14|}}} | 3namedata = {{{3namedata14|}}} | 4blankname = {{{4blankname14|}}} | 4namedata = {{{4namedata14|}}} | 5blankname = {{{5blankname14|}}} | 5namedata = {{{5namedata14|}}} | alongside = {{{alongside14|}}} | ambassador_from = {{{ambassador_from14|}}} | appointer = {{#if: {{{appointer14|}}} | {{{appointer14}}} | {{{appointed14|}}} }} | assembly = {{{assembly14|}}} | chancellor = {{{chancellor14|}}} | co-leader = {{{co-leader14|}}} | constituency_{{#if:{{{constituency_AM14|}}}|AM|MP}} = {{#if: {{{constituency_AM14|}}} | {{{constituency_AM14}}} | {{{constituency_MP14|}}} }} | constituency = {{{constituency14|}}} | country = {{{country14|}}} | deputy = {{{deputy14|}}} | district = {{{district14|}}} | firstminister = {{{firstminister14|}}} | governor-general = {{{governor-general14|}}} | governor_general = {{{governor_general14|}}} | governor = {{{governor14|}}} | jr/sr = {{{jr/sr14|}}} | jr/sr and state = {{{jr/sr and state14|}}} | leader = {{{leader14|}}} | legislature = {{{legislature14|}}} | lieutenant_governor = {{{lieutenant_governor14|}}} | lieutenant = {{{lieutenant14|}}} | minister_from = {{{minister_from14|}}} | minority_floor_leader = {{{minority_floor_leader14|}}} | majority_floor_leader = {{{majority_floor_leader14|}}} | majority_leader = {{#if: {{{majorityleader14|}}} | {{{majorityleader14}}} | {{{majority_leader14|}}} }} | majority = {{{majority14|}}} | minister = {{{minister14|}}} | minority_leader = {{#if: {{{minorityleader14|}}} | {{{minorityleader14}}} | {{{minority_leader14|}}} }} | monarch = {{{monarch14|}}} | nominator = {{{nominator14|}}} | office = {{{office14|}}} | order = {{{order14|}}} | parliament = {{{parliament14|}}} | predecessor = {{{predecessor14|}}} | preceding = {{{preceding14|}}} | preceded = {{{preceded14|}}} | premier = {{{premier14|}}} | president = {{{president14|}}} | primeminister = {{{primeminister14|}}} | riding = {{{riding14|}}} | state_assembly = {{{state_assembly14|}}} | state_delegate = {{{state_delegate14|}}} | state_house = {{{state_house14|}}} | state_legislature = {{{state_legislature14|}}} | state_senate = {{{state_senate14|}}} | state = {{{state14|}}} | succeeded = {{{succeeded14|}}} | succeeding = {{{succeeding14|}}} | successor = {{{successor14|}}} | taoiseach = {{{taoiseach14|}}} | termlabel = {{{term_label14|{{{termlabel14|عهدي ۾}}}}}} | termend = {{#if:{{{termend14|}}}|{{{termend14}}}|{{{term_end14|}}}}} | termstart = {{#if:{{{termstart14|}}}|{{{termstart14}}}|{{{term_start14|}}}}} | term = {{{term14|}}} | title = {{{title14|}}} | vicegovernor = {{{vicegovernor14|}}} | vicepresident = {{{vicepresident14|}}} | vicepremier = {{{vicepremier14|}}} | viceprimeminister = {{{viceprimeminister14|}}} | party = {{{party|}}} | prior_term = {{{prior_term14|}}} }}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{nominee|}}}{{{candidate|}}}|| {{Infobox officeholder/office|color={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes|#eee|lavender}} | 1blankname = {{{1blankname15|}}} | 1namedata = {{{1namedata15|}}} | 2blankname = {{{2blankname15|}}} | 2namedata = {{{2namedata15|}}} | 3blankname = {{{3blankname15|}}} | 3namedata = {{{3namedata15|}}} | 4blankname = {{{4blankname15|}}} | 4namedata = {{{4namedata15|}}} | 5blankname = {{{5blankname15|}}} | 5namedata = {{{5namedata15|}}} | alongside = {{{alongside15|}}} | ambassador_from = {{{ambassador_from15|}}} | appointer = {{#if: {{{appointer15|}}} | {{{appointer15}}} | {{{appointed15|}}} }} | assembly = {{{assembly15|}}} | chancellor = {{{chancellor15|}}} | co-leader = {{{co-leader15|}}} | constituency_{{#if:{{{constituency_AM15|}}}|AM|MP}} = {{#if: {{{constituency_AM15|}}} | {{{constituency_AM15}}} | {{{constituency_MP15|}}} }} | constituency = {{{constituency15|}}} | country = {{{country15|}}} | deputy = {{{deputy15|}}} | district = {{{district15|}}} | firstminister = {{{firstminister15|}}} | governor-general = {{{governor-general15|}}} | governor_general = {{{governor_general15|}}} | governor = {{{governor15|}}} | jr/sr = {{{jr/sr15|}}} | jr/sr and state = {{{jr/sr and state15|}}} | leader = {{{leader15|}}} | legislature = {{{legislature15|}}} | lieutenant_governor = {{{lieutenant_governor15|}}} | lieutenant = {{{lieutenant15|}}} | minister_from = {{{minister_from15|}}} | minority_floor_leader = {{{minority_floor_leader15|}}} | majority_floor_leader = {{{majority_floor_leader15|}}} | majority_leader = {{#if: {{{majorityleader15|}}} | {{{majorityleader15}}} | {{{majority_leader15|}}} }} | majority = {{{majority15|}}} | minister = {{{minister15|}}} | minority_leader = {{#if: {{{minorityleader15|}}} | {{{minorityleader15}}} | {{{minority_leader15|}}} }} | monarch = {{{monarch15|}}} | nominator = {{{nominator15|}}} | office = {{{office15|}}} | order = {{{order15|}}} | parliament = {{{parliament15|}}} | predecessor = {{{predecessor15|}}} | preceding = {{{preceding15|}}} | preceded = {{{preceded15|}}} | premier = {{{premier15|}}} | president = {{{president15|}}} | primeminister = {{{primeminister15|}}} | riding = {{{riding15|}}} | state_assembly = {{{state_assembly15|}}} | state_delegate = {{{state_delegate15|}}} | state_house = {{{state_house15|}}} | state_legislature = {{{state_legislature15|}}} | state_senate = {{{state_senate15|}}} | state = {{{state15|}}} | succeeded = {{{succeeded15|}}} | succeeding = {{{succeeding15|}}} | successor = {{{successor15|}}} | taoiseach = {{{taoiseach15|}}} | termlabel = {{{term_label15|{{{termlabel15|عهدي ۾}}}}}} | termend = {{#if:{{{termend15|}}}|{{{termend15}}}|{{{term_end15|}}}}} | termstart = {{#if:{{{termstart15|}}}|{{{termstart15}}}|{{{term_start15|}}}}} | term = {{{term15|}}} | title = {{{title15|}}} | vicegovernor = {{{vicegovernor15|}}} | vicepresident = {{{vicepresident15|}}} | vicepremier = {{{vicepremier15|}}} | viceprimeminister = {{{viceprimeminister15|}}} | party = {{{party|}}} | prior_term = {{{prior_term15|}}} }}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{nominee|}}}{{{candidate|}}}|| {{Infobox officeholder/office|color={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes|#eee|lavender}} | 1blankname = {{{1blankname16|}}} | 1namedata = {{{1namedata16|}}} | 2blankname = {{{2blankname16|}}} | 2namedata = {{{2namedata16|}}} | 3blankname = {{{3blankname16|}}} | 3namedata = {{{3namedata16|}}} | 4blankname = {{{4blankname16|}}} | 4namedata = {{{4namedata16|}}} | 5blankname = {{{5blankname16|}}} | 5namedata = {{{5namedata16|}}} | alongside = {{{alongside16|}}} | ambassador_from = {{{ambassador_from16|}}} | appointer = {{#if: {{{appointer16|}}} | {{{appointer16}}} | {{{appointed16|}}} }} | assembly = {{{assembly16|}}} | chancellor = {{{chancellor16|}}} | co-leader = {{{co-leader16|}}} | constituency_{{#if:{{{constituency_AM16|}}}|AM|MP}} = {{#if: {{{constituency_AM16|}}} | {{{constituency_AM16}}} | {{{constituency_MP16|}}} }} | constituency = {{{constituency16|}}} | country = {{{country16|}}} | deputy = {{{deputy16|}}} | district = {{{district16|}}} | firstminister = {{{firstminister16|}}} | governor-general = {{{governor-general16|}}} | governor_general = {{{governor_general16|}}} | governor = {{{governor16|}}} | jr/sr = {{{jr/sr16|}}} | jr/sr and state = {{{jr/sr and state16|}}} | leader = {{{leader16|}}} | legislature = {{{legislature16|}}} | lieutenant_governor = {{{lieutenant_governor16|}}} | lieutenant = {{{lieutenant16|}}} | minister_from = {{{minister_from16|}}} | minority_floor_leader = {{{minority_floor_leader16|}}} | majority_floor_leader = {{{majority_floor_leader16|}}} | majority_leader = {{#if: {{{majorityleader16|}}} | {{{majorityleader16}}} | {{{majority_leader16|}}} }} | majority = {{{majority16|}}} | minister = {{{minister16|}}} | minority_leader = {{#if: {{{minorityleader16|}}} | {{{minorityleader16}}} | {{{minority_leader16|}}} }} | monarch = {{{monarch16|}}} | nominator = {{{nominator16|}}} | office = {{{office16|}}} | order = {{{order16|}}} | parliament = {{{parliament16|}}} | predecessor = {{{predecessor16|}}} | preceding = {{{preceding16|}}} | preceded = {{{preceded16|}}} | premier = {{{premier16|}}} | president = {{{president16|}}} | primeminister = {{{primeminister16|}}} | riding = {{{riding16|}}} | state_assembly = {{{state_assembly16|}}} | state_delegate = {{{state_delegate16|}}} | state_house = {{{state_house16|}}} | state_legislature = {{{state_legislature16|}}} | state_senate = {{{state_senate16|}}} | state = {{{state16|}}} | succeeded = {{{succeeded16|}}} | succeeding = {{{succeeding16|}}} | successor = {{{successor16|}}} | taoiseach = {{{taoiseach16|}}} | termlabel = {{{term_label16|{{{termlabel16|عهدي ۾}}}}}} | termend = {{#if:{{{termend16|}}}|{{{termend16}}}|{{{term_end16|}}}}} | termstart = {{#if:{{{termstart16|}}}|{{{termstart16}}}|{{{term_start16|}}}}} | term = {{{term16|}}} | title = {{{title16|}}} | vicegovernor = {{{vicegovernor16|}}} | vicepresident = {{{vicepresident16|}}} | vicepremier = {{{vicepremier16|}}} | viceprimeminister = {{{viceprimeminister16|}}} | party = {{{party|}}} | prior_term = {{{prior_term16|}}} }}}} | data19 = {{{module0|}}} <!----------ذاتي تفصيل----------> | header20 = {{#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}{{{birth_name|{{{birthname|}}}}}}{{{birth_date|}}}{{{birth_place|}}}{{{death_date|}}}{{{death_place|}}}{{{resting_place|{{{restingplace|}}}}}}{{{resting_place_coordinates|{{{restingplacecoordinates|}}}}}}{{{citizenship|}}}{{{nationality|}}}{{{party|}}}{{{otherparty|}}}{{{spouse|}}}{{{partner|}}}{{{relations|}}}{{{children|}}}{{{parents|}}}{{{mother|}}}{{{father|}}}{{{relatives|}}}{{{residence|}}}{{{education|}}}{{{alma_mater|}}}{{{occupation|}}}{{{profession|}}}{{{known_for|}}}{{{salary|}}}{{{net_worth|}}}{{{cabinet|}}}{{{committees|}}}{{{portfolio|}}}{{{religion|}}}{{{awards|}}}{{{data1|}}}{{{data2|}}}{{{data3|}}}{{{data4|}}}{{{data5|}}}|ذاتي تفصيل}} | label21 = اچار | data21 = {{{pronunciation|}}} | label22 = ڄائو | data22 = {{br separated entries |1 = {{#if:{{{birth_name|{{{birthname|}}}}}}|<span class="nickname">{{{birth_name|{{{birthname}}}}}}</span>}} |2 = {{{birth_date|}}} |3 = {{{birth_place|}}} }} | label23 = وفات | data23 = {{br separated entries|{{{death_date|}}}|{{{death_place|}}}}} | label24 = وفات جو سبب | data24 = {{{death_cause|}}} | label25 = تدفين جي جاءِ | class25 = label | data25 = {{br separated entries|{{{resting_place|{{{restingplace|}}}}}}|{{{resting_place_coordinates|{{{restingplacecoordinates|}}}}}}}} | label26 = شھريت | data26 = {{{citizenship|}}} | label27 = قوميت | data27 = {{{nationality|}}} | label28 = سياسي پارٽي | data28 = {{#switch:{{{party}}} | [[يونائيٽيڊ اسٽيٽس ڊيموڪريٽڪ پارٽي|ڊيموڪريٽ]] | [[ڊيموڪريٽڪ پارٽي (يونائيٽيڊ اسٽيٽس)|ڊيموڪريٽڪ]] | [[ڊيموڪريٽڪ پارٽي (يونائيٽيڊ اسٽيٽس)|ڊيموڪريٽ]] = [[ڊيموڪريٽڪ پارٽي (يونائيٽيڊ اسٽيٽس)|ڊيموڪريٽڪ]] | [[ريپبلڪن پارٽي (يونائيٽيڊ اسٽيٽس)|ريپبلڪن]] | [[يونائيٽيڊ اسٽيٽس ريپبلڪن پارٽي]] | [[يونائيٽيڊ اسٽيٽس ريپبلڪن پارٽي|ريپبلڪن]] | [[ريپبلڪن پارٽي (يونائيٽيڊ اسٽيٽس)|ريپبلڪن پارٽي]] = [[ريپبلڪن پارٽي (يونائيٽيڊ اسٽيٽس)|ريپبلڪن]] | [[ڪنزرويٽو پارٽي (برطانيا)|ڪنزرويٽو پارٽي]] | [[ڪنزرويٽو پارٽي (برطانيا)|ڪنزرويٽو]] = [[ڪنزرويٽو پارٽي (برطانيا)|ڪنزرويٽو]] | [[ليبر پارٽي (برطانيا)|ليبر پارٽي]] | [[ليبر پارٽي (برطانيا)|ليبر]] = [[ليبر پارٽي (برطانيا)|ليبر]] | [[ڪنزرويٽو پارٽي آف ڪينيڊا|ڪنزرويٽو پارٽي]] | [[ڪنزرويٽو پارٽي آف ڪينيڊا|ڪنزرويٽو]] = [[ڪنزرويٽو پارٽي آف ڪينيڊا|ڪنزرويٽو]] | [[لبرل پارٽي آف ڪينيڊا|لبرل پارٽي]] | [[لبرل پارٽي آف ڪينيڊا|لبرل]] = [[لبرل پارٽي آف ڪينيڊا|لبرل]] | KMT | Kuomintang | [[KMT]] | [[Kuomintang|KMT]] | [[Kuomintang]] | Kuomintang (KMT) | [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) | {{KMT}} (KMT) | {{KMT}} = [[Kuomintang]] | DPP | [[ڊيموڪريٽڪ پروگريسيو پارٽي|DPP]] | [[ڊيموڪريٽڪ پروگريسيو پارٽي]] | {{DPP}} = [[ڊيموڪريٽڪ پروگريسيو پارٽي]] | #default = {{{party|}}} }} | label29 = ٻيون سياسي<br />وابستگيون | data29 = {{{otherparty|}}} | label30 = اوچائي | data30 = {{#if:{{{height|}}}|{{infobox person/height|{{{height|}}}}}}} | label31 = زال/مڙس | data31 = {{{spouse|}}} | label32 = گهريلو ساٿي | data32 = {{{partner|}}} | label33 = لاڳاپا | data33 = {{{relations|}}} | label34 = ٻار | data34 = {{{children|}}} | label35 = والدين | data35 = {{{parents|}}} | label36 = ماءُ | data36 = {{{mother|}}} | label37 = پيءُ | data37 = {{{father|}}} | label38 = مائٽ | data38 = {{{relatives|}}} | label39 = رهائش | class39 = {{#if:{{{death_date|}}}{{{death_place|}}}||label}} | data39 = {{{residence|}}} | label40 = تعليم | data40 = {{{education|}}} | label41 = [[الما ميٽر]] | data41 = {{{alma_mater|}}} | label42 = پيشو | data42 = {{{occupation|}}} | label43 = پيشو | data43 = {{{profession|}}} | label44 = لاءِ مشهور | data44 = {{{known_for|}}} | label45 = پگهار | data45 = {{{salary|}}} | label46 = خالص ملڪيت | data46 = {{{net_worth|}}} | label47 = ڪابينا | data47 = {{{cabinet|}}} | label48 = ڪميٽيون | data48 = {{{committees|}}} | label49 = پورٽ فوليو | data49 = {{{portfolio|}}} | label50 = مذهب | data50 = {{{religion|}}} | label51 = {{#if:{{{mawards|}}}|شهري اعزاز|اعزاز}} | data51 = {{{awards|}}} | label52 = {{{blank1}}} | data52 = {{{data1|}}} | label53 = {{{blank2}}} | data53 = {{{data2|}}} | label54 = {{{blank3}}} | data54 = {{{data3|}}} | label55 = {{{blank4}}} | data55 = {{{data4|}}} | label56 = {{{blank5}}} | data56 = {{{data5|}}} | label57 = دستخط | data57 = {{#if:{{{signature|}}}|[[File:{{{signature}}}|128x80px|alt={{{signature_alt|}}}|{{PAGENAME}} جو دستخط]]}} | label58 = ويب سائيٽ | data58 = {{{website|}}} | header59 = {{#if:{{{allegiance|}}}{{{branch|}}}{{{serviceyears|}}}{{{rank|}}}{{{unit|}}}{{{commands|}}}{{{battles|}}}{{{military_blank1|}}}|فوجي خدمت}} | label60 = لقب | data60 = {{{nickname|}}} | label61 = وفاداري | data61 = {{{allegiance|}}} | label62 = سروس/شاخ | data62 = {{{branch|}}} | label63 = خدمت جا سال | data63 = {{{serviceyears|}}} | label64 = عهدو | data64 = {{{rank|}}} | label65 = يونٽ | data65 = {{{unit|}}} | label66 = ڪمانڊ | data66 = {{{commands|}}} | label67 = جنگيون | data67 = {{{battles|}}} | label68 = {{#if:{{{awards|}}}|فوجي اعزاز|اعزاز}} | data68 = {{{mawards|}}} | label69 = {{{military_blank1}}} | data69 = {{{military_data1|}}} | label70 = {{{military_blank2}}} | data70 = {{{military_data2|}}} | label71 = {{{military_blank3}}} | data71 = {{{military_data3|}}} | label72 = {{{military_blank4}}} | data72 = {{{military_data4|}}} | label73 = {{{military_blank5}}} | data73 = {{{military_data5|}}} | data74 = {{{module|}}} | data75 = {{{module2|}}} | data76 = {{{module3|}}} | data77 = {{{module4|}}} | data78 = {{{module5|}}} | data79 = {{{footnotes|}}} | belowstyle = border-top: 1px solid right; font-size: 90% | below = {{#if:{{{date|}}}| {{{date}}} تائين{{#if:{{{year|}}}|، {{{year}}}}}{{#if:{{{source|}}}|<br />ذريعو: [{{{source}}}]}} }} }}{{#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}|[[زمرو:بايوگرافي سانچو جيڪو اچارڻ استعمال ڪري ٿو]] }}{{#if:{{{1blankname0|}}}{{{1namedata0|}}}{{{2blankname0|}}}{{{2namedata0|}}}{{{3blankname0|}}}{{{3namedata0|}}}{{{4blankname0|}}}{{{4namedata0|}}}{{{5blankname0|}}}{{{5namedata0|}}}{{{alongside0|}}}{{{ambassador_from0|}}}{{{appointer0|}}}{{{assembly0|}}}{{{chancellor0|}}}{{{co-leader0|}}}{{{constituency_AM0|}}}{{{constituency0|}}}{{{country0|}}}{{{deputy0|}}}{{{district0|}}}{{{firstminister0|}}}{{{governor-general0|}}}{{{governor0|}}}{{{jr/sr0|}}}{{{jr/sr and state0|}}}{{{leader0|}}}{{{legislature0|}}}{{{lieutenant_governor0|}}}{{{lieutenant0|}}}{{{minister_from0|}}}{{{minority_floor_leader0|}}}{{{majority_floor_leader0|}}}{{{majorityleader0|}}}{{{majority0|}}}{{{minister0|}}}{{{minorityleader0|}}}{{{monarch0|}}}{{{nominator0|}}}{{{office0|}}}{{{order0|}}}{{{parliament0|}}}{{{predecessor0|}}}{{{preceding0|}}}{{{preceded0|}}}{{{premier0|}}}{{{president0|}}}{{{primeminister0|}}}{{{riding0|}}}{{{state_assembly0|}}}{{{state_delegate0|}}}{{{state_house0|}}}{{{state_legislature0|}}}{{{state_senate0|}}}{{{state0|}}}{{{succeeded0|}}}{{{succeeding0|}}}{{{successor0|}}}{{{taoiseach0|}}}{{{termend0|}}}{{{termstart0|}}}{{{term0|}}}{{{title0|}}}{{{vicegovernor0|}}}{{{vicepresident0|}}}{{{vicepremier0|}}}{{{viceprimeminister0|}}}{{{prior_term0|}}}{{{appointe0|}}}{{{constituency_0|}}}|[[زمرو:صفحات جيڪي ڄاڻخانو عهديدار کي office0 سان استعمال ڪن ٿا]] }}{{#if:{{{speaker|}}}|{{#if:{{{nominee|}}}{{{candidate|}}}||[[زمرو:صفحات جيڪي ڄاڻخانو عهديدار کي speaker سان ۽ nominee يا candidate کان سواءِ استعمال ڪن ٿا]]}} }}</includeonly>{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[زمرو:صفحات جيڪي ڄاڻخانو عهديدار کي اڻڄاتل پيراميٽرن سان استعمال ڪن ٿا|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=صفحو جيڪو [[سانچو:ڄاڻخانو عهديدار]] کي اڻڄاتل پيراميٽر "_VALUE_" سان استعمال ڪري ٿو|ignoreblank=y| 1blankname | 1blankname1 | 1blankname10 | 1blankname11 | 1blankname12 | 1blankname13 | 1blankname14 | 1blankname15 | 1blankname16 | 1blankname2 | 1blankname3 | 1blankname4 | 1blankname5 | 1blankname6 | 1blankname7 | 1blankname8 | 1blankname9 | 1namedata | 1namedata1 | 1namedata10 | 1namedata11 | 1namedata12 | 1namedata13 | 1namedata14 | 1namedata15 | 1namedata16 | 1namedata2 | 1namedata3 | 1namedata4 | 1namedata5 | 1namedata6 | 1namedata7 | 1namedata8 | 1namedata9 | 2blankname | 2blankname1 | 2blankname10 | 2blankname11 | 2blankname12 | 2blankname13 | 2blankname14 | 2blankname15 | 2blankname16 | 2blankname2 | 2blankname3 | 2blankname4 | 2blankname5 | 2blankname6 | 2blankname7 | 2blankname8 | 2blankname9 | 2namedata | 2namedata1 | 2namedata10 | 2namedata11 | 2namedata12 | 2namedata13 | 2namedata14 | 2namedata15 | 2namedata16 | 2namedata2 | 2namedata3 | 2namedata4 | 2namedata5 | 2namedata6 | 2namedata7 | 2namedata8 | 2namedata9 | 3blankname | 3blankname1 | 3blankname10 | 3blankname11 | 3blankname12 | 3blankname13 | 3blankname14 | 3blankname15 | 3blankname16 | 3blankname2 | 3blankname3 | 3blankname4 | 3blankname5 | 3blankname6 | 3blankname7 | 3blankname8 | 3blankname9 | 3namedata | 3namedata1 | 3namedata10 | 3namedata11 | 3namedata12 | 3namedata13 | 3namedata14 | 3namedata15 | 3namedata16 | 3namedata2 | 3namedata3 | 3namedata4 | 3namedata5 | 3namedata6 | 3namedata7 | 3namedata8 | 3namedata9 | 4blankname | 4blankname1 | 4blankname10 | 4blankname11 | 4blankname12 | 4blankname13 | 4blankname14 | 4blankname15 | 4blankname16 | 4blankname2 | 4blankname3 | 4blankname4 | 4blankname5 | 4blankname6 | 4blankname7 | 4blankname8 | 4blankname9 | 4namedata | 4namedata1 | 4namedata10 | 4namedata11 | 4namedata12 | 4namedata13 | 4namedata14 | 4namedata15 | 4namedata16 | 4namedata2 | 4namedata3 | 4namedata4 | 4namedata5 | 4namedata6 | 4namedata7 | 4namedata8 | 4namedata9 | 5blankname | 5blankname1 | 5blankname10 | 5blankname11 | 5blankname12 | 5blankname13 | 5blankname14 | 5blankname15 | 5blankname16 | 5blankname2 | 5blankname3 | 5blankname4 | 5blankname5 | 5blankname6 | 5blankname7 | 5blankname8 | 5blankname9 | 5namedata | 5namedata1 | 5namedata10 | 5namedata11 | 5namedata12 | 5namedata13 | 5namedata14 | 5namedata15 | 5namedata16 | 5namedata2 | 5namedata3 | 5namedata4 | 5namedata5 | 5namedata6 | 5namedata7 | 5namedata8 | 5namedata9 | allegiance | alma_mater | alongside | alongside1 | alongside10 | alongside11 | alongside12 | alongside13 | alongside14 | alongside15 | alongside16 | alongside2 | alongside3 | alongside4 | alongside5 | alongside6 | alongside7 | alongside8 | alongside9 | alt | ambassador_from | ambassador_from1 | ambassador_from10 | ambassador_from11 | ambassador_from12 | ambassador_from13 | ambassador_from14 | ambassador_from15 | ambassador_from16 | ambassador_from2 | ambassador_from3 | ambassador_from4 | ambassador_from5 | ambassador_from6 | ambassador_from7 | ambassador_from8 | ambassador_from9 | appointed | appointed1 | appointed10 | appointed11 | appointed12 | appointed13 | appointed14 | appointed15 | appointed16 | appointed2 | appointed3 | appointed4 | appointed5 | appointed6 | appointed7 | appointed8 | appointed9 | appointer | appointer1 | appointer10 | appointer11 | appointer12 | appointer13 | appointer14 | appointer15 | appointer16 | appointer2 | appointer3 | appointer4 | appointer5 | appointer6 | appointer7 | appointer8 | appointer9 | assembly | assembly1 | assembly10 | assembly11 | assembly12 | assembly13 | assembly14 | assembly15 | assembly16 | assembly2 | assembly3 | assembly4 | assembly5 | assembly6 | assembly7 | assembly8 | assembly9 | awards | battles | birth_date | birth_name | birth_place | birthname | blank1 | blank2 | blank3 | blank4 | blank5 | bodyclass | branch | cabinet | candidate | caption | chancellor | chancellor1 | chancellor10 | chancellor11 | chancellor12 | chancellor13 | chancellor14 | chancellor15 | chancellor16 | chancellor2 | chancellor3 | chancellor4 | chancellor5 | chancellor6 | chancellor7 | chancellor8 | chancellor9 | children | citizenship | co-leader | co-leader1 | co-leader10 | co-leader11 | co-leader12 | co-leader13 | co-leader14 | co-leader15 | co-leader16 | co-leader2 | co-leader3 | co-leader4 | co-leader5 | co-leader6 | co-leader7 | co-leader8 | co-leader9 | commands | committees | constituency | constituency_AM | constituency_AM1 | constituency_AM10 | constituency_AM11 | constituency_AM12 | constituency_AM13 | constituency_AM14 | constituency_AM15 | constituency_AM16 | constituency_AM2 | constituency_AM3 | constituency_AM4 | constituency_AM5 | constituency_AM6 | constituency_AM7 | constituency_AM8 | constituency_AM9 | constituency_MP | constituency_MP1 | constituency_MP10 | constituency_MP11 | constituency_MP12 | constituency_MP13 | constituency_MP14 | constituency_MP15 | constituency_MP16 | constituency_MP2 | constituency_MP3 | constituency_MP4 | constituency_MP5 | constituency_MP6 | constituency_MP7 | constituency_MP8 | constituency_MP9 | constituency1 | constituency10 | constituency11 | constituency12 | constituency13 | constituency14 | constituency15 | constituency16 | constituency2 | constituency3 | constituency4 | constituency5 | constituency6 | constituency7 | constituency8 | constituency9 | country | country1 | country10 | country11 | country12 | country13 | country14 | country15 | country16 | country2 | country3 | country4 | country5 | country6 | country7 | country8 | country9 | data1 | data2 | data3 | data4 | data5 | date | death_cause | death_date | death_place | deputy | deputy1 | deputy10 | deputy11 | deputy12 | deputy13 | deputy14 | deputy15 | deputy16 | deputy2 | deputy3 | deputy4 | deputy5 | deputy6 | deputy7 | deputy8 | deputy9 | district | district1 | district10 | district11 | district12 | district13 | district14 | district15 | district16 | district2 | district3 | district4 | district5 | district6 | district7 | district8 | district9 | education | election_date | embed | father | firstminister | firstminister1 | firstminister10 | firstminister11 | firstminister12 | firstminister13 | firstminister14 | firstminister15 | firstminister16 | firstminister2 | firstminister3 | firstminister4 | firstminister5 | firstminister6 | firstminister7 | firstminister8 | firstminister9 | footnotes | governor | governor_general | governor_general1 | governor_general10 | governor_general11 | governor_general12 | governor_general13 | governor_general14 | governor_general15 | governor_general16 | governor_general2 | governor_general3 | governor_general4 | governor_general5 | governor_general6 | governor_general7 | governor_general8 | governor_general9 | governor-general | governor-general1 | governor-general10 | governor-general11 | governor-general12 | governor-general13 | governor-general14 | governor-general15 | governor-general16 | governor-general2 | governor-general3 | governor-general4 | governor-general5 | governor-general6 | governor-general7 | governor-general8 | governor-general9 | governor1 | governor10 | governor11 | governor12 | governor13 | governor14 | governor15 | governor16 | governor2 | governor3 | governor4 | governor5 | governor6 | governor7 | governor8 | governor9 | height | honorific-prefix | honorific-suffix | image | image name | image_size | imagesize | image_upright | incumbent | jr/sr | jr/sr and state | jr/sr and state1 | jr/sr and state10 | jr/sr and state11 | jr/sr and state12 | jr/sr and state13 | jr/sr and state14 | jr/sr and state15 | jr/sr and state16 | jr/sr and state2 | jr/sr and state3 | jr/sr and state4 | jr/sr and state5 | jr/sr and state6 | jr/sr and state7 | jr/sr and state8 | jr/sr and state9 | jr/sr1 | jr/sr10 | jr/sr11 | jr/sr12 | jr/sr13 | jr/sr14 | jr/sr15 | jr/sr16 | jr/sr2 | jr/sr3 | jr/sr4 | jr/sr5 | jr/sr6 | jr/sr7 | jr/sr8 | jr/sr9 | known_for | leader | leader1 | leader10 | leader11 | leader12 | leader13 | leader14 | leader15 | leader16 | leader2 | leader3 | leader4 | leader5 | leader6 | leader7 | leader8 | leader9 | legislature | legislature1 | legislature10 | legislature11 | legislature12 | legislature13 | legislature14 | legislature15 | legislature16 | legislature2 | legislature3 | legislature4 | legislature5 | legislature6 | legislature7 | legislature8 | legislature9 | lieutenant | lieutenant_governor | lieutenant_governor1 | lieutenant_governor10 | lieutenant_governor11 | lieutenant_governor12 | lieutenant_governor13 | lieutenant_governor14 | lieutenant_governor15 | lieutenant_governor16 | lieutenant_governor2 | lieutenant_governor3 | lieutenant_governor4 | lieutenant_governor5 | lieutenant_governor6 | lieutenant_governor7 | lieutenant_governor8 | lieutenant_governor9 | lieutenant1 | lieutenant10 | lieutenant11 | lieutenant12 | lieutenant13 | lieutenant14 | lieutenant15 | lieutenant16 | lieutenant2 | lieutenant3 | lieutenant4 | lieutenant5 | lieutenant6 | lieutenant7 | lieutenant8 | lieutenant9 | mainwidth | majority | majority_floor_leader | majority_floor_leader1 | majority_floor_leader10 | majority_floor_leader11 | majority_floor_leader12 | majority_floor_leader13 | majority_floor_leader14 | majority_floor_leader15 | majority_floor_leader16 | majority_floor_leader2 | majority_floor_leader3 | majority_floor_leader4 | majority_floor_leader5 | majority_floor_leader6 | majority_floor_leader7 | majority_floor_leader8 | majority_floor_leader9 | majority_leader | majority_leader1 | majority_leader10 | majority_leader11 | majority_leader12 | majority_leader13 | majority_leader14 | majority_leader15 | majority_leader16 | majority_leader2 | majority_leader3 | majority_leader4 | majority_leader5 | majority_leader6 | majority_leader7 | majority_leader8 | majority_leader9 | majority1 | majority10 | majority11 | majority12 | majority13 | majority14 | majority15 | majority16 | majority2 | majority3 | majority4 | majority5 | majority6 | majority7 | majority8 | majority9 | majorityleader | majorityleader1 | majorityleader10 | majorityleader11 | majorityleader12 | majorityleader13 | majorityleader14 | majorityleader15 | majorityleader16 | majorityleader2 | majorityleader3 | majorityleader4 | majorityleader5 | majorityleader6 | majorityleader7 | majorityleader8 | majorityleader9 | mawards | military_blank1 | military_blank2 | military_blank3 | military_blank4 | military_blank5 | military_data1 | military_data2 | military_data3 | military_data4 | military_data5 | minister | minister_from | minister_from1 | minister_from10 | minister_from11 | minister_from12 | minister_from13 | minister_from14 | minister_from15 | minister_from16 | minister_from2 | minister_from3 | minister_from4 | minister_from5 | minister_from6 | minister_from7 | minister_from8 | minister_from9 | minister1 | minister10 | minister11 | minister12 | minister13 | minister14 | minister15 | minister16 | minister2 | minister3 | minister4 | minister5 | minister6 | minister7 | minister8 | minister9 | minority_floor_leader | minority_floor_leader1 | minority_floor_leader10 | minority_floor_leader11 | minority_floor_leader12 | minority_floor_leader13 | minority_floor_leader14 | minority_floor_leader15 | minority_floor_leader16 | minority_floor_leader2 | minority_floor_leader3 | minority_floor_leader4 | minority_floor_leader5 | minority_floor_leader6 | minority_floor_leader7 | minority_floor_leader8 | minority_floor_leader9 | minority_leader | minority_leader1 | minority_leader10 | minority_leader11 | minority_leader12 | minority_leader13 | minority_leader14 | minority_leader15 | minority_leader16 | minority_leader2 | minority_leader3 | minority_leader4 | minority_leader5 | minority_leader6 | minority_leader7 | minority_leader8 | minority_leader9 | minorityleader | minorityleader1 | minorityleader10 | minorityleader11 | minorityleader12 | minorityleader13 | minorityleader14 | minorityleader15 | minorityleader16 | minorityleader2 | minorityleader3 | minorityleader4 | minorityleader5 | minorityleader6 | minorityleader7 | minorityleader8 | minorityleader9 | module | module0 | module2 | module3 | module4 | module5 | monarch | monarch1 | monarch10 | monarch11 | monarch12 | monarch13 | monarch14 | monarch15 | monarch16 | monarch2 | monarch3 | monarch4 | monarch5 | monarch6 | monarch7 | monarch8 | monarch9 | mother | name | nationality | native_name | native_name_lang | net_worth | nickname | nominator | nominator1 | nominator10 | nominator11 | nominator12 | nominator13 | nominator14 | nominator15 | nominator16 | nominator2 | nominator3 | nominator4 | nominator5 | nominator6 | nominator7 | nominator8 | nominator9 | nominee | occupation | office | office1 | office10 | office11 | office12 | office13 | office14 | office15 | office16 | office2 | office3 | office4 | office5 | office6 | office7 | office8 | office9 | opponent | order | order1 | order10 | order11 | order12 | order13 | order14 | order15 | order16 | order2 | order3 | order4 | order5 | order6 | order7 | order8 | order9 | otherparty | parents | parliament | parliament1 | parliament10 | parliament11 | parliament12 | parliament13 | parliament14 | parliament15 | parliament16 | parliament2 | parliament3 | parliament4 | parliament5 | parliament6 | parliament7 | parliament8 | parliament9 | partner | party | party_election | portfolio | preceded | preceded1 | preceded10 | preceded11 | preceded12 | preceded13 | preceded14 | preceded15 | preceded16 | preceded2 | preceded3 | preceded4 | preceded5 | preceded6 | preceded7 | preceded8 | preceded9 | preceding | preceding1 | preceding10 | preceding11 | preceding12 | preceding13 | preceding14 | preceding15 | preceding16 | preceding2 | preceding3 | preceding4 | preceding5 | preceding6 | preceding7 | preceding8 | preceding9 | predecessor | predecessor1 | predecessor10 | predecessor11 | predecessor12 | predecessor13 | predecessor14 | predecessor15 | predecessor16 | predecessor2 | predecessor3 | predecessor4 | predecessor5 | predecessor6 | predecessor7 | predecessor8 | predecessor9 | premier | premier1 | premier10 | premier11 | premier12 | premier13 | premier14 | premier15 | premier16 | premier2 | premier3 | premier4 | premier5 | premier6 | premier7 | premier8 | premier9 | president | president1 | president10 | president11 | president12 | president13 | president14 | president15 | president16 | president2 | president3 | president4 | president5 | president6 | president7 | president8 | president9 | primeminister | primeminister1 | primeminister10 | primeminister11 | primeminister12 | primeminister13 | primeminister14 | primeminister15 | primeminister16 | primeminister2 | primeminister3 | primeminister4 | primeminister5 | primeminister6 | primeminister7 | primeminister8 | primeminister9 | prior_term | prior_term1 | prior_term10 | prior_term11 | prior_term12 | prior_term13 | prior_term14 | prior_term15 | prior_term16 | prior_term2 | prior_term3 | prior_term4 | prior_term5 | prior_term6 | prior_term7 | prior_term8 | prior_term9 | profession | pronunciation | rank | relations | relatives | religion | residence | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | restingplace | restingplacecoordinates | riding | riding1 | riding10 | riding11 | riding12 | riding13 | riding14 | riding15 | riding16 | riding2 | riding3 | riding4 | riding5 | riding6 | riding7 | riding8 | riding9 | runningmate | salary | serviceyears | signature | signature_alt | smallimage | source | speaker | speaker_office | spouse | state | state_assembly | state_assembly1 | state_assembly10 | state_assembly11 | state_assembly12 | state_assembly13 | state_assembly14 | state_assembly15 | state_assembly16 | state_assembly2 | state_assembly3 | state_assembly4 | state_assembly5 | state_assembly6 | state_assembly7 | state_assembly8 | state_assembly9 | state_delegate | state_delegate1 | state_delegate10 | state_delegate11 | state_delegate12 | state_delegate13 | state_delegate14 | state_delegate15 | state_delegate16 | state_delegate2 | state_delegate3 | state_delegate4 | state_delegate5 | state_delegate6 | state_delegate7 | state_delegate8 | state_delegate9 | state_house | state_house1 | state_house10 | state_house11 | state_house12 | state_house13 | state_house14 | state_house15 | state_house16 | state_house2 | state_house3 | state_house4 | state_house5 | state_house6 | state_house7 | state_house8 | state_house9 | state_legislature | state_legislature1 | state_legislature10 | state_legislature11 | state_legislature12 | state_legislature13 | state_legislature14 | state_legislature15 | state_legislature16 | state_legislature2 | state_legislature3 | state_legislature4 | state_legislature5 | state_legislature6 | state_legislature7 | state_legislature8 | state_legislature9 | state_senate | state_senate1 | state_senate10 | state_senate11 | state_senate12 | state_senate13 | state_senate14 | state_senate15 | state_senate16 | state_senate2 | state_senate3 | state_senate4 | state_senate5 | state_senate6 | state_senate7 | state_senate8 | state_senate9 | state1 | state10 | state11 | state12 | state13 | state14 | state15 | state16 | state2 | state3 | state4 | state5 | state6 | state7 | state8 | state9 | succeeded | succeeded1 | succeeded10 | succeeded11 | succeeded12 | succeeded13 | succeeded14 | succeeded15 | succeeded16 | succeeded2 | succeeded3 | succeeded4 | succeeded5 | succeeded6 | succeeded7 | succeeded8 | succeeded9 | succeeding | succeeding1 | succeeding10 | succeeding11 | succeeding12 | succeeding13 | succeeding14 | succeeding15 | succeeding16 | succeeding2 | succeeding3 | succeeding4 | succeeding5 | succeeding6 | succeeding7 | succeeding8 | succeeding9 | successor | successor1 | successor10 | successor11 | successor12 | successor13 | successor14 | successor15 | successor16 | successor2 | successor3 | successor4 | successor5 | successor6 | successor7 | successor8 | successor9 | taoiseach | taoiseach1 | taoiseach10 | taoiseach11 | taoiseach12 | taoiseach13 | taoiseach14 | taoiseach15 | taoiseach16 | taoiseach2 | taoiseach3 | taoiseach4 | taoiseach5 | taoiseach6 | taoiseach7 | taoiseach8 | taoiseach9 | term | term_end | term_end1 | term_end10 | term_end11 | term_end12 | term_end13 | term_end14 | term_end15 | term_end16 | term_end2 | term_end3 | term_end4 | term_end5 | term_end6 | term_end7 | term_end8 | term_end9 | term_label | term_label1 | term_label10 | term_label11 | term_label12 | term_label13 | term_label14 | term_label15 | term_label16 | term_label2 | term_label3 | term_label4 | term_label5 | term_label6 | term_label7 | term_label8 | term_label9 | term_start | term_start1 | term_start10 | term_start11 | term_start12 | term_start13 | term_start14 | term_start15 | term_start16 | term_start2 | term_start3 | term_start4 | term_start5 | term_start6 | term_start7 | term_start8 | term_start9 | term1 | term10 | term11 | term12 | term13 | term14 | term15 | term16 | term2 | term3 | term4 | term5 | term6 | term7 | term8 | term9 | termend | termend1 | termend10 | termend11 | termend12 | termend13 | termend14 | termend15 | termend16 | termend2 | termend3 | termend4 | termend5 | termend6 | termend7 | termend8 | termend9 | termlabel | termlabel1 | termlabel10 | termlabel11 | termlabel12 | termlabel13 | termlabel14 | termlabel15 | termlabel16 | termlabel2 | termlabel3 | termlabel4 | termlabel5 | termlabel6 | termlabel7 | termlabel8 | termlabel9 | termstart | termstart1 | termstart10 | termstart11 | termstart12 | termstart13 | termstart14 | termstart15 | termstart16 | termstart2 | termstart3 | termstart4 | termstart5 | termstart6 | termstart7 | termstart8 | termstart9 | title | title1 | title10 | title11 | title12 | title13 | title14 | title15 | title16 | title2 | title3 | title4 | title5 | title6 | title7 | title8 | title9 | unit | vicegovernor | vicegovernor1 | vicegovernor10 | vicegovernor11 | vicegovernor12 | vicegovernor13 | vicegovernor14 | vicegovernor15 | vicegovernor16 | vicegovernor2 | vicegovernor3 | vicegovernor4 | vicegovernor5 | vicegovernor6 | vicegovernor7 | vicegovernor8 | vicegovernor9 | vicepremier | vicepremier1 | vicepremier10 | vicepremier11 | vicepremier12 | vicepremier13 | vicepremier14 | vicepremier15 | vicepremier16 | vicepremier2 | vicepremier3 | vicepremier4 | vicepremier5 | vicepremier6 | vicepremier7 | vicepremier8 | vicepremier9 | vicepresident | vicepresident1 | vicepresident10 | vicepresident11 | vicepresident12 | vicepresident13 | vicepresident14 | vicepresident15 | vicepresident16 | vicepresident2 | vicepresident3 | vicepresident4 | vicepresident5 | vicepresident6 | vicepresident7 | vicepresident8 | vicepresident9 | viceprimeminister | viceprimeminister1 | viceprimeminister10 | viceprimeminister11 | viceprimeminister12 | viceprimeminister13 | viceprimeminister14 | viceprimeminister15 | viceprimeminister16 | viceprimeminister2 | viceprimeminister3 | viceprimeminister4 | viceprimeminister5 | viceprimeminister6 | viceprimeminister7 | viceprimeminister8 | viceprimeminister9 | website | width | year }}<noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> 3j54zmbkyejt3hx1bfvuhrpdyw5sz51 سانچو:Collapsible list 10 56596 367929 184811 2026-03-27T23:07:33Z Intisar Ali 8681 367929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{<includeonly>safesubst:</includeonly>#invoke:collapsible list|main}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Categories go on the /doc subpage, and interwikis go on Wikidata. --> </noinclude> kjyb9efpgwjge2zs29nhobc7dc3xkmh نوشي گيلاني 0 57519 368099 248919 2026-03-28T11:36:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13773 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 368099 wikitext text/x-wiki نوشي گيلاني پاڪستان سان تعلق رکندڙ اردو ٻولي جي نامياري شاعرا آهي. سندس اصل نالو نشاط گيلاني آهي. هن 14 مارچ 1964 ۾ پاڪستان جي شهر [[بهاولپور]] جي هڪ علمي ۽ ادبي گهراڻو ۾ جنم ورتو هيو.<ref>https://www.rekhta.org/nazms/havaa-ko-aavaara-kahne-vaalo-noshi-gilani-nazms?lang=ur</ref> سندس پيءُ مسعود گيلاني پيشو جي لحاظ کان ڊاڪٽر هيو. نوشي پنهنجي تعليم بهاولپور ۾ ئي مڪمل ڪئي. کيس ننڍپڻ کان ئي شاعري جو ڏاڍو شوق هيو. سندس پهريون مجموعو "محبتين جب شمار ڪرنا" منظرِ عام تي آيو تہ انکي ڏاڍي موٽ ملي هئي. سال 1995 ۾ نوشي جي شادي فاروق طراز سان ٿي هئي ۽ هو سان فرانسيسڪو، امريڪا هليو ويو هيو. پر ڪجهه وقت گذرڻ کانپوءِ اُن کان الڳ ٿي وئي. نوشي اسلاميا يونيورسٽي بهالپور ۾ اردو جي اُستاد جي حيثيت سان ڪم ڪندي رهي، سال 1997 ۾ نوشي جو ٻيو مجموعو "اداس هوني ڪي دن نهين" ڇپجي منظرِ عام تي آيو. 25 آڪٽوبر 2008 ۾ نوشي سڊني ۾ رهندڙ اردو سوسائٽي آف آسٽريليا جي اڳوڻي جنرل سيڪريٽري سعيد خان (جيڪو پاڻ بہ شاعر آهي) سان شادي ڪيائين ۽ سڊني، آسٽريليا ڏانهن هلي وئي.<ref>https://www.aalmiakhbar.com/archive/index.php?mod=article&cat=aalmiakhbaradbiyaat&article=717{{مئل ڳنڍڻو|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> هن پاڪستاني ڳائڻو پٺاني خان کي ڀيٽا (خراجِ تحسين) پيش ڪيو، جنهن کي پاڪستان نيشنل ڪائونسل آف دي آرٽ (PNCA) اسپانسر ڪيو. امريڪا ۾ رهڻ دوران هن جا تجربا ۽ مشاهدا پڻ سندس شاعري منجهان ٽمڪن ٿا. "هوا" ۽ "محبت" جي لفظن مضبوط استعاري طور تي سندس شاعريءَ ۾ گهڻو استعمال ٿيو آهي. کيس انهي ڪري هوا جي هم سُخن (ساٿي) پڻ سڏيو ويندو آهي.<ref>https://www.noshigilani.com/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C-%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%DB%94-5۔%DB%81%D9%8E%D9%88%D8%A7-%DA%A9%DB%8C-%DB%81%D9%85-%D8%B3%D8%AE%D9%86-%DB%94-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%91%D8%AF-%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85-%D8%B3/{{مئل ڳنڍڻو|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> سندس شاعري جا ست مجموعا ڇپجي چڪا آهن. انهن منجهان ڪيترا ئي نظم انگريزي، ملئي ۽ يوني ٻولين ۾ ترجمو پڻ ٿي چڪا آهن. نوشي گيلاني آسٽريلين شاعر Les Murray جي شاعري کي اردو ۾ ترجمو ڪيو آهي. انکانسواءِ هن پاڻ پڻ انگريزي ۾ شاعري ڪئي آهي. سندس مشهور نظم آهي،"To Catch Butterflies". نوشي گيلاني اردو اڪيڊمي آسٽريليا جي شريڪ باني پڻ آهي، جنهن جي بنياد 2009 ۾ رکي وئي هئي. هيءَ اڪيڊمي اردو شاعري ۽ ادب جي ترويج جي لاءِ هر مهيني سڊني ۾ هڪ بيٺڪ جو بندوبست ڪندي آهي. سندس نڪور نئون مجموعو "هوا ڇپڪي سي ڪهتي هي" (2011) کي ان ريت موٽ (پزيرائي) ملي تہ اردو بازار ۾ اچڻ کانپوءِ ٻن ڪلاڪن ۾ ئي اهو ايڊيشن ماڻهن جي هٿو هٿ وڪامي ويو. == ايوارڊ == * خواجا فريد ايوارڊ <ref>https://www.urduinc.com/encyclopedia?catid=63&Word2CatJunctionID=12650&id=63</ref> == لکڻيون == نوشي گيلاني جا ڇپيل ڪتاب هن ريت آهن. 1:محبتين جب شمار ڪرنا (1993) 2:اداس هوني ڪي دن نهين(1997) 3:پهلا لفظ محبت لکا(2003) 4:هم تيرا انتظار ڪرتي رهي (2008) 5:نوشي گيلاني ڪي نظمين (2008) 6:اي ميري شريڪِ رسال جان (2008) 7: هوا چپڪي سي ڪهتي هي (2011) === شعر === هن شهر ۾ ڪيترا چهرا هيا ڪجهه ياد ناهين سڀ ڀلي ويا اڪ شخص ڪتابون جيسا تا وہ شخص زباني ياد هوا بند هوتي ڪتابون ۾ اڙتي هوئي تتليان ڊال دي ڪس ڪي رسمون ڪي جلتي هوئي آگ ۾ لڪڙيان ڊال ديں ميں تنها لڙڪي ديار شب ۾ جلاؤں سچ ڪي ديئي ڪهاں تڪ سياہ ڪارون ڪي سلطنت ۾ مئين ڪس طرح آفتاب لکون هماري درميان عهدِ شبِ مهتاب زِنداہ هي هَوا چْپڪي سي ڪهتي هي اڀي اِڪ خواب زِنداہ هي == ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا == *[https://mansoormehdi.wordpress.com/personality/خواتین/نوشی-گیلانی/ نوشي گيلاني] *[https://tehreemtariq.wordpress.com/2013/11/22/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C-%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C/ نوشي گيلاني تحريم بلاگ تي] *[https://www.humsub.com.pk/112114/sajjad-pervaiz-18/ نوشي گيلاني هم سب ويب سائٽ] == حوالا == {{حوالا|2}} 2xdz20o2e7zyk00spdx0sjj4scfbwum نسيم زهرا 0 57524 368097 314433 2026-03-28T11:27:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13773 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 368097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = | name =نيسم ذهرا Nasim Zehra | honorific_suffix = | image = Nasim Zehera interviewing Mike Mullen in 2010 (cropped).jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = | native_name = | native_name_lang = ({{w|Urdu}}:نسیم زہرہ) | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|01|08}} | birth_place = [[لاهور]], [[پنجاب, پاڪستان|پنجاب]], پاڪستان | nationality = [[پاڪستان]]ي | citizenship = | education = | alma_mater =[[فليچر اسڪول آف لا اينڊ ڊپلوميسي]], [[قائداعظم يونيورسٽي]] | occupation = [[صحافي]] | years_active = | employer = | organization = [[چينل 24 (پاڪستان)|چينل 24]] | agent = | known_for = | notable_works = | style = | home_town = | spouse = | children = | parents = | relatives = | website = {{URL|www.nasimzehra.com}} }} نسيم زهرا پاڪستاني صحافڻ ۽ ليکڪا آهي، جيڪا چينل 24 تي پرائم ٽائم ڪرنٽ افيئرس ڳالهہ ٻولهہ جي هڪ پروگرام جي ميزباني ڪندي آهي. سندس پروگرام کي عوام ۾ ڏاڍو پسند ڪيو ويندو آهي.<ref>*http://www.ecssr.ac.ae/CDA/en/ProfileBank/ViewProfile/0,1421,2471,00.html</ref> <ref>http://tribune.com.pk/author/1641/nasim-zehra/ stories on [[دي ايڪسپريس ٽريبيون]]</ref> نسيم زهرا قائداعظم يونيورسٽي منجهان ڪاروبار (بزنس) جي تعليم حاصل ڪئي ۽ 1989 ۾ ٽفٽس يونيورسٽي جي فليچر اسڪول ڊپلوميسي منجهان تعليم حاصل ڪئي. <ref>[http://lead.org.pk/board_of_governors_profiles_lead.htm Board of Governors - Lead Pakistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813212241/http://lead.org.pk/board_of_governors_profiles_lead.htm |date=2014-08-13 }} Retrieved 13 August 2014</ref> هن ڪينيڊا جي بين الاقوامي ترقياتي ايجنسي ۽ ترقي ۽ تعاون جي سوئس ايجنسي ۾ ڪم ڪيو آهي، هڪ ڊويلپمنٽ پرڪيشينر جي حيثيت سان ڪم ڪيائين. زهرا 2006 ۾ جان هاپڪنز يونيورسٽي جي اسکول آف ايڊوانسڊ انٽرنيشنل اسٽڊيز، ۽ پوءِ سال 2010 ۾ قائداعظم يونيورسٽي ۾ مهمان ليڪچرار (وذيٽنگ فيڪلٽي) جي حيثيت سان خدمتون ڏنيون آهن. هن نومبر 2008 ۾ دنيا نيوز ۾اينڪر پرسن شموليت اختيار ڪئي ۽ فيبروري 2013 تائين پاليسي معاملن جي ميزباني ڪئي، جنهن دوران هن مائيڪل مولن سميت ڪيترن ئي قومي ۽ عالمي اڳواڻن جا انٽرويو ورتا.<ref>http://www.dunyanews.tv/index.php?anc_id=Mg==#{{مئل ڳنڍڻو|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mohammadmufti.com/2012/06/anchorgate.html|title=Anchorgate|date=2012-06-21|publisher=Mohammad Mufti|accessdate=2012-06-21}}</ref> اپريل 2013 ۾،هي ڪيپيٽل ٽي وي ۾ منتقل ٿي وئي ۽ چينل جي هاڻوڪي معاملن (ڪرنٽ افيئرز) جي ايڊيٽر بڻجي وئي. هن آڪٽوبر 2014 ۾ ڪيپيٽل ٽي وي ڇڏي ڏني. سيپٽمبر 2015 ۾، هن نيشنل يونيورسٽي آف سائنسز اينڊ ٽيڪنالوجي ۾ مهمان پروفيسر شموليت اختيار ڪئي ۽ فيبروري 2016 تائين برقرار رهي. آڪٽوبر 2014 تي، هي چينل 24 ۾ شامل ٿي وئي، نسيم زهرا گهڻي محنت سان ٽي وي تي پنهنجي جڳهہ ٺاهي.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/author/1641/nasim-zehra/|title=nasim.zehra, Author at The Express Tribune|website=The Express Tribune|language=en-US|access-date=2016-09-28}}</ref> === ڪاتب === 2018 ۾ هن هڪ ڪتاب "ڪارگل سي بغاوت تڪ: واقعا جن پاڪستان کي لوڏي ڇڏيو " جاري ڪيو. جيڪو ڪارگل جي تڪرار جي تناظر ۽ ان جي نتيجي هندستان ۽ پاڪستان جي لاڳاپن تي پوندڙ نتيجن تي ٻڌل آهي.<ref>Abdullah Niazi (29 May 2018), [https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/05/29/book-launch-by-nasim-zehra-from-kargil-to-the-coup-events-that-shook-pakistan/ "Book launch by Nasim Zehra: ‘From Kargil to the coup: Events that shook Pakistan’"], ''[[پاڪستان ٽوڊي]]''. Retrieved 25 August 2018.</ref>۔ ان ڪتاب جي پنهنجي ڇپجڻ کانپوءِ وڏي پزيرائي ملي. ڪتاب جي مهورت لاءِ باقاعدي تقريب منعقد ڪئي وئي جنهن ۾ ڪتاب جي ليکڪا نسيم زهرا ڪتاب جي ڇپائي جي سلسلي ۾ مدد جي لاءِ آمنا سعيد جون مهربانيون مڃيون هيون. == حوالا == {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:پاڪستاني ڪالم نگار]] [[زمرو:جيوت ماڻهو]] [[زمرو:جيئرا ماڻهو]] [[زمرو:1953ع جون پيدائشون]] [[زمرو:1959ع جون پيدائشون]] 2fwp9p5iz28shb2i75lyjy46nxvkimv سانچو:Collapsed infobox section begin 10 58091 367933 191340 2026-03-27T23:15:51Z Intisar Ali 8681 367933 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#if:{{{div|}}}|</div>}}{{#if:{{{td|}}}|<td>}}</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="{{#if:{{{columns|}}}|{{{columns}}}|2}}"> {| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="{{#if:{{yesno|{{{cont|{{{last|}}}}}}}}|margin-bottom:-.65em}}; {{{style|}}}; width:100%;" |- ! colspan="{{#if:{{{columns|}}}|{{{columns}}}|2}}" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; {{{titlestyle|}}};" | <div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">{{{1|Further information}}}</div></th> </tr>{{#if:{{{div|}}}|<div>}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories to the /doc subpage, interwikis to Wikidata, not here --> </noinclude> 3flhisbm0xihorh9dfwqgsbdyiqei7k سنڌ جي آبهوا 0 59635 368053 199312 2026-03-28T08:57:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13773 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 368053 wikitext text/x-wiki '''سنڌ جي آبهوا''' ({{lang-en|Climate of Sindh}}) [[سنڌ]] صوبو ھڪ نيم گرم علائقو (سب ٽروپيڪل) واري آبھوا ۾ آهي؛ اهو [[اونهارو|اونهاري]] ۾ گرم آهي ۽ [[سيارو|سياري]] ۾ سرد آهي. گرمي جو درجو [[مئي]] ۽ [[آگسٽ]] جي وچ ۾ اڪثر 46 °سيلسيس (115 °فارهائيٽ) کان مٿي مٿي وڌندو آهي. ۽ [[ڊسمبر]] ۽ [[جنوري]] جي دوران گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ساڌارڻ- سراسري گرمي جو درجو 2 °سيلسيس (36 °فارنهائيٽ) ٿيندو آهي. [[جون]] ۽ [[سيپٽمبر]] دوران سالياڻي ساڌارڻ [[برسات]] لڳ ڀڳ نو انچ پوندي آهي. ڏاکڻي-چوماسي واريون مون سون جون هوائون [[فيبروري]] جي وچ ڌاري لڳڻ شروع ٿينديون آهن ۽ اهي چوماسي جون هوائون [[سيپٽمبر]] جي پڇاڙيءَ تائين جاري رهنديون آهن، جڏهن ته [[آڪٽوبر]] کان [[جنوري]] تائين ([[سيارو|سياري]] جي مُنڍ واري مهيني [[آڪٽوبر]] ۽ [[سيارو|سياري]] جي پڇاڙي واري مهيني [[جنوري]] تائين) اها ٿڌي [[اتر]] جي هوا لڳندي آهي. سنڌ ٻن مونسون جي وچ تي آھي، هڪ [[ڏکڻ]] [[اولھ|اولهه]] مون سون هندي وڏي سمنڊ کان ۽ ٻي [[اتر]] [[اوڀر]] يا هماليا جبلن کان واپس موٽندڙ مون سون هوائون. هيٺيون انگريزي ۾ لکيل مواد کي سنڌي ۾ ترجمو ڪري لکي هن مضمون ۾ مواد جو واڌارو ڪرڻ ۾ وڪيپيڊيا جي مدد ڪريو The average rainfall in Sindh is 8–9 in (20–23 cm) per year. The region's scarcity of rainfall is compensated by the inundation of the Indus twice a year, caused by the spring and summer melting of Himalayan snow and by rainfall in the monsoon season. These natural patterns have recently changed somewhat with the construction of dams and barrages on the Indus River. Parts of southeastern Sindh receive rainfall of up to 36 in (91 cm) and some cities have received very heavy rainfall on occasion. In 2005, Hyderabad received 14.4 in (37 cm) in just 11 hours. Sindh is divided into three climatic regions: Siro (the upper region, centred on Jacobabad), Wicholo (the middle region, centred on Hyderabad), and Lar (the lower region, centred on Karachi). The thermal equator passes through upper Sindh, where the air is generally very dry. The highest temperature ever recorded in Sindh was 53.5 °C (128.3 °F), which was recorded in Mohenjo-daro on 26 May 2010. It was not only the hottest temperature ever recorded in Pakistan but also the hottest reliably measured temperature ever recorded in the continent of Asia and the fourth highest temperature ever recorded on earth. The previous record for Sindh and Pakistan, and for all of Asia, had been 52.8 °C (127.0 °F), reached on 12 June 1919. In the winters, frost is common. Central Sindh's temperatures are generally lower than those of upper Sindh but higher than those of lower Sindh. Dry hot days and cool nights are typical during the summer. Central Sindh's maximum temperature typically reaches 43–44 °C (109–111 °F). Lower Sindh has a damper and humid maritime climate affected by the southwestern winds in summer and northeastern winds in winter, with lower rainfall than Central Sindh. Lower Sindh's maximum temperature reaches about 35–38 °C (95–100 °F). In the Kirthar range at 1,800 m (5,900 ft) and higher at Gorakh Hill and other peaks in Dadu District, temperatures near freezing have been recorded and brief snowfall is received in the winters. In Gorakh temperatures in winter nights can sour down to -15. The highest temperatures each year in Pakistan, typically rising to above 48 °C (118 °F), are usually recorded in Shaheed Benazeerabad District (previously called Nawabshah District) and Sibbi from May to August. Sometimes the temperature falls to 0 °C (32 °F); on rare occasions (once every 25 years or so) it has fallen to below −7 °C (19 °F) in December or January. == حوالا == {{حوالا}} {{ڪچو}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== * [https://pmd.gov.pk/ پاڪستان موسميات وارو کاتو]{{مئل ڳنڍڻو|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [https://rmcsindh.pmd.gov.pk/ سنڌ لاءِ ريجنل ميٽ سينٽر] [[زمرو:سنڌ جي آبهوا]] j8t5vr2xtcjtxi687ep0fbf8kxy9vk9 اولھندي پھاڙي ٻوليون 0 62383 368049 366924 2026-03-28T07:41:55Z CommonsDelinker 103 Replacing OpenSpeaks-Gbm-Bangani-Jayprakash_Chauhan-Subhashish_Panigrahi-Access_in_Bangani.webm with [[File:OpenSpeaks-him-Bangani-Jayprakash_Chauhan-Subhashish_Panigrahi-Access_in_Bangani.webm]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[ 368049 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:OpenSpeaks-Gbm-Jaunpuri-Sampati-Information Access and Aadhaar.webm|thumb|بھارت جي جاونپوري ٻوليءَ جي هڪ مقامي ڳالهائيندڙ 2019 ۾ سماجي ڀلائي تي بحث ڪري رهيو آهي.]] [[File:OpenSpeaks-him-Bangani-Jayprakash Chauhan-Subhashish Panigrahi-Access in Bangani.webm|thumb|ڀارت جي بڻياني ٻوليءَ جي هڪ مقامي ڳالهائيندڙ 2019 ۾ عوامي معلومات تائين رسائي تي بحث ڪري رهيو آهي.]] '''اولھندي پھاڙي ٻوليون''' اتر-آريائي ٻولين جو هڪ گروھ آهي، جيڪي هماليہ رينج جي الھندي حصن ۾ ڳالهائي وڃي ٿي، گهڻو ڪري هندستاني رياست [[هماچل پرديش]] ۾، ڄمون ۽ [[اتراکنڊ]] جي ڪجهہ حصن ۾ پڻ. == حوالا == {{حوالا|2}} 3jlsbtmh30qdk1efxjbzhrvtmuq4ssw ماڊيول:Template link general 828 62767 367937 212691 2026-03-27T23:27:24Z Intisar Ali 8681 367937 Scribunto text/plain -- This implements Template:Template link general and various other templates in its family local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs local p = {} -- Is a string non-empty? local function _ne(s) return s ~= nil and s ~= "" end local nw = mw.text.nowiki local function addTemplate(s) local i, _ = s:find(':', 1, true) if i == nil then return 'Template:' .. s end local ns = s:sub(1, i - 1) if ns == '' or mw.site.namespaces[ns] then return s else return 'Template:' .. s end end local function trimTemplate(s) local needle = 'template:' if s:sub(1, needle:len()):lower() == needle then return s:sub(needle:len() + 1) else return s end end -- Builds the link part local function linkTitle(args) local titleObj if args['1'] then -- This handles :Page and other NS titleObj = mw.title.new(args['1'], 'Template') else titleObj = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() end local textPart = args.alttext if not _ne(textPart) then if titleObj ~= nil then textPart = titleObj:inNamespace("Template") and args['1'] or titleObj.fullText else -- redlink textPart = args['1'] end end if _ne(args.subst) then -- HACK: the ns thing above is probably broken textPart = 'subst:' .. textPart end if _ne(args.brace) then textPart = nw('{{') .. textPart .. nw('}}') elseif _ne(args.braceinside) then textPart = nw('{') .. textPart .. nw('}') end local titlePart if _ne(args.nolink) then titlePart = textPart else titlePart = '[[' .. (titleObj ~= nil and titleObj.fullText or addTemplate(args['1'])) .. '|' .. textPart .. ']]' end if _ne(args.braceinside) then titlePart = nw('{') .. titlePart .. nw('}') end local bold = _ne(args.bold) or _ne(args.boldlink) or _ne(args.boldname) if bold then titlePart = "'''" .. titlePart .. "'''" end if _ne(args.nowrapname) then titlePart = '<span class="nowrap">' .. titlePart .. '</span>' end return titlePart end function p.main(frame) local args = getArgs(frame, { trim = true, removeBlanks = false }) return p._main(args) end function p._main(args) local italic = _ne(args.italic) or _ne(args.italics) local dontBrace = _ne(args.brace) or _ne(args.braceinside) local code = _ne(args.code) or _ne(args.tt) local show_result = _ne(args._show_result) local expand = _ne(args._expand) local titlePart = linkTitle(args) -- Build the arguments local textPart = "" local textPartBuffer = "&#124;" local codeArguments = {} local codeArgumentsString = "" local i = 2 local j = 1 while args[i] do local val = args[i] if val ~= "" then if _ne(args.nowiki) then -- Unstrip nowiki tags first because calling nw on something that already contains nowiki tags will -- mangle the nowiki strip marker and result in literal UNIQ...QINU showing up val = nw(mw.text.unstripNoWiki(val)) end local k, v = string.match(val, "(.*)=(.*)") if not k then codeArguments[j] = val j = j + 1 else codeArguments[k] = v end codeArgumentsString = codeArgumentsString .. textPartBuffer .. val if italic then val = '<span style="font-style:italic;">' .. val .. '</span>' end textPart = textPart .. textPartBuffer .. val end i = i + 1 end -- final wrap local ret = titlePart .. textPart if not dontBrace then ret = nw('{{') .. ret .. nw('}}') end if _ne(args.a) then ret = nw('*') .. '&nbsp;' .. ret end if _ne(args.kbd) then ret = '<kbd>' .. ret .. '</kbd>' end if code then ret = '<code>' .. ret .. '</code>' elseif _ne(args.plaincode) then ret = '<code style="border:none;background:transparent;color:inherit">' .. ret .. '</code>' end if _ne(args.nowrap) then ret = '<span class="nowrap">' .. ret .. '</span>' end --[[ Wrap as html?? local span = mw.html.create('span') span:wikitext(ret) --]] if _ne(args.debug) then ret = ret .. '\n<pre>' .. mw.text.encode(mw.dumpObject(args)) .. '</pre>' end if show_result then if _ne(args.nocat) then codeArguments['nocat'] = true end local result = mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate{title = addTemplate(args[1]), args = codeArguments} ret = ret .. " → " .. result end if expand then local query = mw.text.encode('{{' .. addTemplate(args[1]) .. string.gsub(codeArgumentsString, textPartBuffer, "|") .. '}}') local url = mw.uri.fullUrl('special:ExpandTemplates', 'wpInput=' .. query) mw.log() ret = ret .. " [" .. tostring(url) .. "]" end return ret end return p eq1il0gmw32087nl1ce4bzyifl7zrrz علي گل سانگي 0 67440 368059 313723 2026-03-28T10:04:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13773 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 368059 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer|name=علي گل سانگي|birth_place=[[دودائي]] ، [[لاڙڪاڻو | ضلعو لاڙڪاڻو]] ، [[سنڌ]] ، [[پاڪستان]]|subject=پيار ، رومانس ، ڀائيچارو|genre=[[ڪلام]] ، [[ڪافي]] ، [[بيت]] ، [[گيت]]|period=|occupation=[[شاعر]] ، [[صحافي]] ، [[سياستدان]]|death_place=|death_date=29 اپريل 2014|birth_date=14 سيپٽمبر 1952|native_name=Ali Gul Sangi|pseudonym=|honorific suffix=|honorific prefix=|caption=|image=|birth_name=|signature=}}'''علي گل سانگي''' (14 سيپٽمبر 1952 {{Ndash}} 29 اپريل 2014) [[سنڌ]] [[پاڪستان]] جو شاعر ، ليکڪ ، سياسي ڪارڪن ، ۽ صحافي هو. سندس اردو ۽ [[سنڌي ٻولي|سنڌي]] شاعري گهڻن ڳائڻن پاران ڳائي وئي جنهن ۾ [[مهناز]] ، [[محمد يوسف|استاد محمد يوسف]] ، [[منظور سخيراڻي]] ۽ ٻيا شامل هئا. == حياتياتي == علي گل سانگي 29 اپريل 1952 تي ڳوٺ دودائي ، ضلعي [[لاڙڪاڻو]] ، [[سنڌ]] ، پاڪستان ۾ هڪ زميندار خاندان ۾ پيدا ٿيو. سندس والد جو نالو روشن علي سانگي هو. هن 1990 ۾ خانگي طور ميٽرڪ پاس ڪئي. هن گريجوئيشن پڻ خارجي اميدوار طور ڪئي. هو 11 سيپٽمبر 1983 ۾ سنڌي مسلمانن جي [[سانگي]] قبيلي جو سردار چونڊيو ويو. <ref name=":0">Sangi Ali Gul (In Sindhi). In [https://encyclopediasindhiana.org/article.php?Dflt=%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%8A%20%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%20%DA%AF%D9%84 Encyclopedia Sindhina]{{مئل ڳنڍڻو|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Sindhi Language Authority, Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan. Retrieved on 2020.04.29.</ref> هو پنهنجي علائقي جو هڪ مشهور سياسي ۽ سماجي اڳواڻ هو. هن تعلقي ڪائونسل لاڙڪاڻو جو چيئرمين ، يونين ڪائونسل دودائي جو چيئرمين ۽ فتح پور يونين ڪائونسل جي ناظم طور ڪم ڪيو. سياسي طور تي ، هو [[پاڪستان مسلم ليگ (ف)|پاڪستان مسلم ليگ فنڪشنل سان وابسته هو]] . <ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://sindhsalamat.com/threads/48776/|title=لولي ۽ ڳيچ جو مزاج رکندڙ: علي گل سانگي|website=SindhSalamat|access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref> هو هڪ سرگرم صحافي بہ هو، هن [[روزانه مهراڻ|روزاني مهراڻ]] ۾ خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون ۽ 11 سالن تائين [[لاڙڪاڻو]] پريس ڪلب جو صدر رهيو. <ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1103105|title=Writer Ali Gul Sangi passes away|last=Correspondent|first=The Newspaper's|date=3 April 2014|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref> هو هڪ مشهور شاعر هو. هن جي شاعري خاص طور تي سنڌ جي ڳوٺاڻن علائقن ۾ مشهور آهي. هن 18-19 سالن جي عمر ۾ شاعري لکڻ شروع ڪيائين. سندس شاعري ڪلاسيڪل شاعرن جعفر فقير پنهور ۽ مينهل فقير کان متاثر آهي. <ref>{{ڪتابن مان حوالا|title=لاڙڪاڻو امر شخصيتون|last=Bhatti|first=Abdul Sattar Bhatti|publisher=Larkano Research Academy|year=2000|isbn=|location=Larkano, Sindh, Pakistan|pages=298-299}}</ref> سندس وڌيڪ شاعري سنڌي ٻولي ۾ آهي پر هن ڪجهه اردو نظم پڻ لکيا. سنڌ ۽ پاڪستان جي ڪيترن ئي مقبول گلوڪارن جن ۾ مهناز، حميره چنا، [[محمد يوسف|استاد محمد يوسف]] ، [[سرمد سنڌي]] ، [[منظور سخيراڻي|منظور سخيراني]]، غلام شبير سمون، عاشق نظاماڻي، فوزيه سومرو، انور وسطڙو، احمد مغل ۽ سنڌ توڙي هند جي تمام گهڻن فنڪارن، فنڪارائن سندس شاعري ڳائي آهي. علي گل سانگي 29 اپريل 2014 تي ڪراچي ۾ وفات ڪئي ۽ سندس ڳوٺ واري قبرستان ۾ دفن ڪيو ويو. <ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://dunya.com.pk/index.php/city/karachi/2014-05-01/355848|title=Roznama Dunya: روزنامہ دنیا :- شہر کی دنیا:-معروف شاعر علی گل سانگی انتقال کرگئے|website=Roznama Dunya: روزنامہ دنیا :-|language=en|access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref> == ڪتابَ == علي گل سانگي درجن کن ڪتاب لکيا آهن ، جن ۾ هيٺيان ڪتاب شايع ٿي چڪا آهن. ٻيا ڪتاب اڃا شايع ٿيڻا آهن. <ref name=":0"/> <ref>سيال ذوالفقار, سنڌي شاعريءَ جو سفر (A سنڌي ادب جو سفر) ، پي. 189 ، سنڌي ادبي سنگت ، خيرپور ميرس جو ، 2013.</ref> * پِپر ۾ پينگهه ، ( 1992) * ڪنڌيءَ نِسريا ڪانهَن ، 1994 * پيرين پنڌ ڪندياس ، 1995 * نيڻ ڳالهايائن ٿا ، 1997 * گُجر پائي گج ، 1998 == حوالا ==   [[زمرو:1952ع جون پيدائشون]] [[زمرو:پاڪستاني سياستدان]] [[زمرو:پاڪستاني صحافي]] [[زمرو:سنڌي اديب]] [[زمرو:پاڪستاني شاعر]] [[زمرو:سنڌي شاعر]] [[زمرو:سنڌي ماڻھو]] [[زمرو:سنڌي سياستدان]] [[زمرو:2014ع جون وفاتون]] [[زمرو:2014ع جون فوتگيون]] opg2hcu45nodypwpdklvremh4ba0ew3 مرزاپور (وارھ) 0 68211 367876 307109 2026-03-27T19:22:48Z Sojhrokhan 10412 هجي درستگي 367876 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = مرزاپور جاگير | official_name =Deh Mirzapur | native_name = ديھ مرزاپور جاگير | native_name_lang = سنڌي | settlement_type = ديھ | image_skyline = | imagesize = 220px | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_map = | map_caption = | pushpin_map =Sindh#Pakistan | pushpin_mapsize = 220 | pushpin_map_caption = سنڌ ۽ پاڪستان ۾ مقام | coordinates = {{coord|27|26|31|N|67|35|20|E|region:PK|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ملڪ | subdivision_name = {{flagicon|PAK}} [[پاڪستان]] | subdivision_type1 = [[پاڪستان جا صوبا| صوبو]] | subdivision_name1 = [[سنڌ]] | subdivision_type2 = [[سنڌ جا ضلعا|ضلعو]] | subdivision_name2 =[[قمبر شهدادڪوٽ ضلعو]] | subdivision_type3 = تعلقو | subdivision_name3 = [[وارھ تعلقو ]] | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | population_total =2,719 | population_footnotes = <ref name=" آدمشماري "> www.pbs.gov.pk/content/block-wise-provisional-summary-results-6th-population-housing-census-2017-january-03-2018[https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/block-wise-provisional-summary-results-6th-population-housing-census-2017-january-03-2018 ] </ref> | population_as_of = 2017 | population_density_km2 = auto | timezone1 = [[پاڪستان جو معياري وقت ]] | utc_offset1 = +5 | blank_name_sec1 = | blank_info_sec1 = 51 | blank1_name_sec1 = | blank1_info_sec1 = | website = }} '''ديھ مرزاپور جاگير''' {{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' Deh Mirzapur Jagir'''}} سنڌ جي ضلعي قمبر شهداد ڪوٽ جي [[وارھ تعلقو|وارھه]] تعلقي جي ھڪ ديھ جو نالو آهي جيڪا [[تپو حمل|حمل]] تپي ۾ واقع آهي. ==تاريخ== بورڊ آف روينيو سنڌ جي رڪارڊ ۾ موجود 1914 کان 1940ع تائين واري دؤر جي ھن ديھ جي نقشي مطابق ھن ديھ جي سروي ڪانه ٿيل ھئي. ھاڻي ان ديھ ۾ ڳوٺ مرزاپور، ڳوٺ ساکاڻي، ڳوٺ مينھون خان رند ۽ ڳوٺ گاجي خان معروف ڳوٺ آھن. ==جاگرافي== ھن ديھ جي اتر ۾ ديھ غيبي ديرو جاگير 6، اوڀر ۾ ديھ چندني جاگير ۽ ديھ ڳاڙهي جاگير، اولھ ۾ ديھ ڪوھستان ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ ديھ چڪ فريدآباد، ديھ چڪ بشارت ڪاڇڙي، ديھ حمل ڪاڇڙي واقع آهن. ھن ديھ جي مڪمل روينيو سروي ڪانہ ٿي آهي. ھن ديھ جو اڌ کان بہ وڌيڪ اوڀر وارو حصو حمل ڍنڍ ۾ شامل آھي. ==آبادي== 2017 جي آدمشماري مطابق ھن ديھ جي ڳوٺن جي ڪل آبادي 2,719 ھئي جيڪا 545 خاندانن تي مشتمل ھئي.<ref name = " آدمشماري "/>. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:وارھ تعلقو]] [[زمرو:سنڌ جا ڳوٺ]] [[زمرو:وارھ تعلقي جون ديھون]] [[زمرو:قمبر شهدادڪوٽ ضلعي جون ديھون]] dzq8zht03m4i691olidzx6cox4t6a3s جليلا حيدر 0 69393 368048 366850 2026-03-28T07:41:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13773 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 368048 wikitext text/x-wiki {{کڙٻڙ ترجمو}} {{ڄاڻخانو شخصيت|name=جليلا حيدر|image=Jalilah Haider Pose for a Photo (49618619623) (cropped).jpg|caption=حيدر 2020 ۾|birth_name=جليلا حيدر|birth_date=10 ڊسمبر 1988|birth_place=[[ڪوئيٽا]] ، [[پاڪستان]]|nationality=[[Pakistani]]|occupation=[[وڪيل]] ، [[فيمينسٽ]] ، [[انساني حقن جا ڪارڪن | انساني حقن جا ڪارڪن]]|known_for=ظلم جو شڪار ٿيل پهرين عورت وڪيل [[هزاره ماڻهن تي ظلم | هزاره]]|notable_works=|alma_mater=[[بلوچستان يونيورسٽي]]}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''جليلا حيدر''' ( . 10 ڊسمبر 1988) ھڪڙي انساني حقن جي وڪيل ۽ سياسي ڪارڪن آھي [[ڪوئيٽا]] [[بلوچستان، پاڪستان|، بلوچستان جو]] ھڪڙو شھر ، [[پاڪستان]] . <ref name="Asia Foundation">{{حوالو ويب|url=https://asiafoundation.org/people/jalila-haider/|title=Jalila Haider|website=The Asia Foundation}}</ref> حيدر ڃاتو وڃي ٿو ته ڪوئيٽا جي هزاره اقليتن جي پهرين عورت وڪيل آهي ۽ پاڪستان ۾ پنهنجي مظلوم برادري جي حقن جي وڪيل رهي آهي. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2018-05-31/pakistani-hazaras-face-constant-threat-targeted-violence-many-say-security|title=Pakistani Hazaras face a constant threat of targeted violence. Many say the security response has been ghettoizing and ineffective.|work=Public Radio International|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="Dawn-23Nov18">{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1447081|title=Jalila Haider – ardent advocate of Hazara community rights|last=Jalil|first=Xari|date=23 November 2018|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|publisher=DAWN Media Group|language=en}}</ref> هوءَ عوامي ورڪرز پارٽي (AWP) جي ميمبر آهي ، وومين ڊيموڪريٽڪ فرنٽ (WDF) جي بلوچستان چيپٽر جي ا [واڻ ۽ پشتون تحفظ موومينٽ (PTM) ۾ پڻ سرگرم آهي. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nayadaur.tv/2019/03/cabinet-body-places-hr-activist-jalila-haider-ex-minister-on-ecl/|title=Cabinet Body Places HR Activist Jalila Haider, Ex-Minister On ECL|date=16 March 2019|work=Naya Daur}}{{مئل ڳنڍڻو|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> هن هڪ غير منافع بخش تنظيم ’وي دي هيومنز-پاڪستان‘ جو بنياد وو ، جنهن جو مقصد بلوچستان جي مقامي برادرين کي بااختيار بڻائڻ آهي ته جيئن ڪمزور عورتن ۽ ٻارن جي موقعن کي مضبوط ڪري سگهجي. <ref name="Asia Foundation" /> هن جو نالو رکيو ويو BBC'S 100 عورتن جي 2019 ۾ ، <ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-50042279|title=BBC 100 Women 2019: Who is on the list?|date=16 October 2019}}</ref> ۽ چونڊيو ويو هڪ بين الاقوامي عورت جي جرئت لاءِ آمريڪا جي اسٽيٽ ڊپارٽمينٽ پاران مارچ 2020 ۾. <ref name="iwoc">{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.state.gov/2020-international-women-of-courage-award/|title=2020 International Women of Courage Award|website=United States Department of State|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-13}}</ref> == ابتدائي زندگي ۽ تعليم == جليلا حيدر 10 ڊسمبر 1988 ۾ [[ڪوئيٽا]] ، [[بلوچستان، پاڪستان|بلوچستان]] ، [[پاڪستان|پاڪستان ۾ پيدا ٿي]] . هن بلوچستان يونيورسٽي مان بين الاقوامي تعلقات ۾ ماسٽر جي ڊگري حاصل ڪئي آهي. <ref name="Asia Foundation">{{حوالو ويب|url=https://asiafoundation.org/people/jalila-haider/|title=Jalila Haider|website=The Asia Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://asiafoundation.org/people/jalila-haider/ "Jalila Haider"]. </cite></ref> == سناليندڙ == حيدر ڪمزور برادرين جي حقن جي حامي رهي آهي ۽ ڳالهايو آهي انساني حقن جي بنڃڪڙين ۽ انهن سان ٿيندڙ ظلمن جي خلاف. هن بلوچ سياسي ڪارڪنن جي جبري گمشدگي ۽ قتلن خلاف مهم هلائي آهي ۽ هزارن جي نسلي صفائي خلاف احتجاج ۽ گھرڻن جي اڳواڻي ڪئي آهي. هوءَ حصو وٺي ٿي ۽ پشتونن سان ٿيندڙ ظلمن جي خلاف ڳالهائي ٿي ۽ مڃي ٿي ته انهن جو درد ساڳيو آهي جيئن اهي سڀئي مطالبو ڪري رهيا آهن [[پاڪستان جو آئين|پاڪستان]] جي آئين ۾ انهن جي زندگي جي حق جي ضمانت جي. <ref name="Daily Times">{{Cite news|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/239823/this-is-not-about-hazaras-and-non-hazaras-its-a-war-between-love-and-hate-and-love-will-win/|title='This is not about Hazaras and non-Hazaras. It's a war between love and hate, and love will win'|last=Malik|first=Abdullah|date=13 May 2018|work=Daily Times|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-date=13 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013111058/https://dailytimes.com.pk/239823/this-is-not-about-hazaras-and-non-hazaras-its-a-war-between-love-and-hate-and-love-will-win/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> حيدر مارچ 2018 ۾ [[ڪوئيٽا]] ۾ پشتون تحفظ موومينٽ جي هڪ گڏجاڻي کي پڻ خطاب ڪيو ، جنهن لاءِ کيس تنقيد ۽ ايذاءُ مليو. <ref name="Newsline-Jun18">{{Cite news|url=https://newslinemagazine.com/magazine/the-venom-within/|title=The Venom Within|last=Arqam|first=Ali|date=June 2018|work=[[Newsline (magazine)|Newsline]]|access-date=12 October 2019|language=en|archive-date=15 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015221634/https://newslinemagazine.com/magazine/the-venom-within/|dead-url=yes|accessdate=11 September 2021|archivedate=15 October 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015221634/https://newslinemagazine.com/magazine/the-venom-within/}}</ref> پنھنجي سياسي سرگرمي کان علاوه ، حيدر سالن کان بلوچستان بار ڪائونسل ۾ [[بلوچستان|قانون جي مشق ڪري رھي آھي.]] <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1556360/10-hazara-women-defy-odds/|title=Hazara women defy the odds|last=Zafar|first=Mohammad|date=13 November 2017|access-date=13 October 2019}}</ref> هوءَ عورتن جي حقن جي حفاظت ۾ ماهر آهي ۽ مفت قانوني خدمتون فراهم ڪري ٿي ماڻهن کي جيڪي قانوني صلاح نٿا ڏئي سگھن وسيع مسئلن تي ، بشمول منصفانه انصاف ، [[ماورائي عدالت قتل]] ، گهريلو تشدد ، شادي جي تڪرار ، جنسي هراساني ، ۽ ملڪيت جا حق. <ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://ipd.org.pk/balochistan-2017/|title=Balochistan – ipd.org.pk}}</ref> 2018 ۾ ، جليلا حيدر اسلام آباد ۾ مسٽر احسان غني ، نيشنل ڪوآرڊينيٽر ، نيشنل ڪائونٽر ٽيررازم اٿارٽي (نيڪٽا) سان به ملاقات ڪئي ھزارا عورتن جي شڪايتن کي اڳيان آڻڻ لاءِ جيڪي سماجي ، معاشي ۽ انتظامي چئلينجن کي منهن ڏئي رھيا آھن ، جيئن انھن جي گھر جو مرد روزي ڪمائيندڙ رھيو آھي. ماريو ويو. <ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://nacta.gov.pk/meeting-of-jalila-haider-with-nc-nacta/|title=Meeting of Jalila Haider With NC NACTA|publisher=NACTA Pakistan}}</ref> <ref name="Daily Times"/> [[بلوچستان|حيدر پڻ بلوچستان]] ۾ عورتن جي جدوجهد ۾ حصو ورتو آھي ، پدرداري جي اصولن خلاف وڙھندي ۽ عورت مارچ سميت سڀني وڏين تحريڪن جي اواڻي ڪندي. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://globalvoices.org/2019/03/19/aurat-march-breaking-barriers-against-patriarchy-in-pakistan/|title=Global Voices - Aurat March breaking barriers against patriarchy in Pakistan|last=Ahmed|first=R Umaima|date=19 March 2019|work=Global Voices|access-date=13 October 2019|language=en}}</ref> 2020 ۾. حيدر حاصل ڪيو هڪ اسڪالرشپ سسڪس يونيورسٽي ۾ جيڪا هڪ عوامي تحقيقي يونيورسٽي آهي جيڪا Falmer ، Sussex ، England ۾ واقع آهي. == تڪميلون == 2014 ۾ ، هوءَ اٽلانٽڪ ڪائونسل جي ايمرجنگ ليڊر آف پاڪستان فيلو جي طور تي چونڊجي وئي ۽ 2015 ۾ راجيو سرڪل فيلوز پاران پاڪستان سوشل انٽرپرينيوئرز جي پهرين بيچ جي ميمبر هئي. <ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://ipd.org.pk/balochistan-2017/|title=Balochistan – ipd.org.pk|website=Institute of Peace and Diplomatic Studies|access-date=13 October 2019}}</ref> 2015 ۾ حيدر کي پاڪستان جي بااثر ۽ طاقتور عورتن جي ’نيوز وومين پاور 50‘ لسٽ مان چونڊيو ويو. هوءَ هڪ 2016 سويڊش انسٽيٽيوٽ نوجوان ڪنيڪٽرز آف دي فيوچر فيلو پڻ هئي. <ref name="Asia Foundation"/> هن جو نالو رکيو ويو بي بي سي جي 100 عورتن [[بي بي سي|۾ 2019 ۾ جيڪا بي بي سي]] پاران مرتب ڪيل متاثر ڪندڙ ۽ بااثر عورتن بابت هڪ فهرست آهي. <ref name="bbc"/> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/251423-hazara-woman-from-pakistan-named-in|title=Hazara woman from Pakistan named in BBC's 100 Women of 2019|work=geo.tv}}</ref> هوء چونڊيو ويو هڪ بين الاقوامي عورت جي همت جي مارچ 2020 ۾ آمريڪي پرڏيهي وزير طرفان. <ref name="iwoc">{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.state.gov/2020-international-women-of-courage-award/|title=2020 International Women of Courage Award|website=United States Department of State|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-13}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.state.gov/2020-international-women-of-courage-award/ "2020 International Women of Courage Award"]. </cite></ref> هن حاصل ڪيو هم ٽي وي وومين ليڊر ايوارڊ 2020 ، گذريل سال ۾ ان جي حاصلات لاءِ. <ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/445229/HUM-Network-to-honor-Iranian-filmmaker-Narges-Abyar-with-Women|title=HUM Network to honor Iranian filmmaker Narges Abyar with Women Leaders Award|date=2020-02-17|website=Tehran Times|language=en|access-date=2020-11-07}}</ref> == ڌمڪيون == حيدر کي ان جي معاشري کان تنقيد ملي آھي ۽ ڌمڪيون ۽ رياستي ۽ غير رياستي اداڪارن پاران کيس انساني حقن جي لتاڙ خلاف سرگرميءَ لاءِ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1556360/10-hazara-women-defy-odds/|title=Hazara women defy the odds|last=Zafar|first=Muhammad|date=13 November 2017|access-date=13 October 2019}}</ref> مارچ 2019 ۾ ، حيدر جو نالو پشتون تحفظ موومينٽ جي عوامي گڏجاڻين ۾ شرڪت کانپوءِ پاڪستان جي ايگزٽ ڪنٽرول لسٽ (اي سي ايل) ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. <ref name="Dawn-16Mar19">{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1469937|title=Cabinet body puts travel ban on ex-minister, HR activist|last=Staff Reporter|date=16 March 2018|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|access-date=12 October 2019|publisher=DAWN Media Group|language=en}}</ref> == پڻ ڏسو == * ھزارا ماڻھن تي ظلم * ڪوئيٽا ۾ هزاره ماڻهن تي ظلم == ذريعا == ھي آرٽيڪل ”وڪي گيپ“ <ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiGap_Challenge|title=WikiGap Challenge - Meta|website=meta.wikimedia.org|language=en}}</ref> دوران ٺاھيو ويو ، [[اسلام آباد]] ، پاڪستان ۾ 11،12 آڪٽوبر 2019 تي ، سويڊن جي سفارتخاني پاران منظم ڪيو ويو. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1510517/volunteers-gather-to-add-information-online-about-pakistani-wom%3C/body%3E%3C/html%3E|title=Volunteers gather to add information online about Pakistani women|last=Shahid|first=Jamal|date=13 October 2019|work=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.islamabadscene.com/wikigap-event-by-swedish-embassy-puts-more-pakistani-women-on-wikipedia/|title='WikiGap' event by Swedish Embassy puts more Pakistani women on Wikipedia|date=13 October 2019|work=Islamabad Scene}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/540548-content-added-to-wikipedia-about-pakistani-women|title=Content added to Wikipedia about Pakistani women|work=thenews.com.pk|language=en}}</ref> == حوالا == [[زمرو:1988ع جون پيدائشون]] [[زمرو:فيمينسٽ پاڪستاني]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ نارين جا حقَ]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ناري واد]] [[زمرو:جيئرا ماڻهو]] [[زمرو:عورتن جي حقن لاءِ جاکوڙيندڙ]] [[زمرو:پاڪستاني وڪيل]] [[زمرو:پاڪستاني قانوندان]] [[زمرو:جيوت ماڻهو]] 7ul1n0hi7k16cw3of1c7il46pt2glbv زمرو:ايران جا صوبا 14 69631 367997 333823 2026-03-28T06:18:24Z Ibne maryam 17680 367997 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ايران جي انتظامي ورهاستون]] [[زمرو:ملڪ جي لحاظ کان پهرين سطح جي انتظامي ورهاست]] nhzophvoxio4jzp4tlml7b1a0tkfa3r فارس صوبو 0 71387 368029 251164 2026-03-28T07:14:45Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* حوالا */ 368029 wikitext text/x-wiki '''فارس صوبو''' ([[انگريزي ٻولي|'''انگريزي''']]: Fars Province) '''[[ايران]]''' جو ھڪ صوبو آھي جنھن کي پارس بہ ڪوٺيو وڃي ٿو. ھن صوبي جي پکيڙ 122400 چورس ڪلوميٽر آھي. ھي [[ايران]] جي ڏکڻ اولھ ۾ واقع آھي ۽ ھن جي گاديءَ جو ھنڌ [[شيراز|'''شيراز''']] آھي جيڪو آباديءَ جي لحاظ کان ايران جو پنجون وڏو شھر آھي<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://www.hamshahrionline.ir/news/263382/استان-های-کشور-به-۵-منطقه-تقسیم-شدند|title=استان‌های کشور به ۵ منطقه تقسیم شدند|date=2014-06-22|website=همشهری آنلاین|language=fa|access-date=2022-01-01}}</ref>. 2011ع جي انگن اکرن مطابق ھن صوبي جي آدمشماري 4.6 ملين ماڻھن تي مشتمل آھي جن مان 67.6 سيڪڙو ماڻھو شھرن ۾ ۽ 32.1 سيڪڙو ڳوٺن ۾ رھن ٿا. باقي 0.3 سيڪڙو خانہ بدوش قبيلن سان واسطو رکن ٿا. ھي پکيڙ توڙي آباديءَ ۾ ايران جو چوٿون وڏو صوبو آھي. ھن صوبي ۾ 36 شھر، 96 ضلعا ۽ 120 شھرستان (Counties) آھن. تاريخي طور تي ھي فارسي قوم جو ديس آھي جتي پرشيا (پراڻي ايران) جي [[اڪئمنيڊ|'''ھخامنشي''']] ۽ [[ساساني سلطنت|'''ساساني''']] بادشاھن وڏي مان ۽ شان سان پنھنجي بادشاھت قائم ڪئي<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=Q3tAqIU0dPsC&q=original+homeland+of+the+Persians.&pg=PA140&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=original%20homeland%20of%20the%20Persians.&f=false|title=One Thousand Languages: Living, Endangered, and Lost|last=Tilbury|first=Nikki|last2=Todd|first2=Mary|date=2008|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-25560-9|language=en}}</ref>. ھخامنشي سلطنت جي گاديءَ جا ھنڌ '''[[پاسارگاد]]''' ۽ [[تخت جمشيد|'''تخت جمشيد''']] (پرسيپولس) ھن ّخطي جي عظيم تاريخ جا اھڃاڻ آھن. ھن علائقي جي تاريخي اھميت سبب [[يُورَپ|'''يورپ''']] وارا سڄي ايران کي پرشيا ڪوٺين ٿا<ref>Dandamaev M.A. (1989), A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire (English Translation by W.J. Vogelsang), New York. ISBN: 9004091728. </ref>. عربن جي حڪمرانيءَ کان اڳ ھن علائقي کي پارس سڏيو ويندو ھو. == تاريخ == فارس جي پراڻي تاريخ جي اڀياس مان پتو پوي ٿو تہ ڏھين صدي قبل مسيج (ق.م) ۾ ھتي فارسي قوم آباد ھئي. ھيءَ آريائي نسل جي ھڪ قوم ھئي جنھن وچ ايشيا يا ڪاڪاسس واري علائقي مان ھجرت ڪري ھتي اچي پنھنجا ويڙھا وسايا ھئا. ھيءَ قوم مختلف قبيلن ۾ ورھايل ھئي جن مان ايلاميان (Elamites) قبيلو ٻين کان سگھارو قبيلو ھو. پراڻن تاريخي حوالن مطابق 860 ق.م ڌاري ھن علائقي ۾ پارسئاش (Parsuash) يا پار سئا (Parsua) نالي ھڪ وڏي بادشاھت قائم ھئي جنھن جا بادشاھ ايلاميان قبيلي سان واسطو رکندڙ ھئا. ھن بادشاھت جي گاديءَ جو ھنڌ سوسا (Susa) ھو. 636 ق.م ۾ انھيءَ بادشاھت جي پڄاڻي ٿي ۽ اشوريان (Assyrian) خاندان جي حاڪمن ھن ملڪ جون واڳون سنڀاليون. ھتان جي [[اڪئمنيڊ|'''ائڪمنيڊ''']] خاندان ڇھين صدي ق.م جي وچ ڌاري دنيا جي وڏي ۾ وڏي بادشاھت جو بنياد وڌو. ھن بادشاھت جون حدون [[يونان|'''يونان''']] ۽ بلغيريا کان وٺي [[سنڌو ماٿري جي تهذيب|'''سنڌو ماٿريءَ''']] تائين پکڙيل ھيون. ھن بادشاھت جا چار گاديءَ جا ھنڌ ھئا جن مان ٻہ '''[[پاسارگاد]]''' ۽ تخت جمشيد (پرسيپولس) فارس صوبي ۾ آھن. [[سڪندر اعظم|'''سڪندر اعظم''']] 331 ق.م ڌاري ائڪمنيڊ سلطنت ھو خاتمو آندو ۽ ھن علائقي تي قبضو ڪيو. سڪندراعظم جي وفات کان پوءِ 321 ق.م ڌاري ھي علائقو سيليوسڊ (Seleucid Empire) بادشاھت ھو حصو رھيو. ان کان پوءِ 170 ق.م کان 138 ق.م تائين ھن علائقي ۾ اشڪاني (Parthian) خاندان جي حڪومت قائم ٿي. اڳتي ھلي جڏھن اردشير اول (Ardasher I) ساساني سلطنت جو بنياد وڌو تہ فارس وارو علائقو بہ انھيءَ سلطنت جو حصو بنجي ويو. ساساني حڪمرانن فارس سميت ايران جي ٻين حصن تي اٽڪل 425 سال حڪومت ڪئي. ساسانين جي دور ۾ فارس کي سلطنت جي ھڪ اھم ۽ مرڪزي صوبي جي حييثيت حاصل ھئي. خاص طور تي ٽي ۽ ستين صدي عيسويءَ ۾ فارس پنھنجي عروج تي ھو. ھي صوبو [[زرتشتي مذھب|'''زرتشت مذھب''']] جو مرڪز ھو. ھن مذھب جا پوئلڳ باھ جي پوڄا ڪندا ھئا. ساسانين جي پھرئين بادشاھ اردشير اول جو پيءُ بہ انھيءَ مذھب جو ھڪ پادري ھو<ref>Daryaee T., The effect of Arab Muslism conquest on the administrative division of Sasanian persis''Iran'', Vol. 41, British Institute of Persian Studies, 2003, pp. 193–204, <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.2307/4300643</nowiki>.</ref>. [[عمر بن خطاب|'''حضرت عمر فاروق رضيہ''']] جي ڏينھن ۾ ساساني بادشاھت جي پڄاڻي ٿي ۽ ايران ھميشہ لاءِ ھڪ اسلامي رياست بنجي ويو<ref>Fars III. The History in the Islamic Period, Encyclopedia Iranica.</ref>. == جاگرافي == فارس ايران جو ڏاکڻيون صوبو آھي. ھن جي اولھ ۾ بوشھر صوبو، ڏکڻ ۾ ھرمزگان صوبو، ڏکڻ م ڪرمان ۽ يزد صوبا ۽ اتر اولھ ۾ بوير و احمد صوبو آھي. ھن صوبي ۾ ھيٺيان شھرستان (Counties) آھن: آبادھ، سروستان، جھرم، اقليد، رستم، استھبان، داراب، نيريز، بوانات، لارستان، قير و ڪارزين، خومبيد، لامرد، ڪازرون، فسا، فيروزآباد، زرين دشت، ممسني، شيراز، موودشت، سپيدان، ارسنجان، پاسارگاد، ڪوار، خنج، فرشبند، گراش، خرامہ، مھر. === آبھوا ۽ جھنگلي جيوت === آبھوا جي لحاظ کان فارس صوبي کي ٽن حصن ۾ ورھائي سگھجي ٿو: پھريون اتر ۽ اتر اولھ پاسي وارو جابلو علائقو جنھن ۾ سياري ۾ وچٿري سردي پوي ٿي ۽ اونھاري ۾ ھلڪي گرمي پوي ٿي. ٻيو مرڪزي علائقو جنھن ۾ سياري ۾ ھلڪي برسات پوي ٿي ۽ اونھارو خشڪ ۽ گرم رھندو آھي. ٽيون ڏکڻ ۽ ڏکڻ اوڀر وارو علائقو جيڪو سياري ۾ سرد ۽ اونھاري ۾ گرم رھندو آھي. شيراز شھر جوساليانو سراسري گرميءَ جو درجو 16.8<sup>0</sup>C آھي. مختلف آبھوائن ۽ موسمي ڦيرڦار جي ڪري ھتي مختلف قسمن جا گاھ، ٻوٽا، جانور ۽ پکي پکڻ ملن ٿا. ان کان علاوھ ڪيترن ئي قسمن جا پکي ٿڌن علائقن کان ھجرت ڪري ھتي اچن ٿا. ھتان جي مقامي جانورن ۾ غزال، جھنگلي ٻڪريون، رڍون ۽ ڪيترن ئي قسمن جا پکي شامل آھن. ماضيءَ ۾ ھتي فارسي شينھن بہ رھندا ھئا. === رنگ ۽ نسل === ھتي جا اڪثر ماڻھو فارسي نسل سان واسظو رکن ٿا جن ۾ لارستاني (Laristani) ۽ بصري (Basseri) لوڪ شامل آھي. ھتان جي اقليتي قومن ۽ قبيلن ۾ قشقائي (Qashqai)، لر (Lurs)، [[عرب|'''عرب''']]، '''[[ترڪ قوم|ترڪ]]،''' جارجيائي (Georgians) ۽ ڪرڪاساسي (Circassians) لوڪ شامل آھن. تاريخي طور تي فارس صوبو ڪيترن ئي بادشاھن ۽ مختلف نسلن جي ماڻھن جو مسڪن رھيو آھي پر ھتان جي پراڻن قبيلن جا ماڻھو پنھنجي قديم ريتن، رسمن، پوشاڪ ۽ رھڻي ڪرڻيءَ کي زندھ رکندا پيا اچن. انھن قبيلن ۾ ممسني (Mamasani)، لر (Lurs)، خمسہ (Khamseh) ۽ Kohkiluyeh شامل آھن. ھتي ڪرد قوم جا بہ ڪجهه قبيلا آباد آھن. ھتان جي مختلف قبيلن جي ٿَقافت ۽ ريتن رسمن مان لطف اندوز ٿيڻ لاءِ ڪيترائي سياح ھر سال ھي صوبو گھمڻ اچن ٿا. ھن صوبي ۾ ڪيترائي قديم آثار پڻ موجود آھن جيڪي پڻ سياحن کي پاڻ ڏانھن ڇڪين ٿا. === فارس جا شھر === آباديءَ جي لحاظ کان فارس جي ڏھن وڏن شھرن جي فھرست ھيٺ ڏجي ٿي. {|class="infobox" style="text-align:center; width:97%; margin-right:10px; font-size:90%" |+فارس جا آباديءَ جي لحاظ کان وڏي ۾ وڏا شھر |- !rowspan=17 width:130|<br /> [[File:Shiraz.jpg|border|135px|Shiraz]]<br />'''[[شيراز]]'''<br /> [[File:Tachar Persepolis Iran.JPG|135px|Marvdasht]]<br />[[مرودشت]]<br /> ! style="text-align:center; background:#f5f5f5;"|نمبر ! style="text-align:center; background:#f5f5f5;"|شھر ! style="text-align:center; background:#f5f5f5;"|ڪائونٽي ! style="text-align:center; background:#f5f5f5;"|آبادي !rowspan=23 width:150| [[File:GhadamGah Jahrom.jpg|border|135px|Jahrom]]<br />جھرم<br /> [[File:گنبد و گلدسته زیبای آستان شاهزاده قاسم فسا.jpg|135px|Fasa]]<br />فسا<br /> |- | style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;"|1||align=left|'''[[شيراز]]'''||'''شيراز'''||1,565,572 |- | style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;"|2||align=left|'''[[مرودشت]]'''||'''مرودشت'''||148,858 |- | style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;"|3||align=left|'''[[جھرم]]'''||'''جھرم'''||141,634 |- | style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;"|4||align=left|'''[[فسا]]'''||'''فسا'''||110,825 |- | style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;"|5||align=left|'''[[ڪازرون]]'''||'''ڪازرون'''||96,683 |- | style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;"|6||align=left|'''صدرا'''||'''شيراز'''||91,863 |- | style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;"|7||align=left|'''داراب'''||'''داراب'''||70,232 |- | style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;"|8||align=left|'''فيروزآباد'''||'''فيروزآباد'''||65,417 |- | style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;"|9||align=left|'''لار'''||'''لارستان'''||62,045 |- | style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;"|10||align=left|'''[[آباده|آبادھ]]'''||'''آبادھ'''||59,116 |- | colspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#f5f5f5;"|<small>ذريعو: ايران جو شمارياتي مرڪز<ref name="amar.org.ir">{{Cite web|url=https://www.amar.org.ir/english|title=Statistical Center of Iran > Home}}</ref></small> |} {{clear}} == معيشيت == فارس جي معيشيت جو گھڻو دارومدار زراعت تي آھي. ھتان جي مکيہ زرعي پيداوار ۾ اناج ([[ڪڻڪ]] ۽ [[جو]])، کٽا ميوا، [[کجي|کجو]]ر، چيني چقندر ۽ [[ڪپھ]] شامل آھي. ھي صوبو پيٽروڪيميڪل جي سھوليتن ۾ مشھور آھي. ان کان علاوھ ھتي تيل صاف ڪرڻ جا ڪارخانا، ٽائر ٺاھڻ جا ڪارخانا، شگر ملون ۽ اليڪٽرانڪس جون صنعتون قائم آھن. ھتان جا قديم آثارن وارا ماڳ بہ دنيا ۾ مشھور آھن. == آمدورفت == [[شيراز]] جو ھوائي اڏو ھن صوبي جو وڏي ۾ وڏو ۽ ايران جو ٻيو نمبر وڏو ھوائي اڏو آھي. [[جھرم]]، لار ۽ لامرد ۾ بہ ھوائي اڏا موجود آھن جتان [[تهران|'''تھران''']]، [[دبئي|'''دبئي''']]، شارجہ، [[بحرين|'''بحرين''']] ۽ ٻين شھرن ڏنھن ھوائي جھاز اڏامون ڀرين ٿا. شيراز جو شھر روڊ ۽ ريل وسيلي [[تهران|تھران]] ۽ ٻين ايراني شھرن سان ڳنڍيل آھي. == اعليٰ تعليم == ھن صوبي ۾ اعليٰ تعليم حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيتريون ئي جڳ مشھور يونيورسٽيون قائم آھن. انھن مان ھيٺيون يونيورسٽيون مشھور آھن: شيراز يونيورسٽي، شيراز يونيورسٽي آف آرٽس، شيراز يونيورسٽي آف ميڊيڪل سائنسز، شيراز يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪنالاجي، جھرم يونيورسٽي، جھرم يونيورسٽي آف ميڊيڪل سائنسز، فسا يونيورسٽي آف ميڊيڪل سائنسز، اسلامڪ آزاد يونيورسٽي آف شيراز ۽ اسلامڪ آزاد يونيورسٽي آف جھرم. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:فارس صوبو]] [[زمرو:ايران جا صوبا]] kh9rzj20psxj6lx6wyiyfmfsrpm9jd0 مرودشت 0 71421 368040 326674 2026-03-28T07:26:02Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* حوالا */ 368040 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Marvdasht | native_name = مرودشت | settlement_type = شھر | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a =Tachar Persepolis Iran.JPG | photo2a = Naqsh-e Rustam5, Marvdasht, near Shiraz - 4-8-2013.jpg | photo2b = Lost paradise.jpg | photo3a = Kabaye zartosht.jpg | photo4a = Aliemadian-pol khan1.jpg | spacing = 2 | size = 250 | foot_montage = }} | imagesize = | image_caption = تخت جمشيد | pushpin_map = ايران | mapsize = 150px | subdivision_type = ملڪ | subdivision_name = ايران | subdivision_type1 = صوبو | subdivision_name1 = [[فارس]] | subdivision_type2 = ڪائونٽي | subdivision_name2 = [[Marvdasht County|مرودشت]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | leader_title = | leader_name = | established_title = | established_date = | area_total_km2 = | area_footnotes = | population_as_of = 2016 Census | population_urban = 148,858 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amar.org.ir/english|title = Statistical Center of Iran > Home}}</ref> | population_est = | population_est_as_of = | population_density_km2 = auto | timezone = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]] | utc_offset = +3:30 | timezone_DST = [[Iran Daylight Time|IRDT]] | utc_offset_DST = +4:30 | coordinates = | elevation_m = | website = | area_code = | footnotes = }} '''مرودشت''' ([[انگريزي ٻولي|'''انگريزي''']]: Marvdasht) '''[[ايران]]''' جي [[فارس صوبو|'''فارس''']] صوبي جو ٻيو نمبر وڏو شھر آھي. ياد رھي تہ [[فارس صوبو|'''فارس''']] جو وڏي ۾ وڏو شھر '''[[شيراز]]''' آھي. 2016ع جي انگن اکرن مطابق ھن شھر جي آبادي 148,858 ماڻھن تي مشتمل آھي. ھي شھر مرودشت شھرستان (County) جي گاديءَ جو ھنڌ پڻ آھي<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/entity/marvdasht/m091c8h|title=Marvdasht|website=Google Arts & Culture|language=en|access-date=2022-01-06}}</ref>. == نالي جو بنياد == ڪجهه ماھرن جي راءِ آھي تہ مرودشت [[فارس صوبو|'''فارس''']] جي پراڻي شھر [[اصطخر|'''اصطخر''']] (Estakhr) جو ھڪ پاڙو ھو. [[اصطخر|'''اصطخر''']] جي تباھيءَ کان پوءِ ھي پاڙو وڌي ويجھي شھر جو درجو اختيار ڪري ويو. ٻين ماھرن جي خيال ۾ مرو (Marv) ٻوٽي جو نالو آھي. انڪري مرودشت ٻن لفظن مرو ۽ دشت (علائقو) جو مرڪب آھي يعني مرودشت معنيٰ اھو علائقو جنھن ۾ مرو ٻوٽو گھڻو ملي ٿو<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=http://miau.ac.ir/index.aspx?fkeyid=&siteid=1&pageid=155|title=سايت اصلي - درباره مرودشت|website=miau.ac.ir|access-date=2022-01-06}}</ref>. == تاريخ == مرودشت اوتروئي پراڻو آھي جيتري ايران ۽ فارسي سلطنت جي تاريخ پراڻي آھي. ھي شھر فارس جي پراڻي گاديءَ جي ھنڌ [[تخت جمشيد|'''تخت جمشيد''']] (Persepolis) کان سڏ پنڌ تي آباد آھي. شھر کان چند ڪلوميٽرن جي مفاصلي تي [[نقش رستم|'''نقش رستم''']]، نقش رجب ۽ [[اصطخر|'''اصطخر''']] جا پراڻا کنڊر موجود آھن جن مان ھن شھر جي تاريخي اھميت جو اندازو لڳائي سگھجي ٿو<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/458240/Ecosystem-of-Marvdasht-once-seat-of-power-for-Achaemenid-Empire|title=Ecosystem of Marvdasht, once seat of power for Achaemenid Empire, souled be safeguarded: official|date=2021-02-17|website=Tehran Times|language=en|access-date=2022-01-06}}</ref>. چيو وڃي ٿو تہ جڏھن دارا اول (Darius I) رحمت جبل واري ماٿريءَ ۾ پنھنجون حويليون جوڙايون تہ ڪيترائي سرنديءَ وارا ماڻھو مرودشت واري علائقي ۾ لڏي اچي ويٺا. موجودھ مرودشت شھر ويھين صديءَ ۾ آباد ٿيو. 1935ع ۾ ھتي پھلوي دور حڪومت ۾ ھڪ شگرمل قائم ڪئي وئي ۽ انھيءَ شگرمل جي چوڌاري آبادي وڌندي وئي جنھن شھر جو روپ اختيار ڪري ورتو<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://www.itto.org/iran/city/Marvdasht/|title=Marvdasht city in Fars province, travel to iran, Visit Iran|last=www.sirang.com|first=Sirang Rasaneh|website=itto.org {{!}} Iran Tourism & Touring|access-date=2022-01-06}}</ref>. ايران ۾ آيت اللُّٰہ خمينيءَ واري اسلامي انقلاب کان ڪجهه عرصو پھرين ھتي پيٽروڪيميڪل، ڪوس گھر، بسڪٽ ٺاھڻ جي فيڪٽري، گھر ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ ٿانون جي فيڪٽري ۽ ڪجهه ٻيون صنعتون قائم ٿيون جنھن ڪري روزگار جا موقعا وڌيا جنھن ڪري ھتان جي آبادي ڪافي حد تائين وڌي وئي. ھن شھر جي ڀرپاسي واريون زمينون ڪافي زرخيز آھن انڪري ڪڻڪ، مڪئي، ٽماٽي، کيري ۽ اھڙن ٻين فصلن جي اپت ۾ ھي شھر ڪافي اھميت اختيار ڪري چڪو آھي. == جاگرافي == ھي شھر فارس صوبي جي اترين شھرن مان ھڪ آھي. ھي شھر [[شيراز|'''شيراز''']] کان 45 ڪلوميٽر اتر طرف آباد آھي ۽ ھن جي سامونڊي سطح کان اوچائي 1620 ميٽر آھي. مرودشت شھرستان (County) جي پکيڙ 3687 چورس ڪلوميٽر آھي. ارسنجان شھر ھن جي اوڀر ۾، '''[[پاسارگاد]]''' (Pasargad) ھن جي اتر ۾، خرم بيد ۽ اقليد ھن جي اتر اولھ ۾، سپيدان ڏکڻ اولھ ۾ ۽ '''[[شيراز]]''' ڏکڻ ۾ آھي. مرودشت جي موسم جابلو علائقي ۾ ٿڌي پر ٻين حصن ۾ وچٿري آھي. == اعليٰ تعليم == مرودشت ۾ اعليٰ تعالِيم حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ھيٺيون يونيورسٽيون قائم آھن: * اسلامي آزاد يونيورسٽي، مرودشت برانچ * فارس سائنس ۽ ريسچرچ يونيورسٽي * پيام نور يونيورسٽي، مرودشت سينٽر * يونيورسٽي آف اپلائيڊ سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي، مرودشت برانچ ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:فارس صوبو]] [[زمرو:ايران ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:فارس صوبي جا شهر]] 6dv1cqo26e21pbz8fpggheb3c4y6h9o مشھد 0 71425 368023 326706 2026-03-28T07:05:52Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* حوالا */ 368023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = | official_name = Mashhad | native_name = {{lang|fa|مشهد}} | settlement_type = شھر | nickname = | other_name = سناباد، اسڪندريہ | motto = '''سمارٽ سٽي'''، '''اميد ۽ زندگيءَ جو شھر'''، '''ايران جي روحاني گادي''' | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a = Aerial View of Koohsangi street, Mashhad, Iran.png | photo2a = Mooze Naderi.jpg{{!}}Nader Shah Tomb | photo2b = Mashhad at night.jpg{{!}}Mashhad at night | photo3a = Hedayat Little Bazaar- Near Holy shrine of Imam Reza - Mashhad 01.JPG{{!}}Hedayat Little Bazzar | photo3b = Ferdowsi tomb4.jpg{{!}}Ferdowsi Tomb | photo4a = ImamReza(A).jpg{{!}}Imam Reza Shrine | spacing = 2 | size = 270 | foot_montage = مٿان کان: '''مشھد شھر جو نظارو'''، '''نادر شاھ جو مقبرو'''، '''مشھد جي رات'''، '''ھدايت بازار'''، '''فردوسيءَ جو مقبرو'''، '''امام رضا جو روضو''' }} | imagesize = 270px | image_caption = | image_seal = | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = مشھد | coordinates = {{coord|36|18|N|59|36|E|region:IR|display=it}} | pushpin_map = Iran | pushpin_label_position = bottom <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> | pushpin_map_caption = ايران ۾ بيھڪ | pushpin_mapsize = | subdivision_type = ملڪ | subdivision_name = {{IRN}} | subdivision_type1 = صوبو | subdivision_name1 = رضوي خراسان | subdivision_type2 = ڪائونٽي (شھرستان) | subdivision_name2 = مشھد | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | leader_title1 = ميئر | leader_name1 = عبداللّٰہ ارجائي شيرازي | leader_title2 = سٽي ڪائونسل جو چيئرمين | leader_name2 = حسن مواحدين | established_title = مشھد - سناباد - طوس | established_date = 818ع | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = 351 | area_footnotes = | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = | area_metro_km2 = | population_as_of = | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = | population_note = | population_metro = | population_urban = | population_est = | population_est_as_of = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | timezone = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]] | utc_offset = +03:30 | timezone_DST = [[Iran Standard Time|IRDT]] | utc_offset_DST = +04:30 | elevation_m = 995 | elevation_ft = | blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] | blank_info = [[BSk]] | website = [http://www.mashhad.ir/ www.mashhad.ir] | footnotes = | blank_name_sec2 = Largest district by area | blank_info_sec2 = District 9 (64 km2, land area) | blank1_name_sec2 = Largest district by population | blank1_info_sec2 = District 2 (480,000) }} '''مشھد''' ([[انگريزي ٻولي|'''انگريزي''']]: Mashhad) [[ايران|'''ايران''']] جو آباديءَ جي لحاظ کان ٻيو نمبر وڏي ۾ وڏو شھر ۽ رضوي خراسان صوبي جي گاديءَ جو ھنڌ آھي. ھي شھر ايران جي اتر اوڀر واري علائقي ۾ آباد آھي. 2016ع جي انگن اکرن مطابق ھن شھر جي آبادي 3,001,184 آھي<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/iran/khorasanerazavi/|title=Razavi Khorasan (Iran): Counties & Cities - Population Statistics, Charts and Map|website=www.citypopulation.de|access-date=2022-01-08}}</ref>. ھن شھر ۾ ھر سال لکين زائرين حضرت امام رضا رضيہ تعاليٰ عنہ جي مزار تي حاظري ڀرڻ ايندا آھن. امام رضا شيعا مسلمانن جو اٺون امام آھي. مشھور عباسي خليفو ھارون الرشيد بہ ھتي دفن ٿيل آھي. جنھن زماني ۾ امام علي رضا شھادت جو رتبو ماڻيو ان وقت مشھد ھڪ ننڍڙو ڳوٺ ھو جيڪو اڳتي ھلي ايران جو ھڪ وڏو شھر بنجي ويو. لفظ مشھد جي معنيٰ آھي ”شھادت واري جاءِ“<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=http://shiastudies.com/ur/894/%d9%85%d8%b4%da%be%d8%af-%d9%85%d9%82%d8%af%d8%b3-%d9%85%d8%ae%d8%aa%d8%b5%d8%b1-%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c%d8%ae/|title=مشھد مقدس مختصر تاریخ|website=شیعہ ورلڈ فورم|language=ur|access-date=2022-01-08}}</ref>. ھن شھر کي فردوسيءَ جو شھر پڻ سڏيو وڃي ٿو جيڪو ايران جو ھڪ وڏو عالم، مفڪر ءِ شاعر ھو. سندس ڪتاب شاھنامہ سڄي دنيا ۾ مشھور آھي. فردوسيءَ جو نالو [[فارسي ٻولي|'''فارسي''']] ادبي حلقن ۾ نھايت ادب ۽ آحترام سان ورتو وڃي ٿو. ھي شھر مشھور فارسي شاعر مھدي اخوان ثالث ۽ مشھور موسيقار ۽ ڪلاڪار محمد رضا شجريان جي جنم جو ھنڌ پڻ آھي. 30 آڪٽوبر 2009ع تي ايراني صدر محمود احمدي نزاد ھن شھر کي ”'''ايران جي روحاني گادي'''“ (Iran's Spiritual Capital) قرار ڏنو<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707030446/http://www.khorasannews.com/News.aspx?type=1&year=1388&month=8&day=9&id=281168|title=مشهد، پايتخت معنوي ايران اعلام شد|date=2015-07-07|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2022-01-08}}</ref>. ھن شھر کان 6 ڪلوميٽرن جي پنڌ تي ڪوھ خضر آھي. روايتون آھن تہ ھن جبل جي چوٽيءَ تي 3000 سال اڳ ھڪ غار ھئي جتي حضرت خضر عليہ السلام پنھنجي پالڻھار جي عبادت ڪندو ھو. اڄڪلھ انھيءَ غار جي جاءِ تي ھڪ ننڍي مسجد موجود آھي جنھن کي خضر جي مسجد سڏيو وڃي ٿو<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://urdu.tebyan.net/index.aspx?pid=121774|title=حضرت خضر کی عبادتگاہ - قم|website=urdu.tebyan.net|access-date=2022-01-12}}</ref>. == اوائلي تاريخ == پراڻي يوناني تاريخ ٻڌائي ٿي تہ موجودھ مشھد واري علائقي ۾ سوسيہ (Susia) نالي ھڪ وسندي آباد ھئي جتي 330 ق.م ۾ [[سڪندر اعظم|'''سڪندراعظم''']] جي لشڪر اچي ڊاٻو ڪيو ھو. رومي سلطنت جي ھڪ پراڻي نقشي ۾ ھن وسنديءَ کي سوسيہ بجاءِ ”اسڪندريہ“ ڪوٺيو ويو آھي. 520 ق.م جي ھڪ لکت ۾ [[اڪئمنيڊ|'''اھخامنشي''']] سلطنت جي بادشاھ داريس اول واري زماني ۾ پيٽيگرابانا (Patigrabanâ) نالي ھڪ شھر جو ذڪر ملي ٿو جيڪو شايد موجودھ مشھد واري علائقي ۾ آباد ھو. ڏھين صديءَ کان سورھين صدي عيسويءَ جا اڪثر مسلمان مورخ لکن ٿا تہ ھن شھر جو پراڻو نالو ”سناآباد“ يا ”سناباد“ ھو جنھن جو بنياد سڪندراعظم وڌو ھو<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://lib.eshia.ir/71860/48/321|title=بحار الأنوار - ط دارالاحیاء التراث - العلامة المجلسي - کتابخانه مدرسه فقاهت|website=lib.eshia.ir|language=fa|access-date=2022-01-08}}</ref>. ستينءَ کان نائين صدي عيسويءَ واري دور جا اڪثر شيعا عالم لکن ٿا تہ ”امام رضا ۽ خليفو ھارون الرشيد“ ان شھر ۾ مدفون آھن جنھن جو بنياد سڪندراعظم وڌو ھو. ھن شھر تي مشھد نالو صفوي گھراڻي جي بادشاھيءَ واري دور ۾ پيو<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://noorlib.ir/en/book/view/1507?sectionNumber=2&pageNumber=62&viewType=html&volumeNumber=1|title=الغيبة - Book section النص Page 62|website=noorlib.ir|language=en|access-date=2022-01-08}}</ref>. نائين صدي عيسوي (ٽي صدي ھجري) جي شروع ۾ ھي ھڪ ننڍو ڳوٺ ھو جيڪو طوس شھر کان 24 ڪلوميٽر (15 ميل) پري آباد ھو. ھتي خراسان جي گورنر حميد بن قحطبہ جي ھڪ حويلي ھئي جتي ھو گرمين جي ڏينھن ۾ اچي رھندو ھو. 808ع ۾ عباسي خليفي ھارون الرشيد انھيءَ ڳوٺ ۾ وفات ڪئي. کيس حميد بن قحطبہ جي حويليءَ اندر دفنايو ويو. 818ع ۾ ھتي امام علي رضا کي شھيد ڪيو ويو ۽ سندن ميت کي ھارون الرشيد جي قبر جي ڀر ۾ دفنايو ويو<ref>Zabeth (1999) pp. 12–13.</ref>. == منگولن جي ڪاھ == منگولن 1220ع ڌاري خراسان تي حملو ڪري ھتان جا ڪيترائي وڏا شھر تباھ ڪري ڇڏيا پر امام علي رضا ۽ ھارون الرشيد جي آخري آرامگاھ کي مان ڏيندي ھنن مشھد کي نقصان نہ پھچايو. تباھ ٿيل شھرن جا اڪثر رھواسي لڏي اچي ھن شھر ۾ وسيا انڪري ھن شھر جي آبادي وڌڻ لڳي. مشھور سياح ابن بطوطہ 1333ع ۾ ھي شھر گھمڻ آيو. ھن شھر جي باري ۾ ھن لکيو تہ، ”''ھي ھڪ وڏو شھرآھي جنھن ۾ ڪيترن ئي ميون جا وڻ، نديون ۽ نالا، ۽ چڪيون آھن. ھتي ھڪ عظيم مقبرو آھي جنھن تي شاندار گبند ٺھيل آھي. مقبري جي ڀتين کي شاندار ٽائلن سان سينگاريو ويو آھي''“<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127181619/http://sacredsites.com/middle_east/iran/mashad.htm|title=Mashhad, Iran|date=2010-11-27|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2022-01-08}}</ref>. مشھد جو مشھور کاڌو ”شلہ مشھدي“ يا ”شلہ“ منگولن جي دور جي نشاني آھي. ھي کاڌو گوشت، اناج ۽ ڪيترن ئي مصالحن کي ملائڻ سان ٺھي ٿو<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=http://salariyan.blogfa.com/post/95|title=غذاهای سنتی گریوان|website=salariyan.blogfa.com|access-date=2022-01-08}}</ref>. == تيمور گھراڻي جي حڪومت == منگولن جي دور ۾ ھن شھر جي آدمشماريءَ ۾ چڱوموچارو واڌارو آيو ۽ ڀرواري شھر طوس جي آبادي گھٽجن لڳي. 1389ع ۾ طوس جي گورنر بغاوت ڪئي ۽ طوس واري علائقي جي خود مختياريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو. انھيءَ بغاوت کي ٻنجو ڏيڻ لاءَ تيمور پنھنجي پٽ ميران شاھ کي ھڪ وڏو لشڪر ڏئي طوس تي حملي لاءِ موڪليو. ميران شاھ ڪجهه مھينن تائين ھن شھر کي گھيري ۾ رکيو ۽ آخرڪار شھر تي قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي ويو. ھن سڄي شھر کي نيست ۽ نابود ڪري کنڊرن ۾ بدلائي ڇڏيو ۽ 10000 ماڻھن کي قتل ڪري ڇڏيائين. جيڪي بچيا انھن جي اڪثريت مشھد جي شھر ۾ اچي پناھ ورتي. انھيءَ واقعي کان پوءَ طوس جو شھر ھميشہ لاءِ ختم ٿي ويو ۽ مشھد علائقي جو وڏي ۾ وڏو شھر بنجي ويو. اڳتي ھلي، تيمور گھراڻي جي باشاھ شاھ رخ تيمور جي دور ۾ ھن شھر وڌيڪ ترقي آئي ۽ ھي شھر سلطنت جي خوشحال شھرن جي صف ۾ شامل ٿي ويو. شاھ رخ تيمور جي گھر واريءَ گوھرشاد امام رضا جي مقبري جي ويجھو ھڪ عظيم الشان مسجد تعمير ڪرائي جيڪا اڄ بہ مسجد گوھرشاد جي نالي سان مشھور آھي. == صفوي دور == تيمور گھراڻي جي حاڪم با يقرا جي وفات کان پوءِ صفوي بادشاھت جي باني اسماعيل اول (Ismail I) مشھد تي قبضو ڪيو. سورھين صدي عيسويءَ ۾ ھي شھر ازبڪ حملن جي عتاب ھيٺ رھيو ۽ ڪيترائي ڀيرا ازبڪ ھتي قابض ٿيڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿيا. انھن حملن سبب ڪيترائي ماڻھو اجل جو شڪار ٿيا ۽ مشھد جي ملڪيتن کي نقصان پھتو. آخرڪار ھڪ ڊگھي جدوجھد کان پوءَ صفوي گھراڻي جو بادشاھ شاھ عباس اول دشمن کي پنھنجي ملڪ مان تڙڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿيو. شاھ عباس جي خواھش ھئي تہ وڌ کان وڌ ايراني امام رضا جي مزار جي زيارت لاءِ مشھد اچن. زائرين جي ھمت افزائيءَ لاءِ ھڪ ڀيرو ھن اصفھان کان پيرين پنڌ مشھد پھچي امام جي روضي تي حاضري ڀري. صفوي دور ۾ ھن شھر جي مذھبي ۽ روحاني اھميت ۾ واڌارو آيو ۽ شھر ۾ ڪيترائي مدرسا ٻيون عمارتون تعمير ٿيون. انھيءَ دور ۾ مشھد خراسان جو مذھبي ۽ سياسي طور ھڪ اھم شھر ٿي اڀريو. == افشاريان گھراڻي جو دور == نادر شاھ افشار جنھن کي نادر بيگ قلي بہ سڏيو وڃي ٿو، ايران جو ھڪ طاقتور بادشاھ ٿي گذريو آھي. ھو 1736ع کان 1747ع تائين ايران جو بادشاھ رھيو. سندس دور مشھد جو سونھري دور سڏجي ٿو. ھو امام رضا جو وڏو معتقد ھو ۽ مشھد کي پنھنجي گاديءِ جو ھنڌ بنايو ھئائين. افشار گھراڻي جي بادشاھيءَ واري دور ۾ ايران جي اوڀر واري حصي تي افغانستان جي احمد شاھ درانيءَ قنضو ڪري ورتو ھو. ھن مشھد کي اٺ مھينا پنھنجي گھيري ۾ رکيو ۽ آخرڪار 1753ع ۾ شھر تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. == قجار گھراڻي جو دور == 1792ع ۾ آغا محمد خان قجار افغانين کي شڪست ڏئي خراسان کي ٻيھر ايران ۾ شامل ڪيو ۽ ايران ۾ قجار گھراڻي جي بادشاھيءَ جو بنياد وڌو. 1911ع ۾ مشھد ۾ روسي انقلاب خلاف وڏا مظاھرا ٿيا. انھن مظاھرن کي بھانو بنائي روس 29 مارچ 1912ع ۾ مشھد تي بمباري ڪئي جنھن ۾ نہ فقط قيمتي جانيون ضايع ٿيون بلڪ امام رضا شاھ جي روضي مبارڪ کي بہ نقصان پھتو. روضي جي بيجرمتيءَ خلاف مسلمانن ۾ غم ۽ غصي جي لھر ڇانئجي وئي ۽ ايران سميت برٽش انڊيا ۾ مظاھرا ٿيا. == پھلوي دور == رضا شاھ پھلوي جي دور (1925ع - 1941ع) ۾ مشھد ۾ ڪيترائي ترقياتي ڪمٿيا. شاھ رضا اسپتال (ھاڻوڪي امام رضا اسپتال) 1935ع ۾ قائم ٿي. 1935ع ۾ شگر فيڪٽريءَ جو افتتاح ٿيو. 1936ع ۾ شھر جي پھرئين بجلي گھر ڪم ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ 1939ع ۾ شھري ٽرانسپورٽ سروس شروع ٿي. ساڳئي ئي سال شھر جي پھرين آدمشماري ڪئي وئي جنھن مان پتو پيو تہ ھتي 76471 ماڻھو رھائش پذير آھن. 1935ع ۾ مشھد ۾ رضا شاھ پھلويءَ خلاف جلوس ڪڍيا ويا. اھي جلوس لاڳيتو چار ڏينھن ھليا. مقامي پوليس ۽ فوج جلوس تي قانوني ڪارروائي ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. رضا شاھ آذربائيجان جي فوج کي شھر ۾ گھرايو. انھيءَ فوج جون مظاھرو ڪندڙن سان چڪريون ٿيون جن ۾ 12 ماڻھو اجل جو شڪار ٿيا ۽ سون جي تعداد ۾ زخمي ٿيا. == 1941ع کان 1979ع وارا سڌارا == 1948ع ۾ خراسان ۾ ڏڪار واريون حالتون پيدا ٿي ويون، ٻھراڙين ۾ روزگار جا وسيلا محدود ٿي ويا ۽ بدامني وڌي وئي ھئي، 1949ع ۾ مشھد يونيورسٽي قائم ٿي. انھن سببن جي ڪري ماڻھو ٻھراڙين کي ڇڏي وڏي تعداد ۾ شھر ۾ اچي رھيا. 1956ع ۾ ھتان جي آبادي وڌي 241,989 ٿي وئي. 1957ع ۾ مشھد کي ريل رستي تھران سان ملايو ويو. ايندڙ سالن ۾ ايران جي تيل جي پيداوار ۾ واڌارو آيو، شھر ۾ ڪيترائي نوان ڪارخانا کليا ۽ شھر جي نئين ھوائي اڏي جو افتتاح ٿيو. انھن ۽ ٻين سڌارن جي ڪري شھر جي آباديءَ ۾ وڌيڪ واڌارو آيو. 1976ع ۾ شھر جي آبادي 409,616 ۽ 1976ع ۾ 667,770 ٿي وئي. شھر جي پکيڙ 16 چورس ڪلوميٽرن مان وڌي 33 چورس ڪلوميٽر ٿي وئي. ھن وقت شھر جي آبادي 30 لکن کان وڌيڪ آھي. == جاگرافي == ڀونءِ نگاريءَ پٽاندر مشھد جي بيهڪ اتر ۾ ويڪرائي ڦاڪ 36.20º ۽ اوڀر ۾ ڊگھائي ڦاڪ 59.35º آهي. ھي شھر ڪشفرود (Kashafrud River) نديءَ جي ماٿريءَ ۾ بينالود ۽ ھزار مسجد جبلن جي وچ ۾ آباد آھي. جابلو علائقي ۾ ھجڻ ڪري ھتي جي موسم ڪافي خوشگرار آھي. ھي شھر ترڪمانستان جي شھر عشق آباد کان 250 ڪلوميٽر (160 ميل) پري آباد آھي. ھي شھر مشھد شھرستان (ڪائونٽي) ۽ مشھد ضلعي جو ھيڊڪوارٽر آھي ۽ شھر جي آبادي 30 لکن کان بہ مٿي آھي. == آبھوا == مشھد جي موسم نيم خشڪ ۽ ٿڌي آھي. اونھاري جي موسم ڪنھن حد تائين گرم ۽ سياري جي موسم ٿڌي ھوندي آھي. سال ۾ سراسري طور فقط 250 ملي ميٽر (9.8 انچ) مينھن وسي ٿو. ڪڏھن ڪڏھن ھلڪي برفباري بہ ٿئي ٿي. مينھن گھڻو ڪري ڊسمبر ۽ مئي جي مھينن ۾ وسي ٿو. اونھاري جي موسم ۾ گرميءَ جو درجو ڪڏھن ڪڏھن 33<sup>0</sup>C (91<sup>0</sup>F) کان وڌي ويندو آھي. سياري ۾ ھلڪي ٿڌ پوندي آھي ۽ رات جي وقت گرميءَ جو درجو 0<sup>0</sup>C کان گھٽ ٿي سگھي ٿو. == ماڻھو ۽ مذھب == {{bar box |float = left |title =مشھد ۾ رھندڙ مختلف نسلن جا ماڻھو |bars = {{bar percent|فارسي|green|92.5}} {{bar percent|خراساني ترڪ|yellow|4}} {{bar percent|خراساني ڪرد|brown|3}} {{bar percent|عرب|blue|0.1}} {{bar percent|ٻيا|red|0.4}} }} مشھد جا اڪثر رھواسي فارسي قوم جي مختلف قبيلن سان واسطو رکن ٿا. ھتي ڪردش ۽ ترڪش ٻولي ڳالھائيدڙ ماڻھو بہ ٿوري تعداد ۾ آباد آھن جيڪي خراسان جي اترين علائقن کان لڏي اچي ھتي رھيا آھن. ھتي عربي نسلن جا ڪافي اھڙا ماڻھو آباد آھن جيڪي اڄڪلھ عربي نٿا ڳالھائين. مشھد ھڪ مقدس شھر آھي ۽ ھر سال 20 لکن کان بہ وڌيڪ زائرين امام رضا جي روضي تي عقيدت جا گل نڇاور ڪرڻ لاِِءِ حاضري ڀريندا آھن<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/iran-blog/2015/may/07/prayer-food-sex-and-water-parks-in-irans-holy-city-of-mashhad|title=Prayer, food, sex and water parks in Iran's holy city of Mashhad|last=correspondent|first=Tehran Bureau|date=2015-05-07|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2022-01-09}}</ref>. زائرين جي پيھ کي گھٽائڻ لاءِ کين ھن شھر ۾ فقط ٻہ ڏينھن رھڻ جي اجازت ڌني ويندي آھي. == معيشيت == مشھد ايران جو ٻيو نمبر وڏو موٽر ڪارن جي پيداوار جو مرڪز آھي. شھر جي معيشيت جو دارومدار ڪيترين ئي شين تي آھي جن ۾ ھيٺيون شيون شامل آھن: طشڪ ميوا، زعفران، عطر، ايراني مٺايون، قيمتي پٿر جهڙوڪ عقيق، فيروزي، ياقوت ۽ زمرد، سون ۽ چانديءَ جا زيور، مذھبي سوکڙيون، کاڌي پيتي جون شيون، ڪوٽ، مفلر، اسڪارف (حجاب) ۽ قالين وغيرھ.. ٻين وڏين صنعتن ۾ ڪپڙو، چمڙي مان ٺھيل شيون، ٽيڪسٽائيل، ڪيميڪل، اسٽيل، ڌاتوئي ۽ غير ڌاتوئي شيون، تعميراتي سامان ۽ دستڪاري وغيرھ. سياحت ھتان جي سڀ کان وڏي صنعت آھي. جيئن مٿي بيان ڪيل آھي، لکين زائرين ھر سال ھن ڀلاري شھر ۾ زيارتن لاءِ اچن ٿا، ان ڪري ھتي ڪيتريون ئي ھوٽلون ۽ گيسٽ ھائوس قائم ڪيا ويا آھن. == آمدورفت == مشھد بين الاقوامي ھوائي اڏو تھران جي محراب آباد ھوائي اڏي کان پوءِ ملڪ جو ٻيو نمر مصروف ترين ھوائي اڏو آھي. ھتان ايران جي شھرن کان علاوھ ايشيا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف ملڪن لاءِ ھوائي جھاز اڏامون ڀرين ٿا. شھر جي ھڪ حصي کان ٻئي حصي تائين وڃڻ لاءِ ريل ۽ ميٽرو جي سروس موجود آھي. ھي شھر ريل ۽ روڊ وسيلي ايران جي ٻين شھرن سان ڳنڍيل آھي. مشھد کان ريل وسيلي آذربائيجان جي شھر نخجوان تائين سفر ڪري سگھجي ٿو. روڊ وسيلي مشھد کان ترڪمانستان جي شھر بجنورد تائين سفر ڪرڻ جي پڻ سھولت موجود آھي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:مشهد]] [[زمرو:ايران ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:رضوي خراسان صوبو]] [[زمرو:ايران ۾ صوبائي راڄڌانيون]] [[زمرو:رضوي خراسان صوبي جا شهر]] [[زمرو:سلڪ روڊ سان گڏ آباد هنڌ]] [[زمرو:سڪندر اعظم پاران قائم ڪيل شھر]] g53wnx8d0i1kdzdp4hdqkwnqj1jjstx سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبو 0 71508 368008 340958 2026-03-28T06:29:37Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* حوالا */ 368008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = سيستان ۽ بلوڇستان | native_name = {{lang|fa|استان سیستان و بلوچستان}} | native_name_lang = fa<!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fa" for Persian --> | settlement_type = صوبو | image_skyline = Sab fort.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = [[Sib and Suran Castle]] | image_map = Sistan and Baluchestan.svg | image_map1 = IranSistanBaluchistan-SVG.svg | map_alt = ايران اندر سيستان ۽ بلوچستان جي بيھڪ | map_caption = سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبو ۽ ان جا شھرستان | map_caption1 = ايران جي نقشي ۾ سيستان ۽ بلوچستان جي بيھڪ گاڙھي رنگ ۾ | coordinates = {{coord|29.4924|60.8669|region:IR_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = ملڪ | subdivision_name = [[ايران]] | parts_type = شھرستان جو تعداد | parts_style = para | p1 = 19 | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type = گاديءَ جو ھنڌ | seat = [[زاھدان]] | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = گورنر جنرل | leader_name = حسين مدرس خياباني | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 180726 | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/Files/reports/1395/g_nsonvm_95.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=19 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315002148/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/Files/reports/1395/g_nsonvm_95.pdf |archive-date=15 March 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | population_total = 2775014 | population_as_of = 2016 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = Balochi | population_note = | timezone1 = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]] | utc_offset1 = +03:30 | timezone1_DST = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]] | utc_offset1_DST = +04:30 | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = | blank_name_sec1 = [[Languages of Iran|مُکيہ ٻولي(ون)]] | blank_info_sec1 = [[Baluchi language|Baluchi]]<br>[[Persian language|Persian]] | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2017) | blank1_info_sec1 = 0.688<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref><br/>{{color|#fc0|medium}} · [[List of Iranian provinces by Human Development Index|31st]] | website = <!-- [http://www.example.com example.com] --> | footnotes = | image_flag = | image_seal = }} '''سيستان ۽ بلوچستان''' ([[انگريزي ٻولي|'''انگريزي''']]: Sistan and Baluchistan; [[فارسي ٻولي|'''فارسي''']]: استان سيستان و بلوچستان) '''[[ايران]]''' جو پکيڙ جي لحاظ کان ٻيو نمبر وڏو صوبو آھي. ايران جي ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ موجود ھن صوبي جون سرحدون '''[[پاڪستان]]''' ۽ '''[[افغانستان]]''' سان ملن ٿيون<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://hprc.zaums.ac.ir/34657.page|title=معرفی استان سیستان و بلوچستان|website=hprc.zaums.ac.ir|access-date=2022-02-04}}</ref>. ھن صوبي جي گاديءَ جو ھنڌ '''[[زاھدان]]''' آھي<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://www.hamshahrionline.ir/photo/22859/آشنایی-با-استان-سیستان-و-بلوچستان|title=آشنایی با استان سیستان و بلوچستان|date=2007-05-25|website=همشهری آنلاین|language=fa|access-date=2022-02-04}}</ref> ۽ ھن جي ڪل پکيڙ 181،785 چورس ڪلوميٽر آھي<ref>{{Cite journal|last=آرامش|first=دکتر حامد|last2=تباوار|first2=علی اصغر|last3=یعقوبی|first3=نورمحمد|last4=درخشان|first4=عبدالناصر|date=2020-05-21|title=تاثیر بازاریابی سبز بر گردشگری سلامت در استان سیستان و بلوچستان|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/jbmp.19.41.137|journal=Journal of Business Management Perspective|volume=19|issue=41|pages=0–0|doi=10.52547/jbmp.19.41.137|issn=2251-6069}}</ref>. ھن صوبي جي پکيڙ سڄي ايران جي پکيڙ جو 11 سيڪڙو آھي. ھن صوبي جي 1100 ڪلوميٽر سرحد پاڪستان ۽ افغانستان سان ملي ٿي. ھي پاڪستان جو واحد صوبو آھي جنھن جي سرحد پاڪستان سان ملي ٿي. ھن صوبي جي 300 ڪلوميٽر سرحد عماني سمنڊ سان ملي ٿي<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://hprc.zaums.ac.ir/34657.page|title=معرفی استان سیستان و بلوچستان|website=hprc.zaums.ac.ir|access-date=2022-02-08}}</ref>. اصل ۾ سيستان ۽ بلوچستان ايرن جا ٻہ جدا صوبا ھئا پر 1979ع ۾ ٻنھي صوبن کي ملائي ھڪ صوبو بنايو ويو<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/sistan-and-baluchistan|title=Sistan and Baluchistan {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2022-02-04}}</ref>. ھلمند ندي ھن صوبي جي وڏي ۾ وڏي ندي آھي جنھن جو پاڻي زراعت ۽ پيئڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿئي ٿو. 2016ع جي انگن اکرن مطابق ھن صوبي ۾ 2,775,014 ماڻھو رھن ٿا جن ۾ بلوچ، پارسي سيستاني، ڪرد ۽ ٻيا شامل آھن. ھن صوبي جي موسم خشڪ گرم ۽ ريگستاني آھي. '''[[زاھدان]]'''، '''[[زابل]]''' ۽ [[ايرانشهر، ايران|'''ايرانشھر''']] ھن صوبي جا وڏا شھر آھن. == نالو == لفظ سيستان اصل ۾ ”سجستان“ يا ”سڪستان“ مان ورتل آھي جنھن جي معنيٰ آھي ”سڪا قوم جي ماڻھن جو ديس“. سڪا قوم جي ماڻھن ھن علائقي ۾ 2500 ق.م ڌاري ھلمند نديءَ جي ڪناري تي اچي پنھنجون وسنديون قائم ڪيون ھيون. انھن ڏينھن ۾ ھن علائقي کي ”زرنج“ يا ”زرنگ“ سڏيو ويندو ھو. سڪا قوم جي اچڻ کان پوءِ اھو نالو بدلجي ”سڪستان“ ٿي ويو<ref name="sbportal.ir">{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://www.sbportal.ir/fa/cities/zabol|title=معرفی شهرستان زابل|last=بلوچستان|first=استانداری سیستان و|website=استانداری سیستان و بلوچستان|language=fa|access-date=2022-02-04}}</ref>. پراڻي زماني ۾ ھلمند نديءَ جي ڪناري نصرآباد (يا نصر شھر) ۽ حسين آباد نالي ٻہ وسنديون ھڪٻئي کان ٿوري مفاصلي تي موجود ھيون. وقت سان گڏوگڏ ھنن وستين جي آبادي ۽ پکيڙ ۾ واڌارو آيو ۽ ٻئي وستيون ھڪ شھر بنجي ويون. ھن نئين شھر جو نالو '''[[زابل]]''' رکيو ويو جيڪو ھن وقت سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبي جو ٻيو نمبر وڏو شھر آھي<ref name="sbportal.ir"/>. بلوچستان کي پراڻي زماني ۾ مڪہ سڏيو ويندو ھو. اھو نالو اڳتي ھلي ”مڪران“ بنجي ويو. ھي خطو [[اڪئمنيڊ|'''ھخامنشي سلطنت''']] جو چوڏھون صوبو ھو. غالب امڪان آھي تہ نادر شاھ افشار جي بادشاھت واري دور ۾ ھن علائقي تي بلوچستان نالو پيو. فردوسيءَ جي مشھور ڪتاب شاھنامہ ۾ بہ مڪران جو ذڪر موجود آھي<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/azu_acku_pk6458_fay44_1330|title=شاهنامه حکیم ابوالقاسم فردوسی / حکیم ابوالقاسم فردوسی ؛ بخط سمیع شیرازی.|date=1951|publisher=University of Arizona Libraries}}</ref>. == تاريخ == ھن صوبي جي تاريخ سمجھڻ لاءِ سيسان توڙي بلوچستان جي تاريخ جو اڀياس ڪرڻو پوندو. سيستان ۽ بلوچستان اصل ايران جا ٻہ جدا صوبا ھئا جن کي ايراني حڪومت پاڻ ۾ ملائي ھڪ صوبي جو درجو ڏنو آھي. ايران ۾ اسلامي حڪومت قائم ٿيڻ کان اڳ وارا اڪثر يادگار کنڊر بنجي ويا آھن انڪري ھتان جي پراڻي تاريخ بابت پڪ سان ڪجهه چوڻ مشڪل آھي. سيستان جي [[سراوان، ايران|'''سراوان''']] شھر ۾ ھڪ پٿريلي پھاڙي موجود آھي جنھن کي مقامي ماڻھو مھرگان جبل سڏين ٿا. روايتون آھن تہ انھيءَ پھاڙيءَ جي چوٽيءَ تي ماڻھو ڪجهه خاص ڏھاڙن تي باھ جا ڀنڀٽ ٻاريندا ھئا ۽ پنھنجون مذھبي رسمون ادا ڪندا ھئا. فردوسيءَ جي شاھنامہ جي ھيرو رستم جو جنم سيستان ۾ ٿيو. جڏھن اردشير بابڪان ھن علائقي تي قبضو ڪيو تہ سيستان '''[[ساساني سلطنت]]''' جو حصو بنجي ويو. ساساني سلطنت جي خاتمي کان پوءِ ھتي عربن جي حڪومت قام ٿي. اسلام اچڻ کان پوءِ يعقوب ليث صفاري ھتان جو پھريون مشھور ايراني حاڪم بنيو. ھن فارسيءَ کي ملڪ جي سرڪاري ٻوليءَ جو درجو ڏنو. ان کان پوءِ صفاري، ساماني، غزنوي ۽ سلجوقي گھراڻي جي بادشاھن ھن علائقي جون واڳون سنڀاليون. سيستان جي سرزمين تي جيڪي ڏسڻ جھڙا ماڳ موجود آھن تن ۾ خواجہ جبل خاص ذڪر جي لائق آھي. ھن جبل جي چوٽيءَ تي خواجہ علي مھديءَ جي مزار آھي، انھيءَ ڪري ھن جبل کي خواجہ جبل ڪوٺيو وڃي ٿو. ھي سيستان جو اوچي ۾ اوچو جبل آھي. [[زرتشتي مذھب|'''زرتشت مذھب''']] وارن جو عقيدو آھي تہ سندن پيغمبر جو ظھور ھن جبل تان ٿيو. ھن جبل تي اشڪاني، ساساني ۽ اسلامي حڪومتن جا اھڃاڻ اڄ بہ موجود آھن. مڪران جي سرزمين کي يونانين ”گدروزيا“ سڏيو آھي. پراڻي زماني ۾ مڪران جي سرزمين تي ڪافي ڌٻڻون ھيون. سنسڪرت ٻوليءَ ۾ ”ايرينا“ يا ”اراينا“ لفظ جي معنيٰ آھي ”ڌٻڻ“. انھيءَ ڪري شايد ”مڪران“ ٻن لفظن ”مڪہ“ ۽ ”ايرينا“ جو مرڪب آھي. مڪران حضرت عمر فاروق رضيہ واري دور ۾ اسلامي حڪومت جو حصو بنيو ۽ ھڪ عرب حڪمران مڪران جون واڳون سنڀاليون. ھتان جي عوام عربن جي حڪمرانيءَ کي مڃڻ کان انڪار ڪيو ۽ حڪومت خلاف ھٿياربند جدوجھد جو آغاز ڪيو جنھن ڪري عرب حڪمران کي ھن علائقي تان دستبردار ٿيڻو پيو. سلجوقي دور ۾ مڪران ايران جو حصو رھيو پر مرڪزي حڪومت جو ھن علائقي ۾ فقط نالي ماتر ڪنٽرول ھو. 1 آڪٽوبر 1877ع تي انگريز جرنل ريگنالڊ ايڊورڊ ھيري ڊائر (Reginald Edward Harry Dyer) ھن علائقي تي قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ پنھنجون فوجون وٺي آيو. ھي اھو زمانو ھو جڏھن ايسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني موجودھ پاڪستاني ۽ ڀارت جي لڳڀڳ سمورن علائقن تي پنھنجو تسلط قائم ڪري ورتو ھو، ايتريقدر جو پاڪستاني بلوچستان وارا علا.قا بہ ھنن فتح ڪري ورتا ھئا. انگريزن ھن علائقي تي قبضو ڪري [[چابھار|'''چابھار بندر''']] کي پنھنجي ھٿ ھيٺ آڻڻ ٿي چاھيو. ھتان جي بھادر بلوچن انگريزن سان مھاڌو اٽڪائي کين پنھنجي ملڪ جي سرحدن کان پري ڀڄائي ڪڍيو. جن بلوچ اڳواڻن انگريزن سان جنگ جوٽي تن ۾ سردار جمع خان، اسماعيل زھي، سردار خليل خان گمشادزھي ۽ سردار جنيد خان يار احمد زھي خاص ذڪر جي لائق آھن. جيتوڻيڪ جنگ ۾ ڪيترن ئي بلوچي ويڙھاڪن شھادت جو جام پيتو پر ھنن دشمنن کي پنھنجي علائقي ۾ اچڻ نہ ڏنو<ref>''مهاجمان سرحد-رویارویی نظامیان انگلیسی با سرداران بلوچ ایرانی نویسنده: ریجنالد ادوارد هری دایر مترجم: حمید احمدی- تهران انتشارات نشر نی – کتابخانه ملی ایران 1378''.</ref>. جڏھن رضا شاھ پھلوي ايران جو بادشاھ بنيو تہ ھن پنھنجي ڪمانڊر امان اللّٰہ جھان باني جي ھٿ ھيٺ ھن علائقي ۾ فوج موڪلي تہ جيئن علائقي تي حڪومتي رٽ قائم ڪري سگھجي. نتيجي طور ھن علائقي تان بلوچن جي قبائلي سردارن جو اثر گھثجي ويو ۽ بلوچستان مرڪزي ۡحڪومت جي ڪنٽرول ۾ اچي ويو<ref>''عملیات قشون در بلوچستان (بقلم امیر لشکر امان‌الله جهانبانی) - کتابخانه بنیاد دائرةالمعارف اسلامی». www.lib.ir. دریافت‌شده در 2021-03-31''.</ref>. 2013ع ۾ زبول مان چونڊيل قومي اسميبليءَ جي ميمبر حليمہ علي پارليامينٽ ۾ تقرير ڪندي ٻڌايو تہ پاڻيءَ جي کوٽ سبب وڏي پيماني تي ماڻھو سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبي مان لڏپلاڻ ڪري رھيا آھن. ھن گھر ڪئي تہ ھلمند نديءَ ۾ پاڻي ڇوڙيو وڃي تہ جيئن ماڻھو زراعت، چوپائي مال ۽ پنھنجي پيئڻ لاءِ پاڻي حاصل ڪري سگھن<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran/2013/09/130901_l38_iran_sistan_majlis|title='مهاجرت مردم سیستان به دلیل خشک شدن هامون'|date=2013-09-01|website=BBC News فارسی|language=fa|access-date=2022-02-04}}</ref>. ھي صوبي جو عوام اڄ بہ غربت ۽ بدامنيءَ جھڙن مسئلن ۾ گھيريل آھي. صوبي جي اڪثر علائقن ۾ گئس جي سھولت موجود ناھي. پاڻيءَ جي کوٽ سبب صوبي ۾ زراعت کي ڪاپاري نقصان پھتو آھي ۽ اونھاري ۾ خوفناڪ مٽيءَ جا طوفان اٿن ٿا جنھن ڪري فضائي آلودگي وڌي وئي آھي. == ماڻھو، سندن نسل ۽ مذھب == ھن صوبي جي سيستان واري علائقي ۾ اڪثر ماڻھو شيعا آھن ۽ سيساني لھجي ۾ فارسي ٻولي ڳالھائين ٿا جڌھن تہ بلوچستان جا ماڻھو بلوچي ٻولي ڳالھائين ٿا ۽ انھن مان اڪثر سني مسلمان آھن. زابول، ھلمند، ھامون، نمروز ۽ زھڪ سيستان جو حصو آھن. سيستان جو ھڪ وڏو علائقو افغانستان جو حصو آھي. بلوچستان جي اھم شھرن ۾ زاھدان، خش، ميرجاوھ ۽ چابھار بندر شامل آھن. بلوچستان جو ھڪ وڏو حصو پاڪستان ۾ شامل آھي. == سيستان ۽ بلوچستان جا ڏھ وڏا شھر == {| class="wikitable sortable" !درجو !نالو !آبادي (2016ع) |- |1 |[[زاھدان]] |587,730 |- |2 |[[زابل]] |134,950 |- |3 |[[ايرانشهر، ايران|ايرانشھر]] |113,750 |- |4 |[[چابھار]] |106,739 |- |5 |[[سراوان، ايران|سراوان]] |60,014 |- |6 |[[خاش]] |56,584 |- |7 |[[ڪنارڪ، ايران|ڪنارڪ]] |43,258 |- |8 |[[جالق]] |18,098 |- |9 |[[نيڪشھر]] |17,732 |- |10 |[[پشين، ايران|پشين]] |16,011 |} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبو]] [[زمرو:ايران جا صوبا]] [[زمرو:ايران جي جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:بلوچستان]] [[زمرو:سڀ ملڪن جي معلومات وارا سانچا]] md2di15rd5osob7qyfe0vid9gg1eom9 چابھار 0 71513 368010 326490 2026-03-28T06:34:02Z Ibne maryam 17680 368010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Chahbahar | native_name = {{Nastaliq|چابهار}} | settlement_type = شھر | image_skyline = Chabahar coast.jpg | imagesize = | mapsize = | subdivision_type = ملڪ | subdivision_name = {{flag|Iran}} | subdivision_type1 = صوبو | subdivision_type2 = شھرستان | subdivision_name2 = چابھار | subdivision_type3 = ضلعو | subdivision_name3 = مرڪزي | leader_title = | leader_name = | established_title = | established_date = | area_total_km2 = | area_footnotes = | population_as_of = 2016 ع واري آدمشماري | population_total = 106,739 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amar.org.ir/english|title=Statistical Center of Iran > Home|website=www.amar.org.ir}}</ref> | population_est = | population_est_as_of = | population_density_km2 = auto | timezone = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]] | utc_offset = +3:30 | timezone_DST = [[Iran Daylight Time|IRDT]] | utc_offset_DST = +4:30 | coordinates = {{coord|25|17|31|N|60|38|35|E|region:IR|display=inline,title}} | elevation_m = | website = http://chabahar.ir/ | area_code = | footnotes = | subdivision_name1 = [[سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبو]] | native_name_lang = fa | pushpin_map = Iran | pushpin_map_caption = Location within Iran }} '''چابھار''' ([[فارسي ٻولي|'''فارسي''']]: چابهار؛ [[بلوچي ٻولي|'''بلوچي''']]: چھبار؛ [[انگريزي ٻولي|'''انگريزي''']]: <small>Chabahar</small>) [[ايران|'''ايران''']] جي [[سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبو|'''سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبي''']] جو شھر ۽ بندرگاھ آھي. ھي ايران جو سڀ کان آخري ڏاکڻيون شھر آھي ۽ صوبي جو آباديءَ جي لحاظ کان چوٿون وڏو شھر آھي. 2016ع جي انگن اکرن مطابق ھن شھر جي آبادي 106,739 آھي. ھي شھر پاڪستان جي شھر [[گوادر|'''گوادر''']]کان اٽڪل 170 ڪلوميٽر اولھه ۾ موجود آھي. شھر جا اڪثر رھواسي [[بلوچ]] آھن جيڪي [[بلوچي ٻولي]] ڳالھائين ٿا، البت [[فارسي ٻولي]] پڻ ھتي ڳالھائي وڃي ٿي. ايراني سرڪار پاران ھن شھر ۽ بندرگاهه کي مفت واپاري ۽ صنعتي علائقو (Free Trade and Industrial Zone) قرار ڏنو ويو آھي. ھن بندرگاھ تي وڏن سامونڊي جھازن تي سامان چاڙھڻ ۽ لاھڻ جي سھولت موجود آھي انڪري ھي علائقي جو ھڪ اھم بندرگاھ ليکيو وڃي ٿو. ھتان نہ فقط ايران بلڪ '''[[افغانستان]]'''، [[ترڪمانستان|'''ترڪمنستان''']]، '''[[ازبڪستان]]'''، '''[[تاجڪستان]]'''، قرقيزستان ۽ '''[[قزاقستان]]''' ٻاھرين ملڪن سان پنھنجو واپار جاري رکن ٿا. بندرگاھ کان علاوھ چابھار ۾ ڪيترائي دل کي ڇھندڙ تاريخي ۽ قدرتي ماڳ موجود آھن جيڪي ھن شھر جي خوبصورتيءَ ۾ واڌارو آڻين ٿا. == نالي جو مطلب == چابھار اصل ۾ بلوچي لفظ ”چھار بھار“ مان ورتل آھي جنھن جي معنيٰ آھي ”چار بھارون“. يعني ھي اھو علائقو آھي جتي سال جون چارئي موسمون بھار جي موسم وانگر آھن<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/inside-chabahar-the-iranian-port-city-that-borders-pakistan-and-where-alleged-spy-kulbhushan-jadhav-was-based/articleshow/58663212.cms|title=Inside Chabahar, the Iranian port city that borders Pakistan and where alleged spy Kulbhushan Jadhav was based|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2022-02-05}}</ref>،<ref>{{Cite journal|last=اکبری|first=احمد|last2=مرادی|first2=ابراهیم|last3=اکرمی مهاجری|first3=مژگان|date=2017-08-01|title=پایداری تولید پسته در نواحی روستایی شهرستان رفسنجان|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.serd.6.20.1|journal=Space Economy and Rural Development|volume=6|issue=20|pages=1–16|doi=10.18869/acadpub.serd.6.20.1|issn=2322-2131}}</ref>. ھن شھر کي پراڻي زماني ۾ ”بھشتي بندر“ پڻ ڪوٺيو ويندو ھو. == تاريخ == اٽڪل 2500 ق.م ۾ ھاڻوڪي چابھار بندر کان سڏ پنڌ تي طيس (Tis) نالي مھاڻن جو ھڪ ڳوٺ آباد ھو. يوناني تاريخن ۾ انھيءَ ڳوٺ جو نالو طيز (Tiz) لکيو ويو آھي. فارسي ٻوليءَ جي مشھور ليکڪ افضل الدين ڪرمانيءَ 584ھ (1188ع) ۾ طيز کي ايران جو ھڪ بندرگاھ ۽ واپار جو مرڪز ڄاڻايو آھي. نامياري عالم ۽ تاريخ نويس [[البيروني|'''البيروني''']] لکيو آھي تہ (گڏيل) ھندستان جو سامونڊي ڪنارو طيز بندر کان شروع ٿئي ٿو<ref>Sachau, Edward C., ed. (1910) [first published 1888], ''Alberuni's India, Vol. 1'', Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co, p. 208</ref>، ھي ھڪ چڱوخاصو وڏو بندرگاھ ھو جنھن کي منگولن حملو ڪري نيست ۽ نابود ڪري ڇڏيو. طيز بندر جا ڪجهه کنڊر اڄ بہ چابھار شھر جي ويجھو موجود آھن. پورچوگيز پھريان يورپي ھئا جن مڪران جي ساحل تي حملو ڪري چابھار ۽ طيز واري علائقي تي قنضو ڪيو. ھو 1621ع تائين ھتي قابض رھيا. 1970ع ۾ رضا شاھ پھلويءَ جي حڪم سان ھن شھر کي ميونسپالٽيءَ جو درجو ڏنو ويو ۽ ھن بندرگاھ کي ترقي وٺرائي وئي. ھندي وڏي سمنڊ ۾ ايران کي ھڪ وڏي طاقت بنائڻ لاءِ ھتي بحري ۽ ھوائي اڏا قائم ڪيا ويا. آمريڪا جي گڏيل رياستن ۽ ٻين ملڪن جي مدد سان ھن بندرگاھ کي ھڪ جديد بندرگاھ بنائڻ لاءِ ڪئين منصوبا شروع ڪيا ويا<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/950952179|title=Iran and Pakistan : security, diplomacy and American influence|last=Vatanka|first=Alex|date=2017|isbn=978-1-78453-690-9|edition=Paperback edition|location=London|oclc=950952179}}</ref>. 1979ع واري اسلامي انقلاب کان پوءِ ٻاھرين ملڪن جون اڪثر ڪمپنيون ھن بندرگاھ جي ترقياتي رٿائن مان ھٿ ڪڍي ويون، جنھن ڪري مقامي ڪمپنين انھن رٿائن کي پورو ڪرڻ جو ڪم پنھنجي ھٿ ۾ کنيو. ايران ۽ عراق واري جنگ ھن بندرگاھ جي اھميت کي گھڻو وڌائي ڇڏيو. 1980ع واري ڏھاڪي دوران ايراني سرڪار ملڪ جي اوڀر۽ ڏکڻ وارن علائقن کي ترقي وٺرائڻ لاءِ ھن بندرگاھ تي موجود سھوليتن کي بھتر بنائڻ لاءِ اھم قدم کنيا. 1992ع ۾ چابھار کي مفت واپاري ۽ صنعتي علائقو قرار ڏنو ويو انڪري ھتي واپاري سرگرميون وڌي ويون<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://www.hamshahrionline.ir/news/283327/اهمیت-مسیرهای-مواصلاتی-ایران-برای-شبه-قاره-هند-و-اوراسیا|title=اهمیت مسیرهای مواصلاتی ایران برای شبه قاره هند و اوراسیا|date=2015-01-06|website=همشهری آنلاین|language=fa|access-date=2022-02-05}}</ref>. [[file:Chabahar Tiss Great Mosque.jpg|طيس جي جامع مسجد]] == سفري سھولتون == چابھار تائين سولي رسائي حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ايراني سرڪار ھوا، سمنڊ ۽ خشڪيءَ رستي سفري سھوليتون مھيا ڪرڻ لاءِ جوڳا قدم کنيا آھن. ھتان جي ڪنارڪ ھوائي اڏي تان [[تهران|'''تھران''']]، [[زاھدان|'''زاھدان''']]، [[مشھد|'''مشھد''']]، '''[[شيراز]]''' ۽ بندرعباس تائين ھوائي سفر جي سھولت موجود آھي. ھن ھوائي اڏي تان دوھا، [[دبئي|'''دبئي''']] ۽ مسقط طرف بہ ھوائي جھاز اڏامون ڀرين ٿا. چابھار کان بندرعباس، [[ايرانشهر، ايران|'''ايرانشھر''']]، ڪرمان، [[زاھدان|'''زاھدان''']]، [[مشھد]] ۽ ٻين ايراني شھرن طرف روڊ رستي سفر ڪري سگھجي ٿو. ھتان [[افغانستان|'''افغانستان''']] ۽ [[پاڪستان|'''پاڪستان''']] طرف روڊ وسيلي سفر ڪرڻ جي سھوليت بہ موجود آھي. چابھار کان [[زاھدان|'''زاھدان''']] تائين ريل جي پٽڙي وڇائڻ جو ڪم 2020ع ۾ شروع ٿي چڪو آھي. ھيءَ ريلوي پٽڙي مارچ 2022ع تائين مڪمل ٿيڻ جي اميد آھي<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://www.railjournal.com/infrastructure/iran-begins-track-laying-on-chabahar-zahedan-railway/|title=Iran begins track laying on Chabahar - Zahedan railway|date=2020-07-08|website=International Railway Journal|language=en|access-date=2022-02-05}}</ref>. == تاريخي ماڳ == چابھار جي پسگردائيءَ ۾ ڪيترائي تاريخي ماڳ موجود آھن: * جيئن مٿي ڄاڻايو ويو آھي، چابھار کان ٿوري مفاصلي تي طيس يا طيز بندرگاھ موجود ھو. انھيءَ بندرگاھ جا کنڊر اڄ بہ موجود آھن ۽ آثارقديمہ جي ماھرن ۽ سياحن جي دلچسپيءَ جو مرڪز آھن. * ھتان جي شھباز جبل جي چوٽيءَ تي قديم عمارتن ۽ شھري زندگيءَ جا آثار موجود آھن، مقامي ماڻھن جي چوڻ مطابق بادشاھ جڏھن شڪار ڪرڻ لاءِ ھتي ايندا ھئا تہ انھن عمارتن ۾ رھائش اختيار ڪندا ھئا. * طيس واديءَ کان ٿورو اڳتي اتر ۽ اتراوڀر ۾ ھڪ پراڻي آباديءَ جا آثار موجود آھن جنھن جي چوڌاري ھڪ ٿلھي ڀت ڏنل ھئي. * طيس ۾ اسلامي دور جو ھڪ قلعو موجود آھي. سترھين صديءَ ۾ پورچوگيزين ھن قلعي تي قنضو ڪري ان ۾ رھائش اختيار ڪئي ھئي. * طيس واديءَ جي مرڪز ۾ اشڪاني ۽ ساساني دور جو ھڪ قلعو موجود آھي جنھن کي پيروز گيٽ سڏيو وڃي ٿو. ھي قلعو ھڪ ننڍي جبل جي چوٽيءَ تي تعمير ٿيل آھي. * طيس جي واديءَ ۾ بلوڇ گيٽ نالي قلعو بہ سياحن جو ڌيان پاڻ ڏنھن ڇڪائي سگھي ٿو. ھڪ اوچي جبل تي تعمير ٿيل ھن قلعي جو گھڻو حصو ڊھي ويو آھي البت قلعي جي ھڪ ڀت ۽ واچ ٽاور اڃا سلامت آھي. ھن قلعي تي اھرامي شڪل جا ٻہ گنبند موجود آھن جيڪي ڏامر ۽ پٿرن مان جوڙيا ويا آھن. شايد ھي گنبند اوائلي اسلامي دور ۾ تعمير ڪيا ويا ھئا. * ھتان جي باھوڪلات ضلعي ۾ 300 سال پراڻو ھڪ قلعو موجود آھي. اھو قلعو نوشيروان خان گچڪي جوڙايو ھو جيڪو گچ کان لڏي ھتي اچي ويٺو ھو. * شھر جي ھڪ اڀرندي جبل تي باتل قلعي جا آثار ملن ٿا. ھن جبل تي پراڻن سامونڊي جانورن جا پنڊپھڻ (Fossils) ڏسي سگھجن ٿا. جبل جي چوٽيءَ تان پراڻي زماني جا ٺڪر جا ٿانو پڻ مليا آھن. ھتي ھڪ پراڻي کوھ جا آثار بہ موجود آھن. * طيس کان پنج ڪلوميٽر اتر اولھ ۾ جپسم ۽ ڏامر مان ٺھيل ھڪ وڏي ڀت ڏسي سگھجي ٿي. مقامي ماڻھو ٻڌائين ٿا تہ ھن ماڳ وٽ بادشاھ پنھنجا ھاٿي بيھاريندا ھئا ۽ ھاٿين کي ھتي ٽريننگ ڏني ويندي ھئي. ھتي پراڻين عمارتن، ڊيمن ۽ شھري زندگيءَ جا اھڃاڻ مليا آھن. * شھر کان ٿورو پري جناني ڪيچ نالي ھڪ ماڳ آھي جنھن ۾ اٽڪل 200 مقبرا موجود آھن. مقامن جي چوڻ مطابق ھن علائقي ۾ جن رھندا ھئا. * چابھار کان 90 ڪلوميٽرن جي مفاصلي تي دمپ ڪوھ نالي ھڪ تاريخي قنرستان موجود آھي. ھن قبرستان ۾ ڪيترائي مقبرا موجود آھن. اندازو آھي تہ ھتي 4500 کان 5000 تائين ماڻھو دفن ٿيل آھن. * چابھار جي پسگردائيءَ ۾ ٻيا بہ تاريخي قبرستان موجود آھن ۽ ھر قبرستان ۾ مختلف قسمن جا مقبرا موجود آھن. * چابھار ۾ پراڻي ٽيليگراف آفيس جي ٻماڙ عمارت انگريزو جي دور جي ياد تازي ڪري ٿي. ھتي ھخامنشي بادشاھت جي زماني جو سرن سان ٺھيل کوھ بہ موجود آھي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:ايران ۾ شهر]] qfh5br3mxwd3w3puzr5mavnj678rw5u 368011 368010 2026-03-28T06:37:11Z Ibne maryam 17680 368011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Chahbahar | native_name = {{Nastaliq|چابهار}} | settlement_type = شھر | image_skyline = Chabahar coast.jpg | imagesize = | mapsize = | subdivision_type = ملڪ | subdivision_name = {{flag|Iran}} | subdivision_type1 = صوبو | subdivision_type2 = شھرستان | subdivision_name2 = چابھار | subdivision_type3 = ضلعو | subdivision_name3 = مرڪزي | leader_title = | leader_name = | established_title = | established_date = | area_total_km2 = | area_footnotes = | population_as_of = 2016 ع واري آدمشماري | population_total = 106,739 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amar.org.ir/english|title=Statistical Center of Iran > Home|website=www.amar.org.ir}}</ref> | population_est = | population_est_as_of = | population_density_km2 = auto | timezone = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]] | utc_offset = +3:30 | timezone_DST = [[Iran Daylight Time|IRDT]] | utc_offset_DST = +4:30 | coordinates = {{coord|25|17|31|N|60|38|35|E|region:IR|display=inline,title}} | elevation_m = | website = http://chabahar.ir/ | area_code = | footnotes = | subdivision_name1 = [[سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبو]] | native_name_lang = fa | pushpin_map = Iran | pushpin_map_caption = Location within Iran }} '''چابھار''' ([[فارسي ٻولي|'''فارسي''']]: چابهار؛ [[بلوچي ٻولي|'''بلوچي''']]: چھبار؛ [[انگريزي ٻولي|'''انگريزي''']]: <small>Chabahar</small>) [[ايران|'''ايران''']] جي [[سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبو|'''سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبي''']] جو شھر ۽ بندرگاھ آھي. ھي ايران جو سڀ کان آخري ڏاکڻيون شھر آھي ۽ صوبي جو آباديءَ جي لحاظ کان چوٿون وڏو شھر آھي. 2016ع جي انگن اکرن مطابق ھن شھر جي آبادي 106,739 آھي. ھي شھر پاڪستان جي شھر [[گوادر|'''گوادر''']]کان اٽڪل 170 ڪلوميٽر اولھه ۾ موجود آھي. شھر جا اڪثر رھواسي [[بلوچ]] آھن جيڪي [[بلوچي ٻولي]] ڳالھائين ٿا، البت [[فارسي ٻولي]] پڻ ھتي ڳالھائي وڃي ٿي. ايراني سرڪار پاران ھن شھر ۽ بندرگاهه کي مفت واپاري ۽ صنعتي علائقو (Free Trade and Industrial Zone) قرار ڏنو ويو آھي. ھن بندرگاھ تي وڏن سامونڊي جھازن تي سامان چاڙھڻ ۽ لاھڻ جي سھولت موجود آھي انڪري ھي علائقي جو ھڪ اھم بندرگاھ ليکيو وڃي ٿو. ھتان نہ فقط ايران بلڪ '''[[افغانستان]]'''، [[ترڪمانستان|'''ترڪمنستان''']]، '''[[ازبڪستان]]'''، '''[[تاجڪستان]]'''، قرقيزستان ۽ '''[[قزاقستان]]''' ٻاھرين ملڪن سان پنھنجو واپار جاري رکن ٿا. بندرگاھ کان علاوھ چابھار ۾ ڪيترائي دل کي ڇھندڙ تاريخي ۽ قدرتي ماڳ موجود آھن جيڪي ھن شھر جي خوبصورتيءَ ۾ واڌارو آڻين ٿا. == نالي جو مطلب == چابھار اصل ۾ بلوچي لفظ ”چھار بھار“ مان ورتل آھي جنھن جي معنيٰ آھي ”چار بھارون“. يعني ھي اھو علائقو آھي جتي سال جون چارئي موسمون بھار جي موسم وانگر آھن<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/inside-chabahar-the-iranian-port-city-that-borders-pakistan-and-where-alleged-spy-kulbhushan-jadhav-was-based/articleshow/58663212.cms|title=Inside Chabahar, the Iranian port city that borders Pakistan and where alleged spy Kulbhushan Jadhav was based|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2022-02-05}}</ref>،<ref>{{Cite journal|last=اکبری|first=احمد|last2=مرادی|first2=ابراهیم|last3=اکرمی مهاجری|first3=مژگان|date=2017-08-01|title=پایداری تولید پسته در نواحی روستایی شهرستان رفسنجان|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.serd.6.20.1|journal=Space Economy and Rural Development|volume=6|issue=20|pages=1–16|doi=10.18869/acadpub.serd.6.20.1|issn=2322-2131}}</ref>. ھن شھر کي پراڻي زماني ۾ ”بھشتي بندر“ پڻ ڪوٺيو ويندو ھو. == تاريخ == اٽڪل 2500 ق.م ۾ ھاڻوڪي چابھار بندر کان سڏ پنڌ تي طيس (Tis) نالي مھاڻن جو ھڪ ڳوٺ آباد ھو. يوناني تاريخن ۾ انھيءَ ڳوٺ جو نالو طيز (Tiz) لکيو ويو آھي. فارسي ٻوليءَ جي مشھور ليکڪ افضل الدين ڪرمانيءَ 584ھ (1188ع) ۾ طيز کي ايران جو ھڪ بندرگاھ ۽ واپار جو مرڪز ڄاڻايو آھي. نامياري عالم ۽ تاريخ نويس [[البيروني|'''البيروني''']] لکيو آھي تہ (گڏيل) ھندستان جو سامونڊي ڪنارو طيز بندر کان شروع ٿئي ٿو<ref>Sachau, Edward C., ed. (1910) [first published 1888], ''Alberuni's India, Vol. 1'', Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co, p. 208</ref>، ھي ھڪ چڱوخاصو وڏو بندرگاھ ھو جنھن کي منگولن حملو ڪري نيست ۽ نابود ڪري ڇڏيو. طيز بندر جا ڪجهه کنڊر اڄ بہ چابھار شھر جي ويجھو موجود آھن. پورچوگيز پھريان يورپي ھئا جن مڪران جي ساحل تي حملو ڪري چابھار ۽ طيز واري علائقي تي قنضو ڪيو. ھو 1621ع تائين ھتي قابض رھيا. 1970ع ۾ رضا شاھ پھلويءَ جي حڪم سان ھن شھر کي ميونسپالٽيءَ جو درجو ڏنو ويو ۽ ھن بندرگاھ کي ترقي وٺرائي وئي. ھندي وڏي سمنڊ ۾ ايران کي ھڪ وڏي طاقت بنائڻ لاءِ ھتي بحري ۽ ھوائي اڏا قائم ڪيا ويا. آمريڪا جي گڏيل رياستن ۽ ٻين ملڪن جي مدد سان ھن بندرگاھ کي ھڪ جديد بندرگاھ بنائڻ لاءِ ڪئين منصوبا شروع ڪيا ويا<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/950952179|title=Iran and Pakistan : security, diplomacy and American influence|last=Vatanka|first=Alex|date=2017|isbn=978-1-78453-690-9|edition=Paperback edition|location=London|oclc=950952179}}</ref>. 1979ع واري اسلامي انقلاب کان پوءِ ٻاھرين ملڪن جون اڪثر ڪمپنيون ھن بندرگاھ جي ترقياتي رٿائن مان ھٿ ڪڍي ويون، جنھن ڪري مقامي ڪمپنين انھن رٿائن کي پورو ڪرڻ جو ڪم پنھنجي ھٿ ۾ کنيو. ايران ۽ عراق واري جنگ ھن بندرگاھ جي اھميت کي گھڻو وڌائي ڇڏيو. 1980ع واري ڏھاڪي دوران ايراني سرڪار ملڪ جي اوڀر۽ ڏکڻ وارن علائقن کي ترقي وٺرائڻ لاءِ ھن بندرگاھ تي موجود سھوليتن کي بھتر بنائڻ لاءِ اھم قدم کنيا. 1992ع ۾ چابھار کي مفت واپاري ۽ صنعتي علائقو قرار ڏنو ويو انڪري ھتي واپاري سرگرميون وڌي ويون<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://www.hamshahrionline.ir/news/283327/اهمیت-مسیرهای-مواصلاتی-ایران-برای-شبه-قاره-هند-و-اوراسیا|title=اهمیت مسیرهای مواصلاتی ایران برای شبه قاره هند و اوراسیا|date=2015-01-06|website=همشهری آنلاین|language=fa|access-date=2022-02-05}}</ref>. [[file:Chabahar Tiss Great Mosque.jpg|طيس جي جامع مسجد]] == سفري سھولتون == چابھار تائين سولي رسائي حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ايراني سرڪار ھوا، سمنڊ ۽ خشڪيءَ رستي سفري سھوليتون مھيا ڪرڻ لاءِ جوڳا قدم کنيا آھن. ھتان جي ڪنارڪ ھوائي اڏي تان [[تهران|'''تھران''']]، [[زاھدان|'''زاھدان''']]، [[مشھد|'''مشھد''']]، '''[[شيراز]]''' ۽ بندرعباس تائين ھوائي سفر جي سھولت موجود آھي. ھن ھوائي اڏي تان دوھا، [[دبئي|'''دبئي''']] ۽ مسقط طرف بہ ھوائي جھاز اڏامون ڀرين ٿا. چابھار کان بندرعباس، [[ايرانشهر، ايران|'''ايرانشھر''']]، ڪرمان، [[زاھدان|'''زاھدان''']]، [[مشھد]] ۽ ٻين ايراني شھرن طرف روڊ رستي سفر ڪري سگھجي ٿو. ھتان [[افغانستان|'''افغانستان''']] ۽ [[پاڪستان|'''پاڪستان''']] طرف روڊ وسيلي سفر ڪرڻ جي سھوليت بہ موجود آھي. چابھار کان [[زاھدان|'''زاھدان''']] تائين ريل جي پٽڙي وڇائڻ جو ڪم 2020ع ۾ شروع ٿي چڪو آھي. ھيءَ ريلوي پٽڙي مارچ 2022ع تائين مڪمل ٿيڻ جي اميد آھي<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://www.railjournal.com/infrastructure/iran-begins-track-laying-on-chabahar-zahedan-railway/|title=Iran begins track laying on Chabahar - Zahedan railway|date=2020-07-08|website=International Railway Journal|language=en|access-date=2022-02-05}}</ref>. == تاريخي ماڳ == چابھار جي پسگردائيءَ ۾ ڪيترائي تاريخي ماڳ موجود آھن: * جيئن مٿي ڄاڻايو ويو آھي، چابھار کان ٿوري مفاصلي تي طيس يا طيز بندرگاھ موجود ھو. انھيءَ بندرگاھ جا کنڊر اڄ بہ موجود آھن ۽ آثارقديمہ جي ماھرن ۽ سياحن جي دلچسپيءَ جو مرڪز آھن. * ھتان جي شھباز جبل جي چوٽيءَ تي قديم عمارتن ۽ شھري زندگيءَ جا آثار موجود آھن، مقامي ماڻھن جي چوڻ مطابق بادشاھ جڏھن شڪار ڪرڻ لاءِ ھتي ايندا ھئا تہ انھن عمارتن ۾ رھائش اختيار ڪندا ھئا. * طيس واديءَ کان ٿورو اڳتي اتر ۽ اتراوڀر ۾ ھڪ پراڻي آباديءَ جا آثار موجود آھن جنھن جي چوڌاري ھڪ ٿلھي ڀت ڏنل ھئي. * طيس ۾ اسلامي دور جو ھڪ قلعو موجود آھي. سترھين صديءَ ۾ پورچوگيزين ھن قلعي تي قنضو ڪري ان ۾ رھائش اختيار ڪئي ھئي. * طيس واديءَ جي مرڪز ۾ اشڪاني ۽ ساساني دور جو ھڪ قلعو موجود آھي جنھن کي پيروز گيٽ سڏيو وڃي ٿو. ھي قلعو ھڪ ننڍي جبل جي چوٽيءَ تي تعمير ٿيل آھي. * طيس جي واديءَ ۾ بلوڇ گيٽ نالي قلعو بہ سياحن جو ڌيان پاڻ ڏنھن ڇڪائي سگھي ٿو. ھڪ اوچي جبل تي تعمير ٿيل ھن قلعي جو گھڻو حصو ڊھي ويو آھي البت قلعي جي ھڪ ڀت ۽ واچ ٽاور اڃا سلامت آھي. ھن قلعي تي اھرامي شڪل جا ٻہ گنبند موجود آھن جيڪي ڏامر ۽ پٿرن مان جوڙيا ويا آھن. شايد ھي گنبند اوائلي اسلامي دور ۾ تعمير ڪيا ويا ھئا. * ھتان جي باھوڪلات ضلعي ۾ 300 سال پراڻو ھڪ قلعو موجود آھي. اھو قلعو نوشيروان خان گچڪي جوڙايو ھو جيڪو گچ کان لڏي ھتي اچي ويٺو ھو. * شھر جي ھڪ اڀرندي جبل تي باتل قلعي جا آثار ملن ٿا. ھن جبل تي پراڻن سامونڊي جانورن جا پنڊپھڻ (Fossils) ڏسي سگھجن ٿا. جبل جي چوٽيءَ تان پراڻي زماني جا ٺڪر جا ٿانو پڻ مليا آھن. ھتي ھڪ پراڻي کوھ جا آثار بہ موجود آھن. * طيس کان پنج ڪلوميٽر اتر اولھ ۾ جپسم ۽ ڏامر مان ٺھيل ھڪ وڏي ڀت ڏسي سگھجي ٿي. مقامي ماڻھو ٻڌائين ٿا تہ ھن ماڳ وٽ بادشاھ پنھنجا ھاٿي بيھاريندا ھئا ۽ ھاٿين کي ھتي ٽريننگ ڏني ويندي ھئي. ھتي پراڻين عمارتن، ڊيمن ۽ شھري زندگيءَ جا اھڃاڻ مليا آھن. * شھر کان ٿورو پري جناني ڪيچ نالي ھڪ ماڳ آھي جنھن ۾ اٽڪل 200 مقبرا موجود آھن. مقامن جي چوڻ مطابق ھن علائقي ۾ جن رھندا ھئا. * چابھار کان 90 ڪلوميٽرن جي مفاصلي تي دمپ ڪوھ نالي ھڪ تاريخي قنرستان موجود آھي. ھن قبرستان ۾ ڪيترائي مقبرا موجود آھن. اندازو آھي تہ ھتي 4500 کان 5000 تائين ماڻھو دفن ٿيل آھن. * چابھار جي پسگردائيءَ ۾ ٻيا بہ تاريخي قبرستان موجود آھن ۽ ھر قبرستان ۾ مختلف قسمن جا مقبرا موجود آھن. * چابھار ۾ پراڻي ٽيليگراف آفيس جي ٻماڙ عمارت انگريزو جي دور جي ياد تازي ڪري ٿي. ھتي ھخامنشي بادشاھت جي زماني جو سرن سان ٺھيل کوھ بہ موجود آھي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:چابهار شھر]] [[زمرو:ايران ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:بندرگاهه وارا شھر]] [[زمرو:سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبو]] [[زمرو:سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبي ۾ شھر]] kk12yfj6ul86lrhc3v3m5671kqv5dsc 368012 368011 2026-03-28T06:37:38Z Ibne maryam 17680 removed [[Category:بندرگاهه وارا شھر]]; added [[Category:بندرگاهه وارا شهر]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 368012 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Chahbahar | native_name = {{Nastaliq|چابهار}} | settlement_type = شھر | image_skyline = Chabahar coast.jpg | imagesize = | mapsize = | subdivision_type = ملڪ | subdivision_name = {{flag|Iran}} | subdivision_type1 = صوبو | subdivision_type2 = شھرستان | subdivision_name2 = چابھار | subdivision_type3 = ضلعو | subdivision_name3 = مرڪزي | leader_title = | leader_name = | established_title = | established_date = | area_total_km2 = | area_footnotes = | population_as_of = 2016 ع واري آدمشماري | population_total = 106,739 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amar.org.ir/english|title=Statistical Center of Iran > Home|website=www.amar.org.ir}}</ref> | population_est = | population_est_as_of = | population_density_km2 = auto | timezone = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]] | utc_offset = +3:30 | timezone_DST = [[Iran Daylight Time|IRDT]] | utc_offset_DST = +4:30 | coordinates = {{coord|25|17|31|N|60|38|35|E|region:IR|display=inline,title}} | elevation_m = | website = http://chabahar.ir/ | area_code = | footnotes = | subdivision_name1 = [[سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبو]] | native_name_lang = fa | pushpin_map = Iran | pushpin_map_caption = Location within Iran }} '''چابھار''' ([[فارسي ٻولي|'''فارسي''']]: چابهار؛ [[بلوچي ٻولي|'''بلوچي''']]: چھبار؛ [[انگريزي ٻولي|'''انگريزي''']]: <small>Chabahar</small>) [[ايران|'''ايران''']] جي [[سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبو|'''سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبي''']] جو شھر ۽ بندرگاھ آھي. ھي ايران جو سڀ کان آخري ڏاکڻيون شھر آھي ۽ صوبي جو آباديءَ جي لحاظ کان چوٿون وڏو شھر آھي. 2016ع جي انگن اکرن مطابق ھن شھر جي آبادي 106,739 آھي. ھي شھر پاڪستان جي شھر [[گوادر|'''گوادر''']]کان اٽڪل 170 ڪلوميٽر اولھه ۾ موجود آھي. شھر جا اڪثر رھواسي [[بلوچ]] آھن جيڪي [[بلوچي ٻولي]] ڳالھائين ٿا، البت [[فارسي ٻولي]] پڻ ھتي ڳالھائي وڃي ٿي. ايراني سرڪار پاران ھن شھر ۽ بندرگاهه کي مفت واپاري ۽ صنعتي علائقو (Free Trade and Industrial Zone) قرار ڏنو ويو آھي. ھن بندرگاھ تي وڏن سامونڊي جھازن تي سامان چاڙھڻ ۽ لاھڻ جي سھولت موجود آھي انڪري ھي علائقي جو ھڪ اھم بندرگاھ ليکيو وڃي ٿو. ھتان نہ فقط ايران بلڪ '''[[افغانستان]]'''، [[ترڪمانستان|'''ترڪمنستان''']]، '''[[ازبڪستان]]'''، '''[[تاجڪستان]]'''، قرقيزستان ۽ '''[[قزاقستان]]''' ٻاھرين ملڪن سان پنھنجو واپار جاري رکن ٿا. بندرگاھ کان علاوھ چابھار ۾ ڪيترائي دل کي ڇھندڙ تاريخي ۽ قدرتي ماڳ موجود آھن جيڪي ھن شھر جي خوبصورتيءَ ۾ واڌارو آڻين ٿا. == نالي جو مطلب == چابھار اصل ۾ بلوچي لفظ ”چھار بھار“ مان ورتل آھي جنھن جي معنيٰ آھي ”چار بھارون“. يعني ھي اھو علائقو آھي جتي سال جون چارئي موسمون بھار جي موسم وانگر آھن<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/inside-chabahar-the-iranian-port-city-that-borders-pakistan-and-where-alleged-spy-kulbhushan-jadhav-was-based/articleshow/58663212.cms|title=Inside Chabahar, the Iranian port city that borders Pakistan and where alleged spy Kulbhushan Jadhav was based|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2022-02-05}}</ref>،<ref>{{Cite journal|last=اکبری|first=احمد|last2=مرادی|first2=ابراهیم|last3=اکرمی مهاجری|first3=مژگان|date=2017-08-01|title=پایداری تولید پسته در نواحی روستایی شهرستان رفسنجان|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.serd.6.20.1|journal=Space Economy and Rural Development|volume=6|issue=20|pages=1–16|doi=10.18869/acadpub.serd.6.20.1|issn=2322-2131}}</ref>. ھن شھر کي پراڻي زماني ۾ ”بھشتي بندر“ پڻ ڪوٺيو ويندو ھو. == تاريخ == اٽڪل 2500 ق.م ۾ ھاڻوڪي چابھار بندر کان سڏ پنڌ تي طيس (Tis) نالي مھاڻن جو ھڪ ڳوٺ آباد ھو. يوناني تاريخن ۾ انھيءَ ڳوٺ جو نالو طيز (Tiz) لکيو ويو آھي. فارسي ٻوليءَ جي مشھور ليکڪ افضل الدين ڪرمانيءَ 584ھ (1188ع) ۾ طيز کي ايران جو ھڪ بندرگاھ ۽ واپار جو مرڪز ڄاڻايو آھي. نامياري عالم ۽ تاريخ نويس [[البيروني|'''البيروني''']] لکيو آھي تہ (گڏيل) ھندستان جو سامونڊي ڪنارو طيز بندر کان شروع ٿئي ٿو<ref>Sachau, Edward C., ed. (1910) [first published 1888], ''Alberuni's India, Vol. 1'', Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co, p. 208</ref>، ھي ھڪ چڱوخاصو وڏو بندرگاھ ھو جنھن کي منگولن حملو ڪري نيست ۽ نابود ڪري ڇڏيو. طيز بندر جا ڪجهه کنڊر اڄ بہ چابھار شھر جي ويجھو موجود آھن. پورچوگيز پھريان يورپي ھئا جن مڪران جي ساحل تي حملو ڪري چابھار ۽ طيز واري علائقي تي قنضو ڪيو. ھو 1621ع تائين ھتي قابض رھيا. 1970ع ۾ رضا شاھ پھلويءَ جي حڪم سان ھن شھر کي ميونسپالٽيءَ جو درجو ڏنو ويو ۽ ھن بندرگاھ کي ترقي وٺرائي وئي. ھندي وڏي سمنڊ ۾ ايران کي ھڪ وڏي طاقت بنائڻ لاءِ ھتي بحري ۽ ھوائي اڏا قائم ڪيا ويا. آمريڪا جي گڏيل رياستن ۽ ٻين ملڪن جي مدد سان ھن بندرگاھ کي ھڪ جديد بندرگاھ بنائڻ لاءِ ڪئين منصوبا شروع ڪيا ويا<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/950952179|title=Iran and Pakistan : security, diplomacy and American influence|last=Vatanka|first=Alex|date=2017|isbn=978-1-78453-690-9|edition=Paperback edition|location=London|oclc=950952179}}</ref>. 1979ع واري اسلامي انقلاب کان پوءِ ٻاھرين ملڪن جون اڪثر ڪمپنيون ھن بندرگاھ جي ترقياتي رٿائن مان ھٿ ڪڍي ويون، جنھن ڪري مقامي ڪمپنين انھن رٿائن کي پورو ڪرڻ جو ڪم پنھنجي ھٿ ۾ کنيو. ايران ۽ عراق واري جنگ ھن بندرگاھ جي اھميت کي گھڻو وڌائي ڇڏيو. 1980ع واري ڏھاڪي دوران ايراني سرڪار ملڪ جي اوڀر۽ ڏکڻ وارن علائقن کي ترقي وٺرائڻ لاءِ ھن بندرگاھ تي موجود سھوليتن کي بھتر بنائڻ لاءِ اھم قدم کنيا. 1992ع ۾ چابھار کي مفت واپاري ۽ صنعتي علائقو قرار ڏنو ويو انڪري ھتي واپاري سرگرميون وڌي ويون<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://www.hamshahrionline.ir/news/283327/اهمیت-مسیرهای-مواصلاتی-ایران-برای-شبه-قاره-هند-و-اوراسیا|title=اهمیت مسیرهای مواصلاتی ایران برای شبه قاره هند و اوراسیا|date=2015-01-06|website=همشهری آنلاین|language=fa|access-date=2022-02-05}}</ref>. [[file:Chabahar Tiss Great Mosque.jpg|طيس جي جامع مسجد]] == سفري سھولتون == چابھار تائين سولي رسائي حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ايراني سرڪار ھوا، سمنڊ ۽ خشڪيءَ رستي سفري سھوليتون مھيا ڪرڻ لاءِ جوڳا قدم کنيا آھن. ھتان جي ڪنارڪ ھوائي اڏي تان [[تهران|'''تھران''']]، [[زاھدان|'''زاھدان''']]، [[مشھد|'''مشھد''']]، '''[[شيراز]]''' ۽ بندرعباس تائين ھوائي سفر جي سھولت موجود آھي. ھن ھوائي اڏي تان دوھا، [[دبئي|'''دبئي''']] ۽ مسقط طرف بہ ھوائي جھاز اڏامون ڀرين ٿا. چابھار کان بندرعباس، [[ايرانشهر، ايران|'''ايرانشھر''']]، ڪرمان، [[زاھدان|'''زاھدان''']]، [[مشھد]] ۽ ٻين ايراني شھرن طرف روڊ رستي سفر ڪري سگھجي ٿو. ھتان [[افغانستان|'''افغانستان''']] ۽ [[پاڪستان|'''پاڪستان''']] طرف روڊ وسيلي سفر ڪرڻ جي سھوليت بہ موجود آھي. چابھار کان [[زاھدان|'''زاھدان''']] تائين ريل جي پٽڙي وڇائڻ جو ڪم 2020ع ۾ شروع ٿي چڪو آھي. ھيءَ ريلوي پٽڙي مارچ 2022ع تائين مڪمل ٿيڻ جي اميد آھي<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://www.railjournal.com/infrastructure/iran-begins-track-laying-on-chabahar-zahedan-railway/|title=Iran begins track laying on Chabahar - Zahedan railway|date=2020-07-08|website=International Railway Journal|language=en|access-date=2022-02-05}}</ref>. == تاريخي ماڳ == چابھار جي پسگردائيءَ ۾ ڪيترائي تاريخي ماڳ موجود آھن: * جيئن مٿي ڄاڻايو ويو آھي، چابھار کان ٿوري مفاصلي تي طيس يا طيز بندرگاھ موجود ھو. انھيءَ بندرگاھ جا کنڊر اڄ بہ موجود آھن ۽ آثارقديمہ جي ماھرن ۽ سياحن جي دلچسپيءَ جو مرڪز آھن. * ھتان جي شھباز جبل جي چوٽيءَ تي قديم عمارتن ۽ شھري زندگيءَ جا آثار موجود آھن، مقامي ماڻھن جي چوڻ مطابق بادشاھ جڏھن شڪار ڪرڻ لاءِ ھتي ايندا ھئا تہ انھن عمارتن ۾ رھائش اختيار ڪندا ھئا. * طيس واديءَ کان ٿورو اڳتي اتر ۽ اتراوڀر ۾ ھڪ پراڻي آباديءَ جا آثار موجود آھن جنھن جي چوڌاري ھڪ ٿلھي ڀت ڏنل ھئي. * طيس ۾ اسلامي دور جو ھڪ قلعو موجود آھي. سترھين صديءَ ۾ پورچوگيزين ھن قلعي تي قنضو ڪري ان ۾ رھائش اختيار ڪئي ھئي. * طيس واديءَ جي مرڪز ۾ اشڪاني ۽ ساساني دور جو ھڪ قلعو موجود آھي جنھن کي پيروز گيٽ سڏيو وڃي ٿو. ھي قلعو ھڪ ننڍي جبل جي چوٽيءَ تي تعمير ٿيل آھي. * طيس جي واديءَ ۾ بلوڇ گيٽ نالي قلعو بہ سياحن جو ڌيان پاڻ ڏنھن ڇڪائي سگھي ٿو. ھڪ اوچي جبل تي تعمير ٿيل ھن قلعي جو گھڻو حصو ڊھي ويو آھي البت قلعي جي ھڪ ڀت ۽ واچ ٽاور اڃا سلامت آھي. ھن قلعي تي اھرامي شڪل جا ٻہ گنبند موجود آھن جيڪي ڏامر ۽ پٿرن مان جوڙيا ويا آھن. شايد ھي گنبند اوائلي اسلامي دور ۾ تعمير ڪيا ويا ھئا. * ھتان جي باھوڪلات ضلعي ۾ 300 سال پراڻو ھڪ قلعو موجود آھي. اھو قلعو نوشيروان خان گچڪي جوڙايو ھو جيڪو گچ کان لڏي ھتي اچي ويٺو ھو. * شھر جي ھڪ اڀرندي جبل تي باتل قلعي جا آثار ملن ٿا. ھن جبل تي پراڻن سامونڊي جانورن جا پنڊپھڻ (Fossils) ڏسي سگھجن ٿا. جبل جي چوٽيءَ تان پراڻي زماني جا ٺڪر جا ٿانو پڻ مليا آھن. ھتي ھڪ پراڻي کوھ جا آثار بہ موجود آھن. * طيس کان پنج ڪلوميٽر اتر اولھ ۾ جپسم ۽ ڏامر مان ٺھيل ھڪ وڏي ڀت ڏسي سگھجي ٿي. مقامي ماڻھو ٻڌائين ٿا تہ ھن ماڳ وٽ بادشاھ پنھنجا ھاٿي بيھاريندا ھئا ۽ ھاٿين کي ھتي ٽريننگ ڏني ويندي ھئي. ھتي پراڻين عمارتن، ڊيمن ۽ شھري زندگيءَ جا اھڃاڻ مليا آھن. * شھر کان ٿورو پري جناني ڪيچ نالي ھڪ ماڳ آھي جنھن ۾ اٽڪل 200 مقبرا موجود آھن. مقامن جي چوڻ مطابق ھن علائقي ۾ جن رھندا ھئا. * چابھار کان 90 ڪلوميٽرن جي مفاصلي تي دمپ ڪوھ نالي ھڪ تاريخي قنرستان موجود آھي. ھن قبرستان ۾ ڪيترائي مقبرا موجود آھن. اندازو آھي تہ ھتي 4500 کان 5000 تائين ماڻھو دفن ٿيل آھن. * چابھار جي پسگردائيءَ ۾ ٻيا بہ تاريخي قبرستان موجود آھن ۽ ھر قبرستان ۾ مختلف قسمن جا مقبرا موجود آھن. * چابھار ۾ پراڻي ٽيليگراف آفيس جي ٻماڙ عمارت انگريزو جي دور جي ياد تازي ڪري ٿي. ھتي ھخامنشي بادشاھت جي زماني جو سرن سان ٺھيل کوھ بہ موجود آھي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:چابهار شھر]] [[زمرو:ايران ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:بندرگاهه وارا شهر]] [[زمرو:سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبو]] [[زمرو:سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبي ۾ شھر]] d86ub9yz0by1dr88fu2oih77dwyd7ns 368014 368012 2026-03-28T06:38:55Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* حوالا */ 368014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Chahbahar | native_name = {{Nastaliq|چابهار}} | settlement_type = شھر | image_skyline = Chabahar coast.jpg | imagesize = | mapsize = | subdivision_type = ملڪ | subdivision_name = {{flag|Iran}} | subdivision_type1 = صوبو | subdivision_type2 = شھرستان | subdivision_name2 = چابھار | subdivision_type3 = ضلعو | subdivision_name3 = مرڪزي | leader_title = | leader_name = | established_title = | established_date = | area_total_km2 = | area_footnotes = | population_as_of = 2016 ع واري آدمشماري | population_total = 106,739 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amar.org.ir/english|title=Statistical Center of Iran > Home|website=www.amar.org.ir}}</ref> | population_est = | population_est_as_of = | population_density_km2 = auto | timezone = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]] | utc_offset = +3:30 | timezone_DST = [[Iran Daylight Time|IRDT]] | utc_offset_DST = +4:30 | coordinates = {{coord|25|17|31|N|60|38|35|E|region:IR|display=inline,title}} | elevation_m = | website = http://chabahar.ir/ | area_code = | footnotes = | subdivision_name1 = [[سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبو]] | native_name_lang = fa | pushpin_map = Iran | pushpin_map_caption = Location within Iran }} '''چابھار''' ([[فارسي ٻولي|'''فارسي''']]: چابهار؛ [[بلوچي ٻولي|'''بلوچي''']]: چھبار؛ [[انگريزي ٻولي|'''انگريزي''']]: <small>Chabahar</small>) [[ايران|'''ايران''']] جي [[سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبو|'''سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبي''']] جو شھر ۽ بندرگاھ آھي. ھي ايران جو سڀ کان آخري ڏاکڻيون شھر آھي ۽ صوبي جو آباديءَ جي لحاظ کان چوٿون وڏو شھر آھي. 2016ع جي انگن اکرن مطابق ھن شھر جي آبادي 106,739 آھي. ھي شھر پاڪستان جي شھر [[گوادر|'''گوادر''']]کان اٽڪل 170 ڪلوميٽر اولھه ۾ موجود آھي. شھر جا اڪثر رھواسي [[بلوچ]] آھن جيڪي [[بلوچي ٻولي]] ڳالھائين ٿا، البت [[فارسي ٻولي]] پڻ ھتي ڳالھائي وڃي ٿي. ايراني سرڪار پاران ھن شھر ۽ بندرگاهه کي مفت واپاري ۽ صنعتي علائقو (Free Trade and Industrial Zone) قرار ڏنو ويو آھي. ھن بندرگاھ تي وڏن سامونڊي جھازن تي سامان چاڙھڻ ۽ لاھڻ جي سھولت موجود آھي انڪري ھي علائقي جو ھڪ اھم بندرگاھ ليکيو وڃي ٿو. ھتان نہ فقط ايران بلڪ '''[[افغانستان]]'''، [[ترڪمانستان|'''ترڪمنستان''']]، '''[[ازبڪستان]]'''، '''[[تاجڪستان]]'''، قرقيزستان ۽ '''[[قزاقستان]]''' ٻاھرين ملڪن سان پنھنجو واپار جاري رکن ٿا. بندرگاھ کان علاوھ چابھار ۾ ڪيترائي دل کي ڇھندڙ تاريخي ۽ قدرتي ماڳ موجود آھن جيڪي ھن شھر جي خوبصورتيءَ ۾ واڌارو آڻين ٿا. == نالي جو مطلب == چابھار اصل ۾ بلوچي لفظ ”چھار بھار“ مان ورتل آھي جنھن جي معنيٰ آھي ”چار بھارون“. يعني ھي اھو علائقو آھي جتي سال جون چارئي موسمون بھار جي موسم وانگر آھن<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/inside-chabahar-the-iranian-port-city-that-borders-pakistan-and-where-alleged-spy-kulbhushan-jadhav-was-based/articleshow/58663212.cms|title=Inside Chabahar, the Iranian port city that borders Pakistan and where alleged spy Kulbhushan Jadhav was based|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2022-02-05}}</ref>،<ref>{{Cite journal|last=اکبری|first=احمد|last2=مرادی|first2=ابراهیم|last3=اکرمی مهاجری|first3=مژگان|date=2017-08-01|title=پایداری تولید پسته در نواحی روستایی شهرستان رفسنجان|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.serd.6.20.1|journal=Space Economy and Rural Development|volume=6|issue=20|pages=1–16|doi=10.18869/acadpub.serd.6.20.1|issn=2322-2131}}</ref>. ھن شھر کي پراڻي زماني ۾ ”بھشتي بندر“ پڻ ڪوٺيو ويندو ھو. == تاريخ == اٽڪل 2500 ق.م ۾ ھاڻوڪي چابھار بندر کان سڏ پنڌ تي طيس (Tis) نالي مھاڻن جو ھڪ ڳوٺ آباد ھو. يوناني تاريخن ۾ انھيءَ ڳوٺ جو نالو طيز (Tiz) لکيو ويو آھي. فارسي ٻوليءَ جي مشھور ليکڪ افضل الدين ڪرمانيءَ 584ھ (1188ع) ۾ طيز کي ايران جو ھڪ بندرگاھ ۽ واپار جو مرڪز ڄاڻايو آھي. نامياري عالم ۽ تاريخ نويس [[البيروني|'''البيروني''']] لکيو آھي تہ (گڏيل) ھندستان جو سامونڊي ڪنارو طيز بندر کان شروع ٿئي ٿو<ref>Sachau, Edward C., ed. (1910) [first published 1888], ''Alberuni's India, Vol. 1'', Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co, p. 208</ref>، ھي ھڪ چڱوخاصو وڏو بندرگاھ ھو جنھن کي منگولن حملو ڪري نيست ۽ نابود ڪري ڇڏيو. طيز بندر جا ڪجهه کنڊر اڄ بہ چابھار شھر جي ويجھو موجود آھن. پورچوگيز پھريان يورپي ھئا جن مڪران جي ساحل تي حملو ڪري چابھار ۽ طيز واري علائقي تي قنضو ڪيو. ھو 1621ع تائين ھتي قابض رھيا. 1970ع ۾ رضا شاھ پھلويءَ جي حڪم سان ھن شھر کي ميونسپالٽيءَ جو درجو ڏنو ويو ۽ ھن بندرگاھ کي ترقي وٺرائي وئي. ھندي وڏي سمنڊ ۾ ايران کي ھڪ وڏي طاقت بنائڻ لاءِ ھتي بحري ۽ ھوائي اڏا قائم ڪيا ويا. آمريڪا جي گڏيل رياستن ۽ ٻين ملڪن جي مدد سان ھن بندرگاھ کي ھڪ جديد بندرگاھ بنائڻ لاءِ ڪئين منصوبا شروع ڪيا ويا<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/950952179|title=Iran and Pakistan : security, diplomacy and American influence|last=Vatanka|first=Alex|date=2017|isbn=978-1-78453-690-9|edition=Paperback edition|location=London|oclc=950952179}}</ref>. 1979ع واري اسلامي انقلاب کان پوءِ ٻاھرين ملڪن جون اڪثر ڪمپنيون ھن بندرگاھ جي ترقياتي رٿائن مان ھٿ ڪڍي ويون، جنھن ڪري مقامي ڪمپنين انھن رٿائن کي پورو ڪرڻ جو ڪم پنھنجي ھٿ ۾ کنيو. ايران ۽ عراق واري جنگ ھن بندرگاھ جي اھميت کي گھڻو وڌائي ڇڏيو. 1980ع واري ڏھاڪي دوران ايراني سرڪار ملڪ جي اوڀر۽ ڏکڻ وارن علائقن کي ترقي وٺرائڻ لاءِ ھن بندرگاھ تي موجود سھوليتن کي بھتر بنائڻ لاءِ اھم قدم کنيا. 1992ع ۾ چابھار کي مفت واپاري ۽ صنعتي علائقو قرار ڏنو ويو انڪري ھتي واپاري سرگرميون وڌي ويون<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://www.hamshahrionline.ir/news/283327/اهمیت-مسیرهای-مواصلاتی-ایران-برای-شبه-قاره-هند-و-اوراسیا|title=اهمیت مسیرهای مواصلاتی ایران برای شبه قاره هند و اوراسیا|date=2015-01-06|website=همشهری آنلاین|language=fa|access-date=2022-02-05}}</ref>. [[file:Chabahar Tiss Great Mosque.jpg|طيس جي جامع مسجد]] == سفري سھولتون == چابھار تائين سولي رسائي حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ايراني سرڪار ھوا، سمنڊ ۽ خشڪيءَ رستي سفري سھوليتون مھيا ڪرڻ لاءِ جوڳا قدم کنيا آھن. ھتان جي ڪنارڪ ھوائي اڏي تان [[تهران|'''تھران''']]، [[زاھدان|'''زاھدان''']]، [[مشھد|'''مشھد''']]، '''[[شيراز]]''' ۽ بندرعباس تائين ھوائي سفر جي سھولت موجود آھي. ھن ھوائي اڏي تان دوھا، [[دبئي|'''دبئي''']] ۽ مسقط طرف بہ ھوائي جھاز اڏامون ڀرين ٿا. چابھار کان بندرعباس، [[ايرانشهر، ايران|'''ايرانشھر''']]، ڪرمان، [[زاھدان|'''زاھدان''']]، [[مشھد]] ۽ ٻين ايراني شھرن طرف روڊ رستي سفر ڪري سگھجي ٿو. ھتان [[افغانستان|'''افغانستان''']] ۽ [[پاڪستان|'''پاڪستان''']] طرف روڊ وسيلي سفر ڪرڻ جي سھوليت بہ موجود آھي. چابھار کان [[زاھدان|'''زاھدان''']] تائين ريل جي پٽڙي وڇائڻ جو ڪم 2020ع ۾ شروع ٿي چڪو آھي. ھيءَ ريلوي پٽڙي مارچ 2022ع تائين مڪمل ٿيڻ جي اميد آھي<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://www.railjournal.com/infrastructure/iran-begins-track-laying-on-chabahar-zahedan-railway/|title=Iran begins track laying on Chabahar - Zahedan railway|date=2020-07-08|website=International Railway Journal|language=en|access-date=2022-02-05}}</ref>. == تاريخي ماڳ == چابھار جي پسگردائيءَ ۾ ڪيترائي تاريخي ماڳ موجود آھن: * جيئن مٿي ڄاڻايو ويو آھي، چابھار کان ٿوري مفاصلي تي طيس يا طيز بندرگاھ موجود ھو. انھيءَ بندرگاھ جا کنڊر اڄ بہ موجود آھن ۽ آثارقديمہ جي ماھرن ۽ سياحن جي دلچسپيءَ جو مرڪز آھن. * ھتان جي شھباز جبل جي چوٽيءَ تي قديم عمارتن ۽ شھري زندگيءَ جا آثار موجود آھن، مقامي ماڻھن جي چوڻ مطابق بادشاھ جڏھن شڪار ڪرڻ لاءِ ھتي ايندا ھئا تہ انھن عمارتن ۾ رھائش اختيار ڪندا ھئا. * طيس واديءَ کان ٿورو اڳتي اتر ۽ اتراوڀر ۾ ھڪ پراڻي آباديءَ جا آثار موجود آھن جنھن جي چوڌاري ھڪ ٿلھي ڀت ڏنل ھئي. * طيس ۾ اسلامي دور جو ھڪ قلعو موجود آھي. سترھين صديءَ ۾ پورچوگيزين ھن قلعي تي قنضو ڪري ان ۾ رھائش اختيار ڪئي ھئي. * طيس واديءَ جي مرڪز ۾ اشڪاني ۽ ساساني دور جو ھڪ قلعو موجود آھي جنھن کي پيروز گيٽ سڏيو وڃي ٿو. ھي قلعو ھڪ ننڍي جبل جي چوٽيءَ تي تعمير ٿيل آھي. * طيس جي واديءَ ۾ بلوڇ گيٽ نالي قلعو بہ سياحن جو ڌيان پاڻ ڏنھن ڇڪائي سگھي ٿو. ھڪ اوچي جبل تي تعمير ٿيل ھن قلعي جو گھڻو حصو ڊھي ويو آھي البت قلعي جي ھڪ ڀت ۽ واچ ٽاور اڃا سلامت آھي. ھن قلعي تي اھرامي شڪل جا ٻہ گنبند موجود آھن جيڪي ڏامر ۽ پٿرن مان جوڙيا ويا آھن. شايد ھي گنبند اوائلي اسلامي دور ۾ تعمير ڪيا ويا ھئا. * ھتان جي باھوڪلات ضلعي ۾ 300 سال پراڻو ھڪ قلعو موجود آھي. اھو قلعو نوشيروان خان گچڪي جوڙايو ھو جيڪو گچ کان لڏي ھتي اچي ويٺو ھو. * شھر جي ھڪ اڀرندي جبل تي باتل قلعي جا آثار ملن ٿا. ھن جبل تي پراڻن سامونڊي جانورن جا پنڊپھڻ (Fossils) ڏسي سگھجن ٿا. جبل جي چوٽيءَ تان پراڻي زماني جا ٺڪر جا ٿانو پڻ مليا آھن. ھتي ھڪ پراڻي کوھ جا آثار بہ موجود آھن. * طيس کان پنج ڪلوميٽر اتر اولھ ۾ جپسم ۽ ڏامر مان ٺھيل ھڪ وڏي ڀت ڏسي سگھجي ٿي. مقامي ماڻھو ٻڌائين ٿا تہ ھن ماڳ وٽ بادشاھ پنھنجا ھاٿي بيھاريندا ھئا ۽ ھاٿين کي ھتي ٽريننگ ڏني ويندي ھئي. ھتي پراڻين عمارتن، ڊيمن ۽ شھري زندگيءَ جا اھڃاڻ مليا آھن. * شھر کان ٿورو پري جناني ڪيچ نالي ھڪ ماڳ آھي جنھن ۾ اٽڪل 200 مقبرا موجود آھن. مقامن جي چوڻ مطابق ھن علائقي ۾ جن رھندا ھئا. * چابھار کان 90 ڪلوميٽرن جي مفاصلي تي دمپ ڪوھ نالي ھڪ تاريخي قنرستان موجود آھي. ھن قبرستان ۾ ڪيترائي مقبرا موجود آھن. اندازو آھي تہ ھتي 4500 کان 5000 تائين ماڻھو دفن ٿيل آھن. * چابھار جي پسگردائيءَ ۾ ٻيا بہ تاريخي قبرستان موجود آھن ۽ ھر قبرستان ۾ مختلف قسمن جا مقبرا موجود آھن. * چابھار ۾ پراڻي ٽيليگراف آفيس جي ٻماڙ عمارت انگريزو جي دور جي ياد تازي ڪري ٿي. ھتي ھخامنشي بادشاھت جي زماني جو سرن سان ٺھيل کوھ بہ موجود آھي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:چابهار شھر]] [[زمرو:ايران ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:بندرگاهه وارا شهر]] [[زمرو:سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبو]] [[زمرو:سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبي ۾ شھر]] sho5awz0ju6e6sbs6sc1nmvpe9bret2 جھرم 0 71522 368039 326664 2026-03-28T07:25:01Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* حوالا */ 368039 wikitext text/x-wiki {{بهترين مضمون|مارچ 2022}} {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Jahrom | native_name = جهرم | nickname = ئي ڇٽي، دارالمونين، کٽي سون جو شھر، ناريلن ۽ نارنگين جي سرزمين | settlement_type = سٽي | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a ={{!}}Sangtarashan cave | photo2a = Charsouq-stitched (cut 2).png{{!}}Jahrom bazaar | photo2b = Madreseh Khan cut.jpg{{!}}Khan Mosque | photo3a = Qadamgah Jahrom.jpg{{!}}Qadamgah | photo4a = Jahrom City 1.jpg{{!}}Skyline of Jahrom | spacing = 2 | size = 260 | foot_montage = مٿان کان ھيٺ: سنگ تراشان غار، جھرم بازار، خان مسجد، باھ جو مندر (قدمگاھ) ۽ جھرم شھر }} | pushpin_map = Iran | mapsize = 150px | subdivision_type = ملڪ | subdivision_name = {{flag|Iran}} | subdivision_type1 = صوبو | subdivision_name1 = [[فارس]] | subdivision_type2 = شھرستان | subdivision_name2 = جھرم | subdivision_type3 = ضلعو | subdivision_name3 = مرڪزي | leader_title = | leader_name = | established_title = | established_date = | area_total_km2 = 30 | area_rank = 2nd | area_footnotes = | population_as_of = 2016 Census | population_urban = 141,634 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amar.org.ir/english|title = Statistical Center of Iran > Home}}</ref> | population_metro = 228,532<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amar.org.ir/english|title = Statistical Center of Iran > Home}}</ref> | population_blank1_title = Population rank | population_blank1 = 3rd | population_est = | population_est_as_of = | population_density_km2 = 4,754 | timezone = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]] | utc_offset = +3:30 | timezone_DST = [[Iran Daylight Time|IRDT]] | utc_offset_DST = +4:30 | coordinates = {{coord|28|30|00|N|53|33|38|E|region:IR|display=inline,title}} | elevation_m = 1050 | website = {{URL|jahrom.ir}} | area_code = | footnotes = }} '''جُھرَ۾''' ([[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]: Jahrom) [[ايران|'''ايران''']] جي صوبي [[فارس صوبو|'''فارس''']] جو آباديءَ جي لحاظ کان ٽيون وڏو شھر آھي. 2016ع جي انگن اکرن موجب ھن شھر جي آبادي 141،634 آھي<ref>"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)" (Excel). Islamic Republic of Iran.</ref>. جھرم ھڪ تاريخي شھر آھي. ھي شھر [[اڪئمنيڊ|'''ھخامنشي سلطنت''']] جي پنجين بادشاھ اخشايارشا اول (Artaxerxes I) قائم ڪيو ھو. ھي بادشاھ 465 ق.۾ کان 424 ق.۾ تائين تخت نشين رھيو. فردوسيءَ پنھنجي ڪتاب ۾ ڪئين ڀيرا ھن شھر جو ذڪر ڪيو آھي. ھن شھر ۾ ڪيترائي پراڻا يادگار ۽ ڏسڻ جھڙيون جايون موجود آھن جن ۾ سنگ تراشان غار، جامع مسجد، جھرم مسجد ۽ [[زرتشت]] مذھب جي پوئلڳن جو مندر شامل آھن. جھرم جو شھر فارس جي گاديءَ جي ھنڌ [[شيراز|'''شيراز''']] کان اٽڪل 170 ڪلوميٽر ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ آباد آھي. شھر جي موسم گرم ۽ نيم ريگستاني آھي ۽ سال ۾ سراسري طور تي 285 ملي ميٽر مينھن وسي ٿو. شھر جو سراسري گرميءَ جو درجو 20<sup>0</sup>C (68<sup>0</sup>F) آھي. ھن شھر جي سامونڊي مٿاڇري کان سراسري اوچائي 1050 ميٽر آھي. شھر جا اڪثر رھواسي شيعا آھن ۽ پارسي قوم سان واسطو رکن ٿا. ھتي ڪيترائي اعليٰ تعليم حاصل ڪرڻ جا ادارا، ميڊيڪل سينٽر، ٻہ اسپيشل زون، ھڪ خشڪ بندر (Dry Port)، ھڪ پيٽروڪيميڪل پلانٽ، ھوائي اڏو ۽ ٻيا اھم ادارا قائم آھن. ھتان جي اھم زرعي پيداوار ۾ کجور ۽ کٽا ميوا شامل آھن. دنيا جي 1.2 سيڪڙو کجور جي پيداوار ۽ 6 سيڪڙو کٽن ميون جي پيداوار ھن شھر مان ملي ٿي<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://www.irna.ir/news/80543857/مركبات-جهرم-دردانه-جهاني-در-تنگناست|title=مركبات جهرم ، دردانه جهاني ، در تنگناست|last=10|date=2013-02-14|website=ایرنا|language=fa|access-date=2022-02-08}}</ref>،<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://www.mehrnews.com/news/3864142/جنگل-نخل-فارس-در-حال-نابودی-است-تیشه-به-ریشه-نخلستان-جهرم|title=«جنگل‌نخل» فارس در حال نابودی است/ تیشه به ریشه نخلستان جهرم|date=2016-12-31|website=خبرگزاری مهر {{!}} اخبار ایران و جهان {{!}} Mehr News Agency|language=fa|access-date=2022-02-08}}</ref>. == نالو == جھرم لفظ جي معنيٰ ڇا آھي ان بابت ٽي رايا آھن. مشھور فارسي ڪتاب کارنامهٔ اردشیر بابکان ۾ ھن شھر جو نالو ”زرھم“ لکيو ويو آھي. شايد زرھم لفظ جي معنيٰ آھي ”سائو علائقو“. مشھور تاريخ نويس سيد احمد حڪم آبادي تبريزيءَ جي خيال ۾ ھن لفظ جي معنيٰ آھي ”گرم جاءِ“<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.29171/azu_acku_ds272_p873_khay42_1376|title=آریاییها و مادها ( سری تاریخ ایران باستان – مجموعه اول و دوم ) / .مولف اردشیر خدادادیان|date=1997|publisher=Afghanistan Centre at Kabul University}}</ref>. ڪجهه ٻين ماھرن جي راِءِ ۾ ھن لفظ جي معنيٰ آھي ”ھڪ اوچو قلعو جنھن کي ڪير بہ فتح نہ ڪري سگھي“. انھن ٽنھي مان ڪھڙي معنيٰ حقيقت تي مبني آھي ان تي وڌيڪ کوجنا جي ضرورت آھي. ھن شھر ۽ آسپاس واري علائقي ۾ ناريل جا وڻ جام ٿين ٿا. انھن وڻن جون ٽاريون ھڪ ڇٽيءَ وانگر جھڪيل ھونديون آھن ان ڪري ماڻھو ھن شھر کي ڪوڏاڻي طور ”سائي ڇٽي“ بہ سڏين ٿا. شھر ۾ مومن مسلمانن جي اڪثريت آھي انڪري ھي شھر ”دارالمونين“ طور پڻ سڃاتو وڃي ٿو. ھتي ليمن جا باغ جام آھن ان ڪري شھر کي ”کٽي سون جو شھر“ بہ ڪوٺيو وڃي ٿو. ھن شھر جي اسپاس وارن علائقن کي ”نارنگين ۽ ناريلن جي سرزمين“ بہ سڏيو وڃي ٿو<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://www.farsnews.ir/amp/13910725001135|title=خبرگزاری فارس {{!}} جهرم باید دارالمومنین باقی بماند|website=www.farsnews.ir|access-date=2022-02-08}}</ref>. == تاريخ == ھي شھر اڄ کان 2500 سال پھرين اھخامشي بادشاھت واري دور ۾ وجود ۾ آيو. ھن شھر جو بنياد اھخامشي سلطنت جي پنجين بادشاھ اخشايارشا اول (Artaxerxes I) رکيو. ساساني دور جو ھڪ مشھور يادگار ” قدم گاھ“ اڄ بہ شھرجي ڏاکڻئين حصي ۾ موجود آھي جيڪو ساسانين جي آخري دور ۾ تعمير ڪيو ويو ھو. اھو اصل ۾ [[زرتشتي مذھب|زرتشت مذھب]] وارن جي عبادت گاھ جو يادگار آھي. جھرم ساساني دور جي مشھور موسيقار باربد جي ڄمڻ جو ھنڌ آھي. ھو ساساني بادشاھ پرويز خسرو (خسرو ثاني) جي درٻار جو مشھور موسيقار ھو. مسلمانن ھي شھر 641 يا 644ع ڌاري ھڪ خونخوار جنگ کان پوءِ فتح ڪيو. شھر جي ٻاھران ”شھيدن جي ماٿري“ اڄ بہ موجود آھي جتي اھا جنگ لڙي وئي ھئي. آل بويہ گھراڻي جي بادشاھت ۾ ھتان ٽيڪس جي اڳاڙي ڪري قومي خزاني ۾ جمع ڪرائي ويندي ھئي. صفوي ۽ اوائلي زند بادشاھت واري زماني ۾ شھر ۽ ان جي آسپاس تمام گھڻا وڻ خاص طور تي ناريل جا وڻ پوکيا ويا. قجار گھراڻي جي بادشاھت واري زماني ۾ ھتي ڪيتريون ئي عمارتون، مسافرخانا ۽ بازارون تعمير ڪرايون ويون. 1887ع ۾ ھي شھر [[شيراز]] ۽ بوشھر کان پوءِ فارس جو آباديءَ جي لحاظ کان وڏو ۽ خوشحال شھر ھو. ان زماني ۾ ھي شھر [[قم]] ۽ ڪاشان شھر کان بہ وڏو ھو<ref>"Jahrom، Islamic World Encyclopedia </ref>. 1890ع ۾ فارس جي فرمانروا نصيرالدين شاھ انگريزن کي ھن شھر ۾ تماڪ جي پوکيءَ ۽ ان جي وڪري جي اجازت ڏني. ھتان جي باشعور عوام انھيءَ قدم جي سخت مخالفت ڪئي ۽ زوردار مظاھرا ڪيا. انھيءَ قدم خلاف ھتان جي علامہ آيت اللّٰہ مرزا حسن شيرازيءَ فتويٰ جاري ڪئي. نيٺ حڪومت کي مجبور ٿي اھو حڪم واپس وٺڻو پيو. ھن شھر جي عوام 1979ع واري اسلامي انقلاب ۾ بہ ڀرپور حصو ورتو ۽ ھي ايران جي انھن يارھن شھرن مان ھڪ ھو جتي رضا شاھ پھلويءَ انقلاب کان پھرين مارشل لا لاڳو ڪئي. ھڪ سپاھيءَ ھن شھر جي گورنر کي 6 آڪٽوبر 1978ع تي قتل ڪري ڇڏيو. اھو رضا شاھ پھلويءَ جو جنم ڏينھن ھو. ھن شھر جي 1200 ماڻھن ايران عراق جنگ دوران شھادت جو جام نوش ڪيو<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://home.mehromah.ir/fun/touring-iran/4010-Urban-arranged-in-the-East-Empire-of-Ardashir.html|title=جهرم شهری در شرق امپراطوری اردشیر بابکان|website=مهروماه|language=fa-IR|access-date=2022-02-08}}</ref>. == جاگرافي == ھي شھر فارس صوبي جي ڏکڻ ۾ آباد آھي ۽ جھرم شھرستان (County) جي گاديءَ جو ھنڌ آھي. ھي شھر سامونڊي مٿاڇري کان 1050 ميٽر اوچائيءَ تي قائم آھي. شھر جي اولھ ۾ 40 ڪلوميٽرن جي پنڌ تي سلمان فارسي ڊيم ٺاھيو ويو آھي. جھرم جي موسم گرم ۽ نيم ريگستاني آھي. ھتي سال ۾ سراسري طور 250 ملي ميٽر مينھن وسي ٿو. شھر جو سراسري گرميءَ جو درجو 20<sup>0</sup>C (68<sup>0</sup>F) آھي. اونھاري ۾ ھتي وڌ ۾ وڌ گرميءَ جو درجو 45<sup>0</sup>C (113<sup>0</sup>F) ٿي سگھي ٿو جڏھن تہ سياري ۾ گھٽ ۾ گھٽ گرميءَ جو درجو 5<sup>0</sup>C (23<sup>0</sup>F)- تائين ڪري سگھي ٿو. {{Weather box |width=auto |location = Jahrom |metric first=yes |single line=yes |Jan record high C = 27.8 |Feb record high C = 26.4 |Mar record high C = 33.0 |Apr record high C = 35.0 |May record high C = 41.4 |Jun record high C = 45.0 |Jul record high C = 45.4 |Aug record high C = 45.2 |Sep record high C = 43.6 |Oct record high C = 38.6 |Nov record high C = 34.2 |Dec record high C = 27.4 |year record high C = 45.4 |Jan high C = 16.5 |Feb high C = 17.2 |Mar high C = 21.2 |Apr high C = 25.8 |May high C = 33.0 |Jun high C = 38.4 |Jul high C = 40.5 |Aug high C = 39.7 |Sep high C = 37.5 |Oct high C = 33.1 |Nov high C = 26.3 |Dec high C = 19.5 |year high C = 29.1 |Jan mean C = 9.5 |Feb mean C = 10.2 |Mar mean C = 13.7 |Apr mean C = 17.9 |May mean C = 24.1 |Jun mean C = 28.6 |Jul mean C = 31.6 |Aug mean C = 31.1 |Sep mean C = 28.3 |Oct mean C = 23.4 |Nov mean C = 17.4 |Dec mean C = 11.9 |year mean C = 20.7 |Jan low C = 2.4 |Feb low C = 3.2 |Mar low C = 6.3 |Apr low C = 10.1 |May low C = 15.2 |Jun low C = 18.8 |Jul low C = 22.8 |Aug low C = 22.6 |Sep low C = 19.1 |Oct low C = 13.7 |Nov low C = 8.4 |Dec low C = 4.4 |year low C = 2.4 |Jan record low C = -5.2 |Feb record low C = -5.0 |Mar record low C = -2.0 |Apr record low C = -2.2 |May record low C = 5.5 |Jun record low C = 10.0 |Jul record low C = 14.0 |Aug record low C = 15.0 |Sep record low C = 10.0 |Oct record low C = 6.0 |Nov record low C = -2.0 |Dec record low C = -3.8 |year record low C = -5.2 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 67.2 |Feb precipitation mm = 64.7 |Mar precipitation mm = 41.4 |Apr precipitation mm = 28.8 |May precipitation mm = 5.1 |Jun precipitation mm = 0.3 |Jul precipitation mm = 0.6 |Aug precipitation mm = 3.5 |Sep precipitation mm = 0.9 |Oct precipitation mm = 0.9 |Nov precipitation mm = 11.0 |Dec precipitation mm = 60.3 |year precipitation mm = 284.7 |unit precipitation days = 1.0&nbsp;mm |Jan precipitation days = 5 |Feb precipitation days = 5 |Mar precipitation days = 4 |Apr precipitation days = 4 |May precipitation days = 1 |Jun precipitation days = 0 |Jul precipitation days = 0 |Aug precipitation days = 1 |Sep precipitation days = 0 |Oct precipitation days = 0 |Nov precipitation days = 2 |Dec precipitation days = 4 |year precipitation days = 27 |Jan humidity = 64 |Feb humidity = 62 |Mar humidity = 57 |Apr humidity = 51 |May humidity = 40 |Jun humidity = 31 |Jul humidity = 30 |Aug humidity = 32 |Sep humidity = 34 |Oct humidity = 37 |Nov humidity = 48 |Dec humidity = 60 |year humidity = 46 |Jan sun = 212.6 |Feb sun = 223.9 |Mar sun = 239.1 |Apr sun = 263.5 |May sun = 310.8 |Jun sun = 349.1 |Jul sun = 334.7 |Aug sun = 323.5 |Sep sun = 325.2 |Oct sun = 297.5 |Nov sun = 253.0 |Dec sun = 214.2 |year sun = 3347.0 |source=Fars province Meteorological Organization<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.farsmet.ir/DM/Files/files/jahrom.pdf |title=Jahrom |website=Fars province Meteorological Organization |access-date=2020-04-08 }}</ref> |accessdate=}} [[File:JAHROM Population Change-ENG.jpg|thumb|left|280px|جھرم ۾ آباديءَ جي تبديلي]] 2016ع جي انگن اکرن مطابق ھن شھر جي آبادي 141،634 آھي. شھر جي آباديءَ جي گھاٽائي 4754 في چورس ڪلوميٽر ۽ آباديءَ ۾ واڌ جو تناسب 11.38 سيڪڙو آھي. شھر جا اڪثر رھواسي پارسي قوم سان واسطو رکن ٿا جيڪي فارسي ٻولي ڳالھائين ٿا جڏھن تہ بصري ۽ عرب قومن جا ڪجهه بدوي قبيلا بہ ھتي آباد آھن. ھتان جا اڪثر رھواسي شيعا مسلمان آھن جڏھن تہ سني مسلمان بہ ٿوري تعداد ۾ ھتي آباد آھن. == معيشيت == جھرم ايران جو ھڪ وڏو زرعي مرڪز آھي. ھن شھر ۽ آسپاس جي علائقن ۾ 350،000 ناريل جا وڻ ۽ 3.5 ملين کٽن ميون جا وڻ آھن. دنيا جي 1.2 سيڪڙو کجور جي پياداوار ۽ 6 سيڪڙو کٽن ميون جي پيداوار ھن شھر مان ٿئي ٿي. ليمن جي پيداوار ۾ بہ ھي شھر ايران جو ھڪ اھم مرڪز آھي. شھر ۾ ٻين بہ ڪيترين ئي شين جا ڪارخانا آھن. ھتان جي کجور بہ ڪافي مشھور آھي. ھتان جا ٺھيل غاليچا، ڪپڙي مان ٺھيل جوتا، ڌاتوئن تي چٽسالي ٿيل کاڌي پيتي جا ٿانو، سامان کڻڻ جون ٽوڪريون، ميون جو رس ۽ مٺايون وغيرھ سڄي ملڪ ۾ مشھور آھن. == تعليم == ھن شھر ۾ ھيٺيان مکيہ تعليمي ادارا موجود آھن: * جھرم يونيورسٽي * جھرم يونيورسٽي آف ميڊيڪل سائنسز * اسلامي آزاد يونيورسٽي، جھرم شاخ * پيام نور يونيورسٽي آف جھرم * يونيورسٽي آف اپلائڊ سائنسز اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:فارس صوبو]] [[زمرو:ايران ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:فارس صوبي جا شهر]] mvhlu0zs6hb2t73tkctrspz64lmqde1 يونين ڪاؤنسل حمل چڪ آباد 0 71536 367875 235824 2026-03-27T19:20:06Z Sojhrokhan 10412 367875 wikitext text/x-wiki يونين ڪاؤنسل حمل چڪ آباد [[وارھ تعلقو]] [[قمبر شھدادڪوٽ ضلعو]] [[سنڌ]] ۾ واقع آهي ھي يونين ڪاؤنسل 9 ديھن تي مشتمل آهي جنهن ۾ # [[چڪ آباد]] # [[سانھاري]] # [[ٺيٺ]] # [[چڪ فريدآباد 1]] # [[چڪ فريدآباد 2]] # [[چڪ بشارت]] # [[بشارت ڪاڇڙي]] # [[حمل ڪاڇڙي]] # [[مرزاپور جاگير]] شامل آهن 66hqicevalyiyvqud0dl1mlphnlu4l7 بندر عباس 0 71565 368074 326489 2026-03-28T10:56:12Z Ibne maryam 17680 368074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Bandar Abbas | native_name_lang = fa | native_name = بندرعباس | other_name = {{lang|fa|گمبرون}} {{transl|fa|Gombroon}} | settlement_type = شھر | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a =Bandarabbas-sahel-2.jpg {{!}} | photo2a = Mabad-Hendooha.jpg{{!}} | photo2b =BandarAbbas بندرعباس - panoramio.jpg{{!}} |photo3a = IA University. Bandar Abbas - panoramio.jpg | photo3b = امامزاده سید مظفر - panoramio.jpg | spacing = 2 | size = 266 | foot_montage = }} | image_caption = | image_seal = Bandar Abbas government logo.svg | nickname = کيکڙي جو بندرگاھ | motto = | image_map = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Iran | pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|27|11|N|56|16|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ملڪ | subdivision_name = {{flag|Iran}} | subdivision_type1 = صوبو | subdivision_name1 = ھرمزگان | subdivision_type2 = شھرستان | subdivision_name2 = بندر عباس | subdivision_type3 = ضلعو | subdivision_name3 = مرڪزي | established_title = بنياد پيو | established_date = 600 ق.م کان اڳ | government_type = ميونسپالٽي | leader_title = | leader_name = | unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use<ref> </ref> tags--> | elevation_m = 9 | elevation_ft = 30 | population_footnotes = | population_urban = | population_metro = | population_as_of = | population_est = | population_est_as_of = | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_note = | timezone = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]] | utc_offset = +3:30 | timezone_DST = [[Iran Daylight Time|IRDT]] | utc_offset_DST = +4:30 | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 79177 | area_code = (+98) 076 | website = {{URL|http://bandarabbas.ir/}} }}<!-- Infobox ends --> '''بندر عباس''' ([[انگريزي]]: <small>Bander</small> <small>Abbas</small>) [[ايران]] جو ھڪ مشھور شھر ۽ وڏي ۾ وڏو بندرگاھ جيڪو [[هرمزگان صوبو|ھرمزگان صوبي]] جي گاديءَ جو ھنڌ آھي. ھي شھر [[فارس جي نار]] (Persian Gulf) ۾ [[هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه|ھرمز ساموندي گذرگاهه]] جي ڪناري تي آباد آھي. ھتي ايراني نيوي جو سڀ کان اھم اڏو قائم آھي. ھي شھر بندر عباس شھرستان جي گاديءَ جو ھنڌ ۽ وڏي ۾ وڏو شھر آھي. 2016ع جي انگن اکرن مطابق ھن شھر جي آبادي 5,26,648 ھئي. <ref>"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived </ref> ھي شھر [[تهران|تھران]] کان 1287 ڪلوميٽر، [[تبريز]] کان 1800 ڪلوميٽر، [[شيراز]] کان 577 ڪلوميٽر ۽ ڪرمان کان 477 ڪلوميٽر جي مفاصلي تي آباد آهي. <ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=http://www.iribnews.ir/fa/news/2295676|title=هرمزگان مقصد گردشگری در جنوب کشور|last=سیما|first=IRIB NEWS AGENCY ، خبرگزاری صدا و|date=۱۳۹۷/۰۹/۱۵ - ۱۷:۱۱|website=fa|language=fa|access-date=2022-02-28}}</ref> [[صفوي سلطنت|صفوي گھراڻي]] جي بادشاھه شاھه عباس اول جي نالي پٺيان ھن شھر کي بندر عباس سڏيو ويو.<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://iranicaonline.org/|title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica|last=Foundation|first=Encyclopaedia Iranica|website=iranicaonline.org|language=en-US|access-date=2022-02-28}}</ref> ھي شھر ۽ بندرگاھ فوجي ۽ اقتصادي طور تي ايران جو ھڪ اھم مرڪز آھي. ھن ئي بندرگاهه کان سمنڊ [[زرتشتي مذھب]] جا ڪيترائي پارسي ھندستان طرف ھجرت ڪيا جن جا پونئر اڄ سوڌو [[ھندستان]] جي شھر [[ممبئي]] ۽ [[پاڪستان]] جي شھر [[ڪراچي|ڪراچيءَ]] ۾ آباد آھن. 1990ع واري ڏھاڪي کان وٺي ھاڻي تائين ايران ۾ اٽڪل 75 سيڪڙو پرڏيھي سامان جي رسد ھن بندرگاھه جي ذريعي ٿئي ٿي. ھتان جي مکيہ صنعتن ۾ [[ڪپڙو]]، [[ماھيگيري]]، تيل، [[ايليومينيم|اليومينيم]] ۽ [[اسٽيل]] شامل آهن. <ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://www.iranchamber.com/cities/bandar_abbas/bandar_abbas.php|title=Iran Chamber Society: Iranian Cities: Bandar Abbas|website=www.iranchamber.com|access-date=2022-03-01}}</ref> == تاريخ == ھن شھر جي تاريخ جو پراڻي ۾ پراڻو رڪارڊ [[اڪئمنيڊ|اھخامنشي سلطنت]] جي مشھور بادشاھ دارا اعظم (Darius the Great) جي دور (522 کان 486 قبل مسيح) کان ملي ٿو. ھن بادشاھ جي سپھ سالار سيلاڪوس (Silacus) بندر عباس کان ھندستان ۽ ڳاڙھي سمنڊ جو سفر ڪيو ھو. [[سڪندر اعظم]] جڏھن فارس تي چڙھائي ڪئي انھن ڏينھن ۾ ھن شھر کي ھرمرزاد (Hormirzad) سڏيو ويندو ھو. ھن شھر کي ھڪ ڊگھي عرصي تائين گمبرون پڻ سڏيو ويندو ھو. 1514ع ۾ ھن شھر تي پورچوگيزين قبضو ڪري ورتو<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bandar-e-Abbas|title=Bandar-e ʿAbbās, Iran, Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|language=en|access-date=2022-03-01}}</ref>. ھي شھر پورچوگيزين لاءِ واپار جو ھڪ وڏو مرڪز رھيو. ھنن ھن شھر جي چوڌاري ڀت ڏياري ۽ ھن شھر کي گمرو (Gamrou) يا گمرون (Gameroon) سڏيندا ھئا. 1622ع ۾ شاھ عباس اول انگريزن ۽ ايراني سپھ سالار امام قلي خان جي مدد سان ھي شھر فتح ڪيو ۽ پورچوگيزين کي ھتان تڙي ڪڍيو. شاھ عباس اول جي ھن عظيم الشان فتح کي مان ڏيندي ھن شھر جو نالو بندر عباس رکيو ويو. تاريخي دستاويزن مان پروڙ پوي ٿي تہ ھي شھر پورچوگيزين جي اچڻ کان اڳ بہ ھڪ بندرگاھ جي حيثيت سان موجود ھو. شاھ عباس جي فتح کان ستت پوءِ ھتي ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيا ڪمپنيءَ جو بنياد رکيو ويو. 1654ع کان 1765ع تائين ايراني مصالحن ۽ ريشمي ڪپڙي جي ڪاروبار تي ھن ڪمپنيءَ جو غلبو رھيو. 1794ع کان 1868ع تائين ھڪ معاھدي تحت ھي شھر فارس جي حڪومت عماني سلطنت جي حوالي ڪيو. 1854ع ۾ ھن شھر کي ٻيھر ايران ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. 1902ع ۾ ھتي ھڪ زبردست زلزلو آيو جنھن ۾ ھتان جي گورنر ھائوس ۽ ڪسٽم آفيس سميت ڪيتريون ئي عمارتون ڊھي پٽ ٿي ويون ۽ ھتان کان سڏپنڌ تي موجود قشم ٻيٽ تي وڏي تباھي آئي<ref>Latest intelligence – Earthquake shocks on the Persian Gulf". ''The Times''. No. 36824. 19 July 1902. p. 7</ref>. محمد رضا شاھ پھلويءَ ھن شھر جي فوجي ۽ واپاري اھميت کي نظر ۾ رکندي ھتي ڪيترائي ترقياتي ڪم ڪرايا. == جاگرافي == بندرعباس شھر ھڪ سنئين سڌي ميداني علائقي ۾ قائم آھي ۽ ھن جي سامونڊي مٿاڇري کان سراسري اوچائي 9 ميٽر (30 فوٽ) آھي. ھي ھرمزگان صوبي جي ڏکڻ ۾ واقع آھي. ھن جي اتر ۾ جابلو علائقو آھي ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ سمنڊ آھي. قشم شھر ھتان کان ويجھي ۾ ويجھو شھر آھي جيڪو 28 ڪلوميٽرن جي پنڌ تي قشم ٻيٽ تي قائم آھي. == آبھوا == ھتي جي آبھوا گرم ريگستاني آھي. اونھاري ۾ گرميءَ جو درجو 49<sup>0</sup>C (120<sup>0</sup>F) تائين پھچي سگھي ٿو جڏھن تہ سياري ۾ 5<sup>0</sup>C (41<sup>0</sup>F) تائين ڪري سگھي ٿو. سال ۾ سراسري طور تي 170 ملي ميٽر (6.7 انچ) مينھن وسي ٿو. سراسري طور تي گھم جو تناسب 65 سيڪڙو آھي. == آمدورفت == ھوائي سفر لاءِ ھتي بندرعباس بين القوامي ھوائي اڏو موجود آھي. روڊ ذريعي ھتان سيرجان، [[شيراز]]، [[زاھدان]] ۽ ٻين شھرن طرف سفر ڪري سگھجي ٿو. 1993ع کان بندرعباس اسلامي جمھوريہ ايران ريلوي جي ڏکڻ ۾ آخري اسٽيشن آھي. ھتان يزد، قم، [[تهران|تھران]] ۽ قزون طرف ريل جو سفر ڪري سگھجي ٿو. ھن شھر کان ڀرپاسي وارن ٻيٽن تي ٻيڙين ذريعي سفر ڪرڻ جي سھوليت موجود آھي. == ماڻھو، مذھب ۽ ٻولي == ھتان جا اڪثر رھواسي شيعا ۽ سني مسلمان آھن. ھتي جا ماڻھو فارسي ٻولي ڳالھائين ٿا پر سندن ڳالھائڻ جو لھجو ايران جي ٻين علائقن کان ٿورو مختلف آھي. جيئن تہ ھن بندرگاھ تي مختلف قومن ۽ ملڪن جا ماڻھو واپار سانگي اچن ٿا انڪري ھن شھر جي فارسي ٻوليءَ ۾ ڪيترين ئي ٻين ٻولين جا لفظ شامل ٿي ويا آھن. ھتان جي فارسي ٻوليءَ کي بندري ٻولي سڏيو وڃي ٿو. == اعليٰ تعليم == بندرعباس شھر ۾ ھيٺيون يونيورسٽيون قائم آھن: * بندر عباس يونيورسٽي آف ميڊيڪل سائنسز * يونيورسٽي آف ھرمزگان * اسلامڪ آزاد يونيورسٽي آف بندرعباس * پيام نور يونيورسٽي آف بندرعباس * امير ڪبير يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪنالاجي، بندرعباس برانچ * يونيورسٽي آف اپلائڊ سائنسز اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي، بندرعباس برانچ ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:ايران ۾ شهر]] ijs1r4ka473jdzlmno9y4iidmmttcbq 368076 368074 2026-03-28T10:56:45Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:ايران جا شهر]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 368076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Bandar Abbas | native_name_lang = fa | native_name = بندرعباس | other_name = {{lang|fa|گمبرون}} {{transl|fa|Gombroon}} | settlement_type = شھر | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a =Bandarabbas-sahel-2.jpg {{!}} | photo2a = Mabad-Hendooha.jpg{{!}} | photo2b =BandarAbbas بندرعباس - panoramio.jpg{{!}} |photo3a = IA University. Bandar Abbas - panoramio.jpg | photo3b = امامزاده سید مظفر - panoramio.jpg | spacing = 2 | size = 266 | foot_montage = }} | image_caption = | image_seal = Bandar Abbas government logo.svg | nickname = کيکڙي جو بندرگاھ | motto = | image_map = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Iran | pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|27|11|N|56|16|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ملڪ | subdivision_name = {{flag|Iran}} | subdivision_type1 = صوبو | subdivision_name1 = ھرمزگان | subdivision_type2 = شھرستان | subdivision_name2 = بندر عباس | subdivision_type3 = ضلعو | subdivision_name3 = مرڪزي | established_title = بنياد پيو | established_date = 600 ق.م کان اڳ | government_type = ميونسپالٽي | leader_title = | leader_name = | unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use<ref> </ref> tags--> | elevation_m = 9 | elevation_ft = 30 | population_footnotes = | population_urban = | population_metro = | population_as_of = | population_est = | population_est_as_of = | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_note = | timezone = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]] | utc_offset = +3:30 | timezone_DST = [[Iran Daylight Time|IRDT]] | utc_offset_DST = +4:30 | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 79177 | area_code = (+98) 076 | website = {{URL|http://bandarabbas.ir/}} }}<!-- Infobox ends --> '''بندر عباس''' ([[انگريزي]]: <small>Bander</small> <small>Abbas</small>) [[ايران]] جو ھڪ مشھور شھر ۽ وڏي ۾ وڏو بندرگاھ جيڪو [[هرمزگان صوبو|ھرمزگان صوبي]] جي گاديءَ جو ھنڌ آھي. ھي شھر [[فارس جي نار]] (Persian Gulf) ۾ [[هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه|ھرمز ساموندي گذرگاهه]] جي ڪناري تي آباد آھي. ھتي ايراني نيوي جو سڀ کان اھم اڏو قائم آھي. ھي شھر بندر عباس شھرستان جي گاديءَ جو ھنڌ ۽ وڏي ۾ وڏو شھر آھي. 2016ع جي انگن اکرن مطابق ھن شھر جي آبادي 5,26,648 ھئي. <ref>"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived </ref> ھي شھر [[تهران|تھران]] کان 1287 ڪلوميٽر، [[تبريز]] کان 1800 ڪلوميٽر، [[شيراز]] کان 577 ڪلوميٽر ۽ ڪرمان کان 477 ڪلوميٽر جي مفاصلي تي آباد آهي. <ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=http://www.iribnews.ir/fa/news/2295676|title=هرمزگان مقصد گردشگری در جنوب کشور|last=سیما|first=IRIB NEWS AGENCY ، خبرگزاری صدا و|date=۱۳۹۷/۰۹/۱۵ - ۱۷:۱۱|website=fa|language=fa|access-date=2022-02-28}}</ref> [[صفوي سلطنت|صفوي گھراڻي]] جي بادشاھه شاھه عباس اول جي نالي پٺيان ھن شھر کي بندر عباس سڏيو ويو.<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://iranicaonline.org/|title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica|last=Foundation|first=Encyclopaedia Iranica|website=iranicaonline.org|language=en-US|access-date=2022-02-28}}</ref> ھي شھر ۽ بندرگاھ فوجي ۽ اقتصادي طور تي ايران جو ھڪ اھم مرڪز آھي. ھن ئي بندرگاهه کان سمنڊ [[زرتشتي مذھب]] جا ڪيترائي پارسي ھندستان طرف ھجرت ڪيا جن جا پونئر اڄ سوڌو [[ھندستان]] جي شھر [[ممبئي]] ۽ [[پاڪستان]] جي شھر [[ڪراچي|ڪراچيءَ]] ۾ آباد آھن. 1990ع واري ڏھاڪي کان وٺي ھاڻي تائين ايران ۾ اٽڪل 75 سيڪڙو پرڏيھي سامان جي رسد ھن بندرگاھه جي ذريعي ٿئي ٿي. ھتان جي مکيہ صنعتن ۾ [[ڪپڙو]]، [[ماھيگيري]]، تيل، [[ايليومينيم|اليومينيم]] ۽ [[اسٽيل]] شامل آهن. <ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://www.iranchamber.com/cities/bandar_abbas/bandar_abbas.php|title=Iran Chamber Society: Iranian Cities: Bandar Abbas|website=www.iranchamber.com|access-date=2022-03-01}}</ref> == تاريخ == ھن شھر جي تاريخ جو پراڻي ۾ پراڻو رڪارڊ [[اڪئمنيڊ|اھخامنشي سلطنت]] جي مشھور بادشاھ دارا اعظم (Darius the Great) جي دور (522 کان 486 قبل مسيح) کان ملي ٿو. ھن بادشاھ جي سپھ سالار سيلاڪوس (Silacus) بندر عباس کان ھندستان ۽ ڳاڙھي سمنڊ جو سفر ڪيو ھو. [[سڪندر اعظم]] جڏھن فارس تي چڙھائي ڪئي انھن ڏينھن ۾ ھن شھر کي ھرمرزاد (Hormirzad) سڏيو ويندو ھو. ھن شھر کي ھڪ ڊگھي عرصي تائين گمبرون پڻ سڏيو ويندو ھو. 1514ع ۾ ھن شھر تي پورچوگيزين قبضو ڪري ورتو<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bandar-e-Abbas|title=Bandar-e ʿAbbās, Iran, Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|language=en|access-date=2022-03-01}}</ref>. ھي شھر پورچوگيزين لاءِ واپار جو ھڪ وڏو مرڪز رھيو. ھنن ھن شھر جي چوڌاري ڀت ڏياري ۽ ھن شھر کي گمرو (Gamrou) يا گمرون (Gameroon) سڏيندا ھئا. 1622ع ۾ شاھ عباس اول انگريزن ۽ ايراني سپھ سالار امام قلي خان جي مدد سان ھي شھر فتح ڪيو ۽ پورچوگيزين کي ھتان تڙي ڪڍيو. شاھ عباس اول جي ھن عظيم الشان فتح کي مان ڏيندي ھن شھر جو نالو بندر عباس رکيو ويو. تاريخي دستاويزن مان پروڙ پوي ٿي تہ ھي شھر پورچوگيزين جي اچڻ کان اڳ بہ ھڪ بندرگاھ جي حيثيت سان موجود ھو. شاھ عباس جي فتح کان ستت پوءِ ھتي ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيا ڪمپنيءَ جو بنياد رکيو ويو. 1654ع کان 1765ع تائين ايراني مصالحن ۽ ريشمي ڪپڙي جي ڪاروبار تي ھن ڪمپنيءَ جو غلبو رھيو. 1794ع کان 1868ع تائين ھڪ معاھدي تحت ھي شھر فارس جي حڪومت عماني سلطنت جي حوالي ڪيو. 1854ع ۾ ھن شھر کي ٻيھر ايران ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. 1902ع ۾ ھتي ھڪ زبردست زلزلو آيو جنھن ۾ ھتان جي گورنر ھائوس ۽ ڪسٽم آفيس سميت ڪيتريون ئي عمارتون ڊھي پٽ ٿي ويون ۽ ھتان کان سڏپنڌ تي موجود قشم ٻيٽ تي وڏي تباھي آئي<ref>Latest intelligence – Earthquake shocks on the Persian Gulf". ''The Times''. No. 36824. 19 July 1902. p. 7</ref>. محمد رضا شاھ پھلويءَ ھن شھر جي فوجي ۽ واپاري اھميت کي نظر ۾ رکندي ھتي ڪيترائي ترقياتي ڪم ڪرايا. == جاگرافي == بندرعباس شھر ھڪ سنئين سڌي ميداني علائقي ۾ قائم آھي ۽ ھن جي سامونڊي مٿاڇري کان سراسري اوچائي 9 ميٽر (30 فوٽ) آھي. ھي ھرمزگان صوبي جي ڏکڻ ۾ واقع آھي. ھن جي اتر ۾ جابلو علائقو آھي ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ سمنڊ آھي. قشم شھر ھتان کان ويجھي ۾ ويجھو شھر آھي جيڪو 28 ڪلوميٽرن جي پنڌ تي قشم ٻيٽ تي قائم آھي. == آبھوا == ھتي جي آبھوا گرم ريگستاني آھي. اونھاري ۾ گرميءَ جو درجو 49<sup>0</sup>C (120<sup>0</sup>F) تائين پھچي سگھي ٿو جڏھن تہ سياري ۾ 5<sup>0</sup>C (41<sup>0</sup>F) تائين ڪري سگھي ٿو. سال ۾ سراسري طور تي 170 ملي ميٽر (6.7 انچ) مينھن وسي ٿو. سراسري طور تي گھم جو تناسب 65 سيڪڙو آھي. == آمدورفت == ھوائي سفر لاءِ ھتي بندرعباس بين القوامي ھوائي اڏو موجود آھي. روڊ ذريعي ھتان سيرجان، [[شيراز]]، [[زاھدان]] ۽ ٻين شھرن طرف سفر ڪري سگھجي ٿو. 1993ع کان بندرعباس اسلامي جمھوريہ ايران ريلوي جي ڏکڻ ۾ آخري اسٽيشن آھي. ھتان يزد، قم، [[تهران|تھران]] ۽ قزون طرف ريل جو سفر ڪري سگھجي ٿو. ھن شھر کان ڀرپاسي وارن ٻيٽن تي ٻيڙين ذريعي سفر ڪرڻ جي سھوليت موجود آھي. == ماڻھو، مذھب ۽ ٻولي == ھتان جا اڪثر رھواسي شيعا ۽ سني مسلمان آھن. ھتي جا ماڻھو فارسي ٻولي ڳالھائين ٿا پر سندن ڳالھائڻ جو لھجو ايران جي ٻين علائقن کان ٿورو مختلف آھي. جيئن تہ ھن بندرگاھ تي مختلف قومن ۽ ملڪن جا ماڻھو واپار سانگي اچن ٿا انڪري ھن شھر جي فارسي ٻوليءَ ۾ ڪيترين ئي ٻين ٻولين جا لفظ شامل ٿي ويا آھن. ھتان جي فارسي ٻوليءَ کي بندري ٻولي سڏيو وڃي ٿو. == اعليٰ تعليم == بندرعباس شھر ۾ ھيٺيون يونيورسٽيون قائم آھن: * بندر عباس يونيورسٽي آف ميڊيڪل سائنسز * يونيورسٽي آف ھرمزگان * اسلامڪ آزاد يونيورسٽي آف بندرعباس * پيام نور يونيورسٽي آف بندرعباس * امير ڪبير يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪنالاجي، بندرعباس برانچ * يونيورسٽي آف اپلائڊ سائنسز اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي، بندرعباس برانچ ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:ايران ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:ايران جا شهر]] 6eg69s86ve8cis7zfakl9onmd717nsj 368077 368076 2026-03-28T10:57:10Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:هرمزگان صوبو]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 368077 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Bandar Abbas | native_name_lang = fa | native_name = بندرعباس | other_name = {{lang|fa|گمبرون}} {{transl|fa|Gombroon}} | settlement_type = شھر | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a =Bandarabbas-sahel-2.jpg {{!}} | photo2a = Mabad-Hendooha.jpg{{!}} | photo2b =BandarAbbas بندرعباس - panoramio.jpg{{!}} |photo3a = IA University. Bandar Abbas - panoramio.jpg | photo3b = امامزاده سید مظفر - panoramio.jpg | spacing = 2 | size = 266 | foot_montage = }} | image_caption = | image_seal = Bandar Abbas government logo.svg | nickname = کيکڙي جو بندرگاھ | motto = | image_map = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Iran | pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|27|11|N|56|16|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ملڪ | subdivision_name = {{flag|Iran}} | subdivision_type1 = صوبو | subdivision_name1 = ھرمزگان | subdivision_type2 = شھرستان | subdivision_name2 = بندر عباس | subdivision_type3 = ضلعو | subdivision_name3 = مرڪزي | established_title = بنياد پيو | established_date = 600 ق.م کان اڳ | government_type = ميونسپالٽي | leader_title = | leader_name = | unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use<ref> </ref> tags--> | elevation_m = 9 | elevation_ft = 30 | population_footnotes = | population_urban = | population_metro = | population_as_of = | population_est = | population_est_as_of = | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_note = | timezone = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]] | utc_offset = +3:30 | timezone_DST = [[Iran Daylight Time|IRDT]] | utc_offset_DST = +4:30 | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 79177 | area_code = (+98) 076 | website = {{URL|http://bandarabbas.ir/}} }}<!-- Infobox ends --> '''بندر عباس''' ([[انگريزي]]: <small>Bander</small> <small>Abbas</small>) [[ايران]] جو ھڪ مشھور شھر ۽ وڏي ۾ وڏو بندرگاھ جيڪو [[هرمزگان صوبو|ھرمزگان صوبي]] جي گاديءَ جو ھنڌ آھي. ھي شھر [[فارس جي نار]] (Persian Gulf) ۾ [[هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه|ھرمز ساموندي گذرگاهه]] جي ڪناري تي آباد آھي. ھتي ايراني نيوي جو سڀ کان اھم اڏو قائم آھي. ھي شھر بندر عباس شھرستان جي گاديءَ جو ھنڌ ۽ وڏي ۾ وڏو شھر آھي. 2016ع جي انگن اکرن مطابق ھن شھر جي آبادي 5,26,648 ھئي. <ref>"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived </ref> ھي شھر [[تهران|تھران]] کان 1287 ڪلوميٽر، [[تبريز]] کان 1800 ڪلوميٽر، [[شيراز]] کان 577 ڪلوميٽر ۽ ڪرمان کان 477 ڪلوميٽر جي مفاصلي تي آباد آهي. <ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=http://www.iribnews.ir/fa/news/2295676|title=هرمزگان مقصد گردشگری در جنوب کشور|last=سیما|first=IRIB NEWS AGENCY ، خبرگزاری صدا و|date=۱۳۹۷/۰۹/۱۵ - ۱۷:۱۱|website=fa|language=fa|access-date=2022-02-28}}</ref> [[صفوي سلطنت|صفوي گھراڻي]] جي بادشاھه شاھه عباس اول جي نالي پٺيان ھن شھر کي بندر عباس سڏيو ويو.<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://iranicaonline.org/|title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica|last=Foundation|first=Encyclopaedia Iranica|website=iranicaonline.org|language=en-US|access-date=2022-02-28}}</ref> ھي شھر ۽ بندرگاھ فوجي ۽ اقتصادي طور تي ايران جو ھڪ اھم مرڪز آھي. ھن ئي بندرگاهه کان سمنڊ [[زرتشتي مذھب]] جا ڪيترائي پارسي ھندستان طرف ھجرت ڪيا جن جا پونئر اڄ سوڌو [[ھندستان]] جي شھر [[ممبئي]] ۽ [[پاڪستان]] جي شھر [[ڪراچي|ڪراچيءَ]] ۾ آباد آھن. 1990ع واري ڏھاڪي کان وٺي ھاڻي تائين ايران ۾ اٽڪل 75 سيڪڙو پرڏيھي سامان جي رسد ھن بندرگاھه جي ذريعي ٿئي ٿي. ھتان جي مکيہ صنعتن ۾ [[ڪپڙو]]، [[ماھيگيري]]، تيل، [[ايليومينيم|اليومينيم]] ۽ [[اسٽيل]] شامل آهن. <ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://www.iranchamber.com/cities/bandar_abbas/bandar_abbas.php|title=Iran Chamber Society: Iranian Cities: Bandar Abbas|website=www.iranchamber.com|access-date=2022-03-01}}</ref> == تاريخ == ھن شھر جي تاريخ جو پراڻي ۾ پراڻو رڪارڊ [[اڪئمنيڊ|اھخامنشي سلطنت]] جي مشھور بادشاھ دارا اعظم (Darius the Great) جي دور (522 کان 486 قبل مسيح) کان ملي ٿو. ھن بادشاھ جي سپھ سالار سيلاڪوس (Silacus) بندر عباس کان ھندستان ۽ ڳاڙھي سمنڊ جو سفر ڪيو ھو. [[سڪندر اعظم]] جڏھن فارس تي چڙھائي ڪئي انھن ڏينھن ۾ ھن شھر کي ھرمرزاد (Hormirzad) سڏيو ويندو ھو. ھن شھر کي ھڪ ڊگھي عرصي تائين گمبرون پڻ سڏيو ويندو ھو. 1514ع ۾ ھن شھر تي پورچوگيزين قبضو ڪري ورتو<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bandar-e-Abbas|title=Bandar-e ʿAbbās, Iran, Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|language=en|access-date=2022-03-01}}</ref>. ھي شھر پورچوگيزين لاءِ واپار جو ھڪ وڏو مرڪز رھيو. ھنن ھن شھر جي چوڌاري ڀت ڏياري ۽ ھن شھر کي گمرو (Gamrou) يا گمرون (Gameroon) سڏيندا ھئا. 1622ع ۾ شاھ عباس اول انگريزن ۽ ايراني سپھ سالار امام قلي خان جي مدد سان ھي شھر فتح ڪيو ۽ پورچوگيزين کي ھتان تڙي ڪڍيو. شاھ عباس اول جي ھن عظيم الشان فتح کي مان ڏيندي ھن شھر جو نالو بندر عباس رکيو ويو. تاريخي دستاويزن مان پروڙ پوي ٿي تہ ھي شھر پورچوگيزين جي اچڻ کان اڳ بہ ھڪ بندرگاھ جي حيثيت سان موجود ھو. شاھ عباس جي فتح کان ستت پوءِ ھتي ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيا ڪمپنيءَ جو بنياد رکيو ويو. 1654ع کان 1765ع تائين ايراني مصالحن ۽ ريشمي ڪپڙي جي ڪاروبار تي ھن ڪمپنيءَ جو غلبو رھيو. 1794ع کان 1868ع تائين ھڪ معاھدي تحت ھي شھر فارس جي حڪومت عماني سلطنت جي حوالي ڪيو. 1854ع ۾ ھن شھر کي ٻيھر ايران ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. 1902ع ۾ ھتي ھڪ زبردست زلزلو آيو جنھن ۾ ھتان جي گورنر ھائوس ۽ ڪسٽم آفيس سميت ڪيتريون ئي عمارتون ڊھي پٽ ٿي ويون ۽ ھتان کان سڏپنڌ تي موجود قشم ٻيٽ تي وڏي تباھي آئي<ref>Latest intelligence – Earthquake shocks on the Persian Gulf". ''The Times''. No. 36824. 19 July 1902. p. 7</ref>. محمد رضا شاھ پھلويءَ ھن شھر جي فوجي ۽ واپاري اھميت کي نظر ۾ رکندي ھتي ڪيترائي ترقياتي ڪم ڪرايا. == جاگرافي == بندرعباس شھر ھڪ سنئين سڌي ميداني علائقي ۾ قائم آھي ۽ ھن جي سامونڊي مٿاڇري کان سراسري اوچائي 9 ميٽر (30 فوٽ) آھي. ھي ھرمزگان صوبي جي ڏکڻ ۾ واقع آھي. ھن جي اتر ۾ جابلو علائقو آھي ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ سمنڊ آھي. قشم شھر ھتان کان ويجھي ۾ ويجھو شھر آھي جيڪو 28 ڪلوميٽرن جي پنڌ تي قشم ٻيٽ تي قائم آھي. == آبھوا == ھتي جي آبھوا گرم ريگستاني آھي. اونھاري ۾ گرميءَ جو درجو 49<sup>0</sup>C (120<sup>0</sup>F) تائين پھچي سگھي ٿو جڏھن تہ سياري ۾ 5<sup>0</sup>C (41<sup>0</sup>F) تائين ڪري سگھي ٿو. سال ۾ سراسري طور تي 170 ملي ميٽر (6.7 انچ) مينھن وسي ٿو. سراسري طور تي گھم جو تناسب 65 سيڪڙو آھي. == آمدورفت == ھوائي سفر لاءِ ھتي بندرعباس بين القوامي ھوائي اڏو موجود آھي. روڊ ذريعي ھتان سيرجان، [[شيراز]]، [[زاھدان]] ۽ ٻين شھرن طرف سفر ڪري سگھجي ٿو. 1993ع کان بندرعباس اسلامي جمھوريہ ايران ريلوي جي ڏکڻ ۾ آخري اسٽيشن آھي. ھتان يزد، قم، [[تهران|تھران]] ۽ قزون طرف ريل جو سفر ڪري سگھجي ٿو. ھن شھر کان ڀرپاسي وارن ٻيٽن تي ٻيڙين ذريعي سفر ڪرڻ جي سھوليت موجود آھي. == ماڻھو، مذھب ۽ ٻولي == ھتان جا اڪثر رھواسي شيعا ۽ سني مسلمان آھن. ھتي جا ماڻھو فارسي ٻولي ڳالھائين ٿا پر سندن ڳالھائڻ جو لھجو ايران جي ٻين علائقن کان ٿورو مختلف آھي. جيئن تہ ھن بندرگاھ تي مختلف قومن ۽ ملڪن جا ماڻھو واپار سانگي اچن ٿا انڪري ھن شھر جي فارسي ٻوليءَ ۾ ڪيترين ئي ٻين ٻولين جا لفظ شامل ٿي ويا آھن. ھتان جي فارسي ٻوليءَ کي بندري ٻولي سڏيو وڃي ٿو. == اعليٰ تعليم == بندرعباس شھر ۾ ھيٺيون يونيورسٽيون قائم آھن: * بندر عباس يونيورسٽي آف ميڊيڪل سائنسز * يونيورسٽي آف ھرمزگان * اسلامڪ آزاد يونيورسٽي آف بندرعباس * پيام نور يونيورسٽي آف بندرعباس * امير ڪبير يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪنالاجي، بندرعباس برانچ * يونيورسٽي آف اپلائڊ سائنسز اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي، بندرعباس برانچ ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:ايران ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:ايران جا شهر]] [[زمرو:هرمزگان صوبو]] 6jxbmwlq2pyw0z4f3wioa8w2s7mqy3g 368078 368077 2026-03-28T10:57:50Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:ايران ۾ صوبائي راڄڌانيون]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 368078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Bandar Abbas | native_name_lang = fa | native_name = بندرعباس | other_name = {{lang|fa|گمبرون}} {{transl|fa|Gombroon}} | settlement_type = شھر | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a =Bandarabbas-sahel-2.jpg {{!}} | photo2a = Mabad-Hendooha.jpg{{!}} | photo2b =BandarAbbas بندرعباس - panoramio.jpg{{!}} |photo3a = IA University. Bandar Abbas - panoramio.jpg | photo3b = امامزاده سید مظفر - panoramio.jpg | spacing = 2 | size = 266 | foot_montage = }} | image_caption = | image_seal = Bandar Abbas government logo.svg | nickname = کيکڙي جو بندرگاھ | motto = | image_map = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Iran | pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|27|11|N|56|16|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ملڪ | subdivision_name = {{flag|Iran}} | subdivision_type1 = صوبو | subdivision_name1 = ھرمزگان | subdivision_type2 = شھرستان | subdivision_name2 = بندر عباس | subdivision_type3 = ضلعو | subdivision_name3 = مرڪزي | established_title = بنياد پيو | established_date = 600 ق.م کان اڳ | government_type = ميونسپالٽي | leader_title = | leader_name = | unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use<ref> </ref> tags--> | elevation_m = 9 | elevation_ft = 30 | population_footnotes = | population_urban = | population_metro = | population_as_of = | population_est = | population_est_as_of = | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_note = | timezone = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]] | utc_offset = +3:30 | timezone_DST = [[Iran Daylight Time|IRDT]] | utc_offset_DST = +4:30 | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 79177 | area_code = (+98) 076 | website = {{URL|http://bandarabbas.ir/}} }}<!-- Infobox ends --> '''بندر عباس''' ([[انگريزي]]: <small>Bander</small> <small>Abbas</small>) [[ايران]] جو ھڪ مشھور شھر ۽ وڏي ۾ وڏو بندرگاھ جيڪو [[هرمزگان صوبو|ھرمزگان صوبي]] جي گاديءَ جو ھنڌ آھي. ھي شھر [[فارس جي نار]] (Persian Gulf) ۾ [[هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه|ھرمز ساموندي گذرگاهه]] جي ڪناري تي آباد آھي. ھتي ايراني نيوي جو سڀ کان اھم اڏو قائم آھي. ھي شھر بندر عباس شھرستان جي گاديءَ جو ھنڌ ۽ وڏي ۾ وڏو شھر آھي. 2016ع جي انگن اکرن مطابق ھن شھر جي آبادي 5,26,648 ھئي. <ref>"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived </ref> ھي شھر [[تهران|تھران]] کان 1287 ڪلوميٽر، [[تبريز]] کان 1800 ڪلوميٽر، [[شيراز]] کان 577 ڪلوميٽر ۽ ڪرمان کان 477 ڪلوميٽر جي مفاصلي تي آباد آهي. <ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=http://www.iribnews.ir/fa/news/2295676|title=هرمزگان مقصد گردشگری در جنوب کشور|last=سیما|first=IRIB NEWS AGENCY ، خبرگزاری صدا و|date=۱۳۹۷/۰۹/۱۵ - ۱۷:۱۱|website=fa|language=fa|access-date=2022-02-28}}</ref> [[صفوي سلطنت|صفوي گھراڻي]] جي بادشاھه شاھه عباس اول جي نالي پٺيان ھن شھر کي بندر عباس سڏيو ويو.<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://iranicaonline.org/|title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica|last=Foundation|first=Encyclopaedia Iranica|website=iranicaonline.org|language=en-US|access-date=2022-02-28}}</ref> ھي شھر ۽ بندرگاھ فوجي ۽ اقتصادي طور تي ايران جو ھڪ اھم مرڪز آھي. ھن ئي بندرگاهه کان سمنڊ [[زرتشتي مذھب]] جا ڪيترائي پارسي ھندستان طرف ھجرت ڪيا جن جا پونئر اڄ سوڌو [[ھندستان]] جي شھر [[ممبئي]] ۽ [[پاڪستان]] جي شھر [[ڪراچي|ڪراچيءَ]] ۾ آباد آھن. 1990ع واري ڏھاڪي کان وٺي ھاڻي تائين ايران ۾ اٽڪل 75 سيڪڙو پرڏيھي سامان جي رسد ھن بندرگاھه جي ذريعي ٿئي ٿي. ھتان جي مکيہ صنعتن ۾ [[ڪپڙو]]، [[ماھيگيري]]، تيل، [[ايليومينيم|اليومينيم]] ۽ [[اسٽيل]] شامل آهن. <ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://www.iranchamber.com/cities/bandar_abbas/bandar_abbas.php|title=Iran Chamber Society: Iranian Cities: Bandar Abbas|website=www.iranchamber.com|access-date=2022-03-01}}</ref> == تاريخ == ھن شھر جي تاريخ جو پراڻي ۾ پراڻو رڪارڊ [[اڪئمنيڊ|اھخامنشي سلطنت]] جي مشھور بادشاھ دارا اعظم (Darius the Great) جي دور (522 کان 486 قبل مسيح) کان ملي ٿو. ھن بادشاھ جي سپھ سالار سيلاڪوس (Silacus) بندر عباس کان ھندستان ۽ ڳاڙھي سمنڊ جو سفر ڪيو ھو. [[سڪندر اعظم]] جڏھن فارس تي چڙھائي ڪئي انھن ڏينھن ۾ ھن شھر کي ھرمرزاد (Hormirzad) سڏيو ويندو ھو. ھن شھر کي ھڪ ڊگھي عرصي تائين گمبرون پڻ سڏيو ويندو ھو. 1514ع ۾ ھن شھر تي پورچوگيزين قبضو ڪري ورتو<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bandar-e-Abbas|title=Bandar-e ʿAbbās, Iran, Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|language=en|access-date=2022-03-01}}</ref>. ھي شھر پورچوگيزين لاءِ واپار جو ھڪ وڏو مرڪز رھيو. ھنن ھن شھر جي چوڌاري ڀت ڏياري ۽ ھن شھر کي گمرو (Gamrou) يا گمرون (Gameroon) سڏيندا ھئا. 1622ع ۾ شاھ عباس اول انگريزن ۽ ايراني سپھ سالار امام قلي خان جي مدد سان ھي شھر فتح ڪيو ۽ پورچوگيزين کي ھتان تڙي ڪڍيو. شاھ عباس اول جي ھن عظيم الشان فتح کي مان ڏيندي ھن شھر جو نالو بندر عباس رکيو ويو. تاريخي دستاويزن مان پروڙ پوي ٿي تہ ھي شھر پورچوگيزين جي اچڻ کان اڳ بہ ھڪ بندرگاھ جي حيثيت سان موجود ھو. شاھ عباس جي فتح کان ستت پوءِ ھتي ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيا ڪمپنيءَ جو بنياد رکيو ويو. 1654ع کان 1765ع تائين ايراني مصالحن ۽ ريشمي ڪپڙي جي ڪاروبار تي ھن ڪمپنيءَ جو غلبو رھيو. 1794ع کان 1868ع تائين ھڪ معاھدي تحت ھي شھر فارس جي حڪومت عماني سلطنت جي حوالي ڪيو. 1854ع ۾ ھن شھر کي ٻيھر ايران ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. 1902ع ۾ ھتي ھڪ زبردست زلزلو آيو جنھن ۾ ھتان جي گورنر ھائوس ۽ ڪسٽم آفيس سميت ڪيتريون ئي عمارتون ڊھي پٽ ٿي ويون ۽ ھتان کان سڏپنڌ تي موجود قشم ٻيٽ تي وڏي تباھي آئي<ref>Latest intelligence – Earthquake shocks on the Persian Gulf". ''The Times''. No. 36824. 19 July 1902. p. 7</ref>. محمد رضا شاھ پھلويءَ ھن شھر جي فوجي ۽ واپاري اھميت کي نظر ۾ رکندي ھتي ڪيترائي ترقياتي ڪم ڪرايا. == جاگرافي == بندرعباس شھر ھڪ سنئين سڌي ميداني علائقي ۾ قائم آھي ۽ ھن جي سامونڊي مٿاڇري کان سراسري اوچائي 9 ميٽر (30 فوٽ) آھي. ھي ھرمزگان صوبي جي ڏکڻ ۾ واقع آھي. ھن جي اتر ۾ جابلو علائقو آھي ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ سمنڊ آھي. قشم شھر ھتان کان ويجھي ۾ ويجھو شھر آھي جيڪو 28 ڪلوميٽرن جي پنڌ تي قشم ٻيٽ تي قائم آھي. == آبھوا == ھتي جي آبھوا گرم ريگستاني آھي. اونھاري ۾ گرميءَ جو درجو 49<sup>0</sup>C (120<sup>0</sup>F) تائين پھچي سگھي ٿو جڏھن تہ سياري ۾ 5<sup>0</sup>C (41<sup>0</sup>F) تائين ڪري سگھي ٿو. سال ۾ سراسري طور تي 170 ملي ميٽر (6.7 انچ) مينھن وسي ٿو. سراسري طور تي گھم جو تناسب 65 سيڪڙو آھي. == آمدورفت == ھوائي سفر لاءِ ھتي بندرعباس بين القوامي ھوائي اڏو موجود آھي. روڊ ذريعي ھتان سيرجان، [[شيراز]]، [[زاھدان]] ۽ ٻين شھرن طرف سفر ڪري سگھجي ٿو. 1993ع کان بندرعباس اسلامي جمھوريہ ايران ريلوي جي ڏکڻ ۾ آخري اسٽيشن آھي. ھتان يزد، قم، [[تهران|تھران]] ۽ قزون طرف ريل جو سفر ڪري سگھجي ٿو. ھن شھر کان ڀرپاسي وارن ٻيٽن تي ٻيڙين ذريعي سفر ڪرڻ جي سھوليت موجود آھي. == ماڻھو، مذھب ۽ ٻولي == ھتان جا اڪثر رھواسي شيعا ۽ سني مسلمان آھن. ھتي جا ماڻھو فارسي ٻولي ڳالھائين ٿا پر سندن ڳالھائڻ جو لھجو ايران جي ٻين علائقن کان ٿورو مختلف آھي. جيئن تہ ھن بندرگاھ تي مختلف قومن ۽ ملڪن جا ماڻھو واپار سانگي اچن ٿا انڪري ھن شھر جي فارسي ٻوليءَ ۾ ڪيترين ئي ٻين ٻولين جا لفظ شامل ٿي ويا آھن. ھتان جي فارسي ٻوليءَ کي بندري ٻولي سڏيو وڃي ٿو. == اعليٰ تعليم == بندرعباس شھر ۾ ھيٺيون يونيورسٽيون قائم آھن: * بندر عباس يونيورسٽي آف ميڊيڪل سائنسز * يونيورسٽي آف ھرمزگان * اسلامڪ آزاد يونيورسٽي آف بندرعباس * پيام نور يونيورسٽي آف بندرعباس * امير ڪبير يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪنالاجي، بندرعباس برانچ * يونيورسٽي آف اپلائڊ سائنسز اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي، بندرعباس برانچ ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:ايران ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:ايران جا شهر]] [[زمرو:هرمزگان صوبو]] [[زمرو:ايران ۾ صوبائي راڄڌانيون]] dq8jmjdnyjdskesu6iez4i9d8dlnrsi 368079 368078 2026-03-28T10:59:02Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* حوالا */ 368079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Bandar Abbas | native_name_lang = fa | native_name = بندرعباس | other_name = {{lang|fa|گمبرون}} {{transl|fa|Gombroon}} | settlement_type = شھر | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a =Bandarabbas-sahel-2.jpg {{!}} | photo2a = Mabad-Hendooha.jpg{{!}} | photo2b =BandarAbbas بندرعباس - panoramio.jpg{{!}} |photo3a = IA University. Bandar Abbas - panoramio.jpg | photo3b = امامزاده سید مظفر - panoramio.jpg | spacing = 2 | size = 266 | foot_montage = }} | image_caption = | image_seal = Bandar Abbas government logo.svg | nickname = کيکڙي جو بندرگاھ | motto = | image_map = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Iran | pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|27|11|N|56|16|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ملڪ | subdivision_name = {{flag|Iran}} | subdivision_type1 = صوبو | subdivision_name1 = ھرمزگان | subdivision_type2 = شھرستان | subdivision_name2 = بندر عباس | subdivision_type3 = ضلعو | subdivision_name3 = مرڪزي | established_title = بنياد پيو | established_date = 600 ق.م کان اڳ | government_type = ميونسپالٽي | leader_title = | leader_name = | unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use<ref> </ref> tags--> | elevation_m = 9 | elevation_ft = 30 | population_footnotes = | population_urban = | population_metro = | population_as_of = | population_est = | population_est_as_of = | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_note = | timezone = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]] | utc_offset = +3:30 | timezone_DST = [[Iran Daylight Time|IRDT]] | utc_offset_DST = +4:30 | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 79177 | area_code = (+98) 076 | website = {{URL|http://bandarabbas.ir/}} }}<!-- Infobox ends --> '''بندر عباس''' ([[انگريزي]]: <small>Bander</small> <small>Abbas</small>) [[ايران]] جو ھڪ مشھور شھر ۽ وڏي ۾ وڏو بندرگاھ جيڪو [[هرمزگان صوبو|ھرمزگان صوبي]] جي گاديءَ جو ھنڌ آھي. ھي شھر [[فارس جي نار]] (Persian Gulf) ۾ [[هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه|ھرمز ساموندي گذرگاهه]] جي ڪناري تي آباد آھي. ھتي ايراني نيوي جو سڀ کان اھم اڏو قائم آھي. ھي شھر بندر عباس شھرستان جي گاديءَ جو ھنڌ ۽ وڏي ۾ وڏو شھر آھي. 2016ع جي انگن اکرن مطابق ھن شھر جي آبادي 5,26,648 ھئي. <ref>"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived </ref> ھي شھر [[تهران|تھران]] کان 1287 ڪلوميٽر، [[تبريز]] کان 1800 ڪلوميٽر، [[شيراز]] کان 577 ڪلوميٽر ۽ ڪرمان کان 477 ڪلوميٽر جي مفاصلي تي آباد آهي. <ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=http://www.iribnews.ir/fa/news/2295676|title=هرمزگان مقصد گردشگری در جنوب کشور|last=سیما|first=IRIB NEWS AGENCY ، خبرگزاری صدا و|date=۱۳۹۷/۰۹/۱۵ - ۱۷:۱۱|website=fa|language=fa|access-date=2022-02-28}}</ref> [[صفوي سلطنت|صفوي گھراڻي]] جي بادشاھه شاھه عباس اول جي نالي پٺيان ھن شھر کي بندر عباس سڏيو ويو.<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://iranicaonline.org/|title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica|last=Foundation|first=Encyclopaedia Iranica|website=iranicaonline.org|language=en-US|access-date=2022-02-28}}</ref> ھي شھر ۽ بندرگاھ فوجي ۽ اقتصادي طور تي ايران جو ھڪ اھم مرڪز آھي. ھن ئي بندرگاهه کان سمنڊ [[زرتشتي مذھب]] جا ڪيترائي پارسي ھندستان طرف ھجرت ڪيا جن جا پونئر اڄ سوڌو [[ھندستان]] جي شھر [[ممبئي]] ۽ [[پاڪستان]] جي شھر [[ڪراچي|ڪراچيءَ]] ۾ آباد آھن. 1990ع واري ڏھاڪي کان وٺي ھاڻي تائين ايران ۾ اٽڪل 75 سيڪڙو پرڏيھي سامان جي رسد ھن بندرگاھه جي ذريعي ٿئي ٿي. ھتان جي مکيہ صنعتن ۾ [[ڪپڙو]]، [[ماھيگيري]]، تيل، [[ايليومينيم|اليومينيم]] ۽ [[اسٽيل]] شامل آهن. <ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://www.iranchamber.com/cities/bandar_abbas/bandar_abbas.php|title=Iran Chamber Society: Iranian Cities: Bandar Abbas|website=www.iranchamber.com|access-date=2022-03-01}}</ref> == تاريخ == ھن شھر جي تاريخ جو پراڻي ۾ پراڻو رڪارڊ [[اڪئمنيڊ|اھخامنشي سلطنت]] جي مشھور بادشاھ دارا اعظم (Darius the Great) جي دور (522 کان 486 قبل مسيح) کان ملي ٿو. ھن بادشاھ جي سپھ سالار سيلاڪوس (Silacus) بندر عباس کان ھندستان ۽ ڳاڙھي سمنڊ جو سفر ڪيو ھو. [[سڪندر اعظم]] جڏھن فارس تي چڙھائي ڪئي انھن ڏينھن ۾ ھن شھر کي ھرمرزاد (Hormirzad) سڏيو ويندو ھو. ھن شھر کي ھڪ ڊگھي عرصي تائين گمبرون پڻ سڏيو ويندو ھو. 1514ع ۾ ھن شھر تي پورچوگيزين قبضو ڪري ورتو<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bandar-e-Abbas|title=Bandar-e ʿAbbās, Iran, Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|language=en|access-date=2022-03-01}}</ref>. ھي شھر پورچوگيزين لاءِ واپار جو ھڪ وڏو مرڪز رھيو. ھنن ھن شھر جي چوڌاري ڀت ڏياري ۽ ھن شھر کي گمرو (Gamrou) يا گمرون (Gameroon) سڏيندا ھئا. 1622ع ۾ شاھ عباس اول انگريزن ۽ ايراني سپھ سالار امام قلي خان جي مدد سان ھي شھر فتح ڪيو ۽ پورچوگيزين کي ھتان تڙي ڪڍيو. شاھ عباس اول جي ھن عظيم الشان فتح کي مان ڏيندي ھن شھر جو نالو بندر عباس رکيو ويو. تاريخي دستاويزن مان پروڙ پوي ٿي تہ ھي شھر پورچوگيزين جي اچڻ کان اڳ بہ ھڪ بندرگاھ جي حيثيت سان موجود ھو. شاھ عباس جي فتح کان ستت پوءِ ھتي ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيا ڪمپنيءَ جو بنياد رکيو ويو. 1654ع کان 1765ع تائين ايراني مصالحن ۽ ريشمي ڪپڙي جي ڪاروبار تي ھن ڪمپنيءَ جو غلبو رھيو. 1794ع کان 1868ع تائين ھڪ معاھدي تحت ھي شھر فارس جي حڪومت عماني سلطنت جي حوالي ڪيو. 1854ع ۾ ھن شھر کي ٻيھر ايران ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. 1902ع ۾ ھتي ھڪ زبردست زلزلو آيو جنھن ۾ ھتان جي گورنر ھائوس ۽ ڪسٽم آفيس سميت ڪيتريون ئي عمارتون ڊھي پٽ ٿي ويون ۽ ھتان کان سڏپنڌ تي موجود قشم ٻيٽ تي وڏي تباھي آئي<ref>Latest intelligence – Earthquake shocks on the Persian Gulf". ''The Times''. No. 36824. 19 July 1902. p. 7</ref>. محمد رضا شاھ پھلويءَ ھن شھر جي فوجي ۽ واپاري اھميت کي نظر ۾ رکندي ھتي ڪيترائي ترقياتي ڪم ڪرايا. == جاگرافي == بندرعباس شھر ھڪ سنئين سڌي ميداني علائقي ۾ قائم آھي ۽ ھن جي سامونڊي مٿاڇري کان سراسري اوچائي 9 ميٽر (30 فوٽ) آھي. ھي ھرمزگان صوبي جي ڏکڻ ۾ واقع آھي. ھن جي اتر ۾ جابلو علائقو آھي ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ سمنڊ آھي. قشم شھر ھتان کان ويجھي ۾ ويجھو شھر آھي جيڪو 28 ڪلوميٽرن جي پنڌ تي قشم ٻيٽ تي قائم آھي. == آبھوا == ھتي جي آبھوا گرم ريگستاني آھي. اونھاري ۾ گرميءَ جو درجو 49<sup>0</sup>C (120<sup>0</sup>F) تائين پھچي سگھي ٿو جڏھن تہ سياري ۾ 5<sup>0</sup>C (41<sup>0</sup>F) تائين ڪري سگھي ٿو. سال ۾ سراسري طور تي 170 ملي ميٽر (6.7 انچ) مينھن وسي ٿو. سراسري طور تي گھم جو تناسب 65 سيڪڙو آھي. == آمدورفت == ھوائي سفر لاءِ ھتي بندرعباس بين القوامي ھوائي اڏو موجود آھي. روڊ ذريعي ھتان سيرجان، [[شيراز]]، [[زاھدان]] ۽ ٻين شھرن طرف سفر ڪري سگھجي ٿو. 1993ع کان بندرعباس اسلامي جمھوريہ ايران ريلوي جي ڏکڻ ۾ آخري اسٽيشن آھي. ھتان يزد، قم، [[تهران|تھران]] ۽ قزون طرف ريل جو سفر ڪري سگھجي ٿو. ھن شھر کان ڀرپاسي وارن ٻيٽن تي ٻيڙين ذريعي سفر ڪرڻ جي سھوليت موجود آھي. == ماڻھو، مذھب ۽ ٻولي == ھتان جا اڪثر رھواسي شيعا ۽ سني مسلمان آھن. ھتي جا ماڻھو فارسي ٻولي ڳالھائين ٿا پر سندن ڳالھائڻ جو لھجو ايران جي ٻين علائقن کان ٿورو مختلف آھي. جيئن تہ ھن بندرگاھ تي مختلف قومن ۽ ملڪن جا ماڻھو واپار سانگي اچن ٿا انڪري ھن شھر جي فارسي ٻوليءَ ۾ ڪيترين ئي ٻين ٻولين جا لفظ شامل ٿي ويا آھن. ھتان جي فارسي ٻوليءَ کي بندري ٻولي سڏيو وڃي ٿو. == اعليٰ تعليم == بندرعباس شھر ۾ ھيٺيون يونيورسٽيون قائم آھن: * بندر عباس يونيورسٽي آف ميڊيڪل سائنسز * يونيورسٽي آف ھرمزگان * اسلامڪ آزاد يونيورسٽي آف بندرعباس * پيام نور يونيورسٽي آف بندرعباس * امير ڪبير يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪنالاجي، بندرعباس برانچ * يونيورسٽي آف اپلائڊ سائنسز اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي، بندرعباس برانچ ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:بندر عباس]] [[زمرو:ايران ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:ايران جا شهر]] [[زمرو:هرمزگان صوبو]] [[زمرو:ايران ۾ صوبائي راڄڌانيون]] efb7jedtrwkd5umwmnv1nz3utq4t0kk ڪازرون 0 71603 368042 326715 2026-03-28T07:27:17Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* حوالا */ 368042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Kazeroon | native_name = ڪازرون | native_name_lang = fa | nickname = سائنس جو شھر، تھذيب جو شھر، سائو شھر | settlement_type = شھر | image_skyline = File:Shapur cave.JPG | imagesize = 270 | image_caption = شاپور غار | pushpin_map = Iran | mapsize = 150px | subdivision_type = ملڪ | subdivision_name = {{flag|Iran}} | subdivision_type1 = صوبو | subdivision_name1 = [[فارس]] | subdivision_type2 = شھرستان | subdivision_name2 = ڪازرون | subdivision_type3 = ضلعو | subdivision_name3 = مرڪزي | leader_title = ميئر | leader_name = Mohammad Amin Mehrvarz | established_title = | established_date = | area_total_km2 = | area_footnotes = | population_as_of = 2016ع واري آدمشماري | population_total = 96,683 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amar.org.ir/english|title = Statistical Center of Iran > Home}}</ref> | population_density_km2 = auto | timezone = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]] | utc_offset = +3:30 | timezone_DST = [[Iran Daylight Time|IRDT]] | utc_offset_DST = +4:30 | coordinates = {{coord|29|37|10|N|51|39|15|E|region:IR|display=inline,title}} | elevation_m = 860 | website = | area_code = 071 | footnotes = | name = }} '''ڪازرون''' ([[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]: Kazrun) [[ايران]] جي [[فارس صوبو|فارس]] صوبي جو آباديءَ جي لحاظ کان پنجون وڏو شھر آھي. 2016ع ۾ ھن شھر جي آبادي 96,683 ھئي. ھن شھر جي زرعي پيداوار ۾ کجور، کٽا ميوا، تماڪ، چانور، ڪڻڪ ۽ انگور شامل آھن<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kazerun|title=Kāzerūn، Iran، Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|language=en|access-date=2022-03-05}}</ref>. ھن شھر کان 19 ڪلوميٽرن (12 ميل) جي مفاصلي تي قديم شھر بشاپور جا کنڊر موجود آھن. ھنن کنڊرن ۾ ھڪ پراڻي غار ۾ ساساني گھراڻي جي بادشاھ شاپور اول (Shapur I) جو مجسمو ٺھيل آھي. بشاپر جي کنڊرن ۽ غار کي يونيسڪو جي ثقافتي ماڳن جي فھرست ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو آھي<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1845/|title=Four sites added to UNESCO’s World Heritage List|last=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|access-date=2022-03-05}}</ref>. ھن شھر جي ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ جبل جي چوٽيءَ تي گبري قلعي جا کنڊر موجود آھن. ھن علائقي ۾ ”نورد“، ”راھبان“ ۽ ”دريست“ نالي ٽي ڳوٺ آباد ھئا ۽ انھن ٽنھي کي ملائي شھر جو روپ ڏنو ويو آھي<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=http://www.kazeroonnema.ir/fa/news/17321/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C-%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%88-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86|title=بازبینی نام و تاریخ پیدایش کازرون|website=www.kazeroonnema.ir|access-date=2022-03-05}}</ref>. ھي شھر ڪيترن ئي سائنسدانن، صوفين، شاعرن ۽ عالمن جو مسڪن رھيو آھي. ھن شھر جو اصل نالو ”گزران“ يا ”گزرون“ ھو. اسلام جي آمد کان پوءِ اھو نالو ڦري ”ڪازرون“ ٿي ويو ڇاڪاڻ جو عربي ٻوليءَ ۾ ”گ“ کي”ج“ ڪري لکيو ۽ پڙھيو وڃي ٿو. دلميان واري زماني ۾ ھتي قيمتي ڪپڙن ٺاھڻ جا ڪارخانا موجود ھئا. چيو وڃي ٿو تہ ان زماني ۾ ھن شھر ۾ 12000 گازر يعني ڪپڙن ڌوئڻ وارا موجود ھئا. اھوئي سبب آھي جو ھن شھر کي گازرون سڏيو ويو يعني ڪپڙن ڌوئڻ وارن جو شھر. ڪجهه ماھرن جو خيال آھي تہ شھر تي ھي نالو شھر جي ويجھو موجود زران جبل جي ڪري پيو آھي. سندن خيال ۾ ”زران“ لفظ ”ڪارزان“ جو بنياد آھي. == جاگرافي == ھي شھر فارس صوبي جي اولھ واري حصي ۾ سامونڊي مٿاڇري کان اٽڪل 860 ميٽر اوچائيءَ تي آباد آھي. ھن شھر جي پکيڙ 2040 ھيڪٽر آھي. ھن شھر جو تھران کان مفاصلو 1040 ڪلوميٽر آھي. شھر جي آسپاس ڪيترائي ڳوٺ موجود آھن. ھن شھر جي آبھوا اونھاري ۾ گرم ۽ خشڪ ۽ سياري ۾ ڪنھن حد تائين ٿڌي رھندي آھي. ڊسمبر سڀ کان ٿڌو مھينو ھوندو آھي جنھن ۾ سراسري گرميءَ جو درجو 10.42<sup>0</sup>C رھندو آھي جڏھن تہ جولاءِ گرم ترين مھينو آھي جنھن ۾ سراسري گرميءَ جو درجو33.16<sup>0</sup>C رھي ٿو. شھر جو سراسري ساليانو گرميءَ جو درجو 21.78<sup>0</sup>C رڪارڊ ڪيو ويو آھي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:فارس صوبو]] [[زمرو:ايران ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:فارس صوبي جا شهر]] 8xoon1j5wiv3d6l0dedzwuxlwv0fqyd سانچو:Template link general/doc 10 72705 367939 243413 2026-03-27T23:32:59Z Intisar Ali 8681 367939 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- زمرا ھيٺ شامل ڪريو؛ بين اللساني لنڪس وڪيڊيٽا تي شامل ڪريو --> {{#switch:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Template:Template link with subst|Template:Template link expanded={{used in system}}|#default= {{#ifexpr:{{#invoke:Transclusion count|fetch|0}} > 2000|{{high-use}}}}}} {{tsh|{{{1|tlg}}}|{{{2|}}}}} {{lua|Module:Template link general}} ھي سانچو، جيڪو عام طور {{tlnull|{{#switch:{{lc:{{ROOTPAGENAME}}}} | tlg | template link general = tlg | tlb | template link with bold = tlb | tlc | template link code = tlc | tlw | template link with linked braces = tlw | tlf | template link with link off = tlf | tltss | template link with title span, subst = tltss | tlx | template link expanded = tlx | tlxb | template link expanded with bold = tlxb | tlxi | template link expanded with italic = tlxi | tlxs | template link expanded with subst = tlxs | tls | template link with subst = tls | tnull | template link null = tnull | tlp | template link with parameters = tlp }}}} جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، سانچن جي ڏيک کي اسٽائل سان ڏيکارڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آھي بغير اصل سانچي کي استعمال ڪرڻ جي. ٺھندڙ ڪوڊ سڌي طرح لائين اندر ڏيکاريو ويندو. === پيراميٽر === {{mono|alttext}} کان سواءِ، سڀ نالي وارا پيراميٽر ٽوگل آھن جيڪي يا ته خالي ڇڏيا ويندا (ڊفالٽ) يا فعال ڪيا ويندا (مثال طور "on"، "yes"، "true"، "include" وغيره سان). اھي ڪنھن به ترتيب ۾ شامل ڪري سگھجن ٿا. ڪجھ سانچن ۾ "on" ڊفالٽ طور فعال ھوندو؛ سڀني اختيارن لاءِ مکيه ٽيبل ڏسو. جيڪڏھن ڪا قطار اڳئين قطار وانگر ڏيکاري ٿي، ان جو مطلب اھو آھي ته موجوده سانچو اھو اختيار سپورٽ نٿو ڪري ۽ {{tlx|tlg}} استعمال ڪرڻ گھرجي. == مثال == ڪوڊ ڪالم ۾ ڏيکاريل قدر استعمال ڪريو، اصل سورس ڪوڊ نه. {| class="wikitable" ! پيراميٽر !! عمل !! استعمال !! ڊفالٽ فعال |- | || ڊفالٽ (بغير اضافي پيراميٽرن) || |- | brace || سانچي جي لنڪ ۾ بريسيز شامل ڪري || |- | braceinside || اندرين بريسيز شامل ڪري || |- | bold || سانچي جو نالو '''بولڊ''' ڏيکاري || |- | code || HTML <code>code</code> ٽيگ سان ڏيکاري || |- | italic || پيراميٽر ''اٽالڪ'' ۾ ڏيکاري || |- | kbd || HTML <kbd>kbd</kbd> ٽيگ سان ڏيکاري || |- | nolink || سانچي جو نالو لنڪ طور نه ڏيکاري || |- | nowrap || لائين ٽٽڻ کان روڪي || |- | nowrapname || رڳو نالي ۾ لائين ٽٽڻ کان روڪي || |- | plaincode || سادي ڪوڊ اسٽائل استعمال ڪري || |- | subst || subst: اڳيان شامل ڪري || |- | alttext || لنڪ لاءِ متبادل متن ڏيکاري || |- | _show_result || سانچي جو نتيجو پڻ ڏيکاري || |- | _expand || وڌايل سانچي واري صفحي ڏانھن لنڪ ڏيکاري || |- | a || سانچي ڪوڊ کان اڳ اسٽار (*) شامل ڪري || |} == TemplateData == {{TemplateData header}} <templatedata> { "description": "هي سانچو، جيڪو عام طور tlg سڏبو آهي، سانچي جي ڏيک کي اسٽائل سان ڏيکارڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي بغير اصل سانچي کي استعمال ڪرڻ جي.", "params": {}, "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == وڌيڪ ڏسو == {{Template-linking templates}} {{Semantic markup templates}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- زمرا ھيٺ شامل ڪريو؛ بين اللساني لنڪس وڪيڊيٽا تي --> [[Category:Internal template-link templates]] [[Category:Wikitext typing-aid templates]] [[Category:Variadic templates]] }}</includeonly> dx22axw0snsfrb6bj56k4yt51yik0b3 هرمزگان صوبو 0 74905 368006 260910 2026-03-28T06:27:04Z Ibne maryam 17680 368006 wikitext text/x-wiki '''هرمزگان صوبو''' [[ايران]] جي صوبن مان هڪ آهي. هي صوبو اتر ۽ اتر اوڀر ۾ ڪرمان صوبو، اولھ ۽ اتر اولھ ۾ فارس ۽ بوشهر صوبو، اوڀر ۾ [[سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبو]] ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ فارس نار ۽ عمان سمنڊ لڳل آهي، جيڪا اٽڪل 900 ڪلوميٽر ڊگهي پٽي ۾ آهي. هي صوبو ملڪ جي علائقي 2 ۾ واقع آهي ۽ ان جو مرڪز بندر عباس آهي. ان جي آبادي اندازي مطابق 1.776 ملين 2015ع تائين آهي. == صوبائي ڊويزنون == '''هرمزگان صوبي''' ۾ '''13''' [[ڪائونٽي|شهر]] ، '''39''' ضلعا ، '''88''' ڳوٺ ۽ '''50''' [[شهر]] آهن. == ٻيٽ == هرمزگان صوبي ۾ '''چوڏهن (14)''' آبادي ٻيٽ آهن، جيڪي هي آهن: * قشم ٻيٽ * ابو موسيٰ ٻيٽ * [[ڪيش (ايران)|ڪيش ٻيٽ]] * لاوان ٻيٽ * هيندربي ٻيٽ * شيڊور ٻيٽ (ماران) * لاڙڪ ٻيٽ * هرموز ٻيٽ * هينگما ٻيٽ * عظيم تونب ٻيٽ * ننڍي Tunb ٻيٽ * سري ٻيٽ * بگ فرور ٻيٽ * ننڍو فرور ٻيٽ غير آباد ٻيٽ : * زرڪوه ٻيٽ * آريانا ٻيٽ == فوٽ نوٽ == == حوالا == {{حوالو}} * * الوحیدی الخنجی، حسین بن علی بن احمد، '' «تاریخ لنجه» ،'' چاپ دوم، دبی: دارالأمة للنشر والتوزیع، ۱۹۸۸ میلادی. * محمد صدیق، عبدالرزاق، '' «صهوة الفارس فی تاریخ عرب فارس» ،'' چاپ اول، شارجه: چاپ خانه المعارف، ۱۹۹۳ میلادی. * محمدیان، کوخردی، محمد، '' «شهرستان بستک و بخش کوخرد» ''، ج۱. چاپ اول، دبی: سال انتشار ۲۰۰۵ میلادی. * العصیمی، محمد بن دخیل، '' عرب فارس ،'' چاپ اول، دمام (عربستان سعودی): انتشاراتی الشاطیء الحدیثة، ۱۴۱۸ هجری قمری. * حاتم، محمد بن غریب، ''تاریخ عرب الهولة،'' چاپ اول، قاهره: دارالعرب للطباعة والنشر والتوزیع، ۱۹۹۷ میلادی. * الکوخردی، محمد، بن یوسف، (کُوخِرد حَاضِرَة اِسلامِیةَ عَلی ضِفافِ نَهر مِهران Kookherd, an Islamic District on the bank of Mehran River) الطبعة الثالثة، دبی: سنة ۱۹۹۷ للمیلاد. * کامله، القاسمی، بنت شیخ عبدالله، ''(تاریخ لنجة) '' مکتبة دبی للتوزیع، الامارات:، چاب دوم، انتشار سال ۱۹۹۳ میلادی. (به عربی). * هرمزگان، ناشر:اداره کل فرهنگ وارشاد اسلامی استان هرمزگان، زیر نظر همایون امیرزاده، سال ۱۳۸۸ خورشیدی. * محمدیان، کوخردی، محمد، “ (به یاد کوخرد) “، ج۱. ج۲. چاپ اول، دبی: سال انتشار ۲۰۰۳ میلادی. * Peter Jackson and Lawrence Lockhart (Ed) (1986), Vol. 6th, The Cambridge History of Iran: Cambridge University Press * القاسمی، کامله، بنت شیخ عبدالله، ''(تاریخ لنجة) '' مکتبة دبی للتوزیع، الامارات: الطبعة الثانیة عام ۱۹۹۳ للمیلاد * ذکرت هرمزجان فی واحد من اهم المراجع الاجنبیة التاریخیة عن ایران فی سنة ۱۶۴۹ للمیلاد، وهو کتاب: ([[کامبریدج عن تاریخ ایران]])، فی المجلد السادس. * بختیاری، سعید، '' «اتواطلس ایران» ''، “ مؤسسه جغرافیایی وکارتگرافی گیتاشناسی، بهار ۱۳۸۴ خورشیدی. * اطلس گیتاشناسی استان‌های ایران [Atlas Gitashenasi Ostanhai Iran] (''[https://web.archive.org/web/20070522192425/http://www.gitashenasi.com/En/Product/Index.cfm?I=9 Gitashenasi Province Atlas of Iran]'') * راهنمای مفصل ایران ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== * [http://hormozgan.hormozgan.ir/index.aspx?siteid=3 هرمزگان گورنريٽ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204051122/https://hormozgan.hormozgan.ir/index.aspx?siteid=3 |date=2021-12-04 }} * [//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/پرونده:Sign.2.jpg هرمزگان صوبي جي صوبائي ڊويزنون] * [http://www.sci.org.ir/content/userfiles/_census85/census85/natayej/infofile/hormozgan.xls/ هرموزگان جنرل پاپوليشن ۽ هائوسنگ 2005 جي مردم شماري] {{حوالو|۲}}''.'' ↑ ''«پایگاه اینترنتی مرکز آمار ایران-آمار سال ۱۳۹۵» (PDF). بایگانی‌شده از اصلی (PDF) در ۱۵ مارس ۲۰۱۷. دریافت‌شده در ۲۵ مارس ۲۰۱۷.'' ↑ ''"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org (به انگلیسی). Retrieved 2021-07-13.'' ↑ محمدیان، کوخردی، محمد، “ (به یاد کوخرد) “، ج۱. ج۲. چاپ اول، دبی: سال انتشار ۲۰۰۳ میلادی. ↑ <sup>پرش به بالا به:۴٫۰</sup> <sup>۴٫۱</sup> <sup>۴٫۲</sup> ''«Persian Gulf, Governery of BandarAbbas - خلیج فارس، فرمانداری بندرعباس». دریافت‌شده در ۲۰۱۷-۰۸-۰۹.'' ↑ <sup>پرش به بالا به:۵٫۰</sup> <sup>۵٫۱</sup> ''«مرکز پژوهشها - قانون تقسیمات کشور و وظایف فرمانداران و بخشداران». بایگانی‌شده از اصلی در ۹ اوت ۲۰۱۷. دریافت‌شده در ۲۰۱۷-۰۸-۰۹.'' ↑ ''«10 دی روزی که ایران به ده استان تقسیم شد+اسامی استان‌ها در سال 1316». بایگانی‌شده از اصلی در ۹ اوت ۲۰۱۷. دریافت‌شده در ۲۰۱۷-۰۸-۰۹.'' ↑ ''Corporation، VekalatOnline. «تغییر نام استان ساحلی و بندرها و جزایر خلیج فارس و دریای عمان». دریافت‌شده در ۲۰۱۷-۰۸-۰۹.'' ↑ ''«مرکز پژوهشها - تغییر نام شرکت سهامی آب و برق منطقه ای استان ساحلی و بندرها و جزایر خلیج فارس و دریای عمان به شرکت سهامی آب و برق استان هرمزگان». بایگانی‌شده از اصلی در ۹ اوت ۲۰۱۷. دریافت‌شده در ۲۰۱۷-۰۸-۰۹.'' ↑ <sup>پرش به بالا به:۹٫۰</sup> <sup>۹٫۱</sup> <sup>۹٫۲</sup> محمدیان، کوخردی، محمد، ''(شهرستان بستک و بخش کوخرد)'' ، ج۱. چاپ اول، دبی: سال انتشار ۲۰۰۵ میلادی. ↑ الکوخردی، محمد، بن یوسف، ''(کُوخِرد حَاضِرَة اِسلامِیةَ عَلی ضِفافِ نَهر مِهران Kookherd, an Islamic District on the bank of Mehran River)'' الطبعة الثالثة، دبی: سنة ۱۹۹۷ للمیلاد. ↑ <sup>پرش به بالا به:۱۱٫۰</sup> <sup>۱۱٫۱</sup> Peter Jackson and Lawrence Lockhart (Ed) (1986), Vol. 6th, The Cambridge History of Iran: Cambridge University Press. ↑ کامله، القاسمی، بنت شیخ عبدالله، ''(تاریخ لنجة)'' مکتبة دبی للتوزیع، الامارات:، چاب دوم، انتشار سال ۱۹۹۳ میلادی. (به عربی).. ↑ الکوخردی، محمد، بن یوسف، (کُوخِرد حَاضِرَة اِسلامِیةَ عَلی ضِفافِ نَهر مِهران Kookherd, an Islamic District on the bank of Mehran River) الطبعة الثالثة، دبی: سنة ۱۹۹۷ للمیلاد. ↑ ذکرت هرمزجان فی واحد من اهم المراجع الاجنبیة التاریخیة عن ایران فی سنة ۱۶۴۹ للمیلاد، وهو کتاب: (کامبریدج عن تاریخ ایران)، فی المجلد السادس. ↑ هرمزگان، ناشر:اداره کل فرهنگ وارشاد اسلامی استان هرمزگان، زیر نظر همایون امیرزاده، سال ۱۳۸۸ خورشیدی. ↑ طرح بررسی و سنجش شاخص‌های فرهنگ عمومی کشور (شاخص‌های غیرثبتی){گزارش}:استان هرمزگان/به سفارش شورای فرهنگ عمومی کشور؛ مدیر طرح و مسئول سیاست گذاری:منصور واعظی؛ اجرا:شرکت پژوهشگران خبره پارس -شابک:۹-۶۴-۶۶۲۷-۶۰۰-۹۷۸ *وضعیت نشر:تهران-موسسه انتشارات کتاب نشر ۱۳۹۱ *وضعیت ظاهری:۲۸۹ ص:جدول (بخش رنگی)، نمودار (بخش رنگی) ↑ ''"Language distribution: Hormozgan Province". 2020. Retrieved August 27, 2023.'' ↑ ''«لباس‌های محلی هرمزگان».'' ↑ اطلس گیتاشناسی استان‌های ایران [Atlas Gitashenasi Ostanhai Iran] (''Gitashenasi Province Atlas of Iran بایگانی‌شده در ۲۲ مه ۲۰۰۷ توسط Wayback Machine''). ↑ محمد صدیق، عبدالرزاق، «صهوة الفارس فی تاریخ عرب فارس»، چاپ اول، شارجه: چاپ خانه المعارف، ۱۹۹۳ میلادی. الوحیدی الخنجی، حسین بن علی بن احمد، ''«تاریخ لنجه» ،'' چاپ دوم، دبی: دارالأمة للنشر والتوزیع، ۱۹۸۸ میلادی. محمد صدیق، عبدالرزاق، ''«صهوة الفارس فی تاریخ عرب فارس» ،'' چاپ اول، شارجه: چاپ خانه المعارف، ۱۹۹۳ میلادی. محمدیان، کوخردی، محمد، ''«شهرستان بستک و بخش کوخرد»'' ، ج۱. چاپ اول، دبی: سال انتشار ۲۰۰۵ میلادی. العصیمی، محمد بن دخیل، ''عرب فارس ،'' چاپ اول، دمام (عربستان سعودی): انتشاراتی الشاطیء الحدیثة، ۱۴۱۸ هجری قمری. حاتم، محمد بن غریب، ''تاریخ عرب الهولة،'' چاپ اول، قاهره: دارالعرب للطباعة والنشر والتوزیع، ۱۹۹۷ میلادی. الکوخردی، محمد، بن یوسف، (کُوخِرد حَاضِرَة اِسلامِیةَ عَلی ضِفافِ نَهر مِهران Kookherd, an Islamic District on the bank of Mehran River) الطبعة الثالثة، دبی: سنة ۱۹۹۷ للمیلاد. کامله، القاسمی، بنت شیخ عبدالله، ''(تاریخ لنجة)'' مکتبة دبی للتوزیع، الامارات:، چاب دوم، انتشار سال ۱۹۹۳ میلادی. (به عربی). هرمزگان، ناشر:اداره کل فرهنگ وارشاد اسلامی استان هرمزگان، زیر نظر همایون امیرزاده، سال ۱۳۸۸ خورشیدی. محمدیان، کوخردی، محمد، “ (به یاد کوخرد) “، ج۱. ج۲. چاپ اول، دبی: سال انتشار ۲۰۰۳ میلادی. Peter Jackson and Lawrence Lockhart (Ed) (1986), Vol. 6th, The Cambridge History of Iran: Cambridge University Press القاسمی، کامله، بنت شیخ عبدالله، ''(تاریخ لنجة)'' مکتبة دبی للتوزیع، الامارات: الطبعة الثانیة عام ۱۹۹۳ للمیلاد ذکرت هرمزجان فی واحد من اهم المراجع الاجنبیة التاریخیة عن ایران فی سنة ۱۶۴۹ للمیلاد، وهو کتاب: (کامبریدج عن تاریخ ایران)، فی المجلد السادس. بختیاری، سعید، ''«اتواطلس ایران»'' ، “ مؤسسه جغرافیایی وکارتگرافی گیتاشناسی، بهار ۱۳۸۴ خورشیدی. اطلس گیتاشناسی استان‌های ایران [Atlas Gitashenasi Ostanhai Iran] (''Gitashenasi Province Atlas of Iran'') [[زمرو:هرمزگان صوبو]] [[زمرو:ايران جا صوبا]] [[زمرو:ايران جي انتظامي ورهاستون]] 9f6shogf4gq1m5olpig37rdc3lgxv9j 368083 368006 2026-03-28T11:04:11Z Ibne maryam 17680 368083 wikitext text/x-wiki '''هرمزگان صوبو''' [[ايران]] جي صوبن مان هڪ آهي. هي صوبو اتر ۽ اتر اوڀر ۾ ڪرمان صوبو، اولھ ۽ اتر اولھ ۾ فارس ۽ بوشهر صوبو، اوڀر ۾ [[سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبو]] ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ فارس نار ۽ عمان سمنڊ لڳل آهي، جيڪا اٽڪل 900 ڪلوميٽر ڊگهي پٽي ۾ آهي. هي صوبو ملڪ جي علائقي 2 ۾ واقع آهي ۽ ان جو مرڪز بندر عباس آهي. ان جي آبادي اندازي مطابق 1.776 ملين 2015ع تائين آهي. == صوبائي ڊويزنون == '''هرمزگان صوبي''' ۾ '''13''' [[ڪائونٽي|شهر]] ، '''39''' ضلعا ، '''88''' ڳوٺ ۽ '''50''' [[شهر]] آهن. == ٻيٽ == هرمزگان صوبي ۾ '''چوڏهن (14)''' آبادي ٻيٽ آهن، جيڪي هي آهن: * قشم ٻيٽ * ابو موسيٰ ٻيٽ * [[ڪيش (ايران)|ڪيش ٻيٽ]] * لاوان ٻيٽ * هيندربي ٻيٽ * شيڊور ٻيٽ (ماران) * لاڙڪ ٻيٽ * هرموز ٻيٽ * هينگما ٻيٽ * عظيم تونب ٻيٽ * ننڍي Tunb ٻيٽ * سري ٻيٽ * بگ فرور ٻيٽ * ننڍو فرور ٻيٽ غير آباد ٻيٽ : * زرڪوه ٻيٽ * آريانا ٻيٽ == فوٽ نوٽ == == حوالا == {{حوالو}} * * الوحیدی الخنجی، حسین بن علی بن احمد، '' «تاریخ لنجه» ،'' چاپ دوم، دبی: دارالأمة للنشر والتوزیع، ۱۹۸۸ میلادی. * محمد صدیق، عبدالرزاق، '' «صهوة الفارس فی تاریخ عرب فارس» ،'' چاپ اول، شارجه: چاپ خانه المعارف، ۱۹۹۳ میلادی. * محمدیان، کوخردی، محمد، '' «شهرستان بستک و بخش کوخرد» ''، ج۱. چاپ اول، دبی: سال انتشار ۲۰۰۵ میلادی. * العصیمی، محمد بن دخیل، '' عرب فارس ،'' چاپ اول، دمام (عربستان سعودی): انتشاراتی الشاطیء الحدیثة، ۱۴۱۸ هجری قمری. * حاتم، محمد بن غریب، ''تاریخ عرب الهولة،'' چاپ اول، قاهره: دارالعرب للطباعة والنشر والتوزیع، ۱۹۹۷ میلادی. * الکوخردی، محمد، بن یوسف، (کُوخِرد حَاضِرَة اِسلامِیةَ عَلی ضِفافِ نَهر مِهران Kookherd, an Islamic District on the bank of Mehran River) الطبعة الثالثة، دبی: سنة ۱۹۹۷ للمیلاد. * کامله، القاسمی، بنت شیخ عبدالله، ''(تاریخ لنجة) '' مکتبة دبی للتوزیع، الامارات:، چاب دوم، انتشار سال ۱۹۹۳ میلادی. (به عربی). * هرمزگان، ناشر:اداره کل فرهنگ وارشاد اسلامی استان هرمزگان، زیر نظر همایون امیرزاده، سال ۱۳۸۸ خورشیدی. * محمدیان، کوخردی، محمد، “ (به یاد کوخرد) “، ج۱. ج۲. چاپ اول، دبی: سال انتشار ۲۰۰۳ میلادی. * Peter Jackson and Lawrence Lockhart (Ed) (1986), Vol. 6th, The Cambridge History of Iran: Cambridge University Press * القاسمی، کامله، بنت شیخ عبدالله، ''(تاریخ لنجة) '' مکتبة دبی للتوزیع، الامارات: الطبعة الثانیة عام ۱۹۹۳ للمیلاد * ذکرت هرمزجان فی واحد من اهم المراجع الاجنبیة التاریخیة عن ایران فی سنة ۱۶۴۹ للمیلاد، وهو کتاب: ([[کامبریدج عن تاریخ ایران]])، فی المجلد السادس. * بختیاری، سعید، '' «اتواطلس ایران» ''، “ مؤسسه جغرافیایی وکارتگرافی گیتاشناسی، بهار ۱۳۸۴ خورشیدی. * اطلس گیتاشناسی استان‌های ایران [Atlas Gitashenasi Ostanhai Iran] (''[https://web.archive.org/web/20070522192425/http://www.gitashenasi.com/En/Product/Index.cfm?I=9 Gitashenasi Province Atlas of Iran]'') * راهنمای مفصل ایران ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== * [http://hormozgan.hormozgan.ir/index.aspx?siteid=3 هرمزگان گورنريٽ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204051122/https://hormozgan.hormozgan.ir/index.aspx?siteid=3 |date=2021-12-04 }} * [//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/پرونده:Sign.2.jpg هرمزگان صوبي جي صوبائي ڊويزنون] * [http://www.sci.org.ir/content/userfiles/_census85/census85/natayej/infofile/hormozgan.xls/ هرموزگان جنرل پاپوليشن ۽ هائوسنگ 2005 جي مردم شماري] {{حوالو|۲}}''.'' ↑ ''«پایگاه اینترنتی مرکز آمار ایران-آمار سال ۱۳۹۵» (PDF). بایگانی‌شده از اصلی (PDF) در ۱۵ مارس ۲۰۱۷. دریافت‌شده در ۲۵ مارس ۲۰۱۷.'' ↑ ''"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org (به انگلیسی). Retrieved 2021-07-13.'' ↑ محمدیان، کوخردی، محمد، “ (به یاد کوخرد) “، ج۱. ج۲. چاپ اول، دبی: سال انتشار ۲۰۰۳ میلادی. ↑ <sup>پرش به بالا به:۴٫۰</sup> <sup>۴٫۱</sup> <sup>۴٫۲</sup> ''«Persian Gulf, Governery of BandarAbbas - خلیج فارس، فرمانداری بندرعباس». دریافت‌شده در ۲۰۱۷-۰۸-۰۹.'' ↑ <sup>پرش به بالا به:۵٫۰</sup> <sup>۵٫۱</sup> ''«مرکز پژوهشها - قانون تقسیمات کشور و وظایف فرمانداران و بخشداران». بایگانی‌شده از اصلی در ۹ اوت ۲۰۱۷. دریافت‌شده در ۲۰۱۷-۰۸-۰۹.'' ↑ ''«10 دی روزی که ایران به ده استان تقسیم شد+اسامی استان‌ها در سال 1316». بایگانی‌شده از اصلی در ۹ اوت ۲۰۱۷. دریافت‌شده در ۲۰۱۷-۰۸-۰۹.'' ↑ ''Corporation، VekalatOnline. «تغییر نام استان ساحلی و بندرها و جزایر خلیج فارس و دریای عمان». دریافت‌شده در ۲۰۱۷-۰۸-۰۹.'' ↑ ''«مرکز پژوهشها - تغییر نام شرکت سهامی آب و برق منطقه ای استان ساحلی و بندرها و جزایر خلیج فارس و دریای عمان به شرکت سهامی آب و برق استان هرمزگان». بایگانی‌شده از اصلی در ۹ اوت ۲۰۱۷. دریافت‌شده در ۲۰۱۷-۰۸-۰۹.'' ↑ <sup>پرش به بالا به:۹٫۰</sup> <sup>۹٫۱</sup> <sup>۹٫۲</sup> محمدیان، کوخردی، محمد، ''(شهرستان بستک و بخش کوخرد)'' ، ج۱. چاپ اول، دبی: سال انتشار ۲۰۰۵ میلادی. ↑ الکوخردی، محمد، بن یوسف، ''(کُوخِرد حَاضِرَة اِسلامِیةَ عَلی ضِفافِ نَهر مِهران Kookherd, an Islamic District on the bank of Mehran River)'' الطبعة الثالثة، دبی: سنة ۱۹۹۷ للمیلاد. ↑ <sup>پرش به بالا به:۱۱٫۰</sup> <sup>۱۱٫۱</sup> Peter Jackson and Lawrence Lockhart (Ed) (1986), Vol. 6th, The Cambridge History of Iran: Cambridge University Press. ↑ کامله، القاسمی، بنت شیخ عبدالله، ''(تاریخ لنجة)'' مکتبة دبی للتوزیع، الامارات:، چاب دوم، انتشار سال ۱۹۹۳ میلادی. (به عربی).. ↑ الکوخردی، محمد، بن یوسف، (کُوخِرد حَاضِرَة اِسلامِیةَ عَلی ضِفافِ نَهر مِهران Kookherd, an Islamic District on the bank of Mehran River) الطبعة الثالثة، دبی: سنة ۱۹۹۷ للمیلاد. ↑ ذکرت هرمزجان فی واحد من اهم المراجع الاجنبیة التاریخیة عن ایران فی سنة ۱۶۴۹ للمیلاد، وهو کتاب: (کامبریدج عن تاریخ ایران)، فی المجلد السادس. ↑ هرمزگان، ناشر:اداره کل فرهنگ وارشاد اسلامی استان هرمزگان، زیر نظر همایون امیرزاده، سال ۱۳۸۸ خورشیدی. ↑ طرح بررسی و سنجش شاخص‌های فرهنگ عمومی کشور (شاخص‌های غیرثبتی){گزارش}:استان هرمزگان/به سفارش شورای فرهنگ عمومی کشور؛ مدیر طرح و مسئول سیاست گذاری:منصور واعظی؛ اجرا:شرکت پژوهشگران خبره پارس -شابک:۹-۶۴-۶۶۲۷-۶۰۰-۹۷۸ *وضعیت نشر:تهران-موسسه انتشارات کتاب نشر ۱۳۹۱ *وضعیت ظاهری:۲۸۹ ص:جدول (بخش رنگی)، نمودار (بخش رنگی) ↑ ''"Language distribution: Hormozgan Province". 2020. Retrieved August 27, 2023.'' ↑ ''«لباس‌های محلی هرمزگان».'' ↑ اطلس گیتاشناسی استان‌های ایران [Atlas Gitashenasi Ostanhai Iran] (''Gitashenasi Province Atlas of Iran بایگانی‌شده در ۲۲ مه ۲۰۰۷ توسط Wayback Machine''). ↑ محمد صدیق، عبدالرزاق، «صهوة الفارس فی تاریخ عرب فارس»، چاپ اول، شارجه: چاپ خانه المعارف، ۱۹۹۳ میلادی. الوحیدی الخنجی، حسین بن علی بن احمد، ''«تاریخ لنجه» ،'' چاپ دوم، دبی: دارالأمة للنشر والتوزیع، ۱۹۸۸ میلادی. محمد صدیق، عبدالرزاق، ''«صهوة الفارس فی تاریخ عرب فارس» ،'' چاپ اول، شارجه: چاپ خانه المعارف، ۱۹۹۳ میلادی. محمدیان، کوخردی، محمد، ''«شهرستان بستک و بخش کوخرد»'' ، ج۱. چاپ اول، دبی: سال انتشار ۲۰۰۵ میلادی. العصیمی، محمد بن دخیل، ''عرب فارس ،'' چاپ اول، دمام (عربستان سعودی): انتشاراتی الشاطیء الحدیثة، ۱۴۱۸ هجری قمری. حاتم، محمد بن غریب، ''تاریخ عرب الهولة،'' چاپ اول، قاهره: دارالعرب للطباعة والنشر والتوزیع، ۱۹۹۷ میلادی. الکوخردی، محمد، بن یوسف، (کُوخِرد حَاضِرَة اِسلامِیةَ عَلی ضِفافِ نَهر مِهران Kookherd, an Islamic District on the bank of Mehran River) الطبعة الثالثة، دبی: سنة ۱۹۹۷ للمیلاد. کامله، القاسمی، بنت شیخ عبدالله، ''(تاریخ لنجة)'' مکتبة دبی للتوزیع، الامارات:، چاب دوم، انتشار سال ۱۹۹۳ میلادی. (به عربی). هرمزگان، ناشر:اداره کل فرهنگ وارشاد اسلامی استان هرمزگان، زیر نظر همایون امیرزاده، سال ۱۳۸۸ خورشیدی. محمدیان، کوخردی، محمد، “ (به یاد کوخرد) “، ج۱. ج۲. چاپ اول، دبی: سال انتشار ۲۰۰۳ میلادی. Peter Jackson and Lawrence Lockhart (Ed) (1986), Vol. 6th, The Cambridge History of Iran: Cambridge University Press القاسمی، کامله، بنت شیخ عبدالله، ''(تاریخ لنجة)'' مکتبة دبی للتوزیع، الامارات: الطبعة الثانیة عام ۱۹۹۳ للمیلاد ذکرت هرمزجان فی واحد من اهم المراجع الاجنبیة التاریخیة عن ایران فی سنة ۱۶۴۹ للمیلاد، وهو کتاب: (کامبریدج عن تاریخ ایران)، فی المجلد السادس. بختیاری، سعید، ''«اتواطلس ایران»'' ، “ مؤسسه جغرافیایی وکارتگرافی گیتاشناسی، بهار ۱۳۸۴ خورشیدی. اطلس گیتاشناسی استان‌های ایران [Atlas Gitashenasi Ostanhai Iran] (''Gitashenasi Province Atlas of Iran'') [[زمرو:ھرمزگان صوبو]] [[زمرو:ايران جا صوبا]] [[زمرو:ايران جي انتظامي ورهاستون]] haq2kt078ajt7d4jbci03x9s50pwbcd 368086 368083 2026-03-28T11:07:09Z Ibne maryam 17680 368086 wikitext text/x-wiki '''هرمزگان صوبو''' [[ايران]] جي صوبن مان هڪ آهي. هي صوبو اتر ۽ اتر اوڀر ۾ ڪرمان صوبو، اولھ ۽ اتر اولھ ۾ فارس ۽ بوشهر صوبو، اوڀر ۾ [[سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبو]] ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ فارس نار ۽ عمان سمنڊ لڳل آهي، جيڪا اٽڪل 900 ڪلوميٽر ڊگهي پٽي ۾ آهي. هي صوبو ملڪ جي علائقي 2 ۾ واقع آهي ۽ ان جو مرڪز بندر عباس آهي. ان جي آبادي اندازي مطابق 1.776 ملين 2015ع تائين آهي. == صوبائي ڊويزنون == '''هرمزگان صوبي''' ۾ '''13''' [[ڪائونٽي|شهر]] ، '''39''' ضلعا ، '''88''' ڳوٺ ۽ '''50''' [[شهر]] آهن. == ٻيٽ == هرمزگان صوبي ۾ '''چوڏهن (14)''' آبادي ٻيٽ آهن، جيڪي هي آهن: * قشم ٻيٽ * ابو موسيٰ ٻيٽ * [[ڪيش (ايران)|ڪيش ٻيٽ]] * لاوان ٻيٽ * هيندربي ٻيٽ * شيڊور ٻيٽ (ماران) * لاڙڪ ٻيٽ * هرموز ٻيٽ * هينگما ٻيٽ * عظيم تونب ٻيٽ * ننڍي Tunb ٻيٽ * سري ٻيٽ * بگ فرور ٻيٽ * ننڍو فرور ٻيٽ غير آباد ٻيٽ : * زرڪوه ٻيٽ * آريانا ٻيٽ == فوٽ نوٽ == == حوالا == {{حوالو}} * * الوحیدی الخنجی، حسین بن علی بن احمد، '' «تاریخ لنجه» ،'' چاپ دوم، دبی: دارالأمة للنشر والتوزیع، ۱۹۸۸ میلادی. * محمد صدیق، عبدالرزاق، '' «صهوة الفارس فی تاریخ عرب فارس» ،'' چاپ اول، شارجه: چاپ خانه المعارف، ۱۹۹۳ میلادی. * محمدیان، کوخردی، محمد، '' «شهرستان بستک و بخش کوخرد» ''، ج۱. چاپ اول، دبی: سال انتشار ۲۰۰۵ میلادی. * العصیمی، محمد بن دخیل، '' عرب فارس ،'' چاپ اول، دمام (عربستان سعودی): انتشاراتی الشاطیء الحدیثة، ۱۴۱۸ هجری قمری. * حاتم، محمد بن غریب، ''تاریخ عرب الهولة،'' چاپ اول، قاهره: دارالعرب للطباعة والنشر والتوزیع، ۱۹۹۷ میلادی. * الکوخردی، محمد، بن یوسف، (کُوخِرد حَاضِرَة اِسلامِیةَ عَلی ضِفافِ نَهر مِهران Kookherd, an Islamic District on the bank of Mehran River) الطبعة الثالثة، دبی: سنة ۱۹۹۷ للمیلاد. * کامله، القاسمی، بنت شیخ عبدالله، ''(تاریخ لنجة) '' مکتبة دبی للتوزیع، الامارات:، چاب دوم، انتشار سال ۱۹۹۳ میلادی. (به عربی). * هرمزگان، ناشر:اداره کل فرهنگ وارشاد اسلامی استان هرمزگان، زیر نظر همایون امیرزاده، سال ۱۳۸۸ خورشیدی. * محمدیان، کوخردی، محمد، “ (به یاد کوخرد) “، ج۱. ج۲. چاپ اول، دبی: سال انتشار ۲۰۰۳ میلادی. * Peter Jackson and Lawrence Lockhart (Ed) (1986), Vol. 6th, The Cambridge History of Iran: Cambridge University Press * القاسمی، کامله، بنت شیخ عبدالله، ''(تاریخ لنجة) '' مکتبة دبی للتوزیع، الامارات: الطبعة الثانیة عام ۱۹۹۳ للمیلاد * ذکرت هرمزجان فی واحد من اهم المراجع الاجنبیة التاریخیة عن ایران فی سنة ۱۶۴۹ للمیلاد، وهو کتاب: ([[کامبریدج عن تاریخ ایران]])، فی المجلد السادس. * بختیاری، سعید، '' «اتواطلس ایران» ''، “ مؤسسه جغرافیایی وکارتگرافی گیتاشناسی، بهار ۱۳۸۴ خورشیدی. * اطلس گیتاشناسی استان‌های ایران [Atlas Gitashenasi Ostanhai Iran] (''[https://web.archive.org/web/20070522192425/http://www.gitashenasi.com/En/Product/Index.cfm?I=9 Gitashenasi Province Atlas of Iran]'') * راهنمای مفصل ایران ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== * [http://hormozgan.hormozgan.ir/index.aspx?siteid=3 هرمزگان گورنريٽ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204051122/https://hormozgan.hormozgan.ir/index.aspx?siteid=3 |date=2021-12-04 }} * [//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/پرونده:Sign.2.jpg هرمزگان صوبي جي صوبائي ڊويزنون] * [http://www.sci.org.ir/content/userfiles/_census85/census85/natayej/infofile/hormozgan.xls/ هرموزگان جنرل پاپوليشن ۽ هائوسنگ 2005 جي مردم شماري] {{حوالو|۲}}''.'' ↑ ''«پایگاه اینترنتی مرکز آمار ایران-آمار سال ۱۳۹۵» (PDF). بایگانی‌شده از اصلی (PDF) در ۱۵ مارس ۲۰۱۷. دریافت‌شده در ۲۵ مارس ۲۰۱۷.'' ↑ ''"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org (به انگلیسی). Retrieved 2021-07-13.'' ↑ محمدیان، کوخردی، محمد، “ (به یاد کوخرد) “، ج۱. ج۲. چاپ اول، دبی: سال انتشار ۲۰۰۳ میلادی. ↑ <sup>پرش به بالا به:۴٫۰</sup> <sup>۴٫۱</sup> <sup>۴٫۲</sup> ''«Persian Gulf, Governery of BandarAbbas - خلیج فارس، فرمانداری بندرعباس». دریافت‌شده در ۲۰۱۷-۰۸-۰۹.'' ↑ <sup>پرش به بالا به:۵٫۰</sup> <sup>۵٫۱</sup> ''«مرکز پژوهشها - قانون تقسیمات کشور و وظایف فرمانداران و بخشداران». بایگانی‌شده از اصلی در ۹ اوت ۲۰۱۷. دریافت‌شده در ۲۰۱۷-۰۸-۰۹.'' ↑ ''«10 دی روزی که ایران به ده استان تقسیم شد+اسامی استان‌ها در سال 1316». بایگانی‌شده از اصلی در ۹ اوت ۲۰۱۷. دریافت‌شده در ۲۰۱۷-۰۸-۰۹.'' ↑ ''Corporation، VekalatOnline. «تغییر نام استان ساحلی و بندرها و جزایر خلیج فارس و دریای عمان». دریافت‌شده در ۲۰۱۷-۰۸-۰۹.'' ↑ ''«مرکز پژوهشها - تغییر نام شرکت سهامی آب و برق منطقه ای استان ساحلی و بندرها و جزایر خلیج فارس و دریای عمان به شرکت سهامی آب و برق استان هرمزگان». بایگانی‌شده از اصلی در ۹ اوت ۲۰۱۷. دریافت‌شده در ۲۰۱۷-۰۸-۰۹.'' ↑ <sup>پرش به بالا به:۹٫۰</sup> <sup>۹٫۱</sup> <sup>۹٫۲</sup> محمدیان، کوخردی، محمد، ''(شهرستان بستک و بخش کوخرد)'' ، ج۱. چاپ اول، دبی: سال انتشار ۲۰۰۵ میلادی. ↑ الکوخردی، محمد، بن یوسف، ''(کُوخِرد حَاضِرَة اِسلامِیةَ عَلی ضِفافِ نَهر مِهران Kookherd, an Islamic District on the bank of Mehran River)'' الطبعة الثالثة، دبی: سنة ۱۹۹۷ للمیلاد. ↑ <sup>پرش به بالا به:۱۱٫۰</sup> <sup>۱۱٫۱</sup> Peter Jackson and Lawrence Lockhart (Ed) (1986), Vol. 6th, The Cambridge History of Iran: Cambridge University Press. ↑ کامله، القاسمی، بنت شیخ عبدالله، ''(تاریخ لنجة)'' مکتبة دبی للتوزیع، الامارات:، چاب دوم، انتشار سال ۱۹۹۳ میلادی. (به عربی).. ↑ الکوخردی، محمد، بن یوسف، (کُوخِرد حَاضِرَة اِسلامِیةَ عَلی ضِفافِ نَهر مِهران Kookherd, an Islamic District on the bank of Mehran River) الطبعة الثالثة، دبی: سنة ۱۹۹۷ للمیلاد. ↑ ذکرت هرمزجان فی واحد من اهم المراجع الاجنبیة التاریخیة عن ایران فی سنة ۱۶۴۹ للمیلاد، وهو کتاب: (کامبریدج عن تاریخ ایران)، فی المجلد السادس. ↑ هرمزگان، ناشر:اداره کل فرهنگ وارشاد اسلامی استان هرمزگان، زیر نظر همایون امیرزاده، سال ۱۳۸۸ خورشیدی. ↑ طرح بررسی و سنجش شاخص‌های فرهنگ عمومی کشور (شاخص‌های غیرثبتی){گزارش}:استان هرمزگان/به سفارش شورای فرهنگ عمومی کشور؛ مدیر طرح و مسئول سیاست گذاری:منصور واعظی؛ اجرا:شرکت پژوهشگران خبره پارس -شابک:۹-۶۴-۶۶۲۷-۶۰۰-۹۷۸ *وضعیت نشر:تهران-موسسه انتشارات کتاب نشر ۱۳۹۱ *وضعیت ظاهری:۲۸۹ ص:جدول (بخش رنگی)، نمودار (بخش رنگی) ↑ ''"Language distribution: Hormozgan Province". 2020. Retrieved August 27, 2023.'' ↑ ''«لباس‌های محلی هرمزگان».'' ↑ اطلس گیتاشناسی استان‌های ایران [Atlas Gitashenasi Ostanhai Iran] (''Gitashenasi Province Atlas of Iran بایگانی‌شده در ۲۲ مه ۲۰۰۷ توسط Wayback Machine''). ↑ محمد صدیق، عبدالرزاق، «صهوة الفارس فی تاریخ عرب فارس»، چاپ اول، شارجه: چاپ خانه المعارف، ۱۹۹۳ میلادی. الوحیدی الخنجی، حسین بن علی بن احمد، ''«تاریخ لنجه» ،'' چاپ دوم، دبی: دارالأمة للنشر والتوزیع، ۱۹۸۸ میلادی. محمد صدیق، عبدالرزاق، ''«صهوة الفارس فی تاریخ عرب فارس» ،'' چاپ اول، شارجه: چاپ خانه المعارف، ۱۹۹۳ میلادی. محمدیان، کوخردی، محمد، ''«شهرستان بستک و بخش کوخرد»'' ، ج۱. چاپ اول، دبی: سال انتشار ۲۰۰۵ میلادی. العصیمی، محمد بن دخیل، ''عرب فارس ،'' چاپ اول، دمام (عربستان سعودی): انتشاراتی الشاطیء الحدیثة، ۱۴۱۸ هجری قمری. حاتم، محمد بن غریب، ''تاریخ عرب الهولة،'' چاپ اول، قاهره: دارالعرب للطباعة والنشر والتوزیع، ۱۹۹۷ میلادی. الکوخردی، محمد، بن یوسف، (کُوخِرد حَاضِرَة اِسلامِیةَ عَلی ضِفافِ نَهر مِهران Kookherd, an Islamic District on the bank of Mehran River) الطبعة الثالثة، دبی: سنة ۱۹۹۷ للمیلاد. کامله، القاسمی، بنت شیخ عبدالله، ''(تاریخ لنجة)'' مکتبة دبی للتوزیع، الامارات:، چاب دوم، انتشار سال ۱۹۹۳ میلادی. (به عربی). هرمزگان، ناشر:اداره کل فرهنگ وارشاد اسلامی استان هرمزگان، زیر نظر همایون امیرزاده، سال ۱۳۸۸ خورشیدی. محمدیان، کوخردی، محمد، “ (به یاد کوخرد) “، ج۱. ج۲. چاپ اول، دبی: سال انتشار ۲۰۰۳ میلادی. Peter Jackson and Lawrence Lockhart (Ed) (1986), Vol. 6th, The Cambridge History of Iran: Cambridge University Press القاسمی، کامله، بنت شیخ عبدالله، ''(تاریخ لنجة)'' مکتبة دبی للتوزیع، الامارات: الطبعة الثانیة عام ۱۹۹۳ للمیلاد ذکرت هرمزجان فی واحد من اهم المراجع الاجنبیة التاریخیة عن ایران فی سنة ۱۶۴۹ للمیلاد، وهو کتاب: (کامبریدج عن تاریخ ایران)، فی المجلد السادس. بختیاری، سعید، ''«اتواطلس ایران»'' ، “ مؤسسه جغرافیایی وکارتگرافی گیتاشناسی، بهار ۱۳۸۴ خورشیدی. اطلس گیتاشناسی استان‌های ایران [Atlas Gitashenasi Ostanhai Iran] (''Gitashenasi Province Atlas of Iran'') [[زمرو:هرمزگان صوبو]] [[زمرو:ايران جا صوبا]] [[زمرو:ايران جي انتظامي ورهاستون]] 9f6shogf4gq1m5olpig37rdc3lgxv9j نينو ٽيڪنالاجي 0 75732 367817 265925 2026-03-27T12:58:20Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:ٽيڪنالاجي]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 367817 wikitext text/x-wiki '''نينوٽيڪنالاجي''' (nanotechnology) جي وصف نيشنل نينوٽيڪنالاجي انيشيئيٽو طرفان ڪجهہ ھيئن ڪيل آھي: 1 کان 100 نينوميٽرن (ن م) تائين جي ماپ رکندڙ مادي تي سرگرميون انجام ڏيڻ. ھن پيماني تي، جنھن کي نينو پيمانو يا نينو اسڪيل چيو وڃي ٿو، سطحي ايراضي ۽ ڪوانٽم مڪنيڪل اثر [[مادو|مادي]] جون خصوصيتون بيان ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪن ٿا. نينوٽيڪنالاجي جي وصف ۾ اھي سڀ تحقيقون ۽ ٽيڪنالاجيون شامل آهن جيڪي انهن خاص خصوصيتن سان ڳانڍاپو رکن ٿيون. ان ڪري اھڙي ماپ تي ٿيندڙ تحقيق ۽ ان جي لاڳو ٿيڻ کي جمع ۾ ″نينوٽيڪنالاجيز″ ۽ ″نينو اسڪيل ٽيڪنالجيز″ عام طور سڏيو وڃي ٿو. جڏھن تہ نينو ٽيڪنالاجي جي پراڻي وصف [[ائٽم|ايٽمن]] ۽ [[ماليڪيول|ماليڪيولن]] کي ننڍي پيماني تي جوڙي ويندڙ شين ڏانهن اشارو ڪندي ھئي جنھن کي ماليڪيولر نينو ٽيڪنالاجي پڻ سڏجي ٿو. [[زمرو:ٽيڪنالاجي]] hdph52zuugn2p6o7fvdljim2dfcxtvi 367818 367817 2026-03-27T12:59:40Z Ibne maryam 17680 367818 wikitext text/x-wiki '''نينوٽيڪنالاجي''' (nanotechnology) جي وصف نيشنل نينوٽيڪنالاجي انيشيئيٽو طرفان ڪجهہ ھيئن ڪيل آھي: 1 کان 100 نينوميٽرن (ن م) تائين جي ماپ رکندڙ مادي تي سرگرميون انجام ڏيڻ. ھن پيماني تي، جنھن کي نينو پيمانو يا نينو اسڪيل چيو وڃي ٿو، سطحي ايراضي ۽ ڪوانٽم مڪنيڪل اثر [[مادو|مادي]] جون خصوصيتون بيان ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪن ٿا. نينوٽيڪنالاجي جي وصف ۾ اھي سڀ تحقيقون ۽ ٽيڪنالاجيون شامل آهن جيڪي انهن خاص خصوصيتن سان ڳانڍاپو رکن ٿيون. ان ڪري اھڙي ماپ تي ٿيندڙ تحقيق ۽ ان جي لاڳو ٿيڻ کي جمع ۾ ″نينوٽيڪنالاجيز″ ۽ ″نينو اسڪيل ٽيڪنالجيز″ عام طور سڏيو وڃي ٿو. جڏھن تہ نينو ٽيڪنالاجي جي پراڻي وصف [[ائٽم|ايٽمن]] ۽ [[ماليڪيول|ماليڪيولن]] کي ننڍي پيماني تي جوڙي ويندڙ شين ڏانهن اشارو ڪندي ھئي جنھن کي ماليڪيولر نينو ٽيڪنالاجي پڻ سڏجي ٿو. [[زمرو:موادي سائنس]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪنالاجي]] [[زمرو:نينو ٽيڪنالاجي]] 9twpx5c1qc0h5nclrzri5cf5fqv6llx عدن 0 76049 368058 345013 2026-03-28T09:53:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13773 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 368058 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Temporary capital of Yemen}} {{About|يمن ۾ هڪ بندرگاهه شهر|گورنريٽ|عدن گورنريٽ |ٻيا استعمال}} {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Aden | native_name = {{lang|ar|{{script|Arab|عَدَنْ}}}} <!--<br> {{lang|sem-x-oldsoara|𐩲𐩵𐩬}}--> | settlement_type = شهر، عبوري راڄڌاني | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a =MallaDistrict.jpg | photo2a = Port_of Aden.jpg | photo2b =Aden Crater.jpg | photo3a = AbyanBeach.jpg | photo3b = | size = 275 | spacing = 2 | color = transparent | border = 0 }} | imagesize = | motto = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_relief = 1 | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Yemen | coordinates = {{coord|12|48|N|45|02|E|region:YE|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | subdivision_name = {{پرچم|يمن}} | subdivision_type2 = گورنريٽ | subdivision_name2 = عدن گورنريٽ | established_title = پهرين ڀيرا آباد ٿيو<ref>{{cite web |last1=Britannica |first1=N.A |title="Aden". Encyclopedia Britannica, 25 Mar. 2023 |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Aden |website=Britannica |publisher=The Editors of Encyclopaedia |access-date=24 May 2023 |archive-date=26 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426123502/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/5647/Aden |url-status=live }}</ref> | established_title1 = برطانوي قبضو | established_date = 7هين صدي قبل مسيح | established_date1 = 19 جنوري، 1839ع | established_title5 = عدن جي رياست | established_date5 = 18 جنوري، 1963ع | established_title6 = آزادي | established_date6 = 30 نومبر، 1967ع | leader_title = گورنر | leader_name = احمد لاملاس | leader_title1 = گورننگ باڊي | leader_name1 = عدن لوڪل ڪونسل | area_total_km2 = 760 | elevation_m = 6 | population_total = 863000 {{increase}} | population_as_of = 2017 | population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cso-yemen.com/content.php?lng=english&id=690|title=Yemen Statistical Yearbook for 2017|access-date=31 August 2020|author=Central Statistical Organisation|archive-date=20 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120130028/http://www.cso-yemen.com/content.php?lng=english&id=690|url-status=usurped}}</ref> | population_density_km2 = 1135.52 | area_code = 02 | leader_title2 = عدن پوليس ڊائريڪٽر | leader_name2 = مطهر الشعيبي | timezone = [[Arabia Standard Time|AST]] | utc_offset = +3 | name = عدن | image_map = | population_demonym = Adeni/Adenies | native_name_lang = ar | demographics_type1 = Ethnicities | demographics1_title1 = Majority | demographics_type2 = Languages | demographics2_title1 = Official | pop_est_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/aden-population |title=Aden Population |website=World Population Review |access-date=29 May 2023 |archive-date=16 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516192538/https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/aden-population |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_est = 1079670 {{increase}} | pop_est_as_of = 2023 | demographics2_footnotes = | demographics2_info1 = [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic MSA]] <br> ([[Education in Yemen|Education]] and [[Cabinet of Yemen|Government]]) | elevation_ft = | demographics1_title2 = Minorities | demographics1_title3 = | demographics1_info1 = [[Arabs]] | demographics1_info2 = [[Afro-Arabs]], [[Indians in Yemen|Indians]], [[Somalis in Yemen|Somalis]] | demographics2_title2 = Spoken | demographics2_info2 = [[Taʽizzi-Adeni Arabic|Adeni Arabic]] (Majority)<br> [[English language|English]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-03 |title=What Languages Are Spoken in Yemen? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-yemen.html |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=WorldAtlas |language=en-US |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530010238/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-yemen.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>An Investigation about the Importance of Speaking English as a Second Research Paper." Retrieved from https://studentshare.org/social-science/1732558-an-investigation-about-the-importance-of-speaking-english-as-a-second-language-in-the-republic-of-yemen {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530032821/https://studentshare.org/social-science/1732558-an-investigation-about-the-importance-of-speaking-english-as-a-second-language-in-the-republic-of-yemen |date=30 May 2023 }}.</ref> (Widely used) <br> [[Hindi]],<ref>{{Cite web | last = Rodrigues | first = Charlene | title = From Aden to Trafalgar: Arabic leaves its mark on world's languages | url = https://www.middleeasteye.net/features/aden-trafalgar-arabic-leaves-its-mark-worlds-languages | access-date = 2023-05-29 | website = Middle East Eye | language = English | archive-date = 29 May 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230529072240/https://www.middleeasteye.net/features/aden-trafalgar-arabic-leaves-its-mark-worlds-languages | url-status = live }}</ref> [[Somali language|Somali]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-05-24 |title=Yemen: Two Young Somalis Become Role Models In Their Community - Somalia {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/yemen-two-young-somalis-become-role-models-their-community |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en |archive-date=8 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908065554/https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/yemen-two-young-somalis-become-role-models-their-community |url-status=live }}</ref> (minorities) | subdivision_type1 = ريجن | subdivision_name1 = عدن ريجن | image_caption = معلي ڊسٽرڪٽ، عدن پورٽ، راڻي وڪٽوريا جو مجسمو، ابيان بيچ }} {{Quote box | title = تاريخ | quote = {{flagicon image|Flag placeholder.svg}} اوسان جي بادشاهت <br />{{flagicon image|Flag placeholder.svg}} حميري بادشاهت <br /> {{flagicon image|Flag placeholder.svg}} اڪسم جي بادشاهت <br /> {{flagicon image|Flag placeholder.svg}} ساساني سلطنت جو صوبو<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag placeholder.svg}} مديني جي رياست<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag placeholder.svg}} خلافت راشده<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag placeholder.svg}} اموي خلافت<br /> {{flagicon image|Abbasid banner.svg}} عباسي خلافت <br /> {{flagicon image|Flag placeholder.svg}} زيادي خاندان<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag placeholder.svg}} نجاه خاندان<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag placeholder.svg}} صليحي خاندان<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag placeholder.svg}} زوري خاندان<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of Ayyubid Dynasty.svg}} ايوبي خاندان<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Rasulid_Dynasty.png}} رسولي خاندان<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag placeholder.svg}} طاهري سلطنت<br /> {{flagicon image|Mameluke Flag.svg}} مملوڪ سلطنت<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of Portugal (1521).svg}} پرتگال جي قبضي هيٺ <br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of Ottoman Empire (1517-1793).svg}} يمن ايالات (عثماني)<br /> {{flagicon image|Red flag.svg}} قاسمي رياست<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844–1922).svg}} يمن ولايت (عثماني)<br /> {{flagicon image|Red flag.svg}} قاسمي رياست <br /> {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Lahej.svg}} لاهيج سلطنت (1728–1839)<br /> {{flagicon|British Raj}} عدن صوبو (برطانوي راڄ، 1839–1937)<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of Aden (1937–1963).svg}} عدن ڪالوني (برطانوي، 1937–1963) <br /> {{flagicon|British Empire}} عدن پروٽيڪٽوريٽ (برطانيا، 1937–1963)<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of the State of Aden 1963–1967.svg}} {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Federation_of_South_Arabia.svg}} [[State of Aden]] within the [[Federation of South Arabia|FSA]] 1963–1967 <br /> {{flagicon|South Yemen}} [[South Yemen]] 1967–1990 <br /> {{flagicon|Yemen}} [[Yemen|Republic of Yemen]] 1990–1994 <br/> {{flagicon|South Yemen}} [[Democratic Republic of Yemen]] 1994 <br /> {{flagicon|Yemen}} [[Yemen|Republic of Yemen]] 1994–present | align = right | width = 22.89em | fontsize = 90% | bgcolor = #B0C4DE }} [[File:Port of Aden, Yemen from ISS.jpg|thumb|215x215px|بين الاقوامي سيٽلائيٽ سان عدن جي تصوير، 2016ع]] '''عدن''' (Aden؛ /ˈeɪdən/) [[يمن]] ۾ واقع هڪ بندرگاهه وارو شهر آهي. جيڪو جزيره عرب جي ڏاکڻي حصي ۾ آهي. خليج عدن جي اترئين ساحل تي. بحر احمر جي اوڀر واري رستي جي ويجهو واقع آهي. اهو باب المندب جي لنگهه کان تقريباً 170 ڪلوميٽر (110 ميل) اوڀر ۾ واقع آهي. ساحلي پٽي تي پنهنجي اسٽريٽجڪ مقام سان. عدن بحر احمر ۽ بحر عربي جي وچ ۾ هڪ گيٽ وي طور ڪم ڪري ٿو. ان کي هڪ اهم سامونڊي مرڪز بڻائي ٿو. آفريڪا، ايشيا ۽ وچ اوڀر کي ڳنڍي ٿو. سيپٽمبر 2025 تائين. عدن جي آبادي تقريبن 11,54,000 رهاڪن جي آهي. ان کي يمن جي سڀني وڏن شهرن مان هڪ بڻائي ٿو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/aden-population|title=Aden Population 2023|website=worldpopulationreview.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516192538/https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/aden-population|archive-date=16 May 2023|access-date=2023-08-14|url-status=live}}</ref> عدن عدن گورنريٽ جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ ۽ مکيه حصو آهي (اٺ ضلعن تي مشتمل آهي). نوآبادياتي دور ۾. عدن جو نالو خليج جي اترئين ساحل سان گڏ علائقي جو حوالو ڏيندو هو. جنهن ۾ طواهي، معلا، ڪرٽر ۽ خور مکسر ضلعي جو گهڻو حصو شامل آهي. اولهه وارو بندرگاهه وارو جزيره نما (جيڪو ننڍي عدن جي نالي سان مشهور آهي) هاڻي البريقيه ضلعي ۾ اچي ٿو.[[File:ADEN_&_LITTLE_ADEN-01.png|thumb|215x215px|نقشو جيڪو عدن جي جديد گورنريٽ اندر عدن ۽ عدن الصغير ڏيکاري ٿو]] آزادي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ، عدن ۾ مختلف شعبا شامل هئا: جنهن ۾ ڪريٽر، اصل بندرگاهه؛ معالا، جديد بندرگاهه؛ طواهي، جيڪو اڳ ۾ "اسٽيمر پوائنٽ" ۽ گولڊ موهر ريسارٽ هو. خر مڪاسر، عدن کي مڪيه سرزمين سان ڳنڍيندڙ اسٿمس تي، سفارتي مشن، عدن يونيورسٽي جا مکيه آفيس ۽ عدن انٽرنيشنل ايئرپورٽ رکي ٿو. سرزمين تي، شعبن ۾ شيخ عثمان، هڪ پراڻو نخلستان وارو علائقو، المنصوره، هڪ برطانوي منصوبابندي ڪيل شهر ۽ مدينت الشعب، اڳوڻي مدينت الاتحاد، ڏکڻ عرب فيڊريشن جو اڳوڻو گاديءَ جو هنڌ، هاڻي هڪ وڏي بجلي/ڊي سيلينيشن سهولت رکي ٿو) ۽ اضافي عدن يونيورسٽي فيڪلٽيز شامل آهن. عدن هڪ وسيع قدرتي بندرگاهه جي اوڀر پاسي کي گهيرو ڪري ٿو. جيڪو جديد بندرگاهه ٺاهي ٿو. ننڍو عدن کي تيل ريفائنري جي جڳهه طور ترقي ڪئي وئي هئي. ۽ ٽينڪر پورٽ. ٻئي برٽش پيٽروليم پاران قائم ۽ هلائي رهيا هئا (جيستائين اهي 1978 ۾ ڏکڻ يمني حڪومت جي ملڪيت ۽ ڪنٽرول ۾ تبديل نه ٿيا). 22 مئي، 1990ع تي ڏکڻ ۽ اتر يمن جي ضم ٿيڻ تائين، عدن ڏکڻ يمن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو. سال 2014ع جي بغاوت کان وٺي، اهو هن وقت يمن جو عارضي گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي ۽ يمن جي ڪابينا جي ڪجهه ميمبرن جي، خاص طور تي المعاشق محل ۾ ميزباني ڪري رهيو آهي. اهو علحدگي پسند ڏکڻ عبوري ڪائونسل جو مرڪز پڻ آهي، جن جي ڪنٽرول هيٺ هن وقت شهر آهي.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-49308199|title=Yemen conflict: Southern separatists seize control of Aden|date=2019-08-10|access-date=2024-02-29|language=en-GB}}</ref> ==نالو== تاريخ: جاگرافي: موسم: ماحول: انتظام: معيشت: ٽرانسپورٽ: ثقافت: عوامي خدمتون: ميڊيا: قابل ذڪر ماڻهو: * صباح العلواني - يمن جي سپريم جوڊيشل ڪائونسل جي پهرين عورت ميمبر * مڪيش امباني (پيدائش 1957) - ڪاروباري * عمرو جمال (پيدائش 1983) - فلم ۽ ٿيٽر ڊائريڪٽر، پروڊيوسر، ۽ ليکڪ * ايدي ايزارڊ (پيدائش 1962) - مزاحيه اداڪار * شفيقه زوقاري (پيدائش 1942) - ليکڪ. پڻ ڏسو: * حضرموت جبل * يمن پورٽ اٿارٽي == Etymology == Aden is a home and a place for ships, and the word Aden means reside in the place, so the word "Aden" means resident, and it is said "Aden Al-Balad", meaning the settlement of the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.almaany.com/ar/dict/ar-ar/%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150117042727/http://www.almaany.com/home.php?language=arabic|url-status=dead|title=تعريف و شرح و معنى عدن بالعربي في معاجم اللغة العربية معجم المعاني الجامع، المعجم الوسيط ،اللغة العربية المعاصر ،الرائد ،لسان العرب ،القاموس المحيط - معجم عربي عربي صفحة 1|archive-date=17 January 2015|website=www.almaany.com}}</ref> Among the sayings of geographers about the city: [[Yaqut al-Hamawi|Yaqut al-Hamwi]] said:<ref>معجم البلدان ج 4 - ص 89</ref> "It is a famous city on the coast of the Indian Sea, towards the Yemen, and it is poor, with no water or pasture. They drink from a spring between it and Aden, about a distance of about today, and despite that, it is bad, except that this place is the port for Indian ships, and merchants gather there for that reason, as it is a town of trade." And it is added to [[Abyan Governorate|Abyan]], which is the opposite of Aden in its entirety. [[Ibn Manzur]] said:<ref>''لسان العرب '' ج10 ص 65</ref> "It is a country on the edge of the sea in the furthest part of Yemen." [[Ibn Khaldun]] said:<ref>تاريخ ابن خلدون ج 4 ص 218</ref> "This Aden is one of the most fortified cities in Yemen, and it is on the bank of the Indian Sea. It is still a country of trade from the time of the Trabaids, and most of them were built with stones, which is why silk merchants visit it often." ==History== {{see also|Timeline of Aden|History of Yemen}} ===Antiquity=== Aden is an ancient port and was mentioned by the Greeks under the name ({{langx|grc|Αραβία Εμπόριον|translit=Arabia Emporion|engvar=gb}}), which means an Arabic trade port.<ref>'' Contributions to the Semitic religious history: the God of Israel and the gods of the Gentiles'' Friedrich Baethgen p.88</ref> The port's convenient position on the sea route between India and Europe has made Aden desirable to rulers who sought to possess it at various times throughout history. Known as [[Eudaemon]] ({{langx|grc|Ευδαίμων}}, meaning "blissful, prosperous") in the 1st century BC, it was a transshipping point for the Red Sea trade, but fell on hard times when new shipping practices by-passed it and made the daring direct crossing to India in the 1st century AD, according to the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]''. The same work describes Aden as "a village by the shore", which would well describe the town of Crater while it was still little developed. There is no mention of fortification at this stage. Aden was more an island than a peninsula, as the [[isthmus]] (a [[tombolo]]) was not then so developed as it is today. Aden was explicitly mentioned by this name in the [[Book of Ezekiel]], which talks about Jerusalem, and it says:<ref>{{Citation |last=London |first=Jack |editor-first1=John |editor-last1=Sutherland |title=Chapter Twenty-Seven |date=2009-05-28 |work=The Sea-Wolf |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199554942.003.0028 |access-date=2024-02-16 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/owc/9780199554942.003.0028 |isbn=978-0-19-955494-2|url-access=subscription }}</ref><blockquote>"The merchants of [[Sheba]] and Raamah are your merchants. They set up your markets with the finest perfumes and every precious stone and gold. Harran, Qena, and Aden are the merchants of Sheba, and Assyria and Kilmud are your merchants."</blockquote>At its beginning, the city was a small peninsula with no significant natural resources, but its location between Egypt and India made it important in the ancient Indian Ocean trade route. The city was the home of the ancient Kingdom of Awsan from the eighth to seventh centuries BC.<ref name="Gentiles' p.89">'' The Semitic religious history: the God of Israel and the gods of the Gentiles'' Friedrich Baethgen p.89</ref> In the beginning of the seventh century BC, [[Karib'il Watar|Karibʾil Watar I]], king of the Kingdom of Sheba, launched a campaign against Awsan during which, according to the Sabaean texts, sixteen thousand people were killed, forty thousand people were enslaved, and the kings of [[Kingdom of Awsan|Awsan]] made offerings to the god [[Almaqah]],<ref name=" Daniel McLaughlin p.1752">Daniel McLaughlin,'' Yemen: The Bradt Travel Guide'' p.175</ref> according to the inscription that Karibʾil Watar I left in [[Sirwah]], commemorating his victory.<ref name="Conti Rossini 1931 p.55">Conti Rossini, Carlo, ''Chrestomathia Arabica meridionalis epigraphica edita et glossario instructa'' (1931) Pubblicazioni dell'Instituto per l'Oriente p.55 (4th line)</ref> In the second half of the first century BC, the Roman Emperor Augustus Caesar determined to control Arabia Felix and reach the Indian Ocean. Aelius Gallus' Roman expedition to Arabia Felix (26–25 BCE) aimed to capture the Sabaean capital of Marib but failed due to extreme desert conditions, disease, and logistical challenges. After an unsuccessful week-long siege, the army, weakened by illness and dehydration, withdrew, losing most of its ~10,000 troops to environmental factors and disease"<ref>Bafaqīh, M. ‛A., L'unification du Yémen antique. La lutte entre Saba’, Himyar et le Hadramawt de Ier au IIIe siècle de l'ère chrétienne. Paris, 1990 (Bibliothèque de Raydan, 1) p.34</ref> The Himyarites overthrew the Kingdom of Sheba in 275 AD and took control of Aden.<ref name="Volume 1 p.252">South Arabia as an economic region, Volume 1, in: Volume 7 of philosophical writings of the faculty of the German University in Prague, Rohrer, 1930 p.25</ref> Recent incomplete archaeological studies suggest that the Himyarites were the ones who built the huge water cisterns currently known as the "Cisterns of Aden", which stored approximately 136,382,757 liters of water.<ref name="T. Norris, F. W 1955">H. T. Norris, F. W. Penhey,''An Archaeological and Historical Survey of the Aden Tanks'' Government Press (1955) ASIN: B0007JLQLQ</ref><ref name="Sir Robert Lambert Playfair p.7">Sir Robert Lambert Playfair,''History of Arabia Feilx or yemen'' p.7</ref> The Himyarite Kingdom fell in the first quarter of the sixth century AD. Yusuf Dhu Nuwas mentioned Bab al-Mandab in one of his writings. The forces of the Kingdom of Aksum were entering Yemen through it. The [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] Emperor [[Justinian I]] sent a fleet to fight the Himyarite Jews and support the Kingdom of Aksum and the Christians of Najran. The fleet entered through Aden. Byzantine sources indicate that the [[Sasanian Empire]] took control of the city in 571 AD.<ref name="Richard Frye p.325">Richard Frye, The History of Ancient Iran p.325</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity edited by Scott Fitzgerald Johnson p.298</ref> A local legend in Yemen states that Aden may be as old as human history itself. Some also believe that [[Cain and Abel]] are buried somewhere in the city.<ref>Modern Middle East Nations and Their Strategic Place in the World: Yemen, 2004, by Hal Markovitz. {{ISBN|1-59084-521-8}}</ref> ===Medieval history=== Although the pre-Islamic [[Himyar]] civilisation was capable of building large structures, there seems to have been little fortification at this stage. Fortifications at Mareb and other places in Yemen and the [[Hadhramaut]] make it clear that both the Himyar and the [[Sabaeans|Sabean]] cultures were well capable of it. Thus, watchtowers, since destroyed, are possible. However, the Arab historians [[Ibn al-Mujawir|Ibn al Mujawir]] and Abu Makhramah attribute the first fortification of Aden to Beni Zuree'a. Abu Makhramah has also included a detailed biography of Muhammad Azim Sultan Qamarbandi Naqsh in his work, Tarikh ul-Yemen. The aim seems to have been twofold: to keep hostile forces out and to maintain revenue by controlling the movement of goods, thereby preventing smuggling. In its original form, some of this work was relatively feeble. With the introduction of Islam to Yemen in the seventh century AD, Aden experienced a period of stagnation that lasted until the ninth century AD.<ref name="Daniel McLaughlin p.1752"/> In the early years of Islam, Aden belonged to the province of Jund (Taiz).<ref name="Early Islam p.182">The Yemen in Early Islam (9-233/630-847): A Political History p.182</ref> It was controlled by the state of [[Ziyadid dynasty|Ziyadid]] and the [[Sulayhid dynasty|Sulayhid]]. After the death of [[Ali al-Sulayhi|Ali bin Muhammad Al-Sulayhi]], his son took charge of [[Zurayids]], and Aden continued to pay the annual royalty until [[Arwa al-Sulayhi|Queen Arwa bint Ahmed Al-Sulayhi]] reduced it.<ref name="H.C. Kay, Yaman 1892, pp. 66-7">H.C. Kay, Yaman: Its early medieval history, London 1892, pp. 66-7</ref> After the fall of the Sulayhid state, the Banu Zurayi became independent in Aden, taking advantage of the Sulayhids’ preoccupation with the [[Khawlan]] tribes.<ref name="عمارة بن علي تاريخ اليمن ص 174">عمارة بن علي تاريخ اليمن ص 174</ref> The Zurayites continued to rule Aden, Lahj, and Abyan for less than forty years until they fell under the Ayyubids’ control of the city.<ref>السروري مظاهر الحياة والحضارة في اليمن ص 233</ref> A major battle took place between [[Turan-Shah|Turan Shah bin Ayyub]] and Yasser bin Bilal al-Muhammadi, Minister of State, and the Zurayiyyah were defeated and al-Muhammadi fled to Taiz.<ref>ابن الدبيع ''قرة العيون في اخبار اليمن الميمون'' ص 319</ref> One of the most important contributors to the defeat of the Zurayids was their ongoing wars with the Bani Mahdi in [[Tihamah|Tihama]] and the departure of their army to confront the Ayyubids instead of fortifying themselves in Aden.<ref>السروري مظاهر الحياة والحضارة في اليمن ص313</ref> After 1175, rebuilding in a more solid form began, and ever since then Aden has been a popular city attracting sailors and merchants from [[Egypt]], [[Sindh]], [[Gujarat]], [[East Africa]] and even [[China]]. According to [[Muqaddasi]], Persians formed the majority of Aden's population in the 10th century.<ref>{{cite book |author=Lawrence G. Potter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncfIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA180 |title=The Persian Gulf in History |date=2009 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9780230618459 |page=180 |access-date=13 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908065552/https://books.google.com/books?id=ncfIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA180 |archive-date=8 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Dr Pirouz Mojtahed-Zadeh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUL8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 |title=Security and Territoriality in the Persian Gulf: A Maritime Political Geography |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136817175 |page=64 |access-date=13 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908065552/https://books.google.com/books?id=EUL8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 |archive-date=8 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was visited by the medieval scholar [[Ibn Battuta]] in the 14th century, who described Aden's reservoirs, the [[Cisterns of Tawila]], "These reservoirs accumulate rainwater for the sole purpose of drinking for the city's citizens." During the Ayyubid period in Yemen, Sana'a and its environs were more hostile to their presence than other regions.<ref>السروري مظاهر الحياة والحضارة في اليمن ص412</ref> The Zaidi tribes were able to defeat the Ayyubids in 1226, but Omar bin Rasul, the founder of the [[Rasulid dynasty|Rasulid state]], was able to repel them, so he tightened his control over Aden. The city regained its position during the days of the Rasulids, so they dug wells and built schools, and Aden flourished commercially.<ref name="Aden p.23">''Aden & the Indian Ocean Trade: 150 Years in the Life of a Medieval Arabian Port'' Roxani Eleni Margariti p.23</ref> The kings of Bani Rasul were also merchants and enacted a number of laws and regulations to codify trade in the city.<ref name="Aden p.24">''Aden & the Indian Ocean Trade: 150 Years in the Life of a Medieval Arabian Port'' Roxani Eleni Margariti p.24</ref> The Banu Tahir were able to control Aden after the Banu Rasool, and the Italian traveller [[Ludovico di Varthema|Lodovico di Verthama]] describes it as one of the most powerful cities seen on Earth during the days of the [[Tahirids (Yemen)|Tahirids]].<ref name="Egypt, Syria p.59">''The travels of Ludovico di Varthema in Egypt, Syria, Arabia Deserta and Arabia Felix, in Persia, India, and Ethiopia; A.D. 1503 to 1508'' Lodovico Di Varthema, John Winter Jones, George Percy Badger p.59</ref> [[File:Assault_on_Aden.jpg|thumb|215x215px|Portuguese [[conquistador]] and viceroy [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] failed twice to [[Siege of Aden|capture Aden]] in 1513.]]In 1513, the Portuguese, led by [[Afonso de Albuquerque]], launched an unsuccessful four-day naval [[siege of Aden]].<ref name="Broeze2013">{{cite book |author=Broeze |title=Gateways Of Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXgsBgAAQBAJ |date=28 October 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-16895-6 |page=30}}</ref> The Mamluks in Egypt sensed the danger and sent a force led by Hussein al-Kurdi. The victorious King Amer bin Abdul Wahhab provided great aid to the Kurds, but he suffered a heavy defeat in the Battle of Diu. The Mamluks sent a second fleet, but the victorious king refused to cooperate with the Mamluks because he had succeeded in repelling the Portuguese from Aden without their help.<ref name="ReferenceA">Robert W. Stookey,''the politics of the Yemen Arab Republic''Westview Press, 1978 P.129</ref> Hussein al-Kurdi became angry and allied with the Zaidi Imam, who was opposed to the Tahirids, al-Mutawakkil Sharaf al-Din, and the Tahirid cities fell successively, with the exception of Aden.<ref name="Ronald Lewcock p.68">Ronald Lewcock,''Sanaa an Arabian Islamic city'' p.68</ref> The Ottoman Empire took control of the city in 1538. The Ottomans' goal was to prevent the Portuguese from controlling Aden, so the city witnessed difficult days, in addition to the fact that the port of Mocha gained greater importance at the expense of Aden during the sixteenth century.<ref name="Sir Robert Lambert Playfair p.143">Sir Robert Lambert Playfair,''A History of Arabia Felix Or Yemen'' p.143</ref> The city's population declined and it turned into a small village with a population of no more than 600 people.<ref name="al-bab.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.al-bab.com/bys/articles/hyweljones98.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050900/http://www.al-bab.com/bys/articles/hyweljones98.htm|url-status=dead|title=''The Crater residence of Captain S B Haines'' Merilyn Hywel-Jones|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> While its population was approximately eighty thousand people during the days of the Rasulid state.<ref name="H Kour, p.14">Z H Kour,''The History of Aden'', p. 14.</ref>[[File:Hogenberg.Aden.jpg|thumb|944x944px|Aden, with Portuguese fleet (1590)|center]]In 1421, China's Ming dynasty [[Yongle Emperor]] ordered principal envoy grand eunuch Li Xing and grand eunuch Zhou Man of [[Zheng He]]'s fleet to convey an imperial edict with hats and robes to bestow on the king of Aden. The envoys boarded three treasure ships and [[Treasure voyages|set sail from Sumatra to the port of Aden]]. This event was recorded in the book ''Yingyai Shenglan'' by [[Ma Huan]] who accompanied the imperial envoy.<ref>[[Ma Huan]] Ying-yai Sheng-lan, The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores, 1433, translated by J.V.G. Mills, with foreword and preface, Hakluty Society, London 1970; reprinted by the White Lotus Press 1997. {{ISBN|974-8496-78-3}}</ref> After [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rule, Aden was ruled by the [[Sultanate of Lahej]], under suzerainty of the Zaidi imams of Yemen. The first political intercourse between Lahej and the British took place in 1799, when a naval force was sent from Great Britain, with a detachment of troops from India, to occupy the island of Perim and prevent all communication of the French in Egypt with the Indian Ocean, by way of the Red Sea. The island of Perim was found unsuitable for troops, and the Sultan of Lahej, Ahmed bin Abdul Karim, received the detachment for some time at Aden. He proposed to enter into an alliance and to grant Aden as a permanent station, but the offer was declined. A Treaty was, however, concluded with the Sultan in 1802 by Admiral Sir Home Popham, who was instructed to enter into political and commercial alliances with the chief rulers on the Arabian coast of the Red Sea.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Aitchison |first=G |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49919/page/n1/mode/2up |title=A Collection of Treaties, Engagements And Sanads Relating To India And Neighbouring Countries |publisher=Government of India |year=1931 |volume=xi |pages=2–7}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> ===Modern history=== [[File:Crater lighthouse.jpg|thumb|Crater lighthouse next to the post office at the beginning of the last century]] The situation was different in the north of the country, where the [[Zaydism|Zaidis]] did not recognise the authority of the Ottomans and revolted against them many times, the most recent of which was the revolution of [[Imams of Yemen|Imam]] ''Al-Mansur Billah Al-Qasim bin Muhammad bin Al-Qasim'', who and his son ''Al-Mu'ayyad Billah Muhammad'' were able to unite the tribes and expel the Ottomans.<ref>Ronald Lewcock,''San'a' an Arabian Islamic City''Melisende UK Ltd p.74</ref> The imams relied on the revenues from the port of [[Mokha|Mocha]], and Aden was not as important as the Abadlahs were. At the end of the eighteenth century, Sultan ''Fadl al-Abdali'' concluded an alliance with the [[Yafa'a|Yafi]] tribes to rebel against the Zaidi imams and monopolise Aden's revenues equally among them.<ref>John M. Willis,''Unmaking North and South: Spatial Histories of Modern Yemen'' p.86</ref> The Sultan of [[Sultanate of Lahej|Lahej]] got rid of the imams, but he did not fulfil his promise to Yafa. The Zaidi imams did not recognise inheritance and saw fighting for the imamate, so the war between ''Al-Nasir Muhammad bin Ishaq'' and ''Al-Mansur Al-Hussein bin Al-Mutawakkil'' prolonged, so Al-Abdali took the opportunity to declare his independence in Lahej and Aden.<ref name="Harold F. Jacob p.252">Harold F. Jacob,''Kings of Arabia'' p.25</ref> The English had been visiting Aden and Mocha from 1609, led by [[Henry Middleton (captain)|Sir Henry Middleton]], who was imprisoned, his ships confiscated, and eight of his men killed.<ref name="Harold F. Jacob p.252"/> The British tried to conclude treaties with the Zaidi imams after the Ottomans were expelled from Aden. They visited Sana'a and Mocha, but they treated the British ambassador poorly and rejected his offer. Things were different when the Abdali gained independence from Lahj and Medina. They signed a treaty with the British in 1802, stipulating that they build a factory in Crater and allocate a special cemetery for British subjects free of charge. The Abdali wanted protection from the tribes. Sultan Fadl bin Ali was killed by Yafi’ gunmen, then one of the sheikhs of Al-Hujariya invaded Lahj and besieged it for five months. Al-Awaliq also besieged it with eight thousand fighters, and they did not leave until Sultan Ahmed bin Abdul Karim paid them seven thousand dollars.<ref>Sir Robert Lambert Playfair,''A History of Arabia Feilx or Yemen'' p.161</ref> Then the Fadl family attacked Aden in 1836. ==== British administration 1839–1967 ==== {{see also|Aden Colony|State of Aden}} [[File:Port of Aden 1890's.png|thumb|Port of Aden 1890|left]] [[File:Aden postcard.jpg|thumb|Port of Aden (around 1910). Ships lying off Steamer Point at the entrance to the modern inner harbour.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.portofaden.com/Aden.JPG|title=Port of Aden inner harbour}}</ref>]] [[File:Map of Aden (Baedeker 1914).jpg|thumb|Map of Aden peninsula, ca. 1914]] [[File:Aden. Esplanade Road, Crater, late 1930s.jpg|thumb|Esplanade Road in the late 1940s]] In 1609 ''The Ascension'' was the first English ship to visit Aden, before sailing on to [[Mocha (port)|Mocha]] during the fourth voyage of the [[East India Company]].<ref>J. K. Laughton, '[[John Jourdain|Jourdain, John]] (c.1572–1619)', rev. H. V. Bowen, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008</ref> British interests in Aden began in 1796 with [[Napoleon]]'s invasion of Egypt, after which a British fleet docked at Aden for several months at the invitation of the sultan. The French were defeated in Egypt in 1801, and their [[privateers]] were tracked down over the subsequent decade.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} By 1800, Aden was a small village with a population of 600 Arabs, [[Somalis]], Jews, and Indians—housed for the most part in huts of reed matting erected among ruins recalling a vanished era of wealth and prosperity.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} As there was little British trade in the Red Sea, most British politicians until the 1830s had no further interest in the area beyond the suppression of piracy. However, a small number of government officials and the [[East India Company]] officials thought that a British base in the area was necessary to prevent another French advance through Egypt or [[The Great Game|Russian expansion through Persia]]. The emergence of [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt]] as a strong local ruler only increased their concerns. The governor of [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]] from 1834 to 1838, [[Sir Robert Grant]], was one of those who believed that India could only be protected by preemptively seizing "places of strength" to protect the Indian Ocean.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} The Red Sea increased in importance after the steamship {{ship|HCS|Hugh Lindsay|1829|2}} sailed from Bombay to the [[Isthmus of Suez|Suez isthmus]] in 1830, stopping at Aden with the sultan's consent to resupply with [[coal]]. Although cargo was still carried around the [[Cape of Good Hope]] in sailing ships, a steam route to the Suez could provide a much quicker option for transporting officials and important communications. Grant felt that armed ships steaming regularly between Bombay and Suez would help secure British interests in the region and did all he could to progress his vision. After lengthy negotiations due to the costs of investing in the new technology, the government agreed to pay half the costs for six voyages per year and the East India Company board approved the purchase of two new steamers in 1837. Grant immediately announced that monthly voyages to Suez would take place, despite the fact that no secure coal supplying station had been found.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Christie |first1=Nikki |title=Gaining and Losing an Empire: Britain 1763–1914 |date=2016 |publisher=Pearson |pages=53–55}}</ref> The British first stationed a coal depot on the island of [[Socotra]] in 1834. However, due to the lack of suitable infrastructure there, they quickly lost interest in Socotra and turned towards Aden instead.<ref name=khalili>{{cite book |last=Khalili |first=Laleh |author-link=Laleh Khalili |date=2020 |title=Sinews of War and Trade: Shipping and Capitalism in the Arabian Peninsula |location=London |publisher=[[Verso Books|Verso]] |isbn=9781786634818}}</ref>{{rp|22}} In 1838, under Muhsin bin Fadl, Lahej ceded {{convert|194|km2|abbr=on}} including Aden to the [[British Empire|British]]. On 19 January 1839, the [[British East India Company]] landed [[Royal Marines]] at Aden to definitively conquer the territory (the so-called [[Aden Expedition]]) and stop attacks by pirates against British shipping to India. In 1850 it was declared a [[free trade]] port, with the liquor, salt, arms, and [[Opium Wars|opium trades]] developing duties as it won all the coffee trade from [[Mokha]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Great Britain Hydrographic Dept|title=The Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Pilot|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EVDNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR1|year=1900|edition=5th|publisher=Order of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty|page=348}}</ref> The port lies about equidistant from the [[Suez Canal]], [[Mumbai|Bombay]], and [[Zanzibar]], which were all important [[British possessions]]. Aden had been an [[entrepôt]] and a way-station for ships in the ancient world. There, supplies, particularly water, were replenished, so, in the mid-19th century, it became necessary to replenish [[coal]] and boiler water. Thus Aden acquired a [[Coaling Station|coaling station]] at Steamer Point and Aden was to remain under British control until November 1967.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} [[File:Aden British Forces Headquarters.jpg|left|thumb|Photograph showing the headquarters of the British Forces in Aden (in Barrack Hill, Steamer Point). The R.A.F. Hospital is seen in the background. Cropped from a postcard published c. 1935.]] Until 1937, Aden was governed as part of [[British Raj|British India]] and was known as the [[Aden Settlement]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Robbins |first=Robert R. |date=1939 |title=The Legal Status of Aden Colony and the Aden Protectorate |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2192881 |journal=The American Journal of International Law |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=700–715 |doi=10.2307/2192881 |jstor=2192881 |issn=0002-9300|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Its original territory was enlarged in 1857 by the {{convert|13|km2|abbr=on}} island of [[Perim]], in 1868 by the {{convert|73|km2|abbr=on}} [[Khuriya Muriya Islands]], and in 1915 by the {{convert|108|km2|abbr=on}} island of [[Kamaran]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} The settlement would become [[Aden Province]] in 1935.<ref name=":1" /> [[File:Bombing of Aden gate march 1963.jpg|thumb|Bab Aden demolition in March 1963 under the pretext of expanding the road.]] In 1937, the settlement was detached from India and became the [[Aden Colony|Colony of Aden]], a British [[Crown colony]]. The change in government was a step towards the change in the official currency unit. When [[British India]] became independent in 1947, Indian [[rupee]]s (divided into [[Indian anna|annas]]) were replaced in Aden by [[East African shilling]]s. The [[hinterland]] of Aden and [[Hadhramaut]] were also loosely tied to Britain as the [[Aden Protectorate]], which was overseen from Aden. Aden's location also made it a useful ''[[entrepôt]]'' for [[mail]] passing between places around the [[Indian Ocean]] and Europe. Thus, a ship passing from [[Suez]] to [[Mumbai|Bombay]] could leave mail for [[Mombasa]] at Aden for collection (See ''[[Postage stamps and postal history of Aden]]'').[[File:Mualla Main Road.JPG|thumb|Mualla Main Road, 1963. Vehicles at the time were righthand drive and drove on the left, in the British custom until 1977.]] In December 1947, [[1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aden|a three-day riot]] broke out in reaction to the drafting of the [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine|Partition Plan for Palestine]]. The riots and their repression by the [[Aden Protectorate Levies]] saw the killing of 76-82 [[Jews]], 33 Arabs, 4 Muslim Indians and 1 Somali, in addition to [[looting]] and damaging of property.<ref>{{Citation |last=Ahroni |first=Reuben |title=Aden Riots (1947) |date=2010-10-01 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world/*-COM_0000750 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World |access-date=2023-03-30 |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_com_0000750|url-access=subscription }}</ref> After the [[Suez Crisis]] in 1956, the British held on to Aden as an outpost in the region for another decade. The British authorities had already decided to further expand its port shortly before the [[Suez Canal]]'s 1956 closure.<ref name=khalili/>{{rp|73}} Aden sent a team of two to the [[1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games]] in [[Perth, Western Australia]].{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} ==== Federation of South Arabia and the Aden Emergency ==== [[File:Aden- 1967 (8193118276).jpg|thumb|Joint Headquarters of Aden's military. Steamer Point ([[Tawahi (Aden)|Tawahi]]), Aden, 1967]] {{main|Federation of South Arabia|Aden Emergency}} In order to stabilise Aden and the surrounding Aden Protectorate from the designs of the Egyptian backed republicans of [[Yemen Arab Republic|North Yemen]], the British attempted gradually to unite the disparate states of the region in preparation for eventual independence. On 18 January 1963, the Colony of Aden was incorporated into the [[Federation of Arab Emirates of the South]] against the wishes of North Yemen. The city became the [[State of Aden]] and the Federation was renamed the [[Federation of South Arabia]] (FSA). An insurgency against British administration known as the [[Aden Emergency]] began with a grenade attack by the communist [[National Liberation Front (Yemen)|National Liberation Front]] (NLF), against the British High Commissioner on 10 December 1963, killing one person and injuring fifty, and a "state of emergency" was declared.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Rob |date=2016-03-28 |title=Out of Arabia: British Strategy and the Fate of Local Forces in Aden, South Yemen, and Oman, 1967–76 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2016.1152994 |journal=The International History Review |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=143–164 |doi=10.1080/07075332.2016.1152994 |issn=0707-5332|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1964, Britain announced its intention to grant independence to the FSA in 1968, but that British troops would remain in Aden. The security situation deteriorated as NLF and FLOSY ([[Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen]]) vied for the upper hand.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Walker |first=Jonathan |title=Aden Insurgency: The Savage War in Yeman 1962-67 |publisher=Pen & Sword Military |isbn=978-1473827639 |publication-date=Feb 9, 2015 |language=English}}</ref> In January 1967, there were mass riots between the NLF and their rival FLOSY supporters in the old Arab quarter of Aden town. This conflict continued until mid February, despite the intervention of British troops. On 20 June 1967, 23 British Army soldiers were ambushed and shot dead by members of Aden Police during the Aden Mutiny in the Crater District. During the period there were as many attacks on the British troops by both sides as against each other culminating in the destruction of an [[Aden Airways]] [[Douglas DC-3|DC3]] plane in the air with no survivors.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Aircraft accident Douglas R4D-1 (DC-3) VR-AAN Wadi Rabtah |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19661122-0 |website=aviation-safety.net |access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref> The increased violence was a determining factor in the British ensuring all families were evacuated more quickly than initially intended, as recorded in ''From Barren Rocks to Living Stones''. On 30 November 1967, British troops were evacuated, leaving Aden and the rest of the FSA under NLF control. The [[Royal Marines]], who had been the first British troops to arrive in Aden in 1839, were the last to leave – with the exception of a [[Royal Engineers|Royal Engineer]] detachment ([[10th Field Squadron (United Kingdom)|10 Airfields Squadron]] left Aden on 13 December 1967). As part of a larger [[Royal Navy]] [[task force]], {{HMS|Albion}}'s helicopters lifted off remaining Royal Marine commandos left to secure the airfield.<ref>Brian Lapping, "End of Empire," 308, 310.</ref> ===Post-independence === {{see also|South Yemen}} The last British soldier left Aden on November 30, 1967, and the [[National Liberation Front (South Yemen)|National Liberation Front]] had the upper hand at the expense of the Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen, whose members were divided between joining the National Front or leaving for North Yemen, so Abdullah Al-Asanj and Muhammad Basindwa left for North Yemen.<ref>Al-Hawadess, 1977 ''Events, Issues 20-33'' p.187</ref> Qahtan al-Sha'bi assumed the presidency of the new state, and the sheikhdoms of the Eastern Protectorate of Hadramaut and Al-Mahra were annexed to the new state. Al-Shaabi took over a new country with a collapsed economy. Civilian workers and businessmen left, and British support ceased. The closure of the Suez Canal in 1967 played an important role in the country's economy, as it reduced the number of ships crossing Aden by 75%.<ref>Noel Brehony ''Yemen Divided: The Story of a Failed State in South Arabia'' p.31</ref> The new state was divided into six governorates on December 11, 1967, in order to end the manifestations of tribalism in the state and ignore the tribal borders between the defunct sheikhdoms.<ref>Noel Brehony ''Yemen Divided: The Story of a Failed State in South Arabia'' p.34</ref> On March 20, 1968, Qahtan dismissed all leftist leaders from the government and party membership. He was able to put down a rebellion led by leftist factions in the army in May of the same year, and faced new rebellions from leftist parties in July, August and December 1968.<ref>Nadav Safran ''Saudi Arabia: The Ceaseless Quest for Security'' p.128</ref> This is because all Arab countries welcomed the front. National Liberation received a cold reception. Regimes like Egypt wanted to merge the National Front with the [[Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen]], where the leftist section was more numerous than the supporters of the popular Qahtan.<ref>Noel Brehony ''Yemen Divided: The Story of a Failed State in South Arabia'' p.32-33</ref> They wanted a regime that would lead the masses and face the great challenges facing the new state, the most important of which was the bankruptcy of the treasury. [[File:The Freedom Statue.jpg|thumb|left|People celebrating the [[14th October Revolution]] next to the "Freedom statue" in al-Oroud Square]] Qahtan al-Shaabi dismissed Interior Minister Muhammad Ali Haitham on 16 June 1969, but the latter, with his ties to the tribes and the army, reassembled the leftist forces that had been dispersed by President Qahtan al-Shaabi, and they were able to place him under house arrest on 22 June.<ref>Fred Haliday ''Revolution and Foreign Policy: The Case of South Yemen, 1967-1987'' p.25</ref> A presidential committee was formed from Five people: Salem Rabie Ali, who became president, Muhammad Saleh Al-Awlaki, Ali Antar, Abdel Fattah Ismail, and Muhammad Ali Haitham, who became prime minister. This group took an extreme leftist line, declaring its support for the Palestinians and the Dhofar Revolution, and strengthening its relationship with the Soviet Union. West Germany severed its relationship with the state due to its recognition of East Germany, and the United States also severed its relationship in October 1969. The new powers issued a new constitution, nationalised foreign banks and insurance companies, and changed the name of the country to the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen in line with the Marxist–Leninist approach they followed. A centrally planned economy was established.<ref>David Walker, Daniel Gray ''The A to Z of Marxism'' p. 329</ref> The port of Aden was the largest source of national income for the Republic of South Yemen, but the closure of the Suez Canal by Egypt between 1967 and 1975 - reduced commercial activities in the port.<ref name="مولد تلقائيا1">{{Cite web |last=Khalili |first=Laleh |date=2014-08-31 |title=How the (closure of the) Suez Canal changed the world |url=https://thegamming.org/2014/08/31/how-the-closure-of-the-suez-canal-changed-the-world/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=The Gamming |language=en}}</ref> Salem Rabie Ali wanted to adopt a practical approach, so he communicated with the President of North Yemen, Ibrahim al-Hamdi, and made attempts to restore normal relations with Western countries. During his presidency, relations between South Yemen and Saudi Arabia were established in 1976.<ref>Fred Halliday ''Revolution and Foreign Policy: The Case of South Yemen, 1967-1987'' p.27</ref> President Salmin, as he is known, coveted more Soviet support, so the contract with Saudi Arabia worried him. The Soviets pushed them to increase aid, but relations with Saudi Arabia became strained again in 1977 following the assassination of North Yemeni President Ibrahim al-Hamdi.<ref>Nadav Safran ''Saudi Arabia: The Ceaseless Quest for Security'' p.289</ref> It is believed that Salem Rabie Ali orchestrated the assassination of Ahmed Hussein al-Ghashmi in revenge for Ibrahim al-Hamdi.<ref>Sarah Phillips ''Yemen's democracy experiment in regional perspective : patronage and pluralized authoritarianism'' p.44</ref> Salem Rabie Ali was subjected to a quick trial that ended with his execution and Abdel Fattah Ismail assuming the presidency of South Yemen. Relations with North Yemen became tense, due to Fattah's support for the factions opposing Ali Abdullah Saleh, who was more fanatical than his predecessors. Relations with the Soviet Union became active in an unprecedented way, so the Front War broke out in 1978, in which the Soviet Union and the United States intervened.<ref>Peter J. Chelkowski, Robert J. Pranger ''Ideology and Power in the Middle East: Studies in Honor of George Lenczowski'' p.265</ref> Ali Nasser Muhammad was able to force Abd al-Fattah Ismail al-Jawfi to resign for "health reasons", and Ismail was exiled to Moscow two years after he assumed the presidency.<ref>Yevgeny Primakov,''Russia and the Arabs : behind the scenes in the Middle East from the Cold War to the present'' New York : Basic Books p.84</ref> Despite the approach of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and its removal of tribal aspects, tribalism remained alive among politicians and the public despite the exposure of its sheikhs. Tribes from their authorities. Tribal and regional favouritism and nepotism remained rife in southern Yemen, as political forces called on their tribal and regional affiliations during crises.<ref>Halim Barakat ''The Arab World: Society, Culture, and State''University of California Press, 1993'' p.159''</ref> [[File:Store in Aden.jpg|thumb|left|A ''[[Coffeehouse|Maqhaya]]'' in Aden with the flag of the ruling [[Yemeni Socialist Party]] hanging above it, 1989]] By January 1986, Aden was torn apart by the rivalry of two factions in the ruling Socialist Party, when President Ali Nasser Muhammad's guards launched a surprise attack on the political party's office in Aden on January 13, 1986. This was the beginning of the 1986 civil war in South Yemen.<ref name="مولد تلقائيا12">Ibid p.72</ref> The basis of the war was regional. Ali Nasser Muhammad was from Abyan Governorate, while most of those killed in the political party office were from Al-Dhalea and Lahj.<ref>Stephen W. Day,''Regionalism and Rebellion in Yemen: A Troubled National Union'' p.73</ref> Military brigades from those areas bombed Aden from land and sea, forcing Ali Nasser Muhammad to flee and hundreds of thousands of civilians and soldiers to flee to northern Yemen, including [[Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi|Abd Rabbuh Mansour Hadi]].<ref>Stephen W. Day, Regionalism and Rebellion in Yemen: A Troubled National Union p.74</ref> This was followed by systematic killings and liquidations against the people of Abyan Governorate, on charges that they were collaborating with Ali Nasser Muhammad. Nearly ten thousand people were killed and thousands migrated towards North Yemen, most of whom were from Abyan and Shabwa.<ref>Stephen W. Day,''Regionalism and Rebellion in Yemen: A Troubled National Union'' p.74</ref> With the [[Yemeni unification|unification]] of [[Yemen Arab Republic|north]] and south Yemen in 1990, Aden was no longer a national capital but remained the capital of ''Aden Governorate'' which covered an area similar to that of the Aden Colony. On 29 December 1992, [[Al Qaeda]] conducted its first known [[terrorism|terrorist]] attack in Aden, bombing the [[Gold Mohur Hotel]], where US servicemen were known to have been staying en route to [[Somalia]] for [[Operation Restore Hope]]. A Yemeni and an Austrian tourist died in the attack.<ref name="pbs-1stattack">{{cite web |title=Timeline: Al Qaeda's Global Context: Al Qaeda's First Attack |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/timeline-al-qaedas-global-context/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215062157/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/knew/etc/cron.html |archive-date=15 December 2007 |access-date=30 November 2007 |work=Frontline: The Man Who Knew |publisher=pbs.org}}</ref> That war marked the end of the state of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, and [[Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas|Haider Abu Bakr Al-Attas]] assumed the presidency until May 22, 1990, the [[Yemeni unification|unity of South Yemen with North Yemen]], and the establishment of the Republic of Yemen. At that time, [[Ali Salem al Beidh|Ali Salem Al-Baidh]] was considered [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]]'s deputy, and Haider Abu Bakr Al-Attas was considered [[Prime Minister of Yemen|prime minister]], and after the [[1993 Yemeni parliamentary election|1993 elections]]. Conflicts began within the ruling coalition, and Vice President Ali Salem Al-Beidh retreated to Aden in August 1993. The general security situation in the country deteriorated, and the complete integration of the two armies failed. The southern forces, which were transferred to [['Amran Governorate|Amran]], clashed with the northern forces there, and the forces of the northern giants, which were transferred to Amran, clashed. Abyan with the southern forces, and the political parties signed the [[1994 Covenant and Agreement]], in the Jordanian capital, on February 20, 1994, in an attempt to end the crisis, and successive events led to the outbreak of the Summer [[Yemeni Civil War (1994)|1994 civil war]], and the southern military leaders who fled after the events of 1986 joined the ranks of the forces loyal to former President Ali Abdullah Saleh, and supported the Unity Army in the war against their former comrades in 1994 in the war against the separatists.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://yemen24news.blogspot.com/2012/02/hadi-elected-as-yemen-new-president.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019235638/http://yemen24news.blogspot.com/2012/02/hadi-elected-as-yemen-new-president.html|url-status=dead|title=yemen 24 news: Hadi elected as Yemen new president|date=25 February 2012|archive-date=19 October 2017}}</ref> At the forefront of these emerged a group of the brightest officers, such as President Abd Rabbuh Mansour Hadi, who became Minister of Defense at the time, the former Chief of Staff, Major General Abdullah Aliwa, and Major General Salem Qatan, who was assassinated by an Al-Qaeda gunman. After the war, Abd Rabbuh Mansour Hadi was appointed Vice President of the Republic, and remained in office. He held his position until 2012, when he was elected president of the country.[[File:Aden, Yemen Port.jpg|thumb|right|View of Aden from the sea]] Members of al Qaeda attempted to bomb the US guided-missile destroyer [[USS The Sullivans (DDG-68)|''The Sullivans'']] at the port of Aden as part of the [[2000 millennium attack plots]]. The boat that had the explosives in it sank, forcing the planned attack to be aborted.<ref name="fbi-terror-00-01">{{cite web |author1=Federal Bureau of Investigation |date=2004 |title=Terrorism 2000/2001 2004–306-694 |url=https://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/terror/terrorism-2000-2001#Terrorism_2000/2001 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621075632/https://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/terror/terrorism-2000-2001/#Terrorism_2000/2001 |archive-date=June 21, 2016 |access-date=February 4, 2015 |website=www.fbi.gov |publisher=[[United States Government Printing Office]]}} ([https://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/terror/terror00_01.pdf PDF version] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204055547/https://www.fbi.gov/file-repository/stats-services-publications-terror-terror00_01.pdf|date=February 4, 2021}})</ref><ref name="Piszkiewicz">{{cite book |last=Piszkiewicz |first=Dennis |url=https://archive.org/details/terrorismswarwit00denn |title=Terrorism's war with America: A history |publisher=Praeger |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-275-97952-2 |edition=first |location=Westport, Conn. |pages=[https://archive.org/details/terrorismswarwit00denn/page/123 123] |access-date=February 4, 2015 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>"''[[Against All Enemies: Inside America's War on Terror]]''" [[Richard A. Clarke]]. {{ISBN|0-7432-6823-7}} {{page needed|date=February 2015}}</ref> The [[USS Cole bombing|bombing attack on destroyer USS ''Cole'']] took place in Aden on 12 October 2000.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ward |first=Alex |date=8 November 2018 |title=Trump's Justice Department is fighting US terrorist attack victims in the Supreme Court |url=https://www.vox.com/2018/11/8/18075314/supreme-court-uss-cole-lawsuit-terrorist-sudan |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]}}</ref> In 2007 growing dissatisfaction with unification led to the formation of the secessionist [[South Yemen Movement]]. According to ''The New York Times'', the Movement's mainly underground leadership includes socialists, Islamists and individuals desiring a return to the perceived benefits of the [[People's Democratic Republic of Yemen]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/28/world/middleeast/28yemen.html |title=In Yemen's South, Protests Could Cause More Instability |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=28 February 2010 |access-date=8 February 2010 |first=Robert F. |last=Worth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304233745/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/28/world/middleeast/28yemen.html |archive-date= 4 March 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> === Temporary capital and civil war === {{Main|Yemeni Revolution|Yemeni crisis (2011–present)|2018 Yemeni coup d'état}} Aden remained in a state of political stagnation for 25 years until President Abd Rabbuh Mansour Hadi took refuge there and carried out his work from the Republican Palace in Aden. Hadi declared Aden the temporary capital on March 7, 2015, instead of Sana’a, which he described as occupied by the Houthis. This was after the Houthis took control of Sanaa on September 21, 2014, and imposed a siege on the Republican Palace and the home of President Hadi on January 20. Hadi submitted his resignation on January 22 to Parliament, which did not hold a session to accept or reject the resignation, and Hadi remained under house arrest imposed by the Houthis. Until he was able to leave for Aden on February 21, 2015, he retracted his resignation, and announced a statement in which he said, "All decisions taken since September 21 are invalid and have no legitimacy." President [[Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi]] fled to Aden, his hometown, in February 2015 after being deposed in the [[2014–15 Yemeni coup d'état|coup d'état]] that many consider to be the start of the [[Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)|Yemeni civil war]]. Others consider that the civil war began in September 2014 when Houthi forces [[Battle of Sanaa (2014)|took over the capital city Sana'a]], which was followed by a rapid [[Houthi takeover in Yemen|Houthi takeover of the government]]. Hadi declared in Aden that he was still Yemen's legitimate president and called on state institutions and loyal officials to relocate to Aden.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2015/Feb-26/288841-head-of-gcc-visits-embattled-hadi-in-aden.ashx |agency=The Daily Star |title=Head of GCC visits embattled Hadi in Aden |date=26 February 2015 |access-date=26 February 2015 |archive-date=19 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319131640/https://www.dailystar.com.lb/scripts/xgemius.js |url-status=live }}</ref> In a televised speech on 21 March 2015, he declared Aden to be Yemen's "economic and temporary capital" while [[Sana'a]] is controlled by the [[Houthis]].<ref name="dw">{{cite news |date=21 March 2015 |title=Yemen's President Hadi declares new 'temporary capital' |agency=Deutsche Welle |url=http://www.dw.de/yemens-president-hadi-declares-new-temporary-capital/a-18332197 |access-date=21 March 2015 |archive-date=5 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605210805/http://www.dw.de/yemens-president-hadi-declares-new-temporary-capital/a-18332197 |url-status=live }}</ref> Aden was hit by violence in the [[aftermath of the 2014–15 Yemeni coup d'état|aftermath of the coup d'état]], with forces loyal to Hadi clashing with those loyal to former president [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]] in a [[Battle of Aden Airport|battle]] for [[Aden International Airport]] on 19 March 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/transport/fierce-gun-battle-between-factions-at-yemen-airport-1-3723480|agency=The Scotsman|title=Fierce gun battle between factions at Yemen airport|first=Hamza|last=Hendawi|date=20 March 2015|access-date=21 March 2015|archive-date=26 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326035814/http://www.scotsman.com/news/transport/fierce-gun-battle-between-factions-at-yemen-airport-1-3723480|url-status=dead}}</ref> After the airport battle, the entire city became a battleground for the [[Battle of Aden (2015)|Battle of Aden]], which left large parts of the city in ruins and has killed at least 198 people since 25 March 2015.<ref name="despair">{{cite news |last1=Fahim |first1=Karim |last2=Bin Lazrq |first2=Fathi |date=10 April 2015 |title=Yemen's Despair on Full Display in 'Ruined' City |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/middleeast/aden-yemen.html |access-date=11 April 2015 |archive-date=22 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622144108/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/middleeast/aden-yemen.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Some Arab and foreign embassies were transferred to Aden, and Defense Minister Mahmoud Al-Subaihi was able to leave Sanaa for Aden and met with President Hadi. On March 4, 2016, unidentified gunmen stormed the Mother Teresa House in the city and killed sixteen people, including four nuns. A number of the old city's churches have also been destroyed by Islamic extremists since mid-2015. On 14 July 2015, the [[Saudi Arabian Army]] launched an offensive to win control of the city. Within three days, the city was cleared of [[Houthi]] rebels, ending the Battle of Aden with a coalition victory.<ref name="P&P">{{cite news |date=25 July 2015 |title=Proxies and paranoia |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |publisher=[[Economist Group]] |agency=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21659759-kingdom-fears-resurgent-iran-sanctions-come-proxies-and-paranoia |access-date=30 July 2015 |archive-date=10 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210183143/https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21659759-kingdom-fears-resurgent-iran-sanctions-come-proxies-and-paranoia |url-status=live }}</ref> Beginning on 28 January 2018, separatists loyal to the [[Southern Transitional Council]] (STC) seized control of the Yemeni government headquarters in Aden in a [[Battle of Aden (2018)|coup d'état]] against the Hadi-led government.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-42852285|title=Separatist clashes flare in south Yemen|date=30 January 2018|access-date=30 January 2018|work=BBC News|archive-date=24 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424200045/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-42852285|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lepoint.fr/monde/yemen-les-separatistes-sudistes-a-la-recherche-de-l-independance-perdue-28-01-2018-2190258_24.php|title=Yémen: les séparatistes sudistes, à la recherche de l'indépendance perdue|date=28 January 2018|work=[[Le Point]]|access-date=28 January 2018|archive-date=28 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128162923/http://www.lepoint.fr/monde/yemen-les-separatistes-sudistes-a-la-recherche-de-l-independance-perdue-28-01-2018-2190258_24.php|url-status=live}}</ref> On 30 December 2020, the undersecretary of labour and deputy minister of public works were [[2020 Aden airport attack|killed along with between 20 and 30 others at the Aden airport]] while they conducted an international press briefing about their new arrangements with the STC, which includes the partition of forces inside Aden, as they returned from hiding in the Saudi capital. Prime Minister [[Maeen Abdulmalik Saeed]], his ministers and his entourage were conducted to safety under the barrage of hostile fire.<ref name="bbcmk">{{cite news |title=Yemen war: Deadly attack at Aden airport as new government arrives |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-55484436 |publisher=BBC |date=31 December 2020 |access-date=22 February 2021 |archive-date=30 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230114446/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-55484436 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="bbgmh">{{cite news |last1=Hatem |first1=Mohammed |title=Blasts at Yemen Airport Said to Kill 30 as New Cabinet Lands |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-30/blast-heard-at-yemen-s-aden-airport-as-new-ministers-arrive |publisher=Bloomberg News |date=30 December 2020 |access-date=22 February 2021 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414225919/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-30/blast-heard-at-yemen-s-aden-airport-as-new-ministers-arrive |url-status=live }}</ref> == Culture == === Dialects === {{Main|Yemeni Arabic|Taʽizzi-Adeni Arabic}} The entry of the Yemenis into Islam contributed to their abandoning their ancient script and replacing it with the late Nabataean alphabet in which the Qur’an was written.{{Efn|Jawad Ali says: It appears from researchers finding writings written in the Musnad in various places in the Arabian Peninsula, including the coasts of the Arabian Gulf, some of which are ancient and some of which are close to Islam, that the Musnad pen was the authentic and first Arabic pen among the Arabs. All the people of the Arabian Peninsula wrote about it, but the Christian preaching that entered the Arabian Peninsula and spread in various places brought with it the late Armenian pen, the pen of the Eastern churches, and began spreading it among the people. Because it was his sacred pen with which the clerics used to write. Since this pen was easier to write than the musnad, it found widespread followers among those who converted to Christianity and among pagans as well, due to its ease of writing. However, it was not able to eliminate the musnad as people continued to write with it. When Islam came, the scribes wrote the revelation with the pen of the people of Mecca so that the revelation would descend among them. The Mecca pen became the official pen for the Muslims, and Al-Musnad was then sentenced to death. He died and was forgotten by the Arabs, until the Orientalists resurrected him and brought him back to existence again, to translate for us the ordinary writings that were recorded in him. Jawad Ali, Al-Mufassal fi Tarikh al-Arab before Islam, vol. 8, p. 153|name=note1}} Today, Yemenis speak Arabic in the Yemeni dialect, which is a developed dialect and closely linked to the ancient language.<ref>AFL Beeston.'' foreign loanwords in Sabaic'' 1994 pp.39-45</ref> It has three dialects with branches: the [[Sanʽani Arabic|Sanani dialect]], the [[Hadhrami Arabic|Hadrami dialect]], and the [[Taʽizzi-Adeni Arabic|Taizi-Adeni dialect]], in addition to the [[Bedouin Arabic|Bedouin dialect]] of the residents of [[Marib]]. [[Al Jawf Governorate|Al-Jawf]], [[Shabwa]], and [[Hadhramaut#Inner Hadhramaut|Inner Hadhramaut]], and each of these dialects has characteristics and features.<ref>Janet C E Watson; ʻAbd al-Salām ʻAmri.''Wasf San'a : texts in San'ani Arabic'' Wiesbaden : Harrassowitz, 2000. p.324</ref><ref>A. Al-Saqqaf (2006): Co-referential devices in Hadramî Arabic, pp. 75-93</ref> === Music and poetry === [[File:Mohammed_Salem_Bin_Shamikh_-_aden.jpg|link=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Mohammed_Salem_Bin_Shamikh_-_aden.jpg|thumb|240x240px|Artist Muhammad Salem bin Shamekh at a popular singing concert in Aden]]{{Main|Music of Yemen}} Adeni art or the ''Adeniyat'' is an art of Arabic music. Among the ancient artists of Aden are Iskander Thabet Saleh and Muhammad Murshid Naji, and among the poets are Abdul Rahman Ibrahim Muhammad, Ahmed Ghaleb Muhammad Al-Jabri, Abdullah Abdul Karim Muhammad, Ali Abdullah Jaafar Aman, Farid Muhammad Barakat, Lotfi Jaafar Aman, and Mohsen Ali Brik.<ref>[[موسوعة شعر الغناء اليمني في القرن العشرين]]، الجزء الخامس، الطبعة الثانية 2007، رقم الإيداع في دار الكتب:(297)</ref> "Adeni music" played a major role in Aden society, and artists in the Aden dialect were called "al-Mutariba", meaning people of music. Adeni music began in 1920 when the army of the Aden Protectorate was formed, and after it the National Guard, where there were teams for those forces and those teams participated On special occasions and weddings. === Sports === {{See also|Yemeni League|Football in Yemen}} [[File:Sports_Assembly_Edenic.jpeg|link=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Sports_Assembly_Edenic.jpeg|thumb|240x240px|Aden Sports Association]] ==== Pre-independence ==== The first beginning of Adenian sports dates back to the year 1902, when the Adeni Tennis Club was established, with its headquarters in the Al-Qatee’ neighbourhood in Crater, and Youssef Muhammad Khan founded the "Recreational Club United" in the city of Crater, and it was known as the Yousef Khan Stadium. The city of Aden is considered the first city in which sports were practiced in the Arabian Peninsula, and the first private club in Aden was founded in 1905 under the name "Al-Ittihad Al-Muhammadi Club", as the first sports club in Yemen and the Arab world. He was fighting the occupation army divisions and the fleet divisions coming and passing to the port of Aden.<ref name="adenalghad.net2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.adngad.net/news/6987|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402154448/http://adenalghad.net/news/6987/|url-status=dead|title=رياضة - من ذاكرة عدن الرياضية .. الريادة الزمنية للكرة العدنية|first=عدن|last=الغد|archive-date=2 April 2015|website=www.adngad.net}}</ref> In 1924, the "Al-Husseini Sports Club" was founded in Crater, and a third club appeared in Tawahi under the name "Al-Bamboot Club" and Sheikh Othman. The 1930s witnessed the emergence of a number of clubs. In 1933, the "Nujoom Al-Layl Club", Al-Aidrousi Club, and Nujoom Al-Sabah Club appeared in Crater, and in Tawahi, the "Al-Ittihad Al-Islami Club" (Al-Mawlada) appeared.<ref name="adenalghad.net2"/> Until that year, football matches were played in a friendly manner between the teams of the Crater, Al-Tawahi, and Sheikh Othman regions, as there were no federations regulating sports activity. In 1934, the occupation authority announced the establishment of a sports association called the "Adeniya Sports Association", after the increasing number of local clubs. Its members were appointed by the Governor-General of Aden, and all of its members were English, headed by the English Governor of Aden, Bernard Reilly, as sponsor. The association's board of directors consists of Hikam Bottom as president, the Indian Rosario as secretary, and two other members. This association began holding the first club tournament, which was the "Rosario Cup Championship". Six clubs participated in the tournament, three from Crater (Al-Ittihad Al-Mohammadi, Al-Husseini, and Nojoom Al-Layl), from Al-Tawahi (Al-Mawalda, and Al-Bamiot), and from Sheikh Othman, Sheikh Othman Club, which includes Players from various small teams in the Sheikh Othman area, and Al-Ittihad Al-Mohammadi Club won this championship. Among the most important tournaments held in Aden before independence were the Rosario Cup, the Riley Cup, the Somali Bassem Al-Nar Cup, the Aramco Cup, and the Kik Muncherji Championship. === Post-independence === After independence, the "Football Federation" was established on January 18, 1968, on the ruins of the "Adeniya Sports Association". The Federation took a decision regarding the Adeniya clubs, which had numbered about 64 sports clubs, reducing and merging the clubs in Aden and Lahj to only 16 clubs, and the clubs were forced to join or unite with large teams. In February 1968, several sports clubs were abolished, leaving only 12 clubs remaining. In December 1968, Al-Islah Club and Al-Shaab Club were merged into one club under the name of the latter in Al-Tawahi. In 1969, the Al-Ittihad Al-Muhammadi Club and Al-Tadamon Club were united in [[Crater (Aden)|Crater]], under the name Al-Tadamon Al-Muhammadi Club.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}} In the "First General Sports Conference" in 1973, the clubs were merged and reduced again, so that their number became only 7 clubs: Al-Ahrar Club, Al-Ahly Club, Shamsan Club, Al-Shaab Club, Al-Hilal Club, United Youth Club, and Aden Tennis Club. On July 18, 1975, the stage of forming urban clubs, and the beginning of the stage of politicisation of the clubs in favour of the National Liberation Front, took place. It was decided to change their names and reduce them to become 5 clubs: Al-Tilal Club, Shamsan Club, Al-Minaa Club, Al-Wahda Club, and Al-Shoula Club.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}} On July 18, 1975, the "Al-Tilal Sports Club" appeared, headed by Yassin Saeed Noman, as a new name for the "Al-Ittihad Al-Muhammadi Club", which was founded in 1905, and in 1976 the "Yemeni Football Federation" appeared. Al-Tilal Club participated in the "September 26 Cup Competition" in 1980, as the first football competition in which it participated with teams from northern and southern Yemen, such as the national team of Ibb Governorate, Taiz Governorate, Hadhramaut Governorate, Lahj and Hodeidah, at the Shaheed Al-Dharafi Stadium in Sana’a, and Al-Hilal was crowned champion of the September 26 Cup, after victory over Hodeidah national team by five clean goals.<ref>http://www.al-tilalclub.net الموقع الرسمي لنادي التلال الرياضي {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922003010/http://al-tilalclub.net/|date=2017-09-22}}</ref> Football is the most popular sport in Aden. There are 9 stadiums in Aden, including the May 22 International Stadium, and 10 sports clubs. In November 2010, Aden hosted the [[20th Arabian Gulf Cup|2010 Arabian Gulf Football Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arabian Gulf Cup in 2010 |url=http://www.admcsport.com/ar/football/news/article-8054 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112063336/http://www.admcsport.com/ar/football/news/article-8054 |archive-date=12 November 2010 |access-date=10 November 2010 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> === Tourist sites === [[File:Street Scene Aden Yemen.jpg|thumb|right|Crown Library of Aden, 1999]] [[File:Old Town Aden Yemen.jpg|thumb|right|Aban Mosque]] [[File:National museum of Yemen aden.jpg|thumb|right|The Palace of the [[Sultanate of Lahej]], now the National Museum of Yemen]] [[File:Crescent hotel aden.jpg|thumb|right|The Crescent Hotel]] Aden has several historical and natural sites of interest to visitors. These include: *The historical British churches, one of which lies empty and semi-derelict in 2019.<ref>Jamal, Shafee (12 January 2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150504222625/http://www.yementimes.com/en/1537/Culture/192/Aden%E2%80%99s-rich-religious-heritage.htm "Aden's rich religious heritage."] ''[[Yemen Times]]'' (YemenTimes.com). Archived 2015-05-04.</ref> *The [[Zoroastrian]] Temple *[[Cisterns of Tawila|The Cisterns of Tawila]]—an ancient water-catchment system located in the sub-centre of Crater *[[Sira Fortress]] *The Aden Minaret<ref name="lonelyplanet.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/yemen/aden/attractions/aden-minaret/a/poi-sig/1075959/361192 |title=Archived copy |access-date=3 December 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220041914/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/yemen/aden/attractions/aden-minaret/a/poi-sig/1075959/361192 |archive-date=20 December 2016 }}</ref> *[[Big Ben Aden|Little Ben]], a miniature [[Big Ben]] Clock Tower overlooking Steamer Point. Built during the colonial period, this was restored in 2012 after 3 decades of neglect since the British withdrawal of 1967. *The Landing Pier at Steamer Point is a 19th-century building used by visiting dignitaries during the colonial period, most notably Queen Elizabeth during her 1954 visit to the colony. This building was hit by an airstrike in 2015 and is currently in the process of being restored in 2019. *The Crescent Hotel which contained a number of artifacts relating to the Royal Visit of 1954 and which currently remains derelict as a result of a recent airstrike. *The Palace of the [[Sultanate of Lahej]]/National Museum—The National Museum was founded in 1966 and is located in what used to be the Palace of the Sultanate of Lahej. Northern forces robbed it during the 1994 Civil War, but its collection of pieces remains one of the biggest in Yemen.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://arabiantica.humnet.unipi.it/index.php?id=aden-national-museum |title=Arabia Antica: Pre-islamic Arabia, Culture and Archaeology: About |website=arabiantica.humnet.unipi.it |access-date=14 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114172338/http://arabiantica.humnet.unipi.it/index.php?id=aden-national-museum |archive-date=14 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> *The Aden Military Museum which features a painting depicting the 20 June 1967 ambush by Arab Police Barracks on a British Army unit when a number of the 22 soldiers killed that day were driving in two Land Rovers on Queen Arwa Road, Crater. *The Rimbaud House, which opened in 1991, is the two-story house of French poet [[Arthur Rimbaud]] who lived in Aden from 1880 to 1891. Rimbaud moved to Aden on his way to Ethiopia in an attempt for a new life. As of the late 1990s, the first floor of the house belonged to the French Consulate, a cultural centre and a library. The house is located in [[al-Tawahi]]—the European Quarter of Aden—and is politically and culturally debated for its French nature in an area previously colonised by Britain.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Taminian |first=Lucine |title=Rimbaud's House in Aden, Yemen: Giving Voice(s) to the Silent Poet |journal= Cultural Anthropology|volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=464–490 |doi=10.1525/can.1998.13.4.464 |jstor=656569|year=1998 |doi-access=free }}</ref> *The fortifications of Jebal Hadid and Jebal Shamsan *The beaches of Aden and Little Aden—Some of the popular beaches in Aden consist of Lover's Bay Beach, Elephant Beach and Gold Beach. The popular beach in Little Aden is called Blue Beach.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |title=Yemen |last=McLaughlin |first=Daniel |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |year=2008 |pages=183}}</ref> Some beaches are private and some are public, which is subject to change over time due to the changing resort industry. According to the Wall Street Journal, kidnappings on the beaches and the threat of Al Qaeda has caused problems for the resort industry in Aden, which used to be popular among locals and Westerners.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/middleeast/2013/06/06/aden-once-the-lively-beach-resort-of-yemen-struggles-under-sway-of-al-qaeda/ |title=Aden, Once The Lively Beach Resort of Yemen, Struggles Under Sway of Al Qaeda |last=Abi Habib |first=Maria |date=6 June 2013 |website=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=4 August 2017 |archive-date=14 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114170423/http://blogs.wsj.com/middleeast/2013/06/06/aden-once-the-lively-beach-resort-of-yemen-struggles-under-sway-of-al-qaeda/ |url-status=live }}</ref> *[[Aidrus Mosque|Al-Aidaroos Mosque]]<ref name="lonelyplanet.com" /> *Main Pass – now called Al-Aqba Road is the only road into Aden through Crater. Originally an Arched Upper bridge known as Main Gate, it overlooked Aden city and was built during the Ottoman Empire. A painted crest of the 24th British army battalion is still visible on the brickwork adjacent to the Gate site and is believed to be the only remaining army Crest from colonial rule still visible in Aden. In March 1963 the bridge was removed by a British Army controlled explosion to widen the 2 lane roadway to the present 4 lane highway and the only reminder of this bridge is a quarter scale replica built at the end of the Al-Aqba road intersection known as the AdenGate Model roundabout. == Economy and transportation == {{Main|Port of Aden}} [[File:Green_Lighthouse.jpg|link=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Green_Lighthouse.jpg|thumb|260x260px|A small green lighthouse in the port of Aden, and there is another white lighthouse (Aden Lighthouse).]] The industrial activity in Aden is represented by a group of factories and production units, the forefront of which is the oil refinery. The oil refinery in Aden is considered one of the first refineries to be established in the region, and began operating in 1954 AD. The Aden Refineries Company has facilities such as an oil tanker port, a network of storage tanks, and a centre to supply ships with fuel.<ref name="الأنشطة الاقتصادية لمحافظة عدن">{{cite web |access-date=2015-03-02 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009160110/http://www.yemen-nic.info:80/gover/aden/actionecnom/ |title=الأنشطة الاقتصادية لمحافظة عدن |url=https://yemen-nic.info/gover/aden/actionecnom/}}<!-- auto-translated from Arabic by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> Historically, Aden was a station for importing goods from the African coast and from Europe, the United States, and India. As of 1920, Aden was a major commercial centre for trade in the Arabian Peninsula, and the port exported small quantities of local products to most Arab ports. Aden provided coal and salt to passing ships, and the port was a stopping point for ships when they entered Bab al-Mandab. [[File:Port_Of_Aden.jpg|link=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Port_Of_Aden.jpg|left|thumb|280x280px|[[Port of Aden]]]] === Transport === [[File:Aden03 flickr.jpg|thumb|right|Aden's harbour in 1960]]Historically, the port of Aden was the main transport port in the region. Passenger ships land in Al-Tawahi District, and the city is served by Aden International Airport, which is about 10 kilometres (6&nbsp;mi) from the city. The airport is the main headquarters of Al-Saeeda Airlines and its operations centre. The airport is considered the second largest airport. In Yemen, after Sana'a International Airport, it is considered the best airport in Yemen in terms of location due to the mountainous nature of Yemen. However, this airport is surrounded by the Arabian Sea in terms of take-off and landing. The establishment of Aden Airport dates back to the year 1927 when the British forces established a military airport in the district. Khor Maksar. After World War II, Britain carried out extensive urban modernisation and built [[Aden International Airport]], known today, next to the military airport. [[Alyemda|Al-Yamda]] Airlines was the official carrier of South Yemen, before unification, and was based in Aden, before merging with Yemen Airways in 1996. Before the [[Battle of Aden Airport]] and the [[2015 military intervention in Yemen]] closed this airport along with other airports in Yemen. On 22 July, Aden International Airport was declared fit for operation again after the Houthi forces were driven from the city, and a Saudi plane carrying aid reportedly became the first plane to land in Aden in four months.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 July 2015 |title=Aden Airport ready to operate |url=http://www.yementimes.com/?liveblog.item.id=64 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211102822/http://www.yementimes.com/?liveblog.item.id=64 |archive-date=11 February 2017 |access-date=27 July 2015 |work=[[Yemen Times]]}}</ref> The same day, a ship chartered by the [[World Food Programme]] carrying fuel docked in Aden's port.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 July 2015 |title=New WFP Ship Arrives in Aden Port With Fuel For Humanitarian Operations |url=https://www.wfp.org/news/news-release/new-wfp-ship-arrives-aden-port-fuel-humanitarian-operations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809074355/http://www.wfp.org/news/news-release/new-wfp-ship-arrives-aden-port-fuel-humanitarian-operations |archive-date=9 August 2015 |access-date=30 July 2015 |work=World Food Programme |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Historically, Aden's [[harbour]] has been a major hub of transportation for the region. As of 1920, the harbour was {{convert|8|by|4|mi|abbr=on|order=flip|km|0}} in size. Passenger ships landed at Steamer Point now called [[Tawahi (Aden)|Tawahi]].<ref name="Prothero682">{{cite book |last=Prothero |first=G.W. |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/68/ |title=Arabia |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |year=1920 |location=London |page=68 |access-date=9 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830034815/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/68/ |archive-date=30 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> During the British colonial period motor vehicles [[Driving on the left|drove on the left]], as in the United Kingdom. On 2 January 1977, Aden, along with the rest of South Yemen, changed to driving on the right, bringing it into line with neighbouring Arab states.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=QatPAAAAMAAJ&q=%22South+Yemen%22 ''The Rule of the Road: An International Guide to History and Practice''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526161346/https://books.google.com/books?id=QatPAAAAMAAJ&q=%22South+Yemen%22|date=26 May 2023}}, Peter Kincaid, Greenwood Press, 1986, page 200</ref> During the early 20th century, Aden was a prominent export centre for coffee grown in the Jubail highlands. And also to export frankincense, wheat, barley, alfalfa and millet, which are produced and exported from Aden. The leaves and stems of clover, millet, and corn produced in Aden were generally used as fodder. Beginning in 1920, Aden was desalinating seawater to produce table salt. Between 1916 and 1917, Aden produced more than 120,000 tons of salt. Aden also produced potash, which was exported to Mumbai. === Economy === Historically, Aden would import goods from the African coast and from Europe, the [[United States]], and [[India]].<ref name="Prothero682"/><ref name="Prothero69">{{cite book |last=Prothero |first=G.W. |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/69/ |title=Arabia |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |year=1920 |location=London |page=69 |access-date=9 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830034800/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/69/ |archive-date=30 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> As of 1920, the British described it as "the chief emporium of Arabian trade, receiving the small quantities of native produce, and supplying the modest wants of the interior and of most of the smaller Arabian ports." At the docks, the city provided [[coal]] to passing ships. The only item being produced by the city, as of 1920, was [[salt]].<ref name="Prothero69" /> Also, the port was the stop ships had to take when entering the [[Bab-el-Mandeb]]; this was how cities like Mecca had received goods by ship. [[Yemenia|Yemen Airlines]], the national airline of South Yemen, had its head office in Aden. On 15 May 1996, Yemen Airlines merged with [[Yemenia]].<ref>"North and South Yemen Airlines to Merge". ''Flight International''. 10–16 April 1996. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1996/1996%20-%200858.html 10] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902002729/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1996/1996%20-%200858.html|date=2 September 2017}}.</ref><ref>"[http://www.yemenia.com/DisplaySectionDetail.aspx?ID=84 Yemenia background] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027074632/http://www.yemenia.com/DisplaySectionDetail.aspx?ID=84|date=2009-10-27}}". [[Yemenia]]. Retrieved on 26 October 2009.</ref> During the early 20th century Aden was a notable centre of [[coffee]] production. Women processed coffee beans, grown in the Yemen highlands.<ref name="Prothero83">{{cite book |last=Prothero |first=G.W. |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/83/ |title=Arabia |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |year=1920 |location=London |page=83 |access-date=9 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227051942/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/83/ |archive-date=27 December 2016 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227051942/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/83/ |date=27 December 2016 }}</ref> [[Frankincense]], [[wheat]], [[barley]], [[alfalfa]], and [[millet]] was also produced and exported from Aden.<ref name="Prothero84">{{cite book |last=Prothero |first=G.W. |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/84/ |title=Arabia |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |year=1920 |location=London |page=84 |access-date=11 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227051843/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/84/ |archive-date=27 December 2016 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227051843/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/84/ |date=27 December 2016 }}</ref><ref name="Prothero86">{{cite book |last=Prothero |first=G.W. |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/86/ |title=Arabia |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |year=1920 |location=London |page=86 |access-date=11 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227051853/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/86/ |archive-date=27 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The leaves and stalks of the alfalfa, millet and [[maize]] produced in Aden were generally used as [[fodder]].<ref name="Prothero86" /> As of 1920, Aden was also gathering [[salt]] from [[Seawater|salt water]]. An [[Italy|Italian]] company called Agostino Burgarella Ajola and Company gathered and process the salt under the name Aden Salt Works. There was also a smaller company from [[India]], called Abdullabhoy and Joomabhoy Lalji & Company that owned a salt production firm in Aden. Both companies exported the salt. Between 1916 and 1917, Aden produced over 120,000 tons of salt. Aden has also produced [[potash]], which was generally exported to Mumbai.<ref name="Prothero98">{{cite book |last=Prothero |first=G.W. |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/98/ |title=Arabia |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |year=1920 |location=London |page=98 |access-date=12 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830034803/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/98/ |archive-date=30 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Aden produced [[jollyboat]]s. [[Charcoal]] was produced as well, from [[acacia]], and mainly in the interior of the region. [[Cigarette]]s were produced by [[Jews|Jewish]] and [[Greek people|Greek]] populations in Aden. The [[tobacco]] used was imported from Egypt.<ref name="Prothero99">{{cite book |last=Prothero |first=G.W. |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/99/ |title=Arabia |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |year=1920 |location=London |page=99 |access-date=12 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822220849/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/99/ |archive-date=22 August 2016 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822220849/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/99/ |date=22 August 2016 }}</ref> Since the outbreak of the Yemeni Civil War spread to Aden in 2015, the city has been struck by constant protests over a range of issues, but especially concerning electricity generation. Aden's power grid is composed solely of diesel generators and is thus heavily dependent on imported fuel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arabic press review: Yemen's Aden faces imminent blackouts amid fuel shortages |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/yemen-blackout-fuel-shortage-arabic-press-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004122254/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/yemen-blackout-fuel-shortage-arabic-press-review |archive-date=4 October 2021 |access-date=4 October 2021}}</ref> The main power plant is al-Hasswa diesel power plant, which in June 2021 had only two turbines out of five running, producing up to 50 megawatts (MW) of power in a region where the deficit hovers around 300 MW. Nawfal al-Mojamal, the plant director, said "In its 35 years of existence, al-Hasswa station never had any kind of maintenance, except in 2016 ... when the two turbines were restored".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Yaakoubi |first1=Aziz El |date=7 June 2021 |title=Temperature rising in south Yemen as rivalries fuel power shortage |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/temperature-rising-south-yemen-rivalries-fuel-power-shortage-2021-06-07/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004122253/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/temperature-rising-south-yemen-rivalries-fuel-power-shortage-2021-06-07/ |archive-date=4 October 2021 |access-date=4 October 2021 |newspaper=Reuters}}</ref> === Free zone === {{Main|Aden Free Zone}} The free zone, which was opened in 1991, represents Yemen's economic gateway and the meeting point of the continents of Asia and Africa. The free zone gains its strategic importance from the special location of the port of Aden, as it is located directly on the main trade route around the world and from the Middle East to Europe and America, and is distinguished by the possibility of providing transit services. To East Africa, the Red Sea, the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian Gulf. The free zone represents a storage and distribution area suitable for Africa, the Red Sea and the Arabian Gulf.<ref name="الأنشطة الاقتصادية لمحافظة عدن"/> == Geography and climate == === Geography === {{See also|Geography of Yemen}} [[File:Location_of_Adan.svg|right|thumb|240x240px|Aden's location in Yemen]] Aden is located on the coast of the Gulf of Aden, and is about 363 kilometres away from the capital, Sana’a. It is located between latitudes 47 and 12 north of the equator, and at an altitude of 6 metres above sea level. It is surrounded by Lahj Governorate to the north and east, and the Governorate of Abyan is from the northwest, and Aden has an air port represented by Aden International Airport, and a sea port represented by the port of Aden, and it has land routes from the north linking it to Hajj, Abyan and Taiz. === Landforms === The city of Aden is a coastal city, as it overlooks a large body of water, the Gulf of Aden, which in turn opens to the Indian Ocean. The shape of the city of Aden in the form of two peninsulas helped this factor to make the city of Aden unique in this particularity, which clearly affected the occurrence of the phenomenon of land and sea breezes. Which occurs due to air exchange between land and water during the day and night. Its location on the water surface also affects the daily and annual temperature range. This does not mean that there are no significant differences in temperatures in summer and winter.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2015-03-02 |archive-date=17 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017030355/http://www.yemen-nic.info:80/gover/aden/brife/ |title=المركز الوطني للمعلومات نبذة تعريفية عن محافظة عدن |url=https://yemen-nic.info/gover/aden/brife/}}<!-- auto-translated from Arabic by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> The surface of the city of Aden slopes south, and the highlands appear in the southern part of Aden, represented by the highlands of Jabal Shamsan, whose highest peaks exceed 500 metres, and the highlands of Jabal Ihsan and Jabal Al-Muzalqim in Little Aden, which are lower in height than Jabal Shamsan, and the highlands of Aden do not differ from the rest of the highlands of Yemen in terms of In terms of composition, it is of volcanic origin, and although the mountain highlands occupy large areas of the city, their influence is weak and limited on the climate of the city of Aden. === Climate === Aden has a [[hot desert climate]] (BWh) in the [[Köppen-Geiger climate classification system]]. Although Aden sees next to no precipitation year-round, it is humid throughout the year. {{Weather box | width = auto | location = Aden | metric first = yes | single line = yes | Jan record high C = 31.1 | Feb record high C = 31.7 | Mar record high C = 35.0 | Apr record high C = 37.8 | May record high C = 41.1 | Jun record high C = 41.1 | Jul record high C = 41.1 | Aug record high C = 42.8 | Sep record high C = 38.3 | Oct record high C = 38.9 | Nov record high C = 35.0 | Dec record high C = 32.8 | year record high C = 42.8 | Jan high C = 28.5 | Feb high C = 28.6 | Mar high C = 30.2 | Apr high C = 32.2 | May high C = 34.1 | Jun high C = 36.6 | Jul high C = 35.9 | Aug high C = 35.3 | Sep high C = 35.4 | Oct high C = 33.0 | Nov high C = 30.7 | Dec high C = 28.9 | year high C = 32.4 | Jan mean C = 25.7 | Feb mean C = 26.0 | Mar mean C = 27.2 | Apr mean C = 28.9 | May mean C = 31.0 | Jun mean C = 32.7 | Jul mean C = 32.1 | Aug mean C = 31.5 | Sep mean C = 31.6 | Oct mean C = 28.9 | Nov mean C = 27.1 | Dec mean C = 26.0 | year mean C = 29.1 | Jan low C = 22.6 | Feb low C = 23.2 | Mar low C = 24.0 | Apr low C = 25.6 | May low C = 27.7 | Jun low C = 28.8 | Jul low C = 28.0 | Aug low C = 27.5 | Sep low C = 27.8 | Oct low C = 24.6 | Nov low C = 23.2 | Dec low C = 22.9 | year low C = 25.5 | Jan record low C = 15.6 | Feb record low C = 17.2 | Mar record low C = 18.9 | Apr record low C = 18.9 | May record low C = 21.1 | Jun record low C = 23.9 | Jul record low C = 22.8 | Aug record low C = 23.3 | Sep record low C = 25.0 | Oct record low C = 18.9 | Nov record low C = 18.3 | Dec record low C = 16.7 | year record low C = 15.6 | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 6 | Feb precipitation mm = 3 | Mar precipitation mm = 5 | Apr precipitation mm = 2 | May precipitation mm = 1 | Jun precipitation mm = 0 | Jul precipitation mm = 3 | Aug precipitation mm = 3 | Sep precipitation mm = 5 | Oct precipitation mm = 1 | Nov precipitation mm = 3 | Dec precipitation mm = 5 | year precipitation mm = 36 | unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | Jan precipitation days = 3 | Feb precipitation days = 2 | Mar precipitation days = 2 | Apr precipitation days = 2 | May precipitation days = 1 | Jun precipitation days = 1 | Jul precipitation days = 2 | Aug precipitation days = 2 | Sep precipitation days = 1 | Oct precipitation days = 1 | Nov precipitation days = 1 | Dec precipitation days = 3 | year precipitation days = 20 | Jan humidity = 72 | Feb humidity = 72 | Mar humidity = 74 | Apr humidity = 74 | May humidity = 72 | Jun humidity = 66 | Jul humidity = 65 | Aug humidity = 65 | Sep humidity = 69 | Oct humidity = 68 | Nov humidity = 70 | Dec humidity = 70 | year humidity = 70 | Jan sun = 241.8 | Feb sun = 203.4 | Mar sun = 217.0 | Apr sun = 240.0 | May sun = 303.8 | Jun sun = 282.0 | Jul sun = 241.8 | Aug sun = 269.7 | Sep sun = 270.0 | Oct sun = 294.5 | Nov sun = 285.0 | Dec sun = 257.3 | year sun = | Jand sun = 7.8 | Febd sun = 7.2 | Mard sun = 7.0 | Aprd sun = 8.0 | Mayd sun = 9.8 | Jund sun = 9.4 | Juld sun = 7.8 | Augd sun = 8.7 | Sepd sun = 9.0 | Octd sun = 9.5 | Novd sun = 9.5 | Decd sun = 8.3 | yeard sun = 8.5 | source 1 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]]<ref name = DWD>{{cite web | url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_414800_kt.pdf | title = Klimatafel von Aden-Chormaksar / Jemen | work = Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world | publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst | language = de | access-date = 25 February 2016 | archive-date = 19 July 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210719175435/https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_414800_kt.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> | date = March 2012 }} {| class="wikitable" |+Aden mean sea temperature<ref name="DWD" /> |- !Jan !Feb !Mar !Apr !May !Jun !Jul !Aug !Sep !Oct !Nov !Dec |- |{{convert|25|°C}} |{{convert|25|°C}} |{{convert|26|°C}} |{{convert|27|°C}} |{{convert|29|°C}} |{{convert|30|°C}} |{{convert|29|°C}} |{{convert|29|°C}} |{{convert|30|°C}} |{{convert|28|°C}} |{{convert|27|°C}} |{{convert|25|°C}} |} == Environment == [[File:Blue_Beach_View_-_panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|240x240px|Shores of Aden]] === Coasts === Most of the coasts of Aden Governorate along the coastal strip are sandy coasts, and the governorate has coastal beaches, including the Golden Coast in Al-Tawahi District, the coast of Abyan Bakhour Maksar, Al-Ghadeer Beach, and Kud Al-Nimr Beach in Buraiqa.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2015-03-02 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009163754/http://www.yemen-nic.info:80/gover/aden/tursm/ |title=السياحة في محافظة عدن |url=https://yemen-nic.info/gover/aden/tursm/}}<!-- auto-translated from Arabic by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> === Offshore islands === [[File:Yémen-209.JPG|left|thumb|240x240px|Khartoum al Feel ({{Langx|ar|{{script|Arab|خرطوم الفيل}}|lit=Elephant's trunk}}) in the Gold Moor beach of Aden]] There are about 21 islands around the peninsulas of Aden, Aden Lesser, and Ras Amran. They are mostly rocky islands, some of which are surrounded by incomplete coral reefs, and most of them are considered [[fishing]] areas. A number of islands have many activities, especially on Al-Ummal Island and Sirah Island. === Wild and domestic animal diversity === Yemen is considered one of the countries rich in bird species in the Middle East due to the availability of many suitable coastal environments that helped attract many migratory birds to wetland sites, coasts and islands. The Aden region (Khor Maksar - Al-Haswah) was registered on the list of important areas of the World Bird Organization as a habitat. The last three species that are globally threatened with extinction are: the great eagle, the gull eagle, and the eastern king eagle.<ref name="محافظة عدن - البيئة">{{cite web |access-date=2015-03-05 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112151458/http://adengovernorate.com/pages/5/ |title=محافظة عدن - البيئة |url=http://adengovernorate.com/pages/5/}}<!-- auto-translated from Arabic by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> There are dozens of bird species recorded in the wetlands of Aden and the Caltex swamp area, which are rich in a wide variety of endemic and migratory birds, including birds that are present throughout the year. There are many birds in the area, including great flamingos, dwarf flamingos, and rock egrets. And the spoonbill, the hooked tern and the seagull.<ref name="محافظة عدن - البيئة"/> == Public services == === Education === {{See also|University of Aden|Education in Yemen}} There are 95 schools in Aden, including 13 kindergartens, and 82 basic education schools, including 29 schools for boys, 29 schools for girls, and 29 joint schools for boys and girls. There are also 29 secondary schools, including 15 schools for boys and 14 schools for girls, all of which are in a double shift system. Until 2004, the number of male students reached In basic education, there were 57,941 students and 48,081 female students, with a total of 104,622 students. In secondary education, the number of male students reached 11,029 students, and 9,643 female students.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2015-03-01 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402191511/http://www.adengov.com/Pages.aspx?PageId=28eb8128-eaa1-4206-8bd5-5dd676f6f5a5 |title=ادارة التنمية الاقتصادية |url=http://www.adengov.com/Pages.aspx?PageId=28eb8128-eaa1-4206-8bd5-5dd676f6f5a5#}}<!-- auto-translated from Arabic by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> As for vocational, technical and vocational education centres and institutes, their number is 13, with 2,214 students enrolled, including 453 teachers. The health institutes have one institute, with 864 students enrolled, including 147 teachers, according to 2010 statistics.<ref name="أهم المؤشرات الأساسية لقطاع الصحة في المحافظة">{{cite web |access-date=2015-03-02 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009164912/http://www.yemen-nic.info:80/gover/aden/service/ |title=أهم المؤشرات الأساسية في المحافظة |url=https://yemen-nic.info/gover/aden/service/}}<!-- auto-translated from Arabic by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> As for higher education, there is one government university in Aden, which is the University of Aden, which has 9 colleges. More than 29 thousand students are enrolled, according to 2010 statistics.<ref name="أهم المؤشرات الأساسية لقطاع الصحة في المحافظة"/> === Health === {{See also|Health in Yemen}} There are 15 hospitals in the economic capital, Aden, including 5 public government hospitals, 6 belonging to the private sector, and 37 health centres. There are 34 facilities in the city that provide maternity and childhood services, and the number of specialised workforce in health facilities is 2,825 specialists.<ref name="أهم المؤشرات الأساسية لقطاع الصحة في المحافظة"/> ==== Endemic areas ==== In June 2015, the International Red Cross team present in conflict areas in Yemen during the events of the Yemeni civil war announced that the cities of Crater, Al-Mualla, Khor Maksar and Al-Tawahi in the Aden Governorate in the south of the country were areas affected by [[dengue fever]]. The health authorities in Aden said that this fever had spread remarkably and widely. Since the beginning of May, health services have deteriorated and infrastructure facilities, such as electricity, water, and sanitation, have been damaged as a result of the ongoing fighting in the city for months.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2015-06-19 |archive-date=29 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229140835/http://www.source-7.com/news/50897.html |title=الصليب الأحمر يعلن أحياء في عدن "مناطق موبوءة بحمى الدانغ" - اخبار |url=https://www.source-7.com/2020/07/24/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%b6%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%88%d9%84%d9%86%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%af%d9%89-%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa/ |url-status=dead}}<!-- auto-translated from Arabic by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> === Mail === {{Main|Postage stamps and postal history of Aden}} [[File:Tawahi_Aden_1961.jpg|link=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Tawahi_Aden_1961.jpg|left|thumb|240x240px|A postcard of Tawahi in 1961 during the British occupation]] Aden has known mail since June 15, 1839, that is, a year after the British occupation, although the official post office was not inaugurated until 1857. Postage stamps of both Britain and India were used in Aden until it became called the Aden Colony on April 1, 1937, although the stamps of this stage It bears no distinctive sign, but the use of the number 124 as a postal code is attributed to Aden as part of the Indian postal numerical system. Then, when it became a colony in 1937, it had sets of postage stamps containing pictures and the name Aden printed on them. In 1939, a new postage set was issued containing a picture of King George VI, but the Sultans of Hadhramaut - who were under the umbrella of the Aden Protectorate - controlled Britain has had it since the 1880s - they refused to do so, and so Britain issued a separate postal set in 1942, but this time with the inclusion of a phrase and pictures expressing the Kathiri Sultanate in Sayun and the Qu’aiti Sultanate in Shihr and Mukalla, in addition to pictures of the sultans. == Media == === Journalism === {{See also|Aden TV}} [[File:Bashrahil.jpg|link=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Bashrahil.jpg|thumb|124x124px|Brigadier General Muhammad Bashraheel]] The weekly Al-Amal newspaper was founded in 1957 in Aden. Its slogan was (Freedom, Bread, and Peace). The British authorities allowed only 1,500 copies to be printed weekly, and the newspaper was banned shortly after.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YVSaax1O_HkC&pg=PA102|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405150803/https://books.google.com/books?id=YVSaax1O_HkC&pg=PA102|url-status=dead|title=العمل المجتمعي في اليمن|archive-date=5 April 2020}}</ref> In 1958, [[Al-Ayyam (Yemen)|Al-Ayyam]] newspaper was established in Aden, as an independent daily newspaper in the Arabic language, during the British occupation. The first issue was published on July 30, 1958, and its founder and editor-in-chief was Brigadier General Muhammad Ali Bashraheel. It stopped publishing after independence during the era of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, and then resumed publication. After achieving Yemeni unity, the first issue of the second edition was on November 7, 1990, after a hiatus that lasted more than 23 years. In 1998, Al-Ayyam was the first newspaper in Yemen that the government prosecuted under a criminal law. Other cases followed until it became public by the end of the year. 2008, responsible for 73% of the total number of cases filed by the Ministry of Information and the Yemeni government against the press in Yemen.<ref name="الرقابة على الصحافة والخروقات بحق الصحفيين والصُحف2">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.hrw.org/ar/report/2009/12/15/256014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110044937/http://www.hrw.org/ar/node/87088/section/9|url-status=dead|title=باسم الوحدة|date=15 December 2009|archive-date=10 January 2015|journal=Human Rights Watch|via=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> When the protests and clashes intensified in Aden in April 2009, "Al-Ayyam covered the events extensively, and pictures of blood and injuries were on the cover of the newspaper for days." President Ali Abdullah Saleh sent delegations to the newspaper, asking them to reduce the severity of their coverage, and to stop using pictures of the injured and bleeding blood.<ref name="الرقابة على الصحافة والخروقات بحق الصحفيين والصُحف2"/> On May 12, 2009, security forces launched an attack on the headquarters of Al-Ayyam newspaper in Aden.<ref name="الرقابة على الصحافة والخروقات بحق الصحفيين والصُحف2"/> === Radio and television === Radio Aden was established on August 17, 1954, under the name "Aden Radio Station".<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2015-03-15 |archive-date=12 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112083843/http://adenradio.net:80/Detail.aspx?secid=3 |title=إذاعةعدن |url=http://www.adenradio.net/Detail.aspx?secid=3}}<!-- auto-translated from Arabic by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> It is currently broadcast in two periods, morning and evening. The British occupation opened the Aden Channel on September 11, 1964, following the revolution of October 14, 1963. Television transmission was limited to covering populated neighbourhoods in the city of Aden, especially where soldiers and families of the British forces were present. In January 1979, the television headquarters moved to the "Radio and Television Building" in Tawahi. Which was prepared, and at that time the broadcast was in black and white, and in March 1981 the gradual transition to colour broadcasting began, and in June 1981 the channel began broadcasting via satellite. After the Yemeni unification on May 22, 1990, Aden Channel was the second official channel of Yemeni TV.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2015-03-13 |archive-date=11 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111043750/http://www.tvaden.net/Detail.aspx?secid=23 |title=نبذة تاريخية عن قناة عدن |url=http://www.tvaden.net/Detail.aspx?secid=23}}<!-- auto-translated from Arabic by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> ==Notable people== *[[Sabah al-Alwani]] - first woman member of Yemen's Supreme Judicial Council *[[Mukesh Ambani]] (born 1957) - businessman *[[Amr Gamal (director)|Amr Gamal]] (born 1983) - film and theatre director, producer, and writer *[[Eddie Izzard]] (born 1962) - comedian *[[Shafiqa Zawqari]] (born 1942) - author ==See also== *[[Hadhramaut Mountains]] *[[Postage stamps and postal history of Aden]] *[[Yemen Ports Authority]] {{Infobox settlement | official_name = عدن<br/>Aden | other_name = | native_name = عدن | nickname = | settlement_type = شھر | motto = | image_skyline = Old Town Aden Yemen.jpg | imagesize = | image_caption = عدن جو پرانو شھر (1999) | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_shield = | shield_size = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | blank_emblem_size = | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_caption = | subdivision_type = ملک | subdivision_name = {{Flagicon|Yemen}} [[يمن]] | subdivision_type1 = محافظہ | subdivision_name1 = عدن | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = }} '''عدن''' (عربي: عدن) [[يمن]] جو هڪ [[بندرگاھ|بندرگاهه]] [[شھر|شهر]] آهي جيڪو عدن نار جي اوڀرندي [[ڳاڙهو سمنڊ|ڳاڙهي سمنڊ]] ۾ واقع آهي. هي شهر باب المندب آبی گذرگاھہ کان 170 ڪلوميٽر اوڀر طرف واقع آهي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Sister project links|auto=yes|d=yes}} {{Library resources box}} * {{cite web|author=ArchNet.org |publisher=MIT School of Architecture and Planning |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA |url=http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=1432 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070702173704/http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=1432 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 July 2007 |title=Aden }} *[https://acor.digitalrelab.com/index.php?s=filter=place_name:Aden%20(Yemen) Photos of Aden] at the [[American Center of Research]] * [https://unhabitat.org/aden-city-profile Aden City Profile] at the [[United Nations Human Settlements Programme]] ===گورنمينٽ=== * [https://cso-ye.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/الكتاب-الإحصائى-السنوي-2017-2021م-اساسي_compressed.pdf Annual Statistical Book of Aden 2017-2021] – Central Statistical Organization - Yemen {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Aden}} [[زمرو:عدن]] [[زمرو:يمن]] [[زمرو:يمن ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:ڊيفيڪٽو راڄڌانيون]] [[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ راڄڌانيون]] [[زمرو:يمن ۾ آباد ساحلي هنڌ]] [[زمرو:يمن ۾ آبادي واري ساحلي جڳهيون]] [[زمرو:عربستان ۾ بندرگاهه شهر]] [[زمرو:هندي سمنڊ جون بندرگاهون]] [[زمرو:عدن جي نار]] [[زمرو:ڳاڙهي سمنڊ جا بندرگاهه شهر]] [[زمرو:سوويت بحريه جون تنصيبون]] [[زمرو:ملڪن جون اڳوڻيون راڄڌانيون]] [[زمرو:اڳوڻين نوآبادياتي راڄڌانيون]] [[زمرو:عدن گورنريٽ ۾ آبادي واريون جڳهيون]] pd5vmefvyqwx82nre49uc8a5gkzwo64 ليوانت (سر زمين شام) 0 76354 368068 348385 2026-03-28T10:43:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 368068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{فرق سڃاڻ|Levante (disambiguation){{!}}Levante|Levent}}{{ڄاڻخانو|bodyclass=geography|above=Levant<br>ليوانت<br>(سر زمين شام)|image=[[File:Levant (orthographic projection).png|250px|Levant]]|captionstyle=text-align:left|caption1={{ھلڪي سائي رنگ ۾: لیوانت ان جي وسيع، تاريخي معني ۾ (اڀرندي ميڊيٽرينين جي برابر)<ref>{{harvnb|Gagarin|2009|p=247}}; {{harvnb|Oxford Dictionaries|2015}}.</ref><ref name=Encarta>{{harvnb|''Encarta''|2009|loc="Levant"}} </ref>}}{{legend|#336733| 20 ھین صدي عيسويءَ ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ ليونٽ جا ملڪ<ref name=OEAGR>{{harvnb|Gagarin|2009|p=247}} </ref>}}{{legend|#73CD73|C ملڪ ۽ علائقا ڪڏهن ڪڏهن 21 هين صدي جي استعمال ۾ شامل آهن.}}|label1=ملڪ ء علایقا|data1=Narrow definition: {{Plain list| * {{flagdeco|Turkey}} [[Hatay Province]] ([[Turkey]]) * {{flag|Cyprus}} * {{flag|Israel}} * {{flag|Jordan}} * {{flag|Lebanon}} * {{flagcountry|State of Palestine}} * {{flag|Syria}} }} Broad definition: {{Plain list| * {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} ([[The Crown|United Kingdom]]) * {{flag|Cyrenaica}} ([[Libya]]) * {{flag|Egypt}} * {{flag|Greece}} * {{flag|Iraq}} * {{flag|Turkey}} }}|label2=آبادي|data2=Narrow definition: 44,550,926{{efn|Total population by adding the populations of [[Cyprus]], [[Israel]], [[Jordan]], [[Lebanon]], [[State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Syria]], and [[Turkey]]'s [[Hatay Province]].}}|label3=باشندا|data3=ليوانتائن|label4=بولیون|data4=عربي، آرامي، آرمينيائي، سرڪسين، ڊوماري، يوناني، عبراني، کردش، ترڪي.|label5=ٽائم زون|data5=[[UTC+02:00]] ([[Eastern European Time|EET]]) and [[UTC+03:00]] ([[Time in Turkey|TRT]]/[[Arabia Standard Time|AST]])|label6=وڏا شهر|data6={{Collapsible list | list_style = text-align:left; | 1 = {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]] <br /> {{flagicon|Syria}} [[Aleppo]] <br /> {{flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Beirut]] <br /> {{flagicon|Syria}} [[Damascus]] <br /> {{flagicon|Israel}} {{flagicon|Palestine}} [[Jerusalem]] <br /> {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Tel Aviv]] <br /> }} فهرست: عمان (اردن) حلب (شام) بيروت (لبنان) دمشق (شام) يروشلم (اولهه ڪناري، فلسطين) تل ابيب (اسرائيل)}} '''ليوانت (سر زمين شام)''' ({{IPAc-en|l|ə|ˈ|v|æ|n|t}} {{Respell|lə|VANT}}) هڪ تاريخي جاگرافيائي اصطلاح آهي جيڪو [[اولھ ايشيا|اولهه ايشيا]] جي مشرقي ميڊيٽرينين علائقي جي هڪ وڏي علائقي ڏانهن اشارو ڪري ٿو ۽ سياسي اصطلاح "مڊل ايسٽ" جو بنيادي علائقو. ان جي تمام تنگ معنيٰ ۾، جيڪو اڄ ڪلهه [[قديم آثار|آثار قديمه]] ۽ ٻين ثقافتي حوالن ۾ استعمال ۾ آهي، اهو اولهه ايشيا ۾ ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ سان لڳل، [[قبرس|قبرص]] جي برابر زمين جو هڪ ٽڪرو آهي: <ref name="MG">Gasiorowski, Mark (2016). ''The Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa''. p. 5: "... today the term ''Levantine'' can describe shared cultural products, such as Levantine cuisine or Levantine archaeology". {{ISBN|081334994X}}.</ref> <ref name="OHAL9">Steiner & Killebrew, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=5H4fAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT32 9] {{Webarchive|date=1 November 2022}}: "The general limits ..., as defined here, begin at the Plain of 'Amuq in the north and extend south until the Wâdī al-Arish, along the northern coast of Sinai. ... The western coastline and the eastern deserts set the boundaries for the Levant ... The Euphrates and the area around Jebel el-Bishrī mark the eastern boundary of the northern Levant, as does the Syrian Desert beyond the Anti-Lebanon range's eastern hinterland and Mount Hermon. This boundary continues south in the form of the highlands and eastern desert regions of Transjordan."</ref> يعني شام جو تاريخي علائقو ("سر زمین شام")، جنهن ۾ اڄوڪي [[اسرائيل]]، [[اردن]]، [[لبنان]]، [[شام]]، [[فلسطين]] ۽ [[ترڪي]] جو گهڻو حصو وچ فرات جي ڏکڻ اولهه ۾ شامل آهي. ان جي وڏي خصوصيت اها آهي ته اها [[آفريڪا]] ۽ [[يوروشيا|يوريشيا]] جي وچ ۾ زميني پل جي نمائندگي ڪري ٿي.<ref name="OHAL9" /> ان جي وسيع تاريخي معنيٰ ۾، ليوانت ۾ اڀرندي ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ جا سمورا جزائر شامل آهن؛<ref name="ODO2015">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Oxford Dictionaries|2015}}.</ref> يعني، ان ۾ اڀرندي ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ جي ڪنارن سان گڏ اهي سڀئي ملڪ شامل آهن، جيڪي ڏاکڻي [[يُورَپ|يورپ]] ۾ [[يونان]] کان وٺي سائرینيڪا، اتر آفريڪا ۾ [[لبيا|اڀرندي لبيا]] تائين پکڙيل آهن.<ref>Pierre-Louis Gatier, E. Gubel, Philippe Marquis. ''The Levant History and Archaeology in the Eastern Mediterranean,'' Könemann, Page 7</ref> 13هين ۽ 14هين صديءَ ۾، اصطلاح ليونٽ (Levante) اطالوي سامونڊي واپار لاءِ مشرقي بحر روم ۾ استعمال ڪيو ويو، جنهن ۾ يونان، [[اناطوليا]]، شام۔فلسطين ۽ [[مصر]] شامل آهن، يعني وينس جي اوڀر واري سرزمين. آخرڪار اهو اصطلاح مسلمان ملڪن شام۔فلسطين ۽ مصر تائين محدود ٿي ويو.<ref name="OEAGR" /> اصطلاح 15ھین صدي عيسويء جي آخر ۾ فرانسيسي کان انگريزيء ۾ داخل ٿيو.<ref name="ODO2015">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Oxford Dictionaries|2015}}.</ref> اهو اطالوي {{ٻولي|it|levante}} مان نڪتل آهي، معنيٰ ”اڀرڻ“، مطلب آهي سج جو اڀرڻ اوڀر ۾،<ref name="OEAGR" /> <ref name="Encarta"></ref> ۽ وسيع طور تي اصطلاح "المشرق" ({{lang-ar|ٱلْمَشْرِق}} ) جي برابر آهي.<ref> {{Harvard citation no brackets|Gagarin|2009}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Naim|2011}}; </ref> معنيٰ ”اڀرندي هنڌ، جتي سج اڀري ٿو“. {{Sfn|Naim|2011}} سال1581ع ۾ [[انگلينڊ]] [[عثماني سلطنت]] سان واپار ڪرڻ لاءِ لیوانت ڪمپني قائم ڪئي. لیوانت ریاستن (Levant States) جو نالو [[پھرين مھاڀاري جنگ|پهرين عالمي جنگ]] کان پوءِ شام ۽ لبنان تي فرانسيسي مينڊيٽ جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪيو ويو. شايد اهو ئي سبب آهي جو اصطلاح لیوانت خاص طور تي جديد شام، لبنان، فلسطين، اسرائيل، اردن ۽ [[قبرس|قبرص]] جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪيو ويو آهي. ڪن عالمن جو خيال آهي ته اهو نالو لبنان جي نالي مان نڪتل آهي.<ref name="OEAGR" /> اڄ اصطلاح اڪثر پراگيتاني يا قديم تاريخي حوالن سان گڏ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. ان جي ساڳي معنيٰ آهي ”شام۔فلسطين“ يا "الشام" ({{lang-ar|ٱلشَّام}}) یا سر زمین شام، اهو علائقو جيڪو اتر ۾ [[ترڪي]] جي تورس جبل، اولهه ۾ [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]]، اوڀر ۾ اتر عرب ريگستان ۽ [[ميسوپوٽيميا|عراق]] ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ سينائی، جنهن کي مڪمل طور شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿو يا نه.<ref name="OHAL2">Steiner & Killebrew, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=5H4fAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT26 2] {{Webarchive|date=1 November 2022}}.</ref> <ref name="OHAL9"/> عام طور تي، ان ۾ [[اناطوليا|ترکی جو علایقو اناطوليا]] (جنهن کي ايشيا مائنر پڻ سڏيو ويندو آهي)، قفقاز جبل، يا عربستان جو ڪو به حصو شامل ناهي. سیلیسیا (Cilicia) (ايشيا مائنر ۾) ۽ [[سينائي اپٻيٽ]] (ايشيائي مصر) ڪڏهن ڪڏهن شامل آهن. همعصر علائقي جي نالي جي طور تي، ڪيترن ئي لغتن ۾ ليونٽ کي اڄ به آثار قديمه سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.<ref>LEVANT ''archaic'' The eastern part of the Mediterranean with the islands and neighbouring countries. ''New Oxford Dictionary of English'', 2nd ed., revised, 2005.</ref> <ref>"LEVANT, THE". "A general term formerly given to the E shores of the Mediterranean Sea from W Greece to Egypt". ''The Penguin Encyclopedia'', revised 2nd ed., 2004.</ref> <ref>LEVANT, (''vieilli'') ''Le Levant'': les pays, les régions qui sont au levant (par rapport à la France) et spécialt. les régions de la Méditerrranée orientale. ''Le Nouveau Petit Robert de la langue française'', (1993 revised ed.).</ref> لیوانت "[[اولھ ايشيا]]، مشرقي ميڊيٽرينين ۽ اتر اوڀر آفريڪا جو لنگهه" بيان ڪيو ويو آهي،<ref name="UCL">[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20060514092649/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/ The Ancient Levant], [[University College London|UCL]] Institute of Archaeology, May 2008</ref> ۽ جيولوجيڪل اصطلاحن ۾ "عربي پليٽ جي اتر اولهه" طور بيان ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref>''Egyptian Journal of Geology'', Volume 42, Issue 1, p. 263, 1998</ref> ليونٽ جي آبادي نه رڳو جاگرافيائي بيهڪ، پر کاڌي پيتي، ڪي رسمون ۽ تاريخون<ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/features/world/asia/israel/ashkelon-text.html|title=Ancient Ashkelon – National Geographic Magazine|date=2002-10-17|publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228113259/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/features/world/asia/israel/ashkelon-text.html|archive-date=28 February 2008|access-date=2011-10-17}}</ref> شيئر ڪن تا.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15479879|title=The state of Israel: Internal influence driving change|date=2011-11-06|work=BBC News}}</ref> اهي اڪثر ڪري لیونتائن (Levantines) طور حوالو ڏنو ويو آهي.<ref>Orfalea, Gregory (2006). ''The Arab Americans: A History''. Olive Branch Press. Northampton, MA. Page 249.</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Sister project links |voy=Levant |n=no |q=no |s=no |b=no |v=no}} * [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11769/ ''France and the Levant''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251114010753/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11769/ |date=2025-11-14 }} (Handbook), HMSO, London, 1920 {{Regions of the Arabian Peninsula}} {{Middle East}} {{Regions of Asia}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:سرزمين شام]] [[زمرو:ايشيا جا تاريخي علائقا]] [[زمرو:اولهه ايشيا جا تاريخي علائقا]] [[زمرو:اردن جي جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:اسرائيل جي جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:شام جي جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:ڪپرس جي جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:لبنان جي جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:اوڀر رومي سمنڊ جو علائقا]] [[زمرو:قبرص جي جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:هتائ صوبي جي جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:اسرائيل جي جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:اردن جي جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:لبنان جي جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:شام جي جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:وچ اوڀر جي جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:فلسطين جي جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:ايشيا جا علائقا]] [[زمرو:اولهه ايشيا]] [[زمرو:عربستان جا جاگرافيائي علائقا]] dhan03ypzmi9r0eu9yk0c9uqeokw7qh حبدار علي 0 80428 368061 360868 2026-03-28T10:13:35Z Kashif123m 21956 /* زندگي جو احوال ۽ تعليم */ 368061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = حبدار علي بروهي | image =Hubdar Ali 2021.jpg | imagesize = | caption = حبدار علي 2021ء ۾ | pseudonym = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2003|06|06}} | birth_place = ڳڙهي خيرو | occupation = | nationality = [[پاڪستان|پاڪستاني]] | religion = اسلام | ethnicity = پندراڻي، براھوئي بروهي چارڻ | language =[[اردو]]، [[سنڌي]]، براھوئي | education = | alma_mater = | signature = | website = }} '''حبدار علي بروهي''' (انگریزی: Hubdar Ali Brohi) هڪ پاڪستاني ڪارڪن آهي جيڪو تعليم، صحت ۽ انساني حقن جهڙن سماجي مسئلن تي ڪم ڪري ٿو. ۽ ٻيو هو هڪ مواد ٺاهيندڙ پڻ آهي. هن جو تعلق [[بروهي چارڻ]] برادري سان آھي.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-07-16 |title=موضوع حبدار علي بروهي |trans-title= |url=https://sindhsalamat.com/threads/53589/ |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=sindhsalamat.com |language=sd-PK}}</ref> ==زندگي جو احوال ۽ تعليم== هو 6 جون 2003 تي [[ڳڙهي خيرو تعلقو]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Hubdar Ali Brohi Age, Birthday, Zodiac Sign and Birth Chart - Ask Oracle |trans-title=حبدار علي بروهي جي عمر، جنم ڏينهن، راسخ نشان ۽ پيدائش جو چارٽ - اوريڪل کان پڇو |url=https://www.ask-oracle.com/birth-chart/hubdar-ali-brohi/ |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=ask-oracle.com |language=en-PK }}</ref> ۾ پيدا ٿيو. سندس وڏڙا اصل ۾ [[قمبر شهدادڪوٽ ضلعو]]، [[قبو سعيد خان]] جا هئا، پر بعد ۾ ڳوٺ [[دل شير بروهي]]، [[ڳڙهي خيرو]]، [[جيڪب آباد ضلعو]] ۾ آباد ٿيا. === ننڍپڻ === هن پنهنجو ننڍپڻ [[ڳڙهي خيرو تعلقو]] جي ڳوٺ [[دل شير بروهي]] ۾ گذاريو، جيڪو هڪ ننڍڙو ۽ روايتي ڳوٺ آهي. هن ڳوٺ ۾ آبادي جي اڪثريت [[بروهي چارڻ]] برادري مان آهي، جتي ماڻهو مال پاليندا آهن ۽ زراعت ڪندا آهن. ھن ٻار جي حيثيت ۾، حبدار علي ٻين ڳوٺ جي ٻارن وانگر اسڪول ويندو هو، ٻنين ۾ ڪم ڪندو هو، ۽ پنهنجي برادري جي روايتن سان گڏ وڏو ٿيو. === تعليم === هن گورنمينٽ ڊگري ڪاليج شهدادڪوٽ مان بيچلر آف سائنس (بي.اي.سي) جي ڊگري حاصل ڪئي ۽ شاهه عبداللطيف يونيورسٽي خيرپور، سنڌ مان انگريزيءَ ۾ ماسٽرس جي ڊگري حاصل ڪئي. == ڪيريئر == هو تعليم، صحت ۽ انساني حقن جهڙن سماجي مسئلن تي ڪم ڪري ٿو. هو پنهنجي ڊجيٽل صلاحيتن کي دلچسپ ۽ معلوماتي مواد ٺاهڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪري ٿو جيڪو يوٽيوب، ٽڪ ٽاڪ ۽ فيس بڪ جهڙن پليٽ فارمن ذريعي آن لائن ۽ آف لائن ٻنهي وسيع سامعين تائين پهچي ٿو. هن کي سکڻ ۽ پنهنجي علم کي ٻين سان حصيداري ڪرڻ جو شوق آهي، ۽ هو باقاعده عوامي ڳالهائڻ جي واقعن ۽ ورڪشاپ ۾ حصو وٺندو آهي ته جيئن هن جي مواصلات ۽ پيش ڪيل صلاحيتن کي وڌائڻ لاء. حبدار علي جو مقصد اهو آهي ته هڪ اڳواڻ ۽ هڪ تبديلي آڻيندڙ بڻجي سگهي ٿو جيڪو پنهنجي ڪميونٽي ۽ پنهنجي ملڪ کي متاثر ۽ بااختيار بڻائي سگهي ٿو. == حوالا == {{حوالا}} {{حوالو}} 568rou8wcb0fdnxsacrneo5nstcogdd فضل احمد خان 0 80635 368063 363478 2026-03-28T10:19:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13773 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 368063 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Dr._F._A._Khan_being_awarded_the_Dani_Gold_Medal_by_Syed_Ghaus_Ali_Shah,_in_1997.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dr._F._A._Khan_being_awarded_the_Dani_Gold_Medal_by_Syed_Ghaus_Ali_Shah,_in_1997.png|thumb|خان صاحب کي 1997ع ۾ [[سيد غوث علي شاهه]] پاران داني گولڊ ميڊل ڏنو ويو.]] '''فضل احمد خان''' (1910-2009)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=حسن|first=خورشيد|date=2009|title=ايف اي خان (1910-2009)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GDpOAQAAIAAJ&q=F.+A.+Khan+(1910-2009)|journal=East and West|publisher=[[:it:Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente|IsMEO]]|volume=59|issue=1–4|page=393}}</ref> هڪ مشهور پاڪستاني آرڪيالاجسٽ هو<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|date=نومبر-ڊسمبر 2020|title=ڊاڪٽر ایف اي خان یادگار شمارو|trans-title=ڊاڪٽر ايف اي خان يادگار شمارو|url=https://www.aasaar.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/AASAAR2online.pdf|journal=جرنل آف آرڪيو هسٽاريڪل اسٽڊيز|language=sd|publisher=قديم سماجن جو آثار قديمه جو مطالعو (ASAS)|volume=1|issue=2}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212101558/https://www.aasaar.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/AASAAR2online.pdf |date=2024-02-12 }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/urdu/pakistan-57500717|title=بنبھور: قدیم شہر 'دیبل' اور سرزمین پاکستان کی پہلی مسجد کے آثار|last=جعفري|first=عقيل عباس|date=17 جون 2021|newspaper=[[بي بي سي اردو|بي بي سي نيوز اردو]]|language=sd|trans-title=بنڀور: ديبل جي قديم شهر جا آثار ۽ پاڪستان جي سرزمين جي پهرين مسجد|author-link=Aqeel Abbas Jafari}}</ref> جنهن 1958ع کان 1970ع تائين ڊپارٽمينٽ آف آرڪيالاجي اينڊ ميوزيم (DOAM)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1055399|title=تاريخ ۾ زندگيءَ جو ساهه کڻڻ: نئون سوات ميوزيم|publication-date=10 نومبر 2013|author-link=Faryal Gohar|orig-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sKcyAAAAIAAJ&q=%D9%81%D8%B6%D9%84+%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A2%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%81|title=Barr-i ṣag̲h̲īr kā ḍrāmā: Tārīk̲h̲, afkār, aur intiqād|last1=Quraishī|first1=Muḥammad Aslam|date=1987|language=ur-PK}}</ref> جي ڊائريڪٽر جنرل طور خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Badshah|first1=Sardar|last2=Saeed|first2=Tahir|date=2019|title=Origin of Archaeological Research Activities in Pakistan|url=https://ph.hu.edu.pk/public/uploads/vol-11/49-58.pdf|journal=Pakistan Heritage|volume=11|page=55}}{{مئل ڳنڍڻو|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> هو معزز آرڪيالوجسٽ مورٽيمر ويلر جو شاگرد هو.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Pakistan @ 75: History, Politics, Culture|last=Anjum|first=Faraz|publisher=Department of History and Pakistan Studies, University of the Punjab|editor-last=Hussain|editor-first=Mahboob|location=Lahore|pages=45}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AUkLAQAAMAAJ&q=f.+a.+khan+1950+mohenjo+daro|title=Indus Age: The Beginnings|last1=Possehl|first1=Gregory L.|date=1999|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-3417-6|author-link=Gregory Possehl}}</ref> == شروعاتي زندگي == خان 1 آڪٽوبر 1910ع تي راولپنڊي، برطانوي هندستان ۾ پيدا ٿيو. سندس والد، حسن علي خان، هڪ ممتاز طبي پروفيسر ۽ ڪنگ ايڊورڊ ميڊيڪل ڪاليج جي پهرين گريجوئيشن مان هڪ هو. حسن علي خان انگريزن جي دور ۾ مختلف هنڌن تي خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون، جن ۾ پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران بغداد به شامل آهي، کيس ”پهريون عالمي جنگ جو تمغا“ جو لقب مليو. خان جي ماءُ نواب بيگم هئي.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|date=November–December 2020|title=ڈاکٹر ایف اے خان یادگاری شمارہ|trans-title=Dr. F. A. Khan Memorial Issue|url=https://www.aasaar.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/AASAAR2online.pdf|journal=Journal of Archaeohistorical Studies|language=ur|publisher=Archaeological Study of Ancient Societies (ASAS)|volume=1|issue=2}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212101558/https://www.aasaar.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/AASAAR2online.pdf |date=2024-02-12 }}</ref> == ڪيريئر == خان شروعاتي تعليم پنجاب ۾ حاصل ڪئي، ان کان پوءِ علي ڳڙهه مسلم يونيورسٽي مان تاريخ ۽ جاگرافي ۾ ايم اي جون ڊگريون بالترتيب 1935 ۽ 1938 ۾ حاصل ڪيون. خان آڪٽوبر 1938ع ۾ آرڪيالاجيڪل سروي آف انڊيا ۾ هڪ فيلڊ اسڪالر جي طور تي تحقيق ۽ کوٽائي لاءِ شامل ٿيو. 1943ع ۾ کيس آرڪيالاجيڪل ميوزيم موهن جو دڙو جو نگران مقرر ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawnnews.tv/news/82844|title=سندھو کی داسی|last=Azad|first=Mukhtar|date=16 April 2013|work=[[Dawn News]]|language=ur-PK|trans-quote=... Dr. F. A. Khan, the archaeologist Custodian of Mohenjo Daro, was sent to Delhi to demand the return of the relics from the Indian government.}}</ref> 1947ع ۾ ڀارت جي حڪومت کيس بيجنگ يونيورسٽي ۾ ٽن سالن لاءِ چيني آرڪيالاجي پڙهڻ لاءِ اسڪالرشپ ڏني، بعد ۾ حڪومت پاڪستان کيس 1951ع ۾ انگلينڊ ۾ اعليٰ تعليم حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ اسڪالرشپ ڏني، جتي هن رڪارڊ وقت ۾ پي ايڇ ڊي مڪمل ڪئي. لنڊن يونيورسٽيءَ جي انسٽيٽيوٽ آف آرڪيالاجي ۾ ميڪس مالوان ۽ وي گورڊن چائلڊ جي نگرانيءَ ۾ ٻن سالن ۽ چئن مهينن جي. سندس ڊاڪٽريٽ جو مقالو، ”سنڌو ماٿري جي تهذيبن جو آثار قديمه جو مطالعو ۽ ايران جي ابتدائي ثقافتن سان سندن تعلق،“ هن شعبي ۾ پنهنجي مهارت جو مظاهرو ڪيو.<ref name=":13"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine|last=Khan|first=F. A.|date=May 1964|title=Archaeology in Pakistan|url=https://doam.gov.pk/public/assets/assets/media/publications/20220519160000.pdf|magazine=Expedition Magazine|volume=6|issue=3|page=11}}{{مئل ڳنڍڻو|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> واپس اچڻ کان پوءِ، خان کي ايڪسپلوريشن اينڊ ايڪسائيزيشن برانچ جو سپرنٽينڊنٽ مقرر ڪيو ويو، جيڪو سنڌ ۾ عرب آثار قديمه واري ماڳ بنڀور ۽ اوڀر پاڪستان (هاڻي بنگلاديش) ۾ ٻڌ ڌرم جي آثار قديمه واري ماڳ مين متي تي آثار قديمه جي کوٽائي ڪري رهيو هو. اپريل 1958ع ۾ هو آرڪيالاجي ڊپارٽمينٽ آف آرڪيالاجي، پاڪستان جو ڊائريڪٽر ٿيو، جتان 30 سيپٽمبر 1970ع تي رٽائرمينٽ تائين خدمتون سرانجام ڏيندو رهيو. رٽائرمينٽ کان پوءِ، هن ڪيترن ئي سالن تائين نيشنل ميوزيم ڪراچي جي نوادرات حاصل ڪرڻ واري ڪميٽيءَ جي صدارت ڪئي. 1970ع کان 1977ع تائين ڪراچي يونيورسٽي ۾ آرڪيالاجي جو پروفيسر رهيو. 1974 ۾، خان بحرين، ڪويت، قطر ۽ گڏيل عرب امارات ۾ يونيسڪو لاءِ صلاحڪار طور ڪم ڪيو.<ref name=":13"/> == ُوفات == 2009ع ۾ 90 سالن جي ڄمار ۾ PECHS ڪالوني، ڪراچي ۾ وفات ڪيائين.<ref name=":13"/> == قابل ذڪر تعاون == خان جو ڪم 25 سالن کان مٿي رهيو، جنهن ۾ سنڌو ماٿري جي تهذيبن جي تقابلي مطالعي تي ڌيان ڏنو ويو. هن هندو، ٻڌ ۽ مسلم دورن جي آثار قديمه جي مسئلن کي به ڳولهيو. سندس قابل ذڪر کوٽائي ۾ شامل آهن: <ref name=":0"/> * [[ڪوٽ ڏيجي|ڪوٽ ڌيجي]] (1955-1957): هن قلعي بند شهر کي کوٽايو، جيڪو سنڌو ماٿريءَ جي تهذيب جي دور جو آهي. <ref>{{ڪتابن مان حوالا|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4iew_THp8foC&dq=F.+A.+Khan+mohenjo+daro&pg=PA7|title=Excavations at Mohenjo Daro, Pakistan: The Pottery, with an Account of the Pottery from the 195 Excavations of Sir Mortimer Wheeler|last=Dales|first=George F.|last2=Kenoyer|first2=Jonathan Mark|last3=Alcock|first3=Leslie|date=29 January 1986|publisher=UPenn Museum of Archaeology|isbn=978-0-934718-52-3}}</ref> <ref>{{ڪتابن مان حوالا|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lb7jyuLpd0YC&dq=F.+A.+Khan+mohenjo+daro&pg=PA233|title=The Origins and Character of the Ancient Chinese City, Volume 2: The Chinese City in Comparative Perspective|last=Wheatley|first=Paul|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-0-202-36769-9|author-link=Paul Wheatley (geographer)}}</ref> * [[ڀنڀور]] (1957-1965)، FA خان پاران ڪيل کوٽائي اسلام کان اڳ واري ۽ اسلامي آباديءَ جا اهم اڏاوتي ۽ آثار قديمه جا آثار ظاهر ڪيا. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Manassero|first=Niccolò|last2=Fiorani Piacentini|first2=Valeria|date=2014|title=The Site of Banbhore (Sindh-Pakistan)|url=https://edspace.american.edu/silkroadjournal/wp-content/uploads/sites/984/2017/09/Manassero_SR12_2014_pp82_88.pdf|journal=The Silk Road|volume=12|page=82}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/urdu/pakistan-57500717|title=بنبھور: قدیم شہر 'دیبل' اور سرزمین پاکستان کی پہلی مسجد کے آثار|last=Jafari|first=Aqeel Abbas|date=17 June 2021|work=[[BBC Urdu|BBC News اردو]]|language=ur|trans-title=Banbhore: The ruins of the ancient city of Debal and the first mosque in the land of Pakistan|author-link=Aqeel Abbas Jafari}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFJafari2021">[[عقيل عباس جعفري|Jafari, Aqeel Abbas]] (17 June 2021). [https://www.bbc.com/urdu/pakistan-57500717 "بنبھور: قدیم شہر 'دیبل' اور سرزمین پاکستان کی پہلی مسجد کے آثار"] &#x5B;Banbhore: The ruins of the ancient city of Debal and the first mosque in the land of Pakistan&#x5D;. ''[[بي بي سي اردو|BBC News اردو]]'' (in Urdu).</cite> [[Category:CS1 Urdu-language sources (ur)]]</ref> * مينامٽي (1962-1963): خان مينامتي ( [[اوڀر پاڪستان]] ) ۾ وسيع کوٽائي جي اڳواڻي ڪئي، ڪيترن ئي ٻڌ ڌرم جي ويھارن ، مندرن ، ۽ ٻين اڏاوتن کي دريافت ڪيو جيڪو 7-10 صدي عيسوي جي تاريخن ۾ آھي. <ref>{{Cite journal|date=November–December 2020|title=ڈاکٹر ایف اے خان یادگاری شمارہ|trans-title=Dr. F. A. Khan Memorial Issue|url=https://www.aasaar.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/AASAAR2online.pdf|journal=Journal of Archaeohistorical Studies|language=ur|publisher=Archaeological Study of Ancient Societies (ASAS)|volume=1|issue=2}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212101558/https://www.aasaar.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/AASAAR2online.pdf |date=2024-02-12 }}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.aasaar.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/AASAAR2online.pdf "ڈاکٹر ایف اے خان یادگاری شمارہ"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212101558/https://www.aasaar.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/AASAAR2online.pdf |date=2024-02-12 }} &#x5B;Dr. F. A. Khan Memorial Issue&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Journal of Archaeohistorical Studies'' (in Urdu). '''1''' (2). Archaeological Study of Ancient Societies (ASAS). November–December 2020.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Urdu-language sources (ur)]]</ref> == اوارڊ ۽ اعزاز == خان کي ڪيترائي اعزاز مليا، جن ۾ [[تمغا پاڪستان]] (1961)،<ref name=":0"/> [[ستاره امتياز]] (1965)، فرانس جو اعليٰ ترين اعزاز، ۽ اٽلي جو اعليٰ اعزاز (1982) شامل آهن. کيس پاڪستان سوسائٽي آف آرڪيالاجي، آرڪائيوز اينڊ ميوزيم پاران 31 جولاءِ 1997ع تي 1996ع ۾ داني گولڊ ميڊل سان نوازيو ويو. [[وومين يونيورسٽي لاهور]] جي لائبريري سندس نالي تي رکيل آهي.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal|date=November–December 2020|title=ڈاکٹر ایف اے خان یادگاری شمارہ|trans-title=ڊاڪٽر ايف اي خان يادگار شمارو|url=https://www.aasaar.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/AASAAR2online.pdf|journal=Journal of Archaeohistorical Studies|language=sd|publisher=قديم سماجن جو آثار قديمه جو مطالعو (ASAS)|volume=1|issue=2}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212101558/https://www.aasaar.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/AASAAR2online.pdf |date=2024-02-12 }}</ref> == حوالا == [[زمرو:2009ع جون فوتگيون]] [[زمرو:1910ع جون پيدائشون]] [[زمرو:ستاره امتياز حاصل ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:2009ع جون وفاتون]] [[زمرو:علي ڳڙهه مسلم يونيورسٽي جو شاگرد]] [[زمرو:آثار قديمه جا ماهر]] f8vovgkvufimj473j9ahfct6wxn4m2r نارا (شهر) 0 81072 367810 361043 2026-03-27T12:09:56Z Ibne maryam 17680 صفحي "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345606689|Nara (city)]]" مان ڀاڱي "Sister cities" جو ترجمو ڪندي سرجيو ويو 367810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|City in Nara prefecture, Japan}} {{Infobox settlement | name = نارا | native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|ja|奈良市}}}} | official_name = نارا شهر | settlement_type = مرڪزي شهر | image_skyline = {{Multiple image | border = infobox | total_width = 280 | image_style = border:1; |perrow = 1/2/2/1 |image1 = Tōdai-ji Kon-dō.jpg |alt1 = Todai-ji temple |image2 = Toshodaiji Nara Nara pref01s5s4290.jpg |alt2 = Toshodai-ji temple |image3 = Yakushiji Nara11s5bs4200.jpg |alt3 = Yakushi-ji temple |image4 = Sika deer in Nara 05.jpg |alt4 = Deer in Nara Park |image5 = Kyu-Daijoin-teien05o4272.jpg |alt5 = The garden of the former Daijyo-in temple |image6 = Kasuga-taisha, chumon-1.jpg |alt6 = Kasuga-taisha shrine }} | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = مٿي کاٻي کان: ٽوڊائي-جي، توشودائي-جي، ياڪوشي-جي، نارا پارڪ ۾ سيڪا هرڻ، اڳوڻي داجيو-ان جو باغ ۽ ڪاسوگا-تاشا | image_flag = Flag of Nara, Nara (no text).svg | image_seal = Emblem of Nara, Nara.svg | image_map = | map_caption = نارا شهر جو نارا صوبي ۾ مقام | image_map1 = Nara in Nara Prefecture Ja.svg | map_caption1 = | pushpin_map = Japan | pushpin_map_caption = جاپان ۾ مقام | coordinates = {{Coord|34|41|04|N|135|48|18|E|region:JP-29_type:city(367,000)|display=it}} | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | subdivision_name = {{پرچم|جاپان}} | subdivision_type1 = ريجن | subdivision_name1 = ڪانسائي | subdivision_type2 = پريفئڪچر | subdivision_name2 = نارا پريفئڪچر | subdivision_type3 = ضلعو | subdivision_name3 = | leader_title = ميئر | leader_name = گين ناڪاگاوا | leader_title1 = نائب ميئر | leader_name1 = | unit_pref = Metric | area_total_km2 = 276.84 | population_total = 367,353<ref>{{cite web | url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/cities/japan | title=Population of Cities in Japan (2022) }}</ref> | population_as_of = 2022 | population_density_km2 = auto | timezone1 = [[Japan Standard Time|JST]] | utc_offset1 = +09:00 | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | blank_name_sec1 = City hall address | blank_info_sec1 = 1-1-1 Nijō-ōji, Nara-shi, Nara-ken<br />630-8580 | website = [https://www.city.nara.lg.jp/site/userguide/list397-1044.html City of Nara] }} {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site |child = no |official_name = قديم نارا شھر جي تاريخي يادگارون |includes = {{flatlist| # ٽوڊائي-جي<br> # ڪوفوڪو-جي <br> # گانگو-جي <br> # ياڪوشي-جي <br> # توشوڊائي-جي <br> # نارا محل واري جڳھ<br> # ڪاسوگا تيشا ۽ ڪاسوگاياما قديم ٻيلو }} |criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(ii)(iii)(iv)(vi)}}(ii)(iii)(iv)(vi) |ID = 870 |year = 1998 |area = {{cvt|617|ha|acre}} |buffer_zone = {{cvt|1,962.5|ha|acre}} }} '''نارا شهر''' (انگريزي: Nara City؛ جاپاني: 奈良市، نارا-شي) [[جاپان]] جي نارا پريفئڪچر جو گادي جو ھنڌ آهي. سال 2022ع تائين، نارا شهر جي آبادي اندازي مطابق 3,67,353 هئي. ورلڊ پاپوليشن ريويو موجب، هي ان کي نارا صوبي جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ هونشو جي ڪانسائي علائقي ۾ ڇهين نمبر تي وڏو شهر بڻائي ٿي. نارا هڪ قديم شهر آهي جيڪو نارا پريفيڪچر جي اترئين حصي ۾، ڪيوٽو پريفئڪچر جي سرحد سان گڏ آهي. نارا شهر نارا دور (710 - 794) ۾ شهنشاه جي تختگاه هئي، ان کان اڳ جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ ڪيوٽو منتقل ڪيو ويو، جيڪا جاپان جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو. نارا شهر اٺ وڏي تاريخي مندرن، سماڌين ۽ ورثي جي ماڳن، خاص طور تي ٽوڊائي-جي، ڪوفوڪو-جي، ڪاسوگا زيارت ۽ ڪاسوگاياما قديم ٻيلو (Kasugayama Primeval Forest)، سيڊائي-جي، گانگو-جي، ياڪوشي-جي، توشوڊائي-جي ۽ هيجو محل جو گھر آهي. قديم نارا جي هن تاريخي يادگارن جو مجموعو، يونيسڪو عالمي ورثي جو ماڳ آهي. ==نالو== ==تاريخ== ==جاگرافي== ==شهر جو لينڊ اسڪيپ== ==آباديات== ==نشان ۽ ثقافت== ==نارا ۾ هرڻ== ==تعليم== ==ٽرانسپورٽ== ==ڀينر شهر== {{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Japan}} ===بين الاقوامي=== نارا جي ڀينر شهر ۾ شامل آهن:<ref>{{cite web |title=「姉妹都市」と「友好都市」 |url=https://www.city.nara.lg.jp/site/kankou/2216.html |website=city.nara.lg.jp |publisher=Nara |access-date=2020-04-08 |archive-date=2020-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611105402/https://www.city.nara.lg.jp/site/kankou/2216.html |url-status=live }}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * {{flagicon|AUS}} [[ڪينبرا]]، [[آسٽريليا]] * {{flagicon|KOR}} گيونگجو، گيونگسانگبڪ-ڊو، [[ڏکڻ ڪوريا]] * {{flagicon|ESP}} ٽوليڊو، ٽوليڊو صوبو، [[اسپين]] * {{flagicon|France}} ورسيلز، ايولانيس، [[فرانس]] * {{flagicon|China}} [[زيان|شيان]]، [[شانڪسي صوبو]]، [[چين]] * {{flagicon|China}} [[يانگزو]]، [[جئنگسو صوبو]]، [[چين]] {{div col end}} ===مقامي=== {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ڊازائيفو، فوڪوڪا پريفئڪچر، جاپان * ڪوري ياما، فوڪوشيما پريفئڪچر، جاپان * اوباما، فوڪوئي پريفئڪچر، جاپان * تاگاجو، مياگي پريفئڪچر، جاپان * يوسا، اوئيتا پريفيڪچر، جاپان {{div col end}} ==مشهور ثقافت ۾== ==پڻ ڏسو== ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category|Nara, Nara}} {{Wikivoyage|Nara}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20031008220336/http://www.city.nara.nara.jp/ Nara City official website] * [https://www.visitnara.jp/ The Official Nara Travel Guide] * [https://www.gaccom.jp/en/search/p29/c201_public_js/ Public junior high schools in Nara]{{مئل ڳنڍڻو|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:جاپان جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:ايشيا جا شهر]] [[زمرو:جاپان ۾ شهر|نارا]] [[زمرو:جاپان جي ثقافت]] [[زمرو:يونيسڪو عالمي ثقافتي ورثي جا ماڳ]] [[زمرو:جاپان ۾ يونيسڪو عالمي ثقافتي ورثي جا ماڳ]] == ڀينر شهر == === بين الاقوامي === نارا جا ڀائر شهر آهن: <ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.city.nara.lg.jp/site/kankou/2216.html|title=「姉妹都市」と「友好都市」|website=city.nara.lg.jp|publisher=Nara|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611105402/https://www.city.nara.lg.jp/site/kankou/2216.html|archive-date=2020-06-11|access-date=2020-04-08}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.city.nara.lg.jp/site/kankou/2216.html "「姉妹都市」と「友好都市」"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611105402/https://www.city.nara.lg.jp/site/kankou/2216.html |date=2020-06-11 }}. </cite></ref>{{Div col|colwidth=20em}} === مقامي === {{Div col|colwidth=20em}} == ڀائر شهر == === بين الاقوامي شهر === نارا جا ڀائر شهر آهن: <ref>{{حوالو ويب|quote=2020-04-08|archivedate=2020-06-11}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.city.nara.lg.jp/site/kankou/2216.html "「姉妹都市」と「友好都市」"]. </cite></ref>{{Div col|colwidth=20em}} === مقامي شهر === {{Div col|colwidth=20em}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} h6kr42af0pv5x57xy31atbi3q6255dc 368094 367810 2026-03-28T11:18:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 368094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|City in Nara prefecture, Japan}} {{Infobox settlement | name = نارا | native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|ja|奈良市}}}} | official_name = نارا شهر | settlement_type = مرڪزي شهر | image_skyline = {{Multiple image | border = infobox | total_width = 280 | image_style = border:1; |perrow = 1/2/2/1 |image1 = Tōdai-ji Kon-dō.jpg |alt1 = Todai-ji temple |image2 = Toshodaiji Nara Nara pref01s5s4290.jpg |alt2 = Toshodai-ji temple |image3 = Yakushiji Nara11s5bs4200.jpg |alt3 = Yakushi-ji temple |image4 = Sika deer in Nara 05.jpg |alt4 = Deer in Nara Park |image5 = Kyu-Daijoin-teien05o4272.jpg |alt5 = The garden of the former Daijyo-in temple |image6 = Kasuga-taisha, chumon-1.jpg |alt6 = Kasuga-taisha shrine }} | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = مٿي کاٻي کان: ٽوڊائي-جي، توشودائي-جي، ياڪوشي-جي، نارا پارڪ ۾ سيڪا هرڻ، اڳوڻي داجيو-ان جو باغ ۽ ڪاسوگا-تاشا | image_flag = Flag of Nara, Nara (no text).svg | image_seal = Emblem of Nara, Nara.svg | image_map = | map_caption = نارا شهر جو نارا صوبي ۾ مقام | image_map1 = Nara in Nara Prefecture Ja.svg | map_caption1 = | pushpin_map = Japan | pushpin_map_caption = جاپان ۾ مقام | coordinates = {{Coord|34|41|04|N|135|48|18|E|region:JP-29_type:city(367,000)|display=it}} | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | subdivision_name = {{پرچم|جاپان}} | subdivision_type1 = ريجن | subdivision_name1 = ڪانسائي | subdivision_type2 = پريفئڪچر | subdivision_name2 = نارا پريفئڪچر | subdivision_type3 = ضلعو | subdivision_name3 = | leader_title = ميئر | leader_name = گين ناڪاگاوا | leader_title1 = نائب ميئر | leader_name1 = | unit_pref = Metric | area_total_km2 = 276.84 | population_total = 367,353<ref>{{cite web | url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/cities/japan | title=Population of Cities in Japan (2022) }}</ref> | population_as_of = 2022 | population_density_km2 = auto | timezone1 = [[Japan Standard Time|JST]] | utc_offset1 = +09:00 | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | blank_name_sec1 = City hall address | blank_info_sec1 = 1-1-1 Nijō-ōji, Nara-shi, Nara-ken<br />630-8580 | website = [https://www.city.nara.lg.jp/site/userguide/list397-1044.html City of Nara] }} {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site |child = no |official_name = قديم نارا شھر جي تاريخي يادگارون |includes = {{flatlist| # ٽوڊائي-جي<br> # ڪوفوڪو-جي <br> # گانگو-جي <br> # ياڪوشي-جي <br> # توشوڊائي-جي <br> # نارا محل واري جڳھ<br> # ڪاسوگا تيشا ۽ ڪاسوگاياما قديم ٻيلو }} |criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(ii)(iii)(iv)(vi)}}(ii)(iii)(iv)(vi) |ID = 870 |year = 1998 |area = {{cvt|617|ha|acre}} |buffer_zone = {{cvt|1,962.5|ha|acre}} }} '''نارا شهر''' (انگريزي: Nara City؛ جاپاني: 奈良市، نارا-شي) [[جاپان]] جي نارا پريفئڪچر جو گادي جو ھنڌ آهي. سال 2022ع تائين، نارا شهر جي آبادي اندازي مطابق 3,67,353 هئي. ورلڊ پاپوليشن ريويو موجب، هي ان کي نارا صوبي جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ هونشو جي ڪانسائي علائقي ۾ ڇهين نمبر تي وڏو شهر بڻائي ٿي. نارا هڪ قديم شهر آهي جيڪو نارا پريفيڪچر جي اترئين حصي ۾، ڪيوٽو پريفئڪچر جي سرحد سان گڏ آهي. نارا شهر نارا دور (710 - 794) ۾ شهنشاه جي تختگاه هئي، ان کان اڳ جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ ڪيوٽو منتقل ڪيو ويو، جيڪا جاپان جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو. نارا شهر اٺ وڏي تاريخي مندرن، سماڌين ۽ ورثي جي ماڳن، خاص طور تي ٽوڊائي-جي، ڪوفوڪو-جي، ڪاسوگا زيارت ۽ ڪاسوگاياما قديم ٻيلو (Kasugayama Primeval Forest)، سيڊائي-جي، گانگو-جي، ياڪوشي-جي، توشوڊائي-جي ۽ هيجو محل جو گھر آهي. قديم نارا جي هن تاريخي يادگارن جو مجموعو، يونيسڪو عالمي ورثي جو ماڳ آهي. ==نالو== ==تاريخ== ==جاگرافي== ==شهر جو لينڊ اسڪيپ== ==آباديات== ==نشان ۽ ثقافت== ==نارا ۾ هرڻ== ==تعليم== ==ٽرانسپورٽ== ==ڀينر شهر== {{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Japan}} ===بين الاقوامي=== نارا جي ڀينر شهر ۾ شامل آهن:<ref>{{cite web |title=「姉妹都市」と「友好都市」 |url=https://www.city.nara.lg.jp/site/kankou/2216.html |website=city.nara.lg.jp |publisher=Nara |access-date=2020-04-08 |archive-date=2020-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611105402/https://www.city.nara.lg.jp/site/kankou/2216.html |url-status=live }}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * {{flagicon|AUS}} [[ڪينبرا]]، [[آسٽريليا]] * {{flagicon|KOR}} گيونگجو، گيونگسانگبڪ-ڊو، [[ڏکڻ ڪوريا]] * {{flagicon|ESP}} ٽوليڊو، ٽوليڊو صوبو، [[اسپين]] * {{flagicon|France}} ورسيلز، ايولانيس، [[فرانس]] * {{flagicon|China}} [[زيان|شيان]]، [[شانڪسي صوبو]]، [[چين]] * {{flagicon|China}} [[يانگزو]]، [[جئنگسو صوبو]]، [[چين]] {{div col end}} ===مقامي=== {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ڊازائيفو، فوڪوڪا پريفئڪچر، جاپان * ڪوري ياما، فوڪوشيما پريفئڪچر، جاپان * اوباما، فوڪوئي پريفئڪچر، جاپان * تاگاجو، مياگي پريفئڪچر، جاپان * يوسا، اوئيتا پريفيڪچر، جاپان {{div col end}} ==مشهور ثقافت ۾== ==پڻ ڏسو== ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category|Nara, Nara}} {{Wikivoyage|Nara}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20031008220336/http://www.city.nara.nara.jp/ Nara City official website] * [https://www.visitnara.jp/ The Official Nara Travel Guide] * [https://www.gaccom.jp/en/search/p29/c201_public_js/ Public junior high schools in Nara]{{مئل ڳنڍڻو|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:جاپان جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:ايشيا جا شهر]] [[زمرو:جاپان ۾ شهر|نارا]] [[زمرو:جاپان جي ثقافت]] [[زمرو:يونيسڪو عالمي ثقافتي ورثي جا ماڳ]] [[زمرو:جاپان ۾ يونيسڪو عالمي ثقافتي ورثي جا ماڳ]] == ڀينر شهر == === بين الاقوامي === نارا جا ڀائر شهر آهن: <ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.city.nara.lg.jp/site/kankou/2216.html|title=「姉妹都市」と「友好都市」|website=city.nara.lg.jp|publisher=Nara|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611105402/https://www.city.nara.lg.jp/site/kankou/2216.html|archive-date=2020-06-11|access-date=2020-04-08}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.city.nara.lg.jp/site/kankou/2216.html "「姉妹都市」と「友好都市」"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611105402/https://www.city.nara.lg.jp/site/kankou/2216.html |date=2020-06-11 }}. </cite></ref>{{Div col|colwidth=20em}} === مقامي === {{Div col|colwidth=20em}} == ڀائر شهر == === بين الاقوامي شهر === نارا جا ڀائر شهر آهن: <ref>{{حوالو ويب|quote=2020-04-08|archivedate=2020-06-11}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.city.nara.lg.jp/site/kankou/2216.html "「姉妹都市」と「友好都市」"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611105402/https://www.city.nara.lg.jp/site/kankou/2216.html |date=2020-06-11 }}. </cite></ref>{{Div col|colwidth=20em}} === مقامي شهر === {{Div col|colwidth=20em}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} fn5063jvskzgsvn02h29aiu75om0cx4 اسپغول جو ٻوٽو (پلانٽئگو اوواٽا) 0 83306 367995 321582 2026-03-28T06:14:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13773 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 367995 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|image=Plantago ovata form.jpg|genus=Plantago|species=Ovata|authority=Forssk.|image caption=اسپغول جو ٻوٽو، پلانٽاگو اوواٽا|ھن معني=پلانٽاگو برونيئا <small>مورس</small><br> پلانٽگو فاسٽگيتا <small>مورس</small> <br>پلانٽگو گوڊي ڊنگائي <small>اي. نيلس ۽ ڪينيڊي</small><br>پلانٽاگو انسيولرس <small>ايسٽاو</small><br>پلانٽاگو منيما <small>ائ. ڪننگهم)</small>|taxon=پلانٽاگو اوواٽا Plantago Ovata|display parents=|subgenus=<small> *ڪنگڊم : پلانٽائي *ڪليڊ: ٽريڪيوفائيٽس *ڪليڊ: انجيو اسپرمز *ڪليڊ: ايڊيڪوٽس *ڪليڊ: اسٽرائڊ *آرڊر: لاميئيلس *خاندان: پلانٽيگيناسيآئي *نسل: پلانٽاگو * نوع: پي. اوواٽا </small>|parent authority=|name=پلانٽاگو اوواٽا<br>Plantago Ovata<br>(اسپغول جو ٻوٽو)|italic_title=|diversity=}} [[File:بارهنگ_در_آبپخش.jpg|thumb|آب پخش ۾ پلانٽاگو اووتا]] '''پلانٽاگو اوواٽا''' (Plantago ovata)، ڪيترن ئي عام نالن سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، جن ۾ بلونڊ پلانٽين (<small>blonde</small> <small>plantain</small>)، ريگستاني ڪڻڪ (<small>desert</small> <small>Indianwheat</small>)،<ref>{{Citation|url=http://plants.usda.gov/plant-profile?symbol=PLOV|title=USDA PLANTS|access-date=10 June 2016}}{{مئل ڳنڍڻو|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> بلونڊ سائيليم (<small>blond</small> <small>psyllium</small>)<ref name="GRIN">{{Citation|url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=28790|title=USDA GRIN Taxonomy|access-date=10 June 2016}}</ref> ۽ '''اسپغول''' شامل آهن،<ref name="GRIN" /> رومي سمنڊ واري علائقي جو اصل آهي ۽ وچ، اوڀر ۽ ڏکڻ ايشيا ۽ اتر آمريڪا ۾ قدرتي طور تي پيدا ٿئي ٿو.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=250095355|title=Plantago ovata in Flora of China @ efloras.org|website=www.efloras.org|access-date=2020-12-07}}</ref> اهو [[اسپنگر|اسپغول]] (psyllium)، هڪ قسم جو غذائي فائبر جو هڪ عام ذريعو آهي. سائيليم جا ٻج جا ٿلڪا (اسپغول) هضم نه ٿيندڙ آهن ۽ حل ٿيندڙ فائبر، جن کي [[Butyric acid|بائيٽريٽ پيدا ڪندڙ بيڪٽيريا]] طرفان بائيٽرڪ ايسڊ، هڪ [[Short-chain fatty acid|مختصر زنجير فيٽي ايسڊ]] ۾ خمير ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جو ذريعو آهن. <ref name="Jov">{{Cite journal|last=Jovanovski|first=Elena|last2=Yashpal|first2=Shahen|last3=Komishon|first3=Allison|last4=Zurbau|first4=Andreea|last5=Blanco Mejia|first5=Sonia|last6=Ho|first6=Hoang Vi Thanh|last7=Li|first7=Dandan|last8=Sievenpiper|first8=John|last9=Duvnjak|first9=Lea|displayauthors=3|date=15 September 2018|title=Effect of psyllium (''Plantago ovata'') fiber on LDL cholesterol and alternative lipid targets, non-HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials|journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=108|issue=5|pages=922–932|doi=10.1093/ajcn/nqy115|issn=0002-9165|pmid=30239559|doi-access=free}}</ref> پلانٽاگو اوواٽا سائيليم تي مشتمل تجارتي شين ( اسپغول) جو سڀ کان مشهور ذريعو آهي. <ref>{{ڪتابن مان حوالا|title=Encyclopedia of Food Chemistry|publisher=Elsevier|year=2019|isbn=978-0-12-814045-1|editor-last=Melton|editor-first=Laurence|location=Netherlands|page=62|language=en}}</ref> پلانٽاگو اوواٽا (Plantago ovata)، (ڪيترن ئي عام نالن سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو جن ۾ شامل آهن؛ ، ريگستاني انڊين ڪڻڪ ()، بلونڊ سائل يئم ۽ اسابگھول)، ميڊيٽرينين علائقي جو اصل آهي ۽ مرڪزي، اوڀر ۽ ڏکڻ ايشيا ۽ اتر آمريڪا ۾ قدرتي طور تي پيدا ٿيو آهي. ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons}} *[http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Plantago+ovata Plants For A Future: ''Plantago ovata''] *[http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?5625,5626,5636 Jepson Manual Treatment] *[http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Plantago+ovata Photo gallery] [[زمرو:پلانٽاگو]] [[زمرو:ٻوٽا]] [[زمرو:طبي ٻوٽا]] [[زمرو:ايشيا جي نباتاتون]] [[زمرو:وچ ايشيا جي نباتاتون]] [[زمرو:ڏڪڻ ايشيا جي نباتاتون]] [[زمرو:اولهه ايشيا جي نباتاتون]] [[زمرو:اتر آفريڪا جي نباتاتون]] [[زمرو:اولهه ايشيا جي نباتاتون]] [[زمرو:گڏيل رياستن جي نباتاتون]] [[Category:Taxa named by Peter Forsskål]] {{Authority control}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} r5rood2oi7z4xm2g6ukbply5chtfb0u برازاويل 0 83762 368018 324860 2026-03-28T06:57:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 368018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Capital and the largest city of the Republic of the Congo}} {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Brazzaville | settlement_type = [[راڄڌاني|گادي وارو شهر]] | native_name = | image_skyline = {{multiple image | border = infobox | total_width = 290 | image_style = border:1; | perrow = 1/2 | image1 = | caption1 = برازاويل جي اسڪائي لائين | image2 = Avenue Amilcar Cabral Nord.jpg | caption2 = املڪار ڪئبرال ايونيو | image3 = | caption3 = سينٽ ايني چرچ | image4 = | caption4 = ڪانگو ندي | image5 = | caption5 = ڪنتئلي اسٽيڊيم | image6 = | caption6 = برازاويل- ڪنشاسا پل | image7 = | caption7 = صدارتي محل | image8 = | caption8 = ايمپيلا جو ٽوئن ٽاور }} | pushpin_map = | pushpin_relief = 1 | mapsize = 100px | map_caption = [[جمهوريا ڪانگو]] جي نقشي ۾ برازاويل | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|Republic of the Congo}} | subdivision_type1 = راڄڌاني ضلعو | subdivision_name1 = برازاويل | subdivision_type2 = [[صوبو|ڊيپارٽمينٽ]] | subdivision_name2 = برازاويل ڊيپارٽمينٽ | subdivision_type3 = [[ضلعو|ڪميون]] | subdivision_name3 = برازاويل ڪميون | established_title = قائم ڪيو ويو | established_date = 1883ع | founder = | leader_title = مئير | leader_name = ڊايوڊوني بئنتسمبا | population_footnotes = <ref name="c350">{{cite web | title=Brazzaville (Congo (Rep.)): Arrondissements | website=Population Statistics, Charts and Map | date=2023-05-17 | url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/congo/brazzaville/ | access-date=2025-07-29}}</ref> | population_as_of = 2023 | population_total = 2138236 | population_density_km2 = 9450 | area_total_km2 = 588 | coordinates = {{coord|4|16|S|15|16|E|region:CG|display=inline,title}} | timezone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] | utc_offset = +01:00 | elevation_m = 320 | elevation_ft = 1050 | population_demonym = Brazzavillian | area_code = 242 | blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2021) | blank_info_sec1 = 0.623<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{cite web |title=Subnational HDI (v7.0) |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/COG/ |website=Global_Data_Lab |access-date=23 August 2023}}</ref> · {{color|#fc0|medium}} · [[List of departments of the Republic of the Congo by Human Development Index|1st of 12]] | website = {{URL|www.brazzaville.cg}} | name = برازاويل | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | population_urban = 2,813,480 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="v774">{{cite web | title=Brazzaville Population 2025 | website=World Population Review | url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/cities/republic-of-the-congo/brazzaville | access-date=2025-07-29}}</ref> | population_metro = 3190743 | population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="q588">{{cite web | title=Stats in the city visualisation | website=Global Human Settlement | url=https://human-settlement.emergency.copernicus.eu/ucdb2024visual.php | access-date=2025-07-29}}</ref> | population_blank1_title = [[Official language]] | population_blank1 = {{hlist|[[African French|French]]|[[Kituba language|Kituba]]|[[Lingala]]}} | population_blank2_title = [[National languages]] | population_blank2 = {{hlist|Kituba|Lingala|'''Non-national language :''' {{ill|Ciladi|fr|Lari (langue)}}}} | image_flag = Brazzaville.svg | image_shield = Coat of arms of Brazzaville.svg | established_title1 = قائم ڪندڙ | established_date1 = پئري ساورگنن ڊي برازا | leader_title1 = آبادي (راڄڌاني علائقو) | leader_name1 = 21,38,236 (2023ع) | total_type = راڄڌاني علائقو | area_total_sq_mi = 227 | timezone1 = WAT | utc_offset1 = +1 }} '''برازاويل''' (فرانسيسي تلفظ: [bʁazavil]) [[جمهوريا ڪانگو|جمهوريه ڪانگو]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر آهي. انتظامي طور تي، اهو هڪ ڊيپارٽمينٽ (صوبو) ۽ هڪ ڪميون (ضلعو) آهي.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ins-congo.cg/download/chapitre-3-organisation-administrative/|title=Annuaire Statistique du Congo 2018, chapitre 3 : organisation administrative|date=2021-03-23|website=ins-congo.cg|publisher={{lang|fr|Institut National de la Statistique}}|page=13|language=fr|format=PDF|access-date=2023-08-18}}</ref> ملڪ جو مالي ۽ انتظامي مرڪز ٺاهيندي، اها [[ڪانگو ندي|ڪانگو نديءَ]] جي اتر پاسي تي، [[ڪنشاسا]]، [[عوامي جمهوريا ڪانگو|ڪانگو جمهوري جمهوريا]] جي گاديءَ جي هنڌ جي سامهون واقع آهي. راڄڌاني جي آبادي جو اندازو 21 لک کان وڌيڪ آهي، جيڪي قومي آبادي جي ٽئي حصي کان وڌيڪ آهي. اندازن %40 ملازم غير زرعي پيشن سان لاڳاپيل آهن. برازاويل، [[ٻين مھاڀاري جنگ|ٻي مهاڀاري جنگ]] دوران، سال 1940ع ۽ 1942ع جي وچ ۾ فرانس جي جلاوطن حڪومت، "آزاد فرانس" جي ڊي فيڪٽو گاديءَ جي حيثيت سان ڪم ڪيو. 2013ع ۾ برازاويل کي [[يونيسڪو]] پاران "موسيقي جو شهر" قرار ڏنو ويو. هن وقت سان اهو "ڪريٽو سٽيز نيٽ ورڪ" (CCN) جو ميمبر پڻ آهي.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2013/10/453392-brazzaville-zahle-krakow-and-fabriano-designated-unesco-creative-cities|title=Brazzaville, Zahlé, Kraków and Fabriano designated UNESCO Creative Cities|date=2013-10-21|work=UN News|access-date=2018-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004021133/https://news.un.org/en/story/2013/10/453392-brazzaville-zahle-krakow-and-fabriano-designated-unesco-creative-cities|archive-date=4 October 2018|language=en|url-status=live|accessdate=2025-07-30|archivedate=2018-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004021133/https://news.un.org/en/story/2013/10/453392-brazzaville-zahle-krakow-and-fabriano-designated-unesco-creative-cities}}</ref> == نالو == ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{commons category|Brazzaville}} * *[https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/1969/1/fuc_book_sheets_tuprints.pdf Fusion Cities, consolidation of movement], urban analysis seminar with vectorised maps of the agglomeration. TU Darmstadt, 2009 *[https://web.archive.org/web/20061108125758/http://www.harvardmag.com/jf97/vita.html Maria Petringa's biographical article] on Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza, describing events leading to the founding of Brazzaville, 1997 {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:برازاويل]] [[زمرو:راڄڌانيون]] [[زمرو:جمهوريا ڪانگو]] [[زمرو:آفريڪا ۾ راڄڌانيون]] [[Category:Populated places in the Republic of the Congo]] [[Category:Communities on the Congo River]] [[Category:Populated places established in 1880]] [[Category:Departments of the Republic of the Congo]] [[Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Republic of the Congo border crossings]] [[Category:1883 establishments in French Congo]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} 6p2lmus0mxwb3abbgx9hb61s31lzntw زمرو:فارس 14 84003 368031 341467 2026-03-28T07:17:54Z Ibne maryam 17680 368031 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ايران جا علائقا]] [[زمرو:ايران جا تاريخي علائقا]] [[زمرو:ايران جي طبعي جاگرافي]] gjxrps55od25gp30lect3akr0fkgakc زمرو:فارس (ايران) جا شهر 14 84004 368034 326666 2026-03-28T07:21:14Z Ibne maryam 17680 368034 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:فارس صوبو]] [[زمرو:ايران ۾ شهر]] 2h3djqr3j9xrip0i1gtehdgsnb40jaz 368041 368034 2026-03-28T07:26:44Z Ibne maryam 17680 368041 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:فارس]] [[زمرو:ايران ۾ شهر]] me9f02v730fhtzoejrrizq1fjfzg6fg زمرو:اتر خراسان صوبو 14 84005 368046 341464 2026-03-28T07:35:15Z Ibne maryam 17680 Ibne maryam صفحي [[زمرو:اتر خراسان]] کي [[زمرو:اتر خراسان صوبو]] ڏانھن چوريو 341464 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ايران جا صوبا]] 6li2nrmd8lk0qyvnz8ypya35aszz6ir زمرو:اتر خراسان صوبي جا شهر 14 84006 368043 326702 2026-03-28T07:28:29Z Ibne maryam 17680 368043 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:اتر خراسان صوبو]] [[زمرو:ايران ۾ شهر]] sonwlhki5sj4c2iy5xanfws09x9c0ff زمرو:ڏکڻ خراسان صوبو 14 84007 368027 341466 2026-03-28T07:10:22Z Ibne maryam 17680 Ibne maryam صفحي [[زمرو:رضوي خراسان]] کي [[زمرو:ڏکڻ خراسان صوبو]] ڏانھن چوريو 341466 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ايران جا صوبا]] 6li2nrmd8lk0qyvnz8ypya35aszz6ir زمرو:رضوي خراسان صوبي جا شهر 14 84008 368025 326705 2026-03-28T07:07:07Z Ibne maryam 17680 368025 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ايران ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:رضوي خراسان صوبو]] ksc2gli58szq29x0y7g5p806lvursia زمرو:مشهد 14 84009 368026 326707 2026-03-28T07:08:40Z Ibne maryam 17680 368026 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ايران ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:رضوي خراسان صوبو]] ksc2gli58szq29x0y7g5p806lvursia ڪيوٽو پريفيڪچر 0 84150 367813 330549 2026-03-27T12:14:08Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:ڪانسائي ريجن جا پريفيڪچر]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 367813 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Prefecture of Japan}} {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->| name = ڪيوٽو پريفيڪچر<br>Kyoto Prefecture | native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|ja|京都府}}}} | settlement_type = [[جاپان جا پريفيڪچر|پريفيڪچر]] | image_skyline = {{multiple image | border = infobox | perrow = 1/3/2/2/1 | caption_align = center | total_width = 290 | image1 = Kiyomizu Dera In Autumn (245582905).jpeg | caption1 = ڪيوزو ٽيمپل | image2 = Golden Pavilion Kinkaku-ji water mirror 2024.jpg | caption2 = ڪنڪاڪوجي | image3 = Fushimi Inari, Kyoto, 20240818 1350 4428.jpg | caption3 = اناري ديوي - شنتو مندر | image4 = Bamboo wood Kyoto 2024 2.jpg | caption4 = اراشي ياما ۾ ساگانو بانس جو ٻيلو | image5 = Funaya in Ine Town, Yosa District, Kyoto Prefecture 005.jpg | caption5 = انئ-ارا تاريخي قصبو | image6 = 2023.08.12 Phoenix Hall in Byōdō-in.jpg | caption6 = ٻڌ مندر | image7 = Tō-ji, Kyōto (Yozakura).jpg | caption7 = تو-جي | image8 = Fudou321tea.jpg | caption8 = اجي ۾ چانهه جا باغ | image9 = View from the observatory of Nariai-ji Temple in Miyazu, Kyoto 01.jpg | caption9 = امانوهاشيداتئ ۽ ميازو اپسمنڊ (Bay) جو پئنوراما ڏيک }} | translit_lang1 = Japanese | translit_lang1_type = [[جاپاني ٻولي|جاپاني]] | translit_lang1_info = {{lang|ja|京都府}} | translit_lang1_type1 = [[سنڌو لکت|سنڌي اکر]] | translit_lang1_info1 = {{lang|sd|ڪيوٽو-فو}} | image_flag = Flag of Kyoto Prefecture.svg | flag_size = 150px | image_blank_emblem = Emblem of Kyoto prefecture.svg | blank_emblem_size = 80px | blank_emblem_type = نشان | image_map = Map of Japan with highlight on 26 Kyoto prefecture.svg | image_map1 = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=250|type=line|stroke-width=2|zoom=7|frame-lat=35.2|frame-long=135.6}} | coordinates = {{coord|35|1|18|N|135|45|20.2|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | subdivision_name = {{پرچم|جاپان}} | subdivision_type1 = [[جاپان جا ريجن|ريجن]] | subdivision_name1 = [[ڪانسائي ريجن|ڪانسائي]] | subdivision_type2 = ٻيٽ | subdivision_name2 = [[هونشو]] | seat_type = گادي | seat = [[ڪيوٽو|ڪيوٽو شهر]] | parts_type = ذيلي ورهاستون | parts_style = para | p1 = ضلعا: 6 | p2 = ميونسپلٽيون: 26 | leader_title = گورنر | leader_name = تاڪاتوشي نشيواڪي | area_total_km2 = 4,612.19 | area_water_percent = 1.0 | area_rank = [[List of Japanese prefectures by area|31st]] | population_footnotes = | population_total = 2578087 | population_as_of = 1 October 2020 | population_rank = [[List of Japanese prefectures by population|13th]] | population_density_km2 = 566 | demographics_type2 = GDP | demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=2020年度国民経済計算（2015年基準・2008SNA） : 経済社会総合研究所 - 内閣府 |url=https://www.esri.cao.go.jp/jp/sna/data/data_list/kakuhou/files/2020/2020_kaku_top.html |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=内閣府ホームページ |language=ja}}</ref> | demographics2_title1 = ڪل | demographics2_info1 = [[JP¥]] 10,766 billion<br />[[US$]] 98.8 billion (2019) | iso_code = JP-26 | website = {{URL|https://www.pref.kyoto.jp/en/index.html}} | module = {{Infobox place symbols| embedded=yes | country = Japan | bird = [[Streaked shearwater]] (''Calonectris leucomelas'') | fish = | flower = Weeping&nbsp;[[cherry]]&nbsp;[[blossom]] (''Prunus spachiana'') | tree = Kitayama&nbsp;[[Sugi]] (''Cryptomeria japonica'') }} | anthem = [[:ja:京都府の歌|Kyoto-fu no uta]] | leader_title1 = آبادي | leader_name1 = 25,78,087 (2020) }} '''ڪيوٽو پريفيڪچر''' (京都府، ڪيوٽو-فو)<ref>{{cite book|script-title=ja:NHK日本語発音アクセント新辞典|publisher=NHK Publishing|editor=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|date=24 May 2016|lang=ja}} </ref> جاپان جو هڪ پريفيڪچر آهي، جيڪو [[هونشو]] جي [[ڪانسائي ريجن]] ۾ واقع آهي.<ref name="Frédéric_2002"/> ڪيوٽو پريفيڪچر جي آبادي 25 لک اسي هزار (2.58 ملين) آهي ۽ ان جو جاگرافيائي علائقو <small>'''4,612'''</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (1,781 چورس ميل) آهي. ڪيوٽو پريفيڪچر جي اتر-اوڀر ۾ فوڪوئي پريفيڪچر، اوڀر ۾ شيگا پريفيڪچر، ڏکڻ-اوڀر ۾ ميئي پريفيڪچر، ڏکڻ ۾ نارا پريفيڪچر ۽ [[اوساڪا پريفيڪچر]] ۽ اولهه ۾ هيوگو پريفيڪچر سان ملي ٿو. [[Kyoto]], the capital and largest city, accommodates 57% of the prefecture's total population, with other major cities including [[Uji]], [[Kameoka, Kyoto|Kameoka]], and [[Maizuru]].<ref name="Frédéric_2002" />{{rp|pages=565–587}} Kyoto Prefecture is located on the [[Sea of Japan]] coast and extends to the southeast towards the [[Kii Peninsula]], covering territory of the former [[Provinces of Japan|provinces]] of [[Yamashiro Province|Yamashiro]], [[Tamba Province|Tamba]], and [[Tango Province|Tango]]. Kyoto Prefecture is centered on the historic [[Imperial Court in Kyoto|Imperial]] capital of Kyoto, and is one of Japan's two "[[Fu (administrative division)|prefectures]]" using the designation ''fu'' rather than the standard ''[[Prefectures of Japan#Types of prefecture|ken]]'' for prefectures. Kyoto has made Kyoto Prefecture one of the most popular [[tourism]] destinations in Japan for national and international tourists, and 21% of the prefecture's land area was designated as [[List of national parks of Japan#History|Natural Parks]]. Kyoto Prefecture forms part of the [[Keihanshin]] metropolitan area, the [[List of metropolitan areas in Japan|second-most-populated region in Japan]] after the [[Greater Tokyo area]] and one of the world's most productive regions by [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]. ==تفصيل== ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category|Kyoto prefecture}} {{Wikivoyage|Kyoto_(prefecture)|Kyoto Prefecture}} * [http://www.pref.kyoto.jp/en/index.html Official Kyoto Prefecture website] * [https://www.kpic.or.jp/english.html Kyoto Prefectural International Center] * [http://www.kyototourism.org/en/ Kyoto Prefecture Tourism Guide] * [http://www.kyotoguide.com/ Kyoto Visitors Guide] {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ڪانسائي ريجن]] [[زمرو:ڪيوٽو پريفيڪچر]] [[زمرو:جاپان جا پريفڪچر]] [[زمرو:1868 ۾ قائم ڪيل رياستون ۽ علائقا]] [[Category:1868 establishments in Japan]] [[زمرو:ڪانسائي ريجن جا پريفيڪچر]] ==حوالا== l6woe6icnvtdaipeoo5v4yoqpqn85ol زمرو:ڪيوٽو پريفيڪچر 14 84151 367811 327634 2026-03-27T12:12:54Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:ڪانسائي ريجن]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 367811 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:جاپان جا پريفڪچر]] [[زمرو:ڪانسائي ريجن]] 57m7zixt6qd4z59f8ta0zv9xnns9m9h 367812 367811 2026-03-27T12:13:16Z Ibne maryam 17680 removed [[Category:جاپان جا پريفڪچر]]; added [[Category:ڪانسائي ريجن جا پريفيڪچر]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 367812 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ڪانسائي ريجن جا پريفيڪچر]] [[زمرو:ڪانسائي ريجن]] ilgea7weja1jydoifrkgm8y56wzmgce آمريڪا ۾ مسجدن جي فهرست 0 86858 367985 365939 2026-03-28T05:47:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 367985 wikitext text/x-wiki هي [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا جي گڏيل رياستن]] (USA) ۾ قابل ذڪر [[مسجد|مسجدن]] جي فهرست آهي، جنهن ۾ اسلامي عبادت جا هنڌ شامل آهن جيڪا روايتي مسجدن جي حيثيت ۾ نه آهن، [[آمريڪا جي رياستن ۽ علائقن جي فهرست|رياست]] جي لحاظ کان الفابيٽ جي ترتيب سان ترتيب ڏنل آهن. [[File:Mosques per capita by U.S. state.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.6|سال 2020ع تائين هر آمريڪي رياست ۽ ڪولمبيا ضلعي ۾ هر ملين رهواسين لاءِ مسجدن جي تعداد]] ==آمريڪا ۾ مسجدن جي تاريخ== هڪ مسجد کي اهڙي جاءِ طور بيان ڪيو ويو آهي جتي مسلمان مڪي ڏانهن منهن ڪري نماز پڙهندا آهن، ضروري ناهي ته ڪا عمارت هجي. انهيءَ معنيٰ ۾، آمريڪا ۾ 1731 يا ان کان اڳ مسجدون هيون. ايوب بن سليمان (1701-1773)، هڪ آفريقي-آمريڪي مسلمان جنهن کي غلامي ۾ اغوا ڪيو ويو هو، سندس غلامي جي داستان ۾ دستاويز ڪيو آهي ته هن ڪينٽ ٻيٽ، ميري لينڊ جي ٻيلي ۾ نماز پڙهي هئي، جتي هن کي 1731-33 دوران آندو ويو هو.<ref name="fivemyths2">{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/08/26/AR2010082605510.html|title=Five myths about mosques in America|last=Curtis|first=Edward E. IV|date=August 29, 2010|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]}}</ref> ڪجهه ذريعن جو چوڻ آهي ته پهرين آمريڪي مسجد جي عمارت جيڪا ممڪن آهي اها بڊفورڊ، مين ۾ هڪ مسجد هئي جيڪا 1915 ۾ البانوي مسلمانن طرفان قائم ڪئي وئي هئي.<ref name="queen2">{{Cite book |last1=Queen, Edward L.|title=The Encyclopedia of American Religious History|last2=Stephen Prothero|last3=Gardiner H. Shattuck Jr.|publisher=New York: Facts on File|year=1996}}</ref> <ref name="ghazali2">{{Cite news|last=Ghazali|first=Abdul Sattar|url=http://www.amp.ghazali.net/html/mosques_in_us.html|title=The Mosques in America: A National Portrait by CAIR: The number of mosque attendants increasing rapidly in America|date=August 4, 2001|work=American Muslim Perspective|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142701/http://www.amp.ghazali.net/html/mosques_in_us.html|archive-date=September 28, 2007|accessdate=November 30, 2025|archivedate=September 28, 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142701/http://www.amp.ghazali.net/html/mosques_in_us.html}}</ref> بهرحال، پهرين مقصد سان ٺهيل مسجد جي عمارت گهڻو ڪري ڊيٽرائيٽ، مشي گن ۾ هاءِ لينڊ پارڪ مسجد هئي، جيڪا 1921 ۾ کوليو ويو. ان کي محمد ڪروب، هڪ ريئل اسٽيٽ ڊولپر پاران فنڊ ڪيو ويو هو. جڏهن ته، پهرين "مقصد سان ٺهيل" مسجد، "آمريڪا جي مدر مسجد"، 1934 ۾ آئيوا جي سيڊر ريپڊس ۾ تعمير ڪئي وئي هئي. 1994 ۾، ڪيليفورنيا ۾ يوبا سٽي جو اسلامي مرڪز کي هڪ دهشتگرد گروپ پاران، باهه لڳائي تباهه ڪيو ويو. ان جي ڪهاڻي، ان جي تعمير نو سميت، ڊيوڊ واشبرن جي 2012 جي دستاويزي فلم "اين آمريڪن مسجد" ۾ بيان ڪئي وئي آهي.<ref name="anamerican2">{{Cite web |url=http://www.anamericanmosque.com/|title=An American Mosque}}</ref> === 21هين صدي ۾ واڌارو === [[File:Muslim Americans by state.svg|thumb|<div style="text-align: center"> سال 2020ع جي آمريڪي مذهب جي مردم شماري جي مطابق هر آمريڪي رياست، ضلعي آف ڪولمبيا، ۽ پورٽو ريڪو ۾ مسلمان آمريڪين جو اندازي مطابق تناسب</div>]] اهو اندازو لڳايو ويو آهي ته سال 1970ع ۾ آمريڪا ۾ 100 کان وڌيڪ مسجدون هيون، پر ان کان پوءِ 10 لک کان وڌيڪ مسلمانن جي لڏپلاڻ سبب سوين وڌيڪ تعمير ٿيون.<ref name="fivemyths3">{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/08/26/AR2010082605510.html|title=Five myths about mosques in America|last=Curtis|first=Edward E. IV|date=August 29, 2010|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]}}</ref> سال 2000ع تائين. آمريڪا ۾ 1,209 مسجدون هيون. جيڪي سال 2010ع ۾ وڌي 2,106 ٿي ويون (%74 جو اضافو). <ref name="usatoday12">{{Cite web |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/religion/story/2012-02-29/islamic-worship-growth-us/53298792/1|title=Islamic places of worship in the U.S. up 74% since 2000|date=2012-02-29|work=USA Today|access-date=2014-08-03}}</ref> ان کان علاوه آمريڪا ۾ مسجدن جو تعداد سال 2020ع ۾ وڌي 2,769 ٿي ويو آهي. <ref>[https://iqna.ir/fa/news/3976601/%D9%BE%DA%98%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B4%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87-%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AF-%D9%88-%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84-%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B2%DB%B0 A research on the growth and development of American mosques in 2020]{{مئل ڳنڍڻو|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Retrieved 8 March 2023</ref> سال 2011ع جو هڪ مطالعو، "آمريڪي مسجدون سال 2011ع" هارٽ فورڊ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ريليجن ريسرچ، آمريڪي مذهبي ادارن جي شماريات جي ايسوسيئيشن ۽ ملڪ جي سڀ کان وڏي اسلامي شهري ۽ مذهبي گروهن، جنهن ۾ اسلامي سوسائٽي آف نارٿ آمريڪا ۽ ڪائونسل آن آمريڪي-اسلامڪ رليشنز شامل آهن، پاران اسپانسر ڪئي وئي ته سڀ کان وڌيڪ مسجدن واري آمريڪي رياستون [[نيو يارڪ رياست|نيويارڪ]] (257)، [[ڪيليفورنيا]] (246) ۽ [[ٽيڪساس]] (166) هيون.<ref name="usatoday13">{{Cite web |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/religion/story/2012-02-29/islamic-worship-growth-us/53298792/1|title=Islamic places of worship in the U.S. up 74% since 2000|date=2012-02-29|work=USA Today|access-date=2014-08-03}}</ref> ==قابل ذڪر انفرادي مسجدون== هي هڪ متحرڪ فهرست آهي ۽ ڪڏهن به مڪمل ٿيڻ لاءِ خاص معيارن کي پورو نه ڪري سگهي ٿي. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" !نالو !تصوير !مقام\شهر !رياست !سال !Group !***********نوٽس************** |- |[[هوم ووڊ مسجد]] | |هوم ووڊ |[[الاباما]] | 1995 | |<small>'''آفريقي آمريڪي شاگردن لاءِ هڪ اڳوڻي الڳ ٿيل هاءِ اسڪول ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bains |first=David R. |date=2019-12-17 |title=Homewood Masjid |url=https://magiccityreligion.org/2019/12/17/homewood-masjid/ |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=Magic City Religion |language=en}}</ref>'''</small> |- |[[اسلامڪ ڪميونٽي سينٽر آف اينڪوريج الاسڪا|اسلامي ڪميونٽي سينٽر آف اينڪوريج الاسڪا]] |[[File:ICCA pic.jpg|150px]] |[[اينڪوريج، الاسڪا|اينڪوريج]] |[[الاسڪا]] | 2010 | S |<small>'''الاسڪا ۾ پهرين مسجد ۽ اسلامي اسڪول<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150201174450/http://alaskamasjid.com/docs/MasjidBuildingFlyer.pdf Masjid Building Flyer]}}</ref>'''</small> |- |[[اسلامي ڪميونٽي سينٽر فينڪس|اسلامي ڪميونٽي سينٽر آف فينڪس]] | [[File:Phoenix, AZ, New Islamic Community Center of Phoenix Masjid, 2012 - Ibis Blas Photographer - panoramio.jpg|120px]] |[[فينڪس]] | [[ايريزونا]] | 1982 | S | |- |اسلامڪ سينٽر آف توسان، ايريزونا   | [[File:Masjed UA.jpg|120px]] | [[توسان]] | [[ايريزونا]] | 1991 | S | |- | اسلامڪ سينٽر آف لٽل راڪ | | [[لٽل راڪ]] | [[ارڪنساس]] | 1996 | | <small>'''لٽل راڪ ۾ پهرين مقصد سان ٺهيل مسجد. هن وقت اصل مسجد کان 6.2 ميل (10 ڪلوميٽر) اتر اولهه ۾ هڪ نئين وڏي مسجد، ڪميونٽي سينٽر ۽ اسلامي اسڪول تعمير هيٺ آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICLR History|url=https://theiclr.org/iclr-history/|access-date=2022-11-27|website=The Islamic Center of Little Rock|language=en-US}}</ref>'''</small> |- | اسلامڪ سينٽر آف سان فرانسسڪو | | [[سان فرانسسڪو]] | ڪيليفورنيا | 1959 | ? | <small>'''سان فرانسسڪو بي ايريا ۾ سڀ کان پراڻي ۽ ڪيليفورنيا ۾ ٻي پراڻي مسجد.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ABOUT US |url=https://www.icofsf.org/about-us |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=icofsf |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-16 |title='It's Been Amazing'; Bay Area Muslims Celebrate Ramadan Together For First Time Since Pandemic |url=https://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2022/04/16/its-been-amazing-bay-area-muslims-celebrate-ramadan-together-for-first-time-since-pandemic/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |language=en-US}}</ref>'''</small> |- | ڪنگ فهد مسجد | [[File:KFM pic.png|120px]] | ڪلور سٽي | [[ڪيليفورنيا]] | 1998 | S | |- | اورينج ڪائونٽي جو اسلامي مرڪز | [[File:ISOC masjid cropped.jpg|120px]] | گارڊن گروو | ڪيليفورنيا | 1976 | S | تقريبن 7,000 عبادت ڪندڙن سان مغربي اڌ گول ۾ سڀ کان وڏي مسلم مرڪزن مان هڪ آهي. |- | اسلامڪ سينٽر آف ارون | [[File:Islamic Center of Irvine.jpg|120px]] | ارون | ڪيليفورنيا | 2004 | S | |- | اسلامڪ سينٽر آف سدرن ڪيليفورنيا | [[File:ICSC pic.png|120px]] | [[لاس اينجلس]] | ڪيليفورنيا | 1970s | ND | مسجد 1952 ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي هئي. موجوده مسجد 1970 جي ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين جي آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brief History of the Islamic Center of Southern California (1952-1972) - IslamiCity |url=https://www.islamicity.org/5271/brief-history-of-the-islamic-center-of-southern-california-1952-1972/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=www.islamicity.org|date=May 22, 2013 }}</ref> |- | اسلامي ثقافتي مرڪز آف ناردرن ڪيليفورنيا | | اوڪلينڊ | ڪيليفورنيا | 1995 | ND | هڪ اڳوڻي ميسونڪ مندر تي شيعه ايراني مسلمانن پاران قائم ڪيل. ڪنهن به فرقي جي مسلمانن لاءِ کليل آهي.<ref>{{Cite news |title=With Song And Celebration, Mosque Chips Away At Sunni-Shiite Divide |language=en |work=NPR.org |url=https://www.npr.org/2015/10/18/447155494/with-song-and-celebration-mosque-chips-away-at-sunni-shiite-divide |access-date=2022-04-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mission & Vision |url=https://iccnc.org/mission-vision-1 |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=ICCNC |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | مسجد النور اسلامڪ سينٽر سيڪرامنٽو | | [[سئڪرامئنٽو|سيڪرامنٽو]] | ڪيليفورنيا | 1982 | S |گريٽر سيڪرامنٽو ۾ سڀ کان وڏي مسجد. 1994 ۾ هڪ وڏي ملڪيت ۾ منتقل ٿي وئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.masjidannur.com/history.php|title=History - Masjid Annur|work=Masjid Annur Islamic Center|publisher=masjidannur.com|accessdate=26 June 2010|archive-url=https://archive.today/20090204223528/http://www.masjidannur.com/history.php|archive-date=4 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |سلام اسلامڪ سينٽر | [[File:SALAM Center, Sacramento, CA.jpg|120px]] |سيڪرامنٽو |[[ڪيليفورنيا]] | 2010 | ? |1987 ۾ هڪ رهائشي عمارت ۽ ٽريلر جي هڪ جوڙي ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو. 2001 ۽ 2010 جي وچ ۾ سائيٽ تي هڪ وقف مسجد، ڪميونٽي سينٽر، ۽ اسلامي اسڪول تعمير ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SALAM |url=https://salamcenter.org/salam/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=SALAM Islamic Center |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |مسلم مسجد ايسوسيئيشن | |سيڪرامنٽو |[[ڪيليفورنيا]] | 1947 | ? |اولهه آمريڪا ۾ سڀ کان پراڻي مسجد 1947 ۾ هڪ رهائشي عمارت ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About {{!}} MMA - SACRAMENTO |url=https://www.mmasacramento.com/about.php |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=www.mmasacramento.com}}</ref> |- |مسجد الرباط الاسلامي | |سين ڊياگو |[[ڪيليفورنيا]] | | S | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Ribat |url=https://masjidribat.com/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=masjidribat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | يوبا سٽي اسلامي مرڪز | | يوبا سٽي | [[ڪيليفورنيا]] | 1994 | | <small><sub>'''سال 1994 ۾ 1.8 ملين ڊالر ۽ هزارين ڪلاڪن جي پسڻ جي برابري جي خرچ سان مڪمل ٿيو (جنهن ۾ ڪميونٽي جا ميمبر شامل آهن جيڪي 1902 ۾ علائقي ۾ لڏي آيا هئا). پوءِ ان کي باهه ڏئي ساڙيو ويو (آمريڪا ۾ هڪ مسجد کي تباهه ڪرڻ جو پهريون نفرت انگيز ڏوهه هو).'''</sub></small><ref name=anamerican/> |- | اسلامڪ سينٽر آف گريٽر هارٽفورڊ |. مسجد النور، |[[هارٽفورڊ]] | [[ڪنيڪٽيڪٽ]] | | | <small><sub>'''ان جو صدر، ڊاڪٽر محمد رضا منصور هارٽفورڊ اسپتال جو ڪارڊيالوجسٽ ۽ "هارٽفورڊ مدرسي جو هڪ ڊگهو وقت ٽرسٽي آهي، جيڪو اسلام ۽ عيسائي-مسلم لاڳاپن جي مطالعي لاءِ ملڪ جو سڀ کان پراڻو مرڪز آهي".<ref>[http://fairfield.dailyvoice.com/events/fairfield-league-of-women-voters-hosting-speaker-on-islam-today/588415/ this recent Fairfield Daily Voice article re speaker event]</ref>.<ref>[http://fairfield.dailyvoice.com/events/fairfield-league-of-women-voters-hosting-speaker-on-islam-today/588415/ this recent Fairfield Daily Voice article re speaker event]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fairfieldcitizenonline.com/news/article/Fairfield-LWV-speaker-to-discuss-Perception-6515737.php |title=Fairfield Citizen article |access-date=October 12, 2015 |archive-date=February 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225041109/https://www.fairfieldcitizenonline.com/news/article/Fairfield-LWV-speaker-to-discuss-Perception-6515737.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20150915051600/http://www.myrecordjournal.com/southington/southingtonnews/7693276-129/berlin-mosque-opens-its-doors-to-the-public.html Berlin, CT, new mosque] is also part of IAGH.<ref>[http://www.fairfieldcitizenonline.com/search/?action=search&channel=news&inlineLink=1&searchindex=gsa&query=%22Islamic+Center+of+Greater+Hartford%22 Search hits in Fairfield Citizen]{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>.<ref>[http://www.courant.com/community/manchester/hc-manchester-muslim-conversations-0609-20150608-story.html Hartford Courant article on panel event including Mansoor]</ref><ref>[http://wtnh.com/2015/07/17/connecticut-muslims-speak-out-against-tenn-attack/ WTNH article quoting Mansoor] in July 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.courant.com/religion-and-beliefs/hc-connecticut-muslims-pray-for-chapel-hill-victims-0214-20150213-story.html February 2015 Hartford Courant article citing Mansoor]</ref>'''</sub></small> |- | برج پورٽ اسلامڪ سوسائٽي-مسجد النور<nowiki>''</nowiki> | | [[برج پورٽ]] | ڪنيڪٽيڪٽ | | | ان جي عمارت 1991 ۾ خريد ڪئي وئي هئي جيڪا اڳ ۾ هڪ بينڪ هئي.<ref>{{Citation |title=Salatomatic.com listing |url=http://www.salatomatic.com/spc/Bridgeport/Masjid-An-Noor/mOoXTEIX6K |accessdate=2025-11-30 |archive-date=2020-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627130227/http://www.salatomatic.com/spc/Bridgeport/Masjid-An-Noor/mOoXTEIX6K |dead-url=yes }}</ref>.<ref>[http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20100506/midtown-west-hells-kitchen/faisal-shahzad-likely-had-help-from-radical-group-pakistan-report-says dnainfo] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906040259/https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20100506/midtown-west-hells-kitchen/faisal-shahzad-likely-had-help-from-radical-group-pakistan-report-says |date=2017-09-06 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fairfieldcitizenonline.com/local/article/Conn-Muslim-groups-to-discuss-Islamophobia-614642.php |title=this Fairfield Citizen article |access-date=October 12, 2015 |archive-date=February 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225202445/https://www.fairfieldcitizenonline.com/local/article/Conn-Muslim-groups-to-discuss-Islamophobia-614642.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ctpost.com/news/article/Angry-protesters-descend-on-mosque-606515.php |title=CT Post article |access-date=October 12, 2015 |archive-date=February 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211213513/https://www.ctpost.com/news/article/Angry-protesters-descend-on-mosque-606515.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | [[Bridgeport Islamic Community Center]] | [[File:BridgeportCT UnitedCongregationalChurch.jpg|120px]] | [[برج پورٽ|'''برج پورٽ''']] | ڪنيڪٽيڪٽ | 2017 | | The mosque occupies a former [[congregational church]]. Includes a community center and educational facilities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-22 |title=Bridgeport Islamic Community Center Opens In Former Church |url=https://www.wshu.org/news/2017-11-22/bridgeport-islamic-community-center-opens-in-former-church |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=WSHU |language=en}}</ref> |- | [[Islamic Center of Connecticut|Madina Masjid]] | | [[Windsor, Connecticut|Windsor]] | ڪنيڪٽيڪٽ | 1993 | | |- | [[Assalam Center]] | [[File:Mosque in Boca Raton, FL.jpg|120px]] | [[Boca Raton, Florida|Boca Raton]] | [[Florida]] | | | |- id="Georgia" | [[Atlanta Masjid of Al-Islam]] | | [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]] | [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] | | | Established when [[Elijah Muhammad]] purchased a property on Bankhead Hwy. Later moved to its present location.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atlanta Masjid of Al-Islam |url=https://elevatedmuslims.com/community-organizations/atlanta-masjid-of-al-islam/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=Elevated Muslims |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | [[Al-Farooq Masjid]] | [[File:Al-Farooq Masjid Mosque Atlanta, Georgia.jpg|120px]] | [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]] | [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] | 1980 | | The Al-Farooq Masjid was established in 1980 as The Atlanta Mosque, a nonprofit, non-political, religious organization. Later due to a name conflict with another organization, its name was changed to Al-Farooq Masjid of Atlanta. |- | [[Masjid Al-Muminun]] | | [[Atlanta]] | [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] | | | [https://elevatedmuslims.com/community-organizations/masjid-al-muminun/ Masjid Al-Mu’minun] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519121011/https://elevatedmuslims.com/community-organizations/masjid-al-muminun/ |date=2022-05-19 }} is one of the most recognized religious buildings in the city of Atlanta, and a vast number of people from different cultures and backgrounds visit the Masjid on a daily basis. Al-Mu’minun is nationally known for advocacy of Muslims and Islamic Issues. The Masjid congregation and staff have been the subject of numerous religious programs and news features in recent years |- | [[Islamic Community Center of Augusta]] | [[File:Islamic-society-of-augusta.jpg|120px]] | [[Augusta, Georgia|Augusta]] | [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] | 2012 | S | |- | [[Masjid Al-Quba]] | | [[Buford, Georgia|Buford]] | [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] | 2010 | S | Established first Masjid in vicinity of [[Mall of Georgia]] area. |- | [[An-Noor Mosque (Guam)|An-Noor Mosque]] | | [[Mangilao, Guam|Mangilao]] | [[Guam]] | 2000 | | First mosque established in Guam.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.guampedia.com/muslim-association-of-guam/|title=Muslim Association of Guam|website=Guampedia|date=October 2009 |access-date=2 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=16 August 2017|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/features/2017/08/11/Exclusive-Arabs-in-Guam-in-the-face-of-North-Koreas-threat-|title=EXCLUSIVE: Arabs in Guam in the face of North Korea's threat|website=Alarabiya News|access-date=2 June 2021}}</ref> |- | [[Honolulu Mosque]] | | [[Honolulu]], [[Oahu]] | [[Hawaii]] | | | Established by the Muslim Association of Hawaii. |- | [[Mosque Foundation]] | [[File:Mosque Foundation 1.jpg|120px]] | [[Bridgeview, Illinois|Bridgeview]] | [[Illinois]] | 1980 | | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mosquefoundation.org/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=www.mosquefoundation.org}}</ref> |- |Islamic Community Center of Des Plaines |[[File:ICCD_masjid_pic.jpg|thumb]] |[[Des Plaines, Illinois|Des Plaines]] |[[Illinois]] |1998 | | |- | [[Mosque Maryam]] | [[File:Mosque Maryam.jpg|120px]] | [[Chicago]] | [[Illinois]] | 1972 | NOI | Also known as Muslim Temple No. 2. Originally a [[Greek Orthodox church]], purchased in 1972 by the [[Nation of Islam]]. Headquarters of the Nation of Islam and of [[Louis Farrakhan]]. |- | [[Baitul Jamay]] | [[File:Baitul Jaamay, Chicago.jpg|120px]] | [[Glen Ellyn, Illinois|Glen Ellyn]] | [[Illinois]] | | | |- | [[Al-Sadiq Mosque]] | [[File:Al-Sadiq mosque.jpg|120px]] | [[Douglas, Chicago#Bronzeville|Bronzeville]] neighborhood, [[Chicago]] | [[Illinois]] | 1922 | A | Asserted to be the oldest extant mosque in the United States. |- | [[Islamic Foundation]] | [[File:IF pic.jpg|120px]] | [[Villa Park, Illinois|Villa Park]] | [[Illinois]] | 1974 | | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.islamicfoundation.org/welcome/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=Islamic Foundation |language=en}}</ref> |- | [[Islamic Foundation North]] | [[File:Islamic Foundation North.jpg|120px]] | [[Libertyville, Illinois|Libertyville]] | [[Illinois]] | 2004 | | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Islamic Foundation North - Home |url=https://ifnonline.com/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=ifnonline.com}}</ref> |- | [[Masjid Darussalam]] | [[File:Masjid DaursSalam.JPG|120px]] | [[Lombard, Illinois|Lombard]] | [[Illinois]] | 2013 | S | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid DarusSalam – Contemporary Scholarship through Authentic Tradition |url=https://masjidds.org/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | [[Muslim Community Center]] | | [[Chicago]] | [[Illinois]] | 1969 | | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Muslim Community Center – Your Organization Since 1969 With Two Beautiful Masjids and MCC Academy Full Time School |url=https://mccchicago.org/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | [[Muslim Association of Greater Rockford]] | [[File:MAGR.jpg|120px]] | [[Rockford, Illinois|Rockford]] | [[Illinois]] | 1984 | | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Muslim Association of Greater Rockford (MAGR) {{!}} Immerse. Inspire. Islam. |url=https://magr.org/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | Masjid Al-Huda | | [[Schaumburg, Illinois|Schaumburg]] | [[Illinois]] | 1992 | | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Al Huda – Come together. Be together. Grow together. Immerse. Inspire. Islam. |url=https://masjidalhuda.org/ |access-date=2022-04-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | [[Masjid Noor ul-Islam]], Burmese Muslim Education and Community Center | [[File:Noor ul-Islam.jpg|120px]] | [[Fort Wayne, Indiana|Fort Wayne]] | [[Indiana]] | 2015 | | The first [[masjid]] built by the Burmese Muslim community outside their nation.<ref name="FortWayne">{{Cite news |first=Sara |last=Wagner |url=http://wane.com/2015/05/24/fort-wayne-mosque-makes-history-around-the-world/ |title=Fort Wayne mosque makes history around the world |date=May 24, 2015}}</ref> [http://www.bmeccfw.org/ BMECC website] |- | [[Darul Arqum Islamic Centre]] | | [[Ames, Iowa|Ames]] | [[Iowa]] | | ? | [http://www.arqum.org// Darul Arqum Islamic Centre website] |- | [[Mother Mosque of America]] | [[File:Mother Mosque of America Cedar Rapids IA pic2.JPG|120px]] | [[Cedar Rapids, Iowa|Cedar Rapids]] | [[Iowa]] | 1934 | ? | |- | [[Masjid Omar Bin Khattab]] | [[File:Harvey LA Mch2014 Mosque 1.jpg|120px]] | [[Harvey, Louisiana|Harvey]] | [[Louisiana]] | |- |[[An Nur Foundation]] | |[[White Marsh, Maryland|White Marsh]] |[[Maryland]] | 1995 | | |- | [[Baitur Rehman (Silver Spring)|Baitur Rahman]] | [[File:Baitur Rehman, Washington.jpg|120px]] | [[Silver Spring, Maryland|Silver Spring]] | [[Maryland]] | 1994 | A | |- | [[Baitus Samad]] | [[File:Baitus Samad.jpg|120px|Baitus Samad]] | [[Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore]] | [[Maryland]] | 2017 | A | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Islam in Baltimore |url=https://islaminbaltimore.org/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | [[Diyanet Center of America]] | [[File:Architectural concept by Ahmad Mughees.jpg|120px|DCA mosque at dusk]] | [[Lanham, Maryland|Lanham]] | [[Maryland]] | 1993 | S | Mosque complex built with support from the [[Government of Turkey|Turkish government]]. |- | [[Imam Mahdi Islamic Education Center of Baltimore]] | | [[Parkville, Maryland|Parkville]] | [[Maryland]] | 2003 | | |- | [[Islamic Society of Western Maryland]] | | [[Hagerstown, Maryland|Hagerstown]] | [[Maryland]] | 1994 | | |- | [[Islamic Society of Baltimore]] | | [[Catonsville, Maryland|Catonsville]] | [[Maryland]] | 1969 | | Visited by former US president [[Barack Obama]] in 2016. |- |Dar Al-Taqwa Mosque | |[[Ellicott City, Maryland|Ellicott City]] |[[Maryland]] | | | |- | [[Allston Congregational Church]] | [[File:Allston Congregational Church Boston MA 01.jpg|120px]] | [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] | [[Massachusetts]] | 2000 | S | A mosque meets in former Congregational church. |- | [[Islamic Center of Boston (Wayland)]] (ICB Wayland) | | [[Wayland, Massachusetts|Wayland]] | [[Massachusetts]] | 1979 | | |- | [[Islamic Society of Boston]] | [[File:Islamic Society of Boston.jpg|120px]] | [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] | [[Massachusetts]] | 1981 | | |- | [[Islamic Society of Greater Lowell]] | | [[Chelmsford, Massachusetts|Chelmsford]] | [[Massachusetts]] | 1993 | | |- | [[Quincy Mosque]] | | [[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]] | [[Massachusetts]] | 1963 | | |- | [[Sharon Mosque]] | | [[Sharon, Massachusetts|Sharon]] | [[Massachusetts]] | 1993 | | Established by [[Lebanese American]] immigrants. |- | [[Worcester Mosque]] | | [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]] | [[Massachusetts]] | 2005 | | |- | [[Al-Islah Mosque]] | | [[Hamtramck, Michigan|Hamtramck]] | [[Michigan]] | 2000 | S | Established by [[Bangladeshi American]] immigrants. |- | [[Dearborn Mosque]] | [[File:Dearborn Mosque Michigan.JPG|120px]] | [[Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn]] | [[Michigan]] | 1937 | S | |- | [[First Albanian Bektashi Tekke in America]] | | [[Taylor, Michigan]] | [[Michigan]] | 1954 | SH | Adheres to the [[Bektashi]] [[Sufi]] branch of [[Shia Islam]]. |- | [[Islamic Center and Mosque of Grand Rapids]] | [[File:Islamic Center and Mosque of Grand Rapids.jpg|120px]] | [[Grand Rapids, Michigan|Grand Rapids]] | [[Michigan]] | 1986 | | Adheres to [[Sufism]]. |- | [[Islamic Center of America]] | [[File:Islamic Center America.jpg|120px]] | [[Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn]] | [[Michigan]] | 2005 | SH | Largest mosque in the [[United States]]. |- | [[Muslim Temple No. 1]] | | [[Detroit]] | [[Michigan]] | 1931 | NOI | First mosque of the [[Nation of Islam]]. |- | [[Islamic Center of Mississippi-Starkville]] | | [[Starkville, Mississippi|Starkville]] | [[Mississippi]] | | | |- | [[Islamic Foundation of Greater St. Louis|Daar-ul-Islam]] | | [[Ballwin, Missouri|Ballwin]] | [[Missouri]] | 1995 | S | One of two mosques of the [[Islamic Foundation of Greater St. Louis]]. |- | [[Islamic Center of Central Missouri]] | [[File:Islamic Center of Central Missouri at night.jpg|120px]] | [[Columbia, Missouri|Columbia]] | [[Missouri]] | 1983 | | First Islamic center established in Missouri. |- | [[Islamic Foundation of Greater St. Louis|Masjid Bilal]] | [[File:Islamic Center and Lindell Apartments (4820150210).jpg|120px]] | [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]] | [[Missouri]] | 1965 (Founded); 1974 (Incorporated) | S | One of two mosques of the [[Islamic Foundation of Greater St. Louis]]. |- | [[St. Louis Islamic Center]] | | [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]] | [[Missouri]] | 2010 | | A Bosnian mosque. |- | [[American Muslim Institute]] | | [[Omaha, Nebraska|Omaha]] | [[Nebraska]] | 2017 | ND | |- | [[Islamic Center of Omaha]] | | [[Omaha, Nebraska|Omaha]] | [[Nebraska]] | | ND | |- | [[Masjid As-Sabur]] (As-Sabur Mosque) | | [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]] | [[Nevada]] | 1975 | S | |- | [[Masjid Ibrahim]] | | [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]] | [[Nevada]] | 2015 | | First mosque in North America whose construction was funded entirely by one woman (Sharaf Haseebullah) |- | [[Islamic Center of Passaic County]] | [[File:ICPCNJ.png|120px]] | [[Paterson, New Jersey|Paterson]] | [[New Jersey]] | 1990 | | One of the largest Muslim communities in New Jersey, in [[South Paterson]] which is the largest Muslim community in the United States. |- |[https://www.themuslimcenter.org/ The Muslim Center of Greater Princeton] | |[[Princeton, New Jersey]] |[[New Jersey]] |1990s | | |- |Islamic Society of Central New [https://www.iscj.org/ Jersey] | |[[South Brunswick, New Jersey]] |[[New Jersey]] |1970 | |Includes a K-12 school, Mosque, and facilities for weddings and funerals |- |Muslim Center of Middlesex County | |[[Piscataway, New Jersey|Piscataway]] |[[New Jersey]] |1997<ref>{{Cite web |title=MCMC History – MCMC |url=https://www.mcmcnj.org/who-we-are/about-mcmc/mcmc-history/ |access-date=2024-09-15 |language=en-US}}</ref> | | |- | [[Dar al-Islam (organization)|Dar al-Islam]] | [[File:Hassan Fathy Dar-Ul-Islam Mosque, New Mexico (12371058).jpg|120px]] | near [[Abiquiú, New Mexico|Abiquiú]] | [[New Mexico]] | 1979 | | |- | [[Islamic Awareness Center]] | | [[Binghamton, New York|Binghamton]] | [[New York (state)|New York]] | 2001 | | Also known as Masjid Al-Tahweed. |- | [[Islamic Association of Long Island]] | | [[Selden, New York|Selden]] | [[New York (state)|New York]] | 1974 | | Also known as the Selden Masjid. |- | [[Islamic Society of Central New York]] | [[File:ISCNY pic.jpg|120px]] | [[Syracuse, New York|Syracuse]] | [[New York (state)|New York]] | 1981 | S | A mosque and community center. |- | [[Masjid Al-Mamoor]] | | [[Jamaica, New York|Jamaica]] | [[New York (state)|New York]] | 1976 | | Also known as the Jamaica Muslim Center, includes a Mosque, a school, a place for religious gathering, and eating facilities, and is one of the largest multi-purpose Muslim establishments in the U.S. Located in a Bangladeshi-American neighborhood. |- | [[Masjid Hamza]] | | [[Valley Stream, New York|Valley Stream]] | [[New York (state)|New York]] | 1990s | | |- | Mid-Hudson Islamic Association | | [[Wappingers Falls, New York|Wappingers Falls]] | [[New York (state)|New York]] | 1990 | | Also known as Masjid Al-Noor ({{langx|ar|مسجد النور}}) |- | [[مالڪم شهباز مسجد]] | [[File:Malcolm Shabazz Mosque.jpg|120px]] | [[New York City]] | [[New York (state)|New York]] | 1946 (Original); 1960s (Current) | S | Formerly known as Mosque No. 7 where [[Malcolm X]] preached in a storefront until he split from [[Elijah Muhammad]] and left the [[Nation of Islam]] in 1964. Destroyed in a bombing in 1965, after Malcolm X's assassination. Successor to the Sunni Muslim mosque that was named [[Muslim Mosque, Inc.]], which was started by [[Malcolm X]] after Malcolm X split from [[Elijah Muhammad]] in 1964. The mosque is located at 102 West 116th Street. |- | [[Hazrati Abu Bakr Siddique]] | [[File:Flushing 33 Av 143 St mosque jeh.JPG|120px]] | [[New York City]] | [[New York (state)|New York]] | 1986 | | |- | [[Masjid al-Ikhlas]] | [[File:Masjid al-Ikhlas, Newburgh, NY.jpg|120px]] | [[Newburgh, New York|Newburgh]] | [[New York (state)|New York]] | 1992 | | |- | [[Islamic Cultural Center of New York]] | [[File:Islamic Cultural Center E96 jeh.JPG|120px]] | [[New York City]] | [[New York (state)|New York]] | 1991 | | Also known as "96th Street Mosque". |- | [[Park51]] | | [[New York City]] | [[New York (state)|New York]] | 2011 | ND | Proposed mosque, also known as the "[[Ground Zero mosque]]", a plan that became subject of controversy in 2010. Currently a museum, not a mosque, is planned. But in September 2011, a temporary {{convert|4000|sqft|sqm|adj=on}} Islamic center opened in renovated space at the site.<ref name="opens">{{Cite news |first=Abbie Fentress |last=Swanson |url=http://culture.wnyc.org/articles/features/2011/sep/21/park-51-gallery-show/ |title=Park 51 Opens Renovated Space with Photo Exhibit of NYC Immigrant Children |date=September 21, 2011 |work=WNYC Culture |access-date=October 3, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924200759/http://culture.wnyc.org/articles/features/2011/sep/21/park-51-gallery-show/ |archive-date=September 24, 2011}}</ref> |- | [[Beit El-Maqdis Islamic Center]] | [[File:Beit El-Maqdis Islamic Center 6Av 63 jeh.JPG|120px]] | [[New York City]] | [[New York (state)|New York]] | | | |- | [[Noor Islamic Cultural Center]] | [[File:NICC pic.jpg|120px]] | [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]] | [[Ohio]] | 2006 | ? |- | Imam Khoei Islamic Center (New York) | | [[New York City]] | [[New York (state)]] | 1988 | |Islamic center; charity institution; One of the largest [[Shia]] Islamic centers in America<ref>[http://www.al-khoei.us/edara/index.php?list=1&part=1 Imam al-Khoei Center in New York] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250911141849/https://al-khoei.us/edara/index.php?list=1&part=1 |date=2025-09-11 }} Retrieved 11 March 2023</ref> |- | Masjid King Khalid | | [[Raleigh]] | [[North Carolina]] | 1982 | |Masjid King Khalid was the first and only Masjid in the US that was built from a donation from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to a private baptist University.<ref>[https://news.yahoo.com/shaw-university-campus-mosque-remains-234005286.html History of Masjid King Khalid] Retrieved 5 March 2023</ref> |- |Islamic Association of Raleigh - IAR Masjid | |[[Raleigh, North Carolina|Raleigh]] |[[North Carolina]] |1999 | | |- | [[Assyrian Muslim Cemetery]] mosque | [[File:Assyrian Mosque, Mountrail County, North Dakota.jpg|120px]] | [[Mountrail County]] | [[North Dakota]] | 1929, rebuilt 2004 | |The original mosque at the site was built in 1929 by immigrants from what is now [[Lebanon]] and [[Syria]]. A modest replacement mosque was built in 2005, although it was built for historical purposes and is rarely used.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/28/us/north-dakota-mosque-a-symbol-of-muslims-deep-ties-in-america.html |work=[[New York Times]] |title=North Dakota Mosque a symbol of Muslims' deep ties in America |date=2016 |accessdate=July 26, 2018}}</ref> |- | [[Islamic Society of Greater Dayton]] | | Josie Street, [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]] | [[Ohio]] | 1985 | S | |- | [[Islamic Center of Greater Toledo|Islamic Society of Greater Toledo]] | [[File:Islamic Center of Greater Toledo OH.jpg|120px]] | [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]] | [[Ohio]] | 1983 | | |- | [[Islamic Association of Cincinnati]] | | [[Cincinnati]] | اوهايو | 1970 | | Community members donated their funds and skills to design and build a new facility. The new mosque officially opened in 2003. |- | ٽوليڊو مسجد الاسلام | [[File:Masjid2.jpg|120px]] | ٽوليڊو | '''[[اوهايو]]''' | 1953 | | <small><sub>'''1953 ۾ شامي لبناني مهاجرن پاران تعمير ڪيل عمارت. اوهائيو رياست ۽ ٽوليڊو شهر ۾ پهرين مسجد۔ اڳ ۾ گريٽر ٽوليڊو جو اسلامي مرڪز. 2010 ۾ امام ابراهيم ايس عبدالرحيم جي اڳواڻي ۾ ٽوليڊو مسجد الاسلام پاران خريد ڪئي وئي۔ مسجد الاسلام مسجد ڪيئرز وزارت جي امام وارث دين محمد جي پوئلڳن پاران قائم ڪيل ڪيترين ئي مسجدن جو نالو آهي۔ هڪ ڀيرو آمريڪي مسلم مشن سڏيو ويندو هو۔'''</sub></small> |- | اسلامڪ سوسائٽي آف تلسا | | تلسا | '''[[اوڪلاهوما]]''' | | ? | <ref name="npr2021">{{Cite news |last=Polansky |first=Chris|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/09/29/1041571019/oklahoma-afghan-refugees |title=Oklahoma Welcomes Hundreds Of Afghan Refugees — Despite The State GOP's Objections |date=September 29, 2021 |publisher=[[National Public Radio]]}}</ref> |- |بلال مسجد | |بيورٽن |'''[[اوريگون]]''' |1987 |S |واشنگٽن ڪائونٽي ۾ سڀ کان پراڻي مسجد |- |اسلامڪ سينٽر آف پورٽلينڊ | |[[پورٽلينڊ]] |[[اوريگون]] |1979 |S |مسجد الصابر جي نالي سان پڻ مشهور آهي۔ اوريگون ۾ واقع سڀ کان وڏي مسجد |- | اسلامڪ ايجوڪيشن سينٽر آف پنسلوانيا | | ايلن ٽاؤن | '''[[پينسلوانيا]]''' | 2005 | | <small>مسجد عيسيٰ بن مريم جي نالي سان پڻ مشهور آهي.</small> |- | پِٽسبرگ اسلامي مرڪز | | پِٽسبرگ | '''[[پينسلوانيا]]''' | 1989 | | <small>جمعي جي نماز ۾ 600-750 حاضرين سان پٽسبرگ پنسلوانيا ۾ سڀ کان وڏي مسجد</small><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/local/south/2014/09/25/Muslims-in-Islamic-Center-of-Pittsburgh-demonstrate-little-known-facets-of-their-faith/stories/201408210004|title=Muslims in Islamic Center of Pittsburgh demonstrate little-known facets of their faith|last=Iati|first=Marisa|date=September 25, 2014|website=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|access-date=November 3, 2018}}</ref> |- | جامع مسجد فلاڊيلفيا | [[File:Masjid Al-Jamia Building.jpg|120px]] | '''[[فلاڊيلفيا]]''' | '''[[پينسلوانيا]]''' | 1988 | S | <small><sub>'''1988 ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي، اصل ۾ پينسلوانيا يونيورسٽي جي مسلمان شاگردن پاران؛ هاڻي آزاد؛ اڳوڻي ڪموڊور ٿيٽر جي عمارت ۾ واقع آهي، هڪ سينيما جيڪو 1928 ۾ موريش (اسپيني نوآبادياتي) آرڪيٽيڪچرل انداز ۾ ٺهيل'''</sub></small> |- | شيخ ايم آر باوا محي الدين مسجد | [[File:Mosque-Front-small.JPG|120px]] | '''فلاڊيلفيا''' | '''[[پينسلوانيا]]''' | 1984 | S |"باوا محي الدين فيلوشپ" پاران قائم ڪيل، جيڪا باوا محي الدين جي صوفي تعليمات جو احترام ڪري ٿي. |- |مسجد مقيل بن هادي [https://masjidmuqbil.com/ Masjid Muquil bin Haadee] | |'''فلاڊيلفيا''' |'''[[پينسلوانيا]]''' | | S | |- |سينٽرو اسلامڪو ڊي پورٽو ريڪو | [[File:RioPiedras1.JPG|120px]] |[[سان جوآن]] |[[پورٽو ريڪو]] | 1981 | |پورٽو ريڪو ۾ قائم ڪيل پهرين مسجد. مسجد ۾ 200 مرد ۽ 40 عورتون ويهڻ جي گنجائش آهي ۽ اها يونيورسٽي آف پورٽو ريڪو، ريو پيڊرس ڪيمپس جي ڀرسان واقع آهي.<ref name=SFPR>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-02 |title=Salaams From Puerto Rico: A Preview of Islam in the Caribbean |url=https://mvslim.com/salaams-from-puerto-rico-a-preview-of-islam-in-the-caribbean/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=MVSLIM |language=en-US |archive-date=April 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406133405/https://mvslim.com/salaams-from-puerto-rico-a-preview-of-islam-in-the-caribbean/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |مسجد ويگا الٽا | [[File:VegaAlta1.jpg|120px]] |ويگا الٽا |[[پورٽو ريڪو]] | 1992 | |پورٽو ريڪو ۾ سڀ کان وڏي مسجد، جنهن ۾ 1,200 مرد ۽ 120 عورت نمازين جي گنجائش آهي.<ref name=SFPR/> |- |مسجد مونٽي هيڊرا | [[File:Montehiedra6.jpg|120px]] |سان جوآن |[[پورٽو ريڪو]] | 2007 | |مسجد ۾ 400 مرد ۽ 50 عورت نمازين جي گنجائش آهي. هڪ اسلامي هفتيوار اسڪول جي خاصيت آهي.<ref name=SFPR/> |- |الاسلام مسجد | [[File:Mosque North Smithfield RI (cropped).jpg|120px]] |نارٿ اسمٿ فيلڊ |[[روڊ ٻيٽ]] | | | |- |اسلامڪ سينٽر آف مرفريسبورو | [[File:Islamic Center of Murfreesboro with flag.JPG|120px]] |مرفريسبورو |'''[[ٽينيسي]]''' | 2012 | S | |- |النور مسجد | |[[هوسٽن]] |[[ٽيڪساس]] | 1987 | S | |- |ايسٽ پلانو اسلامڪ سينٽر/مسجد | [[File:EastPlanoIslamicCenter2015.jpg|120px]] |پلانو |[[ٽيڪساس]] | 2015 | S | |- |نارٿ ٽيڪساس جي اسلامي ايسوسيئيشن | [[File:Iant.jpg|120px]] |رچرڊسن |[[ٽيڪساس]] | 1969 | S | |- | گريٽر آسٽن جو اسلامي مرڪز | |[[آسٽن]] |[[ٽيڪساس]] | 1977 | S | |- | اسلامڪ سينٽر آف ارونگ | [[File:ICI pic.jpg|120px]] |ارونگ |[[ٽيڪساس]] | 1991 | S |آمريڪا جي سڀ کان وڏين مسجدن مان هڪ، جيڪا 1991 ۾ 3,000 هفتيوار عبادت ڪندڙن سان قائم ٿي. مسجد هر آچر تي انهن لاءِ هڪ تقريب منعقد ڪري ٿي جيڪي اسلام بابت وڌيڪ سکڻ چاهين ٿا.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irvingmasjid.org/about-us/|title= Irving Masjid Website|date= December 21, 2019}}</ref> |- |اسلامڪ سوسائٽي آف ڊينٽن | |ڊينٽن |[[ٽيڪساس]] | 1981 | S |اسلامڪ سوسائٽي آف ڊينٽن (ISD) هڪ غير منافع بخش مذهبي تنظيم آهي جيڪا گريٽر ڊينٽن علائقي جي برادري جي خدمت لاءِ قائم ڪئي وئي آهي. مسجد بنيادي طور تي، رهائشين ۽ شاگردن پاران يونيورسٽي آف نارٿ ٽيڪساس ۽ ٽيڪساس وومن يونيورسٽي ٻنهي ۾ شرڪت ڪندي ٺاهي وئي هئي. اسلامڪ سوسائٽي آف ڊينٽن 15 آگسٽ 1981 ۾ کوليو ويو، جيڪو ان کي ٽيڪساس ۾ ٺهيل پهرين مسجد بڻائي ٿو. |- |نور مسجد | |[[شارلٽ امالي]] |[[يو ايس ورجن آئيلينڊز]] | 1978 | |يو ايس ورجن آئيلينڊز ۾ قائم ٿيل پهرين مسجد<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.watersportsvi.com/places-of-worship-st-thomas-usvi.php|title=Places of Worship in St. Thomas, USVI|website=St. Thomas Water Sports|access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Muhammad|first=Tahira|date=13 June 2007|url=https://hwpi.harvard.edu/pluralismarchive/news/islam-us-virgin-islands|title=Islam on US Virgin Islands|website=Harvard University|access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref> |- |دار الهجره اسلامڪ سينٽر | [[File:Dar Al-Hijrah Islamic Center 2010-02-08.JPG|120px]] |فيئر فيڪس ڪائونٽي |[[ورجينيا]] | 1991 | | |- |آل ڊلس ايريا مسلم سوسائٽي | |اسٽرلنگ |[[ورجينيا]] |1983 | |آل ڊلس ايريا مسلم سوسائٽي آمريڪا ۾ هڪ مسجد آهي، جيڪا اسٽرلنگ، ورجينيا ۾ واقع آهي ۽ 5000 مسلمان خاندانن جي خدمت ڪري ٿي. مسلم سوسائٽي (ADAMS) مختلف قسم جون خدمتون پيش ڪري ٿو. |- |اسلامڪ سينٽر آف واشنگٽن | [[File:Islamic Center of Washington.jpg|120px]] | |[[واشنگٽن، ڊي سي]] | 1957 | ? | |- |التونا مسجد | [[File:Altoona Wisconsin-Mosque 2006-03-14.jpg|120px]] |التونا |[[وسڪونسن]] | 1991 | |اسلامڪ سوسائٽي آف نارٿ وسڪونسن<ref>{{Cite web |title=Altoona Masjid: Islamic Society of Northern Wisconsin (ISNW) |url=https://www.isnwisconsin.org/ |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=www.isnwisconsin.org}} </ref> |} ==پڻ ڏسو== * {{Portal|USA|آمريڪا|Islam|اسلام}} * [[آمريڪا ۾ اسلام]] * [[مسجدن جي فهرست]] * [[آمريڪي مسلمانن جي فهرست]] * [[دنيا جي قديم ترين مسجدن جي فهرست]] * [[اتر آمريڪا ۾ مسجدن جي فهرست]] * [[ڪينيڊا ۾ مسجدن جي فهرست]] * [[ميڪسيڪو ۾ مسجدن جي فهرست]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ===نوٽ=== {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== {{Commons category|آمريڪا جي گڏيل رياستن ۾ مسجدون}} *[http://www.bldusa.com/resources/community/mosques_centers.php مسجدون ۽ مرڪز] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130161125/http://www.bldusa.com/resources/community/mosques_centers.php |date=2024-11-30 }}، آمريڪي رياست طرفان، پتي ۽ فون نمبرن جي هڪ ڊائريڪٽري، BLDUSA.COM تي (هڪ تجارتي ڪاروباري لنڪس ڊائريڪٽري) *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150222014527/http://www.ciogc.org/index.php/memberrelations/islamic-directory-of-services/mosques-and-islamic-centers گريٽر شڪاگو ۾ مسجدون ۽ اسلامي مرڪز]، گريٽر شڪاگو جي اسلامي تنظيمن جي ڪائونسل (CIOGC) تي *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SapCA_LgUl0 ليڪچر: آمريڪا ۾ اسلام جي مختصر تاريخ]، يوٽيوب وڊيو *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0-sAyuzkMLU آمريڪا ۾ اسلام جي تاريخ - سليمان نيانگ پاران]، يوٽيوب وڊيو *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vfMkdBUOM9w آمريڪا ۾ اسلام]، يوٽيوب وڊيو *[http://www.bldusa.com/resources/community/mosques_centers.php Mosques and Centers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130161125/http://www.bldusa.com/resources/community/mosques_centers.php |date=2024-11-30 }}, by U.S. state, a directory of addresses & phone numbers, at BLDUSA.COM (a commercial business links directory) *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150222014527/http://www.ciogc.org/index.php/memberrelations/islamic-directory-of-services/mosques-and-islamic-centers Mosques and Islamic Centers in Greater Chicago], at the Council of Islamic Organizations of Greater Chicago (CIOGC) *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SapCA_LgUl0 Lecture: Brief history of Islam in America], YouTube video *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0-sAyuzkMLU The History of Islam in America – By Sulayman Nyang], YouTube video *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vfMkdBUOM9w Islam in America], YouTube video {{DEFAULTSORT:آمريڪا جي گڏيل رياستن ۾ مسجدون}} [[زمرو:مسجدون]] [[زمرو:اسلام سان لاڳاپيل فهرستون]] [[زمرو:مسجدن جون فهرستون]] [[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا سان لاڳاپيل فهرستون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون]] [[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا ۾ مسجدون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جي گڏيل رياستن ۾ مسجدون]] [[زمرو:ملڪ جي لحاظ کان مسجدن جي فهرست]] [[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا ۾ مسجدن جي فهرست]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جي گڏيل رياستن جون عمارتون ۽ اڏاوتون]] iw4roipz0qvutff615urtdrved88op3 سانچو:Parameters/doc 10 87981 367877 346348 2026-03-27T19:25:44Z Intisar Ali 8681 367877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هن صفحي جي هيٺان ڄاڻايل جاءِ تي شامل ڪريو ۽ بين الويڪي لنڪون وڪيڊيٽا تي ڏيو (ڏسو [[وڪيپيڊيا:وڪي ڊيٽا]]) --> {{subst only|auto=yes}} {{Lua|ماڊيول:Parameters}} __TOC__ == استعمال == {{Tl|Parameters}} ڪنهن مخصوص سانچي جا پيراميٽر ڪڍي ٿو ۽ ان جي دستاويز سازي يا [[WP:TFD]] ضم نامزدگين ۾ مدد لاءِ ڪيترائي ڪم سرانجام ڏئي ٿو. هي پاڻ ٻه پيراميٽر وٺي ٿو: {{Para|1}}، آئوٽ پُٽ جو فارميٽ؛ ۽ {{Para|base}}، ڪنهن سانچي جو عنوان. <code>compare</code> فنڪشن لاءِ ٽيون پيراميٽر به گهربل آهي، يعني {{Para|other}}. {{Tl|Parameters}} کي هميشه ''subst'' سان ئي استعمال ڪرڻ گهرجي. ان جو استعمال هيٺ ڏيکاريل آهي. === عام استعمال جا ڪيس === * ڪنهن سانچي جي دستاويز ۾ {{Tl|Parameter names example}} شامل ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪريو: <code><nowiki>{{subst:Parameters|demo|base={{subst:BASEPAGENAME}}}}</nowiki></code> * ٽرانسڪلوژن نحو (syntax) کي دستاويز ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪريو: <code><nowiki>{{subst:Parameters|code|base={{subst:BASEPAGENAME}}}}</nowiki></code> == اختيار == === check === هي [[Module:Check for unknown parameters]] جو هڪ invocation تيار ڪري ٿو جيڪو ڪنهن سانچي ۾ شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. <pre style="margin-left:20px;margin-right:20px;">{{subst:Parameters|check|base={{subst:BASEPAGENAME}}}}</pre> {{collapse top|title=ٺهندڙ وڪي ٽيڪسٽ}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="white-space: normal; word-break: break-all;">{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=[[Category:Pages using Template:Infobox high court with unknown parameters]]|court_name|native_name|image|imagesize|width|height|caption|image2|imagesize2|caption2|established|dissolved|country|location|coordinates|motto|type|at|authority|appeals|terms|positions|budget|website|chiefjudgetitle|chiefjudgename|termstart|termend|termend2|chiefjudgetitle2|chiefjudgename2|termstart2|termend3|termend4}}</syntaxhighlight> {{collapse bottom}} === ڪوڊ === هي ٽرانسڪلوژن نحو جي ڏيکاءَ لاءِ ڪوڊ ٺاهي ٿو (هڪ خالي سانچو)، جيڪو ڪنهن سانچي جي دستاويز ۾ شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. {{Para|pad|yes}} برابر (=) نشانن کي عمودي طرح هموار ڪري ٿو. <pre style="margin-left:20px;margin-right:20px;">{{subst:Parameters|code|base={{subst:BASEPAGENAME}}}}</pre> {{collapse top|title=مثال {{tlsp|Parameters|code|base{{=}}Infobox court|pad{{=}}yes}} جو}} <nowiki>{{Infobox court | court_name = | native_name = | image = | imagesize = | alt = | caption = | image2 = | imagesize2 = | alt2 = | caption2 = | established = | dissolved = | jurisdiction = | location = | coordinates = | motto = | type = | at = | authority = | appealsto = | appeals = | appealsfrom = | terms = | positions = | budget = | language = | tribunal-type = | website = | chiefjudgetitle = | chiefjudgename = | termstart = | termend = | termend2 = | chiefjudgetitle2 = | chiefjudgename2 = | termstart2 = | termend3 = | termend4 = | chiefjudgetitle3 = | chiefjudgename3 = | termstart3 = | termend5 = | division_map = | division_map_size = | division_map_alt = | division_caption = }}</nowiki> {{collapse bottom}} === سنئون ڪوڊ=== هي ٽرانسڪلوژن نحو ڏيکارڻ لاءِ ڪوڊ تيار ڪري ٿو (هڪ خالي سانچو)، جيڪو ڪنهن سانچي جي دستاويز ۾ شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. پاڻمرادو شامل ڪيل قدرن کي پوءِ هٿ سان سنواري سگهجي ٿو. <pre style="margin-left:20px;margin-right:20px;">{{subst:Parameters|flatcode|base={{subst:BASEPAGENAME}}}}</pre> {{collapse top|title=مثال {{tlps|Parameters|flatcode|base{{=}}color}} جو}} آئوٽ پُٽ: {{tlp|color |1{{=}}<var>1</var> |2{{=}}<var>2</var>}} هٿ سان سنوارڻ کان پوءِ: {{tlp|color |1{{=}}<var>color</var> |2{{=}}<var>text</var>}} {{collapse bottom}} === اظھاري مثال=== هي {{tl|Parameter names example}} جو invocation تيار ڪري ٿو، جيڪو اڳ ۾ {{tl|Generic template demo}} جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو، ۽ جيڪو ڪنهن سانچي جي دستاويز ۾ شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. <pre style="margin-left:20px;margin-right:20px;">{{subst:Parameters|demo|base={{subst:BASEPAGENAME}}}}</pre> {{collapse top|title=مثال {{tlsp|Parameters|demo|base{{=}}Infobox court}} جو}} {{Parameter names example|_template=Infobox court|court_name|native_name|image|imagesize|alt|caption|image2|imagesize2|alt2|caption2|established|dissolved|jurisdiction|location|coordinates|motto|type|at|authority|appealsto|appeals|appealsfrom|terms|positions|budget|language|tribunal-type|website|chiefjudgetitle|chiefjudgename|termstart|termend|termend2|chiefjudgetitle2|chiefjudgename2|termstart2|termend3|termend4|chiefjudgetitle3|chiefjudgename3|termstart3|termend5|division_map|division_map_size|division_map_alt|division_caption}} {{collapse bottom}} === فھرست مان لاھيو=== هي پيراميٽرن جي وضاحتي فهرست تيار ڪري ٿو جيڪا ڀري ڪري ڪنهن سانچي جي دستاويز ۾ شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. آئوٽ پُٽ ۾ سيمي ڪولن ۽ ڪولن وارو فارميٽ استعمال ٿئي ٿو، جتي پيراميٽر جو نالو ٿلهي اکرن ۾ ڏيکاريو ويندو آهي ۽ وضاحت اندرين طرف ڏنل هوندي آهي. <pre style="margin-left:20px;margin-right:20px;">{{subst:Parameters|dlist|base={{subst:BASEPAGENAME}}}}</pre> {{collapse top|title=مثال {{tlps|Parameters|dlist|base{{=}}Infobox court}} جو}} ; court_name: ; native_name: ; image: ; imagesize: ; alt: ; caption: ; image2: ; imagesize2: ; alt2: ; caption2: ; established: ; dissolved: ; jurisdiction: ; location: ; coordinates: ; motto: ; type: ; at: ; authority: ; appealsto: ; appeals: ; appealsfrom: ; terms: ; positions: ; budget: ; language: ; tribunal-type: ; website: ; chiefjudgetitle: ; chiefjudgename: ; termstart: ; termend: ; termend2: ; chiefjudgetitle2: ; chiefjudgename2: ; termstart2: ; termend3: ; termend4: ; chiefjudgetitle3: ; chiefjudgename3: ; termstart3: ; termend5: ; division_map: ; division_map_size: ; division_map_alt: ; division_caption: {{collapse bottom}} === فھرست مان لاھيو پيرا=== هي پيراميٽرن جي وضاحتي فهرست تيار ڪري ٿو جيڪا ڀري ڪري ڪنهن سانچي جي دستاويز ۾ شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. آئوٽ پُٽ ۾ سيمي ڪولن ۽ ڪولن وارو فارميٽ استعمال ٿئي ٿو، جتي پيراميٽر جو نالو {{tl|para}} سانچي ذريعي ڏيکاريو ويندو آهي ۽ وضاحت اندرين طرف ڏنل هوندي آهي. <pre style="margin-left:20px;margin-right:20px;">{{subst:Parameters|dlistpara|base={{subst:BASEPAGENAME}}}}</pre> {{collapse top|title=مثال {{tlps|Parameters|dlistpara|base{{=}}Infobox court}} جو}} ; {{para|court_name}}: ; {{para|native_name}}: ; {{para|image}}: ; {{para|imagesize}}: ; {{para|alt}}: ; {{para|caption}}: ; {{para|image2}}: ; {{para|imagesize2}}: ; {{para|alt2}}: ; {{para|caption2}}: ; {{para|established}}: ; {{para|dissolved}}: ; {{para|jurisdiction}}: ; {{para|location}}: ; {{para|coordinates}}: ; {{para|motto}}: ; {{para|type}}: ; {{para|at}}: ; {{para|authority}}: ; {{para|appealsto}}: ; {{para|appeals}}: ; {{para|appealsfrom}}: ; {{para|terms}}: ; {{para|positions}}: ; {{para|budget}}: ; {{para|language}}: ; {{para|tribunal-type}}: ; {{para|website}}: ; {{para|chiefjudgetitle}}: ; {{para|chiefjudgename}}: ; {{para|termstart}}: ; {{para|termend}}: ; {{para|termend2}}: ; {{para|chiefjudgetitle2}}: ; {{para|chiefjudgename2}}: ; {{para|termstart2}}: ; {{para|termend3}}: ; {{para|termend4}}: ; {{para|chiefjudgetitle3}}: ; {{para|chiefjudgename3}}: ; {{para|termstart3}}: ; {{para|termend5}}: ; {{para|division_map}}: ; {{para|division_map_size}}: ; {{para|division_map_alt}}: ; {{para|division_caption}}: {{collapse bottom}} === فھرست === هي پيراميٽرن جي وضاحتي فهرست تيار ڪري ٿو جيڪا ڀري ڪري ڪنهن سانچي جي دستاويز ۾ شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. '''dlist''' وانگر آهي، پر اِسٽرڪس (*) استعمال ڪري ٿو، جيڪي بلٽ واري فهرست پيدا ڪندا. <pre style="margin-left:20px;margin-right:20px;">{{subst:Parameters|list|base={{subst:BASEPAGENAME}}}}</pre> {{collapse top|title=مثال {{tlps|Parameters|list|base{{=}}Infobox court}} جو}} * court_name * native_name * image * imagesize * alt * caption * image2 * imagesize2 * alt2 * caption2 * established * dissolved * jurisdiction * location * coordinates * motto * type * at * authority * appealsto * appeals * appealsfrom * terms * positions * budget * language * tribunal-type * website * chiefjudgetitle * chiefjudgename * termstart * termend * termend2 * chiefjudgetitle2 * chiefjudgename2 * termstart2 * termend3 * termend4 * chiefjudgetitle3 * chiefjudgename3 * termstart3 * termend5 * division_map * division_map_size * division_map_alt * division_caption {{collapse bottom}} === ڀيٽ === هي ٻن مختلف سانچن ۾ موجود پيراميٽرن جو تقابلي جائزو تيار ڪري ٿو. <pre style="margin-left:20px;margin-right:20px;">{{subst:Parameters|compare|base=Infobox London station|other=Infobox station}}</pre> {{collapse top|title=آئوٽ پُٽ}} <pre>Identical: * borough * caption * events1 * events10 * events11 * events2 * events3 * events4 * events5 * events6 * events7 * events8 * events9 * latitude * longitude * map_type * name * original * platforms * postgroup * pregroup * symbol * symbol2 * symbol3 * symbol4 * tracks * years1 * years10 * years11 * years2 * years3 * years4 * years5 * years6 * years7 * years8 * years9 Similar: * events12; events13; events14; events15 < events; events1; events2; events3; events4; events5; events6; events7; events8; events9; events10; events11 [events] * years12; years13; years14; years15 < years; years1; years2; years3; years4; years5; years6; years7; years8; years9; years10; years11 [years] Disparate: * access * access_note * alt_name * alt_name1 * coord_region * ctbat0910 * ctbat1011 * cyclepark * dft_category * dlrbat0708 * dlrbat0809 * dlrbat1011 * fare_zone * fare_zone_1 * fare_zone_note * gridref * image_alt * image_name * image_size * imagesize * interchange * interchange1 * interchange2 * interchange3 * interchange4 * interchange5 * interchange_note * label_position * listing_amended * listing_detail * listing_entry * listing_grade * listing_reference * listing_start * locale * manager * manager1 * manager2 * owner * owner1 * owner2 * railcode * railcode1 * railcode2 * railexits0203 * railexits0405 * railexits0506 * railexits0607 * railexits0708 * railexits0809 * railexits0910 * railexits1011 * railexits1112 * railexits1213 * railexits1314 * railint0203 * railint0405 * railint0506 * railint0607 * railint0708 * railint0809 * railint0910 * railint1011 * railint1112 * railint1213 * railint1314 * raillowexits0203 * raillowexits0405 * raillowexits0506 * raillowexits0607 * raillowexits0708 * raillowexits0809 * raillowexits0910 * raillowexits1011 * raillowexits1112 * raillowexits1213 * raillowexits1314 * raillowint0203 * raillowint0405 * raillowint0506 * raillowint0607 * raillowint0708 * raillowint0809 * raillowint0910 * raillowint1011 * raillowint1112 * raillowint1213 * raillowint1314 * railstation * replace * toilets * tubeexits03_ref * tubeexits04_ref * tubeexits05_ref * tubeexits06_ref * tubeexits03 * tubeexits04 * tubeexits05 * tubeexits06 * tubeexits07 * tubeexits08 * tubeexits09 * tubeexits10 * tubeexits11 * tubeexits12 * tubeexits13 </pre> {{collapse bottom}} == پڻ ڏسو == * {{ml|params}} * [[User:Bamyers99/TemplateParametersTool]] <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- زمرا هن لڪير کان هيٺ شامل ڪريو؛ بين الويڪي لنڪون وڪيڊيٽا تي --> [[سانچو:Documentation assistance templates]] [[سانچو:Wikipedia formatting templates]] [[سانچو:Template namespace templates]] [[سانچو:Documentation templates]] }}</includeonly> bn0t9w6996doekzbugtrhqppp8ysqoo 367878 367877 2026-03-27T19:26:37Z Intisar Ali 8681 367878 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هن صفحي جي هيٺان ڄاڻايل جاءِ تي شامل ڪريو ۽ بين الويڪي لنڪون وڪيڊيٽا تي ڏيو (ڏسو [[وڪيپيڊيا:وڪي ڊيٽا]]) --> {{subst only|auto=yes}} {{Lua|ماڊيول:Parameters}} __TOC__ == استعمال == {{Tl|Parameters}} ڪنهن مخصوص سانچي جا پيراميٽر ڪڍي ٿو ۽ ان جي دستاويز سازي يا [[WP:TFD]] ضم نامزدگين ۾ مدد لاءِ ڪيترائي ڪم سرانجام ڏئي ٿو. هي پاڻ ٻه پيراميٽر وٺي ٿو: {{Para|1}}، آئوٽ پُٽ جو فارميٽ؛ ۽ {{Para|base}}، ڪنهن سانچي جو عنوان. <code>compare</code> فنڪشن لاءِ ٽيون پيراميٽر به گهربل آهي، يعني {{Para|other}}. {{Tl|Parameters}} کي هميشه ''subst'' سان ئي استعمال ڪرڻ گهرجي. ان جو استعمال هيٺ ڏيکاريل آهي. === عام استعمال جا ڪيس === * ڪنهن سانچي جي دستاويز ۾ {{Tl|Parameter names example}} شامل ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪريو: <code><nowiki>{{subst:Parameters|demo|base={{subst:BASEPAGENAME}}}}</nowiki></code> * ٽرانسڪلوژن نحو (syntax) کي دستاويز ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪريو: <code><nowiki>{{subst:Parameters|code|base={{subst:BASEPAGENAME}}}}</nowiki></code> == اختيار == === چڪاس === هي [[ماڊيول:Check for unknown parameters]] جو هڪ invocation تيار ڪري ٿو جيڪو ڪنهن سانچي ۾ شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. <pre style="margin-left:20px;margin-right:20px;">{{subst:Parameters|check|base={{subst:BASEPAGENAME}}}}</pre> {{collapse top|title=ٺهندڙ وڪي ٽيڪسٽ}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="white-space: normal; word-break: break-all;">{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=[[زمرو:Pages using سانچو:Infobox high court with unknown parameters]]|court_name|native_name|image|imagesize|width|height|caption|image2|imagesize2|caption2|established|dissolved|country|location|coordinates|motto|type|at|authority|appeals|terms|positions|budget|website|chiefjudgetitle|chiefjudgename|termstart|termend|termend2|chiefjudgetitle2|chiefjudgename2|termstart2|termend3|termend4}}</syntaxhighlight> {{collapse bottom}} === ڪوڊ === هي ٽرانسڪلوژن نحو جي ڏيکاءَ لاءِ ڪوڊ ٺاهي ٿو (هڪ خالي سانچو)، جيڪو ڪنهن سانچي جي دستاويز ۾ شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. {{Para|pad|yes}} برابر (=) نشانن کي عمودي طرح هموار ڪري ٿو. <pre style="margin-left:20px;margin-right:20px;">{{subst:Parameters|code|base={{subst:BASEPAGENAME}}}}</pre> {{collapse top|title=مثال {{tlsp|Parameters|code|base{{=}}Infobox court|pad{{=}}yes}} جو}} <nowiki>{{Infobox court | court_name = | native_name = | image = | imagesize = | alt = | caption = | image2 = | imagesize2 = | alt2 = | caption2 = | established = | dissolved = | jurisdiction = | location = | coordinates = | motto = | type = | at = | authority = | appealsto = | appeals = | appealsfrom = | terms = | positions = | budget = | language = | tribunal-type = | website = | chiefjudgetitle = | chiefjudgename = | termstart = | termend = | termend2 = | chiefjudgetitle2 = | chiefjudgename2 = | termstart2 = | termend3 = | termend4 = | chiefjudgetitle3 = | chiefjudgename3 = | termstart3 = | termend5 = | division_map = | division_map_size = | division_map_alt = | division_caption = }}</nowiki> {{collapse bottom}} === سنئون ڪوڊ=== هي ٽرانسڪلوژن نحو ڏيکارڻ لاءِ ڪوڊ تيار ڪري ٿو (هڪ خالي سانچو)، جيڪو ڪنهن سانچي جي دستاويز ۾ شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. پاڻمرادو شامل ڪيل قدرن کي پوءِ هٿ سان سنواري سگهجي ٿو. <pre style="margin-left:20px;margin-right:20px;">{{subst:Parameters|flatcode|base={{subst:BASEPAGENAME}}}}</pre> {{collapse top|title=مثال {{tlps|Parameters|flatcode|base{{=}}color}} جو}} آئوٽ پُٽ: {{tlp|color |1{{=}}<var>1</var> |2{{=}}<var>2</var>}} هٿ سان سنوارڻ کان پوءِ: {{tlp|color |1{{=}}<var>color</var> |2{{=}}<var>text</var>}} {{collapse bottom}} === اظھاري مثال=== هي {{tl|Parameter names example}} جو invocation تيار ڪري ٿو، جيڪو اڳ ۾ {{tl|Generic template demo}} جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو، ۽ جيڪو ڪنهن سانچي جي دستاويز ۾ شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. <pre style="margin-left:20px;margin-right:20px;">{{subst:Parameters|demo|base={{subst:BASEPAGENAME}}}}</pre> {{collapse top|title=مثال {{tlsp|Parameters|demo|base{{=}}Infobox court}} جو}} {{Parameter names example|_template=Infobox court|court_name|native_name|image|imagesize|alt|caption|image2|imagesize2|alt2|caption2|established|dissolved|jurisdiction|location|coordinates|motto|type|at|authority|appealsto|appeals|appealsfrom|terms|positions|budget|language|tribunal-type|website|chiefjudgetitle|chiefjudgename|termstart|termend|termend2|chiefjudgetitle2|chiefjudgename2|termstart2|termend3|termend4|chiefjudgetitle3|chiefjudgename3|termstart3|termend5|division_map|division_map_size|division_map_alt|division_caption}} {{collapse bottom}} === فھرست مان لاھيو=== هي پيراميٽرن جي وضاحتي فهرست تيار ڪري ٿو جيڪا ڀري ڪري ڪنهن سانچي جي دستاويز ۾ شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. آئوٽ پُٽ ۾ سيمي ڪولن ۽ ڪولن وارو فارميٽ استعمال ٿئي ٿو، جتي پيراميٽر جو نالو ٿلهي اکرن ۾ ڏيکاريو ويندو آهي ۽ وضاحت اندرين طرف ڏنل هوندي آهي. <pre style="margin-left:20px;margin-right:20px;">{{subst:Parameters|dlist|base={{subst:BASEPAGENAME}}}}</pre> {{collapse top|title=مثال {{tlps|Parameters|dlist|base{{=}}Infobox court}} جو}} ; court_name: ; native_name: ; image: ; imagesize: ; alt: ; caption: ; image2: ; imagesize2: ; alt2: ; caption2: ; established: ; dissolved: ; jurisdiction: ; location: ; coordinates: ; motto: ; type: ; at: ; authority: ; appealsto: ; appeals: ; appealsfrom: ; terms: ; positions: ; budget: ; language: ; tribunal-type: ; website: ; chiefjudgetitle: ; chiefjudgename: ; termstart: ; termend: ; termend2: ; chiefjudgetitle2: ; chiefjudgename2: ; termstart2: ; termend3: ; termend4: ; chiefjudgetitle3: ; chiefjudgename3: ; termstart3: ; termend5: ; division_map: ; division_map_size: ; division_map_alt: ; division_caption: {{collapse bottom}} === فھرست مان لاھيو پيرا=== هي پيراميٽرن جي وضاحتي فهرست تيار ڪري ٿو جيڪا ڀري ڪري ڪنهن سانچي جي دستاويز ۾ شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. آئوٽ پُٽ ۾ سيمي ڪولن ۽ ڪولن وارو فارميٽ استعمال ٿئي ٿو، جتي پيراميٽر جو نالو {{tl|para}} سانچي ذريعي ڏيکاريو ويندو آهي ۽ وضاحت اندرين طرف ڏنل هوندي آهي. <pre style="margin-left:20px;margin-right:20px;">{{subst:Parameters|dlistpara|base={{subst:BASEPAGENAME}}}}</pre> {{collapse top|title=مثال {{tlps|Parameters|dlistpara|base{{=}}Infobox court}} جو}} ; {{para|court_name}}: ; {{para|native_name}}: ; {{para|image}}: ; {{para|imagesize}}: ; {{para|alt}}: ; {{para|caption}}: ; {{para|image2}}: ; {{para|imagesize2}}: ; {{para|alt2}}: ; {{para|caption2}}: ; {{para|established}}: ; {{para|dissolved}}: ; {{para|jurisdiction}}: ; {{para|location}}: ; {{para|coordinates}}: ; {{para|motto}}: ; {{para|type}}: ; {{para|at}}: ; {{para|authority}}: ; {{para|appealsto}}: ; {{para|appeals}}: ; {{para|appealsfrom}}: ; {{para|terms}}: ; {{para|positions}}: ; {{para|budget}}: ; {{para|language}}: ; {{para|tribunal-type}}: ; {{para|website}}: ; {{para|chiefjudgetitle}}: ; {{para|chiefjudgename}}: ; {{para|termstart}}: ; {{para|termend}}: ; {{para|termend2}}: ; {{para|chiefjudgetitle2}}: ; {{para|chiefjudgename2}}: ; {{para|termstart2}}: ; {{para|termend3}}: ; {{para|termend4}}: ; {{para|chiefjudgetitle3}}: ; {{para|chiefjudgename3}}: ; {{para|termstart3}}: ; {{para|termend5}}: ; {{para|division_map}}: ; {{para|division_map_size}}: ; {{para|division_map_alt}}: ; {{para|division_caption}}: {{collapse bottom}} === فھرست === هي پيراميٽرن جي وضاحتي فهرست تيار ڪري ٿو جيڪا ڀري ڪري ڪنهن سانچي جي دستاويز ۾ شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. '''dlist''' وانگر آهي، پر اِسٽرڪس (*) استعمال ڪري ٿو، جيڪي بلٽ واري فهرست پيدا ڪندا. <pre style="margin-left:20px;margin-right:20px;">{{subst:Parameters|list|base={{subst:BASEPAGENAME}}}}</pre> {{collapse top|title=مثال {{tlps|Parameters|list|base{{=}}Infobox court}} جو}} * court_name * native_name * image * imagesize * alt * caption * image2 * imagesize2 * alt2 * caption2 * established * dissolved * jurisdiction * location * coordinates * motto * type * at * authority * appealsto * appeals * appealsfrom * terms * positions * budget * language * tribunal-type * website * chiefjudgetitle * chiefjudgename * termstart * termend * termend2 * chiefjudgetitle2 * chiefjudgename2 * termstart2 * termend3 * termend4 * chiefjudgetitle3 * chiefjudgename3 * termstart3 * termend5 * division_map * division_map_size * division_map_alt * division_caption {{collapse bottom}} === ڀيٽ === هي ٻن مختلف سانچن ۾ موجود پيراميٽرن جو تقابلي جائزو تيار ڪري ٿو. <pre style="margin-left:20px;margin-right:20px;">{{subst:Parameters|compare|base=Infobox London station|other=Infobox station}}</pre> {{collapse top|title=آئوٽ پُٽ}} <pre>Identical: * borough * caption * events1 * events10 * events11 * events2 * events3 * events4 * events5 * events6 * events7 * events8 * events9 * latitude * longitude * map_type * name * original * platforms * postgroup * pregroup * symbol * symbol2 * symbol3 * symbol4 * tracks * years1 * years10 * years11 * years2 * years3 * years4 * years5 * years6 * years7 * years8 * years9 Similar: * events12; events13; events14; events15 < events; events1; events2; events3; events4; events5; events6; events7; events8; events9; events10; events11 [events] * years12; years13; years14; years15 < years; years1; years2; years3; years4; years5; years6; years7; years8; years9; years10; years11 [years] Disparate: * access * access_note * alt_name * alt_name1 * coord_region * ctbat0910 * ctbat1011 * cyclepark * dft_category * dlrbat0708 * dlrbat0809 * dlrbat1011 * fare_zone * fare_zone_1 * fare_zone_note * gridref * image_alt * image_name * image_size * imagesize * interchange * interchange1 * interchange2 * interchange3 * interchange4 * interchange5 * interchange_note * label_position * listing_amended * listing_detail * listing_entry * listing_grade * listing_reference * listing_start * locale * manager * manager1 * manager2 * owner * owner1 * owner2 * railcode * railcode1 * railcode2 * railexits0203 * railexits0405 * railexits0506 * railexits0607 * railexits0708 * railexits0809 * railexits0910 * railexits1011 * railexits1112 * railexits1213 * railexits1314 * railint0203 * railint0405 * railint0506 * railint0607 * railint0708 * railint0809 * railint0910 * railint1011 * railint1112 * railint1213 * railint1314 * raillowexits0203 * raillowexits0405 * raillowexits0506 * raillowexits0607 * raillowexits0708 * raillowexits0809 * raillowexits0910 * raillowexits1011 * raillowexits1112 * raillowexits1213 * raillowexits1314 * raillowint0203 * raillowint0405 * raillowint0506 * raillowint0607 * raillowint0708 * raillowint0809 * raillowint0910 * raillowint1011 * raillowint1112 * raillowint1213 * raillowint1314 * railstation * replace * toilets * tubeexits03_ref * tubeexits04_ref * tubeexits05_ref * tubeexits06_ref * tubeexits03 * tubeexits04 * tubeexits05 * tubeexits06 * tubeexits07 * tubeexits08 * tubeexits09 * tubeexits10 * tubeexits11 * tubeexits12 * tubeexits13 </pre> {{collapse bottom}} == پڻ ڏسو == * {{ml|params}} * [[User:Bamyers99/TemplateParametersTool]] <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- زمرا هن لڪير کان هيٺ شامل ڪريو؛ بين الويڪي لنڪون وڪيڊيٽا تي --> [[سانچو:Documentation assistance templates]] [[سانچو:Wikipedia formatting templates]] [[سانچو:Template namespace templates]] [[سانچو:Documentation templates]] }}</includeonly> hvpmavr4olsiagu94pa56p5fxcq03yi ملڪن جي لحاظ کان انتظامي ورهاستن جي فهرست 0 88056 368082 367089 2026-03-28T11:02:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 368082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Multiple issues|{{cleanup|reason=Division numbers change frequently. Many numbers given below lack citations, so it is unclear which year they refer to, and difficult to verify that they are not double-counting or missing some divisions. Numbers may be out of sync with linked articles, which sometimes also lack citations for verification.|date=March 2024}} {{cleanup lang|date=March 2024}}}} [[File:GAUL_2024_L2.png|thumb|300x300 عڪسلون|دنيا جو نقشو جن ۾ عالمي انتظامي اڪائين جي پرتن جي ٻئي سطح جي ذيلي ورهاست کي ڏيکاريو ويو آهي.]] ==فهرست== ==ملڪن جي لحاظ کان انتظامي ورهاستن جي فهرست== * "قسم" وارو ڪالم هڪ وفاق (جن ۾ هيٺين سطح جون اڪائيون شامل آهن، جيڪي ڪجهه خودمختياري استعمال ڪن ٿيون)، وحداني رياست (جتي اعليٰ سطحي ادارو واحد خودمختار آهي) يا علائقائي رياست (طاقت جي وڏي منتقلي سان وحداني) کي ظاهر ڪري ٿو. * "ٽيڊي لکت ۾ اصطلاح" انگريزي کانسواءِ ٻين ٻولين ۾، جمع جي صورت ۾ (ٻولين کانسواءِ جيڪي انگن سان واحد شڪل وٺن ٿيون. جهڙوڪ هنگري) اصطلاح آهن. * "چورس بریکٹ" هڪ اصطلاح کي ظاهر ڪن ٿا جيڪي اڃا تائين تصديق نه ڪيو ويو آهي. هيٺ ڏنل جدول ملڪن ۽ انهن جي مکيه منحصر علائقن پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ انتظامي ڊويزنن جي قسمن ۽ (جتي ڄاڻايل) انگن کي ظاهر ڪري ٿو: === گڏيل قومن جي ميمبر ۽ مبصر رياستون === {| class="wikitable" |+ ! rowspan="2" width="19%" | ملڪ ! rowspan="2" width="19%" | قسم ! colspan="5" | انتظامي ورهاستون |- ! پهرين درجي جون ! ٻئي درجي جون ! ٽئي درجي جون ! چوٿين درجي جون ! پنجين درجي جون+ |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" |{{flagicon|Afghanistan}} [[افغانستان جا صوبا|افغانستان]] | وحداني رياست | 34 صوبا (ولايات) |421 ضلعا (ولسوالي) | تعلقا (علائقاداري) | ڳوٺ (ڪلي)<br />*پاڙا (غوانڊي) | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" |{{پرچم|البانيا}} | وحداني رياست | 12 ڪائونٽيون (قارقئ - qarqe) |61 ميونسپلٽيون (باشڪي - bashki) | 373 مقامي انتظامي ايڪائيون (جيستي تئ قيورجيس ويندر- njësite të qeverisjes vendore) | 2972 ڳوٺ (شاترا - fshatra) | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" |{{پرچم|الجزائر}} | وحداني رياست | 69 صوبا (ولايت) | 547 ضلعا (دوائر) | 1541 ڪميون (بلاديه) | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" |{{پرچم|اندورا}} | وحداني رياست | 7 پيرش (''parròquies)'' | [[List of cities and towns in Andorra|53 populated places]] (''llocs poblats'' or ''poblacions''):<br />* quarters (''quarts'')<br />* neighbourhoods (''veinats'') in Canillo | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" |{{پرچم|انگولا}} | وحداني رياست |21 صوبا (''províncias'') |326 ميونسپلٽيون (''municípios'') |618 ڪميون (''comunas'') |ڳوٺ (aldeias) | |- valign="top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | {{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}} | rowspan="2" | وحداني رياست | [[Parishes and dependencies of Antigua and Barbuda|6 parishes]] | rowspan="2" | [[Major divisions of Antigua and Barbuda|60 major divisions]] | rowspan="2" | [[List of cities in Antigua and Barbuda|116 communities]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Antigua and Barbuda::Statistics Division/Redatam Webserver {{!}} Statistical Process and Dissemination Tool |url=https://redatam.org/binatg/RpWebEngine.exe/Portal?BASE=ATGPHC2011 |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=redatam.org}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |353 localities<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://statistics.gov.ag/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Census-2011-Book-of-Statistical-Tables-I.pdf |title=Antigua and Barbuda 2011 Population and Housing Census |volume=}}</ref> | |- | [[Parishes and dependencies of Antigua and Barbuda|2 dependencies]] | |- valign="top" | rowspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;" |{{flag|Argentina}} | rowspan="4" | وفاقي رياست | rowspan="2" | [[Provinces of Argentina|23 provinces]] ({{lang|es|provincias}}) | [[Departments of Argentina|378 departments]] (''departamentos''){{efn|Including 2 departments of disputed sovereignty in [[Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego Province]]: [[Argentine Antarctica]] and South Atlantic Islands (the latter includes the [[Falkland Islands]] and [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]])}} | [[Municipalities of Argentina|1,298 municipalities]] (''municipios''){{quantify|date=March 2024}} | | |- | [[Partidos of Buenos Aires|135 ''Partidos'']]{{Efn| [[Buenos Aires Province]] only}} | [[Partidos of Buenos Aires|localities]] (''localidades'') | | |- valign="top" | colspan="5" | [[Autonomous city|1 autonomous city]]: |- | [[Buenos Aires]] | [[Communes of Buenos Aires|15 communes]] (''comunas'') | [[Neighbourhoods of Buenos Aires|48 neighbourhoods]] (''barrios'') | | |- valign="top" | rowspan="3" style="background:#f2f2f2;" |{{پرچم|آرمينيا}} | rowspan="3" | وحداني رياست | [[Administrative divisions of Armenia|10 provinces]] (''marzer'') | [[Municipalities of Armenia|70 municipalities]] (''hamaynkner'') | | | |- | colspan="5" | [[Yerevan|1 autonomous city]]: |- | [[Yerevan]] | [[Districts of Yerevan|12 districts]] | | | |- valign="top" | rowspan="47" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[States and territories of Australia|Australia]] | rowspan="47" | وفاقي رياست | colspan="5" | 6 رياستون |- | rowspan="6" style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[New South Wales]] | [[Local government areas of New South Wales|58 shires]] | rowspan="29" |wards (electoral unit) | rowspan="29" | suburbs [urban] and localities [rural] | rowspan="29" | |- | [[Local government areas of New South Wales|28 cities]] |- | [[Local government areas of New South Wales|28 councils]] |- | [[Local government areas of New South Wales|8 regional councils]] |- | [[Local government areas of New South Wales|6 municipalities]] |- | [[Local government areas of New South Wales|2 unincorporated areas]] |- | rowspan="5" style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Queensland]] | [[Local government areas of Queensland|30 regions]] |- | [[Local government areas of Queensland|28 shires]] |- | [[Local government areas of Queensland|12 Aboriginal shires]] |- | [[Local government areas of Queensland|7 cities]] |- | [[Local government areas of Queensland|1 town]] |- | rowspan="8" style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[South Australia]] | [[Local government areas of South Australia|25 district councils]] |- | [[Local government areas of South Australia|21 cities]] |- | [[Local government areas of South Australia|15 councils]] |- | [[Local government areas of South Australia|5 Aboriginal councils]] |- | [[Local government areas of South Australia|4 regional councils]] |- | [[Local government areas of South Australia|2 towns]] |- | [[Local government areas of South Australia|1 rural city]] |- | [[Local government areas of South Australia|1 unincorporated area]] |- | rowspan="2" style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Tasmania]] | [[Local government areas of Tasmania|23 municipalities]] |- | [[Local government areas of Tasmania|6 cities]] |- | rowspan="5" style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]] | [[Local government areas of Victoria|39 shires]] |- | [[Local government areas of Victoria|33 cities]] |- | [[Local government areas of Victoria|10 unincorporated areas]] |- | [[Local government areas of Victoria|6 rural cities]] |- | [[Local government areas of Victoria|1 borough]] |- | rowspan="3" style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Western Australia]] | [[Local government areas of Western Australia|104 shires]] |- | [[Local government areas of Western Australia|29 cities]] |- | [[Local government areas of Western Australia|8 towns]] |- | colspan="5" | [[States and territories of Australia#Internal territories|2 internal territories]] that are self-governing: |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Australian Capital Territory]] | | | | |- | rowspan="5" style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Northern Territory]] | [[Local government areas of the Northern Territory|9 regional councils]] | rowspan="5" |wards (electoral unit) | rowspan="5" | suburbs [urban] and localities [rural] | rowspan="5" | |- | [[Local government areas of the Northern Territory|5 unincorporated areas]] |- | [[Local government areas of the Northern Territory|3 municipalities]] |- | [[Local government areas of the Northern Territory|3 shires]] |- | [[Local government areas of the Northern Territory|2 cities]] |- | colspan="5" | [[States and territories of Australia#Internal territories|1 internal territory]] that is not self-governing: |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Jervis Bay Territory]] | | | | |- | colspan="5" | [[States and territories of Australia#External territories|7 external territories]]: |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Ashmore and Cartier Islands]] | | | | |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Australian Antarctic Territory]]{{efn|Claim frozen by the [[Antarctic Treaty System|Antarctic Treaty]].}} | | | | |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Christmas Island]] | [[Shire of Christmas Island|1 shire]] | | | |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]] | [[Shire of Cocos (Keeling) Islands|1 shire]] | | | |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Coral Sea Islands]] | | | | |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Heard Island and McDonald Islands]] | | | | |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Norfolk Island]] | | | | |- | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Austria|Austria]] | Federal | [[States of Austria|9 states]] (''Bundesländer'') | [[District (Austria)|94 districts]] (''Bezirke''){{Efn|Not counting [[Vienna]] being a state, a district and a statutory city}}{{Efn|The [[districts of Vienna]] are not considered to be administrative subdivisions of any level.}}{{Efn|Including 14 [[Statutory city (Austria)|statutory cities]] (''Statutarstädte'')}} | [[Municipalities of Austria|2,095 municipalities]] (''Gemeinden''){{Efn|Not counting [[Statutory city (Austria)|statutory cities]]}}{{Efn|Including 186 towns (''Städte''), and 771 market towns (''Marktgemeinden'')}} | | |- valign="top" | rowspan="5" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] | rowspan="5" | Regional | [[Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan|60 districts]] (''rayonlar'') | rowspan="2" | [[Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan|+2600 municipalities]] (''bələdiyyələr'') | rowspan="2" | [[Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan|+4500 settlements]] (''yaşayış məntəqələri'') | rowspan="2" | | rowspan="2" | |- | [[Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan|10 cities]] (şəhərlər) |- valign="top" | colspan="5" | [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic|1 autonomous republic]] (''Muxtar Respublika''): |- | rowspan="2" | [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic]] | [[Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan#Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic|7 districts]] (''rayonlar'') | rowspan="2" | [[Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan|218 settlements]] (''yaşayış məntəqələri'') | rowspan="2" | | rowspan="2" | |- | [[Nakhchivan (city)|1 city]] (''səhər'') |- valign="top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of The Bahamas|The Bahamas]] | rowspan="2" | Unitary | [[Districts of the bahamas|32 districts]] | [[Local government in The Bahamas#Towns|32+ town committees]] | | | |- valign="top" | [[New Providence]] | [[Local government in The Bahamas|24 supervisory districts]] | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Bahrain|Bahrain]] | Unitary | [[Governorates of Bahrain|4 governorates]] (''muḥāfaẓāt'') | | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]] | Unitary | [[Divisions of Bangladesh|8 divisions]] (''bibhag'') | [[Districts of Bangladesh|64 districts]] (''zila'') | [[Upazilas of Bangladesh|495 sub-districts]] (''upazila'')<ref name="BD-2022-census-vol1">{{Cite book |title=Population and Housing Census 2022: Volume 1 |url=https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2024-01-31-15-51-b53c55dd692233ae401ba013060b9cbb.pdf |date=November 2023 |publisher=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics |page=XXI }}</ref><br> [[List of City Corporations of Bangladesh|12 ''City corporations'']] | [[Union councils of Bangladesh|4,596 union councils]] (''union parishads'')<ref name="BD-2022-census-vol1" /> <br> [[List of Municipal Corporations of Bangladesh|327 municipal corporations]] (''paurasabhas'') | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Barbados|Barbados]] | Unitary | [[Parishes of Barbados|11 parishes]] | | | | |- valign="top" | rowspan="3" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Belarus|Belarus]] | rowspan="3" | Unitary | [[Regions of Belarus|6 regions]] (''[[oblast]]i'' or ''voblastsi'') | [[Districts of Belarus|118 districts]] (''[[raion]]y'') | | | |- | colspan="5" | [[Autonomous city|1 autonomous city]]: |- | [[Minsk]] | | | | |- valign="top" | rowspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Communities, regions, and language areas of Belgium|Belgium]] | rowspan="4" | Federal | colspan="5" | [[Communities, regions, and language areas of Belgium|3 communities]] ([[Dutch language|Dutch]]: ''gemeenschappen''; [[French language|French]]: ''communautés''; [[German language|German]]: ''Gemeinschaften''){{Efn|Belgium has a complex system of federalism where language community and regional governments exercise different powers over often the same geographical areas in parallel.}} |- | colspan="5" | [[Communities, regions, and language areas of Belgium#Regions|3 regions]] ([[Dutch language|Dutch]]: g''ewesten''; [[French language|French]]: r''égions''; [[German language|German]]: ''Regionen''): |- | colspan="2" | [[Brussels]] | rowspan="2" | [[Arrondissements of Belgium|43 arrondissements]]<br>([[Dutch language|Dutch]]: ''arrondissementen'';<br>[[French language|French]]: ''arrondissements'';<br>[[German language|German]]: ''Arrondisements'') | rowspan="2" | [[Municipalities of Belgium|565 municipalities]]<br>([[Dutch language|Dutch]]: ''gemeenten'';<br>[[French language|French]]: ''communes'';<br>[[German language|German]]: ''Gemeinden'') | |- | [[Flanders]]<br>[[Wallonia]] | [[Provinces of Belgium|10 provinces]]{{Efn|The [[Brussels|Brussels-Capital Region]] is not divided into provinces.}}<br>([[Dutch language|Dutch]]: ''provincies'';<br>[[French language|French]]: ''provinces'';<br>[[German language|German]]: ''Provinzen'') | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Districts of Belize|Belize]] | Unitary | [[Districts of Belize|6 districts]] | [[List of municipalities in Belize|247 municipalities]] | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Benin|Benin]] | Unitary | [[Departments of Benin|12 departments]] (''départements'') | [[Communes of Benin|77 communes]] (''communes'') | [[Arrondissements of Benin|545 ''districts'']] (''arrondissements'') | | |- valign="top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Bhutan|Bhutan]] | rowspan="2" | Unitary | rowspan="2" | [[Districts of Bhutan|20 districts]] (''dzongkhag'') | [[Gewogs of Bhutan|205 blocks]] (''gewogs'') | | | |- | [[Thromde|61 thromdes]] | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Bolivia|Bolivia]] | Regional | [[Departments of Bolivia|9 departments]] (''departamentos'') | [[Provinces of Bolivia|112 provinces]] (''provincias'') | [[Municipalities of Bolivia|340 municipalities]] (''municipios'') | | |- valign="top" | rowspan="5" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]] | rowspan="5" | Federal | colspan="5" | [[Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina|2 federal entities]]: |- | [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] | [[Cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina|10 cantons]] (''kantona'') | [[Municipalities of Bosnia and Herzegovina|79 municipalities]] (''općine'' or ''opštine'') | ''local communities'' | |- | [[Republika Srpska]]{{Efn|{{lit|Serb Republic}}}} | [[Regions of Republika Srpska|6 regions]] | [[Municipalities of Republika Srpska|64 municipalities]] (''opštine'') |''local communities'' | | |- | colspan="5" | 1 [[Condominium (international law)|condominium]] of the federal entities: |- | [[Brčko District]] | | | | |- valign="top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Botswana|Botswana]] | rowspan="2" | Unitary | [[Districts of Botswana|10 rural districts]] | rowspan="2" | [[Sub-districts of Botswana|23 sub-districts]]{{Efn| [[Chobe District]] and all six of Botswana's urban districts are not divided into second-level administrative subdivisions.}} | rowspan="2" |519 [[:Category:Villages in Botswana|villages]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Index of /programs-surveys/international-programs/mapping-files/time-series|url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/international-programs/mapping-files/time-series/|access-date=2021-04-22|website=www2.census.gov}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |localities | rowspan="2" | |- | [[Districts of Botswana|7 urban districts]] |- valign="top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Brazil|Brazil]]<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2025-07-07 |date=2025-04-30 |title=Tabelas da Divisão Territorial Brasileira 2024 |url=https://www.ibge.gov.br/geociencias/organizacao-do-territorio/estrutura-territorial/23701-divisao-territorial-brasileira.html?edicao=43194 |website=IBGE}}<!-- auto-translated from Portuguese by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> | rowspan="2" | Federal | [[States of Brazil|26 states]]<br>(''{{lang|pt|estados}}'') | [[Municipalities of Brazil|5,569 municipalities]]<br>(''{{lang|pt|municípios}}'')<br><br>[[Fernando de Noronha|1 state district]]<br>(''{{lang|pt|distrito estadual}}'') | rowspan="2" |10,740 municipal districts<br>(''{{lang|pt|distritos municipais}}'') |610 municipal subdistricts<br>(''{{lang|pt|subdistritos municipais}}'') | |- | [[Federal District (Brazil)|1 federal district]]<br>(''{{lang|pt|distrito federal}}'') | [[Brasília|1 federal capital]]<br>(''{{lang|pt|capital federal}}'') | [[Administrative regions of the Federal District (Brazil)|35 administrative regions]]<br>(''{{lang|pt|regiões administrativas}}'') | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Brunei|Brunei]] | Unitary | [[Districts of Brunei|4 districts]] (''daerah'') | [[Mukims of Brunei|39 ''subdistricts'']] (''mukim'') | [[Villages of Brunei|406 villages]] (''kampung'') | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] | Unitary | [[Provinces of Bulgaria|28 provinces or regions]] (''oblasti, области'') | [[Municipalities of Bulgaria|265 municipalities]] (''obshtini, общини'') |wards or quarters (''rayon'') |mayoralties (''kmetstvo'') |settlements (''naseleno myasto'') |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Burkina Faso|Burkina Faso]] | Unitary | [[Regions of Burkina Faso|13 regions]] (''régions'') | [[Provinces of Burkina Faso|45 provinces]] | [[Departments of Burkina Faso|325 departments]] (''départements''){{Efn|Consisting of urban and rural communes}} | * villages (''villages'')<br />* neighbourhoods (''quartiers'') | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Burundi|Burundi]] | Unitary | [[Provinces of Burundi|5 provinces]] | [[Communes of Burundi|42 communes]] | [[Collines of Burundi|3,044 ''collines'']]{{Efn|{{lit|hills}}}} | | |- valign="top" | rowspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Cambodia|Cambodia]] | rowspan="4" | Unitary | rowspan="2" | [[Provinces of Cambodia|24 provinces]] (''khaet'') | [[List of districts, municipalities and sections in Cambodia|162 districts]] (''srok'' and ''khân'') | rowspan="4" | [[List of communes in Cambodia|1,646 communes and quarters]] (''khum'' and ''sangkat'') | rowspan="4" | villages (''phum'') | rowspan="4" | blocks (''krŏm'') |- | [[List of districts, municipalities and sections in Cambodia|27 municipalities]] (''krong'') |- | colspan="2" | [[Phnom Penh|1 autonomous municipality]] (''reachtheani''):{{Efn|{{lit|capital}}}} |- | [[Phnom Penh]] | [[List of districts, municipalities and sections in Cambodia|14 sections]] (''khan'') |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Cameroon|Cameroon]] | Unitary | [[Regions of Cameroon|10 regions]] (''régions'') | [[Departments of Cameroon|58 departments]] (''départements'') | [[Communes of Cameroon|360 communes]], or districts (''arrondissements'') | * villages (''villages'')<br />* localities (''localités'') | |- valign="top" | rowspan="30" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Canada]] | rowspan="30" | Federal | colspan="5" | [[Provinces and territories of Canada#Provinces|10 provinces]]: |- | rowspan="6" style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Alberta]] | colspan="4" | [[List of urban municipalities in Alberta|264 municipalities]] |- | colspan="4" | [[Metis settlement|8 Metis settlements]] |- | [[List of municipal districts in Alberta|63 counties]] | rowspan="4" | [[List of hamlets in Alberta|403 hamlets]] | rowspan="4" | | rowspan="4" | |- | [[Improvement districts of Alberta|7 improvement districts]]{{efn|Improvement districts are almost always coterminous with a [[List of protected areas of Alberta|national or provincial park]].}} |- | [[List of specialized municipalities in Alberta|6 specialized municipalities]] |- | [[Special Areas Board|3 special areas]] |- | rowspan="2" style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[British Columbia]] | [[List of regional districts of British Columbia|27 regional districts]] | rowspan="2" | [[List of municipalities in British Columbia|162 municipalities]]<br>[[List of regional district electoral areas in British Columbia|160 electoral areas]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-02-09 |title=Census metropolitan areas (CMAs), census agglomerations (CAs) and census subdivisions (CSDs) |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E |access-date=2022-02-28 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |series=[[2021 Canadian census]] |type=[[Comma-separated value]]}}</ref> | | |- | [[Stikine Region|1 unincorporated area]] | | |- | rowspan="2" style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Manitoba]] | [[List of rural municipalities in Manitoba|98 rural municipalities]] | rowspan="2" | [[List of municipalities in Manitoba#List of urban municipalities|37 municipalities]]<br>[[Local government district (Manitoba)|2 local government districts]] | | |- |unincorporated areas{{efn|With the exceptions of [[Riding Mountain National Park]], and [[Duck Mountain Provincial Park (Manitoba)|Duck Mountain Provincial Park]] and [[Duck Mountain Provincial Forest|Forest]], the vast majority of unincorporated areas in the province are within [[Northern Region, Manitoba|Northern Manitoba]].}}{{efn| [[Statistics Canada]] divides the province into [[List of census divisions of Manitoba|census divisions]] that ''do'' cover [[Northern Manitoba]], however, these serve no provincial or local governmental functions.}} | | |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[New Brunswick]] | [[List of counties of New Brunswick|15 counties]] (''comtés''){{efn|The ''[[New Brunswick Equal Opportunity program]]'' abolished county and parish governments in 1966. Counties and parishes are now only used by locals as geographic identifiers, and for statistical purposes; there is no meaningful government between the provincial and municipal level.}} | [[List of parishes in New Brunswick|152 parishes]] (''paroisses'') | [[List of municipalities in New Brunswick|104 municipalities]] (''municipalités'') | |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Newfoundland and Labrador]] | (''unincorporated''){{efn| [[Statistics Canada]] divides the province into [[List of census divisions of Newfoundland and Labrador|census divisions]], however, these serve no provincial or local governmental functions whatsoever; the province has no meaningful government between the provincial and municipal level.}} | [[List of municipalities in Newfoundland and Labrador|277 municipalities]] | | |- | rowspan="4" style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Nova Scotia]] | colspan="4" | [[List of counties of Nova Scotia|18 counties]]: |- | colspan="4" | [[List of counties of Nova Scotia#List of historical counties|3 regional municipalities]] |- | colspan="2" | [[List of counties of Nova Scotia#List of historical counties|9 county municipalities]] | rowspan="2" | [[List of municipalities in Nova Scotia|38 municipalities]] | rowspan="2" | |- | 6 historic counties administered by [[List of district municipalities in Nova Scotia|district municipalities]] | [[List of district municipalities in Nova Scotia|12 district municipalities]] |- | rowspan="4" style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Ontario]] | colspan="4" | [[Separated municipality|173 single-tier municipalities]]{{efn|Note that only [[List of census divisions of Ontario#Single-tier municipalities|11 single-tier municipalities]] are located in an independent census division. The remaining 162 single-tier municipalities are known as separated municipalities and are counted as part of the statistical area of a neighbouring regional municipality, county, or district by Statistics Canada despite their separated government structures.}} |- | [[List of regional municipalities in Ontario|8 regional municipalities]] | rowspan="3" | [[List of municipalities in Ontario#Lower-tier municipalities|241 lower-tier municipalities]]<br>[[Local services board|46 local services boards]] | rowspan="3" | | rowspan="3" | |- | [[United counties|22 counties]] |- | [[Districts of Ontario|10 districts]]{{efn|In Ontario, districts are only used in some instances to streamline services delivered by the provincial government, and for statistical purposes, and have no elected government of their own. Areas of districts that are not part of a [[Separated municipality|single-tier municipality]] or [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] [[indian reserves]] are either administered directly by the government of Ontario or a [[local services board]].}} |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Prince Edward Island]] | [[List of counties of Prince Edward Island|3 counties]]{{efn|In Prince Edward Island, governments at the county, parish, and township level have been abolished. Counties, parishes, and townships are now only used by locals as geographic identifiers, and for statistical purposes; there is no meaningful government between the provincial and municipal level.}} | [[List of parishes in Prince Edward Island|14 parishes]] | [[List of townships in Prince Edward Island|70 townships]] | [[List of municipalities in Prince Edward Island|63 municipalities]] |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Quebec]] | [[List of regional county municipalities and equivalent territories in Quebec|87 regional county municipalities]] (''municipalités régionale de comté'') (RCM/''MRC'') ---- [[Equivalent territory|17 territories equivalent to a regional county municipality]] (''territoires équivalents'') (TE): :* 5 TEs coextensive (or nearly coextensive) with an [[Urban agglomerations in Quebec|urban agglomeration]] (''agglomérations'') :* [[List of towns in Quebec|9 cities]] (''cités''/''villes'') [[Separated city|independent]] of any RCM :* 3 other equivalent territories: ::* [[Jamésie]] ::* [[Eeyou Istchee (territory)|Eeyou Istchee]] ::* [[Kativik, Quebec|Kativik]] | [[List of municipalities in Quebec|1,108 municipalities]] (''municipalités'') | [[List of boroughs in Quebec|45 boroughs]] (''arrondissements''){{efn|Only in 8 municipalities}} | |- | rowspan="2" style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Saskatchewan]] | [[List of rural municipalities in Saskatchewan|296 rural municipalities]] | rowspan="2" | [[List of municipalities in Saskatchewan|478 municipalities]] | rowspan="2" | | rowspan="2" | |- |2 unincorporated areas: :* [[Northern Saskatchewan Administration District]] :* [[Prince Albert National Park]] |- | colspan="5" | [[Canadian territories|3 territories]]: |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Northwest Territories]] | [[List of regions of the Northwest Territories|5 regions]]{{efn|In the Northwest Territories, regions are used to streamline services delivered by the territorial government, and have no government of their own.}} | [[List of municipalities in the Northwest Territories|24 municipalities]] | | |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Nunavut]] | [[List of regions of Nunavut|3 regions]]{{efn|In Nunavut, regions are used to streamline services delivered by the territorial government, and have no government of their own.}} | [[List of municipalities in Nunavut|25 municipalities]] | | |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Yukon]] | (''[[Unorganized Yukon|unorganized]]'') | [[List of municipalities in Yukon|8 municipalities]] | | |- | colspan="5" | [[Indian reserve|3,406 Indian reserves]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 October 2023|title=An update on the socio-economic gaps between Indigenous Peoples and the non-Indigenous population in Canada: Highlights from the 2021 Census|url=https://www.sac-isc.gc.ca/eng/1690909773300/1690909797208}}</ref> |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Cape Verde|Cape Verde]] | Unitary | [[Administrative divisions of Cape Verde|22 councils or municipalities]] (''concelhos''{{Efn|Also referred to as ''municípios''.}}) | [[Administrative divisions of Cape Verde|32 parishes]] (''freguesias'') | | | |- valign="top" | rowspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of the Central African Republic|Central African Republic]] | rowspan="4" | Unitary | [[Prefectures of the Central African Republic|20 prefectures]] (''préfectures'') | [[Sub-prefectures of the Central African Republic|84 sub-prefectures]] (''sous-préfectures'') | [[Prefectures of the Central African Republic|198 communes]] | | |- | colspan="5" | [[Bangui|1 autonomous commune]] (''commune autonome''): |- | rowspan="2" | [[Bangui]] | rowspan="2" | [[Sub-prefectures of the Central African Republic|4 sub-prefectures]] (''sous-préfectures'') | [[Bangui|8 urban districts]] (''arrondissements'') | rowspan="2" | [[Bangui|16 groups]] (''groupements'') | rowspan="2" | [[Bangui|205 neighbourhoods]] (''quartiers'') |- | [[Bangui|2 communes]] |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Chad|Chad]] | Unitary | [[Provinces of Chad|23 provinces]] (''provinces'') | [[Departments of Chad|120 departments]] (''départements'') | [[Sub-prefectures of Chad|454 sub-prefectures]] (''sous-préfectures'') | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Chile|Chile]] | Regional | [[Regions of Chile|16 regions]] (''regiones'') | [[Provinces of Chile|56 provinces]] (''provincias'') | [[Communes of Chile|346 communes]] (''comunas'') | neighborhood units (''unidades vecinales''){{efn|According to article 118 paragraph 7 of the [[Chilean Constitution of 1980|Constitution of Chile]], their establishment is a voluntary faculty for the municipalities.}} | |- valign="top" | rowspan="6" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of China|China]], People's Republic of | rowspan="6" | Regional | [[Provinces of China|23 provinces]] (''shěng''){{Efn|Including [[Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China|Taiwan Province]], which is claimed by the [[China|People's Republic of China]], but is de facto administered by the [[Taiwan|Republic of China]] (Taiwan).}} | rowspan="3" | [[Prefecture-level cities of China|280+ prefecture-level cities]] (''dìjíshī'') ---- [[Prefectures of China|17 prefectures]] (''dìqū'') ---- [[Autonomous prefecture|30 autonomous prefectures]] (''zìzhìzhōu'') | rowspan="3" | [[County (People's Republic of China)|1,400+ counties]] (''xiàn'') ----[[Autonomous county|110+ autonomous counties]] (''zìzhìxiàn'') ----[[County-level districts of China|850+ county-level districts]] (''(shìxiá)qū'') ----[[County-level districts of China|1 special district]] (''tèqū'') ----[[County-level cities of China|370+ county-level cities]] (''xiànjíshì'') ----[[County-level districts of China|1 forestry district]] (''línqū'') | rowspan="3" | [[Towns of China|19,500+ towns]] (''zhèn'') ----[[Townships of the People's Republic of China|14,600+ townships]] (''xiāng'') ----1,000+ [[Ethnic townships, towns, and sums|ethnic townships]] (''mínzúxiāng'') ----[[Subdistricts of China|6,100+ subdistricts]] (''jiēbàn'' or ''jiēdàobànshìchù'') ----[[District public offices of China|11 district public offices]] (''qūgōngsuǒ'') ---- Urban areas:<br />[[Residential communities of China|(residential) communities]] (''shèqū'') or [[Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China|neighbourhoods]] (''jūmínqū'') ---- Rural areas: [[Villages of China|villages]] (''cūnjí''), village areas or village groups{{Efn|Either ''zìráncūnjí'' ("natural" villages) or ''xíngzhèngcūnjí'' (bureaucratic villages)}} | rowspan="3" | |- | [[Autonomous regions of China|5 autonomous regions]] (''zìzhìqū'') |- | [[Municipalities of China|4 municipalities]] (''zhíxiáshì'') |- | colspan="5" | [[Special administrative regions of China|2 special administrative regions]] (''tèbié xíngzhèngqū''): |- | [[Hong Kong]] | [[Districts of Hong Kong|18 districts]] | | | |- | [[Macau]] | [[Municipalities and parishes of Macau|7 parishes]] (''freguesias)'' | | | |- valign="top" | rowspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Colombia|Colombia]] | rowspan="4" | Unitary | rowspan="2" | [[Departments of Colombia|32 departments]] (''departamentos'') | rowspan="2" | [[Municipalities of Colombia|1,102 municipalities]] (''municipios'') | [[Corregimientos of Colombia|2,000+ ''corregimientos'']] (towns) | ''veredas'' | |- | communes (''comunas'') | rowspan="3" | neighbourhoods (''barrios'') | rowspan="3" | |- | colspan="3" | [[Bogotá|1 Capital District]] (''Distrito Capital''): |- | [[Bogotá]] | colspan="2" |20 localities (''localidades'') |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Comoros|Comoros]] | Federal | [[List of islands of the Comoros|3 autonomous islands]](''îles autonomes''){{Efn|Not including [[Mayotte]], which is claimed by the Comoros, but is administered by [[France]].}} | 16 prefectures (''préfectures'') | 54 communes | 318 ''villes'' or ''villages'' | |- valign="top" | rowspan="3" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo, Democratic Republic of the]]{{efn|Also known as ''Congo-Kinshasa''}} | rowspan="3" | Unitary | [[Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|25 provinces]] | rowspan="3" | [[Territories of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|145 territories]] ---- [[Cities of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|33 cities]] | rowspan="3" | [[Chiefdoms and sectors of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|264 chiefdoms]] ---- [[Chiefdoms and sectors of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|470 sectors]] ---- [[Communes of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|313 communes]] | rowspan="3" | 6,070 groupings ---- 2,401 quarters | rowspan="3" | |- | [[Kinshasa|1 Capital City]]: |- | [[Kinshasa]] |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of the Republic of the Congo|Congo, Republic of the]]{{efn|Also known as ''Congo-Brazzaville''}} | Unitary | [[Departments of the Republic of the Congo|15 departments]] | [[Districts of the Republic of the Congo|80+ districts]] | [[Communes of the Republic of the Congo|communes]] | | |- valign="top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Costa Rica|Costa Rica]] | rowspan="2" | Unitary | rowspan="2" | [[Provinces of Costa Rica|7 provinces]] (''provincias'') | [[Cantons of Costa Rica|84 cantons]] (''cantones'') | rowspan="2" | [[Districts of Costa Rica|492 districts]] (''distritos'') ----3 [[Administrative divisions of Costa Rica#Other subdivisions|special cities]] (''ciudades especiales'') | rowspan="2" |Urban: ''asentamiento, caserío, ciudad, localidad'' ----Rural: ''barrio, poblado'' | rowspan="2" | |- | [[Indigenous territory (Costa Rica)|24 indigenous territories]] |- valign="top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Croatia|Croatia]] | rowspan="2" | Unitary | rowspan="2" | [[Counties of Croatia|20 counties]] (''županije'') | [[List of cities and towns in Croatia|128 towns]] (''gradovi'') | rowspan="2" | {{ill|local community (Croatia)|lt=4,117+ local communities|hr|Mjesni odbor}} (''mjesnih odbora'') (''gradske četvrti'' [Zagreb], ''gradski kotari'' [Split]) | rowspan="2" | [[Settlement (Croatia)|6,700+ settlements]] (''naselja'') | rowspan="2" | |- | [[Municipalities of Croatia|428 municipalities]] (''općine'') |- valign="top" | rowspan="3" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Cuba|Cuba]] | rowspan="3" | Unitary | [[Provinces of Cuba|15 provinces]] (''provincias'') | rowspan="3" | [[Municipalities of Cuba|160+ municipalities]] (''municipios'') | rowspan="3" | | rowspan="3" | | rowspan="3" | |- | [[Provinces of Cuba|1 special municipality]] (''municipio especial''): |- | [[Isla de la Juventud]] |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Cyprus|Cyprus]] | Unitary | [[Districts of Cyprus|6 districts]] (''eparchies''){{Efn|Including 4 districts that are partially or entirely occupied by the [[Northern Cyprus|Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]] (Northern Cyprus).}} | [[List of cities, towns and villages in Cyprus|20 municipalities]] (dímoi)<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 March 2022 |title=Αυτοί είναι οι 20 νέοι Δήμοι – Ψηφίστηκε η μεταρρύθμιση |trans-title=These are the 20 new Municipalities – The reform was voted on |url=https://www.philenews.com/oikonomia/article/550727/afti-ine-i-20-nei-dimi-psifistike-i-metarrithmisi/ |access-date=21 September 2025 |work=[[Phileleftheros]] |language=el}}</ref> | | | |- valign="top" | rowspan="5" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of the Czech Republic|Czech Republic]] | rowspan="5" | Unitary | rowspan="2" | [[Regions of the Czech Republic|13 regions]] (''kraje'') | [[Districts of the Czech Republic|76 districts]] (''okresy'') | rowspan="2" | 393 [[Districts of the Czech Republic#Municipalities with commissioned local authority|municipalities with commissioned local authority]]{{Efn|2nd level municipalities}} (''obce s pověřeným obecním úřadem'') | 6,254 1st level [[Obec|municipalities]] (''obce'') | |- |205 [[Districts of the Czech Republic#Municipalities with extended competence|municipalities with extended competence]]{{Efn|3rd level municipalities}} (''obce s rozšířenou působností'') |4 [[Unincorporated Areas of the Czech Republic|military training areas]] (''vojenské újezdy'') | |- | colspan="5" | 1 capital city: |- | rowspan="2" | [[Prague|Capital City of Prague]] (''Hlavní město Praha'') | [[Districts of Prague|10 districts]] (''obvody''){{Efn|Judicial only}} | rowspan="2" |57 municipal districts (''městské části'') | rowspan="2" |112 cadastral communities (''katastrální území'') | rowspan="2" | |- |22 administrative districts (''správní obvody'') |- valign="top" | rowspan="6" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Danish Realm|Denmark]], Kingdom of | rowspan="6" | Regional | [[Denmark]] | [[Regions of Denmark|5 regions]] (''regioner'') | [[Municipalities of Denmark|98 municipalities]] (''kommuner'') | | |- | colspan="5" | [[Danish Realm#Constitutional status|2 autonomous territories]]: |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Faroe Islands]] | [[Regions of the Faroe Islands|6 regions]]<br>([[Faroese language|Faroese]]: ''sýsla'';<br>[[Danish language|Danish]]: ''syssel'') | [[Municipalities of the Faroe Islands|29 municipalities]] (''kommunur'')<ref>{{cite news |title=Húsar fara undir Klaksvík |url=http://kvf.fo/netvarp/sv/2016/02/25/20160225husarferundirklaksvik |access-date=26 June 2019 |work=KVF.fo |date=25 February 2016 |language=fo}}</ref> | | |- | rowspan="3" style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Greenland]] | [[Administrative divisions of Greenland|5 municipalities]] (''kommuner'') | | | |- | colspan="4" |1 national park<br>([[Greenlandic language|Greenlandic]]: ''Kalaallit Nunaanni nuna eqqissisimatitaq'';<br>[[Danish language|Danish]]: ''Nationalpark''): |- | [[Northeast Greenland National Park]] | | | |- valign="top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Djibouti|Djibouti]] | rowspan="2" | Unitary | rowspan="2" | [[Regions of Djibouti|6 regions]] (''régions'') | [[Sub-prefectures of Djibouti|15 sub-prefectures]]{{Efn|Due to be replaced by [communes] [http://www.statoids.com/udj.html]}} | | | |- |6 ''arrondissements''{{Efn|Only within [[Djibouti City]]}} | | | |- valign="top" | rowspan="6" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Dominica|Dominica]] | rowspan="6" | Unitary | rowspan="6" | [[Parishes of Dominica|10 parishes]] |[[List of towns and villages in Dominica|41 local authorities]]:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dominica's Local Government System - Ministry of Culture, Youth, Sports and Community Development |url=https://communitydevelopment.gov.dm/dominica-s-local-government-system#villagecouncyils |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=communitydevelopment.gov.dm}}</ref> | rowspan="6" | | rowspan="6" | | rowspan="6" | |- valign="top" |[[List of towns and villages in Dominica|1 city]] |- valign="top" |[[List of towns and villages in Dominica|1 town]] |- valign="top" |[[List of towns and villages in Dominica|1 urban district]] |- valign="top" |[[Kalinago Territory|1 territory]] |- valign="top" |[[List of towns and villages in Dominica|37 village districts]] |- valign="top" | rowspan="3" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Dominican Republic|Dominican Republic]] | rowspan="3" | Unitary | [[Provinces of the Dominican Republic|31 provinces]] (''provincias'') | rowspan="3" | [[Municipalities of the Dominican Republic|158 municipalities]] (''municipios'') | rowspan="3" | 40+ municipal districts (''distritos municipales'') | rowspan="3" | | rowspan="3" | |- | [[Distrito Nacional|1 National District]] (''Distrito Nacional''): |- | [[Distrito Nacional]] |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Ecuador|Ecuador]] | Unitary | [[Provinces of Ecuador|24 provinces]] (''provincias'') | [[Cantons of Ecuador|221 cantons]] (''cantones'') | [[Parishes of Ecuador|1,000+ parishes]] (''parroquias'') | populated places (''lugares poblados''):<br />* ''caseríos''<br />* ''barrios''<br />* ''recintos''<br />* ''comunas''<br />* ''anejos''<br />* ''colonias'', etc. | |- valign="top" | rowspan="5" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Subdivisions of Egypt|Egypt]] | rowspan="5" | Unitary | rowspan="5" | [[Subdivisions of Egypt#Governorates|27 governorates]] (''muḥāfaẓāt'') | colspan="4" | [[Subdivisions of Egypt#Municipal divisions|351 municipal divisions]]: |- | [[Subdivisions of Egypt#Municipal divisions|177 kism]] | rowspan="4" | [[Subdivisions of Egypt#Submunicipal divisions|4,617+ villages or districts]] (''qura'' or ''ahya'') | rowspan="4" | [[Subdivisions of Egypt#Submunicipal divisions|residential districts]] (''sheyakha)'' | rowspan="4" | |- | [[Subdivisions of Egypt#Municipal divisions|162 markaz]] |- | [[Subdivisions of Egypt#Municipal divisions|9 new cities]] |- | [[Subdivisions of Egypt#Municipal divisions|3 police-administered areas]] |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of El Salvador|El Salvador]] | Unitary | [[Departments of El Salvador|14 departments]] (''departamentos'') | [[Municipalities of El Salvador|44 municipalities]] (''municipios'') | 262 districts (''distritos'') | * downtown areas/centres (''cabeceras'') [urban];<br />* cantons (''cantones'') [rural] | * neighborhoods (''barrios'') & colonies (''colonias'') [urban];<br />* villages (''aldeas'') & hamlets (''caserios'') [rural] |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Equatorial Guinea|Equatorial Guinea]] | Unitary | [[Provinces of Equatorial Guinea|8 provinces]] (''provincias'') | 32 districts (''distritos'') | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Eritrea|Eritrea]] | Unitary | [[Regions of Eritrea|6 regions]] (''zoba'') | [[Districts of Eritrea|58 districts]] | communes ''(kebabis)'' | villages and towns | |- valign="top" | rowspan="5" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Estonia|Estonia]]{{efn|Estonia's ''linnad'' (towns) and ''vallad'' (parishes) are known collectively as ''omavalitsused'' (municipalities).}} | rowspan="5" | Unitary | rowspan="5" | [[Counties of Estonia|15 counties]] (''maakonnad'') | [[Municipalities of Estonia|15 towns]] (''linnad'') | districts (''linnaosad''){{citation needed|date=March 2024}} | subdistricts (''asumid''){{citation needed|date=March 2024}} | |- | rowspan="4" | [[Municipalities of Estonia|64 parishes]] (''vallad'') | rowspan="4" | quarters (''kandid'')<br /> | 32 towns (''linnad'') | |- | 12 boroughs (''alevid'') | |- | 188 small boroughs (''alevikud'') | |- |4,455 villages (''külad'') | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Eswatini|Eswatini]] | Unitary | [[Regions of Eswatini|4 regions]] (''tifundza'') | [[Inkhundla|50+ constituencies]] (''tinkhundla'') | [[Umphakatsi|360+ chiefdoms]] (''imiphakatsi'') | | |- valign="top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] | rowspan="2" | Federal | [[Regions of Ethiopia|12 regions]] (''kililoch'') | rowspan="2" | [[Zones of Ethiopia|68 zones]] (''zonoch'') | rowspan="2" | [[Districts of Ethiopia|600+ districts]] (''woreda'') | rowspan="2" | [[Wards of Ethiopia|16,000+ wards]] (''kebele'') | rowspan="2" | |- | [[Regions of Ethiopia|2 chartered cities]] (''astedader akababiwach'') |- valign="top" | rowspan="3" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Fiji|Fiji]] | rowspan="3" | Unitary | [[Divisions of Fiji|4 divisions]] | [[Provinces of Fiji|14 provinces]] | + 50 districts (''tikina'') | 1,000+ villages (''koro'') | |- | colspan="5" | [[Rotuma|1 dependency]]: |- | [[Rotuma]] | [[Rotuma#Politics and society|7 districts]] | | | |- valign="top" | rowspan="3" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Finland|Finland]] | rowspan="3" | Regional | [[Regions of Finland|18 regions]] (''maakuntaa'') | [[Subregions of Finland|70+ subregions]] (''seutukuntaa'') | [[Municipalities of Finland|293 municipalities]] (''kuntaa''){{Efn|Consisting of ''kaupungit'' (urban communes) and ''kunnat'' (communes)}} | wards (''suuralueet'') | * districts (''kaupunginosat'') [urban]<br />* villages (''kylät'') [rural] |- | colspan="5" | [[Åland|1 autonomous region]] (''itsehallinnollinen maakunta''): |- | [[Åland]] | [[Municipalities of Åland|16 municipalities]] (''kommuner (kuntaa)'') | | wards (''suuralueet'') | * districts (''kaupunginosat'') [urban]<br />* villages (''kylät'') [rural] |- valign="top" | rowspan="15" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of France|France]] | rowspan="15" | Regional | rowspan="3" | [[Regions of France|18 regions]] (''régions''){{efn|Including 5 overseas regions ([[French Guiana]], [[Guadeloupe]], [[Martinique]], [[Mayotte]], and [[Réunion]]).}} | rowspan="2" | [[Departments of France|101 departments]] (''départements'') | rowspan="3" | [[Arrondissements of France|332 arrondissements]] | colspan="2" | [[Cantons of France|2,054 cantons]] (electoral constituencies) |- | rowspan="2" | [[Intercommunality|12,159 intercommunalities]] | rowspan="2" | [[Communes of France|35,357 communes]]{{efn|The 3 communes of [[Paris]], [[Lyon]], and [[Marseille]] are further subdivided into [[Municipal arrondissements of France|municipal arrondissements]].}} |- | [[Metropolis of Lyon]] |- | colspan="5" | [[Overseas collectivity|5 overseas collectivities]] (''collectivités d'outre-mer''): |- | style="padding-left: 2em; " | [[French Polynesia]]{{efn|also known as a ''pays d'outre-mer'' (overseas country).}} | [[Administrative divisions of French Polynesia|5 administrative subdivisions]] (''subdivisions administratives'') | [[Administrative divisions of French Polynesia|40+ communes]] | | |- | style="padding-left: 2em; " | [[Saint-Barthélemy]] | [[Saint Barthélemy#Interior areas|2 parishes]] | [[Saint Barthélemy#Interior areas|40 quarters]] | | |- | style="padding-left: 2em; " | [[Collectivity of Saint Martin|Saint-Martin]] | | | | |- | style="padding-left: 2em; " | [[Saint-Pierre and Miquelon]] | 2 communes | | | |- | style="padding-left: 2em; " | [[Wallis and Futuna]] | 3 traditional kingdoms (''royaumes coutumiers'') | 3 districts{{efn| [[Uvea (Wallis and Futuna)|Uvea]] only}} | | |- | colspan="5" | [[New Caledonia|1 ''sui generis'' collectivity]] (''collectivité sui generis''): |- | style="padding-left: 2em; " | [[New Caledonia]] | [[Provinces of New Caledonia|3 provinces]] | [[Communes of New Caledonia|30+ communes]] | | |- | colspan="5" | [[Overseas territory (France)|1 overseas territory]] (''territoire d'outre-mer''): |- | style="padding-left: 2em; " | [[French Southern and Antarctic Lands]]{{efn|Claim frozen by the [[Antarctic Treaty System|Antarctic Treaty]].}} | 5 districts | | | |- | colspan="5" |1 state private property under the direct authority of the [[Government of France|French government]]: |- | [[Clipperton Island]] | | | | |- valign="top" | rowspan="3" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Gabon|Gabon]] | rowspan="3" | Unitary | rowspan="3" | [[Subdivisions of Gabon|9 provinces]] | rowspan="3" | [[Departments of Gabon|49 departments]] (''départements'') | [[Cantons and communes of Gabon|152 cantons]] | | |- | [[Cantons and communes of Gabon|52 communes]] | | |- | [[Cantons and communes of Gabon|29 arrondissements]] | | |- valign="top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Subdivisions of the Gambia|Gambia]] | rowspan="2" | Unitary | [[Subdivisions of the Gambia|5 regions]] | rowspan="2" | [[Local government areas of the Gambia|8 Local Government Areas]] | rowspan="2" | [[Districts of the Gambia|43 districts]] | | |- | [[Banjul|1 city]] | | |- valign="top" | rowspan="8" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)|Georgia]] | rowspan="8" | Regional | [[Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)|9 regions]] (''mkhare'') | rowspan="6" | [[List of municipalities in Georgia (country)|69 municipalities]] (''munitsip’alit’et’ebi''): [[List of municipalities in Georgia (country)|64 communities]] (''temi'') ---- [[List of municipalities in Georgia (country)|5 cities]] (''k'alak'i'') | rowspan="6" | 1,000s+ administrative units (''administ’ratsiuli erteulebi'')<br /> ? rural communities (''sasoplo temebi'') | rowspan="6" | 10,000s+ populated places/settlements (''dasakhlebuli p’unkt’ebi'')<br /> ? townlets (''kalakebi'')<br />? urban-type settlements (''dabebi'')<br />? villages (''soplebi'') | |- | [[Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)#Autonomous republics|2 autonomous republics]]: | |- | [[Abkhazia]] | |- | [[Adjara]] | |- |1 area without a constitutionally defined status:{{Efn| [[South Ossetia]] is not currently under Georgia's ''[[de facto]]'' jurisdiction, and has no final defined constitutional status in Georgia's territorial arrangement.<ref name=pres>{{cite web|title=ტერიტორიული მოწყობა და მმართველობა [Territorial Structure and Government]|url=https://president.gov.ge/ge/Georgia/TerritorialStructureAndGovernment|publisher=Administration of the President of Georgia|access-date=2 Jan 2025 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710064058/https://president.gov.ge/ge/Georgia/TerritorialStructureAndGovernment|archive-date=10 July 2015}}</ref>}} | |- | [[South Ossetia]]{{Efn| [[South Ossetia|South Ossetia's]] status is disputed. It considers itself to be an independent state, but this is recognised by [[International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia#States formally recognising Abkhazia or South Ossetia as independen|only a few other countries]]. The [[Government of Georgia (country)|Georgian government]] and most of the world's other states consider South Ossetia ''[[de jure]]'' a part of Georgia's territory.}} | |- | colspan="5" |1 city with special status: |- | [[Tbilisi]] | [[Tbilisi#Politics and administration|10 districts]] (''raions'') | | | |- valign="top" | rowspan="7" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Germany|Germany]] | rowspan="7" | Federal | colspan="5" | [[States of Germany|16 states]] (''Länder''):{{efn|or, informally, ''Bundesländer'' (federal states).}} |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Baden-Württemberg]]<br />[[Bavaria]]<br />[[Hesse]]<br />[[North Rhine-Westphalia]] | [[Regierungsbezirk|19 administrative districts]] (''Regierungsbezirke'')<br /> | rowspan="2" | 3 special regional associations (''Kommunalverbände besonderer Art''){{efn| [[Hanover Region|''Region Hannover'']], [[Saarbrücken (district)|''Regionalverband Saarbrücken'']] and [[Aachen (district)|''Städteregion Aachen'']]}} ---- [[Districts of Germany|294 rural districts]] (''Landkreise'' or ''Kreise'') | rowspan="2" | 1281 [[Gemeindeverband|municipal associations]] (''Gemeindeverbände''){{efn|usually in rural areas and known by various names in different states, e.g.'' Amt'','' Samtgemeinde'','' Verbandsgemeinde ''and'' Verwaltungsgemeinschaft''}} ---- 10907 [[Municipalities of Germany|municipalities]] (''Gemeinden''), including :1951 towns (''Städte'') :386 [[market town]]s (''Märkte'')&nbsp;<small>(only in Bavaria)</small> | rowspan="2" | |- | colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="padding-left: 2em; border-bottom:0;" | [[Brandenburg]]<br />[[Lower Saxony]]<br />[[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]]<br />[[Rhineland-Palatinate]]<br />[[Saarland]]<br />[[Saxony]]<br />[[Saxony-Anhalt]]<br />[[Schleswig-Holstein]]<br />[[Thuringia]] |- | colspan="2" |103 cities (urban districts) (''Kreisfreie Städte'' or ''Stadtkreise'') | |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Bremen (state)|Bremen]] | 2 cities (''Städte'') | 7 boroughs (''Stadtbezirke'') | 32 quarters (''Stadtteile'') | 113 neighbourhoods (''Ortsteile'') |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Berlin]] | [[Boroughs and neighborhoods of Berlin|12 boroughs]] (''Bezirke'') | [[Boroughs and neighborhoods of Berlin|97 neighbourhoods]] (''Ortsteile'') | | |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Hamburg]] | [[Boroughs and quarters of Hamburg|7 boroughs]] (''Bezirke'') | [[Boroughs and quarters of Hamburg|104 quarters]] (''Stadtteile'') | [[Boroughs and quarters of Hamburg|181 neighbourhoods]] (''Ortsteile'') | |- valign="top" | rowspan="3" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Ghana|Ghana]] | rowspan="3" | Unitary | rowspan="3" | [[Regions of Ghana|16 regions]] | [[Districts of Ghana|216 districts]] | Communities [[tema]] | | |- | 8 municipal districts | zones | | |- | 3 metropolitan districts | submetropolitan districts | | |- valign="top" | rowspan="3" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Greece|Greece]] | rowspan="3" | Regional | [[Decentralized administrations of Greece|7 decentralized administrations]] (''apokentroménes dioikíseis'') | [[Administrative regions of Greece|13 administrative regions]] (''peripheries'') | [[Regional units of Greece|74 regional units]] (''perifereiakés enótites'') | [[Municipalities and communities of Greece|332 municipalities]] (''dímoi'') | |- | colspan="5" |1 autonomous monastic state (''aftonomi monastiki politeia''): |- | [[Monastic community of Mount Athos|Agio Oros]] | | | | |- valign="top" | rowspan="3" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Grenada|Grenada]] | rowspan="3" | Unitary | [[Parishes of Grenada|6 parishes]] | | | | |- | colspan="5" | [[Carriacou and Petite Martinique|1 dependency]]: |- | [[Carriacou and Petite Martinique]] | | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Guatemala|Guatemala]] | Unitary | [[Departments of Guatemala|22 departments]] (''departamentos'') | [[Municipalities of Guatemala|340 municipalities]] (''municipios'') | sub-municipal zones (''zonas sub-municipales'') | populated places (''lugares poblados''):<br />* villages (''aldeas'')<br />* settlements (''asentamientos'')<br />* quarters (''colonias'')<br />* rural estates/farmsteads/hamlets (''fincas'')<br />* spots (''parajes'') | |- valign="top" | rowspan="3" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Guinea|Guinea]] | rowspan="3" | Unitary | rowspan="3" | [[Regions of Guinea|8 regions]] (''régions'') | [[Prefectures of Guinea|33 prefectures]] (''préfectures'') | rowspan="3" | [[Sub-prefectures of Guinea|330+ sub-prefectures]] (''sous-préfectures'') | rowspan="2" | 4,142 units:<br />* districts<br />* villages | rowspan="2" | 15,741 sub-units:<br />* quarters (''quartiers'')<br />* sectors (''secteurs'') |- | rowspan="2" | 5 communes |- | ? units:<br />* districts<br />* villages | ? sub-units:<br />* quarters (''quartiers'')<br />* sectors (''secteurs'') |- valign="top" | rowspan="3" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Guinea-Bissau|Guinea-Bissau]] | rowspan="3" | Unitary | [[Regions of Guinea-Bissau|8 regions]] (''regiões'') | rowspan="3" | [[Sectors of Guinea-Bissau|39 sectors]] (''setores'') | rowspan="3" | sections (''secções'') | rowspan="3" | populated places (''locais povoados''): towns (''cidades'') ---- villages (''aldeias'') ---- localities (''localidades'') ---- settlements (''povoações'') ---- communities (''comunidades'') | |- | [[Bissau|1 autonomous sector]] (''sector autónomo''): | |- | [[Bissau]] | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Guyana|Guyana]] | Unitary | [[Regions of Guyana|10 regions]] | [[Neighborhood Councils of Guyana|64 neighborhood councils]] | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Haiti|Haiti]] | Unitary | [[Departments of Haiti|10 departments]] (''départements'') | [[Arrondissements of Haiti|42 arrondissements]] | [[Communes of Haiti|144 communes]] | [[Communal section|571 communal sections]] (''sections communales'') | 10,180 villages |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Honduras|Honduras]] | Unitary | [[Departments of Honduras|18 departments]] (''departamentos'') | [[Municipalities of Honduras|298 municipalities]] (''municipios'') | 3,731 villages (''aldeas'') | | |- valign="top" | rowspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Hungary|Hungary]] | rowspan="4" | Unitary | [[Counties of Hungary|19 counties]] (''vármegye'') | [[Districts of Hungary|174 districts]] (''járás'') | [[List of cities and towns of Hungary|3,154 cities and towns]] (''városok'') | | |- valign="top" | colspan="5" | [[Budapest|1 autonomous city]]: |- | rowspan="2" | [[Budapest]] | [[List of districts in Budapest|23 districts]] (''kerület)'' | | | |- | [[Margaret Island|1 non-district]] | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Iceland|Iceland]] | Unitary | [[Regions of Iceland|8 regions]] (''svæði'') | [[Municipalities of Iceland|62 municipalities]] (''sveitarfélög'') | | | |- valign="top" | rowspan="9" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of India|India]] | rowspan="9" | Federal | rowspan="4" | [[States and territories of India|28 states]] | rowspan="9" | [[List of divisions in India|103 divisions]] | rowspan="9" | [[List of districts in India|788 districts/revenue districts]] (''zile'')<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.goidirectory.gov.in/district.php|title=Government of India Web Directory|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815131623/http://www.goidirectory.gov.in/district.php|archive-date=2018-08-15}}</ref> | rowspan="3" | [[Subdivision in India|sub-divisions/revenue divisions]] | [[List of subdistricts in India|6057 subdistricts]] (''tahsīl or mandal''){{Efn|Fifth-level administrative division}} |- | [[Community development block|community development blocks/tribal development blocks]]{{Efn|Sixth-level administrative division}} |- | [[Revenue Village|revenue villages]]{{Efn|Seventh-level administrative division}} |- | rowspan="2" | [[List of municipal corporations in India|255 municipal corporations]] (''nagar nigam'') | rowspan="4" |wards |- | rowspan="5" | [[Union territory|8 union territories]] |- | [[Municipal council (India)|1,897 municipal councils]]/municipalities (''nagar pālikā'') |- | [[Nagar panchayat|2,437 town councils]] (''nagar pañcāyat'') |- | rowspan="2" | [[District council (India)|665 district councils]] (''zilla parishad'') | [[Panchayat samiti|6,711 block councils]] (''panchayat samiti''){{Efn|Fifth-level administrative division}} |- | [[Gram panchayat|255,219 village councils]] (''grām pañcāyat''){{Efn|Sixth-level administrative division}} |- valign="top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Indonesia|Indonesia]] | rowspan="2" | Regional | rowspan="2" | [[Provinces of Indonesia|38 provinces]] (''provinsi''){{Efn|Including 9 [[Provinces of Indonesia#Special autonomy|special regions]] (''daerah istimewa/khusus'')}} | [[Regencies of Indonesia|416 regencies]] (''kabupaten'') | rowspan="2" | [[Districts of Indonesia|7,266 districts]] (''kecamatan/distrik/kapanewon/kemantren'') | rowspan="2" | [[Villages of Indonesia|83,467 villages]] (''kelurahan/desa'') | |- | [[Cities of Indonesia|98 cities]] (''kota'') | |- valign="top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Iran|Iran]] | rowspan="2" | Unitary | rowspan="2" | [[Provinces of Iran|31 provinces]] (''ostanha'') | rowspan="2" | [[Counties of Iran|467 counties]] (''shahrestan'') | rowspan="2" | districts (''[[Bakhsh (administrative division)|bakhsh]]'') | rural districts (''[[Dehestan (administrative division)|dehestan]]'') | villages (''rosta'') |- | cities (''shahr'') | neighbourhoods (''mahalleh'') |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Iraq|Iraq]] | Federal | [[Governorates of Iraq|19 governorates]] (''muḥāfaẓāt''){{Efn|Including 4 governorates in the autonomous Kurdistan Region (counting Halabja).}} | [[Districts of Iraq|120 districts]] (''aqḍyat'') | [[Subdistricts of Iraq|300+ subdistricts]] (''naḥiyat'') | villages (''qaryat''){{citation needed|date=March 2024}} | |- valign="top" | rowspan="3" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Ireland|Ireland]] | rowspan="3" | Unitary | [[Local government in the Republic of Ireland|26 counties]] (''contaetha'') | rowspan="3" | [[Municipal district (Ireland)|89 municipal districts]] (''ceantair bardasacha'') ----[[Municipal district (Ireland)|4 borough districts]] (''ceantair buirge'' ----[[Municipal district (Ireland)|2 metropolitan districts]] (''ceantair cathracha'') | rowspan="3" | 3,440 [[Electoral division (Ireland)|electoral divisions]] (''toghroinn ceantair'') | rowspan="2" |51,430 [[townlands]] (''bailte'') | rowspan="3" | |- | [[Local government in the Republic of Ireland|3 cities]] (''cathracha'') |- |2 combined [[Local government in the Republic of Ireland|cities and counties]] |18,641 [[small areas]] (''ceantair beaga'') |- valign="top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Israel|Israel]] | rowspan="2" | Regional | [[Districts of Israel|6 districts]] (''meḥozot'')<ref name="cbs.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2019/ishuvim/index%202018.xlsx|title=ביאור סמלי החלוקות הגאוגרפיות}}</ref> | rowspan="2" | [[Districts of Israel|15 sub-districts]] (''nafot'')<ref name="cbs.gov" /> | rowspan="2" | 52 natural regions<ref name="cbs.gov" /> | rowspan="2" | 255 local authority units (''reshut mekomiot'')<br /> [[List of cities in Israel|77 cities]] (''arim'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2019/ishuvim/reshimalefimaamadmuni.pdf|title=רשימת היישובים לפי מעמד מוניציפאלי}}</ref><br /> [[Local council (Israel)|124 local councils]] (''moaṣot mekomiot'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/Pages/2019/הרשויות-המקומיות-בישראל-2017.aspx|title=הרשויות המקומיות בישראל 2017|website=cbs.gov.il|language=he-IL|access-date=2019-10-28}}</ref><br /> [[Regional council (Israel)|54 regional councils]] (''moaṣot azoriot'')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mhh.org.il/he/%d7%a8%d7%a9%d7%99%d7%9e%d7%aa-%d7%94%d7%9e%d7%95%d7%a2%d7%a6%d7%95%d7%aa-%d7%94%d7%90%d7%96%d7%95%d7%a8%d7%99%d7%95%d7%aa/|title=רשימת המועצות האזוריות {{!}} ברוכים הבאים לאתר המועצות האיזוריות|language=he-IL|access-date=2019-10-28}}</ref> | rowspan="2" | populated places (''mekomot me'uchlasim'')<br /> on urban local authorities:<br />* internal municipal divisions (''chalukot pnimiyot'')<br />* municipal districts (''mechozot'')<br />* neighborhoods (''shkhunot'')<br /> on rural local authorities:<br />* community settlements (''yishuvim kahilti'im'')<br />* institutional localities (''yishuvim musdi'im'')<br />* farm clusters (''kibbutzum'')<br />* farm settlements (''moshavim'')<br />* collective farm villages (''moshavim shitufiim'')<br />* rural localities (''yishuvim kifri'im'') |- | [[Judea and Samaria Area]]{{Efn|Israeli designation for the [[West Bank]]. The West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and Gaza Strip are considered occupied [[Palestinian territories]] by the United Nations, the United States,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/west-bank/ |title=West Bank |work=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA, USA |access-date=17 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2070.html?countryName=Gaza%20Strip&countryCode=gz&regionCode=me&#gz |title=Disputes - International: Gaza Strip |work=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA, USA |access-date=17 October 2011 |archive-date=9 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009222103/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2070.html?countryName=Gaza%20Strip&countryCode=gz&regionCode=me&#gz |url-status=dead }}</ref> the [[International Court of Justice]], and the [[European Union]].<ref>{{cite web | url= https://eeas.europa.eu/topics/middle-east-peace-process/337/middle-east-peace-process_en | title= Middle East Peace process | publisher= EEAS (European External Action Service) | access-date= 30 November 2016 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170820001200/https://eeas.europa.eu/topics/middle-east-peace-process/337/middle-east-peace-process_en | archive-date= 20 August 2017 | url-status= dead }}</ref>}} |- valign="top" | rowspan="6" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Italy|Italy]] | rowspan="6" | Regional | colspan="5" | [[Regions of Italy|20 regions]] (''regioni''): |- | colspan="5" | [[Regions of Italy|15 ordinary regions]] (''regioni ordinarie''): |- | [[Abruzzo]]<br>[[Apulia]]<br>[[Basilicata]]<br>[[Calabria]]<br>[[Campania]]<br>[[Emilia-Romagna]]<br>[[Lazio]]<br>[[Liguria]]<br>[[Lombardy]]<br>[[Marche]]<br>[[Molise]]<br>[[Piedmont]]<br>[[Tuscany]]<br>[[Umbria]]<br>[[Veneto]] | rowspan="3" | [[Provinces of Italy|82 provinces]] (''province'') ----[[Provinces of Italy|2 autonomous provinces]] (''province autonome'') ----[[Provinces of Italy|4 regional decentralization entities]] (''enti di decentramento regionale'') ----[[Provinces of Italy|6 free municipal consortia]] (''liberi consorzi comunali'') ----[[Metropolitan cities of Italy|15 metropolitan cities]] (''città metropolitane'') | rowspan="4" | [[Communes of Italy|7,896 communes]] (''comuni'') | rowspan="4" |60,101 fractions (''[[frazioni]]'') and circumscriptions (''circoscrizioni'')<ref>{{cite web | url= https://geo-italy.it/frazioni | title= Geo-Italy | access-date=June 7, 2025 }}</ref> | |- | [[Regions of Italy#Autonomous regions with special statute|5 autonomous regions]] (''regioni autonome''): | |- | [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]]<br>[[Sardinia]]<br>[[Sicily]]<br>[[Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol|Trentino-South Tyrol]] | |- | colspan="2" | [[Aosta Valley]] | |- valign="top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Ivory Coast|Ivory Coast]] | rowspan="2" | Unitary | rowspan="2" | [[Districts of Ivory Coast|14 autonomous districts]] (''districts autonomes'') | rowspan="2" | [[Regions of Ivory Coast|31 regions]] (''régions'') | [[Departments of Ivory Coast|108 departments]] (''départements'') | rowspan="2" | [[Sub-prefectures of Ivory Coast|510 sub-prefectures]] (''sous-préfectures'') | rowspan="2" | 8,000+ villages |- |1 unincorporated area |- | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Jamaica|Jamaica]] | Unitary | [[Parishes of Jamaica|14 parishes]] | style="width:25%; vertical-align:top;" | | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Japan|Japan]] | Unitary | [[Prefectures of Japan|47 prefectures]] (''ken''){{Efn|Including: * 1 [[Prefectures of Japan#To|metropolis]] (''to'') ([[Tokyo]]) * 1 [[Prefectures of Japan#Dō|regional prefecture]] (''dō'') ([[Hokkaido]]) * 2 [[Prefectures of Japan#Fu|urban prefectures]] (''fu'') ([[Kyoto Prefecture|Kyoto]] and [[Osaka Prefecture|Osaka]])}} | [[Cities of Japan|792 Cities]] (''shi'') ----[[Districts of Japan|307 districts]] (''gun'') ----[[Subprefectures of Japan|18 subprefectures]] (''shichō'') ----[[Special wards of Tokyo|23 special wards]] (''tokubetsu-ku'') | [[Municipalities of Japan|1,719 municipalities]] (''shichōsonku'') | [[ōaza]]<br>''[[wikt:aza|aza]]''<br>''[[Japanese addressing system|chō]]''<br>''[[chōme]]'' | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Jordan|Jordan]] | Unitary | [[Governorates of Jordan|12 governorates]] (''muḥāfaẓāt'') | [[Districts of Jordan|52 Districts]] (''Alwia'a)'' | [[Subdistricts of jordan|89 Subdistricts]] (''Nahiya)'' |''qurah'' | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]] | Unitary | [[Regions of Kazakhstan|17 regions]] (''oblys'')<br />3 cities with region rights (''qala'')<br /> [[Baikonur]]{{efn|The city has a special status because it is currently being leased to [[Russia]] with [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]] until the year 2050}} | [[Raions of Kazakhstan|319 raions]] (''awdan'')<br />''oblıstıq qala'' | ''kent'' | ''awıl aymaq'' | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Kenya|Kenya]] | Regional | [[Counties of Kenya|47 counties]] (''kaunti'') | [[Sub-Counties of Kenya|262 sub-counties]] (''kaunti ndogo'') | [[Locations of Kenya|2,400+ locations]] (''mtaa'') | [[List of cities and towns in Kenya by population|Cities, Municipalities and Towns]]<br />villages (''vijiji'') | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Kiribati|Kiribati]]{{Efn|{{See also|Subdivisions of Kiribati}}}} | Unitary | ''None'' | | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Kuwait|Kuwait]] | Unitary | [[Governorates of Kuwait|6 governorates]] (''muḥāfaẓāt'') | [[Areas of Kuwait|132 areas]] (''manāṭiq'') | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Kyrgyzstan|Kyrgyzstan]] | Unitary | [[regions of Kyrgyzstan|7 regions]] (''oblus'')<br />[[Independent cities of Kyrgyzstan|2 independent cities]] (''šaar (keneš)'') | [[districts of Kyrgyzstan|44 districts]] (''rayon'')<br />[[Towns of Kyrgyzstan|14 towns]] (''gorkeneš'') | rural communities or rural districts (''ayyl aymagy'') | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Laos|Laos]] | Unitary | [[Provinces of Laos|17 provinces]] (''khoueng'')<br />[[Vientiane|1 prefecture]] | 140+ [[Districts of Laos|districts]] (''muang'' or ''muong'') | villages (''baan'') | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Latvia|Latvia]] | Unitary | [[Administrative divisions of Latvia#Municipalities as of 2021|36 municipalities]] (''novadi'')<br />[[Administrative divisions of Latvia#State cities with independent governments as of 2021|7 republic cities]] (''Republikas pilsētas'') | [[Administrative divisions of Latvia#Municipalities as of 2021|71 cities/towns]] (''pilsētas'')<br>[[Administrative divisions of Latvia#Municipalities as of 2021|512 parishes]] (''pagasti'') | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Lebanon|Lebanon]] | Unitary | [[Governorates of Lebanon|9 governorates]] (''muḥāfaẓāt'')<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.localiban.org/rubrique394.html |title=Territorial administration of Lebanon |publisher=Localiban |access-date=19 February 2017}}</ref> | [[Districts of Lebanon|26 districts]] (''qaḍya'') | [[List of municipalities of Lebanon|1,030 municipalities]] | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Lesotho|Lesotho]] | Unitary | [[Districts of Lesotho|10 districts]] | [[Constituencies of Lesotho|80+ constituencies]] | [[Community councils of Lesotho|120+ community councils]] | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Liberia|Liberia]] | Unitary | [[Counties of Liberia|15 counties]] | [[Districts of Liberia|60+ districts]] | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Libya|Libya]] | Unitary | [[Districts of Libya|22 districts]] (''sha'biyat'') | [[Baladiyat of Libya|99 ''baladiyat'']] | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Liechtenstein|Liechtenstein]] | Unitary | [[Municipalities of Liechtenstein|11 municipalities]] (''Gemeinden'') | | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Lithuania|Lithuania]] | Unitary | [[Counties of Lithuania|10 counties]] (''apskritys'') | [[Municipalities of Lithuania|60 municipalities]] (''savivaldybės'') | [[Elderships of Lithuania|500+ elderships]] (''seniūnijos'') | [[Seniūnaitija|sub-eldership]] (''seniūnaitija'') | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Luxembourg|Luxembourg]] | Unitary | [[Cantons of Luxembourg|12 cantons]]{{efn| [[French language|French]]; alternatively [[German language|German]]:''Kantone''.}} | [[Communes of Luxembourg|102 communes]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.luxembourg.public.lu/fr/tourisme/cartes/communes/index.html|title=Cartes du Luxembourg|date=23 March 2023 }}</ref>{{efn| [[French language|French]]; alternatively [[German language|German]]:''Gemeinden''.}} | [[Quarters of Luxembourg|24 quarters]]{{efn| [[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]]: ''quartierën''; alternatively [[French language|French]]:''quartiers'', [[German language|German]]:''Stadtvierteln''.}} | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Madagascar|Madagascar]] | Unitary | [[Regions of Madagascar|23 regions]] (''faritra'') | [[Districts of Madagascar|114 districts]] (''distrika'') | 1,579 communes (''kaominina'')<br />17,485 villages (''fokontany''){{citation needed|date=March 2024}} | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Malawi|Malawi]] | Unitary | [[Regions of Malawi|3 regions]] | [[Districts of Malawi|28 districts]] | 130+ traditional authorities | 60+ subchiefdoms | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Malaysia|Malaysia]] | Federal | [[States of Malaysia|13 states]] (''negeri'')<br />[[Federal Territories (Malaysia)|3 federal territories]] (''wilayah persekutuan'') | [[Local government in Malaysia|155 local government areas]] | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Maldives|Maldives]] | Unitary | [[Administrative divisions of the Maldives|17 atolls<br>4 cities]] | [[List of islands of the Maldives|189 islands]] | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Mali|Mali]] | Unitary | [[Regions of Mali|19 régions]]<br />[[Bamako|1 capital district]] | [[Cercles of Mali|40+ ''cercles'']] ([[Circle (administrative division)|circle]]s) | [[Arrondissements of Mali|1,400+&nbsp;''arrondissements'']] | [[Communes of Mali|700+&nbsp;''communes'']] | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Malta|Malta]] | Unitary | [[Regions of Malta|5 regions]] (''reġjuni'') | [[Local councils of Malta|68 local councils]] (''kunsilli lokali'') | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of the Marshall Islands|Marshall Islands]] | Unitary | [[Municipalities of the Marshall Islands|24 municipalities]] | | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Mauritania|Mauritania]] | Regional | [[Regions of Mauritania|15 regions]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[Wilayah|''wilayat'']]}}); capital city of [[Nouakchott]] spans 3 regions | [[Departments of Mauritania|44 departments]]<ref>[https://www.citypopulation.de/en/mauritania/admin/ MAURITANIA: Administrative Division Departments and Communes]</ref> or ''moughataas'' | [[Communes of Mauritania|216 communes]] (some of which are consolidated with departments) | | |- | rowspan="3" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Mauritius|Mauritius]] | rowspan="3" | Unitary | [[File:Flag of Rodrigues.svg|25x25px]] [[Rodrigues]] | [[Rodrigues#Zones|14 zones]] | rowspan="3" | [[List of places in Mauritius|120+ villages, 4 Towns]]<br />[[List of localities in Rodrigues|173 localities]] | rowspan="3" | | rowspan="3" | |- | [[Mauritius Island|Mauritius]] | [[Districts of Mauritius|9 districts]] |- valign="top" | [[Outer islands of Mauritius|2 outer islands with no government]] (+2 claimed) | |- valign="top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Mexico|Mexico]] | rowspan="2" | Federal | [[States of Mexico|31 states]] (''estados'') | [[Municipalities of Mexico|2,458 municipalities]] (''municipios'') | A few municipalities are further divided into [[Boroughs of Mexico|boroughs]], some incompletely. | | |- | 1 autonomous city, [[Mexico City]] (''Ciudad de México'') | [[Boroughs of Mexico City|16 boroughs]] ({{lang|es|demarcaciones territoriales}}) | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of the Federated States of Micronesia|Federated States of Micronesia]] | Federal | [[States of the Federated States of Micronesia|4 states]] | [[Municipalities of the Federated States of Micronesia|70+ municipalities]] | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Moldova|Moldova]] | Regional | [[Administrative divisions of Moldova|32 districts]] or [[raion]]s ({{langx|ro|raioane}})<br /> 3 municipalities ([[Municipiu#Moldova|municipii]]): [[Chișinău]], [[Bălți]], and [[Tighina]]<br /> 2 autonomous territorial units: [[Gagauzia]] and [[Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester|Left Bank of the Dniester]] (claimed but administered as the unrecognized independent country of [[Transnistria]]) |10 municipalities ([[Municipiu#Moldova|municipii]]) 50 [[List of cities in Moldova|cities]]{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}<br /> 60+ city localities{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}<br /> 660+ villages ({{langx|ro|sate}}){{citation needed|date=March 2024}}<br /> 880+ village localities{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Monaco|Monaco]] | Unitary | [[Municipality of Monaco|1 municipality]] | [[Monaco#Geography|5 quarters]] | [[Monaco#Geography|10 wards]] | | |- valign="top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Mongolia|Mongolia]] | rowspan="2" | Unitary | [[Provinces of Mongolia|21 provinces]] ([[aimag]]s) | [[Districts of Mongolia|331 districts]] (''sum'') | 1,538 ''bags''{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} | | |- | 1 capital city, [[Ulaanbaatar]] | [[Districts of Ulaanbaatar|9 districts]] (''düüregs'') | [[Khoroo|173 subdistricts]] (''khoroos'') | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Montenegro|Montenegro]] | Unitary | [[Municipalities of Montenegro|25 municipalities]] ({{lang|cnr|opštine}}) | [[List of populated places in Montenegro|1,256 ''naselja'']]{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} | | | |- valign="top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Morocco|Morocco]] | rowspan="2" | Unitary | rowspan="2" | [[Regions of Morocco|12 regions]] (3 containing parts of occupied [[Western Sahara]]) | rowspan="2" | 13 [[Prefectures and provinces of Morocco|prefectures]]<br />62 [[Prefectures and provinces of Morocco|provinces]] | circles{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} | rural communes{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} | |- | | ''communes urbaines''<br />''arrondissements''{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Mozambique|Mozambique]] | Unitary | [[Provinces of Mozambique|11 provinces]] (''provincias'') | [[Districts of Mozambique|128 districts]] (''distritos'') | [[Postos of Mozambique|405 administrative posts]] (''postos'') | [urban districts]{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}<br />localities (''localidades''){{citation needed|date=March 2024}} | |- valign="top" | rowspan="5" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Myanmar|Myanmar]] | rowspan="5" | Unitary | [[Administrative divisions of Myanmar|7 States]] | rowspan="3" | [[Districts of Myanmar|67 Districts]] | rowspan="5" | [[Townships of Myanmar|330 Townships]] | rowspan="5" | * [[Wards of Myanmar|3,183 Wards]] * [[Village tract|13,602 Village tracts]] | rowspan="5" | [[Villages of Myanmar|70,838 Villages]] |- | [[Administrative divisions of Myanmar|7 Regions]] |- | [[Naypyidaw Union Territory|1 Union Territory]] |- | colspan="2" | [[Self-administered zone|5 Self-Administered Zones]] |- | colspan="2" | [[Wa State|1 Self-Administered Division]] |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Namibia|Namibia]] | Unitary | [[Regions of Namibia|14 regions]]<ref name="split">{{cite news |url=http://www.newera.com.na/articles/53580/President-divides-Kavango-into-two |title=President divides Kavango into two |last=Nakale |first=Albertina |date=9 August 2013 |newspaper=[[New Era (Namibia)|New Era]] |publisher= |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130809090822/http://www.newera.com.na/articles/53580/President-divides-Kavango-into-two |archive-date=9 August 2013 |accessdate=3 January 2026 |archivedate=9 August 2013 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130809090822/http://www.newera.com.na/articles/53580/President-divides-Kavango-into-two }} [http://allafrica.com/stories/201308090372.html?viewall=1 Alt URL]</ref> | [[Constituencies of Namibia|121 constituencies]]<ref name="split" /> | [[List of cities and towns in Namibia|cities]]<br />[[List of cities and towns in Namibia|towns]]<br />[[List of villages and settlements in Namibia|villages]]<br />settlements | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Nauru|Nauru]] | Unitary | [[List of settlements of Nauru|14 districts]] | | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Nepal|Nepal]] | Federal | [[Provinces of Nepal|7 provinces]] (''Pradesh'') | [[List of districts of Nepal|77 districts]] (''jilla'') | [[List of cities in Nepal#Metropolitan cities (महानगरपालिका)|6 metropolitan cities]] (''mahānagarpālikā'')<br>[[List of cities in Nepal#Sub-metropolitan cities (उप-महानगरपालिका)|11 sub-metropolitan cities]] (''upa-mahānagarpālikā'')<br>[[List of cities in Nepal#Municipality (नगरपालिका)|276 municipalities]] (''nagarpālikā'') [[List of gaunpalikas of Nepal|486 rural municipalities]] (''gāunpālikā'') | 6,743 wards (''wadā'') | |- valign="top" | rowspan="8" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of the Netherlands|Netherlands]], Kingdom of the | rowspan="8" | Regional | colspan="5" | [[Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands|4 constituent countries]] (''landen''): |- | rowspan="4" style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Netherlands]] | [[Provinces of the Netherlands|12 provinces]] (''provincies'') | [[Municipalities of the Netherlands|342 municipalities]] (''gemeenten'') | [[Urban districts of the Netherlands|urban districts]] (''deelgemeenten'') | |- | rowspan="3" | [[Public body (Netherlands)|3 public bodies]] (''openbare lichamen'') ([[Caribbean Netherlands]] region) | [[Bonaire]] |2 towns, neighbourhoods<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vanessa |date=2020-12-04 |title=The Island of Bonaire |url=https://www.bonairetoursandvacations.com/the-island-of-bonaire/ |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=Bonaire Tours and Vacations |language=en}}</ref> | |- | [[Sint Eustatius]] |neighbourhoods<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://earth.google.com/web/@17.49051081,-62.97847981,59.06491325a,1382.57346914d,35y,-12.40999743h,0.14703723t,0r/data=CjkaNxIxCiUweDhjMTFmYzliNDBhZjc1N2Y6MHhmNTVmZGY3M2UzNDVlMGFlKghCYXkgQnJvdxgCIAE6AwoBMA |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=earth.google.com |title=Bay Brow, Caribbean Netherlands}}</ref> | |- | [[Saba (island)|Saba]] |4 villages<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-21 |title=About Saba {{!}} Saba Tourism |url=https://www.sabatourism.com/about-saba/ |access-date=2024-02-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> | |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Aruba]] | 8 regions<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aruba (07/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/aruba/106499.htm |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> | | | |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Curaçao]] | [[:Category:Districts of Curaçao|2 districts and 1 special city]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2023-05-04 |title=Regions on Curaçao |url=https://kurabotanica.com/curacao/regions-on-curacao/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=Kura Botanica Hotel Curacao |language=en-US}}</ref> |10 areas<ref>{{Cite web |title=Curacao Todo - Areas of Curacao |url=https://curacaotodo.com/en/areas-on-curacao-2/ |website=Curacao Todo|date=7 January 2021 }}</ref> | [[Willemstad|4 town quarters]] | |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Sint Maarten]] | 8 administrative units<ref>[http://www.geohive.com/cntry/stmaarten.aspx St. Maarten at GeoHive] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025065859/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/stmaarten.aspx |date=2015-10-25 }}</ref> | | | |- valign="top" | rowspan="11" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of New Zealand|New Zealand]] | rowspan="11" | Regional | colspan="5" | [[Realm of New Zealand]]: |- | rowspan="4" style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[New Zealand]] | [[Regions of New Zealand|11 non-unitary regions]] | [[Territorial authorities of New Zealand|13 cities<br />53 districts]] | wards (electoral unit) | suburbs [urban] and localities [rural] |- | colspan="2" | [[Chatham Islands Council|1 special territorial authority]]: *[[Chatham Islands]] | | |- | colspan="2" | [[Unitary authority#New Zealand|5 unitary authorities]] | | |- | colspan="2" | [[New Zealand outlying islands|3 outlying islands]]: *[[Kermadec Islands]] *[[New Zealand Subantarctic Islands|Subantarctic Islands]] *[[Three Kings Islands]] | | |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Ross Dependency]]{{efn|Claim frozen by the [[Antarctic Treaty System|Antarctic Treaty]].}} | | | | |- | colspan="5" | [[United Nations list of non-self-governing territories|1 self-administering territory]]: |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Tokelau]] | 3 island councils | | | |- | colspan="5" | [[Associated state|2 states in free-association]]: |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Cook Islands]] | [[Administrative divisions of the Cook Islands|10 island councils]] | [[:Category:Districts of the Cook Islands|districts]] | [[tapere]] | |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Niue]] | [[List of villages in Niue|14 villages]] | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Nicaragua|Nicaragua]] | Regional | [[Departments of Nicaragua|15 departments]] (''departamentos'')<br />[[Zelaya Department|2 autonomous regions]] (''regiones autónomas'') | [[Municipalities of Nicaragua|153 municipalities]] (''municipios'') | populated places (''lugares poblados'')<br />*''barrios''<br />*''comarcas''<br />*''sectores''<br />*''caserios''<br />*''comunidades'' | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Niger|Niger]] | Unitary | [[Regions of Niger|7 ''régions'']]&nbsp;<br />Capital district, [[Niamey Urban Community]] | [[Departments of Niger|63 ''départements'']] | [[Communes of Niger|communes, cantons, and groupements]]{{quantify|date=March 2024}} | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Nigeria|Nigeria]] | Federal | [[States of Nigeria|36 states]]<br />[[Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria|1 Federal Capital Territory]] | [[Local Government Areas of Nigeria|774 ''Local Government Areas'']] | [[Wards in Nigeria|8,813 ''Wards'']] or ''Districts'' | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of North Korea|North Korea]] | Unitary | [[Provinces of North Korea|9 provinces]] (''do'')<br />[[Special cities of North Korea|4 special cities]] | 150+ [[List of second-level administrative divisions of North Korea|cities, counties, workers' districts (in some counties), districts, and wards]] | towns (in counties), neighborhoods (in cities), villages (rural){{citation needed|date=March 2024}} | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of North Macedonia|North Macedonia]] | Unitary | [[Statistical regions of North Macedonia|8 statistical regions]] | [[Municipalities of North Macedonia|80 municipalities]] (''opštini'') | | | |- valign="top" | rowspan="12" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Norway|Norway]] | rowspan="12" | Regional | [[Counties of Norway|14 counties]] (''fylker'') | rowspan="2" | [[Municipalities of Norway|354 primary municipalities]] (''kommuner'')<br />[[Municipalities of Norway|3 hundreds]] (''herader'') | rowspan="2" | | rowspan="2" | | rowspan="2" | |- | 14 county municipalities (''fylkeskommuner'') |- | colspan="5" |1 combined municipality and county: |- | rowspan="2" | [[Oslo]] | [[List of boroughs of Oslo|15 boroughs]] (''bydeler'') | | | |- |2 non-boroughs{{Efn| [[Marka, Oslo|Marka]] and [[Sentrum, Oslo|Sentrum]]}} | | | |- | colspan="5" | [[List of possessions of Norway|2 integral overseas areas]]: |- | [[Jan Mayen]] | | | | |- | [[Svalbard]] | | | | |- | colspan="5" | [[Dependencies of Norway|3 dependencies]]: |- | [[Bouvet Island]] | | | | |- | [[Peter I Island]]{{efn|Claim frozen by the [[Antarctic Treaty System|Antarctic Treaty]].}} | | | | |- | [[Queen Maud Land]]{{efn|Claim frozen by the [[Antarctic Treaty System|Antarctic Treaty]].}} | | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Oman|Oman]] | Unitary | [[Governorates of Oman|11 governorates]] (''muḥāfaẓāt'') | [[Provinces of Oman|61 provinces]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[Wilayah|''wilayat'']]}}) | | | |- valign="top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Pakistan|Pakistan]] | rowspan="2" | Federal | [[Administrative units of Pakistan|4 provinces <br> 2 autonomous territories]] | [[Divisions of Pakistan|38 divisions]] | [[Districts of Pakistan|168 districts]] | [[List of tehsils in Pakistan|596 Tehsils]] | Almost 6,000 [[Union councils of Pakistan|Union Councils]] |- | [[Islamabad Capital Territory|1 federal capital territory]] |5 zones |27 union councils | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Palau|Palau]] | Unitary | [[States of Palau|16 states]] |town council(s)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Town Council – PalauGov.pw |url=https://www.palaugov.pw/town-council/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |language=en-US}}</ref> village hall(s)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Maps |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Goikul+municipal+ha/@7.3830089,134.5559849,17.21z/data=!4m15!1m8!3m7!1s0x328445b4a2af0399:0x12ed1edd39a1ebbb!2sPalau!3b1!8m2!3d7.51498!4d134.58252!16zL20vMDV0cjc!3m5!1s0x32d56d40ea24ae61:0xb964ed6135f85beb!8m2!3d7.3829874!4d134.5584487!16s/g/11twgv_2xv?hl=en&entry=ttu |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ngersuul Hall · CHRV+7PQ, Unnamed Road, Ngchesar, Palau |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Ngersuul+Hall/@7.4429918,134.5914317,3213m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m6!3m5!1s0x32d56fcf10aa86ef:0x71217d07ae92de0f!8m2!3d7.440708!4d134.5943683!16s/g/11l17ht_p9?hl=en&entry=ttu |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=Ngersuul Hall · CHRV+7PQ, Unnamed Road, Ngchesar, Palau |language=en}}</ref> traditional villages<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beluu er a Ngimiis Traditional Village · FG8H+X27, Unnamed Road, Ngatpang, Palau |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Beluu+er+a+Ngimiis+Traditional+Village/@7.4676743,134.5275566,349m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m6!3m5!1s0x32d57120023fc741:0x179625dc490f93cf!8m2!3d7.4674237!4d134.5275574!16s/g/11ftc530y4?hl=en&entry=ttu |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=Beluu er a Ngimiis Traditional Village · FG8H+X27, Unnamed Road, Ngatpang, Palau |language=en}}</ref> | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Governorates of Palestine|Palestine]] | Unitary | 16 [[Governorates of the Palestinian National Authority|governorates]] |121 municipal councils<ref name="ECFR">{{Cite web |date=2018-03-21 |title=Municipalities and Local Authorities |url=https://ecfr.eu/special/mapping_palestinian_politics/municipalities/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=ECFR |language=en-GB}}</ref> 355 village councils<ref name="ECFR" /> |local councils ([[East Jerusalem]])<ref name="ECFR" /> | | |- valign="top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Panama|Panama]] | rowspan="2" | Unitary | [[Provinces of Panama|10 provinces]] (''provincias'') | [[Districts of Panama|68 districts]] (''distritos'') | [[Corregimientos of Panama|587 corregimientos]] (''corregimientos'')<br> [[Provinces of Panama|2 corregimiento-level indigenous regions]] (''comarcas indígenas'') | rowspan="2" | populated places (''lugares poblados'') | rowspan="2" | |- | [[Provinces of Panama|4 indigenous regions]] (''comarcas indígenas'') | 11 districts | 79 corregimientos |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Papua New Guinea|Papua New Guinea]] | Regional | [[Provinces of Papua New Guinea|20 provinces]]<br>[[Autonomous Region of Bougainville|1 autonomous region]]<br>[[National Capital District (Papua New Guinea)|1 National Capital District]] | [[List of Districts and LLGs of Papua New Guinea|districts]] | [[List of Districts and LLGs of Papua New Guinea|Local-Level Government areas]] | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Paraguay|Paraguay]] | Unitary | [[Departments of Paraguay|17 departments]] (''departamentos'')<br />[[Asunción]], the capital district (''distrito capital'') | [[Districts of Paraguay|262 districts]] (''distritos'') | | | |- valign="top" | rowspan="1" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Peru|Peru]] | rowspan="1" | Regional | [[Regional Governments of Peru|26 regional level circumscriptions]]<br>(''gobiernos regionales'') *[[Departments of Peru|24 departments]]<br>(''departamentos'')<small>(constitutional)</small> *[[Regional Government of Callao]] *[[Metropolitan Municipality of Lima]] | [[Provinces of Peru|196 provinces]] (''provincias'')<ref name="CND">{{in lang|es}} [http://www.cnd.gob.pe/ Sistema Nacional de Estadística] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070321045616/http://www.cnd.gob.pe/ |date=2007-03-21 }}</ref> | [[Districts of Peru|1,869 districts]] (''distritos'')<ref name="CND" /> | [[Populated centers of Peru|2,645 populated centers]] | |- valign="top" | rowspan="3" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of the Philippines|Philippines]] | rowspan="3" | Regional | rowspan="2" | [[Regions of the Philippines|17 administrative regions]] (''rehiyong pampangasiwaan'')<br> [[Bangsamoro]], an autonomous region (''awtonomong rehiyon'') | [[Provinces of the Philippines|82 provinces]] ({{lang|fil|lalawigan}} or {{lang|fil|probinsya}}) | [[Cities of the Philippines|107 component cities]] (''bahaging lungsod'')<br />[[Municipalities of the Philippines|1,488 municipalities]] ({{lang|fil|bayan}} or {{lang|fil|munisipalidad}}) | rowspan="3" | [[Barangay|42,027 barangays]] (formerly barrios), some grouped into districts | rowspan="3" | |- | colspan="2" | [[Cities of the Philippines|22 independent cities]] (17 Highly Urbanized Cities and 5 Independent Component Cities) |- | [[Metro Manila]], the National Capital Region (''pambansang punong rehiyon'') | colspan="2" | [[Cities of the Philippines|16 Highly Urbanized Cities]]<br /> [[Pateros]], an independent [[Municipalities of the Philippines|municipality]] |- valign="top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Poland|Poland]] | rowspan="2" | Unitary | rowspan="2" | [[Voivodeships of Poland|16 voivodeships]] (provinces) | [[List of counties of Poland|314 land counties]] (''powiat ziemski'') | 2,478 municipalities (''[[gmina|gminy]]'' of 3 types) | rowspan="2" |40,740 ''sołectwa'' (rural)<br />''dzielnice'' or ''osiedla'' (urban){{citation needed|date=March 2024}} | rowspan="2" | |- | colspan="2" | [[List of counties of Poland|66 city counties]] (''powiat grodzki'') |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Portugal|Portugal]] | Regional | {{ill|Comissão de Coordenação e Desenvolvimento Regional|lt=5 regions|pt|Comissão de Coordenação e Desenvolvimento Regional}} [[pt:Comissão de Coordenação e Desenvolvimento Regional]] <br />[[Autonomous Regions of Portugal|2 autonomous regions]] (''regiões autónomas'') | [[Intermunicipal communities of Portugal|21 intermunicipal communities]] (''comunidades intermunicipais'')<br />[[Metropolitan areas in Portugal|2 metropolitan areas]] (''áreas metropolitanas'') ----[[Districts of Portugal|18 districts]] (''distritos'') | [[Municipalities of Portugal|308 municipalities]] ({{lang|pt| [[concelhos]]}} or {{lang|pt|municípios}}) | [[List of parishes of Portugal|3,091 parishes]] ({{lang|pt|freguesias}}) | localities ({{lang|pt|localidades}}){{citation needed|date=March 2024}} |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Qatar|Qatar]] | Unitary | [[Municipalities of Qatar|8 municipalities]] (''baladiya'at'') |98 Zones | | | |- valign="top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Romania|Romania]] | rowspan="2" | Unitary | [[Counties of Romania|41 counties]] ({{lang|ro|județe}}) | [[Cities of Romania|320 cities and towns]] ({{lang|ro|orașe}} (including [[Municipalities of Romania|103 major cities]], {{lang|ro|municipii}})<br />[[Communes of Romania|2,856 communes]] (divided into 12,955 villages, ''sate''{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}) | | | |- | [[Bucharest|1 autonomous municipality]] | [[Sectors of Bucharest|6 sectors]] | | | |- valign="top" | rowspan="6" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Russia|Russia]] | rowspan="6" | Federal | colspan="5" | [[Federal subjects of Russia|89 federal subjects:]]{{efn| Federal subjects, grouped into [[federal districts of Russia|7 federal districts]]}}{{efn|Including the [[Republic of Crimea (Russia)|Republic of Crimea]], [[Sevastopol]], the [[Donetsk People's Republic]], [[Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast|Kherson Oblast]], the [[Luhansk People's Republic|Lugansk People's Republic]] and [[Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast|Zaporozhye Oblast]], which were illegally [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexed by Russia]] in 2014 and [[Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts|2022]] but internationally recognized as part of [[Ukraine]]}} |- | [[Oblasts of Russia|48 oblasts]]{{efn|Including Kherson and Zaporizhzhia oblasts which are internationally recognized as part of Ukraine}}<br />[[Republics of Russia|24 republics]]{{efn|Including the [[Republic of Crimea (Russia)|Republic of Crimea]] ([[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexed by Russia in 2014]]) and the Donetsk and Lugansk People's Republics ([[Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts|annexed in 2022]]) which are internationally recognized as part of [[Ukraine]]}}<br />[[Autonomous okrugs of Russia|4 autonomous okrugs]]<br />[[Krais of Russia|9 krais]] ([[Territory (country subdivision)|territories]])<br />[[Jewish Autonomous Oblast|1 autonomous oblast]] | [[raion|2,027 districts]]<br /> [[city of federal subject significance|561 cities and towns of federal subject significance]] | [[Town of district significance|416 Towns of district significance]]<br />[[Urban-type settlement of district significance|767 urban-type settlements of district significance]]<br />[[selsoviet|15,002 selsoviets and equivalents]] | | |- | colspan="5" | [[Federal cities of Russia|3 federal cities]]{{efn|Including [[Sevastopol]] which was illegally [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexed]] in 2014 but internationally recognized as part of [[Ukraine]]}} |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Moscow]] | [[Administrative divisions of Moscow|12 administrative okrugs]] | 125 districts ([[raion]]s) | | |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[St. Petersburg]] | [[Administrative divisions of Saint Petersburg|18 districts]] ([[raion]]s) | 81 okrugs | | |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Sevastopol]]{{efn|Illegally [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexed]] in 2014 but internationally recognized as part of [[Ukraine]]}} | [[Administrative and municipal divisions of Sevastopol|4 districts]] ([[raion]]s) | 9 municipal okrugs and the Town of Inkerman{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Rwanda|Rwanda]] | Unitary | [[Provinces of Rwanda|4 provinces]] (''intara'') <br />[[Kigali|1 city]] (''umujyi'') | [[Districts of Rwanda|30 districts]] (''uturere'', [[Grammatical number|singular]] ''akarere'') | [[Sectors of Rwanda|410+ sectors]] (''imirenge'') | 2,148 cells (''utugari'', singular ''akagali'') | 14,000+ villages (''[[imidugudu]]'', singular ''umudugudu'') |- valign="top" | rowspan="3" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Saint Kitts and Nevis|Saint Kitts and Nevis]] | rowspan="3" | Federal | colspan="5" |2 islands: |- | style="padding-left: 2em " | [[Saint Kitts]] | rowspan="2" | [[Parishes of Saint Kitts and Nevis|14 parishes]] | rowspan="2" | | rowspan="2" | | rowspan="2" | |- | style="padding-left: 2em " | [[Nevis]] |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Saint Lucia|Saint Lucia]] | Unitary | [[Districts of Saint Lucia|10 districts]] (formerly 12 quarters) | | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] | Unitary | [[Parishes of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|6 parishes]] | | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Samoa|Samoa]] | Unitary | [[Districts of Samoa|11 districts]] ({{lang|sm|itūmālō}}) | | 43 subdistricts | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of San Marino|San Marino]] | Unitary | 9 ''[[Castelli of San Marino|castelli]]'' ("castles") | | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of São Tomé and Príncipe|São Tomé and Príncipe]] | Regional | [[Districts of São Tomé and Príncipe|6 districts]]<br />[[Autonomous Region of Príncipe]] | | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia]] | Unitary | [[Regions of Saudi Arabia|13 regions]] (''manaṭiq'') | [[Governorates of Saudi Arabia|150 governorates]] (''muḥafaẓat'') | 1528 centers (''marakiz'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=المركز الوطني للوثائق والمحفوظات |url=https://ncar.gov.sa/ |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=المركز الوطني للوثائق والمحفوظات |language=ar}}</ref> | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Senegal|Senegal]] | Unitary | [[Regions of Senegal|14 regions]] | [[Departments of Senegal|46 departments]] | [[Arrondissements of Senegal|133 arrondissements]] | ''communes''{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Serbia|Serbia]] | Regional | [[Districts of Serbia|29 districts]] (''okruga'')<br>[[Belgrade|1 autonomous city]]<br>[[Vojvodina|1 autonomous province]] ([[Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija|+1 claimed]]){{efn|Administered by the partially recognized [[Republic of Kosovo]]}} | [[Municipalities and cities of Serbia|150 municipalities]] (''opština'')<br />[[Municipalities and cities of Serbia|24 cities]] (''grada'') | 4,500+ settlements (''naselja'') | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Seychelles|Seychelles]] | Unitary | [[Districts of the Seychelles|26 districts]] | | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Sierra Leone|Sierra Leone]] | Unitary | [[Provinces of Sierra Leone|4 provinces<br />1 area]] | [[Districts of Sierra Leone|14 districts]] | [[Chiefdoms of Sierra Leone|149 chiefdoms]] | | |- valign="top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Singapore|Singapore]] | rowspan="2" | Unitary | rowspan="2" | [[Community Development Council|5 districts]] | [[Constituencies of Singapore|33 constituencies]] |98 wards | | |- | colspan="2" |1 Central Business District | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Slovakia|Slovakia]] | Unitary | [[Regions of Slovakia|8 regions]] (''kraje'') | [[Districts of Slovakia|79 districts]] (''okresy'') | [[List of municipalities and towns in Slovakia|2,891 municipalities]] (''[[Obec|obcí]]'') of which [[List of municipalities and towns in Slovakia|141 are cities or towns]] (''mestá'')<ref>{{Cite web | date=2019-09-25 | title = Z obce Nesvady by sa od 1. januára 2020 malo stať mesto | trans-title = From 1 January 2020, the village of Nesvady should become a town | url = https://www.teraz.sk/slovensko/z-obce-nesvady-by-sa-od-1-januara-2020/420500-clanok.html | access-date = 2020-11-22 | publisher = TASR (News Agency of the Slovak Republic) | language = sk}}</ref> |cadastraal areas (''katastrálne územia''){{citation needed|date=March 2024}} | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Slovenia|Slovenia]] | Unitary | [[Municipalities of Slovenia|212 municipalities]] (''občine'') | | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Solomon Islands|Solomon Islands]] | Regional | [[Provinces of Solomon Islands|9 provinces]] &<br />[[Honiara]], the capital territory | wards | villages | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Somalia|Somalia]] | Federal | [[States and regions of Somalia|6 states]] | [[Regions of Somalia|18 regions]] (''gobolada'') | [[Districts of Somalia|75 districts]] | settlements | |- valign="top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of South Africa|South Africa]] | rowspan="2" | Regional | rowspan="2" | [[Provinces of South Africa|9 provinces]] | [[District municipality (South Africa)|44 district municipalities]] | [[Local municipality (South Africa)|205 local municipalities]] | rowspan="2" | [[Ward (South Africa)|4,468 wards]] | rowspan="2" | |- valign="top" | colspan="2" | [[Metropolitan municipality (South Africa)|8 metropolitan municipalities]] |- valign="top" | rowspan="7" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of South Korea|South Korea]] | rowspan="7" | Unitary | [[Seoul|1 Special City]] (''teukbyeolsi'') | rowspan="2" | [[List of districts in South Korea|Autonomous districts]] ('' jachigu'')<br />5 counties | rowspan="3" | | rowspan="7" | Neighborhoods (''dong'')<br /> Towns (''eup'')<br /> Townships (''myeon'') | rowspan="7" | Rural villages (''ri'', fifth level) Urban villages (''tong'', fifth level) Hamlets (''ban'', sixth level){{citation needed|date=March 2024}} |- | rowspan="2" | [[List of provincial-level cities of South Korea|6 Metropolitan Cities]] (''gwangyeoksi'') |- | rowspan="3" | [[Cities of South Korea|75 cities]] (''si'')<br />[[List of counties of South Korea|77 counties]] (''gun'') |- | [[Provinces of South Korea|6 provinces]] (''do'') | rowspan="2" | [[List of districts in South Korea|Districts(non-administrative)]] (''ilbangu, haengjeonggu'') |- | [[Provinces of South Korea|2 Special Self-Governing Provinces(multi-leveled)]] (''teukbyeol jachido''(dacheungje)) |- | colspan="2" | [[Provinces of South Korea|1 Special Self-Governing Province(single-leveled)]] (''teukbyeol jachido''(dancheungje)) | 2cities(non-administrative) (''haengjeongsi'') |- | colspan="2" | [[Sejong City|1 Special Self-Governing City]] (''teukbyeol jachisi'') | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of South Sudan|South Sudan]] | Federal | [[States of South Sudan|10 States<br />2 Administrative Areas<br />1 Area with Special Administrative Status]]<br /> | [[Counties of South Sudan|183 counties]] | [[Payam (administrative division)|540 Payams]] | [[Boma (administrative division)|2,500 Bomas]] | |- valign="top" | rowspan="3" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Spain|Spain]] | rowspan="3" | Regional | [[Autonomous communities of Spain|17 autonomous communities]] (''comunidades autónomas'') | [[Provinces of Spain|50 provinces]] (''provincias'') | [[Comarcas of Spain|477 ''comarcas'']] | [[Municipalities of Spain|8,129 municipalities]] (''municipios'') | |- | 2 autonomous municipalities, [[Ceuta]] and [[Melilla]], North African coast | | | | |- | 3 places of sovereignty ({{lang|es| [[plazas de soberanía]]}}) | | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]] | Regional | [[Provinces of Sri Lanka|9 provinces]] | [[Districts of Sri Lanka|25 districts]] | [[Divisional Secretariats of Sri Lanka|331 divisions]] | [[Grama Niladhari|14,015 Grama Niladhari]] | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Sudan|Sudan]] | Federal | [[States of Sudan|18 states]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[Wilayah|''wilayat'']]}}) | [[Districts of Sudan|86 districts]] | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Suriname|Suriname]] | Unitary | [[Districts of Suriname|10 districts]] (''districten'') | [[Resorts of Suriname|62 resorts]] (''ressorten'') | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Sweden|Sweden]] | Unitary | [[Counties of Sweden|21 counties]] (''län'')<br>[[County councils of Sweden|20 county councils]] (''landsting'') | [[Municipalities of Sweden|290 municipalities]] (''kommuner'') | [[Registration districts in Sweden|2,523 registration districts]] | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Subdivisions of Switzerland|Switzerland]] | Federal | [[Cantons of Switzerland|26 ''cantons'']]{{efn|([[French language|French]]; alternatively [[German language|German]]:''Kantone'', [[Italian language|Italian]]:''cantoni'' or [[Romansh language|Romansh]]:''chantuns''). Six cantons, formerly called ''demi-cantons'' (French; alternatively German:''Halbkantone'' or Romansh:''mez-chantuns''), have only one representative in the [[Swiss Council of States|Council of States]] instead of two.}} | [[Districts of Switzerland|137 ''districts'']]{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} (not in all cantons, names vary) | [[Municipalities of Switzerland|2,131 municipalities or communes]]<ref name="Institutionelle Gliederungen 2019">{{cite web|title=Institutionelle Gliederungen|url=https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/querschnittsthemen/raeumliche-analysen/raeumliche-gliederungen/Institutionelle-gliederungen.html |publisher=Bundesamt für Statistik|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref> (varies by canton) | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Syria|Syria]] | Unitary | [[Governorates of Syria|14 governorates]] (''muḥāfaẓāt'') | [[Districts of Syria|60 districts]] ([[mintaqah]]) | subdistricts (''nawaḥi''){{citation needed|date=March 2024}} | villages{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Tajikistan|Tajikistan]] | Regional | [[Regions of Tajikistan|3 regions]] (''viloyatho'')<br />[[Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province]]<br />[[Dushanbe]], capital city | 60+ [[Districts of Tajikistan|60+ districts]] (''nohiya'', formerly [[raion]]){{dubious|date=March 2024}}<!-- contradicts linked article--><br />18 cities<ref name="stat-ww" /><br />2 city councils (''hukumati''){{citation needed|date=March 2024}} | [[Jamoats of Tajikistan|368 village communes]] (''jamoats'')<ref name="stat-ww">{{cite web |url=http://stat.ww.tj/posts/July2020/macmua_20201.pdf |title=Population of the Republic of Tajikistan as of 1 January 2020 |publisher=Statistics office of Tajikistan |access-date=2 October 2020 |language=ru |archive-date=1 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601101228/http://stat.ww.tj/posts/July2020/macmua_20201.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 65 towns<ref name="stat-ww" /><br /> 4223 villages{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Tanzania|Tanzania]] | Regional | [[Regions of Tanzania|31 regions]] (''mikoa''),<ref>{{cite news |last=Mwakyusa |first=Alvar |url=http://dailynews.co.tz/index.php/home-news/46650-songwe-is-new-region-with-four-districts |title=Songwe is new region - with four districts |date=4 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205094519/http://dailynews.co.tz/index.php/home-news/46650-songwe-is-new-region-with-four-districts |archive-date=5 February 2016 |newspaper=[[Daily News (Tanzania)|Daily News]] |access-date=21 February 2017 |url-status=dead |accessdate=3 January 2026 |archivedate=5 February 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205094519/http://dailynews.co.tz/index.php/home-news/46650-songwe-is-new-region-with-four-districts }}</ref> including [[Zanzibar]], a semi-autonomous region spanning five regions | [[Districts of Tanzania|120+ districts]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[Wilayah|''wilayat'']]}}) | divisions{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} | [wards] | [villages] |- valign="top" | rowspan="3" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Thailand|Thailand]] | rowspan="3" | Unitary | rowspan="2" | [[Provinces of Thailand|76 provinces]] (''changwat'') | [[Districts of Thailand|878 districts]] (''amphoe'') | [[Tambon|7,255 subdistricts]] (''tambons'') | rowspan="2" | [[Muban|74,944 villages (''muban'')]]<br /> Community associations (''chum-chon'') | rowspan="2" | |- | colspan="2" |Municipalities (''[[thesaban]]'') of 3 types take some responsibilities of districts and subdistricts{{efn|* 30{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} city-municipalities (''thesaban nakhon'') * 178{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} town-municipalities (''thesaban mueang'') * 2,232{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} subdistrict-municipalities (''thesaban tambon'')}} [[Pattaya]] special administrative area |- | [[Bangkok]] special administrative area | [[List of districts of Bangkok|50 districts]] (''khet'') | [[Khwaeng|180 subdistricts]] (''kwaeng'') | | |- valign="top" | rowspan="3" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Timor-Leste|Timor-Leste]]{{Efn|Also known as ''East Timor''.}} | rowspan="3" | Unitary | [[Municipalities of Timor-Leste|13 municipalities]] (''municípios'', ''munisípiu'') | rowspan="3" | [[Administrative posts of Timor-Leste|65 administrative posts]] (''postos administrativos'') | rowspan="3" | [[Sucos of Timor-Leste|442 villages]] (''sucos'') | rowspan="3" | [[Sucos of Timor-Leste|2,336 communities]] (''aldeias'') | rowspan="3" | |- | [[Municipalities of Timor-Leste|1 special administrative region]] (''região administrativa especial''): |- | [[Oecusse]] |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Togo|Togo]] | Unitary | [[Regions of Togo|5 ''régions'']] | [[Prefectures of Togo|30 ''préfectures'']] | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Tonga|Tonga]] | Unitary | [[Divisions of Tonga|5 provinces]] | [[Districts of Tonga|23 districts]] | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago]] | Regional | 7 regions<br />5 boroughs<br />2 cities<br />1 ward ([[Tobago]]) | | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Subdivisions of Tunisia|Tunisia]] | Unitary | [[Governorates of Tunisia|24]] [[province]]s (''[[Wilayah]]'') | [[Delegations of Tunisia|264 delegations]] (''[[Mutamadiyat]]'') | 350 municipalities (''[[Baladiyah]]'')<ref>[http://www.statoids.com/utn.html Tunisia Governorates<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> | 2073 sectors (''Imadats'')<ref>[http://www.tunisieindustrie.nat.tn/fr/doc.asp?mcat=12&mrub=105&msrub=204&dev=true ''Portail de l'industrie Tunisienne''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106172919/http://www.tunisieindustrie.nat.tn/Fr/doc.asp?mcat=12&mrub=105&msrub=204&dev=true |date=2013-01-06 }}, in French</ref> | |- valign="top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Turkey|Turkey]] | rowspan="2" | Unitary | [[Provinces of Turkey|81 provinces]] (''il'') | [[Districts of Turkey|403 districts]] (''ilçe'') | [[2013 Turkish local government reorganisation|403 district capitals]]<br /> [[2013 Turkish local government reorganisation|388 towns]] ([[belde]])<br /> [[Villages of Turkey|18,260 villages]] (''[[köy]]'') | rowspan="2" | 32,244 neighborhoods (''[[Mahallah|mahalle]]'') (not in villages) | rowspan="2" | |- | 30 [[Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey|metropolitan municipalities]] (consolidated province-municipalities) | colspan="2" | [[Districts of Turkey|519 consolidated district-municipalities]] |- valign="top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Turkmenistan|Turkmenistan]] | rowspan="2" | Unitary | [[Regions of Turkmenistan|5 regions]] (''[[Wilayah|welaýatlar]]'') (also known as provinces) | * [[Districts of Turkmenistan|37 districts]] (''etraplar'')<br />* [[Districts of Turkmenistan#Cities with "district status" |7 cities with district status]] (''etrap hukukly'') | * 469 rural councils (or rural municipal units) (''geňeşlikler, singular geňeşlik'')<br />*68 towns (''şäherçeler'') | * 1,690 villages (or rural settlements) (''oba ilatly ýerler'') | |- | [[Ashgabat]], the capital city-region | [[Ashgabat#Districts|4 boroughs or districts]] (''uly etraplar'') (as of 2018) | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Tuvalu|Tuvalu]] | Unitary | [[Islands of Tuvalu|9 districts]] | | | | |- valign="top" | [[Administrative divisions of Uganda|Uganda]] | Unitary | [[Regions of Uganda|4 administrative regions]] | [[Sub-regions of Uganda|15 sub-regions]]<br /> [[Districts of Uganda|135 districts]]<br />[[Kampala|1 city]] | [[Counties of Uganda|167 counties]]<br />31 municipalities<br />25 city divisions | [[Sub-counties of Uganda|1,496 subcounties]]<br />580 town councils<br />89 municipal divisions/boroughs | 10,717 parishes<br /> 71,213 villages<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-23 |title=Home - Ministry of Local Government |url=https://molg.go.ug/ |access-date=2024-01-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Ukraine|Ukraine]] | Regional | [[Administrative divisions of Ukraine|24 oblasts]] (regions){{efn|Currently, one oblast (Luhansk) is fully under Russian control, and three more (Donetsk, Kherson, and Zaporizhzhia) are partially under Russian control.}}<br />[[cities with special status|2 cities with special status]]{{efn|One city ([[Sevastopol]]) is currently under Russian control.}}<br />[[Autonomous Republic of Crimea|1 autonomous republic]]{{efn|Currenltly under Russian control}} | [[Raions of Ukraine|136 raions]] (districts) | [[Hromada|1469 hromadas]] (communities)<ref>{{cite web|title=Офіційний портал Верховної Ради України|url=http://static.rada.gov.ua/zakon/new/NEWSAIT/ADM/zmist.html|website=static.rada.gov.ua|access-date=2020-12-12}}</ref> | [[Starosta okruh|7567 starosta okruhs]] (elderships)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 November 2023 |title=Monitoring of the reform of local self-government and territorial organization of power |language=uk |work= |publisher=[[Ministry of Communities and Territories Development (Ukraine)]] |url=https://mtu.gov.ua/content/monitoring-reformi-miscevogo-samovryaduvannya-ta-teritorialnoi-organizacii-vladi.html |accessdate=3 January 2026 |archivedate=2 November 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102154232/https://mtu.gov.ua/content/monitoring-reformi-miscevogo-samovryaduvannya-ta-teritorialnoi-organizacii-vladi.html }}</ref> | |- valign="top" | rowspan="8" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of the United Arab Emirates|United Arab Emirates]] | rowspan="8" | Federal | colspan="5" | [[Emirates of the United Arab Emirates|7 emirates]] (''imarat''): |- | [[Emirate of Abu Dhabi|Abu Dhabi]] | 3 regions | 105 districts | neighborhoods | |- | [[Emirate of Ajman|Ajman]] | 8 sectors | 76 neighborhoods | | |- | [[Emirate of Dubai|Dubai]] | 9 sectors | [[List of communities in Dubai|226 communities]] | | |- | [[Emirate of Fujairah|Fujairah]] | 6 municipalities (zones) | neighborhoods | | |- | [[Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah|Ras Al Khaimah]] | 9 sectors | 99 neighborhoods | | |- | [[Emirate of Sharjah|Sharjah]] | [[Sharjah Municipality|9 municipalities]] | 106 districts | neighborhoods | |- | [[Emirate of Umm Al Quwain|Umm Al Quwain]] | 8 sectors | 92 zones | | |- valign="top" | rowspan="39" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]] | rowspan="39" | Regional | colspan="5" | [[Countries of the United Kingdom|4 constituent countries]]: |- | colspan="5" style="padding-left: 2em " | 1 constituent country without devolution: |- valign="top" | rowspan="7" style="border-bottom:0;padding-left: 4em;" | [[Subdivisions of England|England]] | rowspan="3" | [[Greater London]] | [[City of London]] | [[Wards of the City of London|25 wards]]|| |- | rowspan="2" | [[London borough|32 London boroughs]] (including [[City of Westminster|1 city]]) |areas | |- | rowspan="5" | [[Civil parish|10,449 parishes]]<ref name="Office for National Statistics">{{cite web |last=ons.geography@ons.gsi.gov.uk |first=ONS Geography |date=7 April 2010 |title=Parishes and communities |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/geography/beginner-s-guide/administrative/england/parishes-and-communities/index.html |website=www.ons.gov.uk}}</ref> with some [[unparished areas]] | rowspan="5" | |- | 6 metropolitan counties (covered by [[combined authorities]]) | 36 [[metropolitan borough]]s (a.k.a. metropolitan districts) |- | [[Non-metropolitan county|21 two-tier non-metropolitan counties]] | [[Non-metropolitan district|164 non-metropolitan districts]] |- | [[Berkshire]] (non-governing, non-metropolitan) | 6 non-metropolitan districts (''de facto'' unitary authorities) |- | colspan="2" | [[Unitary authorities of England|56 unitary authorities]]<br /> [[Isles of Scilly]] (''sui generis'') |- | colspan="5" style="padding-left: 2em " | 3 constituent countries with [[Devolution in the United Kingdom|devolution]]: |- valign="top" | style="padding-left: 4em " | [[Northern Ireland]] | [[Local government in Northern Ireland|11 districts]] | | | |- valign="top" | style="padding-left: 4em;" | [[Scotland]] | [[Subdivisions of Scotland|32 council areas]] (''comhairlean'') | [[List of community council areas in Scotland|1,369 communities]] | | |- valign="top" | style="padding-left: 4em;" | [[Wales]] | [[Principal areas of Wales|22 principal areas]] (''prif ardaloedd'') | [[Community (Wales)|878 communities]] (''cymunedau'') | | |- | colspan="5" | [[Crown Dependencies|3 crown dependencies]]: |- | rowspan="4" style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Bailiwick of Guernsey]] | colspan="4" | [[Bailiwick of Guernsey#Jurisdictions|3 jurisdictions]]: |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Alderney]] || (contiguous with non-administrative parish of St Anne) | | |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Guernsey]] | [[Parishes of Guernsey|10 parishes]] | Parish of [[Saint Peter Port]] is divided into four [[Canton (administrative division)|cantons]], excluding [[Herm]] and [[Jethou]] | |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Sark]] | (contiguous with non-administrative parish of St Peter) | | |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Isle of Man]] | [[Sheading|6 sheadings]] |15 parishes, 9 towns and villages | | |- | rowspan="2" style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Jersey]] | rowspan="2" | [[Parishes of Jersey|12 parishes]] | [[Vingtaine|''48 vingtaines'']] | | |- | [[Vingtaine|6 ''cueillettes'']] | | |- | colspan="5" | [[British Overseas Territories|14 British Overseas Territories]]: |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]] | | | | |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Administrative divisions of Anguilla|Anguilla]] | [[Districts of Anguilla|14 districts]] | | | |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Bermuda]] | [[Subdivisions of Bermuda|9 parishes<br />2 municipalities]] | | | |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[British Antarctic Territory]]{{efn|Claim frozen by the [[Antarctic Treaty System|Antarctic Treaty]].}} | | | | |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[British Indian Ocean Territory]] | [[Geography of the British Indian Ocean Territory|2 island groups]] | | | |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[British Virgin Islands]] | [[Districts of the British Virgin Islands|5 districts]] | | | |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Cayman Islands]] | [[Districts of the Cayman Islands|7 districts]] | | | |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Falkland Islands]] | [[Legislative Assembly of the Falkland Islands#Elections|2 constituencies]] | | | |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Gibraltar]] | [[Gibraltar Major Residential Areas|7 major residential areas]] | 70 enumeration areas<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibraltar Full Census Report 2012 |url=https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/new/sites/default/files/HMGoG_Documents/Full%20Census%20Report%202012%20FINAL.pdf |website=Gibraltar Government}}</ref> | | |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Montserrat]] | [[Parishes of Montserrat|3 parishes]] | | | |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Pitcairn Islands]] | [[Pitcairn Islands#Geography|4 islands]] | | | |- | rowspan="4" style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha]] | colspan="4" | [[Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha#Administrative divisions|3 constituent parts]]: |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Ascension Island]] | | | |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Saint Helena]] | [[Saint Helena#Administrative divisions|8 districts]] | | |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Tristan da Cunha]] | | | |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]] | [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands#Geography|2 island groups]] | | | |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Turks and Caicos Islands]] | [[Districts of the Turks and Caicos Islands|6 districts]] | | | |- valign="top" | rowspan="18" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of the United States|United States]] | rowspan="18" | Federal | colspan="5" | [[U.S. state|50 states]]: |- | style="padding-left: 2em " | [[Alabama]]<br>[[Arizona]]<br>[[Arkansas]]<br>[[California]]<br>[[Colorado]]<br>[[Connecticut]]<br>[[Delaware]]<br>[[Florida]]<br>[[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]<br>[[Hawaii]]<br>[[Idaho]]<br>[[Illinois]]<br>[[Indiana]]<br>[[Iowa]]<br>[[Kansas]]<br>[[Kentucky]]<br>[[Maine]]<br>[[Maryland]]<br>[[Massachusetts]]<br>[[Michigan]]<br>[[Minnesota]]<br>[[Mississippi]]<br>[[Missouri]]<br>[[Montana]]<br>[[Nebraska]]<br>[[Nevada]]<br>[[New Hampshire]]<br>[[New Jersey]]<br>[[New Mexico]]<br>[[New York (state)|New York]]<br>[[North Carolina]]<br>[[North Dakota]]<br>[[Ohio]]<br>[[Oklahoma]]<br>[[Oregon]]<br>[[Pennsylvania]]<br>[[Rhode Island]]<br>[[South Carolina]]<br>[[South Dakota]]<br>[[Tennessee]]<br>[[Texas]]<br>[[Utah]]<br>[[Vermont]]<br>[[Virginia]]<br>[[Washington (state)|Washington]]<br>[[West Virginia]]<br>[[Wisconsin]]<br>[[Wyoming]] | [[Counties of the United States|3,049 counties]] (including [[Independent city (United States)|41 independent cities]]){{efn|Not all have active governments. No county-level government exists in: * Any [[List of counties in Connecticut|county of Connecticut]], which are being replaced for census purposes by [[Councils of governments in Connecticut|councils of governments]] * 8 of 14 [[List of counties in Massachusetts|counties of Massachusetts]] * Any [[List of counties in Rhode Island|counties of Rhode Island]] * [[Oglala Lakota County, South Dakota|Oglala Lakota]] and [[Todd County, South Dakota|Todd]] Counties in [[South Dakota]], which are administered by neighboring counties.}} | colspan="3" rowspan="4" | [[Local government in the United States]] varies widely by state; some entities cross county and other boundaries. The US Census in 2012 counted 19,522 municipalities, 16,364 [[Civil township|townships]], 37,203 special districts, and 12,884 independent school districts which have active governments.<ref>[https://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/governments/cb12-161.html Census Bureau Reports There Are 89,004 Local Governments in the United States]</ref> Many states use township as a governmental level between county and municipality. Most states have counties with unincorporated areas (no municipal government). Municipal governments are called cities, towns, villages, boroughs, and townships, and can form 1-3 layers of government. Many municipalities are administratively divided into boroughs, wards, districts, neighborhoods, or villages, which may or may not have an active government. The US Census defines [[minor civil division]]s and [[census county division]]s for top-level county divisions, many only for statistical purposes. |- | rowspan="2" style="padding-left: 2em " | [[Alaska]] | [[List of boroughs and census areas in Alaska|19 boroughs]] |- | [[Unorganized Borough, Alaska|Unorganized Borough]] |- | style="padding-left: 2em " | [[Louisiana]] | [[List of parishes in Louisiana|64 parishes]] |- | colspan="5" |1 federal district: |- | style="padding-left: 2em " | [[Washington, D.C.]] | | | | |- |326 [[Indian reservation]]s | | | | |- | colspan="5" | [[Territories of the United States|4 unincorporated organized territories]]: |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Guam]] | [[Villages of Guam|19 villages]]{{efn|also known as municipalities.}} | | | |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Northern Mariana Islands]] | [[Municipalities of the Northern Mariana Islands|4 municipalities]] | | | |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Puerto Rico]] | [[Municipalities of Puerto Rico|78 municipalities]] | [[Barrios of Puerto Rico|902 barrios]]<ref name="Barrio-Pueblo">{{cite web |title=US Census Barrio-Pueblo definition |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/help/en/barrio.htm |website=factfinder.com |publisher=US Census |access-date=5 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513190743/https://factfinder.census.gov/help/en/barrio.htm |archive-date=13 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[United States Virgin Islands]] | [[Districts and subdistricts of the United States Virgin Islands|3 districts]] | [[Districts and subdistricts of the United States Virgin Islands|20 subdistricts]] | | |- | colspan="5" | [[Territories of the United States|1 unincorporated unorganized self-governing territory]]: |- | rowspan="2" style="padding-left: 2em; " | [[American Samoa]] | [[Administrative divisions of American Samoa|3 districts]] | 15 counties | 76 villages | |- | 2 unorganized atolls | | | |- | colspan="5" | [[United States Minor Outlying Islands]]: |- | style="padding-left: 2em " | [[Baker Island]]<br>[[Howland Island]]<br>[[Jarvis Island]]<br>[[Johnston Atoll]]<br>[[Kingman Reef]]<br>[[Midway Islands]]<br>[[Palmyra Atoll]]{{efn|Incorporated}}<br>[[Wake Island]]<br>[[Bajo Nuevo Bank]]{{efn|Disputed}}<br>[[Navassa Island]]{{efn|Disputed}}<br>[[Serranilla Bank]]{{efn|Disputed}} | | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Uruguay|Uruguay]] | Unitary | [[Departments of Uruguay|19 departments]] (''departamentos'') | [[Municipalities of Uruguay|125 municipalities]] (''municipios'') | | | |- valign="top" | rowspan="5" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Subdivisions of Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]] | rowspan="5" | Regional | rowspan="2" | [[Regions of Uzbekistan|12 regions]] (''[[Wilayah|viloyatlar]]'') | [[Districts of Uzbekistan|144 districts]]<!-- 175 minus 15 in Taskent and 16 in Karakalpakstan --> (''tumanlar'')<ref name="stat">{{cite web|url=https://api.stat.uz/api/v1.0/data/ozbekiston-respublikasining-mamuriy-hududiy-bol?lang=uz&format=pdf|title=O'zbekiston Respublikasining maʼmuriy-hududiy bo'linishi|trans-title=Administrative-territorial division of the Republic of Uzbekistan|date=July 2021|publisher=The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on statistics|language=uz|archive-date=4 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204100727/https://api.stat.uz/api/v1.0/data/ozbekiston-respublikasining-mamuriy-hududiy-bol?lang=uz&format=pdf}}</ref><ref name="class">{{cite web|url=https://stat.uz/uploads/docs/soato(mhobt)_2020.xlsx|title=Classification system of territorial units of the Republic of Uzbekistan|language=uz, ru|date=July 2020|publisher=The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on statistics}}</ref><br /> |Citizen assembly of villages<br /> [[Urban-type settlement]]s<br /> Cities of district subordination | | |- |Cities of regional subordination |Cities<br /> Citizen assembly of villages<br /> [[Urban-type settlement]] | | |- | rowspan="2" | [[Karakalpakstan]], an autonomous republic | Cities of republican subordination | [[Urban-type settlement]]s | | |- | [[Districts of Uzbekistan|16 districts]] | Village citizen assemblies<br /> [[Urban-type settlement]]s<br /> Cities of district subordination | | |- | [[Tashkent]], an independent city | [[Districts of Uzbekistan|15 districts]] | [[Urban-type settlement]]s | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Vanuatu|Vanuatu]] | Unitary | [[Provinces of Vanuatu|6 provinces]] | municipalities, local councils | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Vatican City]] | Unitary |''None'' | | | | |- valign="top" | rowspan="3" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Venezuela|Venezuela]] | rowspan="3" | Federal | [[States of Venezuela|23 states]] (''estados'') | rowspan="2" | [[Municipalities of Venezuela|335 municipalities]] (''municipios'') | rowspan="2" | ''1,136 parroquias''{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} | rowspan="2" | | rowspan="2" | |- |1 capital district, [[Caracas]] |- | [[Federal dependencies of Venezuela| Federal dependencies]] of 12 island groups | Francisco de Miranda Insular Territory, directly administered remainder | | | |- valign="top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Vietnam|Vietnam]] | rowspan="2" | Unitary | [[Provinces of Vietnam|28 provinces]] (''tỉnh'')<br /> | [[Ward (Vietnam)|403 wards]] (''phường'')<br>[[Rural commune (Vietnam)|2,263 rural communes]] (''xã'')<br>[[Special administrative region (Vietnam)|9 special zones]] (''đặc khu'') | rowspan="2" | [[Neighborhood (Vietnam)|neighborhoods]] (''khu phố'')<br />[[Hamlet (Vietnam)|hamlets]] (''xóm'', ''ấp'')<br />[[Village (Vietnam)|villages]] (''làng'', ''thôn'', ''bản'') | rowspan="2" | | rowspan="2" | |- | [[Municipalities of Vietnam|6 municipalities]] (''thành phố trực thuộc trung ương'') | [[Ward (Vietnam)|284 wards]] (''phường'')<br>[[Rural commune (Vietnam)|357 rural communes]] (''xã'')<br>[[Special administrative region (Vietnam)|4 special zones]] (''đặc khu'') |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Yemen|Yemen]] | Unitary | [[Governorates of Yemen|21 governorates]] (''muḥāfaẓāt'')<br />[[Sana'a|1 municipality]] | [[Districts of Yemen|333 districts]] | 2,210+ [subdistricts]{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} | 38,284 [villages]{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Subdivisions of Zambia|Zambia]] | Unitary | [[Provinces of Zambia|10 provinces]] | [[Districts of Zambia|89 districts]] | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]] | Unitary | [[Provinces of Zimbabwe|10 provinces]] | [[Districts of Zimbabwe|59 districts]] | [[List of wards of Zimbabwe|1,200 wards]] | | |} === Member states of United Nations specialized agencies === {| style="width:100%;" class="wikitable" |- ! rowspan="2" style="width:24%;" | Country ! rowspan="2" | Type ! colspan="4" | Administrative divisions |- ! style="width:19%;" | [[:Category:First-level administrative divisions by country|First-level]] ! style="width:19%;" | [[:Category:Second-level administrative divisions by country|Second-level]] ! style="width:19%;" | [[:Category:Third-level administrative divisions by country|Third-level]] ! style="width:19%;" | [[:Category:Fourth-level administrative divisions by country|Fourth-level]]+ |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Kosovo|Kosovo]] | Unitary | [[Districts of Kosovo|7 districts]] | [[Municipalities of Kosovo|38 municipalities]] | 1,400+ settlements (''naselja'') | |} === Other states === {| style="width:100%;" class="wikitable" |- ! rowspan="2" style="width:24%;" | Country ! rowspan="2" | Type ! colspan="4" | Administrative divisions |- ! style="width:19%;" | [[:Category:First-level administrative divisions by country|First-level]] ! style="width:19%;" | [[:Category:Second-level administrative divisions by country|Second-level]] ! style="width:19%;" | [[:Category:Third-level administrative divisions by country|Third-level]] ! style="width:19%;" | [[:Category:Fourth-level administrative divisions by country|Fourth-level]]+ |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Subdivisions of Abkhazia|Abkhazia]] | Unitary | [[Districts of Abkhazia|7 districts]] (''araion'')<br/>[[Sukhumi|City of Sukhumi]] | [[Municipalities of Abkhazia|123 municipalities]] | | |- | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of South Ossetia|South Ossetia]] | Unitary | [[Administrative divisions of South Ossetia|4 districts]] ([[raion]]s)<br/>2 cities | | | |- | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Taiwan|Taiwan]] (Republic of China) | Regional | [[Special municipality (Taiwan)|6 special municipalities]] (''zhíxiáshì'') (''+12 claimed)''<br />[[Provinces of China|2 (streamlined) provinces]] (''shěng''){{efn|Nominal. All provincial governments are ''de facto'' abolished.}} ''(+33 claimed)'' [[Hainan|1 claimed special administrative region]] [[Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission|2 claimed areas]] | [[County (Taiwan)|13 counties]] (''xiàn'')<br />[[Provincial city (Taiwan)|3 provincial cities]] (''shì'') | [[District (Taiwan)|170 districts]] (''qū'')<br />[[County-administered city|12 county-administered cities]] (''xiànxiáshì'')<br />[[Township (Taiwan)|40 urban townships]] (''zhèn'')<br />[[Township (Taiwan)|146 rural townships]] (''xiāng'') | [[Village (Taiwan)|Urban villages]] (''lǐ'')<br />[[Village (Taiwan)|Rural villages]] (''cūn'') |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Somaliland|Somaliland]] | Unitary | [[Regions of Somaliland|6 regions]] (''gobolada'') | [[Districts of Somaliland|18 districts]] | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Northern Cyprus|Northern Cyprus]] | Unitary | [[Districts of Northern Cyprus|5 ''ilçe'']] | [[List of populated places in Northern Cyprus|subdistricts]] | [[List of populated places in Northern Cyprus|components, quarters]] | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of Transnistria|Transnistria]] | Unitary | [[Administrative divisions of Transnistria|5 raions]] 1 municipality, [[Tiraspol]] | | | |- valign="top" | style="background:#f2f2f2;" | [[Administrative divisions of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] (notional, mostly occupied by Morocco) | Unitary | [[Free Zone (region)#Polisario Force strength|7 military regions]] ''[[Provinces of Western Sahara|4 provinces]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[Wilayah|wilayat]]}}) (claimed)'' | ''[[Districts of Western Sahara|25 districts]] ({{Transliteration|ar|daïras}}) (claimed)'' | | |} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:انتظامي ورھاست]] [[زمرو:انتظامي ورھاست بلحاظ ملڪ]] 1kahff4jenuxi9awyzbyoavx6rq64yf لارڊ ايلفنسٽن 0 88618 368064 367057 2026-03-28T10:32:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 368064 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |honorific-prefix = |name = ماونٽ اسٽيورٽ ايلفنسٽن |honorific-suffix = [[Royal Society of Edinburgh|ايف آر ايس اي]] |image = Mountstuart Elphinstone 1911.jpg |order = [[بمبئي پريزيڊنسي جا گورنر|بمبئي جو گورنر]] |office = |term_start = 1 نومبر 1819 |term_end = 1 نومبر 1827 |governor-general = [[فرانسس راڊون-ھيسٽنگز| فرسٽ مارڪئس آف هيسٽنگز]]<br />[[وليم ايمھرسٽ |فرسٽ ارل ايمھرسٽ]] |predecessor = [[سر ايون نيپين]] |successor = [[سر جان مئلڪم]] |birth_date = 6 آڪٽوبر 1779 |birth_place = [[ڊمبارٽن]]، [[ڊمبارٽن شائر]]، اسڪاٽلينڊ |death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1859|11|20|1779|10|6}} |death_place = هوڪ وُڊ، [[سري]] (Surrey)، انگلينڊ |occupation = [[رياستدان]]، مؤرخ |alma_mater = [[رائل هاءِ اسڪول، ايڊنبرا]] |nationality = برطانوي |signature = Signature of Mountstuart Elphinstone.jpg }} [[File:Mountstuart Elphinstone's memorial in St Pauls Cathedral.JPG|thumb|سينٽ پالز ڪيٿيڊرل ۾ ماونٽ اسٽيورٽ ايلفنسٽن جي يادگار]] '''ماونٽ اسٽيورٽ ايلفنسٽن''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|FRSE}} (6 آڪٽوبر 1779 – 20 نومبر 1859) هڪ اسڪاٽش [[wikt:statesman|رياستدان]] ۽ مؤرخ هو، جيڪو [[British India|برطانوي هندستان]] جي حڪومت سان وابسته رهيو. هو بعد ۾ بمبئي جو گورنر (هاڻوڪو [[ممبئي]]) مقرر ٿيو، جتي کيس هندستاني آبادي لاءِ کليل ڪيترن ئي تعليمي ادارن جي قيام جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو وڃي ٿو. هڪ قابلِ ذڪر منتظم هجڻ سان گڏ، هن هندستان ۽ [[افغانستان]] بابت ڪتاب به لکيا. سندس تصنيفون نوآبادياتي دور جي تاريخ نويسي (colonial historiography) جون اهم مثال سمجهيون وڃن ٿيون.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahir |first=Rajiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBziwQEACAAJ&q=history+of+modern+india+rajiv+ahir |title=A Brief History of Modern India |date=2018 |publisher=Spectrum Books (P) Limited |isbn=978-81-7930-688-8 |pages=14 |language=en}}</ref> == شروعاتي زندگي == ماونٽ اسٽيورٽ ايلفنسٽن 6 آڪٽوبر 1779ع تي [[ڊمبارٽن]] (Dumbarton)، [[ڊمبارٽن شائر]](Dunbartonshire), هاڻوڪو ڊنبارٽن شائر، ۾ پيدا ٿيو.{{Sfn|Cotton|1892|p=17}} هن تعليم [[رائل هاءِ اسڪول، ايڊنبرا]] مان حاصل ڪئي. هو اسڪاٽلينڊ جي اميراڻي طبقي (peerage) ۾ شامل 11هين [[بارون ايلفنسٽن]] (Baron Elphinstone) جو چوٿون پٽ هو، جڏهن⁠ ته سندس والده اينا، [[لارڊ رٿوين]] جي ڌيءَ هئي.{{Sfn|Cotton|1892|p=17}} برطانوي ايسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني جي سول سروس ۾ مقرر ٿيڻ بعد (جنهن جو هڪ سندس چاچو ڊائريڪٽر هو)، هو 1796ع جي شروعات ۾ [[ڪلڪتو]] (هاڻوڪو ڪولڪاتا) پهتو، جتي هن ڪيترن ماتحت عهدن تي خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. 1799ع ۾ هو [[بنارس]] (هاڻوڪو وارانسي) ۾ معزول [[اوڌ جا نواب|نواب اَوڌ]] [[نواب وزير علي خان، اوڌ|وزير علي خان]] جي حامين طرفان ٿيل قتلِ عام کان بچي ويو. 1801ع ۾ کيس ڊپلوميٽڪ سروس ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو، جتي هو پشوا حڪمران [[باجي راءِ ٻيون]] جي درٻار ۾ برطانوي ريزيڊنٽ [[جوشيا ويب]] (Josiah Webbe) جو اسسٽنٽ مقرر ٿيو. == سفير == پشوا جي درٻار ۾ ايلفنسٽن کي پهريون ڀيرو نمايان ٿيڻ جو موقعو مليو، جڏهن کيس [[سر آرٿر ويلسلي]] جي مرهٽن ڏانهن موڪليل سفارتي مشن سان شامل ڪيو ويو. ڳالهين ناڪام ٿيڻ بعد جنگ شروع ٿي ۽ ايلفنسٽن، سول اهلڪار هجڻ باوجود، عملي طور ويلسلي جو ''[[ايڊ-ڊي-ڪيمپ]]'' بڻجي ڪم ڪيو. [[اسائي جي جنگ]] ۽ پوري مهم دوران هن غيرمعمولي بهادري ۽ فوجي حڪمتِ عمليءَ جي ڄاڻ جو مظاهرو ڪيو، جنهن تي ويلسلي کيس چيو ته هو سپاهي ٿيڻ جو اهل هو. 1804ع ۾ جنگ ختم ٿيڻ بعد، ايلفنسٽن کي [[ناگپور]] ۾ برطانوي ريزيڊنٽ مقرر ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{EB1911 |wstitle=Elphinstone, Mountstuart |volume=9 |pages=298–299 |inline=1}}</ref> هن عهدې سبب کيس ڪافي فرصت ملي، جيڪا هن مطالعي ۽ پڙهائي ۾ صرف ڪئي. 1807ع ۾ هن [[گواليار]] ۾ به ٿوري عرصي لاءِ خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. 1808ع ۾ کيس افغانستان جي [[ڪابل]] درٻار ڏانهن پهريون برطانوي [[سفير]] مقرر ڪيو ويو، جنهن جو مقصد [[افغاني ماڻھو|افغانن]] سان دوستاڻو اتحاد قائم ڪرڻ هو، جيئن [[نيپولين]] جي هندستان ڏانهن امڪاني پيشقدمي روڪي سگهجي. بهرحال، اهو اتحاد ڪامياب نه ٿي سگهيو، ڇاڪاڻ ⁠ته [[شاھ شجاع دراني]] پنهنجي ڀاءُ هٿان تخت تان لهي ويو. تنهن هوندي به، هن سفارتڪاري جو سڀ کان اهم ۽ دائمي نتيجو ايلفنسٽن جو ڪتاب ''Account of the Kingdom of Cabul and its Dependencies in Persia and India'' (1815ع) هو. ڪلڪتو ۾ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ سال پنهنجي مشن جي رپورٽ ترتيب ڏيڻ بعد، 1811ع ۾ ايلفنسٽن کي [[پوني]] ۾ برطانوي رهاڪو مقرر ڪيو ويو. هي عهدو انتهائي ڏکيو هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠ته مرهٺ سياست پيچيده هئي ۽ خاص طور پشوا حڪومت ڪمزور هئي، جنهن جو ايلفنسٽن شروع کان ئي صحيح اندازو لڳايو. 1817ع ۾ مرهٽن برطانوي حڪومت خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. [[خادڪي جي جنگ]] (جنهن کي [[ٽين اينگلو-مرهٽا جنگ]] پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو) دوران ايلفنسٽن، فوجي پسمنظر نه هئڻ باوجود، فوجي قيادت سنڀالي ۽ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ پشوا جون زمينون برطانوي راڄ ۾ شامل ڪيون ويون ۽ 1818ع ۾ ايلفنسٽن کي ڊيڪن جو ڪمشنر مقرر ڪيو ويو. == گورنر == [[File:Elphinstone college main.JPG|thumb|220x220px|[[ايلفنسٽن ڪاليج]]، [[ممبئي]]، قائم 1856ع]] 1819ع ۾ ايلفنسٽن کي [[بمبئي جو ليفٽيننٽ گورنر]] مقرر ڪيو ويو، جيڪو عهدو هن 1827ع تائين سنڀاليو. سندس دورِ حڪومت ۾ هندستان ۾ تعليم جي وڏي همٿ افزائي ڪئي وئي، جڏهن⁠ته برطانيا ۾ ان وقت مقامي آبادي کي تعليم ڏيڻ خلاف راءِ عام هئي. کيس هندستان ۾ رياستي تعليمي نظام جو باني سمجهيو وڃي ٿو. سندس اهم ڪاميابين مان هڪ “ايلفنسٽن ڪوڊ” هو، جيڪو فوجداري قانون جو هڪ منظم نظام هو. هن ڪيترائي اهي علائقا به واپس ڪيا، جيڪي برطانوي حڪومت ستارا جي راجا کان قبضي ۾ ورتا هئا. ان دور ۾ هن [[مالابار هل]] تي پهريون بنگلو تعمير ڪرايو. سندس پيروي ڪندي ڪيترن معزز ماڻهن به هتي رهائش اختيار ڪئي، جنهن سبب هي علائقو جلد ئي اميرانه ۽ فيشني بڻجي ويو، ۽ اڄ تائين ائين ئي آهي.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nair|first=Manoj R.|date=26 July 2011|title=Malabar Hill: How a jungle turned into a posh address|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-malabar-hill-how-a-jungle-turned-into-a-posh-address-1569445|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605120853/https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-malabar-hill-how-a-jungle-turned-into-a-posh-address-1569445|archive-date=5 June 2021|access-date=20 February 2019|website=[[Zee News#Newspaper|DNA India]]|publisher=DNA India}} </ref>. بمبئي پريزيڊنسي سان سندس وابستگي کي [[ايلفنسٽن ڪاليج]] جي قيام ۽ يورپي آبادي طرفان سندس سنگ مرمر جي مورتي نصب ڪرڻ سان يادگار بڻايو ويو. بهرحال، [[ايلفنسٽن روڊ ريلوي اسٽيشن]] (2018ع ۾ پرڀادي وي اسٽيشن نالي سان تبديل ٿيل) ۽ [[ايلفنسٽن سرڪل]] (1947ع کان پوءِ هورنيمن سرڪل)، ممبئي ۾، سندس نالي سان نه پر سندس ڀائيٽي [[جان، 13هون لارڊ ايلفنسٽن]] جي نالي سان منسوب هئا، جيڪو بعد ۾ 1850ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ بمبئي جو گورنر پڻ ٿيو. ڪراچي جي هڪ اهم تجارتي شاهراهه اڳي [[ايلفنسٽن اسٽريٽ]] سڏبي هئي،<ref>{{Cite book|last=Baillie|first=Alexander Francis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7tIwAQAAMAAJ&q=Mountstuart+%22Elphinstone+street%22|title=Kurrachee: (Karachi) Past, Present and Future|date=1890|publisher=Thacker, Spink|language=en}}</ref> جيڪا هاڻي [[زيب النساءِ اسٽريٽ]] سڏجي ٿي. [[ايلفنسٽن، وڪٽوريا]] (آسٽريليا) جو شهر، [[مائونٽ اسٽورٽ، تسمانيا]] جو علائقو، ۽ اتي موجود ايلفنسٽن روڊ پڻ سندس نالي سان منسوب آهن.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mountstuarttas.org.au/?q=content/mount-stuart-history|title=Mount Stuart Website – A collaboration of Mount Stuart Residents Inc & Mount Stuart Hall Inc}}</ref> لنڊن جي [[سينٽ پالز ڪيٿيڊرل]] جي زيرزمين (crypt) ۾ پڻ سندس مورتي موجود آهي.<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=45040 St Paul's – The New Church]</ref> == برطانيا ڏانهن واپسي == 1829ع ۾، لڳ ڀڳ ٻن سالن جي سفر کان پوءِ، ماونٽ اسٽيورٽ ايلفنسٽن برطانيا واپس موٽيو. واپسي کان پوءِ به هن عوامي معاملن تي اثرانداز رهڻ جاري رکيو، پر هاڻي سندس سرگرمين جو مرڪز اسڪاٽلينڊ بدران انگلينڊ هو. ان جي باوجود، 1830ع ۾ کيس [[رائل سوسائٽي آف ايڊنبرا]] جو فيلو چونڊيو ويو، جنهن لاءِ سندس سفارش [[سر جان روبسن (موجد)|سر جان روبسن]] ڪئي هئي.<ref name=BIFF>{{cite book|title=Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002|date=July 2006|publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|isbn=0-902-198-84-X|url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf|access-date=2026-01-22|archive-date=2013-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124115814/http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124115814/http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf |date=2013-01-24 }}</ref>. هو انهن ستن ماڻهن مان هڪ هو، جن 16 جولاءِ 1830ع تي [[رائل جاگرافيڪل سوسائٽي]] جو بنياد وڌو.<ref name="Markham23">{{cite book |last=Markham |first=Sir Clements Robert |date=1881 |title=The Fifty Years' Work of the Royal Geographical Society |publisher=J. Murray |page=[https://archive.org/details/fiftyyearsworkof00markiala/page/22 23]}}</ref> ايلفنسٽن ٻه ڀيرا [[هندستان جو گورنر جنرل]] ٿيڻ جي آڇ رد ڪئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠ ته هو پنهنجي ٻه جلدن تي مشتمل ڪتاب ''History of India'' (1841ع) مڪمل ڪرڻ چاهيندو هو. هو 20 نومبر 1859ع تي هوڪ ووڊ، سرِي (انگلينڊ) ۾ وفات ڪري ويو.{{Sfn|Cotton|1892|pp=216–217}} کيس [[لمپس فيلڊ]] جي چرچ يارڊ ۾ دفن ڪيو ويو.<ref name=BIFF /> سندس ياد ۾ [[سينٽ پالز ڪيٿيڊرل]] ۾ پڻ هڪ يادگاري نشان موجود آهي.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sinclair|first=William Macdonald|url=https://archive.org/details/memorialsstpauls00sinciala/page/462/mode/2up|title=Memorials of St. Paul's Cathedral|publisher=Chapman and Hall|year=1909|location=London|pages=462|author-link=William Sinclair (archdeacon of London)}}</ref>. بعد ۾ [[James Sutherland Cotton|جيمز سدرلينڊ ڪاٽن]] 1892ع ۾ [[رولرز آف انڊيا سيريز|’’رولرز آف انڊيا‘‘ سلسلي]] هيٺ ايلفنسٽن جي سوانح حيات لکي.<ref>{{cite journal|date=1892|title=Reviewed Work: Rulers of India. Mountstuart Elphinstone. By J. S. Cotton, M.A. (Oxford: The Clarendon Press. 1892.)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_english-historical-review_1892-10_7_28/page/812|journal=[[The English Historical Review]]|volume=7|issue=28|page=813|jstor=547455}}</ref>. مورخ [[جيمز گرانٽ ڊف]] پنهنجي پٽ [[ايم. اي. گرانٽ ڊف]] جو نالو به ايلفنسٽن جي نالي تي رکيو. == ڇپيل تصنيفون == * اڪائونٽ آو ڪنگڊم آو ڪابل، اينڊ اٽس ڊپينڊينسيز ان پرشيا ، تارتاري اينڊ انڊيا {{cite book|last=An Account of the Kingdom of Cabul, and its Dependencies in Persia, Tartary, and India|url=https://www.wdl.org/en/item/16798|year=1815|location=London|publisher=Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824111406/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/16798/ |date=2021-08-24 }} * ھسٽري آو انڊيا جلد پھريون * {{cite book|last=The History of India|url=https://archive.org/stream/historyofindia01elph#page/n3/mode/2up|year=1841|publisher=John Murray|location=London|edition=1|volume=I}} * ھسٽري آو انڊيا ، جلد ٻيون * {{cite book|last=The History of India|url=https://archive.org/stream/thehistoryofin02elphiala#page/n5/mode/2up|year=1841|edition=1|volume=II|location=London|publisher=John Murray}} * رائز آو برٽش پاور ان ايسٽ * {{cite book|last=The Rise of the British Power in the East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mg4oAAAAYAAJ|publisher=John Murray|location=London|year=1887|editor-last=Colebrooke|editor-first=Edward|editor-link=Edward Colebrooke, 1st Baron Colebrooke}} ==حوالا== [[زمرو:1859ع جون فوتگيون]] 7t6x5m37h209d3n1o956lc3ujpmgmyx ايزٽيڪ 0 89529 368016 366484 2026-03-28T06:39:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 368016 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Aztec Empire.png|thumb|upright=1.35|1519ع ۾ [[ازتڪ سلطنت]] جو [[ميزوامريڪا]] اندر ڏيک]] {{Aztecbox}} '''ايزٽيڪ''' يا '''ازتڪ''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|z|t|ɛ|k|s}} {{respell|AZ|teks}}) هڪ [[ميزوآمريڪا|ميزوامريڪائي]] تهذيب هئي، جيڪا مرڪزي [[ميڪسيڪو]] ۾ 1300ع کان 1521ع تائين عروج تي رهي. ازتڪ ماڻهن ۾ مرڪزي ميڪسيڪو جا مختلف [[ميڪسيڪو جا مقامي ماڻهو|نسلي/اتنائي گروهه]] شامل هئا، خاص طور اهي جيڪي [[ناهواٽل|ناهواٽل ٻولي]] ڳالهائيندا هئا. ازتڪ ثقافت شهر-رياستن (''[[الٽيپيٽ]]'') تي منظم هئي، جن مان ڪجهه گڏجي اتحاد، سياسي گڏجاڻيون، يا سلطنتون بڻيون. [[ازتڪ سلطنت]] ٽن شهر-رياستن جي گڏيل اتحاد (ڪنفيڊريشن) طور 1427ع ۾ قائم ٿي: [[تينوچٽٽلان]] (جيڪو [[مېشيڪا]] يا ٽينوچڪا جو گاديءَ وارو شهر هو)، [[تيتسڪوڪو]]، ۽ [[ٽليڪوپان]]—اهي اڳ ۾ [[ٽيپانيڪ]] سلطنت جو حصو هئا، جنهن جي غالب قوت [[ازتڪاپوٽزالڪو]] هئي. جيتوڻيڪ “ازتڪ” جو اصطلاح<ref name="Aztecs or Mixicas">{{Cite web|url=https://mexicanroutes.com/why-are-aztecs-called-mexicas/|title=Why are Aztecs called Mexicas?|website=mexicanroutes.com|date=4 November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-04}}</ref> گهڻو ڪري تينوچٽٽلان جي مېشيڪا لاءِ تنگ معنى ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، پر اهو وسيع معنى ۾ به مرڪزي [[ميڪسيڪو]] جي [[ناهوا]] رياستن يا قومن لاءِ—[[قبل از هسپانوي دور]] ۾—استعمال ٿئي ٿو،<ref>مثال طور: {{harvnb|Offner|1983}}</ref> ۽ [[New Spain|نئين اسپين]] جي نوآبادي دور (1521–1821) لاءِ به.<ref>{{harvnb|Gibson|1964}}</ref> مرڪزي ميڪسيڪو جا گهڻا نسلي گروهه [[پوسٽ-ڪلاسيڪي دور]] ۾ ميزوامريڪا جون بنيادي ثقافتي خوبيون گڏيل طور شيئر ڪندا هئا.<ref name="auto">{{harvnb|Smith|1997|pp=4–7}}</ref> مرڪزي ميڪسيڪو جي ثقافت ۾ [[مڪئي]] جي پوک، اشراف (''[[پپيلٽن]]'') ۽ عام ماڻهن (''[[macehualtin]]'') جي سماجي ورهاست، هڪ [[ديوتا-منڊل]]، ۽ [[ازتڪ ڪئلينڊر|ڪئلينڊري نظام]] شامل هئا. تينوچٽٽلان جي مېشيڪا لاءِ مخصوص خاصيتن ۾ سرپرست ديوتا [[Huitzilopochtli]]، [[ٻٽي پيرامڊن جا مجموعا]]، ۽ مٽيءَ جي برتنن جا انداز، جيڪي ازتڪ I کان IV طور سڃاتا وڃن ٿا، شامل آهن.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lucia |first=Kristin De |date=2018 |title=Style, Memory, and the Production of History: Aztec Pottery and the Materialization of a Toltec Legacy |url=http://iu.tind.io/record/918/files/2795_Style-Memory-and-the-Production.pdf |journal=Current Anthropology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=741–764 |doi=10.1086/700916 |s2cid=150354407 |issn=0011-3204}}</ref> مېشيڪا [[ميڪسيڪو جي وادي]] ۾ دير سان آيل هئا، ۽ هنن [[ڍنڍ ٽيڪسڪوڪو]] جي اڻموافق [[ننڍن ٻيٽن]] تي تينوچٽٽلان جي شهر-رياست قائم ڪئي؛ پوءِ اهي ازتڪ ٽرپل الائنس يا ازتڪ سلطنت جي غالب قوت بڻيا، جنهن [[ازتڪ جنگ|ميزوامريڪا ۾ ٻين شهر-رياستن کي فتح ڪيو]]. هي اتحاد 1427ع ۾ تينوچٽٽلان، [[تيڪسڪوڪو]] ۽ ٽلاڪوپان جي وچ ۾ ازتڪاپوٽزالڪو جي تيپانيڪ رياست کي شڪست ڏيڻ لاءِ قائم ٿيو، جيڪا اڳ ۾ [[ميڪسيڪو جي طاس]] تي غالب هئي. جلد ئي تيڪسڪوڪو ۽ ٽلاڪوپان اتحاد ۾ ثانوي ڀائيوار بڻجي ويا، ۽ تينوچٽٽلان غالب قوت ٿي رهيو. سلطنت واپار ۽ فوجي فتح جي گڏيل حڪمتِ عملي سان وڌندي وئي. هي ڪڏهن به اهڙي خالص علائقائي سلطنت نه هئي جيڪا فتح ڪيل صوبن ۾ وڏيون فوجي ڇائونڻيون قائم ڪري سڌو سنئون علائقو سنڀالي؛ بلڪه اها پنهنجي “گراهڪ” شهر-رياستن تي بنيادي طور هن طريقن سان بالادستي قائم ڪندي هئي: فتح ڪيل علائقن ۾ دوست حڪمران مقرر ڪرڻ، حڪمران گهراڻن ۾ [[شادين جا اتحاد]] ٺاهڻ، ۽ پنهنجي گراهڪ رياستن تائين [[امپيريل ازم|سلطنتي نظريو]] پهچائڻ.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|1997|pp=174–175}}</ref> گراهڪ شهر-رياستون ازتڪ شهنشاهه ''[[Huey Tlatoani]]'' کي خراج نه پر ٽيڪس ادا ڪنديون هيون<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Smith|first=Michael E.|date=2014|title=The Aztecs Paid Taxes, Not Tribute|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43857654|journal=Mexicon|volume=36|issue=1|pages=19–22|jstor=43857654|issn=0720-5988}}</ref>—هيءَ اقتصادي حڪمتِ عملي هئي، جنهن ۾ پري پيل رياستن جي باهمي رابطي ۽ واپار کي محدود ڪيو ويندو هو، ته جيئن اهي عيش و عشرت جي شين جي حصول لاءِ مرڪزي راڄڌاني تي وڌيڪ دارومدار رکن.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|1997|pp=176–182}}</ref> سلطنت جو سياسي اثر ميزوامريڪا جي ڏکڻ تائين پهتو، ۽ اهو [[چياپاس]] ۽ [[گوئٽي مالا]] تائين رياستن کي فتح ڪندو رهيو، ۽ پئسفڪ کان ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊن تائين ميزوامريڪا تي پکڙجي ويو.{{cn|date=November 2025}} 1519ع ۾—[[Hernán Cortés|هرنان ڪورتيز]] جي اڳواڻي ۾ [[اسپيني فاتح|اسپيني فاتحن]] جي اچڻ کان ٿورو اڳ—سلطنت پنهنجي وڌ ۾ وڌ حد تائين پهتي. ڪورتيز اُنهن شهر-رياستن سان اتحاد ڪيو جيڪي مېشيڪا جا مخالف هئا، خاص طور ناهواٽل ڳالهائيندڙ [[ٽلاڪسڪالٽيڪا]]، ۽ ٻين مرڪزي ميڪسيڪي رياستن سان به—جن ۾ تيڪسڪوڪو پڻ شامل هو، جيڪو اڳ ٽرپل الائنس ۾ ساٿي رهيو هو. 13 آگسٽ 1521ع تي تينوچٽٽلان جي زوال ۽ شهنشاهه [[ڪواوٽيموڪ]] جي گرفتاري کان پوءِ، اسپينين تينوچٽٽلان جي کنڊرن تي [[ميڪسيڪو سٽي]] قائم ڪيو ۽ [[آمريڪا جي اسپيني نوآباديت|ميزوامريڪا جي ماڻهن کي فتح ڪري اسپيني سلطنت ۾ شامل ڪرڻ]] جو عمل اڳتي وڌايو.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-22 |title=Hernán Cortés conquers the Aztec Empire |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/cortes-tenochtitlan |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=History |language=en}}</ref> 1521ع ۾ ازتڪ سلطنت جي مٿئين ڍانچي جي ٽٽڻ کان پوءِ، اسپينين اُنهن شهر-رياستن جو انتظامي ڍانچو استعمال ڪيو جن تي ازتڪ سلطنت بيٺل هئي، ۽ مقامي اشراف وسيلي مقامي آباديءَ تي حڪمراني ڪئي. اشراف نون حاڪمن لاءِ وچولو بڻيا: اهي ٽيڪس منتقل ڪرڻ ۽ مزدوري کي متحرڪ ڪرڻ جو بندوبست ڪندا هئا، جنهن سان اسپيني نوآبادي حڪمراني قائم ڪرڻ ۾ آساني ٿي.<ref>{{harvnb|Cline|2000|pp=193–197}}</ref> '''ايزٽيڪ''' يا '''ازتڪ''' ثقافت ۽ تاريخ بابت ڄاڻ بنيادي طور کوٽاين مان مليل آثارِقديمه جي شاهدين تي ٻڌل آهي—جهڙوڪ [[ميڪسيڪو سٽي]] ۾ مشهور [[ٽيمپلو مايور]] جي کوٽائي؛ [[ايزٽيڪ ڪوڊيڪس|مقامي لکڻين]]؛ ڪورتيز ۽ [[برنال ڊياث دل ڪاستييو]] جهڙن اسپيني فاتحن جي عيني شاهدن جي بيانن؛ ۽ خاص طور 16هين ۽ 17هين صديءَ ۾ لکيل اُنهن بيانن تي، جيڪي اسپيني مذهبي عالمن ۽ پڙهيل لکيل ازتڪن اسپيني يا ناهواٽل ٻوليءَ ۾ تيار ڪيا—جن ۾ مشهور ٻولي-ٻولي (اسپيني ۽ ناهواٽل) ٻارهين جلدن وارو، تصويري [[فلورنٽائن ڪوڊيڪس]] شامل آهي، جيڪو فرانسسڪن راهب [[برناردينو ڊي ساهاگون]] مقامي ازتڪ ڄاڻ ڏيندڙن جي تعاون سان تيار ڪيو. فتح کان پوءِ جي ناهوا ماڻهن بابت ڄاڻ لاءِ اهو پڻ اهم هو ته مقامي ليکڪ/ڪاتب [[نئين فلالاجي (لاطيني آمريڪا)|ناهواٽل ۾ الف بائي متن]] لکڻ جي تربيت وٺندا هئا—گهڻو ڪري مقامي ضرورتن لاءِ—اسپيني نوآبادي راڄ هيٺ. پنهنجي عروج تي، ازتڪ ثقافت وٽ شاهانه ۽ پيچيده [[ازتڪ فلسفو|فلسفيانه]]، [[ايزٽيڪ ڏند ڪٿا|ڏند ڪٿا]] ۽ [[ازتڪ مذهب|مذهبي]] روايتون هيون، ۽ گڏوگڏ شاندار [[ازتڪ معمارِي|معماري]] ۽ فني ڪاميابيون پڻ. == وصفون == [[File:Set of Mesoamerican bronze axes.JPG|upright=0.8|thumb|ازتڪ ڌاتي [[ڪهاڙو|ڪهاڙي]] جا پاتا. [[آمريڪا جي يورپي نوآبادڪاري|يورپي آبادڪارن]] جي اچڻ کان اڳ؛ ڏسو: [[قبل از ڪولمبس ميزوامريڪا ۾ ڌاتڪاري]]]] [[File:Aztec eagle warrior.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|ازتڪ باز-جنگجو جو وڏو مٽيءَ جو مجسمو]] [[ناهواٽل]] جا لفظ ''aztēcatl'' ({{IPA|nah|asˈteːkat͡ɬ}}, واحد)<ref name="mx"/> ۽ ''aztēcah'' ({{IPA|nah|asˈteːkaʔ}}, [[جمع]])<ref name="mx">{{cite web |title=Náhuatl: AR-Z |website=Vocabulario.com.mx |url=http://www.vocabulario.com.mx/nahuatl/diccionario_nahuatl_a4.html |access-date=30 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017045808/http://vocabulario.com.mx/nahuatl/diccionario_nahuatl_a4.html |archive-date=17 October 2012}}</ref> جو مطلب آهي “[[ازتلان]] جا ماڻهو”،<ref name="Aztec">{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Aztec |title=Aztec |website=Online Etymology Dictionary |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707033724/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Aztec |archive-date=7 July 2014}}</ref> جيڪو مرڪزي ميڪسيڪو جي ڪيترن نسلي گروهن لاءِ هڪ ڏند ڪٿائي اصل-هنڌ سمجهيو ويندو آهي. هي اصطلاح ازتڪن پاڻ پاران [[endonym|پنهنجي نالي]] طور استعمال نه ٿيندو هو، پر اهو مېشيڪا جي مختلف هجرتي بيانن ۾ ملي ٿو، جتي اهو انهن مختلف قبيلن کي بيان ڪري ٿو جيڪي گڏجي ازتلان ڇڏي نڪتا. ازتلان کان سفر بابت هڪ بيان ۾، [[هُوئٽزيلوپوچٽلي]]—مېشيڪا قبيلي جو [[سرپرست ديوتا]]—سفر ۾ پنهنجي پوئلڳن کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته “هاڻي اوهان جو نالو ازتڪا نه رهيو، هاڻي اوهان [[ميڪسيڪا|مېشيٽن (مېشيڪا)]] آهيو”.{{sfn|Chimalpahin|1997|p=73}} اڄ جي استعمال ۾ “ازتڪ” جو اصطلاح گهڻو ڪري رڳو تينوچٽٽلان جي مېشيڪا ماڻهن لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي (اڄ [[ميڪسيڪو سٽي]] جي هنڌ تي)، جيڪي [[ڍنڍ ٽيڪسڪوڪو]] جي هڪ ٻيٽ تي رهندا هئا، ۽ پاڻ کي ''Mēxihcah'' ({{IPA|nah|meːˈʃiʔkaʔ}}, قبيلائي سڃاڻپ، جنهن ۾ [[ٽلاتيلولڪو]] پڻ شامل هو)، ''Tenochcah'' ({{IPA|nah|teˈnot͡ʃkaʔ}}, رڳو تينوچٽٽلان جا مېشيڪا—ٽلاتيلولڪو کان ڌار)، يا ''Cōlhuah'' ({{IPA|nah|ˈkoːlwaʔ}}, سندن شاهي نسب کي [[ڪولهواڪان]] سان ڳنڍيندڙ سڃاڻپ) چوندا هئا.{{sfn|Barlow|1949}}{{sfn|León-Portilla|2000}}<ref group=nb>{{harvnb|Smith|1997|p=4}} لکي ٿو: “گهڻن لاءِ ‘ازتڪ’ جو مطلب سختي سان تينوچٽٽلان جا رهواسي (مېشيڪا ماڻهو) آهن، يا شايد ميڪسيڪو جي وادي جا رهواسي، جتي مېشيڪا ۽ ڪي ٻيا ازتڪ گروهه رهندا هئا. منهنجي خيال ۾ ‘ازتڪ’ جي وصف کي وڌائي ويجهن اَپٻاري وادين جي ماڻهن کي به شامل ڪرڻ وڌيڪ مناسب آهي، نه رڳو ميڪسيڪو واديءَ وارن کي. 1519ع ۾ اسپينين جي اچڻ کان اڳ آخري چند صدين ۾ هن وسيع علائقي جا سڀ ماڻهو ناهواٽل ٻولي ڳالهائيندا هئا (ازتڪن جي ٻولي)، ۽ سڀ پنهنجو اصل هڪ ڏند ڪٿائي هنڌ ازتلان ڏانهن منسوب ڪندا هئا (ازتڪ لفظ جو بنياد ازتلان ئي آهي، جيڪو هڪ جديد ليبل آهي، جيڪو ازتڪن پاڻ استعمال نه ڪيو)”.</ref><ref group=nb>{{harvnb|Lockhart|1992|p=1}} لکي ٿو: “انهن ماڻهن کي مان ناهوا سڏيان ٿو، اهو نالو جيڪو ڪڏهن ڪڏهن هو پاڻ به استعمال ڪندا هئا ۽ جيڪو اڄ ميڪسيڪو ۾ رائج ٿي چڪو آهي، ‘ازتڪ’ جي ڀيٽ ۾. ‘ازتڪ’ اصطلاح وٽ ڪي فيصلائتا نقصان آهن: اهو اهڙي قومي وحدت جو تاثر ڏئي ٿو جيڪا موجود نه هئي؛ اهو ڌيان هڪ عارضي سلطنتي گڏجڻ ڏانهن ڇڪي ٿو؛ اهو خاص طور فتح کان اڳ واري دور سان ٻڌل آهي؛ ۽ ان زماني جي معيارن موجب، جيڪڏهن اهو مېشيڪا جو بنيادي نالو هجي ها (جيڪو اهو نه هو)، تڏهن به ان جو استعمال مېشيڪا (يعني شاهي راڄڌاني تينوچٽٽلان جا رهواسي) کان سواءِ ٻين لاءِ نامناسب ٿئي ها”.</ref> ڪڏهن ڪڏهن هي اصطلاح تينوچٽٽلان جي ٻن وڏين ساٿي شهر-رياستن جي رهواسين کي به شامل ڪري ٿو: [[اڪولهوا]]، [[تيڪسڪوڪو]] جا، ۽ [[تيپانيڪ]]، [[ٽلاڪوپان]] جا—جيڪي سڀ گڏجي [[ايزٽيڪ ايمپائر Empire|ٽرپل الائنس]] ٺاهيندا هئا؛ هي رياست ميڪسيڪو وادي تي مشترڪ سياسي ڍانچي طور ڪنٽرول هلائيندي هئي ۽ گهڻو ڪري “ازتڪ سلطنت” سڏبي آهي. سلطنت ۽ ان جي ماڻهن بابت “ازتڪ” اصطلاح جي استعمال تي تنقيد به ٿي آهي: [[Robert H. Barlow|رابرٽ ايچ بارلو]] ان جي بدران سلطنت جي ماڻهن لاءِ “'''Culhua-Mexica'''” اصطلاح پسند ڪيو،{{sfn|Barlow|1949}}{{sfn|Barlow|1945}} ۽ پيڊرو ڪراسڪو ان رياست لاءِ “Tenochca Empire” اصطلاح کي ترجيح ڏئي ٿو.{{sfn|Carrasco|1999|p=4}} ڪراسڪو “ازتڪ” اصطلاح بابت لکي ٿو ته “اهو [[قديم ميڪسيڪو]] جي نسلي پيچيدگي کي سمجهڻ ۽ جنهن سياسي وحدت جو اسين مطالعو ڪري رهيا آهيون، ان جي غالب عنصر کي سڃاڻڻ لاءِ ڪابه ڪارائتيت نٿو رکي”.{{sfn|Carrasco|1999|p=4}} ٻين سياقن ۾، “ازتڪ” سان مراد اهي سڀ مختلف شهر-رياستون ۽ سندن ماڻهو به ٿي سگهن ٿا، جن پنهنجي نسلي تاريخ ۽ ثقافتي خوبيون وڏي حد تائين مېشيڪا، اڪولهوا ۽ تيپانيڪ سان گڏيل رکيون، ۽ جيڪي گهڻو ڪري ناهواٽل ٻولي کي [[رابطي واري ٻولي]] طور به استعمال ڪندا هئا. اهڙي استعمال جو مثال جيروم اي. آفنر جي ڪتاب ''Law and Politics in Aztec Texcoco'' ۾ ملي ٿو.<ref>{{harvnb|Offner|1983}}</ref> هن معنى ۾ “ازتڪ تهذيب” جي ڳالهه ڪرڻ ممڪن آهي—يعني اهي مخصوص ثقافتي نمونا جيڪي مرڪزي ميڪسيڪو جي گهڻن ماڻهن ۾ ديرين پوسٽ-ڪلاسيڪي دور ۾ عام هئا.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=4}} اهڙو استعمال “ازتڪ” کي مرڪزي ميڪسيڪو جي انهن سڀني گروهن تائين به وڌائي سگهي ٿو، جيڪي ثقافتي يا سياسي طور ازتڪ سلطنت جي بالادستي جي دائري ۾ شامل ڪيا ويا.{{sfn|Nichols|Rodríguez-Alegría|2017}}<ref group=nb>“Oxford Handbook of the Aztecs” جي ايڊيٽرن، {{harvnb|Nichols|Rodríguez-Alegría|2017|p=3}} موجب: “ پوسٽ ڪلاسڪ جي آخر واري دور ۾ اصطلاحن جو استعمال تاريخي طور بدلندو رهيو آهي، ۽ جديد عالمن ۾ به بدلجي چڪو آهي. پڙهندڙن کي هن هينڊبڪ ۾ ليکڪن جي اصطلاحن ۾ ڪجهه فرق نظر ايندو، پر عام طور مختلف ليکڪ ‘ازتڪ’ کي انهن ماڻهن لاءِ استعمال ڪن ٿا جيڪي پوسٽ ڪلاسيڪ جي پوئين وقت ۾ ٽرپل الائنس جي سلطنت ۾ شامل ڪيا ويا. اهڙي وسيع جغرافيائي سلطنت [...] ڪيترن ثقافتي، لساني ۽ سماجي فرقن کي پاڻ ۾ سموئي ٿي؛ ۽ ‘ازتڪ سلطنت’ اصطلاح کي انهن فرقن کي لڪائڻ نه گهرجي. جڏهن مناسب هجي، عالمن وڌيڪ مخصوص سڃاڻپون—جهڙوڪ مېشيڪا يا ٽينوچڪا—استعمال ڪن ٿا، ۽ گهڻو ڪري ‘ناهوا’ اصطلاح کي مرڪزي ميڪسيڪو جي مقامي ماڻهن لاءِ استعمال ڪن ٿا [...] اسپيني فتح کان پوءِ، جيئن لوڪ هارٽ (1992) تجويز ڪيو. انهن سڀني اصطلاحن جا پنهنجا مسئلا آهن—ڪڏهن ان ڪري جو اهي مبهم آهن، ڪڏهن ان ڪري جو حد کان وڌيڪ تنوع کي هڪ ۾ گڏ ڪن ٿا، ڪڏهن ليبل لاڳو ڪيل آهن، يا ڪنهن ٻئي سبب ڪري مسئلا پيدا ڪن ٿا. اسان کي اهڙو حل نه مليو جنهن تي سڀ اتفاق ڪن؛ تنهنڪري اسان ليکڪن جي مختلف نقطه نظر کي قبول ڪريون ٿا. اسين ‘ازتڪ’ اصطلاح استعمال ڪريون ٿا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اڄ اهو عالمن ۽ بين الاقوامي عوام ٻنهي ۾ وڏي پيماني تي سڃاتل آهي.”</ref> جڏهن “ازتڪ” کي [[نسلي گروھ|نسلي گروهن]] لاءِ استعمال ڪيو وڃي ٿو، تڏهن ان سان مراد مرڪزي ميڪسيڪو جا ڪيترائي ناهواٽل ڳالهائيندڙ ماڻهو ٿين ٿا، جيڪي ميزوامريڪا جي پوسٽ-ڪلاسيڪي دور ۾ رهندا هئا—خاص طور [[ميشيڪا]]، اهو نسلي گروهه جنهن تينوچٽٽلان کي مرڪز بڻائي هڪ هيجمونڪ سلطنت قائم ڪرڻ ۾ اڳواڻيءَ وارو ڪردار ادا ڪيو. هي اصطلاح اُنهن وڌيڪ نسلي گروهن تائين به وڌي سگهي ٿو جيڪي ازتڪ سلطنت سان لاڳاپيل هئا—جهڙوڪ اڪولهوا، تيپانيڪ، ۽ ٻيا جيڪي سلطنت ۾ شامل ڪيا ويا. [[چارلس گبسن (مؤرخ)]] مرڪزي ميڪسيڪو جا ڪيترائي گروهه ڳڻائي ٿو، جن کي هو پنهنجي مطالعي ''دي ايزٽيڪ انڊر اسپينش رول'' (1964) ۾ شامل ڪري ٿو: ڪلھواڪِي، ڪويتلاھواڪِي، ميڪسڪيڪا، زوچيميلڪا، چالڪا، ٽيپانيڪا، اڪولھواڪِي، ۽ ميڪسيڪا.<ref>{{harvnb|Gibson|1964|pp=9–21}}</ref> پراڻي استعمال ۾، “ازتڪ” جو اصطلاح اڪثر جديد ناهواٽل ڳالهائيندڙ نسلي گروهن لاءِ به استعمال ٿيندو هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اڳ ناهواٽل کي “ازتڪ ٻولي” چيو ويندو هو. جديد استعمال ۾، انهن نسلي گروهن کي [[Nahua peoples|ناهوا ماڻهو]] چيو وڃي ٿو.{{sfn|Lockhart|1992|p=1}}{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=2}} لسانيات ۾، “Aztecan” اصطلاح اڃا تائين [[يوٽو-ازتڪان ٻوليون|يوٽو-ازتڪان ٻولين]] جي ان شاخ لاءِ استعمال ٿئي ٿو (جن کي ڪڏهن “يوٽو-ناهوان ٻوليون” به سڏيو وڃي ٿو) جنهن ۾ ناهواٽل ٻولي ۽ ان جون ويجهيون لاڳاپيل ٻوليون [[پوچوٽيڪ ٻولي]] ۽ [[پِپِل ٻولي]] شامل آهن.{{sfn|Campbell|1997|p=134}} ازتڪن پاڻ لاءِ “ازتڪ” لفظ ڪنهن هڪ مخصوص نسلي گروهه جو [[پنهنجو نالو]] (endonym) نه هو. بلڪه اهو هڪ ڇت وارو اصطلاح هو، جيڪو ڪيترن نسلي گروهن لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو هو—جن مان سڀ ناهواٽل ڳالهائيندڙ نه به هئا—پر جيڪي پنهنجي ورثي کي ڏند ڪٿائي اصل-هنڌ [[ازتلان]] ڏانهن منسوب ڪندا هئا. [[اليگزينڊر فون همبولٽ]] 1810ع ۾ “ازتڪ” جو جديد استعمال متعارف ڪرايو—هڪ اجتماعي اصطلاح طور—جنهن سان انهن سڀني ماڻهن کي سڏيو ويو جيڪي واپار، رواج، مذهب ۽ ٻوليءَ جي رشتن سان مېشيڪا رياست ۽ [[ايزٽيڪ ٽرپل الائنس]] سان ڳنڍيل هئا. 1843ع ۾، [[وليم ايچ پرسڪاٽ]] جي ميڪسيڪو جي فتح جي تاريخ بابت ڪم جي اشاعت کان پوءِ، هي اصطلاح دنيا جي گهڻن حصن ۾ مقبول ٿي ويو—جنهن ۾ 19هين صديءَ جا ميڪسيڪي عالمن به شامل هئا—جنهن کي هو فتح کان اڳ وارن ميڪسيڪين کي موجوده دور جي ميڪسيڪين کان ڌار سڃاڻڻ جو هڪ طريقو سمجهندا هئا. تازن سالن ۾ هن استعمال تي بحث جاري رهيو آهي، پر “ازتڪ” اصطلاح اڃا تائين وڌيڪ عام آهي.{{sfn|León-Portilla|2000}} == تاريخ == {{Main|ازتڪن جي تاريخ}} === ڄاڻ جا ذريعا === {{See also|ازتڪ ڪوڊيڪس|ازتڪ سلطنت جي اسپيني فتح#ميزوامريڪا جي فتح بابت ذريعا}} [[File:Aztlan codex boturini.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|''[[ڪوڊيڪس بوٽوريني]]'' جو هڪ صفحو، جنهن ۾ [[ازتلان]] مان روانگي ڏيکاريل آهي]] ازتڪ سماج بابت ڄاڻ ڪيترن مختلف ذريعن تي ٻڌل آهي: مندرن جي پيرامڊن کان وٺي ڇپر وارين جهوپن تائين، بيشمار [[آثار قديمه]] جا باقيات استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿا ته جيئن ازتڪن جي دنيا ڪهڙي هئي، ان جا گهڻا پاسا سمجهي سگهجن. پر گهڻين حالتن ۾ [[آثار قديمه جا ماهر]]ن کي شين (آثار) جي تاريخي پسمنظر کي سمجهڻ لاءِ ٻين ذريعن مان ڄاڻ وٺڻي پوندي آهي. ابتدائي نوآبادياتي دور ۾ مقامي ماڻهن ۽ اسپينين جا لکيل ڪيترائي متن موجود آهن، جيڪي فتح کان اڳ واري ازتڪ تاريخ بابت انتهائي قيمتي معلومات رکن ٿا. اهي متن مختلف ازتڪ شهر-رياستن جي سياسي تاريخن ۽ سندن حڪمران نسلن بابت بصيرت ڏين ٿا. اهڙيون تاريخون تصويري [[ڪوڊيڪس|ڪوڊيڪسن]] جي صورت ۾ به تيار ڪيون ويون. انهن مان ڪي قلمي نسخا مڪمل طور تصويري هئا، اڪثر [[گلف]]ن سان. فتح کان پوءِ واري دور ۾، گهڻا ٻيا متن [[لاطيني رسم الخط]] ۾ يا ته پڙهيل لکيل ازتڪن لکيا، يا اسپيني [[راهب]]ن لکيا، جن مقامي ماڻهن کان سندن ريتن رسمن ۽ ڪهاڻين بابت انٽرويو ورتا. سورهين صديءَ جي شروعات ۾ تيار ڪيل هڪ اهم تصويري ۽ الفبائي متن ''[[ڪوڊيڪس مينڊوزا]]'' آهي، جيڪو ميڪسيڪو جي پهرين وائسراءِ جي نالي تي رکيل آهي ۽ شايد سندس ئي فرمائش تي تيار ٿيو، ته جيئن اسپيني تاج کي ازتڪ سلطنت جي سياسي ۽ معاشي ڍانچي بابت ڄاڻ ڏني وڃي. ان ۾ انهن سياسي وحدتن جا نالا ڏنل آهن جن کي ٽرپل الائنس فتح ڪيو، ازتڪ سلطنت ڏانهن ادا ڪيل ٽيڪسن جا قسم، ۽ سماج جو طبقاتي/جنس-بنياد ڍانچو.{{sfn|Berdan|Anawalt|1997}} مقامي ناهوا تاريخ نويسن طرفان لکيل ڪيترائي سالناما به موجود آهن، جيڪي پنهنجي پنهنجي سياسي وحدت جي تاريخ درج ڪن ٿا. انهن سالنامن ۾ تصويري تاريخون استعمال ڪيون ويون، ۽ پوءِ کين لاطيني رسم الخط ۾ الفبائي سالنامن ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Boone|2000|pp=242–249}} مشهور مقامي تاريخ نويسن ۽ سالنامه نگارن ۾ [[چيملپاهن]] (اميڪاميڪا-چالڪو جو)، [[فرنانڊو الوارادو ٽيزوزوموڪ]] (تينوچٽٽلان جو)، [[الوا اِڪسٽليلڪسوشِتل]] (تيڪسڪوڪو جو)، [[خوان باؤتيستا پومار]] (تيڪسڪوڪو جو)، ۽ [[ڊيئگو مونيئوز ڪامارگو]] (ٽلاڪسڪالا جو) شامل آهن. اسپيني فتح ڪندڙن جا به ڪيترائي بيان موجود آهن، جيڪي اسپيني حملي ۾ شامل رهيا؛ مثال طور [[برنال دياث دل ڪاستييو]] جنهن فتح جي مڪمل تاريخ لکي. اسپيني راهبن پڻ سالنامن ۽ ٻين قسمن جي بيانن ۾ دستاويز تيار ڪيا. اهم ترين مان هڪ آهي [[توربيو دي بيناوينتي موٽولينيا]]، جيڪو 1524ع ۾ ميڪسيڪو پهچندڙ فرانسيسڪنن جي پهرين ٻارهن مان هو. ٻيو نهايت اهم فرانسيسڪن [[فري خوان دي ٽورڪيمادا]] هو، ''Monarquia Indiana'' جو مصنف. ڊومينيڪن [[ڊيئگو دوران]] به فتح کان اڳ واري مذهب ۽ مېشيڪا جي تاريخ بابت وڏي پيماني تي لکيو.{{sfn|Batalla|2016}} ازتڪ مذهبي سوچ، سياسي ۽ سماجي ڍانچي، ۽ اسپيني فتح جي تاريخ بابت—مېشيڪا نقطه نظر کان—هڪ انتهائي قيمتي ذريعو [[فلورينٽائين ڪوڊيڪس]] آهي. هي 1545ع کان 1576ع تائين هڪ اتنوگرافڪ انسائيڪلوپيڊيا جي صورت ۾ تيار ٿيو، جيڪو اسپيني ۽ ناهواٽل ۾ ٻه ٻوليون (ٻٻر زباني) هو؛ فرانسيسڪن راهب [[برناردينو دي سهاگون]] ۽ مقامي ڄاڻ ڏيندڙن/ليکڪن جي سهڪار سان. ان ۾ فتح کان اڳ واري سماج بابت ڪيترن پاسن جي ڄاڻ شامل آهي—مذهب، [[تقويميات]]، [[نباتيات]]، [[حيوانيات]]، ڌنڌا ۽ هنر، ۽ تاريخ.{{sfn|León-Portilla|2002}}{{sfn|Sahagún|1577}} ڄاڻ جو ٻيو ذريعو اڄ جي ناهواٽل ڳالهائيندڙن جون ثقافتون ۽ ريتون آهن، جيڪي ڪڏهن ڪڏهن فتح کان اڳ واري زندگي بابت اشارا ڏئي سگهن ٿيون. ازتڪ تهذيب جو عالمانه مطالعو گهڻو ڪري سائنسي ۽ گهڻ-شاخي طريقن تي ٻڌل هوندو آهي، جنهن ۾ آثار قديمه جي ڄاڻ کي اتنو-تاريخي ۽ اتنوگرافڪ معلومات سان گڏايو ويندو آهي.{{sfn|Berdan|2014|pp=25–28}} === ڪلاسيڪي ۽ پوسٽ-ڪلاسيڪي دور ۾ مرڪزي ميڪسيڪو === [[File:Basin of Mexico 1519 map-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[ميڪسيڪو جي وادي]] ۽ 1519ع ۾ اهم شهر-رياستن جا هنڌ]] هي بحث هيٺ آهي ته وڏي شهر [[تيوتيواڪان]] ۾ ڇا ناهواٽل ڳالهائيندڙ رهندا هئا يا ڪلاسيڪي دور ۾ ناهوا اڃا مرڪزي ميڪسيڪو ۾ پهتا ئي نه هئا. عام اتفاق اهو آهي ته [[ناهوا ماڻهو]] مرڪزي ميڪسيڪو جي اوچين علائقن جا اصلوڪا نه هئا، پر آهستي آهستي اتر اولهه ميڪسيڪو جي ڪنهن هنڌ کان لڏي اچي هن علائقي ۾ شامل ٿيا. تيوتيواڪان جي ڇهين صدي عيسويءَ ۾ زوال کان پوءِ، مرڪزي ميڪسيڪو ۾ ڪي شهر-رياستون طاقتور ٿيون؛ انهن مان ڪي، جهڙوڪ چولولا ۽ شوچي ڪالڪو، غالباً ناهواٽل ڳالهائيندڙن سان آباد هيون. هڪ مطالعي اهو تجويز ڪيو آهي ته ناهوا شروعات ۾ باخيو واري علائقي ۾ (گواناخواتو جي چوڌاري) رهندا هئا، جتي ڇهين صدي عيسويءَ ۾ آبادي عروج تي پهتي؛ پوءِ بعد ۾ خشڪيءَ جي هڪ دور دوران آبادي تيزيءَ سان گهٽجي وئي. باخيو جي هن خالي ٿيڻ جو وقت ميڪسيڪو وادي ۾ نون ماڻهن جي اچڻ سان گڏ ٿو اچي، جيڪو اها ڳالهه ظاهر ڪري سگهي ٿو ته ان وقت ناهواٽل ڳالهائيندڙ علائقي ۾ داخل ٿيا.{{sfn|Beekman|Christensen|2003}} انهن ماڻهن مرڪزي ميڪسيڪو کي آباد ڪيو ۽ جيئن جيئن سندن سياسي اثر ڏکڻ طرف وڌيو، تيئن تيئن [[اوٽو-مانگوئي ٻوليون]] ڳالهائيندڙن کي هٽائيندا رهيا. اڳوڻا خانه بدوش شڪار-جمع ڪندڙ ماڻهو جڏهن ميزوامريڪا جي پيچيده تهذيبن سان مليا ۽ مذهبي/ثقافتي ريتون اختيار ڪيون، تڏهن پوءِ واري ازتڪ ثقافت جو بنياد ٺهيو. 900ع کان پوءِ (پوسٽ-ڪلاسيڪي دور ۾)، ڪيترائي هنڌ—جيڪي لڳ ڀڳ يقيني طور ناهواٽل ڳالهائيندڙن سان آباد هئا—طاقتور بڻيا. انهن ۾ [[تولا، اِڊالگو]] جو هنڌ، ۽ شهر-رياستون جهڙوڪ [[تينايڪا]] ۽ [[ڪولھواڪان (الٽيپيٽ)|ڪولهواڪان]] (ميڪسيڪو وادي ۾)، ۽ موريلوس ۾ [[ڪواوهناؤڪ]] شامل آهن.{{sfn|Smith|1997|pp=41–43}} === مېشيڪا جي هجرت ۽ تينوچٽٽلان جو بنياد === نوآبادياتي دور جي اتنو-تاريخي ذريعن ۾، پاڻ مېشيڪا ميڪسيڪو وادي ۾ پنهنجي اچڻ جو بيان ڪن ٿا. نسلي نالو ازتڪ (ناهواٽل ''Aztecah'') جو مطلب آهي “[[ازتلان|ازتلاں]] جا ماڻهو”، ۽ ازتلاں هڪ ڏند ڪٿائي اصل-هنڌ آهي جيڪو اتر طرف ٻڌايو وڃي ٿو. تنهنڪري هي اصطلاح انهن سڀني ماڻهن لاءِ لاڳو ٿيندو هو جيڪي هن ڏند ڪٿائي هنڌ سان پنهنجو ورثو ٻڌائيندا هئا. مېشيڪا قبيلي جي هجرتي ڪهاڻيون ٻڌائن ٿيون ته هو ٻين قبيلن سان گڏ سفر ڪندا رهيا—جن ۾ [[ٽلاڪسڪالا (ناھئا رياست)|ٽلاڪسڪالتيڪا]]، [[تيپانيڪا]]، ۽ [[اڪولھوا]] شامل هئا—پر پوءِ سندن قبيلائي ديوتا [[هُوئٽزيلوپوچٽلي]] کين حڪم ڏنو ته ٻين ازتڪ قبيلن کان جدا ٿين ۽ “مېشيڪا” نالو اختيار ڪن.{{sfn|Smith|1984}} جڏهن هو پهتا، تڏهن علائقي ۾ ڪيترائي ازتڪ شهر-رياستون موجود هيون. سڀ کان طاقتور [[ڪولهواڪان (الٽيپيٽ)|ڪولهواڪان]] ڏکڻ ۾ ۽ [[ازڪاپوتزالڪو (الٽيپيٽ)|ازڪاپوتزالڪو]] اولهه ۾ هئا. ازڪاپوتزالڪو جا [[Tepanec|تيپانيڪ]] جلد ئي مېشيڪا کي چاپولتيپيڪ مان ڪڍي ڇڏيو ۽ پهرين ازتڪ شاهي خاندان کي (سواءِ [[Chimalxochitl II|راڻي چيملشوشِتل ثاني]] جي) قتل ڪيو. 1299ع ۾ ڪولهواڪان جي حڪمران [[Coxcoxtli|ڪوڪوڪسٽلي]] کين تيزاپان جي خالي بنجر علائقي ۾ رهڻ جي اجازت ڏني، جتي هو آخرڪار ڪولهواڪان جي ثقافت ۾ ضم ٿي ويا.{{sfn|Smith|1984|p=173}} ڪولهواڪان جو شاهي نسب ڏند ڪٿائي شهر-رياست تولا سان ڳنڍيل هو؛ ۽ ڪولهوا خاندانن ۾ شاديون ڪري، مېشيڪا هن ورثي کي پنهنجي لاءِ اختيار ڪري ويا. ڪولهواڪان ۾ رهڻ کان پوءِ، مېشيڪا کي وري ڪڍيو ويو ۽ هو مجبوراً ٻيهر لڏي ويا.{{sfn|Smith|1997|pp=44–45}} ازتڪ ڏند ڪٿا موجب، 1323ع ۾ مېشيڪا کي هڪ خواب/رويت ڏيکاريو ويو: هڪ [[باز]] [[اوپنٽيا|ڪانڊيري ناشپاتي جي ڪيڪٽس]] تي ويٺو هو ۽ نانگ کائي رهيو هو. اها روئت ان هنڌ جي سڃاڻپ هئي جتي کين پنهنجو وساڻو ٺاهڻو هو. مېشيڪا [[ڍنڍ ٽيڪسڪوڪو]] جي هڪ ننڍڙي ڌٻڻ واري ٻيٽ تي [[تينوچٽٽلان]] قائم ڪيو—هي ميڪسيڪو حوض (بيسن) جي اندروني ڍنڍ هئي. بنياد جو سال عام طور 1325ع ڏنو وڃي ٿو. 1376ع ۾ مېشيڪا شاهي خاندان قائم ٿيو، جڏهن [[اڪاما پيچٽلي]] کي تينوچٽٽلان جو پهريون ''[[هُوئي ٽلاتواني]]'' چونڊيو ويو.{{Sfn|Townsend|2009|pp=60–62}} === شروعاتي مېشيڪا حڪمران === {{Aztec rulers}} مېشيڪا شاهي خاندان جي قيام کان پوءِ پهرين 50 سالن ۾، مېشيڪا ازڪاپوتزالڪو جا باجگذار هئا، جيڪو حڪمران [[Tezozomoc (Azcapotzalco)|ٽيزوزوموڪ]] هيٺ علائقي جي وڏي طاقت بڻجي چڪو هو. مېشيڪا، تيپانيڪا کي علائقي ۾ سندن ڪامياب فتحي مهمن لاءِ جنگجو مهيا ڪندا هئا، ۽ بدلي ۾ فتح ٿيل شهر-رياستن مان ايندڙ خراج مان حصو وٺندا هئا. هن طريقي سان تينوچٽٽلان جي سياسي حيثيت ۽ معيشت آهستي آهستي وڌندي وئي.{{sfn|Townsend|2009|p=63}} 1396ع ۾ اڪاما پيچٽلي جي وفات تي سندس پٽ [[Huitzilihhuitl|هُوئٽزيلِهُوئٽل]] ({{Lit}} “ڀمري جو پَر”) حڪمران ٿيو؛ هو ٽيزوزوموڪ جي ڌيءَ سان شادي شده هو، تنهنڪري ازڪاپوتزالڪو سان لاڳاپا ويجهڙا رهيا. [[Chimalpopoca|چيملپوپوڪا]] ({{Lit}} “ڍال وانگر ڌپ ڪري ٿو”)—هُوئٽزيلِهُوئٽل جو پٽ—1417ع ۾ تينوچٽٽلان جو حڪمران ٿيو. 1418ع ۾ ازڪاپوتزالڪو تيڪسڪوڪو جي اڪولهوا خلاف جنگ شروع ڪئي ۽ سندن حڪمران [[Ixtlilxochitl I|اِڪسٽليلڪسوشِتل پهريون]] کي قتل ڪيو. جيتوڻيڪ اِڪسٽليلڪسوشِتل چيملپوپوڪا جي ڌيءَ جو مڙس هو، تڏهن به مېشيڪا حڪمران ٽيزوزوموڪ جي حمايت جاري رکي. ٽيزوزوموڪ 1426ع ۾ مري ويو، ۽ سندس پٽن ۾ ازڪاپوتزالڪو جي حڪمراني لاءِ ڇڪتاڻ شروع ٿي. هن طاقت جي جدوجهد دوران چيملپوپوڪا مري ويو—شايد ٽيزوزوموڪ جي پٽ [[Maxtla|ماڪسٽلا]] هٿان—ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو کيس مقابلي وارو سمجهندو هو.{{sfn|Townsend|2009|pp=64–74}} [[Itzcoatl|اِتسڪوئتل]]—هُوئٽزيلِهُوئٽل جو ڀاءُ ۽ چيملپوپوڪا جو چاچو—اڳيون مېشيڪا ''[[tlatoani|ٽلاتواني]]'' چونڊيو ويو. هاڻي مېشيڪا ازڪاپوتزالڪو سان کلي جنگ ۾ هئا، ۽ اِتسڪوئتل ماڪسٽلا خلاف اتحاد لاءِ [[Nezahualcoyotl (tlatoani)|نيزاهوالڪويوتل]] (قتل ٿيل تيڪسڪوڪان حڪمران اِڪسٽليلڪسوشِتل جو پٽ) ڏانهن درخواست موڪلي. اِتسڪوئتل، ماڪسٽلا جي ڀاءُ ٽوٽوڪِهُوآزٽلي—تيپانيڪ شهر ٽلاڪوپان جو حڪمران—سان به اتحاد ڪيو. تينوچٽٽلان، تيڪسڪوڪو ۽ ٽلاڪوپان جي ٽرپل الائنس ازڪاپوتزالڪو جو گهيرو ڪيو، ۽ 1428ع ۾ شهر کي تباهه ڪري ماڪسٽلا کي قربان ڪيو. هن فتح کان پوءِ تينوچٽٽلان ميڪسيڪو وادي جو غالب شهر-رياست بڻجي ويو، ۽ انهن ٽن شهر-رياستن جو اتحاد انهي بنياد طور ڪم آيو جنهن تي پوءِ ازتڪ سلطنت جوڙجي.{{sfn|Townsend|2009|pp=74–75}} اِتسڪوئتل تينوچٽٽلان لاءِ طاقت جو پڪو بنياد ٺاهڻ شروع ڪيو: هن ڏکڻ واري ڍنڍي علائقي ۾ شهر-رياستون فتح ڪيون—جن ۾ [[Colhuacan (altepetl)|ڪولهواڪان]]، [[Xochimilco|شوچيميليڪو]]، ڪوئٽلاهوآڪ، ۽ ميزڪِڪ شامل هئا. انهن رياستن جي معيشت انتهائي پيداوار واري [[chinampa|چنَمپا]] زراعت تي ٻڌل هئي—ڍنڍ شوچيميليڪو جي اُتاهين پاڻيءَ ۾ هٿ سان ٺاهيل، زرخيز مٽيءَ جا وڌايل ٽڪرا. اِتسڪوئتل پوءِ [[موريلوس]] واري وادي ۾ وڌيڪ فتحون ڪيون ۽ ڪواوهناؤڪ (اڄ [[Cuernavaca|ڪويرناواڪا]]) کي تابع ڪيو.{{sfn|Townsend|2009|pp=78–81}} === ازتڪ سلطنت جا شروعاتي حڪمران === {{Main|ازتڪ سلطنت}} ==== موتيڪوزوما پهريون اِلهُوئڪامِنا ==== [[File:Moctezuma I, the Fifth Aztec King.png|thumb|left|upright=1|موتيڪوزوما پهريون جي تاجپوشي، تووار ڪوڊيڪس]] 1440ع ۾ [[Moctezuma I|موتيڪوزوماتزين اِلهُوئڪامِنا]]<ref group=nb>هن مضمون ۾ “موتيڪوزوما” طور لکيل ٻن ازتڪ حڪمرانن جي نالي جا ڪيترائي روپ ملن ٿا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انگريزي ۽ اسپيني ڳالهائيندڙن اصل ناهواٽل لفظ ۾ تبديليون ڪيون ۽ ناهواٽل لکڻ لاءِ مختلف هجي-بندي (املا) چونڊون ڪيون ويون. انگريزي ۾ “مونتيزوما” اڳي گهڻو عام هو، پر هاڻي وڏي حد تائين “موٽيڪوهزوما” ۽ “موتيڪوزوما” سان مٽجي چڪو آهي؛ اسپيني ۾ “موڪٽيزوما” (جتي t ۽ k جي ترتيب الٽجي ٿي) وڌيڪ غالب رهيو ۽ ميڪسيڪو ۾ عام خانداني نالو آهي، پر هاڻي اهو به وڏي حد تائين اهڙي صورت سان مٽجي رهيو آهي جيڪا اصل ناهواٽل ڍانچي کي وڌيڪ درست رکي، جهڙوڪ “موتيڪوزوما”. ناهواٽل ۾ لفظ /motekʷso:ma/ آهي، جنهن جو مطلب “هو سردار وانگر ڪنڌ چڙهائي ٿو” آهي ({{harvnb|Hajovsky|2015|pp=ix, 147:n#3}}).</ref> ({{Lit}} “هو سردار وانگر ڪنڌ چڙهائي ٿو، هو آسمان ڏانهن تير هلائي ٿو”<ref group=nb>{{harvnb|Gillespie|1989}} دليل ڏئي ٿو ته “موتيڪوزوما” نالو پوءِ ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو ته جيئن پوءِ واري حڪمران سان هڪجهڙائي ٺهي، ۽ سندس اصل نالو رڳو “اِلهُوئڪامِنا” هو.</ref>) کي ٽلاتواني چونڊيو ويو؛ هو هُوئٽزيلِهُوئٽل جو پٽ، چيملپوپوڪا جو ڀاءُ، ۽ پنهنجي چاچي اِتسڪوئتل جي جنگن ۾ جنگي اڳواڻ رهيو هو. غالب شهر-رياست ۾ نئين حڪمران جي تخت نشيني اڪثر تابع شهرن لاءِ بغاوت جو موقعو بڻجندي هئي—ٽيڪس ڏيڻ کان انڪار ڪري. تنهنڪري نون حڪمرانن پنهنجي دور جي شروعات “تاجپوشي مهم” سان ڪندا هئا: ڪڏهن بغاوت ڪندڙ صوبن خلاف، ۽ ڪڏهن پنهنجي فوجي طاقت ڏيکارڻ لاءِ نيون فتحون ڪري. موتيڪوزوما واديءَ جي چوڌاري شهرن جي روين کي پرکڻ لاءِ تينوچٽٽلان جي وڏي مندر جي توسيع لاءِ مزدور گهريا. صرف چالڪو شهر مزدور ڏيڻ کان انڪار ڪيو، ۽ چالڪو ۽ تينوچٽٽلان جي وچ ۾ دشمني 1450ع جي ڏهاڪي تائين جاري رهي.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=51}}{{sfn|Hassig|1988|pp=158–159}} پوءِ موتيڪوزوما موريلوس ۽ گويريرو جي واديءَ ۾ شهر ٻيهر فتح ڪيا، ۽ پوءِ اتر ويراڪروز جي هوئڪسٽيڪ علائقي ۽ ڪوئڪسٽلاهواڪا جي ميڪسٽيڪ علائقي ۽ اوآڪساڪا جي وڏن حصن ۾ نيون فتحون ڪيون؛ ۽ پوءِ مرڪزي ۽ ڏکڻ ويراڪروز ۾ ڪوسامالوپان، اهوئليزاپان ۽ ڪوئٽلاڪسٽلان تي به فتحون ٿيون.{{sfn|Hassig|1988|pp=161–162}} هن دور ۾ ٽلاڪسڪالان، چولولا ۽ هوئڪسوتزينڪو شهر-رياستون سلطنتي توسيع لاءِ وڏا مقابلي وارا بڻيا، ۽ اهي ڪيترن فتح ٿيل شهرن کي جنگجو فراهم ڪندا هئا. تنهنڪري موتيڪوزوما انهن ٽنهي شهرن خلاف گهٽ شدت واري جنگي حالت شروع ڪئي—ننڍن جهيڙن جي صورت ۾—جن کي “[[گل واري جنگ|گلن جون جنگيون]]” (ناهواٽل ''xochiyaoyotl'') چيو ويندو هو؛ شايد ٿڪائڻ واري حڪمت عملي طور.{{sfn|Townsend|2009|pp=91–98}}{{sfn|Smith|1997|pp=51–53}} 1450ع جي ڏهاڪي ۾ جڏهن موتيڪوزوما جي فوجن [[اوآڪساڪا جي وادي]] تي حملو ڪيو، ازتڪ سلطنت [[ميڪسٽيڪ]] ۽ [[زاپوٽيڪ تھذيب| زاپوٽيڪ]] ماڻهن تي ظلم ڪندي رهي ۽ کين [[خراج]] ادا ڪرڻ جو پابند بڻايو ويو.<ref name=mixtecvsaztec>{{cite news|url=https://www.houstonculture.org/mexico/oaxaca_cultures.html|title=اوآڪساڪا جي ميڪسٽيڪ ۽ زاپوٽيڪ: ٻه پائيدار ثقافتون|first=John P.|last=Schmal|publisher=Houston Institute for Culture|accessdate=2 October 2024}}</ref> موتيڪوزوما پهريون ٽرپل الائنس جي سياسي ڍانچي ۽ تينوچٽٽلان جي اندروني سياسي تنظيم کي به مضبوط ڪيو. سندس ڀاءُ [[Tlacaelel|ٽلاڪائيلِل]] سندس مکيه صلاحڪار ({{Lang|nah|Cihuacoatl|links=no}}) هو، ۽ هن دور جي وڏن سياسي سڌارن جو ذميوار سمجهيو وڃي ٿو: هن امير طبقي ({{Lang|nah|pipiltin|links=no}}) جي طاقت کي مضبوط ڪيو، قانوني ضابطن جو هڪ سلسلو قائم ڪيو، ۽ فتح ٿيل شهرن ۾ سندن حڪمرانن کي ٻيهر بحال ڪرڻ جي ريت وڌائي—پر وفاداريءَ جي پابندي سان—ته اهي مېشيڪا ٽلاتواني جا تابعدار رهن.{{Sfn|Smith|1997|pp=52–53}}{{sfn|Carrasco|1999|pp=404–407}}{{sfn|Townsend|2009|pp=91–98}} ==== اڪسائياڪاتل ۽ ٽيزوڪ ==== 1469ع ۾ ايندڙ حڪمران اڪسائياڪاتل ({{Lit}} “پاڻيءَ جو چهرو”) ٿيو—اِتسڪوئتل جي پٽ [[ٽيزوزوموڪ]] جو پٽ ۽ موتيڪوزوما پهريون جي ڌيءَ [[اٽوٽوستلي ٻيون]] جو پٽ.<ref group=nb>ڪجهه ذريعا—جن ۾ “ريلاسيون دي تولا” ۽ [[موٽولينيا]] (Toribio de Benavente) جي تاريخ شامل آهي—اهو ٻڌائن ٿا ته اٽوٽوستلي پنهنجي پيءُ کان پوءِ تينوچٽٽلان ۾ حڪمران طور ڪم ڪندي رهي. حقيقت ۾ موتيڪوزوما جي حڪومت جي آخري سالن بابت ڪا فتح درج ناهي، جنهن مان لڳي ٿو ته شايد هو حڪمرانيءَ جي قابل نه رهيو هجي، يا شايد فوت ٿي چڪو هجي ({{harvnb|Diel|2005}}).</ref> هن تينوچٽٽلان کان ڏکڻ پاسي [[زاپوٽيڪ تھذيب|زاپوٽيڪن]] خلاف [[ٿوانتيپيڪ جي سُٿ|ٿوانتيپيڪ جي سٿمَس]] ۾ هڪ ڪامياب تاجپوشي مهم ڪئي. اڪسائياڪاتل آزاد مېشيڪا شهر ٽلاتيلولڪو کي به فتح ڪيو، جيڪو ساڳئي ٻيٽ جي اترئين حصي ۾ هو جتي تينوچٽٽلان پڻ قائم هو. ٽلاتيلولڪو جو حڪمران موڪِهُوئڪس اڪسائياڪاتل جي ڀيڻ جو مڙس هو؛ سندس مبينا بدسلوڪي کي جواز بڻائي ٽلاتيلولڪو ۽ ان جي اهم منڊي کي سڌو تينوچٽٽلان جي ٽلاتواني جي ڪنٽرول هيٺ آندو ويو.{{sfn|Townsend|2009|p=99}} اڪسائياڪاتل پوءِ مرڪزي گويريرو، پوئبلا وادي، سمنڊ ڪناري واري خليجي پٽي، ۽ ٽولوڪا وادي ۾ اوٽو مي ۽ ماتلاتزينڪا خلاف علائقا فتح ڪيا. ٽولوڪا وادي طاقتور [[تاراسڪن رياست]] (مچواڪان ۾) خلاف هڪ بفر زون هئي، جنهن ڏانهن اڪسائياڪاتل پوءِ رخ ڪيو. 1478–1479ع ۾ تاراسڪن ({{Lang|nah|Michhuahqueh|links=no}}) خلاف وڏي مهم ۾ ازتڪ فوجون سٺي طرح منظم دفاع آڏو روڪجي ويون. اڪسائياڪاتل ٽلاڪسيمالويان (اڄ تاجيماروآ) جي جنگ ۾ سخت شڪست کاڌي، پنهنجي 32,000 مان گهڻا ماڻهو وڃايا، ۽ رڳو مشڪل سان فوج جي باقيات سان تينوچٽٽلان موٽي سگهيو.{{sfn|Townsend|2009|pp=99–100}} 1481ع ۾ اڪسائياڪاتل جي وفات تي سندس وڏو ڀاءُ ٽيزوڪ حڪمران چونڊيو ويو. ميٽسٽِتلان جي اوٽو مي خلاف ٽيزوڪ جي تاجپوشي مهم ناڪام ٿي؛ هو وڏي جنگ هارائي ويٺو ۽ صرف 40 قيدي حاصل ڪري سگهيو، جيڪي سندس تاجپوشيءَ جي رسم لاءِ قربان ڪيا ويا. ڪمزوري ظاهر ٿيڻ سبب ڪيترن شهرن بغاوت ڪئي، تنهنڪري ٽيزوڪ جي مختصر دور جو وڏو حصو بغاوتون دٻائڻ ۽ اڳين فتحن تي ڪنٽرول قائم رکڻ ۾ گذريو. ٽيزوڪ 1485ع ۾ اوچتو مري ويو؛ اهو به تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي ته کيس سندس ڀاءُ ۽ جنگي اڳواڻ اهوئٽزوتل زهر ڏنو، جيڪو پوءِ ايندڙ ٽلاتواني بڻيو. ٽيزوڪ گهڻو ڪري [[ٽيزوڪ جو پٿر|ٽيزوڪ جي پٿر]] جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو—هڪ وڏو يادگاري مجسمو (ناهواٽل ''temalacatl'')—جنهن تي ٽيزوڪ جي فتحن جي تصويرڪشي ٿيل آهي.{{sfn|Townsend|2009|pp=100–101}} ==== اهوئٽزوتل ==== [[File:Ahuitzotl.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|ڪوڊيڪس مينڊوزا ۾ اهوئٽزوتل]] اڳيون حڪمران اهوئٽزوتل ({{Lit}} “پاڻيءَ جو دانو”) ٿيو—اڪسائياڪاتل ۽ ٽيزوڪ جو ڀاءُ ۽ ٽيزوڪ جي دور ۾ جنگي اڳواڻ. سندس ڪامياب تاجپوشي مهم ٽولوڪا وادي ۾ بغاوتون دٻايون ۽ جيلوٽيپيڪ ۽ اتر ميڪسيڪو واديءَ جي ڪيترين برادرين کي فتح ڪيو. خليجي ڪناري ڏانهن ٻي مهم (1521ع واري) پڻ تمام ڪامياب رهي. هن تينوچٽٽلان جي وڏي مندر جي توسيع شروع ڪئي ۽ 1487ع ۾ نئين مندر جو افتتاح ڪيو. افتتاحي تقريب لاءِ مېشيڪا پنهنجي سڀني تابع شهرن جي حڪمرانن کي دعوت ڏني، جيڪي تقريب ۾ تماشائي طور شامل ٿيا؛ ۽ ان موقعي تي جنگي قيدين جي بي مثال وڏي تعداد کي قربان ڪيو ويو—ڪجهه ذريعا چار ڏينهن ۾ 80,400 قيدين جي قرباني جو انگ ڏين ٿا. ممڪن آهي ته قربانين جو حقيقي انگ گهڻو گهٽ هجي، پر پوءِ به هزارين ۾ هو. راڄڌاني ۾ ايترا کوپڙا ڪڏهن به نه مليا آهن جو سڀ کان احتياطي انگن کي به پورو ڪن.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-07-21|title='Huey Tzompantli': Fearsome tower of human skulls unearthed in Mexico City|url=https://www.theyucatantimes.com/2017/07/huey-tzompantli-a-tower-of-human-skulls-unearthed-in-mexico-city/|access-date=2021-07-14|website=The Yucatan Times|language=en-US|archive-date=12 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112180424/https://www.theyucatantimes.com/2017/07/huey-tzompantli-a-tower-of-human-skulls-unearthed-in-mexico-city/|url-status=live}}</ref> اهوئٽزوتل ڪيلڪسٽلاهواڪا، مالينالڪو ۽ ٽيپوزٽلان جهڙن هنڌن تي وڏيون عمارتون به اڏايون. اتر گويريرو جي الاھوئزٽلان ۽ اوزٽوٽيڪپاڪ شهرن ۾ بغاوت کان پوءِ، هن سڄي آبادي کي قتل ڪرائڻ جو حڪم ڏنو ۽ پوءِ ميڪسيڪو واديءَ مان ماڻهن آڻي ٻيهر آباد ڪيو. هن اوزٽوما ۾ هڪ مضبوط قلعيدار چوڪي به قائم ڪئي، جيڪا تاراسڪن رياست خلاف سرحد جي حفاظت ڪندي هئي.{{sfn|Townsend|2009|pp=101–110}} === آخري ايزٽيڪ حڪمران ۽ اسپيني فتح === {{Main|ايزٽيڪ سلطنت جي اسپيني فتح}} [[File:Cortez & La Malinche.jpg|thumb|right|[[موٽيڪوزوما ٻيون]] ۽ [[ھرنان ڪورٽيس]] جي ملاقات، سندس ثقافتي ترجمان [[لا مالينچي]] سان گڏ، 8 نومبر 1519، جيئن [[تلاڪسڪالا جي تاريخ|لينزو ڊي تلاڪسڪالا]] ۾ ڏيکاريل آهي]] [[موٽيڪوزوما ٻيون|موٽيڪوھزوما شوڪويوٽزين]] دنيا جي تاريخ ۾ ان ايزٽيڪ حڪمران طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، جنهن جي دور ۾ اسپيني حملا آور ۽ سندن مقامي اتحادي ٻن سالن تي پکڙيل مهم (1519–1521) دوران ايزٽيڪ سلطنت تي قبضو ڪرڻ لڳا. سندس شروعاتي حڪمراني مان سندس مستقبل جي شهرت جو ڪو خاص اشارو نه مليو. هو اھوئيٽزوٽل جي وفات کان پوءِ حڪمران بڻيو. موٽيڪوھزوما شوڪويوٽزين ({{Lit}} ”هڪ سردار وانگر ڀرڪائيندڙ، اهو ننڍو پٽ جيڪو زندگيءَ ۾ جيئن رهيو، مرڻ ۾ به اهڙو ئي رهيو“)، اڪساياڪاتل جو پٽ ۽ هڪ فوجي اڳواڻ هو. هن روايتي نموني سان حڪمراني شروع ڪئي، يعني تاجپوشي مهم هلائي پنهنجي اڳواڻانه صلاحيت ظاهر ڪئي. هن اوآخاڪا ۾ مضبوط شهر نوپالان تي حملو ڪيو ۽ ڀرپاسي واري علائقي کي سلطنت جو حصو بڻايو. هڪ اثرائتو سپاهي هئڻ سبب، هن پنهنجي اڳواڻ جي قائم ڪيل فتحن جي رفتار برقرار رکي ۽ گويريرو، اوآخاڪا، پويبلا ۽ پري پئسفڪ ۽ خليج جي سامونڊي ڪنارن تائين وڏن علائقن کي تابع ڪيو، چيئپاس ۾ شوڪونوشڪو صوبي کي به فتح ڪيو. هن تلاڪسڪالا ۽ ھوئڪسوتزينڪو خلاف جاري ”گل جنگين“ کي وڌيڪ تيز ڪيو ۽ چولوولا سان اتحاد مضبوط ڪيو. هن ايزٽيڪ سماج جي طبقاتي ڍانچي کي به مضبوط ڪيو، عام ماڻهن ({{Lang|nah|macehualtin|links=no}}) لاءِ جنگي قابليت ذريعي امير طبقي ''پيپيلٽن'' ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کي وڌيڪ ڏکيو بڻايو. هن هڪ سخت لباس ۽ عيش عشرت بابت قانون به لاڳو ڪيو، جنهن عام ماڻهن لاءِ شاهانه شين جي استعمال کي محدود ڪيو.{{sfn|Townsend|2009|p=110}} [[File:El suplicio de Cuauhtémoc.jpg|thumb|"ڪواوٽيموڪ تي عذاب" (''El suplicio de Cuauhtémoc'')، 1892، [[ليانڊرو ايزاگويري]] جي [[تيل جي پينٽنگ]]]] 1517 ۾ موٽيڪوزوما کي پهريون ڀيرو انهن ٻيڙين جي خبر ملي جن ۾ عجيب سپاهي خليج واري ڪناري وٽ سيمپوئالن ڀرسان لٿا هئا. هن پيغام رسائيندڙ موڪليا ته صورتحال معلوم ڪن ۽ اتان جي ماڻهن کي حڪم ڏنو ته هر نئين اچڻ واري بابت کيس آگاهه ڪن. 1519 ۾ کيس خبر ملي ته [[ھرنان ڪورٽيس]] جي قيادت ۾ اسپيني ٻيڙو پهتو آهي، جيڪو جلد ئي تلاڪسڪالا ڏانهن وڌيو، جتي هن ايزٽيڪن جي روايتي دشمنن سان اتحاد ڪيو. 8 نومبر 1519 تي موٽيڪوزوما ٻيون ڪورٽيس، سندس فوجن ۽ تلاڪسڪالن اتحادي قوتن کي ٽينوچٽٽلان جي ڏکڻ واري بندرگاهه تي مليو ۽ اسپينين کي شهر ۾ مهمان بڻائي رهڻ جي دعوت ڏني. جڏهن ايزٽيڪ فوجن خليج واري ڪناري تي هڪ اسپيني ڇانوڻي تباهه ڪئي، تڏهن ڪورٽيس موٽيڪوزوما کي ذميوار ڪمانڊرن کي قتل ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، ۽ موٽيڪوزوما اهو حڪم مڃي ورتو. ان موقعي تي طاقت جو توازن اسپينين ڏانهن جهڪي پيو، جن هاڻي موٽيڪوزوما کي سندس ئي محل ۾ قيدي بڻائي رکيو. جيئن ئي هي تبديلي موٽيڪوزوما جي ماڻهن تي واضح ٿي، اسپينين لاءِ راڄڌاني ۾ رهڻ وڌيڪ ناپسنديده بڻجي ويو. جون 1520 ۾ ويڙهه شروع ٿي، جيڪا [[وڏي مندر ۾ قتلِ عام]] تي ختم ٿي ۽ ميڪسيڪا ماڻهن جي وڏي بغاوت جنم ورتو. هن ويڙهه دوران موٽيڪوزوما مارجي ويو—يا ته اسپينين هٿان جڏهن هو شهر مان ڀڄي رهيا هئا، يا ميڪسيڪا هٿان، جن کيس غدار سمجهيو.{{sfn|Townsend|2009|pp=220–236}} [[ڪويتلاھواڪ]]، جيڪو موٽيڪوزوما جو مائٽ ۽ صلاحڪار هو، سندس جاءِ تي تلاتواني بڻيو ۽ ٽينوچٽٽلان جي دفاع جي قيادت ڪئي. هن رڳو 80 ڏينهن حڪمراني ڪئي، شايد چيچڪ جي وبا سبب فوت ٿيو، جيتوڻيڪ شروعاتي ذريعا سبب بيان نٿا ڪن. هن کان پوءِ [[ڪواوٽيموڪ]]، آخري آزاد ميڪسيڪا تلاتواني بڻيو، جنهن شهر جو سخت دفاع جاري رکيو. بيمارين سبب ايزٽيڪ ڪمزور ٿي ويا، جڏهن ته اسپينين ڏهاڪن هزارين مقامي اتحادي، خاص طور [[تلاڪسڪالن]]، ٽينوچٽٽلان تي حملي لاءِ گڏ ڪيا. محاصري ۽ راڄڌاني جي تباهي کان پوءِ، 13 آگسٽ 1521 تي ڪواوٽيموڪ کي گرفتار ڪيو ويو، جيڪو وچ ميڪسيڪو ۾ اسپيني بالادستي جي شروعات هو. اسپينين ڪواوٽيموڪ کي قيد ۾ رکيو، پوءِ 1525 ۾ ھونڊوراس جي ناڪام مهم دوران، ڪورٽيس جي حڪم تي کيس تشدد کان پوءِ قتل ڪيو ويو. سندس موت ايزٽيڪ سياسي تاريخ جي هڪ طوفاني دور جي پڄاڻي هئي. ايزٽيڪ سلطنت جي زوال کان پوءِ، پوري ناهوا برادري کي ''[[اينڪومينڊا]]'' نظام هيٺ زوري مشقت لاءِ مجبور ڪيو ويو، ايزٽيڪ تعليمي نظام ختم ڪري محدود چرچ تعليم لاڳو ڪئي وئي، ۽ [[ايزٽيڪ مذهب|ايزٽيڪ مذهبي عملن]] کي زبردستي [[ڪٿولڪ عيسائيت]] سان مٽايو ويو. == سماجي ۽ سياسي تنظيم == === امير ۽ عام ماڻهو === {{Main|ايزٽيڪ سماج ۾ سماجي طبقو|ايزٽيڪ سماج|ايزٽيڪ غلامي}} [[File:Aztec high lords bottom.png|left|thumb|ايزٽيڪ ”اعليٰ امير“، جيڪي مٿئين [[سماجي طبقو|سماجي طبقي]] ۾ هئا.]] [[File:Codex Mendoza folio 64r.jpg|thumb|upright=1|''[[ڪوڊڪس مينڊوزا]]'' مان فوليو، جنهن ۾ هڪ عام ماڻهو جنگ ۾ قيدي وٺي درجن ۾ ترقي ڪندو ڏيکاريل آهي. هر لباس هڪ مخصوص تعداد ۾ قيدي وٺڻ سان حاصل ٿيندو.]] [[File:Bodl Arch.Selden.A.1 roll283.6 frame8.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|[[جيگوار سپاهي]] جو لباس ٽيڪس ادائيگيءَ جي صورت طور، ''ڪوڊڪس مينڊوزا'' مان.]] سڀ کان مٿيون طبقو ''[[پيپيلٽن|پيپيلٽن]]''<ref group="nb">واحد صورت ''پِلي''</ref> يا اميرن جو طبقو هو. ''پِلي'' جي حيثيت وراثتي هئي ۽ ان سان ڪجهہ خاص امتياز ڳنڍيل هئا، جهڙوڪ نهايت نفيس ڪپڙا پائڻ ۽ عيش و عشرت جون شيون استعمال ڪرڻ، زمين رکڻ، ۽ عام ماڻهن کان [[جُتي محنت|زبردستي/لازمي محنت]] (corvée) ڪرائڻ جو حق. سڀ کان طاقتور امير ”سردار“ ({{Lang|nah|teuctin|links=no}}) سڏبا هئا؛ اهي اميرانه جاگيرون ۽ گهراڻا سنڀاليندا هئا ۽ حڪومت جي بلند ترين عهدن يا فوجي قيادت ۾ ڪم ڪري سگهندا هئا. امير لڳ ڀڳ پنج سيڪڙو آبادي تي مشتمل هئا.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=154}} ٻيو طبقو ''[[مائسيوالٽن|مائسيوالٽن]]'' هو، جيڪي اصل ۾ هاري هئا، پر پوءِ عام طور تي هيٺين محنت ڪش طبقن لاءِ به استعمال ٿيڻ لڳو. ايڊوارڊو نوگويرا جو اندازو آهي ته بعد وارن دورن ۾ رڳو 20 سيڪڙو آبادي زراعت ۽ خوراڪ جي پيداوار سان وابسته هئي.{{sfn|Noguera Auza|1974|p=56}} باقي 80 سيڪڙو سماج سپاهين، ڪاريگرن ۽ واپارين تي مشتمل هو. آخرڪار، گهڻا ''مائسيوالي'' هنر ۽ ڪاريگريءَ سان وابسته ٿي ويا. انهن جون ٺاهتون شهر لاءِ آمدني جو اهم ذريعو هيون.{{sfn|Sanders|1971}} مائسيوالٽن غلام بڻجي به سگهندا هئا ({{Lang|nah|tlacotin|links=no}})، مثال طور جيڪڏهن قرض يا غربت سبب ڪنهن امير جي خدمت ۾ پنهنجو پاڻ کي وڪڻي ڇڏين. پر ايزٽيڪن وٽ غلامي وراثتي حيثيت نه هئي. ڪجهہ مائسيوالٽن بي زمين هئا ۽ سڌي طرح ڪنهن سردار لاءِ ڪم ڪندا هئا ({{Lang|nah|mayehqueh|links=no}})، جڏهن ته اڪثريت عام ماڻهن جي ''ڪلپوللي'' ۾ منظم هئي، جيڪو کين زمين ۽ ملڪيت تائين رسائي ڏيندو هو.{{sfn|Smith|2008|pp=153–154}} عام ماڻهو جنگي بهادري ڏيکاري اميرن جهڙا امتياز به حاصل ڪري سگهندا هئا. جڏهن ڪو سپاهي جنگ ۾ قيدي وٺندو هو ته کيس مخصوص نشانين، هٿيارن يا ڪپڙن جي استعمال جو حق ملندو هو، ۽ جيئن جيئن هو وڌيڪ قيدي وٺندو ويندو، سندس درجو ۽ سماجي وقار وڌندو ويندو.{{sfn|Smith|1997|pp=152–153}} === خاندان ۽ جنس === {{main|ايزٽيڪ تهذيب ۾ عورتون}} [[File:Codex Mendoza folio 60r.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1|''ڪوڊڪس مينڊوزا'' مان فوليو، جنهن ۾ ايزٽيڪ ڇوڪرن ۽ ڇوڪرين جي پرورش ۽ تعليم عمرن جي فهرست سان ڏيکاريل آهي، مختلف قسمن جي ڪم جي سکيا، ۽ بدسلوڪيءَ تي سخت سزائون پڻ.]] ايزٽيڪ خاندان جو نمونو ٻطرفو (bilateral) هو: مائٽن کي پيءُ ۽ ماءُ ٻنهي طرفن کان برابر ڳڻيو ويندو هو، ۽ وراثت پٽن ۽ ڌيئرن ٻنهي ڏانهن منتقل ٿي سگهندي هئي. ان جو مطلب اهو هو ته عورتون به مردن وانگر ملڪيت رکي سگهنديون هيون، ۽ کين پنهنجي مڙسن کان ڪافي اقتصادي آزادي حاصل هئي. تنهن هوندي به، ايزٽيڪ سماج انتهائي جنس-مرڪز (highly gendered) هو، جتي مردن ۽ عورتن لاءِ الڳ الڳ سماجي ڪردار مقرر هئا. مردن کان اميد ڪئي ويندي هئي ته هو گهر کان ٻاهر ڪم ڪن—هاري، واپاري، ڪاريگر ۽ سپاهي—جڏهن ته عورتن کان گهريلو دائري جي ذميواري کڻڻ جي اميد هوندي هئي. پر عورتون گهر کان ٻاهر به ڪم ڪري سگهنديون هيون، جيئن ننڍي پيماني جون واپارڻيون، علاج ڪندڙ، پجاريون ۽ دائيون. جنگ کي وڏي اهميت ۽ اعليٰ وقار جو ذريعو سمجهيو ويندو هو، پر عورتن جي ڪم کي علامتي طور جنگ جي برابر سمجهيو ويندو هو ۽ دنيا جي توازن ۽ ديوتائن جي رضا لاءِ ايترو ئي ضروري قرار ڏنو ويندو هو. انهيءَ سبب ڪجهہ عالمن ايزٽيڪ ”صنفي نظريي“ کي صنفي برتريءَ بدران ”صنفي تڪميل“ (complementarity) جو نظريو سڏيو آهي—يعني ڪردار الڳ پر اهميت ۾ برابر.{{sfn|Burkhart|1997}} اميرن ۾ شاديون گهڻو ڪري سياسي حڪمتِ عملي طور ٿينديون هيون: گهٽ مرتبي وارا امير وڌيڪ معتبر نسلن جون ڌيئرون شادي ڪري وٺندا هئا، ۽ پوءِ اهو اعليٰ درجو سندن ٻارن ڏانهن منتقل ٿيندو هو. اميرن ۾ گهڻ شادي (polygamy) به ٿيندي هئي؛ سردارن وٽ گهڻيون زالون هونديون هيون. عام ماڻهن ۾ گهڻ شادي گهڻي عام نه هئي، ۽ ڪجهہ ذريعا ٻڌائن ٿا ته اها منع به هئي.{{sfn|Hassig|2016}} ===''التيپيٽل'' ۽ ''ڪلپوللي''=== [[File:Zona Arqueológica de Tlatelolco, TlatelolcoTV 23.jpg|thumb|left|فتح کان اڳ واري ”تيپياڪ“ رستو، شهر-رياست [[تلاتيلولڪو (التيپيٽل)|تلاتيلولڪو]] جي آثارن ۾. کاٻي پاسي ننڍيون ۽ ساديون عمارتون، غالباً گهر. [[تلاتيلولڪو (آثار قديمه وارو ماڳ)|تلاتيلولڪو آثار قديمه ماڳ]].]] ايزٽيڪ سياسي تنظيم جو بنيادي يونٽ شهر-رياست هو، جنهن کي ناھواٽل ۾ ''[[التيپيٽل]]'' چيو ويندو هو، جنهن جو لفظي مطلب ”پاڻي-پهاڙ“ آهي. هر التيپيٽل جي اڳواڻي هڪ حڪمران ڪندو هو، ''[[تلاتواني]]''، جنهن وٽ اميرن جي هڪ ٽولي ۽ عام ماڻهن جي آباديءَ تي اختيار هوندو هو. ان ۾ هڪ راڄڌاني هوندي هئي جيڪا مذهبي مرڪز، ورڇ ۽ تنظيم جو مرڪزي هنڌ هوندي هئي؛ جڏهن ته مقامي آبادي اڪثر راڄڌاني جي چوڌاري ننڍين وسندين ۾ پکڙيل هوندي هئي. التيپيٽل رهواسين لاءِ نسلي/اجتماعي سڃاڻپ جو اهم ذريعو به هو، جيتوڻيڪ ڪيترائي التيپيٽل مختلف ٻوليون ڳالهائيندڙ گروهن تي به مشتمل هوندا هئا. هر التيپيٽل پنهنجو پاڻ کي ٻين التيپيٽلن جي مقابلي ۾ سياسي طور جدا سمجهندو هو، ۽ جنگون به اڪثر شهر-رياستن (التيپيٽلن) جي وچ ۾ ٿينديون هيون. انهيءَ ڪري هڪ ئي التيپيٽل اندر ناھواٽل ڳالهائيندڙ ايزٽيڪ ٻين ٻولين وارن ساٿين سان گڏيل وفاداري رکي سگهندا هئا، پر ٻين مقابلي واري التيپيٽل جي ناھواٽل ڳالهائيندڙن سان دشمن ٿي سگهندا هئا. ميڪسيڪو جي طاس ۾، ڪيترائي التيپيٽل ذيلي حصن ۾ ورهايل هئا جن کي ''ڪلپوللي'' چيو ويندو هو، ۽ اهي عام ماڻهن لاءِ بنيادي تنظيمي يونٽ هئا. تلاڪسڪالا ۽ پويبلا واري واديءَ ۾، التيپيٽل کي ''[[ٽيڪاللي|ٽيڪاللي]]'' يونٽن ۾ منظم ڪيو ويندو هو، جيڪي هڪ سردار ({{Lang|nah|tecutli|links=no}}) جي اڳواڻي ۾ هوندا هئا؛ اهو سردار علائقي تي اثر رکندو هو ۽ عام ماڻهن ۾ زمين جا حق ورهائيندو هو. ''ڪلپوللي'' هڪ ئي وقت علائقائي يونٽ به هو—جتي عام ماڻهو محنت ۽ زمين جي استعمال کي منظم ڪندا هئا، ڇو ته زمين ذاتي ملڪيت نه هئي—۽ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن مائٽاڻو نيٽ ورڪ به، ڇاڪاڻ ته ڪيتريون ئي خاندان شاديءَ وسيلي هڪ ٻئي سان ڳنڍيل هونديون هيون. ڪلپوللي جا اڳواڻ امير ٿي به سگهن ٿا يا اميرن ۾ شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا، ۽ پوءِ هو پنهنجي ڪلپوللي جا مفاد التيپيٽل جي حڪومت ۾ پيش ڪري سگهندا هئا.{{sfn|Lockhart|1992|pp=14–47}}{{sfn|Townsend|2009|pp=61–62}} موريلوس واري واديءَ ۾، آثار قديمه جي ماهر [[مائيڪل اي. اسمٿ (آثار قديمه ماهر)|مائيڪل اي. اسمٿ]] جو اندازو آهي ته هڪ عام التيپيٽل ۾ 10,000 کان 15,000 رهواسي هوندا هئا، ۽ ان جو علائقو {{convert|70|and|100|km2|sp=us|sqmi}} جي وچ ۾ هوندو هو. موريلوس ۾ التيپيٽل سائيز ڪجهه ننڍا به هوندا هئا. اسمٿ جو دليل آهي ته التيپيٽل بنيادي طور سياسي يونٽ هو—اهڙن ماڻهن جو مجموعو جيڪي ڪنهن سردار سان وفاداري رکندا هئا—نه ته لازماً خالص علائقائي يونٽ. هن فرق جو سبب اهو آهي ته ڪجهہ علائقن ۾ ننڍيون وسنديون مختلف التيپيٽلن جي وفادارين سان گڏ هڪ ٻئي ۾ گڏيل (interspersed) هونديون هيون.{{sfn|Smith|2008|pp=90–91}} === ٽرپل اتحاد ۽ ايزٽيڪ سلطنت === [[File:Aztec Empire 1519 map-fr.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|ايزٽيڪ سلطنت جي وڌ ۾ وڌ حد]] {{See also|ايزٽيڪ ايمپائر#حڪومت|label 1=ايزٽيڪ سلطنت: حڪومت}} [[ايزٽيڪ سلطنت]] اڪثر اڻ سڌي طريقي سان حڪمراني ڪندي هئي. يورپي سلطنتن وانگر اها [[نسلي گروهه|نسلي طور]] گهڻي متنوع هئي، پر گهڻين يورپي سلطنتن جي ابتڙ اها هڪڙي واحد حڪومتِي نظام بدران وڌيڪ هڪ بالادستي وارو اتحاد (hegemonic confederacy) هئي. اتنو-تاريخدان راس هيسگ جو دليل آهي ته ايزٽيڪ سلطنت کي بهتر سمجهي سگهجي ٿو هڪ غير رسمي يا بالادستي واري سلطنت طور، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اها فتح ڪيل علائقن تي هميشه مڪمل اعليٰ اختيار لاڳو نه ڪندي هئي؛ ان جي بنيادي گهرج اها هئي ته ٽيڪس ادا ڪيا وڃن، ۽ زور به ايترو ئي استعمال ڪيو وڃي جيترو ٽيڪس وصولي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ ضروري هجي.{{sfn|Berdan|Smith|1996b|pp=209–216}} اهو به هڪ ”غير مسلسل“ ڍانچو هو، ڇو ته سڀ ماتحت علائقا هڪ ٻئي سان ڳنڍيل نه هئا؛ مثال طور، ڏکڻ ۾ [[سوكونوسڪو|شوڪونوشڪو]] جهڙا پري علائقا سڌي طرح مرڪز سان مسلسل رابطي ۾ نه هئا. بالادستي واري طبيعت جو ثبوت اهو به آهي ته عام طور تي مقامي حڪمرانن کي شهر-رياست فتح ٿيڻ کان پوءِ به ٻيهر سندن عهدن تي بحال ڪيو ويندو هو، ۽ ايزٽيڪ عام طور مقامي معاملن ۾ گهڻي مداخلت نه ڪندا هئا جيستائين ٽيڪس ادا ٿيندا رهن ۽ مقامي اشرافيه رضاڪاراڻي طور تعاون ڪندي رهي. اهڙو تعاون شاديءَ جي رشتن ۽ مٽاسٽا جي مختلف صورتن وسيلي هڪ لاڳاپيل اشرافيه نيٽ ورڪ ٺاهڻ ۽ قائم رکڻ سان يقيني بڻايو ويندو هو.{{sfn|Berdan|Smith|1996b|pp=209–216}} تنهن هوندي به، سلطنت جي توسيع ڪڏهن ڪڏهن سرحدي علائقن تي سڌي فوجي ڪنٽرول وسيلي به ٿيندي هئي، جتي فتح ۽ ڪنٽرول لاءِ وڌيڪ سڌو طريقو اختيار ڪيو ويندو هو. اهڙيون حڪمتِ عمليءَ واريون صوبائون ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ٽيڪس کان آجا به ڪيون وينديون هيون. ايزٽيڪ انهن علائقن ۾ سيڙپ به ڪندا هئا: مستقل فوجي موجودگي رکڻ، ”پپٽ“ حڪمران مقرر ڪرڻ، يا مرڪز مان آباديون منتقل ڪري وفادار بنياد قائم ڪرڻ.{{sfn|Smith|1996|pp=141–147}} اهڙي طرح، سلطنت جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾—جيڪي ميڪسيڪو طاس جي مرڪز کان پري هئا—ڪنٽرول جون مختلف حڪمت عمليون استعمال ٿينديون هيون: ”تابع صوبن“ جي صورت ۾ معاشي استحڪام لاءِ، ۽ ”حڪمتِ عملي صوبن“ جي صورت ۾ اڳتي توسيع لاءِ.{{sfn|Berdan|Smith|1996a|p=7}} جيئن⁠ تہ حڪومت جو روپ گهڻو ڪري ”سلطنت“ چيو ويندو آهي، پر سلطنت جي گهڻن حصن اندر بنيادي تنظيم شهر-رياست يعني ''التيپيٽل'' ئي هئي. اهي ننڍيون سياسي وحدتون هڪ جائز اميرانه نسل مان وراثتي اڳواڻ ''تلاتواني'' جي اڳواڻي ۾ هلنديون هيون. ابتدائي ايزٽيڪ دور وڌندڙ مقابلي ۽ ترقيءَ جو زمانو هو. 1427ع ۾ ٽرپل اتحاد ٺهڻ ۽ فتحن جي شروعات کان پوءِ به مقامي سطح تي ''التيپيٽل'' ئي غالب تنظيم رهيو. علائقائي سياسي يونٽ طور التيپيٽل جو ڪارائتو ڪردار ئي بالادستي واري ڪنٽرول واري ايزٽيڪ نظام جي ڪاميابيءَ جو وڏو سبب هو.{{sfn|Smith|2000}} == معيشت == === زراعت ۽ گذر سفر === [[File:The_Florentine_Codex-_Agriculture.tiff|thumb|right|[[مڪئي]] جي پوک—بنيادي خوراڪ—سادن اوزارن سان. [[فلورينٽائن ڪوڊڪس]]]] ٻين سڀني ميسوامريڪي قومن وانگر، ايزٽيڪ سماج جو بنياد مکئي واري زراعت تي هو. ميڪسيڪو طاس جو نمي وارو ماحول، ڪيترين ڍنڍن ۽ دلدلن سان، شديد (intensive) زراعت لاءِ سازگار هو. مکئي کان علاوه، اهم فصلن ۾ ڀاڄيون/ڀاڄيون مڱ (beans)، ڪدو (squashes)، مرچ، ۽ [[امرانٿ]] شامل هئا. طاس ۾ زراعت لاءِ خاص طور اهم [[چينامپا]]ن جي تعمير هئي—ڍنڍ ۾ ٺهيل مصنوعي ٻيٽ—جنهن سان اتاهين پاڻيءَ کي انتهائي زرخيز باغن ۾ بدلائي سال ڀر پوک ممڪن ٿي ويندي هئي. چينامپا ڍنڍ جي تري مان مٽي ۽ ٻوٽن/نامياتي مادّي جي متبادل پرتُن مان ٺهندا هئا. اهي اوچا بسترا تنگ واهن سان جدا هوندا هئا، جن ذريعي هاري ٻيڙيءَ (canoe) ۾ اچ وڃ ڪندا هئا. چينامپا نهايت زرخيز هئا ۽ اوسطاً سال ۾ ست فصل ڏيندا هئا. اڄ جي چينامپا پيداوار کي بنياد بڻائي اندازو ڪيو ويو آهي ته {{Convert|1|ha|acre|spell=in}} چينامپا 20 ماڻهن کي کارائي سگهي ٿي، ۽ {{Convert|9,000|ha|acre}} چينامپا 180,000 ماڻهن کي خوراڪ ڏئي سگهي ٿي.{{sfn|Noguera Auza|1974}} ايزٽيڪن زراعت کي وڌيڪ وڌائڻ لاءِ مصنوعي [[آبپاشي]] نظام به ٺاهيا. جڏهن ته گهڻي پوک گھڻي آبادي وارن علائقن کان ٻاهر ٿيندي هئي، شهرن اندر به (ننڍي پيماني تي) پوک جو هڪ طريقو هو: هر خاندان وٽ هڪ باغچو هوندو هو جتي هو مکئي، ميوا، جڙي ٻوٽيون، دوائون ۽ ٻيا اهم ٻوٽا پوکيندا هئا. جڏهن ٽينوچٽٽلان وڏو شهري مرڪز بڻيو، تڏهن شهر کي ڍنڍ جي ڪنارن تي موجود چشمن مان [[چا پولٽي پيڪ پاڻي رستو|آبي رستن]] وسيلي پاڻي فراهم ڪيو ويندو هو، ۽ انساني فضلي کي ڀاڻ طور استعمال ڪرڻ لاءِ گڏ ڪرڻ جو نظام پڻ منظم ڪيو ويو. شديد زراعت جي ڪري ايزٽيڪ هڪ وڏي شهري آباديءَ کي برقرار رکي سگهيا. ڍنڍ پروٽين جو به وڏو ذريعو هئي—مڇي، آبي جاندار، جھينگا، حشرات ۽ حشرات جا آنا، ۽ پاڻيءَ جا پکي. پروٽين جي اهڙن گهڻ رخي ذريعن سبب گوشت لاءِ پاليل جانورن جي ضرورت گهٽ هئي (رڳو ٽرڪي ۽ ڪتا رکيا ويندا هئا)، ۽ عالمن جو اندازو آهي ته ميڪسيڪو طاس جي رهواسين وٽ پروٽين جي کوٽ نه هئي.{{sfn|Townsend|2009|pp=171–179}} {{Further|topic=زميني فاصلي جا ماپا |ٽْلَلڪُوَاهُئِيٽل}} === هنر ۽ پيشا === [[File:Plate with painted decoration, Aztec culture, Mexico, ceramic - Fitchburg Art Museum - DSC08809.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|left|ايزٽيڪ ”ڪارو-نارنگي“ مٽيءَ جا برتن]] کاڌي جي پيداوار ۾ اضافي سبب ايزٽيڪ آباديءَ جو وڏو حصو خوراڪ کان سواءِ ٻين پيشائن کي وقت ڏئي سگهيو. گهريلو خوراڪ جي ذميوارين کان علاوه، عورتون [[ايگيوي]] ريشا ۽ [[ڪپهه]] مان ڪپڙا اڻينديون هيون. مرد به ڪيترن هنرَن ۾ مهارت رکندا هئا: مٽيءَ جا برتن، [[ابسڊين]] ۽ [[فلنٽ]] جا اوزار، ۽ عيش و عشرت جون شيون جهڙوڪ [[مڻين جو ڪم]]، [[پَرَن جو ڪم]]، ۽ اوزارن ۽ سازن جي ٺاهه. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن پورو ڪلپوللي هڪ ئي هنر ۾ خاص ٿي ويندو هو، ۽ ڪجهہ آثار قديمه وارن ماڳن تي وڏا پاڙا مليا آهن جتي رڳو هڪ ئي هنر جي پيداوار ٿيندي هئي.{{sfn|Brumfiel|1998}}{{sfn|Townsend|2009|pp=181–196}} ايزٽيڪن وٽ گهڻي ڌاتوڪاري پيداوار نه هئي، پر انهن کي [[سونو]] ڳارڻ جي بنيادي ٽيڪنالاجيءَ جي ڄاڻ هئي، ۽ هو سون کي [[قيمتي پٿر]] جهڙوڪ [[جيڊ]] ۽ [[فيروزو]] سان ملائي ڪم ڪندا هئا. [[ٽامي]] جون شيون عام طور [[مچوآڪان]] جي تارا اسڪين (پوريپيچا) کان درآمد ڪيون وينديون هيون.{{sfn|Townsend|2009|pp=184, 193}} === واپار ۽ ورڇ === [[File:Tlatelolco Marketplace.JPG|thumb|تلاتيلولڪو ۾ ايزٽيڪ بازار جو ڊيوراما ماڊل]] شين جي ورڇ مارڪيٽن جي هڪ نيٽ ورڪ وسيلي ٿيندي هئي؛ ڪجهہ مارڪيٽون هڪ ئي جنس لاءِ مخصوص هيون (مثال طور آڪولمان جي ڪتن واري بازار)، جڏهن ته ٻيون عام مارڪيٽون ڪيترين ئي شين سان گڏ هونديون هيون. مارڪيٽون انتهائي منظم هيون، جتي نگراني ڪندڙ مقرر هئا: صرف اجازت يافته واپاري وڪرو ڪري سگهندا هئا، ۽ ٺڳي يا ناقص/جعلي مال وڪڻندڙن کي سزا ڏني ويندي هئي. عام شهر ۾ هفتيوار بازار (هر پنجين ڏينهن) لڳندي هئي، جڏهن ته وڏن شهرن ۾ روزانو بازارون لڳنديون هيون. ڪورٽيس ٻڌايو ته تلاتيلولڪو جي مرڪزي بازار—ٽينوچٽٽلان جي ڀيڻ شهر—روزانو 60,000 ماڻهن جي اچ وڃ ڏسندي هئي. ڪجهہ وڪڻندڙ ننڍا وينڊر هوندا هئا؛ هاري پنهنجو ڪجهہ پيداوار وڪڻندا، ڪنڀار پنهنجا برتن وڪڻندا وغيره. ٻيا وڪڻندڙ پيشه ور واپاري هوندا هئا، جيڪي منافعو ڪمائڻ لاءِ مارڪيٽ کان مارڪيٽ سفر ڪندا هئا.{{sfn|Hirth|2016}} [[پوچٽيڪا]] ڊگهي فاصلي جا خاص واپاري هئا، جيڪي خاص [[ايزٽيڪ گلڊ|گلڊن]] ۾ منظم هئا. اهي سڄي ميسوامريڪا ۾ ڊگها سفر ڪري ناياب عيش و عشرت جون شيون آڻيندا هئا، ۽ تلاتيلولڪو مارڪيٽ جا جج ۽ نگران به هوندا هئا. ايزٽيڪ ميڪسيڪو جي معيشت ۾ واپار (پئسي، مارڪيٽن ۽ واپارين جي استعمال سان) موجود هو، پر زمين ۽ محنت عام طور وڪري لاءِ ”جنس“ نه هيون، جيتوڻيڪ اميرن ۾ ڪجهہ زمين جا قسم خريد و فروخت ٿي سگهندا هئا.{{sfn|Hirth|2016|pp=18, 37–38}} تجارتي شعبي ۾ پئسي جون ڪيترين قسمن جون صورتون باقاعده استعمال ۾ هيون.{{sfn|Hirth|2016|loc=Ch. 2}} ننڍين خريداريءَ لاءِ [[ڪاڪو ڦريون]] استعمال ٿينديون هيون (جيڪي هيٺاهين علائقن مان آنديون وينديون هيون). ايزٽيڪ بازارن ۾ هڪ ننڍو خرگوش 30 ڦرين جو، ٽرڪيءَ جو انڊو ٽي ڦرين جو، ۽ تامل هڪ ڦريءَ جو هوندو هو. وڏين خريداريءَ لاءِ ڪپهه جي ڪپڙي جي معياري ڊيگهه—[[ڪواچٽلي]]—استعمال ٿيندي هئي. ڪواچٽلي جا مختلف درجا هئا، جن جي قيمت 65 کان 300 ڪاڪو ڦرين تائين هوندي هئي. لڳ ڀڳ 20 ڪواچٽلي ٽينوچٽٽلان ۾ هڪ عام ماڻهوءَ کي هڪ سال لاءِ گذارو ڪرائي سگهندا هئا.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=126}} === ٽيڪس === [[File:Codex Mendoza folio 47r.jpg|thumb|right|''[[ڪوڊڪس مينڊوزا]]'' مان فوليو، جنهن ۾ پيسيفڪ ڪناري واري ’’التيپيٽل‘‘ شوڪونوشڪو پاران ٽينوچٽٽلان کي ڏنل ٽيڪس (غير ملڪي واپاري شين جي صورت ۾) ڏيکاريل آهي.]] شين جي ورڇ جو هڪ ٻيو طريقو [[ٽيڪس]] جي ادائيگي هئي. جڏهن ڪو التيپيٽل فتح ٿيندو هو ته فاتح ساليانو ٽيڪس لاڳو ڪندو هو، جيڪو اڪثر انهن شين جي صورت ۾ ادا ٿيندو هو جيڪي مقامي طور سڀ کان قيمتي يا پسنديده سمجهيون وينديون هيون. ''ڪوڊڪس مينڊوزا'' جا ڪيترائي صفحا تابع شهرن ۽ انهن جي فراهم ڪيل شين جي فهرست ڏين ٿا، جن ۾ نه رڳو عيش و عشرت جون شيون—جهڙوڪ پَر، سينگاريل لباس، ۽ [[گرين اسٽون (آثار قديمه)|گرين اسٽون]] جون مُڻيون—پر عملي شيون جهڙوڪ ڪپڙو، ڪاٺيون، ۽ خوراڪ به شامل آهن. ٽيڪس عام طور سال ۾ ٻه يا چار دفعا مختلف وقتن تي ادا ڪيا ويندا هئا.{{sfn|Berdan|Anawalt|1997}} ايزٽيڪ راڄ وارن صوبن ۾ آثار قديمه جون کوٽايون ڏيکارين ٿيون ته سلطنت ۾ شامل ٿيڻ جا فائدا به هئا ۽ خرچ به. هڪ پاسي، سلطنت واپار ۽ تجارت کي وڌايو، ۽ [[ابسڊين]] کان [[ڪنجهرو|برونز]] تائين غير ملڪي شيون عام ۽ امير ٻنهي جي گهرن تائين پهچڻ لڳيون. واپاري ساٿيءَ ۾ دشمن [[پوريپيچا قوم|پوريپيچا]] (تارا اسڪين) به شامل هئا، جيڪي برونز جا اوزار ۽ زيور مهيا ڪندا هئا. ٻئي پاسي، سلطنتي ٽيڪسن عام گهراڻن تي بار وڌايو، جن کي پنهنجي حصي جو ٽيڪس ادا ڪرڻ لاءِ وڌيڪ محنت ڪرڻي پوندي هئي. امير، وري، اڻ سڌي حڪمرانيءَ جي ڪري گهڻو ڪري فائدو وٺندا هئا: سلطنت کي مقامي بادشاهن ۽ اميرن تي ڀاڙڻو پوندو هو، ۽ نظم ۽ ٽيڪس رواني برقرار رکڻ جي بدلي ۾ کين امتياز ڏنا ويندا هئا.{{sfn|Smith|2005}} == شهريت (شهرڪاري) == ايزٽيڪ سماج هڪ نسبتاً سادي [[زرعي سماج|زرعي]] ڳوٺاڻِي روايت کي اهڙي ”سچي شهري“ سماج جي ترقي سان گڏايو، جنهن ۾ ادارن، خصوصي ڪمن ۽ درجابنديءَ (hierarchies) جو پيچيده نظام موجود هو. ميسوامريڪا ۾ شهري روايت [[ڪلاسيڪي دور]] دوران ٺهي، جتي ٽيوٽيهوآڪان جهڙا وڏا شهري مرڪز موجود هئا جن جي آبادي 100,000 کان گهڻو مٿي هئي؛ ۽ ايزٽيڪن جي اڀار جي وقت تائين، شهريت ميسوامريڪي سماج ۾ پختي طرح رچي بسجي چڪي هئي، جتي شهر مرڪز سڄي آبادي لاءِ وڏا مذهبي، سياسي ۽ معاشي ڪم سرانجام ڏيندا هئا.{{sfn|Smith|2008}} === ميڪسيڪو-ٽينوچٽٽلان === {{Main|ميڪسيڪو-ٽينوچٽٽلان}} [[File:Tenochtitlan.jpg|thumb|ٽينوچٽٽلان جي ٻيٽ-شهر جو نقشو]] [[File:Vestigios de Tenochtitlan by CDMX Gov IMG 4984 (29638565064).jpg|thumb|left|ميڪسيڪو-ٽينوچٽٽلان جي شهري نموني جا آثار، [[سينٽرو ڪلچورال دي اِسپانيا]] (ميڪسيڪو سٽي) جو آثار قديمه ماڳ]] ايزٽيڪ سلطنت جو راڄڌاني شهر [[ٽينوچٽٽلان]] هو، جيڪو اڄ جي جديد دور جي [[ميڪسيڪو سٽي]] جي هنڌ تي واقع آهي. [[ليڪ ٽيڪسڪوڪو]] ۾ ڪيترن ننڍن ٻيٽن/ٽڪرين (islets) تي ٺهيل هن شهر جو نقشو هڪ هم-مرڪز ۽ هم-توازن ترتيب تي ٻڌل هو، جيڪو چئن شهري حصن ۾ ورهايل هو، جن کي ''campan'' (رخ/سمتون) چيو ويندو هو. ٽينوچٽٽلان هڪ مقرر منصوبي مطابق تعمير ٿيو ۽ ان جو مرڪز رسومي (ritual) احاطو هو، جتي [[ٽينوچٽٽلان جو وڏو پيرامڊ|وڏي پيرامڊ]] شهر کان {{convert|50|m|ft|sp=us}} مٿي اڀرندو هو. گهر ڪاٺ ۽ [[لوئم]] (loam) مان ٺاهيا ويندا هئا ۽ ڇتيون سڙهن/سرن (reed) مان؛ جڏهن⁠ته پيرامڊ، مندر ۽ محل عام طور پٿر جا هوندا هئا. شهر اندر واهن (canals) جو جال پکڙيل هو، جيڪو آمد و رفت لاءِ تمام ڪارآمد هو. انسانيات دان ايڊوارڊو نوگويرا گهرن جي ڳڻپ جي بنياد تي 200,000 آبادي جو اندازو ڏنو، ۽ ان سان گڏ تلاتيلولڪو جي آبادي پڻ شامل ڪئي (جيڪو اڳ هڪ خودمختيار شهر هو پر پوءِ ٽينوچٽٽلان جو مضافات بڻجي ويو).{{sfn|Noguera Auza|1974}} جيڪڏهن ٽيڪسڪوڪو ڍنڍ جي چوڌاري ڀرپاسي جا ٻيٽ ۽ ڪنارا به شامل ڪجن ته اندازا 300,000 کان 700,000 رهواسين تائين وڃن ٿا. مائيڪل اي. اسمٿ شهر جي ايراضي {{Convert|1350|ha|acre}} ۽ آباديءَ جي گهاٽائي 157 رهواسي في هيڪٽر (تقريباً 64 رهواسي في ايڪڙ) ٻڌائي ٿو، ۽ ٽينوچٽٽلان لاءِ ڪجهه گهٽ انگ 212,500 رهواسي ڏئي ٿو. ميڪسيڪو طاس ۾ ايزٽيڪ دور جو ٻيو وڏو شهر ٽيڪسڪوڪو هو، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 25,000 رهواسي هئا، جيڪي {{Convert|450|ha|acre}} تي پکڙيل هئا.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=152}} ٽينوچٽٽلان جو مرڪز مقدس احاطو هو—ڀت سان گهيريل هڪ چورس علائقو—جنهن ۾ وڏو مندر ، ٻين ديوتائن جا مندر، [[ميسوامريڪي بال ڪورٽ|بال ڪورٽ]]، [[ڪَلمَيڪَڪ]] (اميرن لاءِ اسڪول)، کپرن جو رئڪ ''[[ٽزُومپَنٽلِي]]'' (قربانيءَ جي شڪار ماڻهن جا کپر ڏيکارڻ لاءِ)، جنگي آرڊرن جا گهر ۽ واپارين جو محل شامل هئا. مقدس احاطي جي چوڌاري تلاتوانين پاران ٺهيل شاهي محل هئا.{{sfn|Smith|1997|pp=196–200}} ==== وڏو مندر ==== [[File:Templo Mayor 50.jpg|thumb|left|[[ميڪسيڪو سٽي جو تاريخي مرڪز|ميڪسيڪو سٽي جي تاريخي مرڪز]] ۾ وڏو مندر]] ٽينوچٽٽلان جو مرڪزي نشان [[ٽيمپلو ميئر]] هو، وڏو مندر، هڪ وڏي ڏاڪن واري پيرامڊ، جنهن ۾ ٻٽا ڏاڪا (double staircase) ٻن جاڙيون عبادتگاهن تائين ويندا هئا: هڪ [[تلالوڪ]] لاءِ ۽ ٻي [[هُويتزيلوپوچٽلي]] لاءِ. رسومي ميلن دوران گهڻيون [[ايزٽيڪ ثقافت ۾ انساني قرباني|انساني قربانيون]] هتي ٿينديون هيون، ۽ قربانيءَ جي شڪار ماڻهن جا لاش ڏاڪن تان هيٺ اڇلايا ويندا هئا. مندر کي ڪيترن مرحلن ۾ وڏو ڪيو ويو؛ گهڻن ايزٽيڪ حڪمرانن ان ۾ نئون مرحلو وڌائڻ کي اهم سمجهيو—هر ڀيري نئين وقف ۽ نئين افتتاح سان. مندر جي کوٽائي ميڪسيڪو سٽي جي مرڪز ۾ ٿي چڪي آهي، ۽ وقف-هدايا (dedicatory offerings) جي اميرانه گڏهه ٽيمپلو ميئر جي عجائب گهر ۾ ڏيکاري وڃي ٿي.{{sfn|López Luján|2005}} آثار قديمه ماهر [[ايڊوارڊو ماتوس موڪٽيزوما]] پنهنجي مضمون ''سمبولزم آف دي ٽيمپلو ميئر'' ۾ اهو موقف رکي ٿو ته مندر جي رخ بندي (orientation) ان ”ڪلي نظر“ جي علامت آهي جيڪا ميڪسڪا ڪائنات بابت رکندا هئا ([[ڪوسموويزن]]). هو چوي ٿو ته اهو ”مکيه مرڪز“ يا ”ناف“ آهي جتي افقي ۽ عمودي سطحن جو ميل ٿئي ٿو، يعني اهو نقطو جتان آسماني/مٿيون سطح ۽ [[زيرِ زمين دنيا|زيرِ زمين]] جي سطح شروع ٿيندي آهي ۽ ڪائنات جون چارئي سمتون جنم وٺن ٿيون، ۽ اهو ئي ٽينوچٽٽلان جو ٽيمپلو ميئر آهي. ماتوس موڪٽيزوما پنهنجي دليل کي هن دعويٰ سان سهارو ڏئي ٿو ته مندر هڪ ”جيئري ڏند ڪٿا“ جو مجسم روپ آهي، جتي ”سڀ مقدس طاقت مرڪوز“ ٿئي ٿي ۽ جتي ”سڀ سطحون هڪ ٻئي سان ملن ٿيون“.{{sfn|Matos Moctezuma|1987}}{{sfn|Matos Moctezuma|1988}} === ٻيا وڏا شهر-رياست === ڍنڍ جي چوڌاري ٻين وڏن ايزٽيڪ شهرن ۾ اڳوڻن شهر-رياست مرڪزن مان [[ٽينايوڪا]]، [[ازڪاپوٽزالڪو]]، [[ٽيڪسڪوڪو (التيپيٽل)|ٽيڪسڪوڪو]]، [[ڪولهوآڪن (التيپيٽل)|ڪولهوآڪن]]، [[تلاڪوپان]]، [[چا پولٽي پيڪ]]، [[ڪويوآڪن]]، [[شوچيميليڪو]] ۽ [[چالڪو (التيپيٽل)|چالڪو]] شامل هئا. پويبلا واري واديءَ ۾ [[چولو لا (ميسوامريڪي ماڳ)|چولو لا]] سڀ کان وڏو شهر هو، ۽ ميسوامريڪا جي سڀ کان وڏي پيرامڊ مندر سان سڃاتو ويندو هو؛ جڏهن⁠ته تلاڪسڪالا جي اتحاد ۾ چار ننڍا شهر شامل هئا. موريلوس ۾ [[ڪوئرناواڪا|ڪواهنواڪ]] ناھواٽل ڳالهائيندڙ تلاهوئيڪا قبيلي جو وڏو شهر هو، ۽ ٽولوڪا واديءَ ۾ ٽوللوڪان متلاتزينڪا قبيلي جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو، جنهن ۾ ناھواٽل ڳالهائيندڙ به هئا ۽ اوتومي ۽ اڄ ”متلاتزينڪا“ سڏجندڙ ٻوليءَ جا ڳالهائيندڙ به. گهڻن ايزٽيڪ شهرن جو نقشو ساڳئي نموني جو هو: مرڪزي چوراهو (پلازا)، ان وٽ هڪ وڏو پيرامڊ جنهن ۾ ٻه ڏاڪا ۽ ٻٽو مندر (double temple) هوندو هو، ۽ اهو اڪثر اولهه طرف رُخ رکندڙ هوندو هو.{{sfn|Smith|2008}} == مذهب == {{Main|ايزٽيڪ مذهب}} ناھوا ماڻهن جي مابعدالطبيعات (metaphysics) جو مرڪز {{lang|nci|[[teotl]]}} آهي—”هڪڙو واحد، متحرڪ، حياتي بخش، هميشه پاڻ پيدا ٿيندڙ ۽ پاڻ ٻيهر جنم ڏيندڙ مقدس قوت/توانائي/اثر.“<ref>{{harvnb|Maffie|n.d.|loc=sec 2a: "Teotl continually generates and regenerates as well as permeates, encompasses, and shapes the cosmos as part of its endless process of self-generation-and–regeneration. That which humans commonly understand as nature – e.g. heavens, earth, rain, humans, trees, rocks, animals, etc. – is generated by teotl, from teotl as one aspect, facet, or moment of its endless process of self-generation-and-regeneration."}}</ref> هن تصور کي هڪ قسم جي [[پينٿي ازم#Form of monism|يَڪ-وحدتي پينٿي ازم]] (monistic pantheism)<ref>{{harvnb|Maffie|n.d.|loc=sec 2b,2c}}, citing Hunt 1977 and I. Nicholson 1959; Leon-Portilla 1966, p. 387 cited by {{harvnb|Barnett|2007|loc="M. Leon-Portilla argues that Ometeotl was neither strictly pantheistic nor strictly monistic."}}</ref> طور سمجهيو ويندو آهي، جيڪو اعليٰ ديوتا {{lang|nci|Ometeotl|italic=no}}<ref>{{harvnb|Maffie|n.d.|loc=sec 2f: "Literally, 'Two God', also called {{lang|nci|in Tonan, in Tota, Huehueteotl}}, 'our Mother, our Father, the Old God'"}}</ref> ۾ ظاهري صورت اختيار ڪري ٿو، ۽ گڏوگڏ گهٽ درجي جي ديوتائن جو وڏو ديو-منڊل (pantheon) ۽ ستارن ۽ باهه جهڙن فطري مظاهر جون مثالي صورتون پڻ شامل آهن.<ref>{{harvnb|Maffie|n.d.|loc=sec 2f}}, citing {{harvnb|Leon-Portilla|1963}}.</ref> پجاري ۽ تعليم يافته مٿيون طبقو وڌيڪ يَڪ-وحدتي نظرين جو حامي هوندو هو، جڏهن⁠ته اڻ پڙهيل عوامي مذهب گهڻو ڪري گهڻ-ديوتا (polytheistic) ۽ ڏند ڪٿائي پاسن کي قبول ڪندو هو.<ref>{{harvnb|Maffie|n.d.|loc=sec. 2f}}, citing Caso 1958; {{harvnb|Leon-Portilla|1963|loc=ch. II}}; H. B. Nicholson 1971, pp. 410–412; and I. Nicholson 1959, pp. 60–63.</ref> ٻين ڪيترين ميسوامريڪي تهذيبن وانگر، ايزٽيڪن [[wikt:calendrics|ڪئلينڊري نظام]] تي وڏي رسومي اهميت ڏني، ۽ عيدن، سرڪاري رسمن ۽ جنگ کي به [[ايزٽيڪ ڪئلينڊر]] جي اهم تبديليءَ وارن ڏينهن جي چوڌاري ترتيب ڏيندا هئا. عوامي رسمن ۾ کاڌو، ڪهاڻي گوئي، ۽ [[Netotiliztli|ناچ]] شامل هوندا هئا، گڏوگڏ [[رسومي جنگ|رسمي جنگ]]، [[ميسوامريڪي بال راند]]، ۽ [[انساني قرباني]] به—ان کي ديوتائن لاءِ ادائيگي، يا ڏينهن جي تسلسل ۽ حياتيءَ جي چڪر کي جاري رکڻ جو وسيلو سمجهيو ويندو هو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wade |first1=Lizzie |title=Feeding the Gods |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/feeding-gods-hundreds-skulls-reveal-massive-scale-human-sacrifice-aztec-capital |journal=Science |date=2018 |volume=360 |issue=6395 |pages=1288–1292 |publisher=Science.org |doi=10.1126/science.360.6395.1288 |pmid=29930121 |bibcode=2018Sci...360.1288W |s2cid=49414905 |access-date=6 October 2023|issn = 0036-8075 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{sfn|Smith|1997|pp=204, 211–212, 221–222}} === ديوتا === {{main|ايزٽيڪ ديوتائن ۽ مافوق الفطرت هستين جي فهرست}} [[File:Codex_Borgia_page_17.jpg|thumb|ديوتا تيزڪاتليپوڪا جو نقش، [[ڪوڊڪس بورجيا]] ۾—فتح کان اڳ وارن ٿورن بچيل ڪوڊيسن مان هڪ]] ايزٽيڪن جا چار مکيه ديوتا [[تلالوڪ]]، [[هُويتزيلوپوچٽلي]]، [[ڪيتزالڪوآتل]]، ۽ [[تيزڪاتليپوڪا]] هئا. [[تلالوڪ]] [[موسمي ديوتا|وسڪاري ۽ طوفان جو ديوتا]] هو؛ [[هُويتزيلوپوچٽلي]] [[شمسي ديوتا|شمسي]] ۽ جنگي ديوتا، ۽ ميڪسڪا قبيلي جو [[سرپرست ديوتا]]؛ [[ڪيتزالڪوآتل]] [[هوائي ديوتا|هوا]]، [[آسماني ديوتا|آسمان]] ۽ تارن جو ديوتا ۽ ثقافتي هيرو؛ ۽ [[تيزڪاتليپوڪا]] رات، جادو، غيب گوئي ۽ تقدير جو ديوتا. ٽينوچٽٽلان جي وڏي مندر جي مٿان ٻه عبادتگاهون هيون: هڪ تلالوڪ لاءِ ۽ ٻي هُويتزيلوپوچٽلي لاءِ. اهي ٻه عبادتگاهون ٻن مقدس جبلن جي نمائندگي ڪنديون هيون: کاٻي پاسي ٽوناکاتيپيٽل (رزق جو ٽڪر)، جنهن جو سرپرست ديوتا تلالوڪ هو؛ ۽ ساڄي پاسي ڪوآتيپيک، جنهن جو سرپرست ديوتا هُويتزيلوپوچٽلي هو.<ref>{{Cite web |last=King |first=Authors: Heidi |title=Tenochtitlan: Templo Mayor {{!}} Essay {{!}} The Metropolitan Museum of Art {{!}} Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/teno_2/hd_teno_2.htm#:~:text=The%20twin%20pyramids%20symbolized%20two,the%20Aztec%20war%20god%20Huitzilopochtli. |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |date=October 2004 |language=en}}</ref> ڪيتزالڪوآتل ۽ تيزڪاتليپوڪا جا وڏو مندر جي ويجهو مذهبي احاطي اندر الڳ مندر هئا، ۽ وڏو مندر جا وڏا پجاري "''Quetzalcoatl Tlamacazqueh''" سڏبا هئا. ٻين وڏن ديوتائن ۾ [[تلالتيڪُٽلي]] يا [[ڪوآتليڪوي]] (عورت زميني ديوي)؛ ديوي-ديوتا جوڙو [[توناکاتيڪُهٽلي]] ۽ [[توناکاسيهُواتل]] (زندگي ۽ رزق سان لاڳاپيل)؛ [[ميڪٽلانتيڪُٽلي]] ۽ [[ميڪٽلانسيهُواتل]] (زير زمين ۽ موت جا مرد-عورت ديوتا)؛ [[چالچيهُتلِڪوي|چالچيوهٽليڪوي]] (ڍنڍن ۽ چشمن جي عورت ديوي)؛ [[شيپي ٽوٽيڪ]] (زرخيزي ۽ فطري چڪر جو ديوتا)؛ [[هُوهُويتيئوٽل]] يا [[شيُوهيتيڪُهٽلي]] (باهه جو ديوتا)؛ [[تلازولتيئوٽل]] (جنم ۽ جنسيت سان لاڳاپيل عورت ديوي)؛ ۽ [[شوچيپيلي]] ۽ [[شوچيڪيتزال]] (ڳائڻ، ناچ ۽ راندين جا ديوتا) شامل هئا. ڪجهہ علائقن ۾، خاص ڪري تلاڪسڪالا ۾، [[ميڪسڪوآتل]] يا [[ڪاماشٽلي]] مکيه قبائلي ديوتا هو. ڪجهہ ذريعا هڪ ٻٽي ديوتا [[اوميتيئوٽل]] جو ذڪر ڪن ٿا، جيڪو شايد زندگي ۽ موت، مرد ۽ عورت جي ٻيٽائيءَ (dualities) جو ديوتا رهيو هجي، ۽ شايد توناکاتيڪهٽلي ۽ توناکاسيهُواتل کي پاڻ ۾ شامل ڪندو هجي.{{sfn|Miller|Taube|1993|p=172}} ڪجهہ مورخ اوميتيئوٽل کي ”ٻٽو ديوتا“ مڃڻ جي تصور خلاف دليل ڏين ٿا، چوندي ته عالمن ترجمي وارن متنن تي پنهنجا اڳڪٿيل خيال لاڳو ڪيا آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ometeotl |url=https://mythopedia.com/topics/ometeotl |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=Mythopedia |language=en}}</ref> وڏن ديوتائن کان علاوه درجنين ننڍا ديوتا به هئا، هر هڪ ڪنهن عنصر يا تصور سان لاڳاپيل؛ ۽ جيئن جيئن ايزٽيڪ سلطنت وڌندي وئي، تيئن تيئن سندن ديو-منڊل به وڌندو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو فتح ڪيل ماڻهن جي مقامي ديوتائن کي پنهنجن ۾ اختيار ڪري شامل ڪندا هئا. ان کان علاوه، وڏن ديوتائن جون گهڻيون متبادل صورتون/پاسا (aspects) به هيون، جن مان لاڳاپيل خصوصيتن وارا ننڍڙا ”ديوي خاندان“ ٺهندا هئا.{{sfn|Taube|1993|pp=31–33}} === ڏند ڪٿائون ۽ جهان-نظر (ورلڊ ويو) === {{main| ايزٽيڪ ڏند ڪٿائون}} [[File:Codex Féjervary-Mayer Lamina 01.svg|thumb|left|ايزٽيڪ ڪائناتي نقش، جنهن ۾ مرڪز ۾ باهه جو مالڪ ديوتا شيُوهيتيڪُهٽلي، ۽ ڪائنات جا چار ڪنڊا چار وڻن سان نشان ٿيل آهن جن سان لاڳاپيل پکي، ديوتا ۽ ڪئلينڊر نالا آهن؛ ۽ هر سمت تيزڪاتليپوڪا جي ڪٽيل عضوي سان نشان ٿيل آهي.{{sfn|Taube|2012|p=745}} [[ڪوڊڪس فيجيرواِري-مايئر]] مان]] ايزٽيڪ ڏند ڪٿائن جي ڄاڻ ڪيترن ذريعن مان ملي ٿي جيڪي نوآبادي دور ۾ لکيون ويون. هڪ مشهور مجموعو—Legend of the Suns (سورجن جي ڏند ڪٿا)—چار لڳاتار ”سورجن“ يا دورن جي تخليق بيان ڪري ٿو، جن مان هر هڪ مختلف ديوتا جي حڪمراني هيٺ، مختلف هستين جي آبادڪاري سان. هر دور هڪ وڏي تباهيءَ سان ختم ٿئي ٿو، جيڪا ايندڙ دور جي شروعات جو پس منظر بڻجي ٿي. هن عمل ۾ تيزڪاتليپوڪا ۽ ڪيتزالڪوآتل مخالف ڪردار طور ظاهر ٿين ٿا، جتي هر هڪ ٻئي جي تخليق کي ڊاهي ٿو. موجوده سج—پنجون—ان وقت بڻيو جڏهن هڪ ننڍي ديوتا پاڻ کي باهه ۾ قربان ڪري سج بڻيو؛ پر سج تڏهن ئي هلڻ شروع ڪري ٿو جڏهن ٻيا ديوتا به پاڻ قربان ڪن ٿا ۽ پنهنجي حياتي قوت پيش ڪن ٿا.{{sfn|Taube|1993|pp=41–44}} ٻي ڏند ڪٿا ۾—[[Creationism|زمين ڪيئن ٺهي]]—تيزڪاتليپوڪا ۽ ڪيتزالڪوآتل ساٿي بڻجي هڪ ديو قامت مگرمڇ جهڙي هستي [[Cipactli|سيپڪٽلي]] کي شڪست ڏين ٿا ۽ کيس زمين بڻجڻ تي مجبور ڪن ٿا، جنهن سان انسان سندس جسم ۾ کوٽ ڪري ٻج پوکين ٿا، پر شرط هيٺ ته بدلي ۾ کيس رت پيش ڪندا. انسان جي تخليق جي ڪهاڻيءَ ۾، ڪيتزالڪوآتل پنهنجي جڙواڻ [[Xolotl|شو لوتل]] سان گڏ زير زمين دنيا وڃي هڏا آڻي ٿو، جن کي ديوي سيهواڪوآتل هڪ [[metate]] تي مکئي وانگر پيهي ڌوڙ بڻائي ٿي؛ اهو آٽو انسان جي صورت وٺي ٿو ۽ جڏهن ڪيتزالڪوآتل پنهنجو رت ان ۾ وجهي ٿو ته اهو جيئرو ٿي پوي ٿو.{{sfn|Taube|1993|pp=33–37}} هُويتزيلوپوچٽلي ميڪسڪا قبيلي سان ڳنڍيل ديوتا آهي ۽ قبيلي جي ابتدا ۽ لڏپلاڻ جي ڪهاڻيءَ ۾ نمايان آهي. سفر دوران، هُويتزيلوپوچٽلي—ميڪسڪا پجاريءَ پاران کنيل ديوتا-ڳٺڙي جي صورت ۾—قبيلي کي ڀرپاسي وارن سان ٽڪراءَ ڏانهن ڌڪيندو رهندو آهي جڏهن به هو ڪنهن هنڌ ٽڪندا هئا. ٻي ڏند ڪٿا ۾، هُويتزيلوپوچٽلي ڪوآتيپيٽل ٽڪريءَ تي پنهنجي ڀيڻ، قمري ديوي [[Coyolxāuhqui|ڪو يولشوآهڪي]]، ۽ سندس چار سؤ ڀائرن کي شڪست ڏئي ٽڪر ٽڪر ڪري ٿو. وڏي مندر جو ڏکڻ پاسو—جنهن کي به ڪوآتيپيک سڏيو ويندو هو—هن ڏند ڪٿا جي علامتي نمائندگي هو، ۽ ڏاڪن جي هيٺان هڪ وڏو پٿريلو [[monolith|مونو لٿ]] رکيل هو جنهن تي ٽڪرن ۾ ورهايل ديوي جو نقش اڪريل هو.{{sfn|Taube|1993|pp=44–50}} === ڪئلينڊر === {{main|ايزٽيڪ ڪئلينڊر}} [[File:1479 Stein der fünften Sonne, sog. Aztekenkalender, Ollin Tonatiuh anagoria.JPG|thumb|"[[ايزٽيڪ سن اسٽون|ايزٽيڪ ڪئلينڊر پٿر]]" يا "سن اسٽون"—1790ع ۾ ميڪسيڪو سٽي مان نڪتل وڏي پٿريلي ٺهڻي، جنهن تي ايزٽيڪ ڏند ڪٿائي تاريخ جا پنج دور ڪئلينڊري نشانين سان ڏيکاريل آهن.]] ايزٽيڪ مذهبي زندگي ڪئلينڊرن جي چوڌاري منظم هئي. ٻين گهڻن ميسوامريڪي ماڻهن وانگر، ايزٽيڪ هڪ ئي وقت ٻه ڪئلينڊر استعمال ڪندا هئا: 260 ڏينهن جو رسومي ڪئلينڊر ''[[tonalpohualli]]'' ۽ 365 ڏينهن جو شمسي ڪئلينڊر ''[[xiuhpohualli]]''. هر ڏينهن ٻنهي ڪئلينڊرن ۾ نالو ۽ انگ رکندڙ هو، ۽ ٻن تاريخن جو گڏيل ميلاپ 52 سالن اندر منفرد هوندو هو. ''tonalpohualli'' گهڻو ڪري فال/غيب گوئي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو هو، ۽ ان ۾ 20 ڏينهن جون نشانين ۽ 1–13 تائين انگن جا چڪر شامل هئا، جيڪي هڪ مقرر ترتيب سان ڦرندا هئا. ''xiuhpohualli'' 20 ڏينهن وارن 18 ”مهينن“ تي ٻڌل هو، ۽ چڪر جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ پنج ”خالي“ ڏينهن هوندا هئا، پوءِ نئون ''xiuhpohualli'' شروع ٿيندو هو. هر 20 ڏينهن واري مهيني جو نالو اُن رسومي ميلي/جشن تان رکيل هوندو هو جيڪو مهيني جي شروعات ۾ ٿيندو هو، ۽ انهن مان ڪيترن جو زرعي چڪر سان لاڳاپو هوندو هو. ايزٽيڪ ڪئلينڊر کي [[ليپ سال]] مطابق ڪيئن، ۽ ڇا سڌارو ڏنو ويندو هو—اهو ماهرن ۾ بحث جو موضوع آهي. مهيني وارا رسما سڄي آباديءَ کي شامل ڪندا هئا: هر گهر ۾، ''calpolli'' جي مندرن ۾، ۽ وڏي مقدس احاطي ۾ رسما ٿيندا هئا. ڪيترن جشنن ۾ ناچ جون مختلف صورتون، ديوتا-شخص بڻيل اداڪارن پاران ڏند ڪٿائي ڪهاڻين جي ٻيهر اداڪاري، ۽ قربانيون شامل هونديون هيون—کاڌي، جانورن ۽ انسانن جي صورت ۾.{{sfn|Hassig|2001|pp=7–19}} هر 52 سالن کان پوءِ ٻئي ڪئلينڊر پنهنجي گڏيل شروعاتي نقطي تي اچي ملندا هئا ۽ نئون ڪئلينڊري چڪر شروع ٿيندو هو. هن واقعي کي ''Xiuhmolpilli'' يا [[نئين باهه جي رسم|New Fire Ceremony]] ذريعي ملهايو ويندو هو. هن رسم ۾ سڀني گهرن ۾ پراڻا ٿانو ٽوڙيا ويندا هئا ۽ ايزٽيڪ علائقي ۾ سڀ باهيون وسايون وينديون هيون. پوءِ قربانيءَ جي شڪار جي ڇاتيءَ تي نئين باهه ڪڍي ويندي هئي، ۽ ڊوڙندڙ ماڻهو اها باهه مختلف ''calpolli'' برادرين ڏانهن وٺي ويندا هئا، جتان هر گهر ۾ باهه ٻيهر ورهائي ويندي هئي. باهه کان سواءِ اها رات ان خوف سان جڙيل هئي ته تارا-ديو (star demons) ''[[Tzitzimitl|تزٽزيمي مه]]'' لهي اچي زمين کي ڳڙڪائي سگهن ٿا—۽ سج جي پنجين دور جو خاتمو ٿي وڃي.{{sfn|Elson|Smith|2001}} === انساني قرباني ۽ آدم خوري === {{Main|ايزٽيڪ ثقافت ۾ انساني قرباني|آمريڪا ۾ آدم خوري#ايزٽيڪ}} [[File:Codex Magliabechiano (141 cropped).jpg|left|thumb|رسمي انساني قرباني، جيئن [[ايزٽيڪ ڪوڊيس#ڪوڊڪس مگليابيڪيانو|ڪوڊڪس مگليابيڪيانو]] ۾ ڏيکاريل آهي]] ايزٽيڪن وٽ موت کي تخليق جي تسلسل لاءِ بنيادي سمجهيو ويندو هو، ۽ ديوتا ۽ انسان ٻنهي تي اها ذميواري مڙهيل هئي ته هو پاڻ کي [[قربان ڪرڻ|قربان]] ڪن ته جيئن زندگي جاري رهي. مٿي بيان ڪيل تخليق واري ڏند ڪٿا مطابق، انسانن کي سج جي لڳاتار نئين سر اُڀرڻ/جيئري رهڻ لاءِ، ۽ زمين جي زرخيز رهڻ جي عيوض ”ادائيگي“ لاءِ ذميوار سمجهيو ويندو هو. رت جي قرباني مختلف صورتن ۾ ٿيندي هئي. ديوتا ۽ رسم جي نوعيت موجب انسان ۽ جانور ٻنهي قربان ڪيا ويندا هئا، ۽ ڪجهہ ديوتائن جا پجاري ڪڏهن ڪڏهن پاڻ کي زخمي ڪري پنهنجو رت ڏيڻ جا پابند به هوندا هئا. اهو معلوم آهي ته ڪجهہ رسمن ۾ [[انساني آدم خوري|آدم خوري]] به شامل هئي، جنهن ۾ قيدي وٺندڙ ۽ سندس خاندان پنهنجي قربان ڪيل قيدين جي گوشت جو هڪ حصو کائيندا هئا؛ پر اها ڳالهه واضح نه آهي ته اهو عمل ڪيترو عام هو.{{sfn|Isaac|2005}}{{sfn|Isaac|2002}} جڏهن⁠ته انساني قرباني سڄي ميسوامريڪا ۾ ٿيندي هئي، ايزٽيڪن بابت چيو وڃي ٿو ته هن عمل کي (پنهنجن بيانن موجب) بي مثال پيماني تي پهچايو. مثال طور، 1487ع ۾ [[ٽينوچٽٽلان جي وڏي پيرامڊ|وڏي پيرامڊ]] جي ٻيهر مقدس ڪرڻ وقت، ايزٽيڪ ۽ اسپيني ذريعا پوءِ ٻڌائين ٿا ته چار ڏينهن ۾ 80,400 قيدين کي قربان ڪيو ويو، ۽ اهو سڀ مبينه طور [[اهُويتزوتل]]، ”وڏي ڳالهائيندڙ“ (Great Speaker) جي دور ۾ ٿيو. هي انگ، بهرحال، [[ايزٽيڪ ثقافت ۾ انساني قرباني|گهڻن عالمن]] وٽ انتهائي وڌايل سمجهيو وڃي ٿو. ٻيا اندازا سالياني انساني قربانين جو انگ 1,000 کان 20,000 جي وچ ۾ رکن ٿا.{{sfn|Ortíz de Montellano|1983}}<ref name="Pennock">{{cite journal |last1=Pennock |first1=Caroline Dodds |title=Mass Murder Religious Homicide: Rethinking Human Sacrifice and Interpersonal Violence in Aztec Society |journal=Historical Social Research |date=2012 |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=276–283 |access-date=}}</ref> ايزٽيڪ انساني قربانيءَ جي پيماني ڪيترن عالمن کي هن ڳالهه تي سوچڻ تي مجبور ڪيو آهي ته ايزٽيڪ مذهب جي هن پاسو پٺيان محرڪ ڇا هو. 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ مائيڪل هارنر ۽ [[مارون هيرس]] دليل ڏنو ته ايزٽيڪن وٽ انساني قربانيءَ جي بنيادي محرڪ قربانيءَ جي شڪار ماڻهن جي [[آمريڪا ۾ آدم خوري#ايزٽيڪ|آدم خوري]] هئي، جيئن ''[[ڪوڊڪس مگليابيڪيانو]]'' ۾ ڏيکاريل آهي. هارنر جو دعويٰ هو ته انتهائي آبادي دٻاءُ ۽ مکئي تي ٻڌل زراعت—گهر پالڻ وارن جڙي ٻوٽا کائيندڙ جانورن کان سواءِ—ايزٽيڪن ۾ [[ضروري امينو اسيد]]ن جي کوٽ پيدا ڪئي.{{sfn|Harner|1977}} جڏهن⁠ته اها ڳالهه عام طور مڃيل آهي ته ايزٽيڪ قرباني ڪندا هئا، پر آدم خوريءَ جي وسيع پيماني بابت علمي اتفاق موجود ناهي. هيرس، ''[[ڪنيبلس اينڊ ڪنگس]]'' (1977) جو ليکڪ، هارنر واري دعويٰ کي اڳتي وڌائيندي چيو ته قربانيءَ جي شڪار ماڻهن جو گوشت اشرافيه جي خوراڪ جو حصو هوندو هو، ۽ اهو هڪ قسم جو انعام هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ايزٽيڪ خوراڪ ۾ [[پروٽين]] گهٽ هئا. انهن دعوائن کي برنارڊ اورتيز ڊي مونتيليانو رد ڪيو، جنهن پنهنجي مطالعي ۾ ايزٽيڪ صحت، غذا ۽ طب بابت ٻڌايو ته جڏهن⁠ته ايزٽيڪ غذا ۾ جانورن جا پروٽين گهٽ هئا، پر ٻوٽن جا پروٽين گهڻا هئا. اورتيز اهو به ڏسڻ ۾ آندو ته انساني قربانيون اڪثر فصل ڪٽڻ کان پوءِ خوراڪ جي گهڻائي وارن دورن ۾ وڌنديون هيون نه ته قحط/ڪميءَ وارن دورن ۾؛ قربانين مان ملندڙ انساني پروٽين جو مقدار مجموعي طور تمام گهٽ هو؛ ۽ اشرافيه وٽ جانورن جي پروٽين تائين اڳ ئي آساني سان رسائي موجود هئي.{{sfn|Ortíz de Montellano|1990}}{{sfn|Ortíz de Montellano|1983}} اڄ ڪيترائي عالم هن عمل جي پٺيان نظرياتي/ايديولوجيڪل سببن تي زور ڏين ٿا: فتح ڪيل رياستن جي سپاهين کي عوامي طور قربان ڪرڻ سياسي طاقت جو وڏو مظاهرو هو، جيڪو حڪمران طبقن جي ”ديوي اختيار“ واري دعويٰ کي مضبوط ڪندو هو.{{sfn|Carrasco|2000|p={{page needed|date=August 2020}}}} اهو ماتحت شهر-رياستن لاءِ بغاوت روڪڻ جو هڪ اهم ”ڊڄاءُ“ به بڻبو هو، ۽ اهڙو ڊڄاءُ ان ڍري طرح منظم سلطنت کي گڏ رکڻ لاءِ ضروري سمجهيو ويندو هو.{{sfn|Keen|2001}} == فن ۽ ثقافتي پيداوار== ايزٽيڪ ماڻهن ٽولٽيڪ ماڻهن جي ''تولتيڪايوتِل'' (فن ۽ نفيس ڪاريگري) کي انتهائي قدر سان ڏٺو، جيڪي وچ ميڪسيڪو ۾ ايزٽيڪن کان اڳ موجود هئا. ايزٽيڪن ٽولٽيڪن جي پيداوار کي ثقافت جي سڀ کان اعليٰ درجي جي علامت سمجهيو. نفيس فنن ۾ لکڻ ۽ تصويرڪاري، ڳائڻ ۽ شاعري ترتيب ڏيڻ، مجسما تراشڻ ۽ موزيڪ ٺاهڻ، نفيس سيرامڪ تيار ڪرڻ، پيچيده پنن جي ڪاريگري، ۽ ڌاتن تي ڪم ڪرڻ (جن ۾ ٽامي ۽ سون شامل آهن) شامل هئا. نفيس فنن جي ڪاريگرن کي گڏيل طور ''تولتيڪا'' سڏيو ويندو هو.{{sfn|Soustelle|1970|pp=66–69}} <gallery widths="170" heights="170"> File:Vestigios de Tenochtitlan by CDMX Gov IMG 5002 (29972506550).jpg|شهري معيار جون تفصيلون؛ ميڪسيڪو-ٽينوچٽٽلان جي ڪالميڪيڪ جي پٿريلي ديوار جا آثار [[سينترو ڪلتورال ڊي اِسپانيا، ميڪسيڪو سٽي]] جي آثارِ قديمه واري ماڳ ۾ ([[ميڪسيڪو سٽي]]) File:Xiuhtecuhtli (mask).jpg|شيوهتيڪوٿلي جو نقاب؛ 1400–1521؛ سيدريلا ڪاٺ، فيروزا، پائن ريزن، موتي جو مادو، ڪنچ شيل، [[سِنابار]]؛ اوچائي: {{convert|16.8|cm|in|abbr=on}}، ويڪر: {{convert|15.2|cm|in|abbr=on}}؛ [[برٽش ميوزيم]] (لنڊن) File:Double headed turquoise serpentAztecbritish museum.jpg|[[ٻه سِرن وارو ناگ]]؛ 1450–1521؛ اسپيني سيدر ڪاٺ (''Cedrela odorata'')، فيروزا، شيل، سون جي پرت جا نشان ۽ ٻه ريزن (پائن ريزن ۽ بُرسيرا ريزن) چپڪائڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيل؛ اوچائي: {{convert|20.3|cm|in|abbr=on}}، ويڪر: {{convert|43.3|cm|in|abbr=on}}، کوٽائي: {{convert|5.9|cm|in|abbr=on}}؛ برٽش ميوزيم File:Codex Borbonicus (p. 14).jpg|[[ڪوڊيڪس بوربونيڪس]] جو صفحو 12، (وڏي چورس ۾): [[تيزڪاٽليپوڪا]] (رات ۽ تقدير) ۽ [[ڪوئتزالكواتل]] (کنڀن وارو نانگ)؛ 1500 کان اڳ؛ ٻوٽن جي ريشيدار ڪاغذ تي؛ اوچائي: {{convert|38|cm|in|abbr=on}}، پوري مسودي جي ڊيگهه: {{convert|142|cm|in|abbr=on}}؛ بائبلوتيڪ ڊي لَسيمبلي نيشنال (پيرس) File:Aztec Calendar Stone (8263450477).jpg|[[ايزٽيڪ سج پٿر|ايزٽيڪ ڪئلينڊر پٿر]]؛ 1502–1521؛ بيسالٽ؛ قطر: {{convert|3.58|m|ft|abbr=on}}؛ ٿولهه: {{convert|98|cm|in|abbr=on}}؛ 17 ڊسمبر 1790 تي ميڪسيڪو سٽي ڪئٿڊرل جي مرمت دوران دريافت؛ [[قومي ميوزيم آف اينٿروپالاجي]] ([[ميڪسيڪو سٽي]]) File:Tlaloc Vasija.jpg|[[ٽلالوڪ]] جي علامتي ٿانو؛ 1440–1469؛ رنگيل مٽيءَ جو برتن؛ اوچائي: {{convert|35|cm|in|abbr=on}}؛ [[ٽيمپلو مايور ميوزيم]] (ميڪسيڪو سٽي) File:Kneeling Female Figure MET DP246686.jpg|گوڏن ڀر ويٺل عورت جو مجسمو؛ پندرهين صدي – سورهين صدي جي شروعات؛ رنگيل پٿر؛ ڪُل ماپ: {{convert|54.61|x|26.67|cm|in|abbr=on}}؛ [[ميٽروپوليٽن ميوزيم آف آرٽ]] (نيو يارڪ سٽي) File:Necklace Ornaments, Frogs MET DT4265.jpg|مينڊڪ جي شڪل وارا هار جا زيور؛ پندرهين صدي – سورهين صدي جي شروعات؛ سون؛ اوچائي: {{convert|2.1|cm|in|abbr=on}}؛ ميٽروپوليٽن ميوزيم آف آرٽ (نيو يارڪ سٽي) </gallery> ===لکڻ ۽ علامتي نظام=== {{main|ايزٽيڪ لکڻ}} [[File:Aztec writing compound.png|thumb|''ما'' (هٿ) ۽ ''پاچ'' (ڪائي). ناهواٽل ۾ ''هٿ-ڪائي''، ''ريڪون'' جو مترادف آهي.]] ايزٽيڪن وٽ مايا تهذيب وانگر مڪمل ترقي يافته لکڻ جو نظام موجود نه هو؛ پر مايا ۽ زاپوٽيڪن وانگر، هو اهڙو نظام استعمال ڪندا هئا جيڪو علامتي نشانن (لوگوگرافي) ۽ آوازن وارن هجائن جي نشانن کي گڏ ڪندو هو. مثال طور، جبل جي تصوير ''ٽيپيٽل''، يعني ”جبل“ کي ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندي هئي، جڏهن ته ڏند جي تصوير ''ٽلانٽلي'' آواز ''تلا'' جي نمائندگي ڪندي هئي، اهڙن لفظن ۾ جيڪي ڏندن سان لاڳاپيل نه هوندا هئا. انهن اصولن جي گڏيل استعمال سان ايزٽيڪ ماڻهن نالن ۽ هنڌن جا آواز لکڻ جي قابل ٿيا. ڪهاڻيون عام طور تصويرن جي قطارن ذريعي بيان ڪيون وينديون هيون، جهڙوڪ پيرن جا نشان رستن جي سڃاڻپ لاءِ، يا ساڙيل مندر فتح جي واقعن لاءِ.{{sfn|Prem|1992}} ايپيگرافر الفونسو لاڪادينا اهو ظاهر ڪيو آهي ته ايزٽيڪن پاران استعمال ڪيل مختلف هجاوي نشان تقريباً ناهواٽل ٻوليءَ جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ استعمال ٿيندڙ سڀني هجن جي نمائندگي ڪرڻ جي قابل هئا (ڪجهه نمايان استثنا سان)،{{sfn|Lacadena|2008}} پر ڪجهه عالمن جو خيال آهي ته اهڙي اعليٰ سطح جي صوتياتي نظام تائين پهچ فتح کان پوءِ ئي ٿي، جڏهن ايزٽيڪن کي اسپينين طرفان صوتياتي لکڻ جا اصول متعارف ڪرايا ويا.{{sfn|Zender|2008}} ٻيا عالم، خاص طور گورڊن وِٽيڪر، اهو دليل ڏين ٿا ته ايزٽيڪ لکڻ ۾ هجاوي ۽ صوتياتي پهلو لاڪادينا جي تجويز کان گهڻو گهٽ منظم ۽ وڌيڪ تخليقي هئا، ۽ ايزٽيڪ لکڻي ڪڏهن به مايا لکڻي وانگر سخت هجاوي نظام ۾ ضم نه ٿي، بلڪه مختلف قسمن جي صوتياتي نشانين جو وسيع استعمال ڪيو.{{sfn|Whittaker|2009}} ساڄي پاسي ڏنل تصوير نوآبادي دور جي ايزٽيڪ [[ڪوڊڪس مينڊوزا]] ۾ مڪانن جا نالا لکڻ لاءِ صوتياتي نشانين جي استعمال کي ظاهر ڪري ٿي. سڀ کان مٿيون هنڌ ”ماپاچٽيپيڪ“ آهي، جنهن جو لفظي مطلب ”ريڪون جو ٽڪرو“ آهي، پر ان جو گليف جبل ''ٽيپيٽل'' مٿان صوتياتي اڳاڙيون ''ما'' (هٿ) ۽ ''پاچ'' (ڪائي) استعمال ڪري ٿو، جنهن سان لفظ ”ماپاچ“ (ريڪون) کي لوگوگرافي بدران صوتياتي طريقي سان لکيو ويو آهي. ٻيا ٻه مڪان نالا، ''مازاتلان'' (“گهڻن هرڻن جو هنڌ”) ۽ ''هوئٽزتلان'' (“گهڻن ڪنڊن جو هنڌ”)، صوتياتي جزو ''تلان'' استعمال ڪن ٿا، جيڪو ڏند (''ٽلانٽلي'') سان ظاهر ڪيو ويو آهي، ۽ ان سان گڏ هرڻ جو مٿو ''مازا'' (''مازاتل'' = هرڻ) لاءِ، ۽ ڪنڊ ''هوئٽزلي'' ''هوئٽز'' لاءِ استعمال ٿيل آهي.{{sfn|Berdan|Anawalt|1997|p=116}} ==={{anchor|Music and song}}موسيقي، ڳائڻ ۽ شاعري=== <!-- هي اينڪر ٽيگ مستقل لنڪ لاءِ آهي، مهرباني ڪري ان کي نه هٽايو ۽ نه تبديل ڪيو --> [[File:DrummerAmeca.JPG|left|thumb|upright|فريم ڍول ''[[هوئوهويٽل]]'' وڄائيندڙ نوجوان، ايزٽيڪ موضوعي پوشاڪ ۾، [[اميڪاميڪا]]، [[ميڪسيڪو رياست]]، 2010]] ايزٽيڪ سماج ۾ ڳائڻ ۽ شاعري کي تمام گهڻي اهميت حاصل هئي؛ تقريباً هر ايزٽيڪ ميلو موسيقيءَ جي پيشڪشنن ۽ شاعري مقابلي سان سينگاريل هوندو هو. ڊرامائي پيشڪشنون به ٿينديون هيون، جن ۾ اداڪار، موسيقار ۽ ڪرتب ڏيکاريندڙ شامل هوندا هئا. ''ڪُوئڪاتل'' (ڳيت) جا ڪيترائي صنف هئا: ''ياوڪُوئڪاتل'' جنگ ۽ جنگي ديوتائن لاءِ، ''تيوڪُوئڪاتل'' ديوتائن، تخليق جي ڏند ڪٿائن ۽ پوڄا لاءِ، ۽ ''شوچيڪُوئڪاتل'' گلن لاءِ، جيڪي پاڻ شاعريءَ جي علامت هئا ۽ شاعريءَ جي گهڻي استعاراتي فطرت کي ظاهر ڪندا هئا. نثر کي ''ٽلاهتولي'' چيو ويندو هو، جنهن جون به مختلف قسمن ۽ درجا بنديون هيون.{{sfn|Tomlinson|1995}}{{sfn|Karttunen|Lockhart|1980}} ايزٽيڪ شاعريءَ جو هڪ اهم پهلو هم آهنگي (parallelism) هو، جنهن ۾ ساڳئي تصور بابت مختلف رخ ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ جوڙيل بيت استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا.{{sfn|Bright|1990}} انهن مان ڪيترا ”ڊائيفريسزم“ هئا، يعني روايتي استعارا، جن ۾ تجريدي تصور کي ٻن وڌيڪ محسوس ٿيندڙ خيالن سان بيان ڪيو ويندو هو. مثال طور، ناهواٽل ٻوليءَ ۾ ”شاعري“ لاءِ اصطلاح ''ان شوچيتل ان ڪوئڪاتل'' هو، جنهن جو مطلب ”گل، ڳيت“ آهي.{{sfn|Montes de Oca|2013|p=160}} ايزٽيڪ شاعريءَ جو وڏو حصو اڄ تائين محفوظ آهي، جيڪو فتح جي دور ۾ گڏ ڪيو ويو. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن شاعري مخصوص ليکڪن سان منسوب ڪئي وئي آهي، جهڙوڪ [[نيزاھوئلڪويئوتل]]، ٽيڪسڪوڪو جو ''ٽلاٽوآني''، ۽ [[ڪوئاڪوائوٽزين]]، ٽيپيچپان جو حڪمران، پر انهن نسبتَن جي حقيقي هجڻ بابت اختلاف موجود آهي. اهڙين شاعرين جو هڪ اهم مجموعو ''Romances de los señores de la Nueva España'' آهي (ٽيڪسڪوڪو 1582)، جيڪو غالباً [[خوان باتيستا ڊي پومار]] گڏ ڪيو، ۽ ''Cantares Mexicanos'' {{sfn|León-Portilla|1992|pp=14–15}} ايزٽيڪ سماج ۾ مرد ۽ عورت ٻئي شاعر هئا، جيڪو قبل از هسپانوي ميڪسيڪو جي اعليٰ طبقي ۾ صنفي هم برابريءَ کي ظاهر ڪري ٿو.{{cite book|last=Sturman|first=Janet|title=The Course of Mexican Music|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|pages=30}} ===مٽي جا ٿانوَ=== {{multiple image | align = right | total_width = 500 | image1 = Bowl MET 2004.11.jpeg | caption1 = روزمره استعمال لاءِ ايزٽيڪ پيالو؛ ڪاري رنگ سان نارنگي سيرامڪ | image2 = mesoamerica%2C%20puebla%2C%20cholula%2C%20mixteca-puebla%20%28nahua-mixteca%29%2C%20ciotola%20con%20piede%2C%201200-1521%20ca.%2002.jpg | caption2 = چولولا علائقي جي روايتي گهڻ رنگي ايزٽيڪ ٿانو | image3 = Aztec warrior 2488119073 a2dc427373-2.jpg | caption3 = ايزٽيڪ عقاب سپاهيءَ جي قدرتي سائيز جي سيرامڪ مجسمي }} ايزٽيڪ مختلف قسمن جي سيرامڪس تيار ڪندا هئا. عام قسم نارنگي ٿانو هئا، جيڪي بنا ليپ جي چمڪندڙ هوندا هئا. ڳاڙها ٿانو ڳاڙهي ليپ سان تيار ڪيا ويندا هئا. گهڻ رنگي ٿانو اڇي يا نارنگي ليپ تي نارنگي، ڳاڙهي، ڀوري يا ڪاري رنگ سان سينگاريل هوندا هئا. سڀ کان عام ”ڪارو نارنگي تي“ انداز هو.{{sfn|Hodge|Neff|Blackman|Minc|1993}}{{sfn|Minc|2017}} ===نقاشي=== [[File:Codex_Borgia_page_71.jpg|left|thumb|قبل از ڪولمبس [[ڪوڊڪس بورجيا]] مان هڪ صفحو]] ايزٽيڪ نقاشي جانورن جي کل (گهڻو ڪري هرڻ)، ڪپهه جي ڪپڙي، ۽ وڻن جي ڇل مان ٺهيل [[اماتي]] ڪاغذ تي ڪئي ويندي هئي. ان کي ڪاٺ ۽ پٿر تي به کوٽيو ويندو هو. مواد جي سطح کي اڪثر جيسو سان تيار ڪيو ويندو هو. ناهواٽل ۾ نقاشي ۽ لکڻ کي ''ان ٽلِلي، ان ٽلاپالي'' چيو ويندو هو، جنهن جو مطلب ”ڪارو مس، ڳاڙهو رنگ“ آهي.{{sfn|Berdan|1982}}{{sfn|Boone|2000}} ===مجسما=== [[File:Coatlicue Statue in National Museum of Anthropology, Mexico City (2748833231).jpg|thumb|ڪوئٽليڪيو جو مجسمو، قومي ميوزيم آف اينٿروپالاجي، ميڪسيڪو سٽي]] ايزٽيڪ مجسما پٿر ۽ ڪاٺ مان ٺاهيا ويندا هئا، پر ڪاٺ جا ٿورا ئي محفوظ رهيا آهن. اهي مجسما نفيس ڪاريگريءَ ۽ حقيقت پسنديءَ لاءِ مشهور آهن.{{sfn|Nicholson|1971}} {{Further|ايزٽيڪ فن ۾ ناگ}} ===کنڀن جي ڪاريگري=== {{Main|ميڪسيڪي پنن جي ڪاريگري}} [[File:Federschild-Sonne-retuschiert.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|ايزٽيڪ کنڀن وارو ڍال، ''شيڪالڪوليئوڪي'' نقش سان (تقريباً 1520ع)]] ايزٽيڪ فن ۾ پنن جي ڪاريگري انتهائي اهم ۽ قيمتي هئي. انتهائي ماهر ڪاريگرن کي ''امانتيڪا'' چيو ويندو هو. اهي ٽيڪس کان آزاد هئا. کنڀن جا موزيڪ مختلف پکين جي کنڀن مان تيار ڪيا ويندا هئا، ۽ واپار ۽ خراج وسيلي حاصل ڪيا ويندا هئا. پنن جي حفاظت مشڪل هجڻ سبب اڄ فقط ٿورا ئي اصل ايزٽيڪ کنڀن جا فن پارا موجود آهن.{{sfn|Berdan|2016}} == نوآبادي دور، 1521–1821 == {{Main|ناھوا#نوآبادي دور}} {{Further|ڪريئولو ماڻھو#اسپيني نوآبادي ذاتي نظام{{!}}اسپيني نوآبادي آمريڪا ۾ سماج}} [[File:Kingsborough.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|[[ڪوڊڪس ڪنگزبرا]]، جنهن ۾ اسپينين طرفان ناھوا ماڻهوءَ تي ٿيندڙ ظلم ڏيکاريل آهي، جيڪو [[اينڪومينڊا]] نالي اسپيني جبري محنتي نظام هيٺ هو]] [[ميڪسيڪو شھر]] کي ٽينوچٽٽلان جي کنڊرن مٿان تعمير ڪيو ويو، جنهن سان آهستي آهستي ڍنڍ، ٻيٽ ۽ ايزٽيڪ ٽينوچٽٽلان جي اڏاوت کي ڍڪي ۽ مٽائي ڇڏيو ويو.{{sfn|Mundy|2015|loc=''passim''}}{{sfn|Rodríguez-Alegría|2017}}{{sfn|Mundy|2014}} ٽينوچٽٽلان جي زوال کان پوءِ، ايزٽيڪ ويڙهاڪن کي اسپيني ٽلاڪسڪالا ساٿين سان گڏ معاون فوج طور ڀرتي ڪيو ويو، ۽ ايزٽيڪ لشڪر اتر ۽ ڏکڻ ميزوامريڪا ۾ ٿيندڙ سڀني بعد وارن فتحي مهمن ۾ شامل رهيو. ان جو نتيجو اهو نڪتو ته ايزٽيڪ ثقافت ۽ ناھواٽل ٻولي نوآبادي دور جي شروعاتي مرحلي ۾ به پکڙجندي رهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ايزٽيڪ معاون فوجن ڪيترن ئي انهن علائقن ۾ مستقل وسنديون قائم ڪيون جيڪي اسپيني تاج جي هيٺ آيا.{{sfn|Matthew|Oudijk|2007}} ايزٽيڪ حڪمران خاندان سان خوان ٽينوچٽٽلان تي حڪومت جاري رکي، جيڪو اسپيني راڄڌاني ميڪسيڪو شھر جو هڪ حصو هو، پر پوءِ وارا مقامي حڪمران اڪثر اسپينين طرفان مقرر ڪيل ڪٺ پتليون هئا. انهن مان هڪ [[اندريس ڊي تاپيا موٽيلچيئو]] هو، جنهن کي اسپينين مقرر ڪيو. ٻين اڳوڻن ايزٽيڪ شھري رياستن کي پڻ نوآبادي مقامي شھرن طور منظم ڪيو ويو، جتي حڪومت هڪ مقامي اصلي ''گوبيرنادور'' جي هٿ ۾ هوندي هئي. شروعات ۾ هي عهدو گهڻو ڪري موروثي حڪمران خاندان وٽ هوندو هو، ۽ ''گوبيرنادور'' اصل ۾ [[ٽلاٽوآني]] هوندو هو، پر وقت سان ڪيترن ناھوا شھرن ۾ اهي ٻئي حيثيتون ڌار ٿي ويون. مقامي گوبيرنادورن کي نوآبادي دور ۾ هندستانين جي سياسي تنظيم جي ذميواري ڏني وئي. خاص طور تي، انهن خراج ۽ عام ماڻهن جي غلام بڻجڻ جو عمل جاري رکيو، جنهن مان اسپيني اينڪومينڊيروس کي فائدو ٿيو. اينڪومينڊيروس وٽ ''[[اينڪومينڊائون]]'' هونديون هيون، يعني وڏا زرعي علائقا، جتي هو ۽ سندن غلام رهندا هئا. اسپينين قبيلن کي زوريءَ مجبور ڪيو ته اهي ماڻهن ۽ زمين جي ذاتي ملڪيت اسپينين کي ڏين، غلامي ۽ اينڪومينڊا نظام هيٺ. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ڪو مقامي فرد به هن نظام مان فائدو حاصل ڪري نوآبادي دور ۾ وڏي دولت ۽ طاقت تائين پهچي ويندو هو.{{sfn|Lockhart|1992}} === آباديءَ ۾ گهٽتائي === {{Main|آمريڪا جي اصلي ماڻهن جي آبادي جي تاريخ}} [[File:FlorentineCodex BK12 F54 smallpox.jpg|thumb|right|[[فلورينٽائن ڪوڊڪس]] جي ڪتاب ٻارهن ۾ اسپيني فتح دوران ڦهلجندڙ چيچڪ جي تصوير]] يورپين جي ميڪسيڪو ۾ اچڻ ۽ فتح کان پوءِ، اصلي آباديءَ ۾ سخت گهٽتائي آئي. ان جو بنيادي سبب اهي وبائون هيون جيڪي ٻاهران آنديون ويون، جن خلاف مقامي ماڻهن وٽ ڪا به مدافعت نه هئي. 1520–1521 ۾، [[چيچڪ]] جي وبا ٽينوچٽٽلان جي آباديءَ ۾ پکڙجي وئي، جيڪا [[ٽينوچٽٽلان جي گهيري]] ۾ شھر جي زوال جو اهم ڪارڻ بڻجي. بعد ۾ 1545 ۽ 1576 ۾ به وڏيون وبائون آيون.{{sfn|McCaa|1995}} يورپين جي اچڻ وقت ميڪسيڪو جي آباديءَ جي صحيح انگ بابت ڪا گڏيل راءِ ناهي. شروعاتي اندازا تمام گهٽ هئا؛ 1942 ۾ ڪبلر واديءِ ميڪسيڪو لاءِ 200,000 جو انگ ڏنو.{{sfn|Kubler|1942}} 1963 ۾ بورا ۽ ڪُڪ فتح کان اڳ وارن خراجي فهرستن جي بنياد تي مرڪزي ميڪسيڪو جي آبادي 18 کان 30 ملين تائين اندازي ڪئي، پر هن وڏي انگ تي غير مناسب مفروضن سبب سخت تنقيد ٿي.{{sfn|McCaa|1997}} آرڪيالاجسٽ وليم سينڊرز رهائشي آثارن جي بنياد تي واديءِ ميڪسيڪو ۾ 10 کان 12 لک ماڻهن جو اندازو لڳايو.{{sfn|Sanders|1992}} وِٽمور نوآبادي مردم شماريءَ تي ٻڌل ڪمپيوٽر ماڊل ذريعي 1519 ۾ وادي لاءِ 15 لک ۽ سڄي ميڪسيڪو لاءِ 16 ملين جو اندازو لڳايو.{{sfn|Whitmore|1992}} انهن انگن موجب، سورهين صديءَ ۾ آباديءَ جي گهٽتائي 50 سيڪڙو کان 90 سيڪڙو تائين هئي، جڏهن⁠تہ سينڊرز ۽ وِٽمور جا اندازا لڳ ڀڳ 90 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي ڏيکارين ٿا.{{sfn|McCaa|1997}}{{sfn|Morfín|Storey|2016|p=189}} === سماجي ۽ سياسي تسلسل ۽ تبديلي === {{See also|ڪريئولو ماڻھو#اسپيني نوآبادي ذاتي نظام{{!}}اسپيني نوآبادي آمريڪا ۾ سماج}} [[File:JoseSarmientoyValladares,condedeMoctezuma.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|خوسيه سارمينتو ڊي والادارس، [[ٽولٽينگو جو موڪٽيزوما جو ڊيوڪ]]، ميڪسيڪو جو وائسراءِ]] ايزٽيڪ سلطنت جي زوال باوجود، ان جا ڪجهه اعليٰ اشراف نوآبادي دور ۾ به اعليٰ حيثيت برقرار رکندا رهيا. موڪٽيزوما ٻئي جا وارث ۽ سندن اولاد اعليٰ مقام تي رهيا. سندس پٽ [[پيڊرو موڪٽيزوما]] جي پٽ اسپيني اشرافيه ۾ شادي ڪئي، جنهن کان پوءِ ٽولٽينگو جي موڪٽيزوما جي ڊيوڪ جو لقب قائم ٿيو. 1696 کان 1701 تائين، [[ميڪسيڪو جو وائسراءِ]] وٽ موڪٽيزوما جو ڪائونٽ جو لقب رهيو. 1766 ۾، هن لقب کي اسپين جو وڏو امير بڻايو ويو. 1865 ۾ ( [[ٻئي ميڪسيڪي سلطنت]] دوران)، هي لقب ڊيوڪ جي درجي تائين وڌايو ويو، ۽ 1992 ۾ [[خوان ڪارلوس پهريون]] طرفان ٻيهر ”ڊي ٽولٽينگو“ شامل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Chipman|2005|pp=75–95}} موڪٽيزوما جون ٻه ڌيئرون، ڊونا [[ايسابيل موڪٽيزوما]] ۽ سندس ننڍي ڀيڻ ڊونا ليونور موڪٽيزوما، کي هرنان ڪورٽيس طرفان هميشه لاءِ وسيع ''اينڪومينڊائون'' عطا ڪيون ويون.{{sfn|Himmerich y Valencia|1991|pp=195–196}} ناھوا قومون، ٻين ميزوامريڪي قومن وانگر، نوآبادي دور ۾ به پنهنجي سماجي ۽ سياسي ڍانچي جا ڪيترائي پهلو برقرار رکڻ ۾ ڪامياب رهيون. اسپينين بنيادي طور آبادي کي ٻن حصن ۾ ورهايو: اصلي آبادي ''ريپوبليڪا ڊي انڊيوس'' هيٺ، ۽ هسپانوي دائرو ''ريپوبليڪا ڊي ايسپانيوليس''. اسپينين مقامي اشراف کي نوآبادي نظام ۾ امير تسليم ڪيو، ۽ کين حڪومت ۽ سندن برادرين وچ ۾ وچولو بڻايو، بشرطيڪ اهي عيسائيت قبول ڪن ۽ اسپيني تاج سان وفادار رهن. نوآبادي ناھوا رياستن کي مقامي معاملن ۾ خاصي خودمختياري حاصل رهي. اسپينين مقامي سياسي نظام کي مڪمل طور سمجهيو نه، پر ان جي اهميت تسليم ڪندي ''[[التيپيٽل]]'' کي بنيادي انتظامي يونٽ بڻايو. نوآبادي دور ۾ ''التيپيٽل'' کي ''ڪابيثيراس'' چيو ويو، ۽ انهن سان لاڳاپيل ڳوٺ ''سخيٽو س'' سڏايا ويا. ''ڪابيثيراس'' ۾ اسپينين آئيبيرين نموني جا شھري ڪائونسل، يعني ''[[ڪابيلڊو]]'' قائم ڪيا، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري اڳوڻي اشرافي حڪمرانن جيان ڪم ڪندا رهيا.{{sfn|Lockhart|1992|pp=30–33}}{{sfn|Ouweneel|1995}} وبائي بيمارين سبب آبادي گهٽجڻ سان آبادين جا نمونا بدلجي ويا، ۽ نوان مرڪز ٺهيا. هي اڪثر زوريءَ ڪرايل لڏپلاڻ هئي، جيڪا اسپيني پاليسي ''ڪونگريگاسيون'' هيٺ ٿي، جنهن جو مقصد ماڻهن کي عيسائيت جي تبليغ ۽ نوآبادي رياست جي محنتي استحصال لاءِ آساني سان قابو ۾ آڻڻ هو.{{sfn|Haskett|1991}}{{sfn|Gibson|1964|loc=''passim''} == ورثو == ايزٽيڪ آثارِقديمه جا ماڳ کوٽائي ڪري عوام لاءِ کولي ڇڏيا ويا آهن، ۽ سندن نوادرات عجائب گهرن ۾ نمايان نموني پيش ڪيا وڃن ٿا. ايزٽيڪ ٻولي ناھواٽل مان آيل جڳهن جا نالا ۽ قرضي لفظ ميڪسيڪو جي جاگرافي ۽ لفظي ذخيرو ۾ گهڻي حد تائين پکڙيل آهن، ۽ ايزٽيڪ نشانين ۽ ڏند ڪٿائن کي ميڪسيڪي حڪومت طرفان فروغ ڏنو ويو آهي ۽ جديد ميڪسيڪي قوميت ۾ ملڪ جي علامتن طور شامل ڪيو ويو آهي.{{sfn|Carrasco|2012|pp=121–135}} اوڻيهين صديءَ دوران ايزٽيڪن بابت ”غير مهذب وحشي“ وارو تصور بدلجي رومانوي رنگ اختيار ڪيو، ۽ ايزٽيڪن کي ڌرتيءَ جا ”اصل پٽ“ سمجهيو ويو، جن جي ثقافت تمام گهڻي ترقي يافته هئي ۽ قديم يورپي تهذيبن سان مقابلو ڪري سگهندي هئي. جڏهن ميڪسيڪو اسپين کان آزاد ٿيو، تڏهن ايزٽيڪن جو اهو رومانوي تصور اهڙي تصويري سرمائي جو ذريعو بڻيو، جنهن وسيلي نئين قوم کي يورپي ۽ آمريڪي عنصرن جي منفرد ميلاپ طور پيش ڪري سگهجي.{{sfn|Keen|1971|pp=310–370}} ===ايزٽيڪ ۽ ميڪسيڪو جي قومي سڃاڻپ=== [[File:Flag of Mexico.svg|thumb|جديد ميڪسيڪو جو جهنڊو، جنهن ۾ [[ميڪسيڪي سونھري عقاب|ميڪسيڪي عقاب]] [[اوپونٽيا|ڪنڊيدار ناشپاتيءَ جي ڪيڪٽس]] تي ويٺو [[رانگسارپ]] کي کائي رهيو آهي. هي نمونو ايزٽيڪ ماڻهن جي ڏند ڪٿا مان جڙيل آهي.<ref name="Minahan">{{cite book |last=Minahan |first=James B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfrWCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA718 |title=The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2009 |isbn=9780313344978 |page=718 |access-date=2020-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421070239/https://books.google.com/books?id=jfrWCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA718 |archive-date=2023-04-21 |url-status=live}}</ref>]] 1821 ۾ ميڪسيڪو جي آزادي کان پوءِ ميڪسيڪي قومي سڃاڻپ جي ٺهڻ ۾ ايزٽيڪ ثقافت ۽ تاريخ مرڪزي حيثيت رکندي آئي آهي. سترهين ۽ ارڙهين صديءَ جي يورپ ۾ ايزٽيڪن کي عام طور وحشي، ڏکائيندڙ ۽ ثقافتي طور گهٽ سمجهيو ويندو هو.{{sfn|Keen|1971|pp=260–270}} [[نيو اسپين|ميڪسيڪو]] جي آزادي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ ئي، آمريڪا ۾ ڄاول اسپيني (''ڪريئولو'') مقامي فخر جون علامتون ڳولڻ لاءِ ايزٽيڪ تاريخ مان سهارو وٺندا هئا، جيئن اسپين جي سڃاڻپ کان ڌار مقامي وقار جو بنياد ٺهي سگهي. دانشورن [[ايزٽيڪ ڪوڊڪس|ايزٽيڪ لکتن]] کي، جيئن [[فيرناندو ڊي الووا ڪورٽيس ايڪسٽليلڪسوچٽل|فيرناندو ڊي الووا ڪورٽيس ايڪسٽليلڪسوچٽل]] گڏ ڪيون، ۽ [[هرناندو الوارادو ٽيزوزوموك]] ۽ [[چيمالپاھين]] جي لکڻين کي، ميڪسيڪو جي ماضي سمجهڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. هي جستجو تاريخدان [[ڊيوڊ بريڊنگ|ڊي.اي. بريڊنگ]] جي اصطلاح موجب ”ڪريئولو وطن دوستي“ جو بنياد بڻجي. سترهين صديءَ جو پادرِي ۽ سائنسدان [[ڪارلوس ڊي سيگوينزا ئي گونگورا]] ٽيڪسڪوڪو جي هڪ امير الووا ايڪسٽليلڪسوچٽل جو قلمي مجموعو حاصل ڪيو. ڪريئولو يسوعي [[فرانسيسڪو خاوير ڪلاويخيرو]] 1767 ۾ يسوعين جي جلاوطني کان پوءِ اٽلي ۾ رهندي ''La Historia Antigua de México'' (1780–1781) شايع ڪئي، جنهن ۾ هو ايزٽيڪن جي تاريخ سندن هجرت کان وٺي آخري حڪمران ڪواوٽيمڪ تائين بيان ڪري ٿو. هن اها لکڻي خاص طور تي ان مقصد سان ڪئي ته ميڪسيڪو جي اصلي ماضيءَ کي پنهنجي دور جي ليکڪن، جهڙوڪ پاو، بوفون، رينال ۽ [[وليم رابرٽسن (تاريخدان)|وليم رابرٽسن]] جي بدنامين کان بچائي سگهجي.{{sfn|Brading|1991|pp=450–455}} 1790 ۾ راڄڌاني جي مکيه چوڪ ۾ آثارِقديمه جي کوٽاين دوران ٻه تمام وڏا پٿريلا مجسما مليا، جيڪي فتح کان پوءِ ٽينوچٽٽلان جي زوال جي فوراً پوءِ دفن ڪيا ويا هئا. انهن مان مشهور ڪئلينڊر پٿر ۽ ڪوئٽليڪيو جو مجسمو برآمد ٿيو. [[انٽونيو ڊي ليئون ئي گاما]] جو 1792 وارو ڪتاب ''Descripción histórico y cronológico de las dos piedras'' انهن ٻنهي پٿريلن هڪ-ٿرن جو جائزو وٺي ٿو. ڏهه سال پوءِ، جرمن سائنسدان [[اليگزينڊر فون ھمبولٽ]] ميڪسيڪو ۾ هڪ سال گذاريو، ۽ ان دور جي سندس شروعاتي اشاعتن مان هڪ ''Views of the Cordilleras and Monuments of the Indigenous Peoples of the Americas'' هئي.{{sfn|Humboldt|2014}} ھمبولٽ مغربي دنيا ۾ سائنسدانن ۽ عام پڙهندڙن تائين ايزٽيڪ تصويرون پهچائڻ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.{{sfn|Quiñones Keber|1996}} مذهب جي ميدان ۾، نوآبادي دور جي پڇاڙيءَ وارين [[گوادالۇپ جي پاڪ ڪنوار]] جي تصويرن ۾ اهڙا مثال ملن ٿا، جن ۾ کيس ايزٽيڪن جي مشهور نوپال ڪيڪٽس جي مٿان تري رهيو ڏيکاريو ويو آهي. [[خوان ڊيئگو]]، اهو ناھوا ماڻهو جنهن کي اها ظهور ٿيڻ جو چيو وڃي ٿو، هن ڳاڙهي-ڪاري رنگ واري ڪنوار کي ميڪسيڪو جي ايزٽيڪ ماضي سان ڳنڍيندو آهي.{{sfn|Peterson|2014|pp=176, 227}} جڏهن [[نيو اسپين]] 1821 ۾ آزاد ٿيو ۽ بادشاهت بڻيو، يعني [[پهريون ميڪسيڪي سلطنت]]، ته ان جي [[ميڪسيڪو جو جهنڊو|جهنڊي]] ۾ نوپال ڪيڪٽس تي روايتي ايزٽيڪ عقاب رکيو ويو.{{sfn|Galindo Leal|Sarukhán Kermez|Wright|Carr|2017}} هي نشان ميڪسيڪو جي قومي [[ميڪسيڪو جو قومي نشان|قومي علامت]] طور به اختيار ڪيو ويو، ۽ سرڪاري عمارتن، مهرن ۽ نشانين تي نمايان ٿيندو آهي.{{sfn|Berdan|Anawalt|1997|p=3}} آزادي کان پوءِ واري ميڪسيڪو ۾ تڪرار پيدا ٿيو: هڪ ڌر قديم تهذيبن کي قومي فخر جو سرچشمو مڃڻ کان انڪار ڪندڙ، ''ھسپانستا''، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري سياسي طور قدامت پسند اشراف هئا؛ ۽ ٻي ڌر انهن کي فخر جو سرچشمو سمجهندڙ، ''انديخينستا''، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري لبرل اشراف هئا. جيتوڻيڪ ميڪسيڪي جمهوريه جي جهنڊي جي مرڪز ۾ ايزٽيڪن جو نشان هو، پر قدامت پسند اشراف عام طور تي ميڪسيڪو جي موجوده اصلي آباديءَ سان دشمني رکندڙ هئا ۽ نه ئي کين ڪنهن شاندار اڳ-نوآبادي تاريخ جو حق ڏيندا هئا. ميڪسيڪي صدر [[انتونيو لوپيز ڊي سانتا انا]] جي دور ۾، اصلي-حمايتي لبرل دانشورن کي وڏي سامعين نه ملي. 1854 ۾ سانتا انا جي زوال کان پوءِ، ميڪسيڪي لبرل ۽ اصلي ماضيءَ ۾ دلچسپي رکندڙ عالم وڌيڪ سرگرم ٿيا. لبرل ماڻهن کي اصلي آبادي ۽ سندن تاريخ بابت وڌيڪ همدردي هئي، پر انهن لاءِ ”ڀارتي مسئلو“ هڪ تڪڙي مسئلي طور پيش ڪيو ويندو هو. قانون اڳيان برابريءَ واري لبرل عزم موجب، ترقي ڪندڙ اصلي ماڻهو—جهڙوڪ زاپوٽيڪ [[بينيتو خواريز]] جيڪو لبرلن جي صفن مان وڌي ميڪسيڪو جو پهريون اصلي نسل جو صدر بڻيو—۽ ناھوا دانشور ۽ سياستدان [[اگناسيو مينوئل الٽاميرانو|اگناسيو الٽاميرانو]] (جيڪو [[اگناسيو راميريز (سياستدان)|اگناسيو راميريز]] جو شاگرد هو) لاءِ ان زماني ۾ لبرلزم اڳتي وڌڻ جو رستو بڻجي. ميڪسيڪو جي اصلي ماضيءَ بابت تحقيقن ۾، معتدل لبرل [[خوسيه فيرناندو راميريز]] جو ڪردار اهم هو: هو قومي عجائب گهر جو ڊائريڪٽر رهيو ۽ ڪوڊڪس استعمال ڪندي تحقيق ڪئي، جڏهن⁠تہ لبرلن ۽ قدامت پسندن جي سخت تڪرارن کان پري رهيو، جيڪي ڏهه ساله گهرو جنگ تائين وٺي ويا. اوڻيهين صديءَ جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ ايزٽيڪن بابت تحقيق ڪندڙ ميڪسيڪي عالمن ۾ [[فرانسيسڪو پيمينٽيل]]، [[انتونيو گارسيا ڪوباس]]، [[مانوئيل اوروزڪو ئي بيرا]]، [[خواڪين گارسيا ايڪاسبالتسيتا]] ۽ [[فرانسيسڪو ڊيل پاسو ئي ترونڪوسو]] شامل هئا، جن اوڻيهين صديءَ ۾ ايزٽيڪن تي ميڪسيڪي علمي ڪم جي واڌ ۾ اهم حصو وڌو.{{sfn|Cline|1973}} [[File:MonumentCuauhtemocPaseo2.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|[[ڪواوٽيمڪ جو يادگار]]، جيڪو 1887 ۾ [[پورفيريو دياث]] طرفان ميڪسيڪو شھر ۾ افتتاح ٿيو]] ميڪسيڪو ۾ اوڻيهين صديءَ جي پڇاڙيءَ جو دور اهڙو هو، جنهن ۾ ايزٽيڪ تهذيب قومي فخر جو نقطو بڻجي وئي. هن دور تي لبرل فوجي هيرو [[پورفيريو دياث]] جو غلبو هو، جيڪو واهاڪا جو هڪ [[مستيصو]] هو ۽ 1876 کان 1911 تائين ميڪسيڪو جو صدر رهيو. سندس پاليسين، جن سان ميڪسيڪو پرڏيهي سيڙپڪارن لاءِ کليو ۽ ملڪ کي سخت هٿ هيٺ جديد بڻايو ويو، بيچينيءَ کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ ”نظم ۽ ترقي“ جو نعرو اختيار ڪيو، جنهن سبب ميڪسيڪو جي اصلي آبادي ۽ سندن برادرين کي نقصان پهتو. پر ميڪسيڪو جي قديم تهذيبن بابت تحقيقن لاءِ سندس حڪومت نيڪ نيت ثابت ٿي: آثارِقديمه جي تحقيق لاءِ فنڊ ۽ يادگارن جي حفاظت لاءِ سهائتا ڏني وئي.{{sfn|Bueno|2016}} ”عالمن لاءِ وڌيڪ فائديمند اهو هو ته اهي انهن هندستانين تي ڌيان محدود رکن جيڪي ڪيترين صدين کان مئل هئا.“{{sfn|Keen|1971|p=417}} سندس هن سهائتا واري رويي سان [[ڪواوٽيمڪ جو يادگار|ڪواوٽيمڪ جو يادگار]] وسيع [[پاسيو ڊي لا ريفورما]] جي هڪ وڏي ٽريفڪ گول چڪ (''گلوئريتا'') ۾ لڳايو ويو، جنهن جو هن 1887 ۾ افتتاح ڪيو. اوڻيهين صديءَ جي پڇاڙيءَ جي عالمي نمائشَن ۾ ميڪسيڪو جي پئويلينن ۾ ملڪ جي اصلي ماضي، خاص طور ايزٽيڪن، تي وڏو زور هوندو هو. [[الفريدو چاويرو]] جهڙا ميڪسيڪي عالم انهن نمائشَن ۾ ميڪسيڪو جي ثقافتي تصوير کي گهڙڻ ۾ مددگار ٿيا.{{sfn|Tenorio-Trillo|1996}} [[ميڪسيڪي انقلاب]] (1910–1920) ۽ ڪيترن علائقن ۾ جدوجهد ۾ اصلي ماڻهن جي وڏي شرڪت هڪ وسيع، حڪومت-حمايتي سياسي ۽ ثقافتي تحريڪ کي جنم ڏنو، جنهن کي ''[[ميڪسيڪو ۾ انديخينيسمو|انديخينيسمو]]'' چيو وڃي ٿو. ان سان ميڪسيڪو جي ايزٽيڪ ماضي جون علامتون هر پاسي عام ٿي ويون، خاص طور [[ميڪسيڪي ديواري مصوري]] ۾ [[ديئيگو رويئرا]] جي ڪم وسيلي.{{sfn|Helland|1990}}{{sfn|Wolfe|2000|p=147}} ميڪسيڪي ليکڪن جهڙوڪ [[اوڪٽاويو پاث]] ۽ [[اگوستين فوئينتيس]] جديد ميڪسيڪي رياست طرفان ايزٽيڪ نشانين جي استعمال جو جائزو وٺندي تنقيد ڪئي آهي ته رياست سياسي مقصدن لاءِ اصلي ثقافت کي ڪيئن اختيار ڪري، ڦيرائي ۽ ترتيب ڏئي ٿي؛ پر ساڳئي وقت انهن پنهنجي لکڻين ۾ پاڻ به انهن علامتي اسلوبن کي ڪم آندو آهي. پاث، مثال طور، [[ميڪسيڪو جو قومي عجائب گهرِ انسانيات]] جي اڏاوتي ترتيب تي تنقيد ڪئي، جيڪا ميڪسيڪي تاريخ کي ايزٽيڪن تي ختم ٿيندڙ ڏيک ڏئي ٿي، ۽ هن کي ايزٽيڪ ثقافت جي قومي-پرستانه قبضي جي اظهار طور ڏٺو.{{sfn|Franco|2004}} ===ايزٽيڪ تاريخ ۽ عالمي علمي تحقيق=== [[File:Piedra del sol Porfirio Diaz.png|thumb|left|صدر [[پورفيريو دياث]] 1910 ۾ [[ميڪسيڪو جو قومي عجائب گهرِ انسانيات]] ۾ [[ايزٽيڪ ڪئلينڊر پٿر]] سان گڏ. [[آمريڪاشناسن جي بين الاقوامي ڪانگريس]] 1910 ۾ ميڪسيڪو شھر ۾ ميڪسيڪي آزادي جي سؤ ساله جشن تي گڏ ٿي.]] يورپ ۽ آمريڪا ۾ عالمن کي ميڪسيڪو جي قديم تهذيبن بابت تحقيق جي خواهش وڌندي وئي، خاص طور اوڻيهين صديءَ کان. ھمبولٽ قديم ميڪسيڪو کي قديم تهذيبن بابت وسيع علمي بحثن ۾ آڻڻ ۾ انتهائي اهم هو. فرانسيسي آمريڪاشناس [[شارل اتيئن براسور ڊي بوربورگ]] (1814–1874) چيو ته ”اسان جي زماني ۾ سائنس آخرڪار آمريڪا ۽ آمريڪين کي تاريخ ۽ آثارِقديمه جي [پراڻي] نگاهه مان مؤثر نموني پڙهيو ۽ بحال ڪيو آهي. اهو ھمبولٽ هو [...] جنهن اسان کي ننڊ مان جاڳايو.“{{sfn|Keen|1971|p=336}} فرانسيسي [[ژان فريڊرڪ والديڪ]] 1838 ۾ ''Voyage pittoresque et archéologique dans la province d'Yucatan pendant les années 1834 et 1836'' شايع ڪئي. جيتوڻيڪ اها سڌي طرح ايزٽيڪن سان لاڳاپيل نه هئي، پر يورپ ۾ قديم ميڪسيڪي مطالعي ۾ دلچسپي وڌائڻ ۾ ان جو حصو رهيو. انگريز اشرافي [[ايڊورڊ ڪنگ، ويسڪائونٽ ڪنگزبرا|لارڊ ڪنگزبرا]] قديم ميڪسيڪو سمجهڻ لاءِ وڏي توانائي لڳائي. ڪنگزبرا ھمبولٽ جي سڏي تي عمل ڪندي سڀ ڄاتل ميڪسيڪي ڪوڊڪس شايع ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، ۽ ''[[ميڪسيڪو جا قديم آثار]]'' (1831–1846) جا نو جلد تمام گهڻي تصويرڪاري سان ڇپايا، جنهن سبب هو ڏيوالو ٿي ويو. هو سڌي طرح ايزٽيڪن ۾ دلچسپي نه رکندو هو، پر اهو ثابت ڪرڻ چاهيندو هو ته ميڪسيڪو کي يھودين آباد ڪيو هو.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}} تنهن هوندي به، هن جي اشاعتن انهن اهم بنيادي ماخذن تائين ٻين لاءِ رسائي ممڪن بڻائي.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}} آمريڪا ۾ اوڻيهين صديءَ جي شروعات ۾ قديم ميڪسيڪو بابت دلچسپيءَ سبب [[جان لائيڊ اسٽيفنز]] ميڪسيڪو جو سفر ڪيو ۽ 1840ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ خوبصورت تصويرن سان ڪتاب شايع ڪيا. بوسٽن جي هڪ اڌ-انڌي محقق [[وليم ھِڪ لِنگ پرسڪاٽ]] طرفان اسپيني فتح بابت تحقيق، سندس تمام گهڻو مقبول ۽ گهڻي جاکوڙ سان لکيل ڪتاب ''دي ڪانڪئيسٽ آف ميڪسيڪو'' (1843) جو سبب بڻجي. جيتوڻيڪ پرسڪاٽ باقاعده تربيت يافته تاريخدان نه هو، پر هن صاف ظاهر اسپيني ماخذن سان گڏ ايڪسٽليلڪسوچٽل ۽ ساھاگون جي فتح واري تاريخ مان پڻ ڪم ورتو. سندس ڪم ۾ ايزٽيڪن بابت ڪڏهن حمايت ۽ ڪڏهن مخالفت واري روش جو ميلاپ هو. اهو رڳو انگريزيءَ ۾ تمام گهڻو وڪامندڙ نه رهيو، پر ميڪسيڪي دانشورن تي به اثر وڌو، جن ۾ اهم قدامت پسند سياستدان [[لوڪاس الامان]] شامل هو. الامان پرسڪاٽ جي ايزٽيڪن واري تصويرڪشيءَ جي مخالفت ڪئي. [[بينجامن ڪين]] جي جائزي موجب، پرسڪاٽ جي تاريخ ”هر پاسي کان ٿيل حملي جي باوجود زنده رهي آهي، ۽ جيڪڏهن ماهرن ۾ نه به، ته عام پڙهندڙن ۾ ايزٽيڪ تهذيب بابت تصور تي اڃا تائين غالب آهي“.{{sfn|Keen|1971|p=363}} اوڻيهين صديءَ جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ واپاري ۽ تاريخدان [[ھيوبرٽ ھائو بينڪرافٽ]] هڪ وڏو منصوبي جو نگرانيڪار رهيو، جنهن ۾ ليکڪ ۽ محقق ملازم رکيا ويا ته اتر آمريڪا جي ”مقامي نسلن“ جي تاريخ لکجي، جنهن ۾ ميڪسيڪو، ڪيليفورنيا ۽ وچ آمريڪا شامل هئا. هن منصوبي جو هڪ مڪمل ڪم قديم ميڪسيڪو لاءِ مخصوص هو، جنهن جو اڌ حصو ايزٽيڪن بابت هو. اهو هڪ گڏيل، هم آهنگ جائزو هو، جنهن ۾ ايڪسٽليلڪسوچٽل ۽ براسور ڊي بوربورگ سميت ٻين مان مواد ورتو ويو.{{sfn|Cline|1973}} جڏهن [[آمريڪاشناسن جي بين الاقوامي ڪانگريس]] 1875 ۾ فرانس جي نانسي شھر ۾ ٺهي، تڏهن ميڪسيڪي عالم سرگرم شرڪت ڪندڙ بڻيا، ۽ ميڪسيڪو شھر 1895 کان شروع ڪري ڇهه ڀيرا هن ٻه ساليه، گهڻ-مضموني گڏجاڻيءَ جو ميزبان بڻيو. ميڪسيڪو جون قديم تهذيبون ميڪسيڪي ۽ عالمي عالمن جي وڏين علمي تحقيقن جو موضوع مسلسل رهنديون آيون آهن.{{fact|date=November 2024}} ===ٻولي ۽ جڳهن جا نالا=== [[File:Metro Moctezuma 01.jpg|thumb|right|[[ميٽرو موڪٽيزوما]]، جنهن جي لوگو ۾ پنن وارو تاج واري انداز جي شڪل آهي]] [[ناھواٽل ٻولي]] اڄ 15 لک ماڻهو ڳالهائين ٿا، گهڻو ڪري مرڪزي ميڪسيڪو جي رياستن جي جبلستاني علائقن ۾. اڄ جي ميڪسيڪي اسپيني ۾ ناھواٽل مان سوين قرضي لفظ شامل آهن، ۽ انهن مان ڪيترائي لفظ عام اسپيني استعمال ۾ اچي چڪا آهن ۽ پوءِ دنيا جي ٻين ٻولين تائين به پهتا آهن.{{sfn|Cáceres-Lorenzo|2015}}{{sfn|Frazier|2006}}{{sfn|Haugen|2009}} ميڪسيڪو ۾ ايزٽيڪن جا جڳهن جا نالا هر پاسي ملن ٿا، خاص طور مرڪزي ميڪسيڪو ۾ جتي ايزٽيڪ سلطنت جو مرڪز هو، پر ٻين علائقن ۾ به، جتي ڪيترائي ڳوٺ، شھر ۽ علائقا سندن ناھواٽل نالن سان قائم ٿيا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ايزٽيڪ معاون فوجون اسپيني آبادڪارن سان گڏ انهن شروعاتي مهمن ۾ شامل هيون جن ۾ نيو اسپين جا نقشا ٺهيا. اهڙي طرح اهي شھر به، جيڪي اصل ۾ ناھواٽل ڳالهائيندڙ نه هئا، ناھواٽل نالن سان سڃاتا وڃڻ لڳا.{{sfn|Van Essendelft|2018}} ميڪسيڪو شھر ۾ ايزٽيڪ حڪمرانن جون يادگارون به آهن، جن ۾ [[ميڪسيڪو شھر ميٽرو]] جي لائين 1 تي اهڙيون اسٽيشنون شامل آهن جن جا نالا [[ميٽرو موڪٽيزوما|موڪٽيزوما ٻيو]] ۽ ڪواوٽيمڪ تي رکيل آهن. ===کاڌ خوراڪ=== {{See also|ايزٽيڪ کاڌ خوراڪ|ميڪسيڪي کاڌن جي فهرست}} [[ميڪسيڪي کاڌ خوراڪ]] اڃا تائين ميزوامريڪا جي روايتي کاڌي جي بنيادي جزن تي ٻڌل آهي، ۽ خاص طور [[ايزٽيڪ کاڌ خوراڪ]] جي: مَڪَئي، مرچ، ڦريون، ڪدو، ٽماٽو ۽ ايوڪاڊو. انهن مان ڪيترائي بنيادي شيون اڄ به سندن ناھواٽل نالن سان سڃاتيون وڃن ٿيون، ۽ اهڙي طرح انهن ماڻهن سان لاڳاپو قائم رهي ٿو جن اهي خوراڪون اسپينين ۽ دنيا سان متعارف ڪرايون. قديم ميزوامريڪي خوراڪي جزن، خاص طور ٻوٽن، جي پکڙجڻ سان ناھواٽل قرضي لفظ (''چوڪولاٽي''، ''ٽماٽو''، ''مرچ''، ''ايوڪاڊو''، ''ٽمالي''، ''ٽاڪو''، ''پپو سا''، ''چپوٽلي''، ''پوزولي''، ''اٽولي'') اسپيني وسيلي دنيا جي ٻين ٻولين ۾ به داخل ٿيا.{{sfn|Haugen|2009}} ميڪسيڪي کاڌي جي عالمي پکڙجڻ ۽ مقبوليت سان، ايزٽيڪن جو طعامي ورثو عالمي سطح تائين پهتل چئي سگهجي ٿو. اڄ، ميڪسيڪي کاڌي جي مارڪيٽنگ ۾ ”حقيقت پسندي“ يا ”غير معمولي ڪشش“ پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ ايزٽيڪ تصويرون ۽ ناھواٽل لفظ گهڻو استعمال ٿين ٿا.{{sfn|Pilcher|2017|pp=184–185}} <gallery widths="200px" heights="160px"> File:Tortilleras Nebel.jpg|''لاس تورتيليئراس''، 1836 جي [[ليٿوگراف]]، جيڪا [[ڪارل نيبل]] جي هڪ تصوير مان ٺاهي وئي، جنهن ۾ عورتون مَڪَئي پيهي تورتيلا ٺاهي رهيون آهن. File:Chapulines de Oaxaca.jpg|''[[چاپولينيس]]''، ٽڊيون جيڪي سڪي ڪري ڀُڃي مرچن سان ڇٽيون وڃن ٿيون، اڄ به هڪ مقبول نزاڪت سمجهيون وڃن ٿيون. </gallery> ===نسلي سڃاڻپ=== ايزٽيڪ ۽ مايا کي [[آمريڪا جي 2020 مردم شماري]] ۾ آمريڪي هندستاني گروهن جي مثالن طور نئين سر شامل ڪيو ويو، ۽ جواب ڏيندڙن مان ”ايزٽيڪ“ سڀ کان وڏو آمريڪي هندستاني گروهه بڻيو، جنهن بابت ماڻهن چيو ته سندن مڪمل پس منظر اتيان آهي.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Van Dam |first1=Andrew |title=The Native American population exploded, the census shows. Here's why. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2023/10/27/native-americans-2020-census/ |access-date=29 March 2024 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=27 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Census Bureau Releases 2020 Census Data for Nearly 1,500 Detailed Race and Ethnicity Groups, Tribes and Villages |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2023/2020-census-detailed-dhc-file-a.html |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Census.gov}}</ref> ===عوامي ثقافت ۾=== ايزٽيڪن بابت خيال يورپين جي ذهنن کي پهرين ملاقاتن کان وٺي موهيندو رهيو آهي، ۽ هن مغربي عوامي ثقافت لاءِ ڪيترائي علامتي نشان فراهم ڪيا آهن.{{sfn|Cooper Alarcón|1997}} پنهنجي ڪتاب ''دي ايزٽيڪ اميج ان ويسٽرن ٿاٽ'' ۾ [[بينجامن ڪين]] دليل ڏنو ته مغربي مفڪر اڪثر ايزٽيڪ ثقافت کي پنهنجي ثقافتي دلچسپين جي ڇنڊڇاڻ وسيلي ڏسندا رهيا آهن.{{sfn|Keen|1971}} ايزٽيڪ ۽ ايزٽيڪ ڏند ڪٿائن جا ڪردار مغربي ثقافت ۾ به ظاهر ٿين ٿا.{{sfn|Carrasco|2012|pp=112–120}} ڪئٽزالڪوئٽل، جيڪو پنن واري نانگ-ديوتا طور مشهور آهي، جو نالو [[پٽيروساور]]ن جي هڪ [[جنس]] لاءِ استعمال ٿيو، ''[[ڪيٽزالڪوآٽلس]]''، جيڪو وڏو اُڏامندڙ رينگڻ وارو جاندار هو ۽ جنهن جي پرن جي ويڪر {{convert|11|m|ft|sp=us}} تائين ٻڌائي وڃي ٿي.{{sfn|Witton|Martill|Loveridge|2010}} ڪئٽزالڪوئٽل ڪيترن ڪتابن، فلمن ۽ وڊيو راندين ۾ ڪردار طور به آيو آهي.<!--probably needs citing and examples--> آمريڪي ليکڪ [[گيري جيننگس (ليکڪ)|گيري جيننگس]] ايزٽيڪ دور واري ميڪسيڪو ۾ پسمنظر رکندڙ ٻه مشهور تاريخي ناول لکيا، ''[[ايزٽيڪ (ناول)|ايزٽيڪ]]'' (1980) ۽ ''ايزٽيڪ آٽم'' (1997).<ref name="Jennings Obit">{{Cite news|last1=Smith|first1=Dinitia|date=18 February 1999|title=Gary Jennings Is Dead at 70; Author of the Best Seller 'Aztec'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/18/arts/gary-jennings-is-dead-at-70-author-of-the-best-seller-aztec.html|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113034836/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/18/arts/gary-jennings-is-dead-at-70-author-of-the-best-seller-aztec.html|archive-date=13 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> اهي ناول ايترا مقبول ٿيا جو سندس وفات کان پوءِ ايزٽيڪ سيريز ۾ وڌيڪ چار ناول پڻ لکيا ويا.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://us.macmillan.com/series/aztec |title=''Aztec'' series |website=Macmillan Publishers |access-date=12 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922175201/https://us.macmillan.com/series/aztec/ |archive-date=22 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> ايزٽيڪ سماج کي سينيما ۾ پڻ ڏيکاريو ويو آهي. 2000 جي ميڪسيڪي فلم ''دي اڌر ڪانڪئيسٽ'' (اسپيني: ''La Otra Conquista'') جي هدايت [[سالوادور ڪارراسڪو]] ڪئي، ۽ ان ۾ 1520ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ميڪسيڪو تي اسپيني فتح کان پوءِ پيدا ٿيندڙ نوآبادي نتيجن کي پيش ڪيو ويو. <ref>{{cite magazine |last1=O'Leary |first1=Devin D. |title=The Other Conquest Conquers America |magazine=Alibi |date=3 May 2007 |volume=16 |issue=18 |url=https://alibi.com/film/18933/The-Other-Conquest-Conquers-America.html |access-date=12 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412212328/https://alibi.com/film/18933/The-Other-Conquest-Conquers-America.html |archive-date=12 April 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> 1989 جي فلم ''Retorno a Aztlán''، جيڪا خوان مورا ڪاتليٽ جي آهي، هڪ تاريخي افسانو آهي جيڪو موٽيڪوزوما پهرئين جي دور ۾ قائم آهي، ۽ اها ناھواٽل ۾ فلمايل آهي، جنهن جو متبادل ناھواٽل عنوان ''Necuepaliztli in Aztlan'' آهي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nativeamericanfilms.org/mexico1.html |publisher=Native American Films |title=Films on the Indigenous Peoples of Mexico. Part One: Historical Films |access-date=12 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015174716/http://www.nativeamericanfilms.org/mexico1.html |archive-date=15 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Mora|2005|p=212}} ميڪسيڪي [[B movies (exploitation boom)|استحصال قسم جي بِي فلمن]] ۾ 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي دوران هڪ ورجائجندڙ روپ ”ايزٽيڪ ممي“ پڻ رهيو، گڏوگڏ ايزٽيڪ ڀوت ۽ جادوگر به.{{sfn|Greene|2012}} == ڪتابيات == *{{cite book |first=خوان خوسيه |last=باتايا |year=2016 |chapter=تاريخي ماخذ: ڪوڊڪس ۽ تاريخناما |title=دي آڪسفورڊ ھينڊبڪ آف دي ايزٽيڪس |volume=1 |editor1=ڊيبوھرا ايل. نيڪولس |editor2=اينريڪي روڊريگيز-اليگريا |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199341962.013.30}} *{{cite journal |last=بارلو |first=رابرٽ ايڇ. |title=اصطلاح "ايزٽيڪ سلطنت" بابت ڪي ڳالهيون |journal=دي امريڪاز |volume=1 |issue=3 |year=1945 |pages=345–349 |doi=10.2307/978159 |jstor=978159|s2cid=147083453 }} *{{cite book |last=بارلو |first=رابرٽ ايڇ. |year=1949 |title=ڪلھوا ميڪسيڪا جي سلطنت جي وسعت |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.506242 |publisher=يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا پريس }} *{{Cite web |last=بارنيٽ |first=رونالڊ اي. <!-- NOT Education prof. Ronald Barnett of London --> |title=ميزوامريڪي مذهبي تصورات: حصو ٻيو |date=2007-11-01 |website=ميڪس ڪنيڪٽ |url=https://www.mexconnect.com/articles/546-mesoamerican-religious-concepts-part-two/ |access-date=2022-07-20 }} *{{cite journal |last1=بيڪمين |first1=سي.ايس. |last2=ڪرسٽينسن |first2=اي.ايف. |year=2003 |title=شڪ ۽ غير يقين کي گھڻن ثبوتي ليڪن وسيلي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ: ميزوامريڪي ناھوا لڏپلاڻن تي نئون جائزو |journal=جرنل آف آرڪيو لوجيڪل ميٿڊ اينڊ ٿِيئري |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=111–164 |doi=10.1023/a:1024519712257|s2cid= 141990835}} *{{cite book |last=بردان |first=فرانسس |author-link=Frances Berdan |year=1982 |title=مرڪزي ميڪسيڪو جا ايزٽيڪ: ھڪ شاهي سماج |series=ڪيس اسٽڊيز اِن ڪلچرل اينٿروپالوجي |location=نيو يارڪ |publisher=[[Holt, Rinehart & Winston]] |isbn=978-0-03-055736-1 |oclc=7795704 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/aztecsofcentralm0000berd }} *{{cite book |last1=بردان |first1=فرانسس ايف. |author-link=Frances Berdan |last2=سمٿ |first2=مائيڪل اي. |chapter=1. تعارف |year=1996a |title=ايزٽيڪ شاهي حڪمت عمليون |location=واشنگٽن، ڊي.سي. |editor=فرانسس بردان |editor2=رچرڊ بلانٽن |editor3=اليزبيٿ ھِل بون |editor4=ميري جي. ھاج |editor5=مائيڪل اي. سمٿ |editor6=ايملي امبرگر |publisher=[[Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection]] |isbn=978-0-88402-211-4 |oclc=27035231}} *{{cite book |last1=بردان |first1=فرانسس ايف. |author-link=Frances Berdan |last2=سمٿ |first2=مائيڪل اي. |chapter= 9. شاهي حڪمت عمليون ۽ مرڪز-پريفيـري لاڳاپا |year=1996b |title=ايزٽيڪ شاهي حڪمت عمليون |location=واشنگٽن، ڊي.سي. |editor=فرانسس بردان |editor2=رچرڊ بلانٽن |editor3=اليزبيٿ ھِل بون |editor4=ميري جي. ھاج |editor5=مائيڪل اي. سمٿ |editor6=ايملي امبرگر |publisher=[[Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection]] |isbn=978-0-88402-211-4 |oclc=27035231}} *{{cite book |last1=بردان |first1=فرانسس ايف. |last2=اناوالٽ |first2=پيٽريشيا ريف |year=1997 |title=دي ايسينشل ڪوڊڪس مينڊوزا |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_JQeAQZHev0IC |publisher=[[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا پريس]] |isbn=978-0-520-20454-6 }} *{{cite book |last=بردان |first=فرانسس |year=2014 |title=ايزٽيڪ آثارِقديمه ۽ اتنوھسٽري |publisher=ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي پريس}} *{{cite journal |last=بردان |first=ايف.ايف. |year=2016 |title=صوبن ۾ پنن جو ڪم: ايزٽيڪ بالادستي ھيٺ منتشر عيش عشرت ھنر |journal=اينشنٽ ميزوامريڪا |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=209–219 |doi=10.1017/S0956536115000358|s2cid=164771165 }} *{{cite book |last=بون |first=اليزبيٿ ھِل |author-link=Elizabeth Hill Boone |year=2000 |title=ڳاڙهي ۽ ڪاري ۾ ڪهاڻيون: ايزٽيڪ ۽ ميڪسٽيڪ جي تصويري تاريخون |location=آسٽن |publisher=[[يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪساس پريس]] |isbn=978-0-292-70876-1 |oclc=40939882}} *{{cite book |last=بريڊنگ|first=ڊي.اي. |author-link=David Brading| year=1991 |title=دي فرسٽ امريڪا: اسپيني بادشاھت، ڪريئولو وطن دوست، ۽ لبرل رياست، 1492–1867|location=ڪيمبرج|publisher=[[ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي پريس]] |isbn=978-0-521-39130-6}} *{{Cite journal |last=برائيٽ |first=ڊبليو. |year=1990 |title='ھڪ چپ سان، ٻن چپن سان': ناھواٽل ۾ متوازي انداز |journal=لينگويج |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=437–452 |doi=10.2307/414607 |jstor=414607}} *{{cite journal |last=برمفيل |first=اليزبيٿ ايم. |year=1998 |title=ايزٽيڪ ھنرمنن جون گھڻ رخيون سڃاڻپون |journal=آرڪيالاجيڪل پيپرز آف دي امريڪن اينٿروپالاجيڪل اسوسيئيشن |volume= 8 |issue=1 |pages=145–152 |doi=10.1525/ap3a.1998.8.1.145|doi-access=free }} *{{cite book|last=بوئينو|first=ڪرِسٽينا|year=2016|title=ڀڳل آثارن جي تلاش: آثارِقديمه، تاريخ، ۽ جديد ميڪسيڪو جي ٺهڻ|publisher=يونيورسٽي آف نيو ميڪسيڪو پريس|isbn=978-0-8263-5732-8}} *{{cite book |last=برک ھارٽ | first=لوئيس ايم. |year=1997 |chapter=ميڪسيڪي عورتون گھر واري محاذ تي |title=اوائلي ميڪسيڪو جون ڀارتي عورتون |pages=25–54 |editor1=ايس شروئڊر |editor2=ايس ووڊ |editor3=آر.ايس. ھاسڪيٽ}} *{{cite journal |last=ڪاسيريس-لورينزو |first= ايم.ٽي. |year=2015 |title=ڦھلاءُ جون لاھيون ۽ امريڪي اسپيني ۾ ناھواٽلزم: لهجي وارين لغتن مان ثبوت |journal=ڊائليڪٽولوجيا ايٽ جيو لنگوئسٽيڪا |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=50–67 |doi= 10.1515/dialect-2015-0004 |hdl= 10553/43280 |s2cid= 151429590|hdl-access=free }} *{{Cite book |last=ڪيمپبل |first=لائل |author-link=Lyle Campbell |year=1997 |title=امريڪي ڀارتي ٻوليون: اصلي امريڪا جي تاريخي لسانيات |series=آڪسفورڊ اسٽڊيز اِن اينٿروپائيڪل لنگوئسٽڪس، 4 |publisher=[[آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس]] |location=لنڊن ۽ نيو يارڪ |isbn=978-0-19-509427-5 |oclc=32923907}} *{{cite book |last=ڪاراسڪو |first=ڊيوڊ |year=2000 |title=قربانيءَ جو شھر: ايزٽيڪ سلطنت ۽ تهذيب ۾ تشدد جو ڪردار |location=بوسٽن، ميساچوسٽس |publisher=[[بيڪن پريس]] |isbn=978-0-8070-4642-5 |oclc=41368255}} *{{cite book |last=ڪاراسڪو |first=ڊيوڊ |year=2012 |title=دي ايزٽيڪس: ھڪ تمام مختصر تعارف |publisher=آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس |isbn=978-0-1953-7938-9}} *{{cite book |last=ڪاراسڪو |first=پيڊرو |year=1999 |title=قديم ميڪسيڪو جي ٽينوچڪا سلطنت: ٽينوچٽٽلان، ٽيتسڪوڪو، ۽ ٽلاڪوپان جي ٽرپل الائنس |publisher=يونيورسٽي آف اوڪلاھوما پريس |isbn=978-0-8061-3144-3}} *{{cite book|last=چپمين|first=ڊونالڊ اي.|year=2005|title=موڪٽيزوما جا ٻار: اسپيني راڄ ھيٺ ايزٽيڪ شاهي خاندان، 1520–1700|publisher=يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪساس پريس|isbn=978-0-292-72597-3}} *{{cite book |last=ڪلائن | first=ھووارڊ ايف.|author-link=Howard F. Cline |year=1973|chapter=اتنوھسٽري بابت اوڻيهين صديءَ جا چونڊ ميڪسيڪي ليکڪ|title=ھينڊبڪ آف مڊل امريڪن انڊينز، اتنوھسٽريڪل ماخذن لاءِ رھنمائي، حصو 2|pages=370–393|editor=ايڇ.ايف. ڪلائن|isbn=978-0-292-70153-3}} *{{Cite book |last=ڪلائن |first=ساره| year=2000 |chapter=نوآبادي مرڪزي ميڪسيڪو جا اصلي ماڻهو |title=دي ڪيمبرج ھسٽري آف دي نيٽو پِيپلز آف دي امريڪاز. جلد 2. ميزوامريڪا حصو 2 |pages=187–222 |publisher=ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي پريس|isbn=978-0-521-65204-9}} *{{cite book |last=ڪوپر الارڪون |first=ڊينيئل |year=1997 |title=دي ايزٽيڪ پيلِمپسيسٽ: جديد تخيل ۾ ميڪسيڪو |location=ٽوسان |publisher=يونيورسٽي آف ايريزونا پريس}} *{{cite journal |last=ڊيئل |first=لوري بي. |year=2005 |title=عورتون ۽ سياسي طاقت: ايزٽيڪ تصويري تاريخن ۾ شريف زادن عورتن جي شموليت ۽ اخراج |journal=آر.اي.ايس.: اينٿروپالاجي اينڊ ايسٿيٽڪس |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=82–106 |doi=10.1086/resv47n1ms20167660|s2cid=157991841 }} *{{cite journal |last1=ايلسن |first1=ڪرسٽينا |first2=مائيڪل اي. |last2=سمٿ |s2cid=25246053 |year=2001 | title=ايزٽيڪ نئين باھه جي رسم مان آثارِقديمه جا ذخيرو |journal=اينشنٽ ميزوامريڪا |volume=12 |pages=157–174 | doi=10.1017/S0956536101122078 | issue=2|citeseerx=10.1.1.723.2681 }} *{{cite journal |last=فرانڪو |first=جين |year=2004 |title=ڪوئٽليڪيو جي واپسي: ميڪسيڪي قوميت ۽ ايزٽيڪ ماضي |journal=جرنل آف لاطيني امريڪن ڪلچرل اسٽڊيز |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=205–219 |doi=10.1080/1356932042000246977 |s2cid=162346920}} *{{cite journal |last=فريزيئر |first= اي.جي. |year=2006 |title=ميڪسيڪي اسپيني ۾ ناھواٽل جا قرضا |journal=ھسپيريا: انواريو ڊي فِيلولوجيا ھِسپانيڪا |volume=9 |pages=75–86}} *{{cite book |first1=ڪارلوس |last1=گاليندو ليئل |first2=خوسيه |last2=ساروخھان ڪيرميز |first3=ڊيوڊ |first4=چارلس |last3=رائيٽ |last4=ڪار |chapter=ميڪسيڪو جي قومي نشان جي ھڪ قدرتي تاريخ |title=ايسڪودو ناسيونال: فلورا، فاؤنا ۽ حياتياتي تنوع |editor=ڪورا ما. اي. فاليرو روئز |location=ميڪسيڪو شھر |publisher=سيڪريٽاريا دي ميڊيو امبيئنٽي ئي ريڪورسوس ناتوراليس، سيڪريٽاريا دي ڪلچورا، انسٽيٽو ناسيونال دي اينٿروپالوجيا ئي ھسٽوريا، ميوزيو ناسيونال دي اينٿروپالوجيا |year=2017 |pages=42–61}} *{{cite book |author-link=Charles Gibson (historian) |last=گبسن |first=چارلس |year=1964 |title=اسپيني راڄ ھيٺ ايزٽيڪ: ميڪسيڪو جي واديءَ جي ڀارتي ماڻهن جي تاريخ، 1519–1810 |location=اسٽينفورڊ |publisher=اسٽينفورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس |url=https://archive.org/details/aztecsunderspani00gibs |url-access=registration }} *{{cite book |last=گليسپي |first=سوسن ڊي. |author-link=Susan D. Gillespie |year=1989 |title=ايزٽيڪ بادشاھ: ميڪسيڪا تاريخ ۾ حڪمرانيءَ جي تعمير |location=ٽوسان |publisher=[[يونيورسٽي آف ايريزونا پريس]] |isbn=978-0-8165-1095-5 |oclc=19353576}} *{{cite book |last=گرين |first=ڊويل |year=2012 |title=ميڪسپلائيٽيشن سينيما: ميڪسيڪي ويمپائر، ڪُشتيباز، ايپ-مين ۽ ساڳين فلمن جي تنقيدي تاريخ، 1957–1977 |publisher=مئڪ فارلينڊ}} *{{cite book |last=ھاجووسڪي |first=پيٽرڪ ٿامس |year=2015 |title=ٻين جي چپن تي: ايزٽيڪ يادگارن ۽ رسمن ۾ موٽوئچزوما جي مشھوري |publisher=يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪساس پريس}} *{{cite journal |last =ھارنر |first=مائيڪل |s2cid=144736919 |year=1977 |title=ايزٽيڪ قربانيءَ جو ماحولياتي بنياد |journal=[[American Ethnologist]] |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=117–135 |doi=10.1525/ae.1977.4.1.02a00070|doi-access=free }} *{{cite book |last=ھاسڪيٽ |first=آر.ايس. |year=1991 |title=اصلي حڪمران: نوآبادي ڪويرناواڪا ۾ شھري حڪومت جي اتنوھسٽري |publisher= يونيورسٽي آف نيو ميڪسيڪو پريس}} *{{cite book |last=ھاسگ |first=راس |author-link=Ross Hassig |year=1988 |title=ايزٽيڪ جنگ: شاهي ڦھلاءُ ۽ سياسي ڪنٽرول |series=سِولائزيشن آف دي امريڪن انڊين سيريز |number=188 |location=نورمن |publisher=[[يونيورسٽي آف اوڪلاھوما پريس]] |isbn=978-0-8061-2121-5 |oclc=17106411}} *{{cite book |last=ھاسگ |first=راس |author-link=Ross Hassig |year=2001 |title=وقت، تاريخ، ۽ يقين: ايزٽيڪ ۽ نوآبادي ميڪسيڪو ۾ |location=آسٽن |publisher=[[يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪساس پريس]] |isbn=978-0-292-73139-4 |oclc=44167649}} *{{cite book |last=ھاسگ |first=راس |year=2016 |title=گهڻ شادي ۽ ايزٽيڪ سلطنت جي عروج ۽ زوال |publisher=يونيورسٽي آف نيو ميڪسيڪو پريس}} *{{cite journal |last= ھاؤگن |first= جي.ڊي. |year= 2009 |title=قرضي قرضا: انگريزي ۾ ناھواٽل جا قرضي لفظ |journal= ليڪسس. جرنل اِن انگلش ليڪسيڪولوجي |volume= 3 |url= http://lexis.revues.org/638 |access-date= 19 September 2019 |archive-date= 12 January 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230112180439/https://journals.openedition.org/lexis/638 |url-status= live }} *{{cite journal |last=ھيلينڊ |first=جي. |year=1990 |title=فريدا ڪاهلو جي پينٽنگن ۾ ايزٽيڪ نقش نگاري: اصليت ۽ سياسي وابستگي |journal=وومينز آرٽ جرنل |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=8–13}} *{{cite book |first=ڪينيٿ جي. |last=ھرتھ |title=ايزٽيڪ معاشي دنيا |publisher=ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي پريس |year=2016}} *{{cite book |first=رابرٽ |last=ھميرِچ ئي ويلينسيا|year=1991 |title=نيو اسپين جا اينڪومينڊيرو، 1521–1555|publisher=يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪساس پريس|isbn=978-0-292-73108-0}} *{{cite journal |last1=ھاج |first1=ميري جي. |first2=ھيڪٽر |last2=نيف |first3=ايم. جيمس |last3=بليڪمين |first4=ليئا ڊي. |last4=منڪ |title=ايزٽيڪ سلطنت جي دل واري علائقي ۾ ڪاري-مٿان-نارنگي سيرامڪ جي پيداوار |journal=لاطيني امريڪن اينٽيڪوئٽي |volume=4 |issue=2 |year=1993 |pages=130–157 |doi=10.2307/971799 |jstor=971799|s2cid=163893131 }} *{{cite book|last=ھمبولٽ|first=اليگزينڊر فون|year=2014|title=ويُوز آف دي ڪورڊيليئراس اينڊ مونيومينٽس آف دي اِنڊِجِنس پِيپلز آف دي امريڪاز [1810]: ھڪ تنقيدي ايڊيشن|publisher=يونيورسٽي آف شڪاگو پريس|isbn=978-0-226-86506-5}} *{{cite journal |last=آئزڪ |first=بي.ايل. |year=2005 |title=ايزٽيڪ آدمخوري: ميڪسيڪو جي واديءَ ۾ ناھوا بمقابل اسپيني ۽ مستيصو بيان |journal=اينشنٽ ميزوامريڪا |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1017/s0956536105050030|s2cid=162825038 }} *{{cite journal |last=آئزڪ |first= بي.ايل. |year=2002 |title=ايزٽيڪن ۽ سندن پاڙيسرين ۾ آدمخوري: 1577–1586 واري "Relaciones Geográficas" جو تجزيو نيو اسپين ۽ نيوئا گاليسيا صوبن لاءِ |journal=جرنل آف اينٿروپالاجيڪل ريسرچ |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=203–224 |doi=10.1086/jar.58.2.3631036|s2cid= 163993224 }} *{{cite journal |last1=ڪارٽونن |first1=فرانسس |author-link=Frances Karttunen|last2=لاڪھارٽ |first2=جيمس |year=1980 |title=ناھواٽل شاعريءَ جي ساخت، ان جي قسمن وسيلي ڏٺل |journal=اِسٽوڊيوز ڊي ڪلچورا ناھواٽل |volume=14 |pages=15–64}} *{{cite book |last=ڪين |first=بينجامن |year=1971 |title=مغربي فڪر ۾ ايزٽيڪ تصوير |url=https://archive.org/details/aztecimageinwest00keen |url-access=registration |location=نيو برنسوِڪ |publisher=رٽگرس يونيورسٽي پريس |isbn=978-0-8135-0698-2 }} *{{cite journal |last=ڪين | first=بي. |year=2001 |author-link=Benjamin Keen |title=جائزو: City of Sacrifice: The Aztec Empire and the Role of Violence in Civilization |journal=دي امريڪاز |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=593–595 |doi=10.1353/tam.2001.0036| s2cid=144513257}} *{{cite journal |last=ڪبلر |first=جارج |title=ميڪسيڪو ۾ آباديءَ جون حرڪتون، 1520–1600 |journal=ھسپانڪ امريڪن ھسٽاريڪل ريويو |volume= 22 |issue=4 |year=1942 |pages=606–643 |doi=10.2307/2506768 |jstor=2506768}} *{{cite journal |last=لاڪادينا |first=الفونسو |title=ناھواٽل جو ھڪ سِليبيرِي |journal=[[The PARI Journal]] |year=2008 |volume=VIII |issue=4 |url=http://www.mesoweb.com/pari/publications/journal/804/PARI0804.pdf |access-date=1 July 2017 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121101702/http://www.mesoweb.com/pari/publications/journal/804/PARI0804.pdf |url-status=live }} *{{cite book |author-link=Miguel León-Portilla |last=ليون-پورٽيا|first=ميگوئل|title=ايزٽيڪ فڪر ۽ ثقافت: قديم ناھواٽل ذهن جو مطالعو|year=1963 |translator-last=ڊيئوس |translator-first=جيڪ اي. |publisher=يونيورسٽي آف اوڪلاھوما پريس}} *{{cite book |last=ليون-پورٽيا |first=ميگوئل |author-link=Miguel León-Portilla |year=1992 |title=ايزٽيڪ دنيا جا پندرھن شاعر |location=[[نورمن، اوڪلاھوما]] |publisher=[[يونيورسٽي آف اوڪلاھوما پريس]] |isbn=978-0-8061-2441-4 |oclc=243733946}} *{{cite journal |last=ليون-پورٽيا |first=ميگوئل |year=2000 |title=ايزٽيڪا: ھڪ نسلي نالي بابت بحث |journal=اِسٽوڊيوز ڊي لا ڪلچورا ناھواٽل |volume=31 |pages=307–313}} *{{cite book |last=ليون-پورٽيا |first=ميگوئل |author-link=Miguel León-Portilla |year=2002 |title=برنارڊينو ڊي ساھاگون، پھريون اينٿروپالاجسٽ |others=موريسيو جي. مڪسڪو (ترجمو) |edition=اصل ۾ 1999 ۾ UNAM طرفان Bernardino de Sahagún: Pionero de la Antropología نالي سان ڇپيل |location=نورمن |publisher=[[يونيورسٽي آف اوڪلاھوما پريس]] |isbn=978-0-8061-3364-5 |oclc=47990042}} <!--:{{cite book |last=Lockhart |first=James |author-link=James Lockhart (historian) |year=1991 |title=Nahuas and Spaniards: Postconquest Mexican History and Philology |series=UCLA Latin American studies vol. 76, Nahuatl studies series no. 3 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] and UCLA Latin American Center Publications |location= Stanford and Los Angeles, CA |isbn=0-8047-1953-5 |oclc=23286637}}--> *{{cite book |last=لاڪھارٽ |first=جيمس |year=1992 |title=فتح کان پوءِ ناھوا: مرڪزي ميڪسيڪو جي ڀارتين جي سماجي ۽ ثقافتي تاريخ، سورھين کان ارڙھين صدي |location=اسٽينفورڊ |publisher=اسٽينفورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس |isbn=978-0-8047-1927-8}} *{{Cite encyclopedia |last=لوپيث آستين|first=الفريڊو|author-link=Alfredo López Austin|year=2001|title=ايزٽيڪ |encyclopedia=دي آڪسفورڊ انسائيڪلوپيڊيا آف ميزوامريڪن ڪلچر|volume=1|pages=68–72|publisher=آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس |isbn=978-0-19-514255-6}} * {{cite book |last=لوپيث لوھان |first= ليوناردو |year=2005 |title=ٽينوچٽٽلان جي ٽيمپلو مايور جون نذرانيون |edition= نظرثاني ٿيل |translator=برنارڊ آر. اورتيث ڊي مونٽيلانو ۽ ٿيلمـا اورتيث ڊي مونٽيلانو |publisher= يونيورسٽي آف نيو ميڪسيڪو پريس |location=البيڪركي |isbn=978-0-8263-2958-5}} *{{cite web |title=ايزٽيڪ فلسفو |date=n.d. |author-link=James Maffie |last=مافي |first=جيمس |website=دي اِنٽرنيٽ انسائيڪلوپيڊيا آف فلاسافي |issn=2161-0002 |url=https://iep.utm.edu/aztec-philosophy/ |access-date=2022-07-20 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112180429/https://iep.utm.edu/aztec-philosophy/ |url-status=live }} *{{cite book |last1=مارٽز |first1=لوئيس ايل. |last2=لاورنس |first2=ڊي. ايڇ. |title=ڪئٽزالڪوئٽل |publisher=نيو ڊائريڪشنز بُڪس |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-8112-1385-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/quetzalcoatl00lawr }} *{{cite book |last=ماتوس موڪٽيزوما |first= ايڊوارڊو |author-link=Eduardo Matos Moctezuma |year=1988 |title=ايزٽيڪن جو وڏو مندر: ٽينوچٽٽلان جا خزانا |series=نيو ايسپيڪٽس آف اينٽيڪوئٽي سيريز |others=[[Doris Heyden]] (ترجمو) |location=نيو يارڪ |publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] |isbn=978-0-500-39024-5 |oclc=17968786}} *{{Cite book |title=دي ايزٽيڪ ٽيمپلو مايور |last=ماتوس موڪٽيزوما |first=ايڊوارڊو |publisher= ڊمبارٽن اوڪس ريسرچ لائبريري اينڊ ڪليڪشن |year=1987 |editor-last= ھِل بون |editor-first= اليزبيٿ |pages=188–189 |chapter=ٽيمپلو مايور جي علامت نگاري}} *{{cite book |last=ماتوس موڪٽيزوما |first=ايڊوارڊو |year=2017 |chapter=قديم پٿريلا مجسما: ميڪسيڪا ماضيءَ جي تلاش ۾ |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199341962.013.1 |title=دي آڪسفورڊ ھينڊبڪ آف دي ايزٽيڪس |volume=1 |publisher=آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس |editor1-last=نيڪولس |editor1-first=ڊيبوھرا ايل |editor2-last=روڊريگيز-اليگريا |editor2-first=اينريڪي}} *{{cite book |title=ڀارتي فاتح: ميزوامريڪا جي فتح ۾ اصلي اتحادي |first1=لاورا اي |last1=ميٿيو |first2=ميشيل آر. |last2=اوڊئڪ |publisher=يونيورسٽي آف اوڪلاھوما پريس |year=2007}} *{{cite journal |last=مڪڪا |first= رابرٽ |s2cid= 145465056 |year= 1995 |title=چيچڪ ۽ آباديءَ جي تباهي بابت اسپيني ۽ ناھواٽل نظرين: ميڪسيڪو |journal=جرنل آف اِنٽرڊسيپلينري ھسٽري |volume=25 |issue= 3 |pages=397–431 |doi=10.2307/205693 |jstor= 205693}} *{{cite web |last=مڪڪا |first=رابرٽ |year=1997 |title=ميڪسيڪو جي آبادي: ابتدا کان انقلاب تائين (ابتدائي مسودو) |url=https://users.pop.umn.edu/~rmccaa/mxpoprev/cambridg3.htm |access-date=17 February 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712205834/http://users.pop.umn.edu/~rmccaa/mxpoprev/cambridg3.htm |archive-date=12 July 2017 }} *{{cite book |last1=ملر |first1=ميري |author-link=Mary Miller (art historian) |first2=ڪارل |last2=ٽائوب |author2-link=Karl Taube |year=1993 |title=قديم ميڪسيڪو ۽ مايا جا ديوتا ۽ نشان: ميزوامريڪي مذهب جو تصويري لغت |publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] |location=لنڊن |isbn=978-0-500-05068-2 |oclc=27667317 |url=https://archive.org/details/godssymbolsofa00mill }} *{{cite book |chapter=ايزٽيڪ دل واري علائقي ۾ مٽيءَ جا برتن ۽ ڪمھار جو ھنر |first=ليئا ڊي. |last=منڪ |title=دي آڪسفورڊ ھينڊبڪ آف دي ايزٽيڪس |volume=1 |editor1=ڊيبوھرا ايل. نيڪولس |editor2=اينريڪي روڊريگيز-اليگريا |year=2017 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199341962.013.13 |publisher=آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس}} *{{cite book |last= مونٽيس ڊي اوڪا |first= ميرسيديس |title=سورھين ۽ سترھين صديءَ جي ناھواٽل ۾ ڊِفراسِسموس |publisher=يونيورسداد ناسيونال آتونومـا ڊي ميڪسيڪو |location=ميڪسيڪو شھر |year=2013}} *{{cite book |last=مورا |first=ڪارل جي. |title=ميڪسيڪي سينيما: ھڪ سماج جون جھلڪيون، 1896–2004|edition=3rd |publisher=مئڪ فارلينڊ |year= 2005}} *{{cite book |last1=مورفين |first1=لورديز مارڪيث |first2= ريبيڪا |last2=اسٽوري |chapter=پري-ڪولمبين ۽ نوآبادي دور ۾ آباديءَ جي تاريخ |title=دي آڪسفورڊ ھينڊبڪ آف دي ايزٽيڪس |year=2016 |page=189}} == انگريزي ۾ بنيادي ماخذ == {{refbegin|indent=yes}} {{div col|colwidth=40em}} * بردان، فرانسس ايف. ۽ پيٽريشيا ريف اناوالٽ (1997) ''دي ايسينشل [[ڪوڊڪس مينڊوزا]]''. يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا پريس، برڪلي. {{ISBN|0-520-20454-9}}. * [[هرنان ڪورٽيس|ڪورٽيس، هرنان]] (1987) ''ليٽرز فرام ميڪسيڪو''. نئون ايڊيشن. ترجمو: [[اينٿني پيگڊن]]. ييل يونيورسٽي پريس، نيو ھيوَن. {{ISBN|0-300-03724-4}}. * {{cite book |author=ڊياث ڊيل ڪاستيلو، برنال |author-link=Bernal Díaz del Castillo |year=1963 |orig-year=1632 |title=دي ڪنڪوئسٽ آف نيو اسپين |edition=6th printing (1973)|others=[[J.M. Cohen]] (trans.) |series=پينگوئن ڪلاسڪس|publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |location=ھارمنڊزورتھ، انگلينڊ|isbn=978-0-14-044123-9 |oclc=162351797|title-link=Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España}} * {{cite book |author=دوران، ڊيئگو |author-link=Diego Durán |year=1971 |orig-year=1574–79 |title=بڪ آف دي گاڊز اينڊ رائٽس ''۽'' دي اينشنٽ ڪيلنڊر |editor=فرنانڊو ھورڪاسيتاس|editor2=ڊورِس ھيڊن|editor2-link=Doris Heyden|translator=فرنانڊو ھورڪاسيتاس|translator2=ڊورِس ھيڊن|translator2-link=Doris Heyden|others=Foreword by [[Miguel León-Portilla]] |series=سِولائزيشن آف دي امريڪن انڊين سيريز |number=102 |location=نورمن |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |isbn=978-0-8061-0889-6 |oclc=149976}} * {{cite book |author=دوران، ڊيئگو |author-link=Diego Durán|orig-year=c.1581 |year=1994 |title=دي ھسٽري آف دي اِنڊيز آف نيو اسپين |others=[[Doris Heyden]] (trans., annot., and introd.) |series=سِولائزيشن آف دي امريڪن انڊين سيريز، no. 210 |edition=Translation of ''Historia de las Indias de Nueva-España y Islas de Tierra Firme'', 1st English|location=نورمن |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |isbn=978-0-8061-2649-4 |oclc=29565779}} * {{cite book |author=روئز ڊي الارڪون، ھيرنانڊو |author-link=Hernando Ruiz de Alarcón |year=1984 |orig-year=1629 |title=ٽريٽيز آن دي ھيٿن سپرسٽيشنز اينڊ ڪسٽمز ڏئٽ ٽوڊَي لائيو امَنگ دي انڊينز نيٽو ٽو دِس نيو اسپين، 1629 |edition=original reproduction and translation of: ''Tratado de las supersticiones y costumbres gentílicas que oy viven entre los indios naturales desta Nueva España'', first English |others=translated & edited by [[J. Richard Andrews]] and [[Ross Hassig]] |series=سِولائزيشن آف دي امريڪن انڊين سيريز |number=164 |location=نورمن |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |isbn=978-0-8061-1832-1 |oclc=10046127}} {{in lang|nah|en}} * {{cite book |author=ساھاگون، برنارڊينو ڊي |author-link=Bernardino de Sahagún |year=1950–82 |orig-year=c. 1540–85 |title=فلورينٽائن ڪوڊڪس: جنرل ھسٽري آف دي ٿِنگز آف نيو اسپين، 13 جلدن ۾ 12 |edition=translation of ''Historia General de las Cosas de la Nueva España'' |others=[[Charles E. Dibble]] and [[Arthur J.O. Anderson]] (eds., trans., notes and illus.) |series=vols. I–XII |location=سانتا في، نيو ميڪسيڪو ۽ سالٽ ليڪ سٽي |publisher=[[School of American Research]] ۽ [[University of Utah Press]] |isbn=978-0-87480-082-1 |oclc=276351|title-link=Florentine Codex}} * {{cite book |author=ساھاگون، برنارڊينو ڊي |author-link=Bernardino de Sahagún |year=1997 |orig-year=c. 1558–61 |title=پريمرُوس ميمورياليز |others=[[Thelma D. Sullivan]] (English trans. and paleography of Nahuatl text), with [[H.B. Nicholson]], [[Arthur J.O. Anderson]], [[Charles E. Dibble]], [[Eloise Quiñones Keber]], and Wayne Ruwet (completion, revisions, and editor) |series=سِولائزيشن آف دي امريڪن اِنڊينز سيريز |volume=200, part 2 |location=نورمن |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |isbn=978-0-8061-2909-9 |oclc=35848992 |title-link=Primeros Memoriales}} * [[ڊيئگو دوران|دوران، فري ڊيئگو]] (1994) ''دي ھسٽري آف دي اِنڊيز آف نيو اسپين''. ترجمو: ڊورِس ھيڊن. يونيورسٽي آف اوڪلاھوما پريس، نورمن. {{ISBN|0-8061-2649-3}}. * {{cite book |last=چيمالپاھين|first=ڊومينگو ڊي سان انتون موڻون |author-link=Chimalpahin |year=1997 |orig-year=c. 1621 |title=ڪوڊڪس چيمالپاھين، جلد 1: ميڪسيڪو ٽينوچٽٽلان، ٽلاتيلولڪو، ٽيڪسڪوڪو، ڪُلھواڪان، ۽ مرڪزي ميڪسيڪو جي ٻين ناھوا آلتيپيٽل ۾ سماج ۽ سياست؛ ناھواٽل ۽ اسپيني ساليانا نوٽ ۽ بيان، جيڪي ڊون ڊومينگو ڊي سان انتون موڻون چيمالپاھين ڪواھٽليھوانٽزين گڏ ڪيا ۽ قلمبند ڪيا |editor=Arthur J.O. Anderson|editor-link=Arthur J.O. Anderson|editor2=Susan Schroeder|translator=Arthur J.O. Anderson|translator-link=Arthur J.O. Anderson|translator2=Susan Schroeder|others=Susan Schroeder (general editor), Wayne Ruwet (manuscript editor) |series=سِولائزيشن آف دي امريڪن اِنڊين سيريز |number=225 |location=نورمن |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |isbn=978-0-8061-2921-1 |oclc=36017075}} * {{cite book |author=Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin |author2=Domingo de San Antón Muñón |author-link=Chimalpahin |year=1997 |orig-year=c. 1621 |title=ڪوڊڪس چيمالپاھين، جلد 2: ميڪسيڪو ٽينوچٽٽلان، ٽلاتيلولڪو، ٽيڪسڪوڪو، ڪُلھواڪان، ۽ مرڪزي ميڪسيڪو جي ٻين ناھوا آلتيپيٽل ۾ سماج ۽ سياست؛ ناھواٽل ۽ اسپيني ساليانا نوٽ ۽ بيان، جيڪي ڊون ڊومينگو ڊي سان انتون موڻون چيمالپاھين ڪواھٽليھوانٽزين گڏ ڪيا ۽ قلمبند ڪيا (جاري) |editor=Arthur J.O. Anderson|editor-link=Arthur J.O. Anderson|editor2=Susan Schroeder|translator=Arthur J.O. Anderson|translator-link=Arthur J.O. Anderson|translator2=Susan Schroeder |others=Susan Schroeder (general editor), Wayne Ruwet (manuscript editor) |series=سِولائزيشن آف دي امريڪن اِنڊين سيريز |number=226 |location=نورمن |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |isbn=978-0-8061-2950-1 |oclc=36017075}} * زوريطا، الونسو ڊي (1963) ''لائيف اينڊ ليبر اِن اينشنٽ ميڪسيڪو: دي بريف اينڊ سمري ريليشن آف دي لارڊز آف نيو اسپين''. ترجمو: بينجامن ڪين. رٽگرس يونيورسٽي پريس، نيو برنسوِڪ. {{ISBN|0-8061-2679-5}} (1994 پيپر بيڪ). {{refend}}<!-- END biblio format style --> {{div col end}} == وڌيڪ پڙهڻ لاءِ == {{refbegin}} *{{cite book |last1=آلٽمين |first1=آئيڊا |author-link=Ida Altman|last2=ڪلاين |first2=سارا |last3=پيسڪادور |first3=خاوير |year=2003|title=دي ارلي هسٽري آف گريٽر ميڪسيڪو |publisher=پرينٽِس هال |isbn=978-0-13-091543-6}} *{{Cite book |last=چارلٽن |first=ٿامس |year=2000 |chapter=دي ايزٽيڪس اينڊ دير ڪنٽيمپريريز: دي سينٽرل اينڊ ايسٽرن ميڪسيڪن هاءِ لينڊز |title=دي ڪيمبرج هسٽري آف دي نيٽو پيپلز آف دي اميريڪاز. جلد 2. ميسواميريڪا حصو 1 |pages=500–558 |publisher=ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي پريس |isbn=978-0-521-35165-2}} *{{cite book |last=ڪلاين |first=هاورڊ ايف. |author-link=Howard F. Cline|year=1976 |chapter=هيوبَرٽ هاو بئنڪرافٽ، 1832–1918 |title=هينڊ بڪ آف مڊل اميريڪن انڊينز، گائيڊ ٽو اٿنوهيسٽاريڪل سورسز، حصو 2 |pages=326–347 |editor=هاورڊ ايف. ڪلاين |isbn=978-0-292-70153-3}} *{{cite book |last=گليسپي |first=سوزن ڊي. |author-link=Susan D. Gillespie |year=1998 |chapter=دي ايزٽيڪ ٽرپل الائنس: اي پوسٽ ڪنڪوئسٽ ٽريڊيشن |title=نيٽو ٽريڊيشنز اِن دي پوسٽ ڪنڪوئسٽ ورلڊ، ڊمبارٽن اوڪس ۾ سمپوزيم 2 کان 4 آڪٽوبر 1992 |chapter-url=http://www.doaks.org/Native/trad09.pdf |chapter-format=[[PDF]] ريپرنٽ |editor=ايلزبيٿ هِل بون |editor2=ٽام ڪَبِنز |editor-link=Elizabeth Hill Boone |publisher=[[ڊمبارٽن اوڪس ريسرچ لائبريري اينڊ ڪليڪشن]] |location=واشنگٽن، ڊي سي |pages=233–263 |isbn=978-0-88402-239-8 |oclc=34354931 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221181058/http://www.doaks.org/Native/trad09.pdf |archive-date=21 فيبروري 2007 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221181058/http://www.doaks.org/Native/trad09.pdf |date=2007-02-21 }} *{{cite book |first=نيتيويڊاد |last=گوتيئريز |title=نيشنلسٽ مِٿس اينڊ اٿنڪ آئيڊينٽٽيز: انڊيجيونس انٽيليڪچوئلز اينڊ دي ميڪسيڪن اسٽيٽ |publisher=يونيورسٽي آف نيبرسڪا پريس |year=1999}} *{{cite book |last=هاسگ |first=راس |year=1985 |title=ٽريڊ، ٽريبيوٽ، اينڊ ٽرانسپورٽيشن: دي سِڪسٽينٿ-سينچري پوليٽيڪل اڪانامي آف دي وئلي آف ميڪسيڪو |series=سولائزيشن آف دي اميريڪن انڊين سيريز |number=171 |location=نورمن |publisher=[[يونيورسٽي آف اوڪلاهوما پريس]] |isbn=978-0-8061-1911-3 |oclc=11469622}} *{{cite book |last=هاسگ |first=راس |author-link=Ross Hassig |year=1992 |title=وار اينڊ سوسائٽي اِن اينشنٽ ميسواميريڪا |location=برڪلي |publisher=[[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا پريس]] |isbn=978-0-520-07734-8 |oclc=25007991}} *{{Cite web |last=ڪافمين |first=ٽيرنس |author-link=Terrence Kaufman |year=2001 |title=دي هسٽري آف دي ناوا لئنگويج گروپ فرام دي ارليئسٽ ٽائمز ٽو دي سڪسٽينٿ سينچري: سم اِنشيل رزلٽس |url=http://www.albany.edu/anthro/maldp/Nawa.pdf |version=نظرثاني مارچ 2001 |work=پروجڪٽ فار دي ڊاڪيومينٽيشن آف دي لئنگويجز آف ميسواميريڪا |access-date=14 مارچ 2010 |archive-date=19 جنوري 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119013512/https://www.albany.edu/anthro/maldp/Nawa.pdf |url-status=dead }} *{{cite book |last=لاڪهارٽ |first=جيمس |translator=لاڪهارٽ، جيمس |translator-link=James Lockhart (historian) |year=1993 |title=وي پيپل هيئر: ناهواٽل اڪائونٽس آف دي ڪنڪوئسٽ آف ميڪسيڪو |series=ريپرٽوريم ڪولمبيانم |volume=1 |location=برڪلي |publisher=[[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا پريس]] |isbn=978-0-520-07875-8 |oclc=24703159}} {{in lang|en|es|nah}} *{{cite book |last=لوپيز آستن |first=الفريڊو |author-link=Alfredo López Austin |year=1997 |title=تاموانچان، ٽلالوكان: پليسز آف مِسٽ |series=ميسواميريڪن ورلڊز سيريز |translator=برنارڊ آر. اورٽيز ڊي مونٽيلانو |translator2=ٿيلما اورٽيز ڊي مونٽيلانو |location=نيئوٽ |publisher=[[يونيورسٽي پريس آف ڪولوراڊو]] |isbn=978-0-87081-445-7 |oclc=36178551}} *{{Cite book |last=ميڪليوڊ |first=مرڊو |author-link=Murdo J. MacLeod |year=2000 |chapter=ميسواميريڪا سِنس دي اسپينش اِنويزن: اين اوورويئو |title=دي ڪيمبرج هسٽري آف دي نيٽو پيپلز آف دي اميريڪاز. جلد 2. ميسواميريڪا حصو 2 |pages=1–43 |publisher=ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي پريس |isbn=978-0-521-65204-9}} *{{cite book |last=ريسٽال |first=ميٿيو |author-link=Matthew Restall |year=2004 |title=سيون مِٿس آف دي اسپينش ڪنڪوئسٽ |edition=پهريون پيپر بيڪ |location=آڪسفورڊ ۽ نيو يارڪ |publisher=[[آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس]] |isbn=978-0-19-517611-7 |oclc=56695639 |title-link=Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest}} *{{cite book |last=شروئڊر |first=سوزن |author-link=Susan Schroeder |year=1991 |title=چيمالپاهين اينڊ دي ڪنگڊمز آف چالڪو |location=ٽڪسن |publisher=[[يونيورسٽي آف اريزونا پريس]] |isbn=978-0-8165-1182-2 |oclc=21976206}} *{{cite journal |last1=سمٿ |first1=مايکل اي. |last2=مونٽيئل |first2=ليزا |s2cid=29613567 |year=2001 |title=دي آرڪيالاجيڪل اسٽڊي آف ايمپائرز اينڊ ايمپيريلزم اِن پري-هسپانڪ سينٽرل ميڪسيڪو |journal=جرنل آف اينٿروپالاجيڪل آرڪيالاجي |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=245–284 |doi=10.1006/jaar.2000.0372}} *{{cite book |author=زانٽويڪ، روڊولف فان |year=1985 |title=دي ايزٽيڪ ارينجمينٽ: دي سوشل هسٽري آف پري-اسپينش ميڪسيڪو |location=نورمن |publisher=يونيورسٽي آف اوڪلاهوما پريس |isbn=978-0-8061-1677-8 |oclc=11261299 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/aztecarrangement0000zant }} {{refend}} == ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا == {{Commons category|Aztec|Aztecs}} * [http://mexicolore.co.uk/aztecs/ ميڪسيڪولور تي ازتڪ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728095835/http://www.mexicolore.co.uk/aztecs/ |date=2013-07-28 }}: ازتڪن بابت خاص طور تي تيار ڪيل، لڳاتار تازه ٿيندڙ تعليمي ويب سائيٽ، سڀني عمرن جي سنجيده شاگردن لاءِ. * [http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/maaztec.html ازتڪ / ناھواتل / ٽينوچٽٽلان]: قديم ميزوامريڪا بابت وسيلا، يونيورسٽي آف منيسوٽا ڊولوٿ. * [http://www.history-aztec.com ازتڪ تاريخ، ثقافت ۽ مذهب]: بيرنال ڊياث دل ڪاستيو، *ميڪسيڪو جي دريافت ۽ فتح* (ترجمو: اي. پي. موڊسلي، 1928، ٻيهر ڇپائي 1965). * [http://www.public.asu.edu/~mesmith9/MES-05-SciAm-.pdf مضمون: «ازتڪ سلطنت جي صوبن ۾ زندگي»] * [http://www.public.asu.edu/~mesmith9/tlahuica.html تلاھوئيڪا ثقافت جو مرڪزي صفحو] (ميڪسيڪو جي موريلوس علائقي سان واسطو رکندڙ ازتڪ گروهه) * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00548v0 «ازتڪ – ڏند ڪٿائن کان اڳتي نظر»]: بي بي سي ريڊيو فور جو پروگرام *ان آور ٽائيم*، جنهن ۾ ايلن نائيٽ، ايڊرين لاڪ ۽ اليزبيٿ گراهم شامل آهن. {{Pre-Columbian}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:ازتڪ| ]] [[Category:اتر آمريڪا ۾ آدمخوري]] [[Category:ميزوامريڪي ثقافتون]] [[Category:ميزوامريڪا جو پوسٽ ڪلاسڪ دور]] [[Category:ميڪسيڪو جون پري-ڪولمبين ثقافتون]] [[Category:پري-ڪولمبين تهذيبون]] [[Category:ميڪسيڪو جي وادي]] ==نوٽس== {{notelist}} {{notelist|group=lower-alpha}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:ميڪسيڪو]] [[زمرو:ميڪسيڪو جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:ميڪسيڪو جي تهذيب]] ldx04mnxzoeosj4p5s6rjmr93jbyurk ميڪ موھن لائين 0 90169 368092 356633 2026-03-28T11:14:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 368092 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:McMahon_Line_Simla_Accord_Treaty_1914_Map1.jpg|thumb|1914ع جي شملہ ڪانفرنس دوران برطانوي ۽ تبتي نمائندن ۾ ورهايل نقشي 1 تي ڪڍيل ميڪموهن لائين جو اولهه وارو حصو]] [[File:McMahon_Line_Simla_Accord_Treaty_1914_Map2.jpg|thumb|1914ع جي شملہ ڪانفرنس دوران برطانوي ۽ تبتي نمائندن ۾ ورهايل نقشي 2 تي ڪڍيل ميڪموهن لائين جو اوڀر وارو حصو]] [[File:Henry McMahon cropped.JPG|thumb|هينري ميڪموهن]] [[File:China India eastern border 88.jpg|thumb|ميڪموهن لائين اوڀر هيماليه ۾ [[حقيقي ڪنٽرول لائين]] ۽ [[اروناچل پرديش]] جي اترين سرحد (ڳاڙهي رنگ ۾ ڏيکاريل) جي بنياد بڻجي ٿي، جنهن جو انتظام [[ڀارت]] وٽ آهي پر دعويٰ [[چين]] ڪري ٿو۔ هي علائقو 1962ع جي [[چين-ڀارت جنگ]] جو اوڀر سيڪٽر هو۔]] '''ميڪموهن لائين''' اها حد آهي<ref>{{harvnb|Lamb, The McMahon Line, Vol. 1|1966|p=4}}</ref> جيڪا [[تبت]] ۽ [[برطانوي ڀارت]] جي وچ ۾ 24–25 مارچ 1914ع تي دهلي ۾ لاڳاپيل مڪمل اختيار رکندڙ نمائندن وچ ۾ نقشن ۽ نوٽن جي مٽاسٽا سان طئي ٿي،<ref>{{harvp|Mehra, The McMahon Line and After|1974|p=230}}</ref> جيڪا 1914ع جي [[شملہ ڪنوينشن]] جو حصو هئي۔ هن لائين اوڀر هيماليائي علائقي ۾ ٻنهي ملڪن جي اثر جي دائري کي مقرر ڪيو، جيڪو [[اتر اوڀر ڀارت]] ۽ اتر [[برما]] (ميانمار) تائين پکڙيل هو ۽ اڳ ۾ غير واضح هو۔<ref>{{harvp|Mehra, The McMahon Line and After|1974}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Mehra, The McMahon Line and After|1974|p=225}}</ref>{{efn|"اثر جا دائرا" وارو اصطلاح ان ڳالهه کي ظاهر ڪري ٿو ته ان وقت [[آسام]] هيماليه جو گهڻو علائقو ڪنهن به ملڪ جي سڌي انتظام هيٺ نه هو۔<ref>{{harvp|Lin, Boundary, sovereignty and imagination|2004|p=26}}</ref>}} [[چين جي جمهوريه (1912–1949)]] ميڪموهن لائين واري معاهدي جي ڌر نه هئي،<ref name="Shakya1999">{{harvp|Shakya, The Dragon in the Land of Snows|1999|p=279}}</ref> پر اها لائين شملہ ڪنوينشن ۾ بيان ڪيل تبت جي مجموعي حد جو حصو هئي، جنهن تي ٽنهي ڌرين شروعاتي صحيون ڪيون هيون، پوءِ چين جي حڪومت ان کي رد ڪيو۔<ref>{{harvp|Mehra, India–China Border|1982|p=834}}</ref>{{efn|چين جي رد ڪرڻ کي ميڪموهن لائين جي مڪمل انڪار طور سمجهڻ بابت ماهرن ۾ اختلاف آهي۔}} هن لائين جو ڀارتي حصو هن وقت چين ۽ ڀارت جي وچ ۾ عملي حد طور ڪم ڪري ٿو، جيتوڻيڪ ان جي قانوني حيثيت تي [[عوامي جمهوريه چين]] پاران اختلاف ڪيو وڃي ٿو۔<ref>{{cite book|author=Claude Arpi|title=Tibet: The Lost Frontier|year=2008}}</ref> برما وارو حصو بعد ۾ [[عوامي جمهوريه چين]] ۽ [[ميانمار]] وچ ۾ ٻيهر طئي ٿيو۔ هي لائين [[هينري ميڪموهن]] جي نالي سان منسوب آهي، جيڪو [[برطانوي راج]] ۾ پرڏيهي سيڪريٽري ۽ شملہ ڪانفرنس جو مکيه برطانوي ڳالهيندڙ هو۔ تبت ۽ برطانيا وچ ۾ ٻطرفي معاهدي تي برطانوي حڪومت جي طرفان ميڪموهن ۽ تبتي حڪومت جي طرفان [[لونچن شاترا]] صحيون ڪيون۔<ref>{{cite book |last=Rao |first=Veeranki Maheswara |title=Tribal Women of Arunachal Pradesh |year=2003}}</ref> هي لائين تقريباً {{convert|550|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=off}} ڊگهي آهي، جيڪا [[ڀوٽان]] جي ڪنڊ کان برما سرحد تي [[ايسو رازي پاس]] تائين وڃي ٿي ۽ گهڻو ڪري [[هيماليه]] جي چوٽيءَ سان گڏ هلي ٿي۔<ref>{{citation |chapter=Burma–China Boundary |title=International Boundary Study |date=1964}}</ref> شملہ ڪانفرنس جا نتيجا ڪيترن ڏهاڪن تائين غير واضح رهيا، ڇو ته چين مجموعي ڪنوينشن تي صحيون نه ڪيون، جڏهن ته برطانيا کي اميد هئي ته چين کي راضي ڪيو ويندو۔ 1928ع جي ايڊيشن ۾ ايچسن جي ''ٽريٽيز'' مان ڪنوينشن ۽ ميڪموهن معاهدو خارج ڪيا ويا۔<ref>{{harvp|Mehra, A Forgotten Chapter|1972}}</ref> 1935ع ۾ [[اولاف ڪارو]] ان کي ٻيهر زنده ڪيو ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ لنڊن کان اجازت ورتي۔ چين شملہ ڪنوينشن ۽ ميڪموهن لائين کي رد ڪري ٿو، اهو دليل ڏيندي ته تبت هڪ خودمختيار رياست نه هئي ۽ ان ڪري معاهدو ڪرڻ جو اختيار نه رکندو هو۔<ref>{{harvp|Lamb, The McMahon Line, Vol. 1|1966}}</ref> تنهن هوندي به 1959ع جي سفارتي نوٽ موجب وزيراعظم [[ژو اين لائي]] هن لائين کي ٻنهي ملڪن جي وچ ۾ [[حقيقي ڪنٽرول لائين]] جو حصو طور تسليم ڪيو۔ چيني نقشا لائين جي ڏکڻ ۾ لڳ ڀڳ {{convert|65000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} علائقي کي [[تبت خودمختيار علائقو]] جو حصو ڏيکارين ٿا، جنهن کي چين ۾ [[ڏکڻ تبت]] سڏيو وڃي ٿو۔<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.21cn.com/junshi/pl/2008/11/18/5490785.shtml |title=About South Tibet |date=18 November 2008}}</ref> 1962ع جي [[چين-ڀارت جنگ]] دوران چيني فوجون عارضي طور هن علائقي جي ڪجهه حصي تي قابض ٿيون، پوءِ واپس هٽي ويون۔ [[چوڏهون دلائي لاما]] شروعات ۾ [[اروناچل پرديش]] تي ڀارت جي خودمختياري کي تسليم نه ڪيو۔ 2003ع تائين هن چيو ته "اروناچل پرديش اصل ۾ تبت جو حصو هو"۔<ref name="Tawang Dalai Lama"/> پر جنوري 2007ع ۾ هن چيو ته 1914ع ۾ تبتي حڪومت ۽ برطانيا ميڪموهن لائين کي تسليم ڪيو هو۔ جون 2008ع ۾ هن پهريون ڀيرو واضح طور تسليم ڪيو ته "اروناچل پرديش تبتي ۽ برطانوي نمائندن جي صحي ڪيل معاهدي موجب ڀارت جو حصو آهي"۔<ref name="Tawang Dalai Lama">{{cite news |title = Tawang is part of India: Dalai Lama |url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Tawang_is_part_of_India_Dalai_Lama_/articleshow/3097568.cms |work = The Times of India |date = 4 June 2008 |access-date = 20 August 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110125122218/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Tawang_is_part_of_India_Dalai_Lama_/articleshow/3097568.cms |archive-date = 25 January 2011 |url-status = live }}</ref> == پس منظر == [[File:British Indian Empire 1909 Imperial Gazetteer of India.jpg|thumb|right|1909ع جي ''امپيريل گزيٽيئر آف انڊيا'' مان برطانوي هندستاني سلطنت جو نقشو، جنهن ۾ ”اوٽر لائين“ کي آسام جي سرحد طور ڏيکاريو ويو آهي۔{{efn|1903ع ۾ آسام جي چيف ڪمشنر پنهنجي رپورٽ ۾ حد جي غير واضح هجڻ جو ذڪر ڪندي ٻڌايو ته حد ۽ ”اوٽر لائين“ ٽڪرين جي پيرن سان گڏ هلي ٿي۔{{sfn|Mehra, The McMahon Line and After|1974|p=10}}}}]] [[File:1907-east-bengal-assam3.jpg|thumb|right|1907ع جو اوڀر بنگال ۽ آسام جو نقشو، جنهن ۾ ”اوٽر لائين“ کي سرحد طور ڏيکاريو ويو آهي]] [[برطانوي ڀارت]] 19هين صدي جي شروعات ۾ [[پهريون اينگلو-برما جنگ]] کان پوءِ ڀوٽان جي اوڀر طرف وڌيو۔ جنگ جي پڄاڻي تي [[براهمپترا]] وادي وارو [[آسام]] سندس ڪنٽرول هيٺ آيو ۽ ايندڙ ڏهاڪن ۾ سڌي انتظام هيٺ رهيو۔ واديءَ جي چوڌاري گهاٽن ٻيلن وارا ٽڪريائي علائقا، جيڪي اڄوڪي [[اروناچل پرديش]] تي مشتمل آهن، قبائلي ماڻهن سان آباد هئا، جيڪي برطانوي انتظامي ڪنٽرول هيٺ آسانيءَ سان نه ايندا هئا۔ برطانيا انهن کي سندن حال تي ڇڏي ڏيڻ کي مناسب سمجهيو۔ 1873ع ۾ برطانيا هڪ ”انر لائين“ انتظامي حد طور مقرر ڪئي، جيڪا سڌي سنڀال هيٺ علائقي ۽ قبائلي علائقي وچ ۾ هئي، ۽ برطانوي رعايا کي اجازت کان سواءِ قبائلي علائقي ۾ وڃڻ کان روڪيو ويو۔<ref>{{harvp|Banerji, Borders|2007|p=198}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lin, Boundary, sovereignty and imagination|2004|p=26}}</ref> برطانوي حد، جيڪا ”اوٽر لائين“ سڏبي هئي، برطانوي دائره اختيار جي حدن کي ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ هئي، پر هن علائقي ۾ اها ”انر لائين“ کان گهڻو مختلف نه هئي۔<ref>{{harvp|Lamb, The McMahon Line, Vol. 2|1966|pp=313–315}}</ref> برطانيا چاهيو ته [[اروناچل پرديش جا ماڻهو|هيماليائي قبيلن]] سان، جيڪي انر لائين کان ٻاهر رهندا هئا، پرامن لاڳاپا برقرار رهن۔<ref name="Curzon">{{harvp|Mehra, The McMahon Line and After|1974|p=11}}</ref> تنهن هوندي به واپار، معاهدن ۽ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ”زيادتين“ جي جواب ۾ ڪيل تاديبي مهمن ذريعي برطانوي اثر ڪيترن علائقن تائين وڌايو ويو۔<ref>{{harvp|Banerji, Borders|2007|pp=198–199}}</ref><ref name="Lamb sphere of influence">{{harvp|Lamb, The McMahon Line, Vol. 2|1966|p=312}}</ref> اهو به ثبوت ملي ٿو ته برطانيا آسام هيماليائي علائقي کي سياسي دائره اختيار کان قطع نظر جغرافيائي طور ڀارت جو حصو سمجهندو هو۔<ref name="geographical part">{{harvp|Van Eekelen, Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute|1967|p=167}}</ref> === 1900ع جي شروعاتي اڳتي وڌڻ واريون پاليسيون === 1900ع تائين تبت تي چيني اثر ڪمزور ٿي چڪو هو ۽ برطانيا کي خدشو هو ته تبت روس جي اثر هيٺ اچي سگهي ٿو۔ روسي اثر کي روڪڻ ۽ پنهنجا معاهدي وارا حق نافذ ڪرڻ لاءِ برطانيا 1904ع ۾ [[يانگهسبينڊ مهم]] تبت ڏانهن رواني ڪئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[لاسا ڪنوينشن]] ٿيو۔ ان کان پوءِ [[چنگ سلطنت]] تبت ۾ برطانوي سرگرمين بابت پريشان ٿي ۽ پنهنجي اڳتي وڌڻ واري پاليسي اختيار ڪئي۔ هنن تبت جي ڏکڻ اوڀر [[خام]] علائقي تي مڪمل ڪنٽرول قائم ڪيو، جتان چين جا مواصلاتي رستا تبت ڏانهن ويندا هئا۔ [[تبت ۾ چنگ امبانن جي فهرست|اسسٽنٽ امبان]] کي [[چامدو]] ۾ مقرر ڪيو ويو ته جيئن نئين حڪمت عملي لاڳو ڪري سگهي۔ 1908–1911ع دوران امبان [[ژائو ايرفنگ]] خام علائقي ۾ سخت جبر ۽ چيني بڻائڻ واري پاليسي لاڳو ڪئي، جنهن ڪري کيس ”ژائو قصائي“ جو لقب مليو۔ ژائو ايرفنگ جون مهمون آسام هيماليائي علائقي سان لڳندڙ تبتي ضلعن جهڙوڪ [[زايول]]، [[پوميد]] (بومي ڪائونٽي) ۽ [[پيماڪو]] (ميڊوگ ڪائونٽي) تائين پهتيون۔ هنن پاڙيسري قبائلي علائقن ۾ به اثر وڌائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي۔ ان سان برطانوي عملدارن ۾ خدشو پيدا ٿيو ۽ انهن قبائلي علائقن ۾ برطانوي دائره اختيار وڌائڻ جي حمايت ڪئي۔<ref>{{harvp|Mehra, Britain and Tibet|2016|p=272}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Van Eekelen, Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute|1967|p=167}}</ref> شروعاتي طور برطانوي اعليٰ انتظاميه هن مطالبو قبول ڪرڻ ۾ هٻڪ محسوس ڪئي، پر 1912ع تائين فوجي عملدارن هيماليه جي چوٽيءَ سان گڏ حد مقرر ڪرڻ جي تجويز ڏني۔<ref>{{harvp|Mehra, The McMahon Line and After|1974|pp=223–225}}</ref> == لائين جو تعين == 1913ع ۾ برطانوي عملدار [[شملہ]] ۾ گڏ ٿيا ته تبت جي حيثيت بابت ڳالهين ڪن۔<ref name="Maxwell">{{cite book |last=Maxwell |first=Neville |title=India's China War |url=http://www.centurychina.com/plaboard/uploads/1962war.htm |publisher=Pantheon |location=New York |year=1970 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822215146/http://www.centurychina.com/plaboard/uploads/1962war.htm |archive-date=22 August 2008 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822215146/http://www.centurychina.com/plaboard/uploads/1962war.htm |date=22 August 2008 }}</ref> ڪانفرنس ۾ برطانيا، چين ۽ تبت جا نمائندا شامل هئا۔۔<ref name="Conven1914"/> ”اوٽر تبت“، جيڪو لڳ ڀڳ اڄوڪي [[تبت خودمختيار علائقو]] جي برابر هو، [[دلائي لاما]] جي حڪومت هيٺ رهڻو هو۔<ref name="Conven1914">{{cite web |title=Legal Materials on Tibet – Treaties and Conventions Relating to Tibet – Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet, Simla (1914) |url=http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties16.html |publisher=Tibet Justice Center |access-date=15 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909125110/http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties16.html |archive-date=9 September 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> 3 جولاءِ 1914ع واري آخري معاهدي ۾ ڪا به واضح متني حد بندي شامل نه هئي۔<ref name="Prescott">[[John Robert Victor Prescott|Prescott, J. R. V.]], ''Map of Mainland Asia by Treaty'', Melbourne, Melbourne University Press, 1975, {{ISBN|0-522-84083-3}}, pp. 276–77</ref> 24–25 مارچ 1914ع واري تفصيلي نقشي تي ٻڌل [[شملہ معاهدو (1914)#نقشا|ميڪموهن لائين جو نقشو]] صرف برطانوي ۽ تبتي نمائندن صحي ڪيو<ref name="Lamb2-144-5">{{harvp|Lamb, The China-India border|1964|pp=144–145}}</ref>. <ref name="Maxwell"/> چين ڳالهين ۾ شامل نه هو۔ بيجنگ پاران شملہ کي رد ڪرڻ کان پوءِ برطانوي ۽ تبتي نمائندن هڪ نوٽ شامل ڪري معاهدي کي ٻطرفي معاهدي طور منظور ڪيو۔<ref name="Goldstein75">Goldstein 1989, pp. 48–75</ref> == برطانوي غلطي (1915–1947) == [[File:BritishIndianEmpireandEnvirons2.jpg|thumb|right|”انڊين ايمپائر اينڊ سراؤنڊنگ ڪنٽريز“ جو نقشو، جنهن ۾ ”اوٽر لائين“ کي [[چنگ سلطنت]] ۽ برطانوي ڀارت وچ ۾ حد طور ڏيکاريو ويو آهي]] شملہ معاهدو شروعات ۾ 1907ع جي [[اينگلو-روسي ڪنوينشن]] سان ٽڪراءَ سبب رد ڪيو ويو۔<ref name="Lin">{{harvp|Lin, Boundary, sovereignty and imagination|2004}}</ref> 1921ع ۾ روس ۽ برطانيا اهو ڪنوينشن گڏيل طور ختم ڪيو، پر ميڪموهن لائين وسري وئي، جيستائين 1935ع ۾ [[اولاف ڪارو]] ان کي ٻيهر اهميت نه ڏني۔ 1937ع ۾ [[سروي آف انڊيا]] هڪ نقشو جاري ڪيو جنهن ۾ ميڪموهن لائين کي سرڪاري حد طور ڏيکاريو ويو۔ 1938ع ۾ برطانيا ايچسن جي ''ٽريٽيز'' ۾ شملہ معاهدو شامل ڪيو۔ اڳوڻو جلد واپس گهرائي نئون جلد جاري ڪيو ويو، جنهن ۾ نوٽ شامل هو ته تبت ۽ برطانيا، پر چين نه، هن معاهدي کي لازمي سمجهندا هئا۔ اپريل 1938ع ۾ ڪيپٽن جي. ايس. لائٽ فوٽ جي اڳواڻي هيٺ ننڍي برطانوي فوج [[توانگ]] پهتي ۽ خانقاهه کي ٻڌايو ته ضلعو هاڻي ڀارتي علائقو آهي۔ تبتي حڪومت احتجاج ڪيو ۽ لائٽ فوٽ جي واپسي کان پوءِ پنهنجي اختيار بحال ڪيو۔ ضلعو 1951ع تائين تبتي ڪنٽرول هيٺ رهيو، پر ميڪموهن لائين جي ٻين حصن ۾ برطانوي سرگرمين تي لاسا طرفان ڪو خاص اعتراض نه ٿيو۔ 1944ع ۾ [[اتر اوڀر سرحدي ايجنسي]] سڄي مقرر علائقي تي سڌو انتظام قائم ڪيو، جيتوڻيڪ توانگ تي جلد ئي تبتي اختيار ٻيهر بحال ٿيو۔ == ڀارت–چين سرحدي تڪرار == {{مکيه|ڀارت-چين سرحدي تڪرار}} [[File:North-East Frontier in 1947 Political Map of India.jpg|thumb|right|1947ع جي ڀارت جي سياسي نقشي جو اتر اوڀر وارو حصو، جنهن ۾ ميڪموهن لائين کي سرحد طور ڏيکاريو ويو آهي]] 1947ع ۾ جڏهن ڀارت آزاد ٿيو ته برطانوي ڀارت جون رائج حدون وراثت طور ملي ويون۔<ref>{{sfnp|Woodman, ''Himalayan </ref>Frontiers''|1969|p=213}} اُن دور جا نقشا اتر اوڀر ۾ ميڪموهن لائين کي ڀارت جي سرحد طور ڏيکاريندا هئا۔ آڪٽوبر 1947ع ۾ تبتي حڪومت ڀارت جي حڪومت ڏانهن هڪ نوٽ لکي برطانيا پاران مبينه طور تبت کان ”قبضه ڪيل“ علائقن جي ”واپسي“ جو مطالبو ڪيو۔ اُن فهرست ۾ ”سايول [زايول] ۽ والونگ ۽ پيماڪو طرف“ سميت ”لونگ، لوپا، مون، ڀوٽان، سکم، دارجلنگ ۽ گنگا نديءَ جي هن پاسي ٻيا علائقا“ شامل هئا۔ ساڳيا دعوائون مبينه طور چين خلاف به ڪيون ويون۔ ڀارت جي حڪومت انهن دعوائن کي سنجيدگيءَ سان نه ورتو ۽ ان جي بدران اهو مطالبو ڪيو ته ڀارت سان اڳوڻي برطانوي ڀارت واري حيثيت ۾ برابريءَ سان ورتاءُ ڪيو وڃي۔ ڪجهه مهينن کان پوءِ تبتين ان تجويز سان اتفاق ڪيو۔{{sfnp|Woodman, ''Himalayan Frontiers''|1969|pp=213–214}}{{sfnp|Maxwell, India's China War|1970|p=69}}<ref name="Lamb2-580">{{harvp|Lamb, ''The McMahon Line'', Vol. 2|1966|p=580}}</ref> [[بيجنگ]] ۾ 1949ع ۾ ڪميونسٽ پارٽي اقتدار ۾ آئي ۽ تبت کي ”آزاد ڪرائڻ“ جو ارادو ظاهر ڪيو۔ ڀارت شروعات ۾ اعتراض ڪيو، پر پوءِ آهستي آهستي چين جي تبت بابت دعوائن کي قبول ڪيو ۽ چين کي بالادست (سزرين) طاقت طور تسليم ڪيو۔<ref name="Maxwell"/> 1950ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾، جڏهن ڀارت-چين لاڳاپا خوشگوار هئا ۽ سرحدي تڪرار خاموش هو، تڏهن وزيراعظم [[جواهر لعل نهرو]] جي حڪومت ”هندي-چيني ڀائي-ڀائي“ جو نعرو وڌايو (ڀارتي ۽ چيني ڀائر آهن)۔ نهرو پنهنجي 1950ع واري بيان تي قائم رهيو ته جيڪڏهن چين سرحدي تڪرار اٿاري ته هو ڳالهيون قبول نه ڪندو، اُن اميد سان ته ”چين ”[[wikt:fait accompli|فيض اڪامپلي]]“ کي قبول ڪري وٺندو“۔<ref name=Chung>{{Cite book |title=Domestic politics, international bargaining and China's territorial disputes |series=Politics in Asia|author1-link=Chung Chien-peng |first=Chien-Peng |last=Chung |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-415-33366-5 |pages=100–104}}</ref> 1954ع ۾ ڀارت متنازع علائقي جو نالو [[اتر اوڀر سرحدي ايجنسي]] (NEFA) رکيو۔ ڀارت 1954ع اپريل ۾ ٿيل [[1954 Sino-Indian Agreement|ڀارت-چين معاهدي]] تحت اهو مڃيو ته تبت چين جو حصو آهي ۽ برطانيا کان ورثي ۾ مليل تبت اندر پنهنجا برادريءَ کان ٻاهر وارا حق ڇڏي ڏنا۔<ref name=Chung/> نهرو بعد ۾ دعويٰ ڪئي ته ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ 1954ع واري ڪانفرنس ۾ چين سرحدي مسئلو نه کڻي آيو، تنهنڪري مسئلو حل ٿي ويو۔ پر ڪانفرنس کان اڳ ڀارت جنهن واحد حد کي واضح طور مقرر ڪيو هو، اها ميڪموهن لائين هئي۔ ڪانفرنس کان ڪجهه مهينا پوءِ نهرو ڀارت جا نقشا شايع ڪرائڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، جن ۾ ڀارتي علائقائي دعوائن کي يقيني حدون طور ڏيکاريو ويو، خاص ڪري [[اڪساي چن]] ۾۔<ref name="Noorani Facts of history">{{citation |last=Noorani |first=A. G. |title=Facts of History |newspaper=Frontline |date=30 September 2003 |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2018/stories/20030912002104800.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013172913/http://hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2018/stories/20030912002104800.htm |archive-date=13 October 2007 }}</ref> NEFA واري شعبي ۾ نون نقشن ٽڪرين جي چوٽيءَ کي سرحد قرار ڏنو، جيتوڻيڪ ڪجهه هنڌن تي اها لڪير ميڪموهن لائين کان ٿوري اتر طرف هئي۔<ref name="Noorani perseverance"/> [[1959 تبتي بغاوت]] جي ناڪامي ۽ [[چوڏهون دلائي لاما]] جي مارچ 1959ع ۾ ڀارت اچڻ کان پوءِ ڀارت جي پارلياماني ميمبرن نهرو تي تنقيد ڪئي ته هن چين کان ميڪموهن لائين جي احترام بابت ڪا پڪ ڇو نه ورتي۔ گڏوگڏ [[ڀارت ۾ ڇاپي ميڊيا|ڀارتي پريس]] کلي طرح [[تبت جي آزادي]] جي وڪالت شروع ڪئي، ۽ تبتين لاءِ همدردي وڌڻ سبب ڀارتي سماج ۾ چين مخالف جذبو آهستي آهستي وڌندو ويو۔ مثال طور 1959ع ۾ ڀارت جي اهم گاندهي وادي اڳواڻن مان هڪ [[جيه پرڪاش نارائن]] چيو ته ”تبت شايد سيڪيولر رياست بدران مذهبي رياست هجي ۽ معاشي توڙي سماجي طور پوئتي هجي، پر ڪنهن قوم کي حق ناهي ته هو ٻي قوم تي ترقي (جيڪا به ان جي معنيٰ هجي) مڙهي“۔<ref name="Garver">{{cite book |last=Garver |first=John W. |chapter=China's Decision for War with India in 1962 |editor-first=Robert S. |editor-last=Ross |title=New Directions in the Study of China's Foreign Policy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DCihrQEdPzAC |chapter-url=http://indianstrategicknowledgeonline.com/web/china%20decision%20for%201962%20war%202003.pdf |year=2006 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-5363-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828015135/https://books.google.com/books?id=DCihrQEdPzAC |archive-date=28 August 2017 }}</ref> نهرو ردعمل طور تي جلد خودمختياري ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ، پنهنجي عملي جي صلاح جي ابتڙ ۽ بغير اعلان جي، ”سرحد تي جيترا ممڪن ٿي سگهي فوجي چوڪيون“ قائم ڪرڻ شروع ڪيون۔<ref name=Chung/> اهي چوڪيون ڏسي، ۽ اڳ ئي ڀارتي پريس جي بحثن سبب شڪي ذهن سان، چيني اڳواڻن کي خدشو ٿيو ته نهرو علائقي بابت ارادا رکي ٿو۔ آگسٽ 1959ع ۾ چيني فوجين [[لونگجو]] وٽ هڪ نئين ڀارتي فوجي چوڪي تي قبضو ڪيو، جيڪو ٽساري چو (اتر کان ايندڙ مکيه شاخ) تي آهي، ۽ اهو [[سوبان سِري ندي]] جو مکيه وهڪرو آهي (اروناچل پرديش ۾)۔ ميڪسويل جي ڪتاب جي اندرئين پٺ واري نقشو ۽ مشهور ڀارتي جبل پيما [[هريش ڪپاڊيا]] (جنهن 2005ع ۾ علائقو گهميو) موجب لونگجو ميڪموهن لائين کان اتر طرف آهي۔<ref name="Maxwell"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/62/7/secrets-of-subansiri/|title=Secrets of Subansiri|publisher=The Himalayan Club|access-date=8 July 2020|archive-date=22 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322181830/https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/62/7/secrets-of-subansiri/|url-status=live}}</ref> (جيونيمز ڊيٽابيس ۾ موجود گهٽ ڀروسي لائق ڪوآرڊينيٽس ([[نيشنل جيوئسپيٽل-انٽيليجنس ايجنسي]]){{Unreliable source?|date=July 2013}} ”لونگجو“ کي غلط طور برف ۽ برفاني علائقي ۾، نديءَ کان 10 ڪلوميٽر پري ۽ 12,000 فوٽ کان وڌيڪ اوچائي تي رکندا آهن۔) 24 آڪٽوبر 1959ع تي [[ژو اينلائي]] نهرو ڏانهن خط لکي تجويز ڏني ته ڀارت ۽ چين ٻئي پنهنجون فوجون [[حقيقي ڪنٽرول لائين]] (ايل اي سي) کان 20 ڪلوميٽر پري هٽائن۔<ref>[http://www.kampanyarchivum.hu/files/300/8/3/10-3-106.html "Chou's Latest Proposals"]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ٿوري ئي دير کان پوءِ ژو هن لائين کي ”اوڀر ۾所谓 ميڪموهن لائين ۽ اولهه ۾ اها لائين جتي تائين هر ڌر عملي ڪنٽرول استعمال ڪري ٿي“ طور بيان ڪيو۔<ref name="Noorani perseverance"/> نومبر 1961ع ۾ نهرو باقاعده ”فارورڊ پاليسي“ اختيار ڪئي، جنهن تحت متنازع علائقن ۾ فوجي چوڪيون قائم ڪيون ويون، جن ۾ ژو جي LAC کان اتر طرف 43 چوڪيون شامل هيون۔<ref name="Noorani perseverance"/> 8 سيپٽمبر 1962ع تي هڪ چيني دستي [[ڍھولا پوسٽ|ڍهولا]] وٽ ڀارتي چوڪي تي حملي ڪيو، جيڪو [[نامڪا چو]] واديءَ ۾ [[ٿاگ لا ريج]] جي بلڪل ڏکڻ طرف آهي، ۽ ميڪسويل جي صفحو 360 تي ڏنل نقشو موجب اهو هنڌ ميڪموهن لائين کان ست ڪلوميٽر اتر طرف آهي۔<ref name="Maxwell"/> 20 آڪٽوبر تي چين ميڪموهن لائين پار وڏي حملو شروع ڪيو ۽ وڌيڪ اتر ۾ به هڪ ٻيو حملو ٿيو۔ ان کان پوءِ ٿيندڙ [[ڀارت-چين جنگ (1962)|ڀارت-چين جنگ]] ڀارت لاءِ قومي ذلت ثابت ٿي: چين تيزيءَ سان ميڪموهن لائين کان {{convert|90|km|0|abbr=on}} اندر رُپا تائين ۽ پوءِ چاڪو تائين ( [[توانگ]] کان 65 ڪلوميٽر ڏکڻ اوڀر) NEFA جي انتهائي اولهه واري حصي ۾ وڌي ويو، ۽ NEFA جي انتهائي اوڀر ڇيڙي تي {{convert|30|km|0|abbr=on}} اندر والونگ تائين اڳتي وڌي ويو۔<ref name="Maxwell408-409">Maxwell, Neville, [http://www.centurychina.com/plaboard/uploads/1962war.htm ''India's China War''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822215146/http://www.centurychina.com/plaboard/uploads/1962war.htm |date=22 August 2008 }}, pp. 408–9, New York, Pantheon, 1970.</ref> [[سوويت يونين]]،<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-12690.html |title=Soviet Union - India |access-date=6 August 2010 |archive-date=27 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327214139/http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-12690.html |url-status=live }}</ref> آمريڪا ۽ برطانيا ڀارت کي فوجي مدد جو واعدو ڪيو۔ چين پوءِ ميڪموهن لائين ڏانهن پوئتي هٽي ويو ۽ ڀارتي [[ جنگي قيدي|قيدين]] کي (1963ع ۾) واپس موڪليو۔ حڪومت ڀارت ۾ خاص طور پنهنجي شڪست بابت اهو بيان ڏئي وضاحت ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ته هو اوچتو حيرت ۾ پئجي وئي هئي۔<ref>Anand, Dibyesh (2012). [http://www.idsa.in/jds/6_4_2012_Remembering1962SinoIndianBorderWar_DibyeshAnand "Remembering 1962 Sino-Indian Border War: Politics of Memory"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811182956/http://www.idsa.in/jds/6_4_2012_Remembering1962SinoIndianBorderWar_DibyeshAnand |date=11 August 2017 }}. ''Journal of Defence Studies''. 6, 4.</ref> NEFA جو نالو 1972ع ۾ [[اروناچل پرديش]] رکيو ويو—چيني نقشا هن علائقي کي [[ڏکڻ تبت]] سڏين ٿا۔ 1981ع ۾ چيني اڳواڻ [[دينگ سياوپنگ]] ڀارت کي سرحدي مسئلي جو ”پيڪيج حل“ پيش ڪيو۔ ڳالهين جا اٺ دور ٿيا، پر ڪو به معاهدو نه ٿيو۔{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} 1984ع ۾ ڀارت جي انٽيليجنس بيورو جي عملي [[توانگ]] علائقي ۾ [[سمدورونگ چو]] واديءَ ۾ هڪ مشاهدي واري چوڪي قائم ڪئي، جيڪا سڀ کان اوچي ٽڪريءَ جي چوٽيءَ کان ڏکڻ طرف هئي، پر ميڪموهن لائين کان ٽن ڪلوميٽر اتر طرف (ڀوٽان کان اوڀر طرف 30 ميل تائين سڌي لڪير)۔ IB سياري کان اڳ علائقو ڇڏي ويو۔ 1986ع ۾ ڀارت جي ٽيم اچڻ کان اڳ چين واديءَ ۾ فوجون موڪليون۔<ref>[[Sultan Shahin]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20030801213428/http://atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/EH01Df02.html "Vajpayee claps with one hand on border dispute"], ''Asia Times Online'', 1 August 2003</ref><ref name="Noorani perseverance">{{citation |first=A. G. |last=Noorani |title=Perseverance in peace process |newspaper=Frontline |date=16–29 August 2003 |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2017/stories/20030829001604900.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110728032740/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2017/stories/20030829001604900.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=2011-07-28 }}</ref> هي خبر جڏهن ڀارتي عوام آڏو آئي ته قومي سطح تي وڏو شور ٿيو۔ آڪٽوبر 1986ع ۾ دينگ ڌمڪي ڏني ته ”ڀارت کي سبق سيکارينداسين“۔ [[ڀارتي فوج]] هوائي رستي هڪ ٽاسڪ فورس واديءَ ڏانهن موڪلي، پر ڀارت ونگڊونگ ڀرسان ٽي ڊويزنون کڻي سمدورونگ چو وٽ چيني فوجن کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ بيهاريون ۽ مضبوط موقف اختيار ڪيو۔ مئي 1987ع ۾ تڪرار گهٽجي ويو (گوگل ارٿ تي صاف ڏسڻ ۾ اچي ٿو)، پر تازين روڊن ۽ سهولتن جي تعمير به نظر اچي ٿي۔ چين 8 سالن جي ڊگهي ڳالهين کان پوءِ 1995ع ۾ پوئتي هٽي ويو۔<ref name=Natarajan>Natarajan, V. (November–December 2000). [http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE3-3/natarajan.html "The Sumdorong Chu Incident"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130118142756/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE3-3/natarajan.html |date=2013-01-18 }}. [http://www.tibet.ca/wtnarchive/1995/8/21_1.html "Reuters report on August 21, 1995"] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130118142756/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE3-3/natarajan.html |date=18 January 2013 }}. ''Bharat Rakshak Monitor'' '''3''' (3)</ref> ڀارت جي وزيراعظم [[راجيو گانڌي]] 1988ع ۾ چين ويو ۽ سرحدي معاملن لاءِ گڏيل ورڪنگ گروپ تي اتفاق ڪيو، جنهن مان ڪو نمايان مثبت نتيجو ظاهر نه ٿيو۔ 1993ع جي ڀارت-چين معاهدي تحت LAC کي واضح ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ گروپ ٺاهيو ويو؛ اهو گروپ به ڪا اڳڀرائي نه ڪري سگهيو۔ 1996ع جي معاهدي تحت سرحدي جهيڙن کان بچڻ لاءِ ”اعتماد وڌائڻ وارا قدم“ مقرر ڪيا ويا۔ جيتوڻيڪ بار بار اهڙا واقعا ٿيندا رهيا جن ۾ هڪ ڌر ٻي ڌر تي گهڙڻ جو الزام لڳائيندي رهي، ۽ 1998ع ۾ ڀارت جي ائٽمي آزمائش کان پوءِ ميڪموهن لائين وٽ تناؤ وڌيڪ رهيو ۽ اڄ تائين جاري آهي، پر ٻئي ڌريون عام طور اهڙن واقعن کي LAC جي صحيح هنڌ بابت هڪ ڪلوميٽر کان به گهٽ اختلاف سان لاڳاپيل قرار ڏينديون آهن۔<ref name="Natarajan"/> == سرحدي پار گذر == {{Main| انڊيا جون سرحدون}} == نقشا == <gallery> File:McMahon Line Simla Accord Treaty 1914 Map1.jpg|ميڪموهن لائين 1914ع، نقشو 1 File:McMahon Line Simla Accord Treaty 1914 Map2.jpg|ميڪموهن لائين 1914ع، نقشو 2 File:Simla Accord Treaty 1914 Map2.jpg|1914ع ۾ صحي ٿيل شملہ ڪنوينشن جو نقشو (فئڪسيميلي) File:Simla Convention map by Hugh Richardson.jpg|شملہ ڪنوينشن جو نقشو، جيڪو [[ھيو اي رچرڊسن|ھيو رچرڊسن]] ٻيهر پيش ڪيو </gallery> == وڌيڪ پڙهڻ == {{Library resources box}} * [http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1096493 Why China is playing hardball in Arunachal] by Venkatesan Vembu, Daily News & Analysis, 13 May 2007 * [http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1101845 China, India, and the fruits of Nehru's folly] by Venkatesan Vembu, [[Daily News & Analysis]], 6 June 2007 * [https://tiananmenstremendousachievements.wordpress.com/2016/11/02/the-british-forgery-at-the-heart-of-india-and-chinas-tibetan-border-dispute/ The British forgery at the heart of India and China’s Tibetan border dispute] by Peter Lee * [http://chinamatters.blogspot.sg/2016/11/the-myth-of-mcmahon-line.html The Myth of the McMahon Line] by Peter Lee {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:McMahon Line}} ==حوالا== {{Reflist}} <references group="lower-alpha"/> [[زمرو:اروناچل پرديش جون سرحدون]] [[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ 1914ع]] [[زمرو:برطانوي سلطنت]] [[زمرو:برطانيا جا پرڏيهي لاڳاپا]] [[زمرو:بين الاقوامي سرحدون]] [[زمرو:بين الاقوامي لاڳاپن ۾ 1914ع]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جا پرڏيهي لاڳاپا]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جا خارجي لاڳاپا]] [[زمرو:ڀارت-چين سرحدي تڪرار]] [[زمرو:تبت جي جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:چين–ڀارت سرحد]] [[زمرو:نالي سان منسوب سرحدي لائينون]] [[زمرو:1910ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ تبت]] shre486pxcktg1dx0kje31ava4shfbv منميت ڪور 0 92118 368085 362405 2026-03-28T11:06:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 368085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=منميت ڪور|nationality=پاڪستاني|alma_mater=جناح ڪاليج فار وومين، پشاور.|occupation=صحافي، سماجي ورڪر|organization=HUM TV|awards=30 سالن کان گهٽ عمر جي 100 سڀ کان وڌيڪ بااثر سک شخصيتون}} '''منميت ڪور''' هڪ پاڪستاني [[صحافي]] ۽ [[سماجي ڀلائي|سماجي ڪارڪن]] آهي. <ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://thenewscrunch.com/manmeet-kaur-pakistani-journalist-wiki-bio-profile-unknown-facts-and-family-details-revealed/21180/|title=Manmeet Kaur Pakistani journalist Wiki, Bio, Profile, Unknown Facts and Family Details revealed|last=Kiran|first=Jessica|date=2020-05-19|website=TheNewsCrunch|language=en-US|access-date=2020-11-19}}</ref> هوءَ [[پاڪستان]] جي پهرين [[سک]] صحافي آهي <ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://sikhsiyasat.net/meet-manmeet-kaur-the-first-sikh-news-reporter-working-in-pakistan/|title=Meet Manmeet Kaur, The First Sikh News Reporter Working In Pakistan|date=2018-05-24|website=Sikh Siyasat News|language=en|access-date=2020-11-19}}</ref> <ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.thequint.com/neon/gender/first-woman-sikh-reporter-in-pakistan-manmeet-kaur|title=5 Things About Pak's First Woman Sikh Reporter You Didn't Know|last=Khybri|first=Garvita|date=2018-05-29|website=TheQuint|language=en|access-date=2020-11-19}}</ref> ۽ پهرين جيڪا 30 سالن کان گهٽ عمر جي 100 بااثر سک شخصيتن لاءِ نامزد ڪئي وئي آهي <ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.news18.com/news/world/pakistans-first-sikh-woman-journalist-among-top-100-influential-sikhs-under-30-2623425.html|title=Pakistan's First Sikh Woman Journalist Among Top 100 Influential Sikhs Under 30|date=2020-05-17|website=News18|language=en|access-date=2020-11-19}}</ref> == ذاتي زندگي == ڪور جو تعلق پاڪستان جي صوبي [[خيبر پختونخوا|خيبر پختونخواهه]] جي [[پشاور]] سان آهي. <ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.newsupdate.pk/pakistans-first-female-sikh-journalist-nominated-for-uk-award/|title=Pakistan's first feminine Sikh journalist nominated for UK award|last=|first=|date=2020-05-17|website=Pakistan Latest News Updates|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127092813/https://www.newsupdate.pk/pakistans-first-female-sikh-journalist-nominated-for-uk-award/|archive-date=27 November 2020|access-date=2020-11-19}}</ref> منميت جا چار ڀائر آهن. سندس پيءُ هڪ رٽائرڊ ڪاروباري شخص هو. هن جناح ڪاليج فار وومين ، پشاور مان [[سماجي سائنس]] ۾ پوسٽ گريجوئيٽ ڊگري حاصل ڪئي آهي. <ref name=":0">{{حوالو ويب|url=https://globalpunjabtv.net/pakistans-1st-woman-sikh-journalist-manmeet-kaur-nominated-for-uk-award|title=Pakistan's 1st woman Sikh journalist Manmeet Kaur nominated for UK award|date=2020-05-17|website=Global Punjab|language=en-US|access-date=2020-11-19}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{حوالو ويب|url=http://nayadaur.tv/amp/2020/05/pakistans-first-sikh-female-reporter-wins-uk-award/|title=Pakistan's First Sikh Female Reporter Wins UK Award|last=Daur|first=Naya|date=2020-05-16|website=Naya Daur|language=en-US|access-date=2020-11-19}}</ref> منميت شادي شده آهي ۽ ان جو هڪ ٻار آهي. <ref name=":1">{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.tnn.com.pk/first-female-sikh-journalist-from-peshawar-nominated-for-uk-award/|title=First female Sikh journalist from Peshawar nominated for UK award {{!}} TNN|last=|first=|date=2020-05-05|website=TNN {{!}} Tribal News Network|language=en-US|access-date=2020-11-19}}</ref> == ڪيريئر == منميت شروع ۾ ماڊل ٿيڻ چاهيندو هو ۽ پاڪستان جو پهريون سک ماڊل ٿيڻ جو خواهشمند هو. بهرحال منميت جو چوڻ آهي ته هوءَ پاڪستان ۾ سک برادري لاءِ ڪيترن ئي سماجي ۽ ثقافتي مسئلن جو احاطو ڪرڻ چاهي ٿي ۽ هن صحافت کي ڪيريئر طور چونڊيو. هوءَ پنهنجي چاچي راجيش ٽوني سنگهه کان صحافت جي پيروي ڪرڻ لاءِ متاثر هئي. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://globalpunjabtv.net/pakistans-1st-woman-sikh-journalist-manmeet-kaur-nominated-for-uk-award|title=Pakistan's 1st woman Sikh journalist Manmeet Kaur nominated for UK award|date=2020-05-17|website=Global Punjab|language=en-US|access-date=2020-11-19}}</ref> جڏهن منميت صحافت ۾ پنهنجي ڪيريئر جي شروعات ڪئي ، هن جي خاندان هن جو مددگار نه هو. هنن چيو ته عورتن لاءِ مناسب نه هو ته هو پنهنجي گهرن کان ٻاهر ڪم ڪن. بهرحال ، منميت جو سک برادري جي ڪهاڻين تي ڌيان ڏيڻ آخرڪار هن جي ماڻهن کي خوش ڪري ڇڏيو ۽ جلد ئي هن کي پنهنجي برادري جي حمايت حاصل ٿي. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tnn.com.pk/first-female-sikh-journalist-from-peshawar-nominated-for-uk-award/|title=First female Sikh journalist from Peshawar nominated for UK award {{!}} TNN|last=|first=|date=2020-05-05|website=TNN {{!}} Tribal News Network|language=en-US|access-date=2020-11-19}}</ref> صحافي طور ڪم ڪرڻ کان اڳ، منميت ٽن سالن تائين ڪمپيوٽر اڪيڊمي ۾ ايڊمنسٽريٽر طور ڪم ڪيو. <ref name=":0">{{حوالو ويب|url=https://globalpunjabtv.net/pakistans-1st-woman-sikh-journalist-manmeet-kaur-nominated-for-uk-award|title=Pakistan's 1st woman Sikh journalist Manmeet Kaur nominated for UK award|date=2020-05-17|website=Global Punjab|language=en-US|access-date=2020-11-19}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://globalpunjabtv.net/pakistans-1st-woman-sikh-journalist-manmeet-kaur-nominated-for-uk-award "Pakistan's 1st woman Sikh journalist Manmeet Kaur nominated for UK award"]. ''Global Punjab''. 17 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> 2018 ۾، هوءَ هڪ خانگي طور تي هلندڙ نيوز چينل " HUM TV " ۾ شامل ٿي، جتي هوءَ پاڪستان ۾ پهرين سک عورت صحافي بڻجي وئي. هوءَ هڪ سرگرم ڪارڪن پڻ آهي ۽ پاڪستان ۾ سک اقليتي برادري جي ڪهاڻين کي ڍڪڻ ۽ عورتن جي حقن جي وڪالت ۾ ڪم ڪيو آهي. <ref name=":3">{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/world/pakistans-first-sikh-woman-journalist-among-top-100-influential-sikhs-under-30-85678|title=Pakistan's first Sikh woman journalist among top 100 influential Sikhs under 30|last=|first=|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en|access-date=2020-11-19}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{حوالو ويب|url=http://nayadaur.tv/amp/2020/05/pakistans-first-sikh-female-reporter-wins-uk-award/|title=Pakistan's First Sikh Female Reporter Wins UK Award|last=Daur|first=Naya|date=2020-05-16|website=Naya Daur|language=en-US|access-date=2020-11-19}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDaur2020">Daur, Naya (16 May 2020). [http://nayadaur.tv/amp/2020/05/pakistans-first-sikh-female-reporter-wins-uk-award/ "Pakistan's First Sikh Female Reporter Wins UK Award"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613094838/https://nayadaur.tv/amp/2020/05/pakistans-first-sikh-female-reporter-wins-uk-award/ |date=2020-06-13 }}. ''Naya Daur''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == ايوارڊ == 2020 ۾، منميت سنگهه، 25 سالن جي عمر ۾، <ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://southasiamonitor.org/pakistan/pakistans-first-female-sikh-journalist-nominated-uk-award|title=Pakistan's first female Sikh journalist nominated for UK award|date=17 May 2020|website=South Asia Monitor|language=en|access-date=2020-11-19}}</ref> [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] جي بين الاقوامي سک مذهبي تنظيم، "دي سک گروپ" پاران 30 سالن کان گهٽ عمر جي 100 بااثر سک شخصيتن جي فهرست ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو <ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.femina.in/trending/manmeet-kaur-pakistans-first-sikh-woman-journalist-receives-prestigious-uk-award-158207.html|title=Manmeet Kaur, Pakistan's First Sikh Woman Journalist Receives UK Award|last=Sati|first=Aishwarya|date=18 May 2020|website=femina.in|language=en|access-date=2020-11-19}}</ref> <ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/world/pakistans-1st-female-sikh-journalist-manmeet-kaur-nominated-for-uk-award|title=Pakistan's 1st female Sikh journalist Manmeet Kaur nominated for UK award|website=Free Press Journal|language=en|access-date=2020-11-19}}</ref> هوءَ پاڪستان مان معزز ايوارڊن لاءِ نامزد ٿيل ٻن سکن مان هڪ هئي. <ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.paktribune.com/news-details/pakistan-s-first-female-sikh-journalist-nominated-for-uk-award|title=Pakistan's First Female Sikh Journalist nominated for UK Award|website=www.paktribune.com|access-date=2020-11-19}}</ref> هي ايوارڊ سکن پاران ڪاروبار، راند، خيرات، ميڊيا، تفريح، تعليم، بي لوث رضاکارانه خدمت، زندگي بھر جي ڪاميابي ۽ خاص سڃاڻپ ايوارڊ جي شعبن ۾ ڪيل خاص تعاون تي ڏنو ويندو آهي، جيڪو ڪنهن ٻئي عقيدي جي ماڻهو کي ڏنو ويندو آهي جيڪو گھڻ-ثقافتي کي فروغ ڏئي ٿو. <ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.voiceofsindh.com.pk/first-female-sikh-journalist-nominated-from-pakistan-for-uk-award/|title=First female Sikh journalist nominated from Pakistan for UK award|date=2020-05-16|website=Voice of Sindh|language=en-US|access-date=2020-11-19}}</ref> ڪيتريون ئي مشهور شخصيتون جهڙوڪ ايمي ورڪ ، گرو رنڌاوا ، سدھو موسي والا ، سونم باجوه ۽ جس مانڪ کي به 2020 جي فهرست ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. <ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pakistan-s-first-female-sikh-journalist-nominated-for-prestigious-uk-award/story-7mFcsbHCHTOBUi9eJ6dghN.html|title=Pakistan's first female Sikh journalist nominated for prestigious UK award|date=2020-05-18|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-11-19}}</ref> <ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://cioj.org/journalist-manmeet-kaur-has-been-named-as-one-of-the-100-most-influential-sikhs-under-30-years-old-and-will-be-awarded-next-year-in-the-uk/|title=The Chartered Institute of Journalists – Journalist Manmeet Kaur has been named as one of the 100 most influential Sikh's under 30 years old and will be awarded next year in the UK.|date=17 May 2020|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601004404/http://cioj.org/journalist-manmeet-kaur-has-been-named-as-one-of-the-100-most-influential-sikhs-under-30-years-old-and-will-be-awarded-next-year-in-the-uk/|archive-date=1 June 2020|access-date=2020-11-19}}</ref> منميت کي ايندڙ سال برطانيه ۾ هڪ تقريب ۾ ايوارڊ ملندو. <ref name=":3">{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/world/pakistans-first-sikh-woman-journalist-among-top-100-influential-sikhs-under-30-85678|title=Pakistan's first Sikh woman journalist among top 100 influential Sikhs under 30|last=|first=|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en|access-date=2020-11-19}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/world/pakistans-first-sikh-woman-journalist-among-top-100-influential-sikhs-under-30-85678 "Pakistan's first Sikh woman journalist among top 100 influential Sikhs under 30"]. ''Tribuneindia News Service''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://newindialife.com/tag/who-is-manmeet-kaur/|title=who is Manmeet Kaur Archives|website=New India Life|language=en-US|access-date=2020-11-19}}</ref> هڪ نيوز رپورٽر سان ڳالهائيندي، منميت چيو، "جيڪي سخت محنت ڪن ٿا، انهن کي انعام ملندو ۽ منهنجي خاندان لاءِ برطانيه جو دورو ڪرڻ ۽ پاڪستان جي نمائندگي ڪرڻ هڪ وڏو اعزاز آهي،" <ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/2222877/1-pakistans-first-female-sikh-journalist-nominated-uk-award|title=Pakistan's first female Sikh journalist nominated for UK award|last=Khan|first=Ahtesham|date=2020-05-16|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|access-date=2020-11-19}}</ref> <ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://english.newstracklive.com/news/pakistans-first-sikh-woman-journalist-manmeet-kaur-to-receive-the-award-in-britain-mc24-nu764-ta294-1093055-1.html|title=Pakistan's first Sikh woman journalist Manmeet Kaur to receive award in Britain|date=2020-05-17|website=News Track|language=English|access-date=2020-11-19}}</ref> اقليتن ۽ عورتن کي درپيش مسئلن کي اجاگر ڪرڻ تي هن کي ڪيترائي مقامي ايوارڊ پڻ مليا آهن. <ref name=":0"/> <ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://womeninjournalism.org/cfwij-press-statements/pakistan-cfwij-congratulates-manmeet-kaur-first-sikh-woman-journalist-nominated-to-the-prestigious-award|title=Pakistan: CFWIJ congratulates Manmeet Kaur, first sikh woman journalist nominated to the prestigious award|website=The Coalition For Women In Journalism|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909123514/https://womeninjournalism.org/cfwij-press-statements/pakistan-cfwij-congratulates-manmeet-kaur-first-sikh-woman-journalist-nominated-to-the-prestigious-award|archive-date=9 September 2021|access-date=2020-11-19}}</ref> منميت چيو ته سک گروپ هڪ عالمي تنظيم آهي جيڪا دنيا جي مختلف حصن مان سک مذهب جي ماڻهن کي انعام ڏئي ٿي جيڪي مختلف طريقن سان ماڻهن جي خدمت ڪن ٿا. هن چيو ته هن پاڪستان ۾ بين المذاهب هم آهنگي ۽ اقليتن جي حقن جي فروغ لاءِ ڪم ڪيو آهي. منميت چيو ته ايوارڊ لاءِ سندس نامزدگي ٻين عورتن کي پنهنجن شعبن ۾ سخت محنت ڪرڻ ۽ انسانيت جي خدمت ڪرڻ جي حوصلا افزائي ڪندي. <ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/610615/first-female-sikh-journalist-from-peshawar-nominated-for-uk-award/|title=First female Sikh journalist from Peshawar nominated for UK award|date=2020-05-11|website=Daily Times|language=en-US|access-date=2020-11-19}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.tnn.com.pk/first-female-sikh-journalist-from-peshawar-nominated-for-uk-award/|title=First female Sikh journalist from Peshawar nominated for UK award {{!}} TNN|last=|first=|date=2020-05-05|website=TNN {{!}} Tribal News Network|language=en-US|access-date=2020-11-19}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.tnn.com.pk/first-female-sikh-journalist-from-peshawar-nominated-for-uk-award/ "First female Sikh journalist from Peshawar nominated for UK award | TNN"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127123156/https://www.tnn.com.pk/first-female-sikh-journalist-from-peshawar-nominated-for-uk-award/ |date=2020-11-27 }}. ''TNN | Tribal News Network''. 5 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == حوالا == [[زمرو:پاڪستاني صحافي]] [[زمرو:جيوت ماڻهو]] 68e9w0pdvr63zfou8eq9yzziptmwdfs هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه 0 93145 367849 367123 2026-03-27T15:49:48Z Ibne maryam 17680 367849 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water|name=هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه<br> Strait of Hormuz|native_name=تنگه هرمز ([[فارسي ٻولي|فارسي]])<br>مضيق هرمز ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]])|other_name=|image=Strait of Hormuz and Musandam Peninsula (MODIS 2018-12-10).jpg|alt=|caption=هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه جو هڪ سيٽلائيٽ ڏيک|image_bathymetry=|alt_bathymetry=|caption_bathymetry=|location=[[عمان جي نار]] - [[فارس جي نار]]|group=|coordinates={{coord|26.6|N|56.5|E|type:waterbody_scale:1000000|display=title,inline}}|type=[[سامونڊي گذرگاهه]]|etymology=|part_of=|inflow=|rivers=|outflow=|oceans=|catchment=|basin_countries={{flag|Iran}}<br>{{flag|Oman}}<br>{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}|agency=|designation=|engineer=|length=|width=|min_width={{cvt|21|nmi|mi + km}}|area=|depth=|max-depth=|volume=|residence_time=|salinity=|shore=|elevation=|temperature_high=|temperature_low=|frozen=|islands=قيشم ٻيٽ<br>هرمز ٻيٽ<br>لاراڪ ٻيٽ|islands_category=|sections=|trenches=|benches=|cities=1 = {{flagicon|Iran}} [[بندر عباس]]<br> 2 = {{flagicon|Oman}} [[خسب]]|pushpin_map=Iran#West Asia|pushpin_label_position=right<!-- left, right, top or bottom -->|pushpin_map_alt=Topographic map of Iran and surrounding areas, including the Strait of Hormuz|pushpin_map_caption=هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه (ايران)##هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه (اولهه ايشيا)}} [[File:Strait_of_hormuz_full.jpg|thumb|سامونڊي سياسي حدون ۽ شپنگ لين ڏيکاريندڙ، هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه، 2004ع]] [[File:Strait_of_hormuz.jpg|thumb|هي سامونڊي گذرگاهه اتر ۾ [[ايران]] ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[اومان|عمان]] جي مسندم گورنري ۽ [[گڏيل عرب اماراتون|گڏيل عرب امارات کي]] الڳ ڪري ٿي. (1892ع جو نقشو)]] '''هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه ('''<small>Strait of Hormuz</small>'''؛''' {{IPAc-en|h|ɔr|ˈ|m|uː|z}}) [[فارس جي نار]] ۽ [[عمان جي نار]] جي وچ ۾ هڪ [[آبي گذرگاهه|سامونڊي گذرگاهه]] آهي، ان جي اتر واري ساحل تي [[ايران]] واقع آهي، ۽ ڏکڻ واري ساحل تي مسندام جزيري نما آهي، جيڪو [[گڏيل عرب اماراتون|گڏيل عرب امارات]] ۽ مسندام گورنريٽ، [[اومان|عمان]] جي هڪ ايڪسڪليو پاران ورهايو ويو آهي. هي گذرگاهه لڳ ڀڳ <small>104</small> ميل (<small>167</small> ڪلوميٽر، <small>90</small> ناتيڪل ميل) ڊگهي اهي. ويڪر لڳ ڀڳ <small>60</small> ميل (<small>97</small> ڪلوميٽر، <small>52</small> ناٽيڪل ميل) کان <small>24</small> ميل (<small>39</small> ڪلوميٽر، <small>21</small> ناٽيڪل ميل) تائين مختلف آهي.<ref name="dyke-20081002">{{Cite book|title=The Future of Ocean Regime-Building|last=Jon M. Van Dyke|date=2 October 2008|publisher=University of Hawaii|isbn=9789004172678|page=216|chapter=Transit Passage Through International Straits|doi=10.1163/ej.9789004172678.i-786.50|access-date=6 July 2019|chapter-url=https://www.law.hawaii.edu/sites/www.law.hawaii.edu/files/content/Faculty/Straits100308.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807123128/https://www.law.hawaii.edu/sites/www.law.hawaii.edu/files/content/Faculty/Straits100308.pdf|archive-date=7 August 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807123128/https://www.law.hawaii.edu/sites/www.law.hawaii.edu/files/content/Faculty/Straits100308.pdf |date=7 August 2020 }}</ref> <ref name="eia-20120104">{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=4430|title=The Strait of Hormuz is the world's most important oil transit chokepoint|date=4 January 2012|publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911152226/https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=4430|archive-date=11 September 2018|access-date=11 September 2018}}</ref> اها فارس جي نار کان کليل سمنڊ تائين واحد سامونڊي رستو فراهم ڪري ٿي ۽ دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ حڪمت عملي واري (<small>strategic</small>) طور تي اهم چوڪ پوائنٽس مان هڪ آهي.<ref name="oilpricecom01">{{حوالو ويب|url=https://oilprice.com/Geopolitics/International/How-Iran-Plans-To-Bypass-The-Worlds-Main-Oil-Chokepoint.html|title=How Iran Plans To Bypass The World's Main Oil Chokepoint|last=Viktor Katona|publisher=Oilprice.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911081557/https://oilprice.com/Geopolitics/International/How-Iran-Plans-To-Bypass-The-Worlds-Main-Oil-Chokepoint.html|archive-date=11 September 2018|access-date=11 September 2018}}</ref> سال <small>2023</small>ع کان <small>2025</small>ع جي وچ ۾ دنيا جي [[قدرتي وسيلا|مائع قدرتي گئس]] (<small>LNG</small>) جو <small>20</small> سيڪڙو ۽ [[تيل|پيٽرول]] جو <small>25</small> سيڪڙو واپار هر سال هن گذرگاهه مان گذريو. اهو [[يورپ]] ۽ [[ايشيا]] لاءِ پيٽروليم شين جو هڪ وڏو ذريعو آهي ۽ ان کي يورپ جي توانائي جي سيڪيورٽي لاءِ "نازڪ" قرار ڏنو ويو آهي.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2026/03/16/why-is-the-strait-of-hormuz-critical-to-europe|title=Why is the Strait of Hormuz critical to Europe?|date=2026-03-16|website=euronews|language=en|access-date=2026-03-18}}</ref> اهو [[قطر]]، [[ڪويت]] ۽ [[بحرين]] سميت ڪيترن ئي خليجي علائقن لاءِ واحد سامونڊي رستو پڻ آهي ۽ آبنائي ۾ خلل رسد جي سخت کوٽ جو سبب بڻجي سگهي ٿي.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=http://theconversation.com/strait-of-hormuz-gulf-states-food-security-is-at-immediate-risk-but-wider-shortages-could-push-up-consumer-prices-globally-277214|title=Strait of Hormuz: Gulf states’ food security is at immediate risk but wider shortages could push up consumer prices globally|last=Surucu-Balci|first=Ebru|last2=Balci|first2=Gokcay|date=2026-03-04|website=The Conversation|language=en-US|access-date=2026-03-18}}</ref> تيران ۽ [[باب المندب]] سامونڊي گذرگاهن جي برعڪس، [[وچ اوڀر]] جي تڪرارن دوران روايتي طور تي ڪڏهن به هن گذرگاهه کي ڊگهي عرصي تائين بند نه ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://oilprice.com/Energy/Crude-Oil/Oil-Prices-Jump-But-Middle-East-Oil-Keeps-Flowing-Uninterrupted.html|title=Oil Prices Jump, But Middle East Oil Keeps Flowing Uninterrupted|date=17 June 2025|website=OilPrice.com|quote=the narrow lane has never been blocked in any previous conflict in the Middle East.}}</ref> جيتوڻيڪ ايران ڪڏهن ڪڏهن آبنائي کي بند ڪرڻ جي ڌمڪي ڏني هئي،<ref name="auto">{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.twz.com/news-features/could-iran-carry-out-its-threat-to-shut-the-strait-of-hormuz|title=Could Iran Carry Out Its Threat To Shut Down The Strait Of Hormuz?|last=Altman|first=Howard|date=14 June 2025|website=The War Zone|language=en-US|access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/11/19/world/middleeast/iran-tanker-strait-of-hormuz.html|title=Iran Releases Tanker It Seized From the Strait of Hormuz|date=2025-11-19|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en}}</ref> ۽ هاڻ ايران تي آمريڪا ۽ اسرائيل جي حملي کان پوء ان کي بند ڪري ڇڏيو آهي.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-made-preparations-mine-strait-hormuz-us-sources-say-2025-07-01/|title=Exclusive: Iran made preparations to mine the Strait of Hormuz, US sources say|last=Slattery|first=Gram|date=1 July 2025|work=Reuters|access-date=3 July 2025|last2=Stewart|first2=Phil|language=en|last3=Slattery|first3=Gram|last4=Stewart|first4=Phil}}</ref> جڏهن ته، سال <small>2026</small>ع جي ايران جنگ دوران هي گذرگاهه بين الاقوامي برادري جي توجه جو هڪ وڏو مرڪز بڻجي ويو، جن جي نتيجي ۾ "هرمز گذرگاهه جو بحران" پيدا ٿيو آهي.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/why-hormuz-not-fordow-is-the-real-centre-of-gravity-in-the-iran-crisis-13983548.html|title=Why Hormuz, not Fordow, is the real centre of gravity in the Iran crisis|last=Sinha|first=Aditya|date=February 25, 2026|website=First Post|access-date=March 18, 2026}}</ref> ==نالو== {{main|هرمز جي بادشاهت|پورچوگالي-صفوي جنگيون|هرمز جي جنگ، 1625ع}} [[فارسي ٻولي|فارسي]] لفظ "هرمز" [[زرتشتي مذھب|زرتشتي]] مذهب جي ديوتا اهورا مزدا جي نالي جي وچين فارسي جي تلفظ مان نڪتل آهي. متبادل طور، اهو تجويز ڪيو آهي ته اهو نالو مقامي فارسي لفظ، "<small>'''هورمغ'''</small>" (<small>کجورن جي جاءِ</small>) مان نڪتل آهي <ref>{{cite journal|last=Ebrahimi|first=Qorbanali|title=Hormoz-Hormuz|journal=Motale'at Irani|date=2005–2006|volume=4|issue=7|pages=48|url=https://noo.rs/Cin61}}</ref> هڪ نظريو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هرمز جي گذرگاهه جو نالو، [[فارس صوبو|فارس]] جي بادشاهه شاپور ٻين، جيڪو سال 309 ۽ 379 عيسوي جي وچ ۾ حڪومت ڪندو هو، جي ماءُ جي نالي، "افرا هرمزد" تي رکيو ويو هوندو. هڪ ٻيو گهٽ ممڪن نظريو اهو آهي ته اهو نار لاء يوناني لفظ هرموس (ὅρμος) مان آيو آهي.<ref name="iranologie2">{{Cite web|last=Rezakhani|first=Khodadad|date=27 February 2020|title=The Kingdom of Hormuz|url=https://iranologie.com/the-history-page/the-kingdom-of-hormuz/|access-date=14 December 2020|website=Iranologie.com}}</ref> فارس جي نار جي افتتاح کي "پيريپلس آف دي اريٿرين سمنڊ"، پهرين صديءَ جي هڪ بحري جهاز جي رهنمائي ڪندڙ ڪتاب، ۾ بيان ڪيو، پر نالو نه ڏنو؛{{blockquote|"انهن اڪيلائي ٻيٽن جي مٿئين ڇيڙي تي جبلن جو هڪ سلسلو آهي جنهن کي ڪالون سڏيو ويندو آهي ۽ فارس جي نار جو مُنهن ان کان گهڻو پري نه آهي. جتي موتي جي صدف لاءِ گهڻو غوطه خوري ٿيندي آهي. ڳاڙهن ڳٽن جي کاٻي پاسي وڏا جبل آهن جن کي "اسابون" سڏيو ويندو آهي ۽ ساڄي پاسي هڪ ٻيو گول ۽ اچو جبل آهي جنهن کي "سيميرامس" سڏيو ويندو آهي. انهن جي وچ ۾ ڳاڙهن ڳٽن جي پار گذرڻ لڳ ڀڳ ڇهه سئو اسٽيڊيم جي برابر آهي، جنهن کان اڳتي اهو تمام وڏو ۽ وسيع سمنڊ، فارس جي نار جي اندرين حصي ۾ تمام گهڻو پهچي ٿو. هن نار جي مٿئين ڇيڙي تي، قانون طرفان نامزد ڪيل هڪ مارڪيٽ ٽائون آهي جنهن کي "اپولوگس" سڏيو ويندو آهي. چارائيڪس اسپاسيني ۽ درياءَ فرات جي ويجهو واقع آهي."|پيريپلس آف دي ايريٿرين سمنڊ، باب 35.}} <small>17</small>هين صدي عيسوي ۾ اورمس جي بادشاهت هتي، اينڊاش ۾ واقع هئي. عالم، تاريخدان ۽ لسانيات جا ماهر "اورمز" جو نالو مقامي فارسي لفظ "هور مغ" مان ورتو آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ آهي کجيءَ جو وڻ.<ref>[http://minabcity.ir/HomePage.aspx?TabID=4620&Site=DouranPortal&Lang=fa-IR Municipality of Minab] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706075102/http://minabcity.ir/HomePage.aspx?TabID=4620&Site=DouranPortal&Lang=fa-IR|date=6 July 2018}}, (in Persian). Retrieved 30 December 2011.</ref> هن فارسي لفظ جو زرتشتي مذهب جي ديوتا هرموز (اهورا مزدا جو هڪ قسم) جي فارسي نالي سان مشابهت جي نتيجي ۾ اهو يقين پيدا ٿيو آهي ته اها لفظ لاڳاپيل آهن. [[File:Persian Gulf 1507-1750.gif|thumb|upright=1.4|لنگهه ۾ پهريون مغربي فوجي غلبو. فارس جي نار ۾ پرتگال جي موجودگي (1507-1750ع)]] 15هين صدي کان وٺي، اسٽريٽجڪ نقطي نظر کان، لنگهه جي جاگرافي برقرار رهي ۽ پرتگال جهڙين پرڏيهي طاقتن جي آمد سان ان جي اهميت کي وڌايو (جنهن 16هين ۽ 18هين صدي جي وچ ۾ پنهنجي موجودگي برقرار رکي). اهو ٻين اڀرندڙ طاقتن جهڙوڪ انگلينڊ سان تڪرار کي به ڀڙڪايو، جڏهن اهو 17هين صدي ۾ علائقي ۾ پهتو. ==جهاز راني== ٽڪراءَ جي خطري کي گهٽائڻ لاءِ، گذرگاهه مان گذرندڙ جهاز ٽرئفڪ سيپريشن اسڪيم (TSS) تي عمل ڪن ٿا. ايندڙ جهاز هڪ لين استعمال ڪن ٿا. ٻاهر نڪرندڙ جهاز ٻيو. هر لين ٻه ميل ويڪرو آهي. لين ٻن ميل ويڪر "ميڊين" سان الڳ ٿيل آهن.<ref name="eia-201907172">{{cite web|url=https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/special_topics/World_Oil_Transit_Chokepoints/wotc.pdf|title=World Oil Transit Chokepoints|publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration|date=25 July 2017|access-date=13 June 2019|archive-date=21 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521134300/https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/special_topics/World_Oil_Transit_Chokepoints/wotc.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> گذرگاهه کي پار ڪرڻ لاءِ جهاز، گڏيل قومن جي سمنڊ جي قانون تي ڪنوينشن (<small>UNCLOS</small>) جي ٽرانزٽ پاس جي شقن جي تحت، [[ايران]] ۽ [[اومان]] جي علائقائي پاڻين مان گذرن ٿا.<ref name="USEIA012">{{cite web|url=http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/156265/|title=Strait of Hormuz|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth|author=Alejandra Roman & Administration|access-date=2 June 2015|archive-date=5 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405131935/http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/156265/|url-status=live}}</ref> جئين ته سڀني ملڪن ڪنوينشن جي تصديق نه ڪيا آهن،<ref name="UNCLOS-ratification2">{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/Depts/los/reference_files/chronological_lists_of_ratifications.htm|title=Chronological lists of ratifications of, accessions and successions to the Convention and the related Agreements as at 26 October 2007|publisher=UN|work=Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea|access-date=29 June 2017|archive-date=14 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414043900/http://www.un.org/depts/los/reference_files/chronological_lists_of_ratifications.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] سميت گھڻا ملڪ انهن روايتي جهاز راني جي ضابطن کي قبول ڪن ٿا،<ref>{{cite web|author=[[U.S. President]]|title=Presidential Proclamation 5030|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/58381.pdf|url-status=live|date=10 March 1983|access-date=21 January 2008|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325045208/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/58381.pdf|archive-date=25 March 2021}}</ref> جيئن ڪنوينشن ۾ ڪوڊ ڪيو ويو آهي. سال <small>1959</small>ع ۾، ايران پنهنجي علائقائي سمنڊ کي 12 ناٽيڪل ميل (22 ڪلوميٽر) تائين وڌائي لنگهه جي قانوني حيثيت کي تبديل ڪيو ۽ اعلان ڪيو ته اهو نئين وڌايل علائقي ذريعي صرف غير جنگي ٽرانزٽ کي تسليم ڪندو.<ref name="Groves 20112">{{cite web|last=Groves|first=Steven|title=Accession to the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea Is Unnecessary to Secure U.S. Navigational Rights and Freedoms|website=The Heritage Foundation|url=http://www.heritage.org/defense/report/accession-the-un-convention-the-law-the-sea-unnecessary-secure-us-navigational|date=24 August 2011|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517153730/https://www.heritage.org/defense/report/accession-the-un-convention-the-law-the-sea-unnecessary-secure-us-navigational|url-status=unfit}}</ref> سال <small>1972</small>ع ۾، اومان پڻ فرمان ذريعي پنهنجي علائقائي سمنڊ کي 12 ناٽيڪل ميل (22 ڪلوميٽر) تائين وڌايو.<ref name="Groves 20113">{{cite web|last=Groves|first=Steven|title=Accession to the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea Is Unnecessary to Secure U.S. Navigational Rights and Freedoms|website=The Heritage Foundation|url=http://www.heritage.org/defense/report/accession-the-un-convention-the-law-the-sea-unnecessary-secure-us-navigational|date=24 August 2011|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517153730/https://www.heritage.org/defense/report/accession-the-un-convention-the-law-the-sea-unnecessary-secure-us-navigational|url-status=unfit}}</ref> اهڙيءَ طرح، سال <small>1972</small>ع تائين، ايران ۽ اومان جي گڏيل علائقائي پاڻين جي ڪري هرمز جي ساموندي گذرگاهه جنگي ٻيڙين لاء مڪمل طور تي "بند" ٿي وئي. 1970ع جي ڏهاڪي دوران، ايران يا اومان ٻنهي جنگي جهازن جي گذرڻ ۾ رڪاوٽ وجهڻ جي ڪوشش نه ڪئي، پر <small>1980</small>ع جي ڏهاڪي ۾، ٻنهي ملڪن دعويٰ ڪيا، جيڪا روايتي (پراڻي) قانون کان مختلف هئا. سال <small>1989</small>ع ۾ گڏيل قومن جي ڪنوينشن (<small>UNCLOS</small>) جي تصديق ڪرڻ تي، اومان پنهنجي سال <small>1981</small>ع جي شاهي فرمان جي تصديق ڪندڙ اعلان پيش ڪيو ته ان جي علائقائي سمنڊ ذريعي صرف غير جنگي ٽرانزٽ کي گذرڻ جي اجازت آهي. اعلان ۾ وڌيڪ زور ڏنو ويو ته پرڏيهي جنگي جهازن کي اوماني علائقائي پاڻين مان گذرڻ کان اڳ اڳواٽ اجازت وٺڻ جي ضرورت هوندي.<ref name="Groves 20114">{{cite web|last=Groves|first=Steven|title=Accession to the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea Is Unnecessary to Secure U.S. Navigational Rights and Freedoms|website=The Heritage Foundation|url=http://www.heritage.org/defense/report/accession-the-un-convention-the-law-the-sea-unnecessary-secure-us-navigational|date=24 August 2011|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517153730/https://www.heritage.org/defense/report/accession-the-un-convention-the-law-the-sea-unnecessary-secure-us-navigational|url-status=unfit}}</ref> سال 1982ع ۾ ڪنوينشن تي دستخط ڪرڻ تي، ايران هڪ اعلان ۾ داخل ٿيو جنهن ۾ چيو ويو آهي ته "صرف سمنڊ جي قانون جي ڪنوينشن جي رياستن کي ان ۾ پيدا ڪيل معاهدي جي حقن مان فائدو حاصل ڪرڻ جو حق هوندو"، جنهن ۾ "بين الاقوامي جهاز راني لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ آبنائي ذريعي گذرڻ جو حق" شامل آهي. سال 1993ع ۾، ايران سامونڊي علائقن تي هڪ جامع قانون نافذ ڪيو. جنهن جون دفعات گڏيل قومن جي ڪنوينشن (<small>UNCLOS</small>) جي دفعات سان ٽڪراءُ ڪن ٿيون، جنهن ۾ هڪ شرط شامل آهي ته جنگي جهاز، آبدوزون ۽ ايٽمي طاقت وارا جهاز ايران جي علائقائي پاڻين مان گذرڻ کان اڳ اجازت حاصل ڪن. آمريڪا اومان ۽ ايران جي ڪنهن به دعويٰ کي تسليم نٿو ڪري ۽ انهن مان هر هڪ جي مخالفت ڪيو آهي.<ref name="Groves 20115">{{cite web|last=Groves|first=Steven|title=Accession to the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea Is Unnecessary to Secure U.S. Navigational Rights and Freedoms|website=The Heritage Foundation|url=http://www.heritage.org/defense/report/accession-the-un-convention-the-law-the-sea-unnecessary-secure-us-navigational|date=24 August 2011|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517153730/https://www.heritage.org/defense/report/accession-the-un-convention-the-law-the-sea-unnecessary-secure-us-navigational|url-status=unfit}}</ref> ==پيٽرول جي واپار جو رستو== [[File:Volume of crude oil and condensate transported through the Strait of Hormuz in 2014 through 2018 (48097330906).png|thumb|upright=1.4|سال 2014-2018ع ۾ اصل ۽ منزل جي لحاظ کان تيل جو واپار]] سال <small>2023-2025</small>ع دوران، دنيا جي مائع قدرتي گئس جو %<small>20</small> ۽ پيٽرول جو %<small>25</small> واپار هرمز گذرگاهه مان گذريو، جيڪا واپار لاءِ ان جي اهم مقام کي ظاهر ڪري ٿو.<ref name="eia-20120104" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=World Oil Transit Chokepoints|url=https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/special_topics/World_Oil_Transit_Chokepoints/wotc.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723221931/http://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/special_topics/World_Oil_Transit_Chokepoints/wotc.pdf|archive-date=23 July 2015|access-date=13 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":4"/> آمريڪي توانائي انفارميشن ايڊمنسٽريشن جي مطابق (2011 ۾) روزانو سراسري طور تي 14 ٽينڪر فارس جي نار مان 17 ملين بيرل (27,00,000 ڪعبي ميٽر) خام تيل کڻي گذرندا هئا. انهن خام تيل جي برآمدات مان %<small>85</small> کان وڌيڪ روزاني بنيادن تي ايشيائي مارڪيٽن ڏانهن ويندا هئا، جنهن ۾ جاپان، ڀارت، ڏکڻ ڪوريا ۽ چين سڀ کان وڏيون منزلون هيون.<ref name="USEIA013">{{cite web|url=http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/156265/|title=Strait of Hormuz|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth|author=Alejandra Roman & Administration|access-date=2 June 2015|archive-date=5 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405131935/http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/156265/|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>2018</small>ع ۾، سال <small>2019</small>ع جي قيمتن تي <small>1.2</small> ارب ڊالر جي ماليت جو تيل گذرگاهه مان روزانو <small>21</small> ملين بيرل جي مقدار ۾ گذريو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R2shPOThjIQ|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/R2shPOThjIQ|archive-date=17 November 2021|url-status=live|title=The Strait of Hormuz Explained|website=[[YouTube]]|date=31 October 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref> جيڪڏهن هرمز گذرگاهه ذريعي تيل جي رسد هڪ ڊگهي عرصي تائين خاص طور تي متاثر ٿئي تي، ته اها ڀارت ۽ چين جهڙن وڏن ايشيائي درآمد ڪندڙن لاءِ تيل جي فراهمي جو هڪ وڏو بحران پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿو.<ref>Le Monde. (2026, March 3). Asian oil imports threatened as traffic halts in the Strait of Hormuz. https://www.lemonde.fr/en/economy/article/2026/03/03/asian-oil-imports-threatened-as-traffic-halts-in-the-strait-of-hormuz_6751055_19.html</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/israel-iran-usa-war-asian-countries-most-at-risk-from-oil-gas-supply-disruptions-in-strait-of-hormuz-research-group/articleshow/128947545.cms?utm_source=chatgpt.com|work=Economic Times}}</ref> ==واقعا== [[File:Strait of Hormuz from 35,000 Feet.jpg|thumb|upright|<small>10,668</small> ميٽر (<small>35,000</small> فوٽ) جي بلندي تي هڪ هوائي جهاز مان نظر ايندڙ هرمز گذرگاهه. [[اومان]] جي مسندم گورنريٽ پيش منظر ۾ ]] === ٽينڪر جنگ === {{Main|ٽينڪرن جي جنگ}} ايران-عراق جنگ جو ٽينڪرن جي جنگ جو مرحلو هن وقت شروع ٿيو،<ref name="efraimkarsh2">{{cite book|last=Karsh|first=Efraim|title=The Iran–Iraq War: 1980–1988|url=https://archive.org/details/iraniraqwar00kars|url-access=limited|pages=[https://archive.org/details/iraniraqwar00kars/page/n3 1]–8, 12–16, 19–82|publisher=Osprey Publishing|date=25 April 2002|isbn=978-1-84176-371-2}}</ref> جڏهن [[عراق]] 1984ع جي شروعات ۾ ايران جي خارگ ٻيٽ تي تيل جي ٽرمينل ۽ تيل جي ٽينڪرن تي حملو ڪيو.<ref>{{cite web|title=Strait of Hormuz – Tanker War|url=https://www.strausscenter.org/strait-of-hormuz-tanker-war/|access-date=6 August 2021|website=The Strauss Center|language=en-US|archive-date=6 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806115032/https://www.strausscenter.org/strait-of-hormuz-tanker-war/|url-status=live}}</ref> صدام حسين جو ايراني شپنگ تي حملو ڪرڻ جو مقصد، ٻين شين جي وچ ۾، ايران کي انتهائي قدمن سان جوابي ڪارروائي ڪرڻ لاءِ اڀارڻ هو،جيئن ته هو هرمز جي گذرگاهه کي سڀني سامونڊي ٽرئفڪ لاءِ بند ڪري ڇڏي ۽ ان ڪري آمريڪي مداخلت کي آڻڻ جو موقعو ملي.<ref name="efraimkarsh3">{{cite book|last=Karsh|first=Efraim|title=The Iran–Iraq War: 1980–1988|url=https://archive.org/details/iraniraqwar00kars|url-access=limited|pages=[https://archive.org/details/iraniraqwar00kars/page/n3 1]–8, 12–16, 19–82|publisher=Osprey Publishing|date=25 April 2002|isbn=978-1-84176-371-2}}</ref> پر ايران عراقي شپنگ تي انتقامي حملي کي محدود ڪيو ۽ گذرگاهه کي بند نه ڪيو.<ref name="efraimkarsh4">{{cite book|last=Karsh|first=Efraim|title=The Iran–Iraq War: 1980–1988|url=https://archive.org/details/iraniraqwar00kars|url-access=limited|pages=[https://archive.org/details/iraniraqwar00kars/page/n3 1]–8, 12–16, 19–82|publisher=Osprey Publishing|date=25 April 2002|isbn=978-1-84176-371-2}}</ref> === آپريشن پرئينگ مينٽس === {{Main|آپريشن پرئينگ مينٽس}} آپريشن پرائينگ مينٽس <small>18</small> اپريل <small>1988</small>ع تي ايران-عراق جنگ دوران فارس جي نار ۾ بين الاقوامي پاڻين ۾ ايراني سامونڊي بارودي سرنگن جي تنصيب ۽ پوء هڪ آمريڪي جنگي جهاز کي نقصان پهچائڻ جي بدلي ۾ ايراني علائقائي پاڻين اندر آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجن پاران حملو ڪيو ويو. آمريڪي نيوي ڪيترن ئي سطحي جنگي جهازن جي گروپن سان گڏ، هوائي جهاز ڪيريئر يو ايس ايس انٽرپرائز جي جهازن ۽ ان جي ڪروزر اسڪارٽ، يو ايس ايس ٽرڪسٽن سان حملو ڪيو. حملي جي شروعات ٻن سطحي گروپن جي مربوط حملي سان ٿي. === ايران ايئر جي فلائيٽ 655 کي ڪيرائڻ === {{Main|ايران ايئر جي فلائيٽ 655}} 3 جولاءِ 1988ع تي، 290 ماڻهو مارجي ويا جڏهن هڪ ايران ايئر ايئربس A300 کي آمريڪي بحريه جي گائيڊڊ ميزائل ڪروزر يو ايس ايس ونسنس (سي جي-49) پاران آبنائي تي گولي هڻي ماريو ويو جڏهن ان کي غلط طور تي جيٽ فائٽر طور سڃاتو ويو هو. === ٽڪراءُ === {{Main|يو ايس ايس هارٽ فورڊ ۽ يو ايس ايس نيو اورلينز جو ٽڪراء }} جنوري، <small>2007</small>ع ۾، ايٽمي آبدوز يو ايس ايس نيوپورٽ نيوز آبنائي جي ڏکڻ ۾ <small>3,00,000</small> ٽن جاپاني پرچم واري خام تيل جي ٽينڪر ايم وي سان ٽڪرائجي وئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hamptonroads.com/node/205951|title=Navy says speed of tanker sucked submarine up to surface|publisher=The Virginian Pilot|date=10 January 2007|first=Jack|last=Dorsey|access-date=29 December 2007|archive-date=16 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016040536/http://hamptonroads.com/node/205951|url-status=dead}}</ref> ڪو به زخمي نه ٿيو ۽ ڪو به تيل نه لٿو. 20 مارچ <small>2009</small>ع تي، آمريڪي نيوي جي <small>'''يو ايس ايس هارٽ فورڊ'''</small> آبنائي ۾ <small>'''يو ايس ايس نيو اورلينز'''</small> سان ٽڪرائجي وئي. ٽڪراءُ جي سبب <small>'''يو ايس ايس نيو اورلينز'''</small> جو هڪ فيول ٽينڪ ڦاٽي پيو، جنهن مان <small>25,000</small> آمريڪي گيلن (<small>95</small> ڪيوبڪ ميٽر) ڊيزل ٻارڻ نڪري ويو.<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Navy vessels in Bahrain for evaluation after collision|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2009-03-20/world/navy.vessels.collide_1_marine-diesel-fuel-navy-amphibious-ship-persian-gulf?_s=PM:WORLD|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=20 March 2009|access-date=8 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113153818/http://articles.cnn.com/2009-03-20/world/navy.vessels.collide_1_marine-diesel-fuel-navy-amphibious-ship-persian-gulf?_s=PM%3AWORLD|archive-date=13 January 2012}}</ref> === ايراني نيوي جا حادثه === مئي <small>2020</small>ع ۾، ايران هڪ دوستانه فائر حادثي ۾ پنهنجي ئي هڪ جهاز تي ميزائل فائر ڪيا، جن ۾ <small>19</small> ملاح مارجي ويا.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mobile.twitter.com/rafsanchez/status/1259776878484873220|title=Twitter|website=mobile.twitter.com|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=31 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831172416/https://mobile.twitter.com/rafsanchez/status/1259776878484873220|url-status=live}}</ref> 2 جون <small>2021</small>ع تي، ايراني بحري فوج جو هڪ تبديل ٿيل اول ڪلاس ريپلينشمينٽ آئلر، آئرس خارگ، باهه لڳڻ کان پوءِ هرمز گذرگاهه ۾ ٻڏي ويو. اهو بحري فوج جو سڀ کان وڏو جهاز هو.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-06-02/iran-navy-ship-catches-fire-gulf-of-oman/100186272|title=Iranian navy's largest warship catches fire and sinks in Gulf of Oman|date=2 June 2021|access-date=13 June 2021|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613053754/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-06-02/iran-navy-ship-catches-fire-gulf-of-oman/100186272|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Iranian ship seizures=== {{see also|Maersk#Business with Iran}}{{See also|Iranian seizure of the MSC Aries}} On 28 April 2015, [[Navy of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|IRGCN]] patrol boats contacted the [[Marshall Islands]]–flagged [[container ship]] ''[[MV Maersk Tigris|Maersk Tigris]]'', which was westbound through the strait, and directed the ship to proceed further into Iranian territorial waters, according to a spokesman for the U.S. Defense Department. When the ship's master declined, one of the Iranian craft fired shots across the bridge of ''Maersk Tigris''. The captain complied and proceeded into Iranian waters near Larak Island. The U.S. Navy sent aircraft and a destroyer, [[USS Farragut (DDG-99)|USS ''Farragut'']], to monitor the situation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran seizes commercial ship, U.S. forces respond |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/04/28/politics/iran-seizes-commercial-ship-u-s-official-says-no-americans-on-board |publisher=CNN |date=28 April 2015 |access-date=28 April 2015 |archive-date=28 April 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150428160202/http://www.cnn.com/2015/04/28/politics/iran-seizes-commercial-ship-u-s-official-says-no-americans-on-board/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Maersk]] says it agreed to pay an Iranian company $163,000 after an Iranian court ruling over a dispute about 10 container boxes transported to Dubai in 2005. An appeal court raised the fine to $3.6 million.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/iran-usa-ship-idUSL5N0XR37520150430 |title=Maersk insists on release of ship and crew seized by Iran |publisher=Reuters |date=30 April 2015 |access-date=2 July 2017 |archive-date=16 October 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151016040537/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/04/30/iran-usa-ship-idUSL5N0XR37520150430 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 4 January 2021, the [[Tasnim News Agency]] reported that a South Korea–flagged oil vessel headed from [[Saudi Arabia]] to the [[United Arab Emirates]] was seized for allegedly causing pollution violations. The ship was said to be carrying roughly 7,000 tons of ethanol. South Korea refused to comment on the accusation of causing oil pollution in the Strait of Hormuz. The ship, ''Hankuk Chemi'', was headed to the UAE port Fujairah after loading oil from Jubail, Saudi Arabia on 2 January 2021, as per ship-tracking data gathered by Bloomberg.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-04/iran-says-it-has-seized-an-oil-tanker-in-persian-gulf?srnd=markets-vp |title=Iran Seizes Ship, Ramps Up Enrichment as Gulf Tensions Mount |access-date=4 January 2021 |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |date=4 January 2021}}</ref> In April 2024, the Iranian Navy seized<ref>{{cite news |last=Motamedi |first=Maziar |date=13 April 2024 |title=Iran's IRGC seizes 'Israeli-linked' ship near Strait of Hormuz |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/13/irans-irgc-seizes-israeli-linked-ship-near-strait-of-hormuz |access-date=13 April 2024 |work=Al Jazzera |archive-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416031240/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/13/irans-irgc-seizes-israeli-linked-ship-near-strait-of-hormuz |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Iranian seizure of the MSC Aries|MSC Aries]]'', a [[Portugal|Portuguese]]-[[Ensign (flag)|flagged]] container ship sailing through the [[Gulf of Oman]] off the UAE coast of the Emirati port city of [[Fujairah]], then steered the container ship through the strait, with 25 personnel on board, claiming that it had violated maritime laws.<ref name="Reuters">{{cite news |date=15 April 2024 |title=Iran says MSC Aries vessel seized for 'violating maritime laws' |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-says-msc-aries-vessel-seized-violating-maritime-laws-2024-04-15/ |access-date=18 April 2024 |work=Reuters |archive-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20240416045358/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-says-msc-aries-vessel-seized-violating-maritime-laws-2024-04-15/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The crew of 25 included 17 Indian nationals, Filipinos, Pakistanis, a Russian, and an Estonian.<ref name="EconTimes"/> === Iranian preparations to mine the strait === As of 2019, the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency estimated that Iran possessed over 5,000 naval mines capable of rapid deployment via high-speed boats.<ref name=":3"/> In June 2025, it was reported that U.S. intelligence detected, possibly through satellite imagery or human informants, that Iranian military forces loaded naval mines onto vessels in the Persian Gulf, an act which was interpreted as a preliminary step to blockading the strait.<ref name=":3" /> The mines were ultimately not deployed, though their presence raised alarms in Washington about Tehran's intent to escalate the conflict. It is unclear whether the mines were later removed.<ref name=":3" /> ===U.S.–Iran disputes, threats to close the Strait=== ====2008==== {{Main|2008 Iran–United States naval dispute}} Naval stand-offs between Iranian speedboats and U.S. warships in the strait occurred in December 2007 and January 2008. U.S. officials accused Iran of harassing and provoking their naval vessels, but Iran denied the allegations. On 14 January, U.S. Navy officials appeared to contradict the Pentagon version of the 16 January event, in which the Pentagon had reported that U.S. vessels had almost fired on approaching Iranian boats. The Navy's regional commander, Vice Admiral Kevin Cosgriff, said the Iranians had "neither anti-ship missiles nor torpedoes" and he "wouldn't characterize the posture of the [[United States Fifth Fleet|US 5th Fleet]] as afraid of these small boats".<ref>{{cite news |title=A game of chicken in the, Persian Gulf |first=David |last=Isenberg |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/JA10Ak05.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514013222/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/JA10Ak05.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=14 May 2008 |newspaper=[[Asia Times Online]] |date=10 January 2008 |access-date=8 January 2012 |accessdate=19 March 2026 |archivedate=14 May 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514013222/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/JA10Ak05.html }}</ref> On 29 June, the commander of [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]], [[Mohammad Ali Jafari]], said that if either [[Israel]] or the U.S. attacked Iran, it would seal off the strait to wreak havoc in the oil markets. Cosgriff warned that such Iranian action would be considered an act of war, and the U.S. would not allow Iran to hold hostage a third of the world's oil supply.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,374905,00.html |title=U.S. Navy Commander Warns Iran: Don't Try Closing Gulf Oil Passageway |publisher=Fox News |date=2 July 2008 |access-date=2 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020081555/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,374905,00.html |archive-date=20 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> On 8 July, Ali Shirazi, a mid-level clerical aide to Iranian supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]], was quoted telling the Revolutionary Guards, "The Zionist regime is pressuring White House officials to attack Iran. If they commit such a stupidity, [[Tel Aviv]] and U.S. shipping in the Persian Gulf will be Iran's first targets and they will be burned."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-attack-usa-idUSLYO82850220080708 |title=Iran to "hit Tel Aviv, U.S. ships" if attacked |publisher=[[Reuters]] |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=8 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317104538/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-attack-usa-idUSLYO82850220080708 |archive-date=17 March 2016}}</ref> In the last week of July, in Operation Brimstone,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=38478 |title=JTFEX 08-4 "Operation Brimstone" Flexes Allied Force Training |publisher=US Navy |date=15 July 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008 |archive-date=22 July 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080722011927/http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=38478 |url-status=dead}}</ref> dozens of U.S., and naval ships from other countries, came to undertake joint exercises for possible military activity in the shallow waters off the coast of Iran. By 11 August, more than 40 U.S. and allied ships were en route to the strait.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.debka.com/headline.php?hid=5499 |title=Three major US naval strike forces due this week in Persian Gulf |publisher=Debkafile |date=11 August 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008 |archive-date=1 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091201062308/http://www.debka.com/headline.php?hid=5499 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ====2011–12==== {{main|2011–2012 Strait of Hormuz dispute}} On 27{{nbsp}}December, 2011, Iranian vice president [[Mohammad Reza Rahimi]] threatened to cut off oil supply from the strait should economic sanctions limit, or cut off, Iranian oil exports.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 December 2011 |title=Oil jumps over 2% as Iran threatens supplies |url=https://money.cnn.com/2011/12/27/markets/oil_iran/index.htm?hpt=hp_t2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918122445/https://money.cnn.com/2011/12/27/markets/oil_iran/index.htm?hpt=hp_t2 |archive-date=18 September 2020 |access-date=3 August 2020 |work=CNN}}</ref> A [[United States Fifth Fleet|U.S.{{nbsp}}Fifth Fleet]] spokeswoman said the Fleet was "always ready to counter malevolent actions", whilst Admiral [[Habibollah Sayyari]] of the [[Islamic Republic of Iran Navy|Iran Navy]] claimed cutting off oil shipments would be "easy".<ref>{{cite news |title=US warns Iran over threat to block oil route |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16348633 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=28 December 2011 |access-date=8 January 2012 |archive-date=7 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107061545/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16348633 |url-status=live}}</ref> Despite an initial 2%{{nbsp}}rise in oil prices, markets ultimately did not react significantly to Iran's threat, with oil analyst Thorbjoern Bak Jensen concluding "they cannot stop the flow for a longer period due to the amount of U.S.{{nbsp}}hardware in the area".<ref>{{cite news |last=Gibbons |first=Robert |date=28 December 2011 |title=Oil falls on dollar's rise, Wall Street pullback |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-markets-oil-idUSTRE7AD06820111228 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108003919/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/12/28/us-markets-oil-idUSTRE7AD06820111228 |archive-date=8 January 2012 |access-date=8 January 2012 |work=Reuters}}</ref> [[File:Flickr - Official U.S. Navy Imagery - USS Porter transits the Strait of Hormuz..jpg|thumb|The [[Guided-missile#Guidance systems|guided-missile]] [[destroyer]] {{USS|Porter|DDG-78|6}} transits the Strait of Hormuz in May 2012. ''Porter'' is deployed to the [[U.S. 5th Fleet]].]] On 3{{nbsp}}January, 2012, Iran threatened to take action if the U.S.{{nbsp}}Navy moved an aircraft carrier back into the Persian Gulf. Iranian Army chief [[Ataollah Salehi]] said the U.S. had moved a carrier out of the Persian Gulf because of Iran's naval exercises, and Iran would take action if the ship returned. "Iran will not repeat its warning{{nbsp}}... the enemy's carrier has been moved to the [[Gulf of Oman]] because of our drill. I recommend and emphasize to the American carrier not to return to the Persian Gulf", he said.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=3 January 2012 |title=Iran threatens U.S. Navy as sanctions hit economy |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-usa-idUSTRE80208P20120103 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924161340/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/01/03/us-iran-usa-idUSTRE80208P20120103 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=8 January 2012 |work=Reuters}}</ref> U.S.{{nbsp}}Navy spokesman Commander Bill Speaks responded that deployment of U.S.{{nbsp}}military assets would continue as has been the custom stating: "The U.S.{{nbsp}}Navy operates under international maritime conventions to maintain a constant state of high vigilance in order to ensure the continued, safe flow of maritime traffic in waterways critical to global commerce."<ref>{{cite news |date=3 January 2012 |title=Iran nuclear crisis: Sanctions 'beginning to bite' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16396345 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107061802/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16396345 |archive-date=7 January 2012 |access-date=8 January 2012 |work=BBC News}}</ref> While earlier statements from Iran had little effect on oil markets, coupled with new sanctions, later comments drove crude futures higher, up over{{nbsp}}4%. Pressure on prices reflected a combination of uncertainty driven further by China's response – reducing oil January 2012 purchases from Iran by{{nbsp}}50% compared to 2011.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} By January 2012, U.S.-led sanctions began to show economic effects, as the Iranian currency lost 12%{{nbsp}}of its value. Further pressure on Iranian currency was added by French Foreign Minister [[Alain Juppé]] who was quoted as calling for more "strict sanctions" and urged EU countries to follow the{{nbsp}}U.S. in freezing Iranian central bank assets and imposing an embargo on oil exports.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ca.news.yahoo.com/video/us-22424932/state-department-iran-is-feeling-the-pressure-27769481.html |title=State Department: Iran is feeling the pressure |publisher=Yahoo! News |date=3 January 2012 |access-date=24 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120109123059/http://ca.news.yahoo.com/video/us-22424932/state-department-iran-is-feeling-the-pressure-27769481.html |archive-date=9 January 2012}}</ref> On 9{{nbsp}}January, 2012, Iranian Defense Minister [[Ahmad Vahidi]] denied that Iran had ever claimed it would close the strait, saying that "Iran is the most important provider of security in the Strait{{nbsp}}... if one threatens the security of the Persian Gulf, then all are threatened."<ref>{{cite web |title=Iran and the Strait of Hormuz |url=http://subyraman.com/iran-and-the-strait-of-hormuz/ |work=Tabeer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729233754/http://subyraman.com/iran-and-the-strait-of-hormuz/ |archive-date=29 July 2013}}</ref> Iran's Foreign Ministry confirmed on 16{{nbsp}}January it had received a letter from the U.S.; authorities were considering whether to reply, although the contents of the letter were not divulged.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2012/01/16/iran-studying-hormuz-letter-warns-gulf-producers.html |title=News Headlines |publisher=[[CNBC]] |date=16 January 2012 |access-date=24 January 2012 |archive-date=3 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203154827/http://www.cnbc.com/id/46010868 |url-status=live}}</ref> The U.S. had previously announced its intention to warn Iran that closing the strait is a "red line" that would provoke an American response.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/13/world/middleeast/us-warns-top-iran-leader-not-to-shut-strait-of-hormuz.html |work=The New York Times |first1=Elisabeth |last1=Bumiller |first2=Eric |last2=Schmitt |first3=Thom |last3=Shanker |title=U.S. Warns Top Iran Leader Not to Shut Strait of Hormuz |date=12 January 2012 |access-date=28 February 2017 |archive-date=21 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421031218/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/13/world/middleeast/us-warns-top-iran-leader-not-to-shut-strait-of-hormuz.html |url-status=live}}</ref> General [[Martin Dempsey]], the [[chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]], said the U.S. would "take action and re-open the Strait", which could be accomplished only by military means, including minesweepers, warship escorts and potentially airstrikes. U.S. defense secretary [[Leon Panetta]] told troops that the U.S. would not tolerate Iran closing the strait. Nevertheless, Iran continued to discuss the impact of shutting the strait on oil markets, saying any disruption of supply would cause a shock "no country" could manage.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-01-16/oil-climbs-from-four-week-low-as-iran-warns-of-hormuz-supply-disruption.html |work=Bloomberg |first=Grant |last=Smith |title=Oil Climbs From Four-Week Low as Iran Warns of Hormuz Supply Disruption |date=16 January 2012 |access-date=11 March 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140202173554/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-01-16/oil-climbs-from-four-week-low-as-iran-warns-of-hormuz-supply-disruption.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:CVN 69 transits the Strait of Hormuz (28465403076).jpg|thumb|A [[U.S. Navy]] convoy in the strait in July 2016]] By 23{{nbsp}}January, a [[flotilla]] had been established by countries opposing Iran's threats to close the strait.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran: Flotilla of Warships Sent Through Strait of Hormuz Heightens Tensions |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/01/23/iran-flotilla-of-warships_n_1222734.html?ref=uk |work=HuffPost |date=23 January 2012 |access-date=24 January 2012 |archive-date=25 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125213304/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/01/23/iran-flotilla-of-warships_n_1222734.html?ref=uk |url-status=live}}</ref> These ships operated in the Persian Gulf and [[Arabian Sea]] off the coast of Iran. The flotilla included three American aircraft carriers, three destroyers, seven British warships, including the destroyer {{HMS|Daring|D32|6}}<ref>{{Cite news |title=Royal Navy sends its mightiest ship to take on the Iranian show of force in the Gulf |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/8997956/Royal-Navy-sends-its-mightiest-ship-to-take-on-the-Iranian-show-of-force-in-the-Gulf.html |archive-url= https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/8997956/Royal-Navy-sends-its-mightiest-ship-to-take-on-the-Iranian-show-of-force-in-the-Gulf.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |last=Harding |first=Thomas |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=6 January 2012 |access-date=8 January 2012 |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=HMS Daring to head for the Gulf |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ukpress/article/ALeqM5i7M_kVZAIV-1CSF6rnljPJ6eHnyg?docId=N0842061325887459210A |agency=[[Press Association]] |date=7 January 2012 |access-date=8 January 2012}}{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> and four [[Type 23 frigate|Type{{nbsp}}23]] frigates, and the French frigate ''[[French frigate La Motte-Picquet|La Motte-Picquet]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran: EU oil sanctions 'unfair' and 'doomed to fail' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-16693484 |publisher=BBC News |date=23 January 2012 |access-date=24 January 2012 |archive-date=23 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123205402/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-16693484 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 24{{nbsp}}January, tensions rose further after the [[European Union]] imposed sanctions on Iranian oil. A member of Iran's parliament said, "If any disruption happens regarding the sale of Iranian oil, the Strait{{nbsp}}... will definitely be closed".<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran threatens to close Strait of Hormuz over EU oil sanctions |first=David |last=Blair |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iran/9032948/Iran-threatens-to-close-Strait-of-Hormuz-over-EU-oil-sanctions.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iran/9032948/Iran-threatens-to-close-Strait-of-Hormuz-over-EU-oil-sanctions.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=23 January 2012 |access-date=27 January 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ====2018 and 2019==== In July 2018, Iran again made threats to close the strait, citing looming American sanctions after the U.S. [[United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|withdrew]] from the [[JCPOA]] deal.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dehghan |first=Saeed Kamali |title=Iran threatens to block Strait of Hormuz over US oil sanctions |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/05/iran-retaliate-us-oil-threats-eu-visit-hassan-rouhani-trump |work=the Guardian |date=5 July 2018 |access-date=6 July 2018 |archive-date=10 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610150147/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/05/iran-retaliate-us-oil-threats-eu-visit-hassan-rouhani-trump |url-status=live}}</ref> In August, Iran test-fired a ballistic missile. According to the officials, the anti-ship [[Fateh-110]] Mod 3 flew over 100 miles on a flight path over the strait to a test range in the Iranian desert. "It was shore-to-shore", said a U.S. official.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran test-fires ballistic missile for first time in 2018, officials say |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/iran-test-fires-ballistic-missile-for-first-time-in-2018-officials-say |access-date=12 August 2018 |work=FoxNews |archive-date=12 August 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180812014647/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2018/08/10/iran-test-fires-ballistic-missile-for-first-time-in-2018-officials-say.html |url-status=live}}</ref> On 22 April 2019, the U.S. ended the oil waivers, which had allowed some of Iran's customers to import Iranian oil, without risking financial penalties as part of U.S. economic sanctions. Al Jazeera quoted Major-General [[Mohammad Bagheri (general)|Mohammad Bagheri]] of the Iranian Armed Forces, stating "We are not after closing the Strait of Hormuz but if the hostility of the enemies increases, we will be able to do so...<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/insidestory/2019/04/iran-close-strait-hormuz-190429190841982.html] "Can Iran close the Strait of Hormuz?". Aljazeera, 2019.</ref> If our oil does not pass, the oil of others shall not pass the Strait of Hormuz either".<ref name="Al1">{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/iran-business-usual-strait-hormuz-blacklisting-190428133314213.html|title=Iran: Business as usual in Strait of Hormuz after blacklisting|work=News Agencies|via=Aljazeera|date=April 28, 2019|archive-date=25 February 2020|access-date=28 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225193043/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/iran-business-usual-strait-hormuz-blacklisting-190428133314213.html|url-status=dead}}.</ref> ==== 2019 attacks on oil tankers ==== Iran has persistently attacked vessels and seized ships amidst political issues.<ref name="EconTimes">{{cite news |date=14 April 2024 |title=17 Indians among 25 crew on ship seized by Iran; India in touch with Iran to secure release of Indians |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/17-indians-among-25-crew-on-ship-seized-by-iran-india-in-touch-with-iranian-authorities-say-sources/articleshow/109273322.cms? |access-date=18 April 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240418175349/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/17-indians-among-25-crew-on-ship-seized-by-iran-india-in-touch-with-iranian-authorities-say-sources/articleshow/109273322.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=US Navy says it prevented Iran from seizing tankers in Gulf of Oman |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/shots-fired-oil-tanker-gulf-maritime-security-bodies-2023-07-05/ |access-date=18 April 2024 |work=Reuters |date=6 July 2023}}</ref> On 13 June 2019, the oil tankers ''Front Altair'' and ''Kokuka Courageous'' were rocked by explosions shortly before dawn; the crew of the latter reported seeing a flying object strike the ship. They were rescued by the destroyer {{USS|Bainbridge|DDG-96|6}} while the crew of the ''Front Altair'' were rescued by Iranian ships. U.S. secretary of state [[Mike Pompeo]] issued a statement accusing Iran of the attacks, Iran denied this calling it a [[False flag|false-flag attack]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/13/world/middleeast/oil-tanker-attack-gulf-oman.html |title=Tankers Are Attacked in Mideast, and U.S. Says Video Shows Iran Was Involved |last1=Kirkpatrick |first1=David D. |date=13 June 2019 |work=The New York Times |access-date=14 June 2019 |last2=Pérez-Peña |first2=Richard |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |last3=Reed |first3=Stanley |archive-date=13 June 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190613232616/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/13/world/middleeast/oil-tanker-attack-gulf-oman.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2019, a Stena Bulk Tanker, ''Stena Impero'', sailing under a British flag, was boarded and captured by Iranian forces.<ref>{{cite news |title=Latvian citizen on board of British tanker seized by Iran |url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/diplomacy/latvian-citizen-on-board-of-british-tanker-seized-by-iran.a326350/ |access-date=2 August 2019 |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting of Latvia|Latvian Public Broadcasting]] |date=22 July 2019 |archive-date=30 July 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190730114719/https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/diplomacy/latvian-citizen-on-board-of-british-tanker-seized-by-iran.a326350/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The spokesman for Iran's Guardian Council, Abbas Ali Kadkhodaei, was quoted as describing the seizure as a "reciprocal action". This was presumed to be in reference to the seizure of an Iranian tanker, ''[[Grace 1]]'', bound for Syria in [[Gibraltar]] a few days prior.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apnews.com/6c36f5aa1ba942569e5efcfd48e33324 |title=Iran says its seizure of British ship a 'reciprocal' move |date=21 July 2019 |website=AP News |access-date=5 January 2020 |archive-date=9 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209220320/https://apnews.com/6c36f5aa1ba942569e5efcfd48e33324 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, France deployed about 600 troops at sea and in the air under the CTF474 to protect maritime trade, regional business, and to ease local tensions. Since the first week of April 2020, the operation combines the Dutch frigate Ruyter, the French frigate Forbin, and one French airplane ATLANTIC2 (ATL2).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Costa |first1=George |title=French ATL2 joins Operation AGENOR in the Strait of Hormuz |url=https://internationalinsider.org/french-atl2-joins-operation-agenor-in-the-strait-of-hormuz/ |website=International Insider |date=12 April 2020 |access-date=13 April 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200807135639/https://internationalinsider.org/french-atl2-joins-operation-agenor-in-the-strait-of-hormuz/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==== 2025 ==== {{main|2025 Iran threat of Strait of Hormuz closure}} On 14 June, Iran reportedly issued a threat to block the strait in response to Israeli attacks targeting its military and nuclear infrastructure.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Altman |first=Howard |date=14 June 2025 |title=Could Iran Carry Out Its Threat To Shut Down The Strait Of Hormuz? |url=https://www.twz.com/news-features/could-iran-carry-out-its-threat-to-shut-the-strait-of-hormuz |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=The War Zone |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2025 |title=Oil settles up 7% as Israel, Iran trade air strikes |url=https://arab.news/z33b8 |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> The ''[[Financial Times]]'' reported that such action could cause oil prices to surge beyond the recent 7–14% increases, possibly exceeding $100 to $150 per barrel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2025 |title=Prediksi Harga Minyak Dunia Jika Iran Tutup Selat Hormuz |url=https://www.liputan6.com/bisnis/read/6059622/prediksi-harga-minyak-dunia-jika-iran-tutup-selat-hormuz?page=3 |access-date=24 June 2025 |website=Liputan6}}</ref> This would likely fuel global inflation and contribute to an economic downturn. Analysts emphasized the vulnerability of regional exporters, noting that "Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq and Iran are wholly locked into one tiny passage for exports." The strait handles 18-19 million barrels per day, nearly 20% of global oil consumption, including crude, condensates, and fuel.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Seba |first=Erwin |date=13 June 2025 |title=Oil settles up 7% as Israel, Iran trade air strikes |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/oil-prices-jump-more-than-4-after-israel-strikes-iran-2025-06-13/ |access-date=15 June 2025 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tett |first=Gillian |date=14 June 2025 |title=Oil in the new age of volatility |url=https://www.ft.com/content/1a5c8449-69b6-4be6-acce-11d4e273da6c |access-date=15 June 2025 |work=Financial Times}}</ref> Analysts have warned that Iran could suffer severe consequences from any attempt to block the strait. "Iran's economy heavily relies on the free passage of goods and vessels through the seaway, as its oil exports are entirely sea-based," analysts from JP Morgan explained. Closing the strait could strain Iran's crucial energy trade with China, its only major oil customer.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Wearden |first=Graeme |date=13 June 2025 |title=Oil surges after Israel's attack on Iran, risking 'stagflationary shock' – as it happened |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/live/2025/jun/13/oil-surges-stock-markets-dollar-airlines-israel-attack-iran-business-live |access-date=15 June 2025 |work=the Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio also warned Iran against attempting to shut down the strait, stating that such a move would be "economic suicide" for the Islamic Republic, as the waterway is vital for its exports.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2025 |title=Harga Minyak Mentah Justru Anjlok 7% Usai Iran Gempur Pangkalan Militer AS |url=https://www.liputan6.com/bisnis/read/6059865/harga-minyak-mentah-justru-anjlok-7-usai-iran-gempur-pangkalan-militer-as?page=4 |access-date=24 June 2025 |website=Liputan6}}</ref> On 17 June, two oil tankers collided in the strait, though reports did not suggest that this was a security-related incident.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ships collide in Hormuz Strait in shadow of Israel-Iran war |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/6/17/ships-collide-in-hormuz-strait-in-shadow-of-israel-iran-war |access-date=18 June 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> The vessels involved were the ''Front Eagle'', carrying crude oil from Iraq to China, and the ''Adalynn'', which was unladen and en route to the Suez Canal. Both caught fire on deck, but no oil spill occurred. All crew members aboard the ''Adalynn'' were safely evacuated by the UAE coast guard.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2025 |title=2 Kapal Tanker Minyak Tabrakan di Selat Hormuz, 24 Orang Dievakuasi |url=https://www.liputan6.com/global/read/6055549/2-kapal-tanker-minyak-tabrakan-di-selat-hormuz-24-orang-dievakuasi?page=2 |access-date=24 June 2025 |website=Liputan6}}</ref> After the [[United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites]] on 22 June, the [[Islamic Consultative Assembly|Iranian Parliament]] voted to close the strait.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2025 |title=Iran's top security body to decide on Hormuz closure after parliament approval |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2025/06/22/iranian-parliament-reportedly-approves-closing-hormuz-strait-media- |access-date=22 June 2025 |website=Al Arabiya English |language=en}}</ref> A final decision rests with Iran's [[Supreme National Security Council]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2025 |title=Parlemen Iran Sepakat Tutup Selat Hormuz Pasca Serangan Amerika? |url=https://www.liputan6.com/global/read/6059081/parlemen-iran-sepakat-tutup-selat-hormuz-pasca-serangan-amerika?page=2 |access-date=24 June 2025 |website=Liputan6}}</ref> Revolutionary Guards commander [[Esmaeil Kousari]] confirmed that shutting the strait would be executed "whenever necessary", to protect national [[sovereignty]] and deter further foreign aggression.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20250622-israel-iran-war-day-10-us-has-struck-three-iranian-nuclear-sites-usa-bombing |title=Live: US bases used to strike Iran are 'legitimate' targets, Khamenei's advisor says|date=22 June 2025|website=France 24|accessdate=22 June 2025}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last1=Cleave |first1=Iona |last2=Crilly |first2=Rob |last3=Smith |first3=Benedict |last4=Kelly |first4=Kieran |last5=Hymas |first5=Charles |last6=Henderson |first6=Cameron |date=22 June 2025 |title=US-Iran attack latest: Operation Midnight Hammer inflicted 'extreme damage and destruction' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2025/06/22/us-strikes-iran-latest-updates/ |access-date=22 June 2025 |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> The potential closure of the strait, through which 20% of the world's oil supply transits, would significantly disrupt global energy markets. Such a move could cause oil prices to increase and risk destabilizing the global economy, given the strait's critical role as a maritime chokepoint for crude oil, liquefied natural gas, and other [[petroleum product]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2025 |title=Iran to block Strait of Hormuz after US strikes. Why it matters |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/iran-parliament-approves-closure-of-strait-of-hormuz-a-key-oil-chokepoint-report-2744622-2025-06-22 |access-date=23 June 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> On 23 June 2025, [[Benchmark (crude oil)|oil prices]] were below $70 again (7% lower than on 20 June), indicating that the [[price of oil|oil market]] viewed the U.S. strikes, and Iran's response (the strait remaining open, and [[2025 Iranian strikes on Al Udeid Air Base]]), as inconsequential.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sheikhlar |first1=Shahriar |title=Oil Prices Crash After Iran Strikes U.S. Bases |url=https://oilprice.com/Energy/Oil-Prices/Oil-Prices-Crash-After-Iran-Strikes-US-Bases.html |website=OilPrice.com |language=en |date=23 June 2025}}</ref> ==== 2026 ==== {{Main|2026 Strait of Hormuz crisis}} {{See also|2026 Iran war}} Before the [[2026 Israeli–United States strikes on Iran]], [[Marine insurance|ship insurance]] for the strait increased from 0.125% to between 0.2% and 0.4% of the ship insurance value per transit. For very large oil tankers, this is an increase of a quarter of a million dollars.<ref name=waisn>{{cite web |title=AIS Ship Tracking in the Strait of Hormuz: Inside the Crisis Shutting Down Global Oil |url=https://www.worldwideais.org/post/strait-of-hormuz-ais-tracking-iran-crisis |website=Worldwide AIS Network |language=en |date=28 February 2026}}</ref> By 9 March, insurance rates were reported to have increased by four to six times over the previous week, and the U.S. government began to help insurers under the [[Terrorism Risk Insurance Act]].<ref name=cnbc-20260309>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2026/03/09/one-big-reason-ships-and-insurers-are-unwilling-to-risk-strait-of-hormuz.html |title=There's another big reason why shipping companies and insurers aren't willing to risk the Strait of Hormuz |last=Brewer |first=Contessa |publisher=CNBC News |date=9 March 2026 |access-date=11 March 2026}}</ref> On 28 February 2026, amid the [[2026 Iran war]] and after the [[Assassination of Ali Khamenei|assassination]] of Iranian supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]], [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|Iran's Revolutionary Guards]] began issuing {{abbrlink|VHF|very-high-frequency}} transmissions stating that ship passages through the Strait of Hormuz were "not allowed".<ref name=":5">{{cite news |title=Iran's revolutionary guards tell ships passage through Strait of Hormuz 'not allowed', EU naval mission official says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-revolutionary-guards-tell-ships-passage-through-strait-hormuz-not-allowed-2026-02-28/ |access-date=28 February 2026 |work=Reuters |date=28 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-28 |title=Iran: Ships' passage through Strait of Hormuz 'not allowed' |url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-888294 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |language=en |issn=0792-822X }}</ref> Although the closure is not legally binding, military and industry sources say that safety cannot be guaranteed, and many ships stayed in port or turned back,<ref>{{cite web |title=Iran closes Strait of Hormuz after US-Israel strikes, reports say |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-strait-of-hormuz-closed-oil-shipments-suspended-us-attack-b2929506.html |website=[[The Independent]] |language=en |date=28 February 2026}}</ref> while at least 17 oil tankers continued traveling through the strait.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oil Tankers Avoiding Vital Hormuz Strait After U.S. Bombs Iran {{!}} SupplyChainBrain |url=https://www.supplychainbrain.com/articles/43560-oil-tankers-avoiding-vital-hormuz-strait-after-us-bombs-iran |website=www.supplychainbrain.com |language=en |date=28 February 2026}}</ref> [[File:Strait of Hormuz Transits.webp|thumb|center|upright=1.5|Strait of Hormuz transits dropping away in early 2026.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://portwatch.imf.org/pages/cc317ba850e34c4dadbead6f7b336fb1 |title = Trade disruptions in the Strait of Hormuz due to attacks on commercial ships |website = PortWatch |publisher = International Monetary Fund |access-date = 14 March 2026 }}</ref>]] On 2 March, the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] officially confirmed that the strait of Hormuz was closed and that any ship that entered the strait was to be set on fire. This came after several reports of Iranian attacks on ships passing into the Strait of Hormuz.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Iran says will attack any ship trying to pass through Strait of Hormuz |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/2/iran-says-will-attack-any-ship-trying-to-pass-through-strait-of-hormuz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260309190408/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/2/iran-says-will-attack-any-ship-trying-to-pass-through-strait-of-hormuz |archive-date=2026-03-09 |access-date=2026-03-13 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> However, a few ships still passed the strait unharmed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Slav |first=Irina | date=6 March 2026 |title=Daily Ship Traffic in Strait of Hormuz Plummets From 138 to Just 2 |url=https://oilprice.com/Latest-Energy-News/World-News/Daily-Ship-Traffic-in-Strait-of-Hormuz-Plummets-From-138-to-Just-2.html |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=OilPrice.com |language=en}}</ref> The next day, U.S. president [[Donald Trump]] said that the [[U.S. Navy]] would begin to escort tankers through the strait "as soon as possible".<ref>https://www.bbc.com/audio/play/p0n4g9lw</ref> On 12 March, three cargo vessels were hit in the Strait of Hormuz. This came on the same day as the release of 400 million barrels of oil announced by the [[International Energy Agency]] (IEA).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-11 |title=Ships hit in Strait of Hormuz as countries agree to release emergency oil reserves |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cr5l988qr47o |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> It was also reported that Iran had deployed about a dozen mines in the Strait of Hormuz, halting the exports of oil and LNG.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-12 |title=Iran has laid about a dozen mines in Strait of Hormuz, sources say |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/middle-east/iran-has-laid-about-a-dozen-mines-in-strait-of-hormuz-sources-say |access-date=2026-03-12 |work=The Straits Times |language=en |issn=0585-3923}}</ref> On 15 March, after Iran announced it controlled the maritime waterway, Trump said that an alliance of European and Asian nations would send warships there to protect maritime interests. However, these nations rejected such a coalition and are seeking a diplomatic solution to the conflict.<ref>[https://www.newsweek.com/european-allies-talk-iran-seek-safe-passage-hormuz-report-11673758 "European Allies Talk With Iran to Seek Safe Passage Through Hormuz: Report"] ''newsweek.com''. Accessed 15 Mar 2026.</ref> Trump has warned that the planned summit with Chinese leader [[Xi Jinping]] may be at risk if [[China]] does not assist the U.S. in securing the Strait of Hormuz. This crucial waterway, through which 20% of global oil passes, is facing disruptions due to ongoing tensions between the U.S., Israel, and Iran. Trump emphasized that China, which relies on the strait for 90% of its energy imports, should share the responsibility of keeping it open, rather than leaving it solely to the U.S. to secure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=No help, no meeting: Trump warns Xi summit at risk if China doesn’t help keep Hormuz open |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/no-help-no-meeting-trump-warns-xi-summit-at-risk-if-china-doesnt-help-keep-hormuz-open-13989845.html|date=2026-03-16|website=Firstpost}}</ref> ==ايران جي گذرگاهه بند ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت== {{see also|ايران جي فوج}} ملينيم چئلينج 2002ع هڪ وڏي جنگي مشق هئي، جيڪا سال 2002ع ۾ آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجن پاران ڪئي وئي هئي. ان ۾ هڪ ملڪ (ممڪن طور تي ايران) پاران گذرگاهه کي بند ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش جي نقل ڪئي وئي هئي. مفروضا ۽ نتيجا متنازع هئا. ايران جي نقلي حڪمت عملي مادي طور تي اعليٰ آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجن کي شڪست ڏني.<ref name="CSmon02">{{cite web|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2012/0126/How-Iran-could-beat-up-on-America-s-superior-military|title=How Iran could beat up on America's superior military|last=Peterson|first=Scott|work=Christian Science Monitor|date=26 January 2012|access-date=25 February 2012|archive-date=17 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217154700/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2012/0126/How-Iran-could-beat-up-on-America-s-superior-military|url-status=live}}</ref> بين الاقوامي سيڪيورٽي ۾ 2008 جي هڪ مضمون ۾ دعويٰ ڪئي وئي هئي ته ايران هڪ مهيني لاءِ گذرگاهه ۾ ٽرئفڪ کي سيل ڪري سگهي ٿو يا روڪي سگهي ٿو ۽ آمريڪا پاران ان کي ٻيهر کولڻ جي ڪوشش تڪرار کي وڌائڻ جو سبب بڻجندو. <ref>[http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/18409/closing_time.html Closing Time: Assessing the Iranian Threat to the Strait of Hormuz] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821160546/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/18409/closing_time.html|date=21 August 2008}}, by Caitlin Talmadge, ''[[International Security]]'', Harvard Kennedy School</ref> پوء جي شماري ۾، جرنل هڪ جواب شايع ڪيو، جنهن ۾ اهم مفروضن تي سوال اٿاريو ۽ ٻيهر کولڻ لاءِ هڪ تمام مختصر وقت تجويز ڪيو.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=O'Neil|first1=William D.|last2=Talmadge|first2=Caitlin|title=Costs and Difficulties of Blocking the Strait of Hormuz|url=http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1162/isec.2009.33.3.190|url-status=live|journal=International Security|volume=33|issue=3|pages=190–198|year=2009|access-date=28 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423163156/https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1162/isec.2009.33.3.190|archive-date=23 April 2019|s2cid=18420122|hdl=1721.1/57443|hdl-access=free|doi=10.1162/isec.2009.33.3.190}}</ref> وڌيڪ اهو ته آبنائي ذريعي تيل جي برآمدات تي ايران جي پنهنجي انحصار جي ڪري. انهي سان گڏ درآمدات (پنهنجي طور تي تيل صاف ڪرڻ جي ناڪامي جي ڪري). آبنائي جي بندش ممڪن ناهي. درآمدات ۽ برآمدات لاءِ ايران جو آبنائي تي پنهنجو انحصار نه رڳو. اهو اشارو آهي. ته هڪ ڊگهي بندش ممڪن ناهي. پر واپار تي ان جي اتحادين جو انحصار پڻ. جيڪو ان مان وهندو آهي. اهڙي بندش جي لاجسٽڪ ناممڪنيت جو مشورو ڏئي ٿو. هڪ نيوڪلاسيڪل-حقيقت پسند تجزيو اسٽريٽ جي حوالي سان ايراني پاليسي کي "ٻٽي منهن" طور بيان ڪري ٿو. غير وجودي خطري واري ماحول ۾ تهران اسٽريٽ کي کليل رکڻ سان سيڪيورٽي فراهم ڪندڙ طور ڪم ڪرڻ جو رجحان رکي ٿو. جڏهن ته وجودي طور تي سمجهيل خطرن جي تحت اهو حساب ڪتاب وارا خطرا کڻندو آهي ۽ آبي رستي کي هڪ وسيع ڊيٽرنس ۽ برڪ مين شپ حڪمت عملي ۾ شامل ڪندو آهي. هي تشريح ايران کي هڪ رد عمل واري اداڪار جي طور تي پيش ڪري ٿي جيڪا رعايتون حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ مداخلت يا برڪ مين شپ کي استعمال ڪري ٿي. ۽ بين الاقوامي برادري کان ڊي-اسڪيليٽري قدمن کي متحرڪ ڪري ٿي. هي ادب پڻ زور ڏئي ٿو ته اسٽريٽ جي حوالي سان ايران جي حڪمت عملي پاڻي رستي تي ان جي پنهنجي انحصار جي ڪري محدود آهي. اهم ڀائيوارن، مادي حدن ۽ پابندين جي. جيڪو ان جي آزادي کي گهٽائي ٿو. خطرو کڻڻ ۽ مشورو ڏئي ٿو. ته ڪو به ڊگهو بندش ايران ۽ ان جي اتحادين لاءِ خاص طور تي نقصانڪار هوندو. ڊسمبر 2011ع ۾، ايران جي بحريه هرمز گذرگاهه سان گڏ بين الاقوامي پاڻين ۾ ڏهه ڏينهن جي مشق شروع ڪئي. ايراني ريئر ايڊمرل حبيب الله سياري چيو ته گذرگاهه کي مشق دوران بند نه ڪيو ويندو. ايراني فوجون آساني سان اهو ڪم ڪري سگهن ٿيون، پر اهڙو فيصلو سياسي سطح تي ٿيڻ گهرجي. پينٽاگون جي ترجمان، ڪئپٽن جان ڪربي جو ڊسمبر 2011ع ۾ حوالو ڏنو ويو جن ۾ چيو ويو هو ته "دنيا جي ان حصي ۾ تڪرار وڌائڻ جون ڪوششون غير مددگار ۽ غير پيداواري آهن. اسان جي طرفان، اسان مطمئن آهيون ته اسان وٽ خطي ۾ ڪافي صلاحيتون آهن ته اسان پنهنجن دوستن ۽ ڀائيوارن ۽ انهي سان گڏ بين الاقوامي برادري سان ڪيل واعدن جو احترام ڪري سگهون". بروڪنگس انسٽيٽيوٽ جي هڪ ماهر، سوزانئ مئلوني چيو ته "اميد اها آهي ته آمريڪي فوج ڪنهن به ايراني خطري کي نسبتاً جلدي حل ڪري سگهي ٿي." <ref name="cnbcAnalysis12">{{cite news|title=Hormuz Blockade: Not as Easy as Iran May Think|url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/45813538/Hormuz_Blockade_Not_as_Easy_as_Iran_May_Think|agency=Reuters|publisher=CNBC|date=29 December 2011|access-date=8 January 2012}}{{dead link|date=November 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> آمريڪا جو جوائنٽ چيفس آف اسٽاف جي چيئرمين، جنرل مارٽن ڊيمپسي، سال 2012 ۾ چيو هو ته ايران "سيڙپڪاري ڪئي آهي." Moreover, due to Iran's own dependence on oil exports through the strait as well as imports, (due to its inability to refine oil on its own) a closure of the strait is unlikely.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pham |first1=Peter J |title=Iran's threat to the strait of Hormuz: A realist assessment |journal=American Foreign Policy Interests |date=2010 |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=64–74 |doi=10.1080/10803921003697542 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233290417}}</ref> Not only Iran's own dependence on the strait for imports and exports is indicative that a prolonged closure is unlikely, but also the dependence of its allies on the trade that flows through it suggest the logistical infeasibility of such closure.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pham |first1=Peter J |title=Iran's Threat to the Strait of Hormuz: A Realist Assessment |journal=American Foreign Policy Interests |date=2010 |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=64–74 |doi=10.1080/10803921003697542 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233290417}}</ref> A [[neoclassical realism|neoclassical-realist]] analysis describes Iranian policy regarding the strait as "double-faced": in non-existential threat environments Tehran tends to act as a security provider by keeping the strait open, whereas under threats perceived as existential it takes calculated risks and incorporates the waterway into a wider [[deterrence theory|deterrence]] and [[brinkmanship]] strategy.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Divsallar |first1=Abdolrasool |title=Shifting Threats and Strategic Adjustment in Iran's Foreign Policy: The case of Strait of Hormuz |journal=British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies |date=2022 |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=873–895 |doi=10.1080/13530194.2021.1874873 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2021.1874873|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This interpretation portrays Iran as a reactive actor that employs interference or brinkmanship to gain concessions and trigger de‑escalatory measures from the international community.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Divsallar |first1=Abdolrasool |title=Shifting Threats and Strategic Adjustment in Iran's Foreign Policy: The case of Strait of Hormuz |journal=British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies |date=2022 |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=873–895 |doi=10.1080/13530194.2021.1874873 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2021.1874873|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This literature also emphasizes that Iran’s strategy with respect to the strait is constrained by its own reliance on the waterway, that of key partners, material limits and sanctions, which lowers its freedom to take risks and suggests that any prolonged closure would be particularly damaging for Iran itself and its allies.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Divsallar |first1=Abdolrasool |title=Shifting Threats and Strategic Adjustment in Iran's Foreign Policy: The case of Strait of Hormuz |journal=British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies |date=2022 |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=873–895 |doi=10.1080/13530194.2021.1874873 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2021.1874873|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pham |first1=Peter J. |title=Iran's Threat to the Strait of Hormuz: A Realist Assessment |journal=American Foreign Policy Interests |date=2010 |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=64–74 |doi=10.1080/10803921003697542 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10803921003697542|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Daozheng |last2=Wang |first2=Shun |last3=Loughney |first3=Sean |last4=Wang |first4=Jin |title=Evolutionary Game Model of Strategic Maritime Transport Passages: A Case of the Strait of Hormuz |journal=Journal of Marine Science and Engineering |date=2022 |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=346 |doi=10.3390/jmse10030346 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022JMSE...10..346H }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ratner |first1=Michael |title=Iran's threats, the Strait of Hormuz, and oil markets: In brief |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs_external/products/R/PDF/R45281/R45281.pdf |website=Congressional Research Service |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> In December 2011, Iran's Navy began a ten-day exercise in international waters along the strait. Iranian Rear Admiral [[Habibollah Sayyari]] stated that the strait would not be closed during the exercise; Iranian forces could easily accomplish that but such a decision must be made at a political level.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iranian navy begins exercise in waters near strategic oil route |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2011-12/26/content_14324816.htm |newspaper=[[China Daily]] |date=26 December 2011 |access-date=8 January 2012 |archive-date=28 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228055936/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2011-12/26/content_14324816.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=cncbEasyClose>{{cite news |title=Shutting Off Gulf 'Very Easy': Iran Navy Chief |url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/45803146 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924081727/https://www.cnbc.com/id/45803146 |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2015 |agency=Reuters |publisher=CNBC |date=28 December 2011 |access-date=8 January 2012}}</ref> Captain [[John Kirby (admiral)|John Kirby]], a Pentagon spokesman, was quoted in December 2011 saying: "Efforts to increase tension in that part of the world are unhelpful and counter-productive. For our part, we are comfortable that we have in the region sufficient capabilities to honor our commitments to our friends and partners, as well as the international community." Suzanne Maloney, an expert at the Brookings Institution, said, "The expectation is that the U.S. military could address any Iranian threat relatively quickly."<ref name=cnbcAnalysis1>{{cite news |title=Hormuz Blockade: Not as Easy as Iran May Think |url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/45813538/Hormuz_Blockade_Not_as_Easy_as_Iran_May_Think |agency=Reuters |publisher=CNBC |date=29 December 2011 |access-date=8 January 2012}}{{dead link|date=November 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> [[Martin Dempsey|General Martin Dempsey]], Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, said in 2012 that Iran "has invested in capabilities that could, in fact, for a period of time block the Strait of Hormuz." He stated, "We've invested in capabilities to ensure that if that happens, we can defeat that."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-01-08/iran-able-to-block-strait-of-hormuz-general-dempsey-tells-cbs.html |title=Iran Has Ability to Block Strait of Hormuz, U.S. General Dempsey Tells CBS |date=8 January 2012 |publisher=Bloomberg |access-date=9 January 2012 |first1=Kathleen |last1=Hunter |first2=Viola |last2=Gienger |archive-date=10 January 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120110055805/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-01-08/iran-able-to-block-strait-of-hormuz-general-dempsey-tells-cbs.html |url-status=live}}</ref> A May 2012 article by Nilufer Oral, a Turkish researcher of [[maritime law]], concludes that both the [[UNCLOS]], which came into effect in 1994; and the 1958 [[Convention on the High Seas]] would be violated if Iran followed through on its threat to block passage of vessels, such as oil tankers, and that the act of passage is not related in law to the imposition of economic sanctions. The article further asserts that a coastal state may prevent "transit or non-suspendable innocent passage" only if: 1) there is threatened or actual use of force, occurring during passage, against the sovereignty, territorial integrity, or political independence of a state bordering the strait; or 2) the vessel in any other way violates the principles of international law as embodied in the [[Charter of the United Nations]].<ref name=onasil>{{cite journal |last=Oral |first=Nilufer |title=Transit Passage Rights in the Strait of Hormuz and Iran's Threats to Block the Passage of Oil Tankers |journal=Insights |date=3 May 2012 |volume=16 |issue=16 |url=https://www.asil.org/insights/volume/16/issue/16/transit-passage-rights-strait-hormuz-and-iran%E2%80%99s-threats-block-passage |publisher=[[American Society of International Law]] |access-date=26 August 2019 |archive-date=5 October 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161005105452/https://www.asil.org/insights/volume/16/issue/16/transit-passage-rights-strait-hormuz-and-iran%E2%80%99s-threats-block-passage |url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2013, the [[United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea|UNCLOS]] treaty had been ratified by 63 states, including most [[NATO]]-bloc and [[Soviet-bloc]] nations but with the notable exceptions of most of the [[OPEC]] and [[Arab League]] nations like [[Syria]], [[Egypt]], [[Jordan]], [[Saudi Arabia]], and [[Iran]], as well as [[China]], [[North Korea]], and [[South Korea]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXI-2&chapter=21&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection - Chapter XXI: Law of the Sea |access-date=3 May 2013 |archive-date=17 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017195214/http://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXI-2&chapter=21&lang=en |url-status=dead}}</ref> {{As of|2026|02}}, 157 [[sovereign states]], including the [[European Union|EU]] are [[List of parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea#|parties]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Treaty Collection |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetailsIII.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXI-6&chapter=21&Temp=mtdsg3&clang=_en |access-date=29 July 2024 |website=treaties.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> including all major powers [[United States and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea|except the United States]], which has [[List of parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea#United States|not ratified the treaty]]. ==متبادل رستا== [[File:Crude oil, condensate, and petroleum products transported through the Strait of Hormuz in 2014 through 2018 (48097472312) (cropped).png|thumb|upright=1.2|حبشان-فجيره تيل جي پائپ لائن ۽ ابقيق- ينبوع اين جي ايل پائپ لائنن جو نقشو]] سال <small>2025</small>ع تائين، روزانو لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ڪروڙ <small>50</small> لک بيرل تيل جي منتقلي گذرگاهه ذريعي ڪئي ويندي هئي. ساحلي پائپ لائنن جي وڌ ۾ وڌ گنجائش تقريباً <small>30</small> لک بيرل آهي. مايع قدرتي گئس (<small>LNG</small>) جي مڪمل طور تي ٻيڙين جي ذريعي، گذرگاهه جي ذريعي ممڪن آهي.<ref>{{cite web|title=How a US-Israeli war on Iran could upend global oil and gas supplies|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-us-strait-of-hormuz-asia-energy-threat-israel-b2925545.html|publisher=[[The Independent]]|language=en|date=25 February 2026}}</ref><ref name="AlJ02">{{cite web|title=New UAE pipeline bypasses Strait of Hormuz|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/07/2012715172345810758.html|date=15 July 2012|access-date=27 July 2012|work=aljazeera.com|archive-date=25 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725142005/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/07/2012715172345810758.html|url-status=live}}</ref> جون <small>2012</small>ع ۾، [[سعودي عرب]] عراق-سعودي عرب پائپ لائن (<small>IPSA</small>) کي ٻيهر کوليو، جيڪي سال <small>2001</small>ع ۾ [[عراق]] کان بيهر حاصل ڪئي وئي هئي. اها عراق کان سعودي عرب جي ذريعي [[ڳاڙهو سمنڊ|ڳاڙهي سمنڊ]] جي بندرگاهه تائين سفر ڪري ٿي. ان جي روزاني گنجائش <small>16</small> لک <small>50</small> هزار (<small>2,62,000</small> ڪعبي ميٽر) آهي.<ref name="FPluft02">{{cite web|title=Choke Point|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/07/19/choke_points|last=Luft|first=Gal|date=19 July 2012|access-date=6 August 2012|work=foreignpolicy.com|archive-date=23 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723001034/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/07/19/choke_points|url-status=dead}}</ref> جولاءِ <small>2012</small>ع ۾، [[گڏيل عرب اماراتون|گڏيل عرب امارات]] نئين حبشان-فجيره تيل پائپ لائن ([[ابوظهبي|ابو ظهبي]] ۾ حبشان فيلڊ کان [[عمان جي نار|اومان جي نار]] تي فجيره تيل ٽرمينل تائين) کي مؤثر طريقي سان آبنائي هرمز کي نظرانداز ڪندي استعمال ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. ان جي وڌ ۾ وڌ گنجائش تقريباً 20 لک بيرل (<small>3,20,000</small> ڪعبي ميٽر) في ڏينهن آهي، جيڪي امارات جي سال 2012ع جي پيداوار جي شرح جي ٽن چوٿين کان وڌيڪ آهي. گڏيل عرب امارات فجيره جي اسٽوريج ۽ آف لوڊنگ جي گنجائش کي پڻ وڌائي رهيو آهي.<ref name="FPluft04">{{cite web|title=Choke Point|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/07/19/choke_points|last=Luft|first=Gal|date=19 July 2012|access-date=6 August 2012|work=foreignpolicy.com|archive-date=23 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723001034/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/07/19/choke_points|url-status=dead}}</ref> گڏيل عرب امارات فجيره ۾ دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي خام تيل جي ذخيري جي سهولت ٺاهي رهيو آهي جن ۾ هڪ ڪروڙ <small>40</small> لک بيرل (<small>22,00,000</small> ڪعبي ميٽر) رکڻ جي گنجائش آهي.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/news/general/worlds-largest-crude-oil-storage-facility-to-be-built-in-uae|title=World's largest crude oil storage facility to be built in UAE|work=Khaleej Times|date=27 February 2019|access-date=27 February 2019|archive-date=1 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401051150/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/news/general/worlds-largest-crude-oil-storage-facility-to-be-built-in-uae|url-status=live}}</ref> عالمي تيل ۽ واپاري مرڪز جي طور فجيره جي واڌ کي وڌائڻ لاءِ، حبشان-فجيره رستو امارات جي توانائي جي حفاظت کي محفوظ بڻائي ٿو ۽ ان کي زميني تيل پائپ لائن ٽرانسپورٽ، جيڪو تيل جي ٽرانسپورٽ جو سستو ترين روپ سمجهيو ويندو آهي، هجڻ جو فائدو آهي ۽ انشورنس جي قيمتن کي به گھٽائي ٿو، جئين ته تيل ٽينڪرن کي هاڻي فارس جي نار ۾ داخل نه ٿيڻ جي ضرورت نه پوندي.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://gulfnews.com/business/analysis/the-uaes-longer-term-approach-on-energy-security-1.62481848|title=The UAE's longer term approach on energy security|author=Gulf News|date=6 March 2019|access-date=21 March 2019|archive-date=21 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321220630/https://gulfnews.com/business/analysis/the-uaes-longer-term-approach-on-energy-security-1.62481848|url-status=live}}</ref> جولاءِ <small>2012</small>ع جي فارن پاليسي آرٽيڪل ۾، گال لوفٽ [[ايران]] ۽ آبنائے هرمز جو مقابلو [[عثماني سلطنت]] ۽ داردانيلس سان ڪيو، جيڪو هڪ صدي اڳ روسي اناج جي ترسيل لاءِ هڪ رڪاوٽ هو. هن اشارو ڪيو ته هرمز گذرگاهه ۾ ڇڪتاڻ انهن ماڻهن کي متبادل جهاز راني صلاحيتون ڳولڻ تي مجبور ڪري رهي آهي جيڪا هن وقت فارس جي نار مان ترسيل تي منحصر آهن. هن چيو ته سعودي عرب [[اومان]] ۽ [[يمن]] تائين نئين پائپ لائنون ٺاهڻ تي غور ڪري رهيو آهي ۽ عراق شايد خام تيل کي ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ تائين پهچائڻ لاءِ استعمال نه ٿيندڙ عراق-شام پائپ لائن کي بحال ڪري سگهي ٿو. لوفت چيو ته هرمز جي ٽرئفڪ کي گهٽائڻ "مغرب کي پنهنجي موجوده ايران کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ جي حڪمت عملي کي وڌائڻ جو هڪ نئون موقعو پيش ڪري ٿو."<ref name="FPluft03">{{cite web|title=Choke Point|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/07/19/choke_points|last=Luft|first=Gal|date=19 July 2012|access-date=6 August 2012|work=foreignpolicy.com|archive-date=23 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723001034/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/07/19/choke_points|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==پڻ ڏسو== * {{Portal|ايران|سمنڊ}} * [[ابو موسي ٻيٽ|ابو موسيٰ ٻيٽ]] * [[بندر لينگه]] - ايران جي هرمزگان صوبي ۾ شهر * [[عمان جي نار]] * [[فارس جي نار]] * [[هرمزگان صوبو]] - ايران جو صوبو * [[هرمزگان جي بادشاهت]] - فارس جي نار ۾ بادشاهت (11هين صدي کان 1622ع) * [[سائرس اعظم]] - [[هخامنشي سلطنت]] جو باني ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Library resources box}} {{Commons category|Strait of Hormuz}} * {{cite book |author=Wise, Harold Lee |title=Inside the Danger Zone: The U.S. Military in the Persian Gulf 1987–88 |url=https://www.insidethedangerzone.com |location=Annapolis |publisher=[[Naval Institute Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-59114-970-5}} * {{cite book |author=Diba, Bahman Aghai |title=Is Iran legally permitted to close Strait of Hormuz to countries that impose sanctions against Iran's oil? |url=http://www.payvand.com/news/11/dec/1216.html |location=Cupertino, California |publisher=Payvand Iran News |year=2011 |access-date=22 February 2012 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225054713/http://www.payvand.com/news/11/dec/1216.html |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225054713/http://www.payvand.com/news/11/dec/1216.html |date=25 February 2021 }} * {{cite book |author=Hormuzi |title=what is tourist attractions around strait of Hormuz? |url=https://hormuztour.com}} * {{cite journal | last=Wählisch | first=Martin |title=The Iran-United States Dispute, the Strait of Hormuz, and International Law | journal=The [[Yale Journal of International Law]] | volume=37 | pages=22-34 | year= 2012 | ssrn=2070587 |url=http://www.yjil.org/online/volume-37-spring-2012/the-iran-united-states-dispute-the-strait-of-hormuz-and-international-law |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825032552/http://www.yjil.org/online/volume-37-spring-2012/the-iran-united-states-dispute-the-strait-of-hormuz-and-international-law |archive-date=25 August 2012}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Strait Of Hormuz}} [[زمرو:هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه]] [[زمرو:سامونڊي گذرگاهون]] [[زمرو:فارس جي نار]] [[زمرو:عمان جي ساحلي جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:ايران جي ساحلي جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:ايران جا پاڻي جا جسم]] [[زمرو:عمان جا پاڻي جا جسم]] [[زمرو:گڏيل عرب امارات جا پاڻي جا جسم]] [[زمرو:ايران جون سرحدون]] [[زمرو:عمان جون حدون]] [[زمرو:گڏيل عرب امارات جون حدون]] [[زمرو:عمان جي نار]] [[زمرو:هرمزگان صوبي جون زميني شڪلون]] [[زمرو:بين الاقوامي سامونڊي گذرگاهون|هرمز]] [[زمرو:فارسي نار جا پاڻي جا جسم]] [[زمرو:ايشيا جون سامونڊي گذرگاهون|هرمز]] [[زمرو:هندي سمنڊ جون سامونڊي گذرگاهون|هرمز]] [[زمرو:ايران جون سامونڊي گذرگاهون|هرمز]] 08fxwdtkg90mpebhk3h1uxyuviusxo8 367851 367849 2026-03-27T17:00:37Z Ibne maryam 17680 367851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water|name=هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه<br> Strait of Hormuz|native_name=تنگه هرمز ([[فارسي ٻولي|فارسي]])<br>مضيق هرمز ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]])|other_name=|image=Strait of Hormuz and Musandam Peninsula (MODIS 2018-12-10).jpg|alt=|caption=هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه جو هڪ سيٽلائيٽ ڏيک|image_bathymetry=|alt_bathymetry=|caption_bathymetry=|location=[[عمان جي نار]] - [[فارس جي نار]]|group=|coordinates={{coord|26.6|N|56.5|E|type:waterbody_scale:1000000|display=title,inline}}|type=[[سامونڊي گذرگاهه]]|etymology=|part_of=|inflow=|rivers=|outflow=|oceans=|catchment=|basin_countries={{flag|Iran}}<br>{{flag|Oman}}<br>{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}|agency=|designation=|engineer=|length=|width=|min_width={{cvt|21|nmi|mi + km}}|area=|depth=|max-depth=|volume=|residence_time=|salinity=|shore=|elevation=|temperature_high=|temperature_low=|frozen=|islands=قيشم ٻيٽ<br>هرمز ٻيٽ<br>لاراڪ ٻيٽ|islands_category=|sections=|trenches=|benches=|cities=1 = {{flagicon|Iran}} [[بندر عباس]]<br> 2 = {{flagicon|Oman}} [[خسب]]|pushpin_map=Iran#West Asia|pushpin_label_position=right<!-- left, right, top or bottom -->|pushpin_map_alt=Topographic map of Iran and surrounding areas, including the Strait of Hormuz|pushpin_map_caption=هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه (ايران)##هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه (اولهه ايشيا)}} [[File:Strait_of_hormuz_full.jpg|thumb|سامونڊي سياسي حدون ۽ شپنگ لين ڏيکاريندڙ، هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه، 2004ع]] [[File:Strait_of_hormuz.jpg|thumb|هي سامونڊي گذرگاهه اتر ۾ [[ايران]] ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[اومان|عمان]] جي مسندم گورنري ۽ [[گڏيل عرب اماراتون|گڏيل عرب امارات کي]] الڳ ڪري ٿي. (1892ع جو نقشو)]] '''هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه ('''<small>Strait of Hormuz</small>'''؛''' {{IPAc-en|h|ɔr|ˈ|m|uː|z}}) [[فارس جي نار]] ۽ [[عمان جي نار]] جي وچ ۾ هڪ [[آبي گذرگاهه|سامونڊي گذرگاهه]] آهي، ان جي اتر واري ساحل تي [[ايران]] واقع آهي، ۽ ڏکڻ واري ساحل تي مسندام جزيري نما آهي، جيڪو [[گڏيل عرب اماراتون|گڏيل عرب امارات]] ۽ مسندام گورنريٽ، [[اومان|عمان]] جي هڪ ايڪسڪليو پاران ورهايو ويو آهي. هي گذرگاهه لڳ ڀڳ <small>104</small> ميل (<small>167</small> ڪلوميٽر، <small>90</small> ناتيڪل ميل) ڊگهي اهي. ويڪر لڳ ڀڳ <small>60</small> ميل (<small>97</small> ڪلوميٽر، <small>52</small> ناٽيڪل ميل) کان <small>24</small> ميل (<small>39</small> ڪلوميٽر، <small>21</small> ناٽيڪل ميل) تائين مختلف آهي.<ref name="dyke-20081002">{{Cite book|title=The Future of Ocean Regime-Building|last=Jon M. Van Dyke|date=2 October 2008|publisher=University of Hawaii|isbn=9789004172678|page=216|chapter=Transit Passage Through International Straits|doi=10.1163/ej.9789004172678.i-786.50|access-date=6 July 2019|chapter-url=https://www.law.hawaii.edu/sites/www.law.hawaii.edu/files/content/Faculty/Straits100308.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807123128/https://www.law.hawaii.edu/sites/www.law.hawaii.edu/files/content/Faculty/Straits100308.pdf|archive-date=7 August 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807123128/https://www.law.hawaii.edu/sites/www.law.hawaii.edu/files/content/Faculty/Straits100308.pdf |date=7 August 2020 }}</ref> <ref name="eia-20120104">{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=4430|title=The Strait of Hormuz is the world's most important oil transit chokepoint|date=4 January 2012|publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911152226/https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=4430|archive-date=11 September 2018|access-date=11 September 2018}}</ref> اها فارس جي نار کان کليل سمنڊ تائين واحد سامونڊي رستو فراهم ڪري ٿي ۽ دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ حڪمت عملي واري (<small>strategic</small>) طور تي اهم چوڪ پوائنٽس مان هڪ آهي.<ref name="oilpricecom01">{{حوالو ويب|url=https://oilprice.com/Geopolitics/International/How-Iran-Plans-To-Bypass-The-Worlds-Main-Oil-Chokepoint.html|title=How Iran Plans To Bypass The World's Main Oil Chokepoint|last=Viktor Katona|publisher=Oilprice.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911081557/https://oilprice.com/Geopolitics/International/How-Iran-Plans-To-Bypass-The-Worlds-Main-Oil-Chokepoint.html|archive-date=11 September 2018|access-date=11 September 2018}}</ref> سال <small>2023</small>ع کان <small>2025</small>ع جي وچ ۾ دنيا جي [[قدرتي وسيلا|مائع قدرتي گئس]] (<small>LNG</small>) جو <small>20</small> سيڪڙو ۽ [[تيل|پيٽرول]] جو <small>25</small> سيڪڙو واپار هر سال هن گذرگاهه مان گذريو. اهو [[يورپ]] ۽ [[ايشيا]] لاءِ پيٽروليم شين جو هڪ وڏو ذريعو آهي ۽ ان کي يورپ جي توانائي جي سيڪيورٽي لاءِ "نازڪ" قرار ڏنو ويو آهي.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2026/03/16/why-is-the-strait-of-hormuz-critical-to-europe|title=Why is the Strait of Hormuz critical to Europe?|date=2026-03-16|website=euronews|language=en|access-date=2026-03-18}}</ref> اهو [[قطر]]، [[ڪويت]] ۽ [[بحرين]] سميت ڪيترن ئي خليجي علائقن لاءِ واحد سامونڊي رستو پڻ آهي ۽ آبنائي ۾ خلل رسد جي سخت کوٽ جو سبب بڻجي سگهي ٿي.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=http://theconversation.com/strait-of-hormuz-gulf-states-food-security-is-at-immediate-risk-but-wider-shortages-could-push-up-consumer-prices-globally-277214|title=Strait of Hormuz: Gulf states’ food security is at immediate risk but wider shortages could push up consumer prices globally|last=Surucu-Balci|first=Ebru|last2=Balci|first2=Gokcay|date=2026-03-04|website=The Conversation|language=en-US|access-date=2026-03-18}}</ref> تيران ۽ [[باب المندب]] سامونڊي گذرگاهن جي برعڪس، [[وچ اوڀر]] جي تڪرارن دوران روايتي طور تي ڪڏهن به هن گذرگاهه کي ڊگهي عرصي تائين بند نه ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://oilprice.com/Energy/Crude-Oil/Oil-Prices-Jump-But-Middle-East-Oil-Keeps-Flowing-Uninterrupted.html|title=Oil Prices Jump, But Middle East Oil Keeps Flowing Uninterrupted|date=17 June 2025|website=OilPrice.com|quote=the narrow lane has never been blocked in any previous conflict in the Middle East.}}</ref> جيتوڻيڪ ايران ڪڏهن ڪڏهن آبنائي کي بند ڪرڻ جي ڌمڪي ڏني هئي،<ref name="auto">{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.twz.com/news-features/could-iran-carry-out-its-threat-to-shut-the-strait-of-hormuz|title=Could Iran Carry Out Its Threat To Shut Down The Strait Of Hormuz?|last=Altman|first=Howard|date=14 June 2025|website=The War Zone|language=en-US|access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/11/19/world/middleeast/iran-tanker-strait-of-hormuz.html|title=Iran Releases Tanker It Seized From the Strait of Hormuz|date=2025-11-19|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en}}</ref> ۽ هاڻ ايران تي آمريڪا ۽ اسرائيل جي حملي کان پوء ان کي بند ڪري ڇڏيو آهي.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-made-preparations-mine-strait-hormuz-us-sources-say-2025-07-01/|title=Exclusive: Iran made preparations to mine the Strait of Hormuz, US sources say|last=Slattery|first=Gram|date=1 July 2025|work=Reuters|access-date=3 July 2025|last2=Stewart|first2=Phil|language=en|last3=Slattery|first3=Gram|last4=Stewart|first4=Phil}}</ref> جڏهن ته، سال <small>2026</small>ع جي ايران جنگ دوران هي گذرگاهه بين الاقوامي برادري جي توجه جو هڪ وڏو مرڪز بڻجي ويو، جن جي نتيجي ۾ "هرمز گذرگاهه جو بحران" پيدا ٿيو آهي.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/why-hormuz-not-fordow-is-the-real-centre-of-gravity-in-the-iran-crisis-13983548.html|title=Why Hormuz, not Fordow, is the real centre of gravity in the Iran crisis|last=Sinha|first=Aditya|date=February 25, 2026|website=First Post|access-date=March 18, 2026}}</ref> ==نالو== {{main|هرمز جي بادشاهت|پورچوگالي-صفوي جنگيون|هرمز جي جنگ، 1625ع}} [[فارسي ٻولي|فارسي]] لفظ "هرمز" [[زرتشتي مذھب|زرتشتي]] مذهب جي ديوتا اهورا مزدا جي نالي جي وچين فارسي جي تلفظ مان نڪتل آهي. متبادل طور، اهو تجويز ڪيو آهي ته اهو نالو مقامي فارسي لفظ، "<small>'''هورمغ'''</small>" (<small>کجورن جي جاءِ</small>) مان نڪتل آهي <ref>{{cite journal|last=Ebrahimi|first=Qorbanali|title=Hormoz-Hormuz|journal=Motale'at Irani|date=2005–2006|volume=4|issue=7|pages=48|url=https://noo.rs/Cin61}}</ref> هڪ نظريو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هرمز جي گذرگاهه جو نالو، [[فارس صوبو|فارس]] جي بادشاهه شاپور ٻين، جيڪو سال 309 ۽ 379 عيسوي جي وچ ۾ حڪومت ڪندو هو، جي ماءُ جي نالي، "افرا هرمزد" تي رکيو ويو هوندو. هڪ ٻيو گهٽ ممڪن نظريو اهو آهي ته اهو نار لاء يوناني لفظ هرموس (ὅρμος) مان آيو آهي.<ref name="iranologie2">{{Cite web|last=Rezakhani|first=Khodadad|date=27 February 2020|title=The Kingdom of Hormuz|url=https://iranologie.com/the-history-page/the-kingdom-of-hormuz/|access-date=14 December 2020|website=Iranologie.com}}</ref> فارس جي نار جي افتتاح کي "پيريپلس آف دي اريٿرين سمنڊ"، پهرين صديءَ جي هڪ بحري جهاز جي رهنمائي ڪندڙ ڪتاب، ۾ بيان ڪيو، پر نالو نه ڏنو؛{{blockquote|"انهن اڪيلائي ٻيٽن جي مٿئين ڇيڙي تي جبلن جو هڪ سلسلو آهي جنهن کي ڪالون سڏيو ويندو آهي ۽ فارس جي نار جو مُنهن ان کان گهڻو پري نه آهي. جتي موتي جي صدف لاءِ گهڻو غوطه خوري ٿيندي آهي. ڳاڙهن ڳٽن جي کاٻي پاسي وڏا جبل آهن جن کي "اسابون" سڏيو ويندو آهي ۽ ساڄي پاسي هڪ ٻيو گول ۽ اچو جبل آهي جنهن کي "سيميرامس" سڏيو ويندو آهي. انهن جي وچ ۾ ڳاڙهن ڳٽن جي پار گذرڻ لڳ ڀڳ ڇهه سئو اسٽيڊيم جي برابر آهي، جنهن کان اڳتي اهو تمام وڏو ۽ وسيع سمنڊ، فارس جي نار جي اندرين حصي ۾ تمام گهڻو پهچي ٿو. هن نار جي مٿئين ڇيڙي تي، قانون طرفان نامزد ڪيل هڪ مارڪيٽ ٽائون آهي جنهن کي "اپولوگس" سڏيو ويندو آهي. چارائيڪس اسپاسيني ۽ درياءَ فرات جي ويجهو واقع آهي."|پيريپلس آف دي ايريٿرين سمنڊ، باب 35.}} <small>17</small>هين صدي عيسوي ۾ اورمس جي بادشاهت هتي، اينڊاش ۾ واقع هئي. عالم، تاريخدان ۽ لسانيات جا ماهر "اورمز" جو نالو مقامي فارسي لفظ "هور مغ" مان ورتو آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ آهي کجيءَ جو وڻ.<ref>[http://minabcity.ir/HomePage.aspx?TabID=4620&Site=DouranPortal&Lang=fa-IR Municipality of Minab] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706075102/http://minabcity.ir/HomePage.aspx?TabID=4620&Site=DouranPortal&Lang=fa-IR|date=6 July 2018}}, (in Persian). Retrieved 30 December 2011.</ref> هن فارسي لفظ جو زرتشتي مذهب جي ديوتا هرموز (اهورا مزدا جو هڪ قسم) جي فارسي نالي سان مشابهت جي نتيجي ۾ اهو يقين پيدا ٿيو آهي ته اها لفظ لاڳاپيل آهن. [[File:Persian Gulf 1507-1750.gif|thumb|upright=1.4|لنگهه ۾ پهريون مغربي فوجي غلبو. فارس جي نار ۾ پرتگال جي موجودگي (1507-1750ع)]] 15هين صدي کان وٺي، اسٽريٽجڪ نقطي نظر کان، لنگهه جي جاگرافي برقرار رهي ۽ پرتگال جهڙين پرڏيهي طاقتن جي آمد سان ان جي اهميت کي وڌايو (جنهن 16هين ۽ 18هين صدي جي وچ ۾ پنهنجي موجودگي برقرار رکي). اهو ٻين اڀرندڙ طاقتن جهڙوڪ انگلينڊ سان تڪرار کي به ڀڙڪايو، جڏهن اهو 17هين صدي ۾ علائقي ۾ پهتو. ==جهاز راني== ٽڪراءَ جي خطري کي گهٽائڻ لاءِ، گذرگاهه مان گذرندڙ جهاز ٽرئفڪ سيپريشن اسڪيم (TSS) تي عمل ڪن ٿا. ايندڙ جهاز هڪ لين استعمال ڪن ٿا. ٻاهر نڪرندڙ جهاز ٻيو. هر لين ٻه ميل ويڪرو آهي. لين ٻن ميل ويڪر "ميڊين" سان الڳ ٿيل آهن.<ref name="eia-201907172">{{cite web|url=https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/special_topics/World_Oil_Transit_Chokepoints/wotc.pdf|title=World Oil Transit Chokepoints|publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration|date=25 July 2017|access-date=13 June 2019|archive-date=21 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521134300/https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/special_topics/World_Oil_Transit_Chokepoints/wotc.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> گذرگاهه کي پار ڪرڻ لاءِ جهاز، گڏيل قومن جي سمنڊ جي قانون تي ڪنوينشن (<small>UNCLOS</small>) جي ٽرانزٽ پاس جي شقن جي تحت، [[ايران]] ۽ [[اومان]] جي علائقائي پاڻين مان گذرن ٿا.<ref name="USEIA012">{{cite web|url=http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/156265/|title=Strait of Hormuz|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth|author=Alejandra Roman & Administration|access-date=2 June 2015|archive-date=5 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405131935/http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/156265/|url-status=live}}</ref> جئين ته سڀني ملڪن ڪنوينشن جي تصديق نه ڪيا آهن،<ref name="UNCLOS-ratification2">{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/Depts/los/reference_files/chronological_lists_of_ratifications.htm|title=Chronological lists of ratifications of, accessions and successions to the Convention and the related Agreements as at 26 October 2007|publisher=UN|work=Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea|access-date=29 June 2017|archive-date=14 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414043900/http://www.un.org/depts/los/reference_files/chronological_lists_of_ratifications.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] سميت گھڻا ملڪ انهن روايتي جهاز راني جي ضابطن کي قبول ڪن ٿا،<ref>{{cite web|author=[[U.S. President]]|title=Presidential Proclamation 5030|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/58381.pdf|url-status=live|date=10 March 1983|access-date=21 January 2008|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325045208/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/58381.pdf|archive-date=25 March 2021}}</ref> جيئن ڪنوينشن ۾ ڪوڊ ڪيو ويو آهي. سال <small>1959</small>ع ۾، ايران پنهنجي علائقائي سمنڊ کي 12 ناٽيڪل ميل (22 ڪلوميٽر) تائين وڌائي لنگهه جي قانوني حيثيت کي تبديل ڪيو ۽ اعلان ڪيو ته اهو نئين وڌايل علائقي ذريعي صرف غير جنگي ٽرانزٽ کي تسليم ڪندو.<ref name="Groves 20112">{{cite web|last=Groves|first=Steven|title=Accession to the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea Is Unnecessary to Secure U.S. Navigational Rights and Freedoms|website=The Heritage Foundation|url=http://www.heritage.org/defense/report/accession-the-un-convention-the-law-the-sea-unnecessary-secure-us-navigational|date=24 August 2011|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517153730/https://www.heritage.org/defense/report/accession-the-un-convention-the-law-the-sea-unnecessary-secure-us-navigational|url-status=unfit}}</ref> سال <small>1972</small>ع ۾، اومان پڻ فرمان ذريعي پنهنجي علائقائي سمنڊ کي 12 ناٽيڪل ميل (22 ڪلوميٽر) تائين وڌايو.<ref name="Groves 20113">{{cite web|last=Groves|first=Steven|title=Accession to the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea Is Unnecessary to Secure U.S. Navigational Rights and Freedoms|website=The Heritage Foundation|url=http://www.heritage.org/defense/report/accession-the-un-convention-the-law-the-sea-unnecessary-secure-us-navigational|date=24 August 2011|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517153730/https://www.heritage.org/defense/report/accession-the-un-convention-the-law-the-sea-unnecessary-secure-us-navigational|url-status=unfit}}</ref> اهڙيءَ طرح، سال <small>1972</small>ع تائين، ايران ۽ اومان جي گڏيل علائقائي پاڻين جي ڪري هرمز جي ساموندي گذرگاهه جنگي ٻيڙين لاء مڪمل طور تي "بند" ٿي وئي. 1970ع جي ڏهاڪي دوران، ايران يا اومان ٻنهي جنگي جهازن جي گذرڻ ۾ رڪاوٽ وجهڻ جي ڪوشش نه ڪئي، پر <small>1980</small>ع جي ڏهاڪي ۾، ٻنهي ملڪن دعويٰ ڪيا، جيڪا روايتي (پراڻي) قانون کان مختلف هئا. سال <small>1989</small>ع ۾ گڏيل قومن جي ڪنوينشن (<small>UNCLOS</small>) جي تصديق ڪرڻ تي، اومان پنهنجي سال <small>1981</small>ع جي شاهي فرمان جي تصديق ڪندڙ اعلان پيش ڪيو ته ان جي علائقائي سمنڊ ذريعي صرف غير جنگي ٽرانزٽ کي گذرڻ جي اجازت آهي. اعلان ۾ وڌيڪ زور ڏنو ويو ته پرڏيهي جنگي جهازن کي اوماني علائقائي پاڻين مان گذرڻ کان اڳ اڳواٽ اجازت وٺڻ جي ضرورت هوندي.<ref name="Groves 20114">{{cite web|last=Groves|first=Steven|title=Accession to the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea Is Unnecessary to Secure U.S. Navigational Rights and Freedoms|website=The Heritage Foundation|url=http://www.heritage.org/defense/report/accession-the-un-convention-the-law-the-sea-unnecessary-secure-us-navigational|date=24 August 2011|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517153730/https://www.heritage.org/defense/report/accession-the-un-convention-the-law-the-sea-unnecessary-secure-us-navigational|url-status=unfit}}</ref> سال 1982ع ۾ ڪنوينشن تي دستخط ڪرڻ تي، ايران هڪ اعلان ۾ داخل ٿيو جنهن ۾ چيو ويو آهي ته "صرف سمنڊ جي قانون جي ڪنوينشن جي رياستن کي ان ۾ پيدا ڪيل معاهدي جي حقن مان فائدو حاصل ڪرڻ جو حق هوندو"، جنهن ۾ "بين الاقوامي جهاز راني لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ آبنائي ذريعي گذرڻ جو حق" شامل آهي. سال 1993ع ۾، ايران سامونڊي علائقن تي هڪ جامع قانون نافذ ڪيو. جنهن جون دفعات گڏيل قومن جي ڪنوينشن (<small>UNCLOS</small>) جي دفعات سان ٽڪراءُ ڪن ٿيون، جنهن ۾ هڪ شرط شامل آهي ته جنگي جهاز، آبدوزون ۽ ايٽمي طاقت وارا جهاز ايران جي علائقائي پاڻين مان گذرڻ کان اڳ اجازت حاصل ڪن. آمريڪا اومان ۽ ايران جي ڪنهن به دعويٰ کي تسليم نٿو ڪري ۽ انهن مان هر هڪ جي مخالفت ڪيو آهي.<ref name="Groves 20115">{{cite web|last=Groves|first=Steven|title=Accession to the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea Is Unnecessary to Secure U.S. Navigational Rights and Freedoms|website=The Heritage Foundation|url=http://www.heritage.org/defense/report/accession-the-un-convention-the-law-the-sea-unnecessary-secure-us-navigational|date=24 August 2011|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517153730/https://www.heritage.org/defense/report/accession-the-un-convention-the-law-the-sea-unnecessary-secure-us-navigational|url-status=unfit}}</ref> ==پيٽرول جي واپار جو رستو== [[File:Volume of crude oil and condensate transported through the Strait of Hormuz in 2014 through 2018 (48097330906).png|thumb|upright=1.4|سال 2014-2018ع ۾ اصل ۽ منزل جي لحاظ کان تيل جو واپار]] سال <small>2023-2025</small>ع دوران، دنيا جي مائع قدرتي گئس جو %<small>20</small> ۽ پيٽرول جو %<small>25</small> واپار هرمز گذرگاهه مان گذريو، جيڪا واپار لاءِ ان جي اهم مقام کي ظاهر ڪري ٿو.<ref name="eia-20120104" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=World Oil Transit Chokepoints|url=https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/special_topics/World_Oil_Transit_Chokepoints/wotc.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723221931/http://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/special_topics/World_Oil_Transit_Chokepoints/wotc.pdf|archive-date=23 July 2015|access-date=13 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":4"/> آمريڪي توانائي انفارميشن ايڊمنسٽريشن جي مطابق (2011 ۾) روزانو سراسري طور تي 14 ٽينڪر فارس جي نار مان 17 ملين بيرل (27,00,000 ڪعبي ميٽر) خام تيل کڻي گذرندا هئا. انهن خام تيل جي برآمدات مان %<small>85</small> کان وڌيڪ روزاني بنيادن تي ايشيائي مارڪيٽن ڏانهن ويندا هئا، جنهن ۾ جاپان، ڀارت، ڏکڻ ڪوريا ۽ چين سڀ کان وڏيون منزلون هيون.<ref name="USEIA013">{{cite web|url=http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/156265/|title=Strait of Hormuz|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth|author=Alejandra Roman & Administration|access-date=2 June 2015|archive-date=5 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405131935/http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/156265/|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>2018</small>ع ۾، سال <small>2019</small>ع جي قيمتن تي <small>1.2</small> ارب ڊالر جي ماليت جو تيل گذرگاهه مان روزانو <small>21</small> ملين بيرل جي مقدار ۾ گذريو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R2shPOThjIQ|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/R2shPOThjIQ|archive-date=17 November 2021|url-status=live|title=The Strait of Hormuz Explained|website=[[YouTube]]|date=31 October 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref> جيڪڏهن هرمز گذرگاهه ذريعي تيل جي رسد هڪ ڊگهي عرصي تائين خاص طور تي متاثر ٿئي تي، ته اها ڀارت ۽ چين جهڙن وڏن ايشيائي درآمد ڪندڙن لاءِ تيل جي فراهمي جو هڪ وڏو بحران پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿو.<ref>Le Monde. (2026, March 3). Asian oil imports threatened as traffic halts in the Strait of Hormuz. https://www.lemonde.fr/en/economy/article/2026/03/03/asian-oil-imports-threatened-as-traffic-halts-in-the-strait-of-hormuz_6751055_19.html</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/israel-iran-usa-war-asian-countries-most-at-risk-from-oil-gas-supply-disruptions-in-strait-of-hormuz-research-group/articleshow/128947545.cms?utm_source=chatgpt.com|work=Economic Times}}</ref> ==واقعا== [[File:Strait of Hormuz from 35,000 Feet.jpg|thumb|upright|<small>10,668</small> ميٽر (<small>35,000</small> فوٽ) جي بلندي تي هڪ هوائي جهاز مان نظر ايندڙ هرمز گذرگاهه. [[اومان]] جي مسندم گورنريٽ پيش منظر ۾ ]] === ٽينڪر جنگ === {{Main|ٽينڪرن جي جنگ}} ايران-عراق جنگ جو ٽينڪرن جي جنگ جو مرحلو هن وقت شروع ٿيو،<ref name="efraimkarsh2">{{cite book|last=Karsh|first=Efraim|title=The Iran–Iraq War: 1980–1988|url=https://archive.org/details/iraniraqwar00kars|url-access=limited|pages=[https://archive.org/details/iraniraqwar00kars/page/n3 1]–8, 12–16, 19–82|publisher=Osprey Publishing|date=25 April 2002|isbn=978-1-84176-371-2}}</ref> جڏهن [[عراق]] 1984ع جي شروعات ۾ ايران جي خارگ ٻيٽ تي تيل جي ٽرمينل ۽ تيل جي ٽينڪرن تي حملو ڪيو.<ref>{{cite web|title=Strait of Hormuz – Tanker War|url=https://www.strausscenter.org/strait-of-hormuz-tanker-war/|access-date=6 August 2021|website=The Strauss Center|language=en-US|archive-date=6 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806115032/https://www.strausscenter.org/strait-of-hormuz-tanker-war/|url-status=live}}</ref> صدام حسين جو ايراني شپنگ تي حملو ڪرڻ جو مقصد، ٻين شين جي وچ ۾، ايران کي انتهائي قدمن سان جوابي ڪارروائي ڪرڻ لاءِ اڀارڻ هو،جيئن ته هو هرمز جي گذرگاهه کي سڀني سامونڊي ٽرئفڪ لاءِ بند ڪري ڇڏي ۽ ان ڪري آمريڪي مداخلت کي آڻڻ جو موقعو ملي.<ref name="efraimkarsh3">{{cite book|last=Karsh|first=Efraim|title=The Iran–Iraq War: 1980–1988|url=https://archive.org/details/iraniraqwar00kars|url-access=limited|pages=[https://archive.org/details/iraniraqwar00kars/page/n3 1]–8, 12–16, 19–82|publisher=Osprey Publishing|date=25 April 2002|isbn=978-1-84176-371-2}}</ref> پر ايران عراقي شپنگ تي انتقامي حملي کي محدود ڪيو ۽ گذرگاهه کي بند نه ڪيو.<ref name="efraimkarsh4">{{cite book|last=Karsh|first=Efraim|title=The Iran–Iraq War: 1980–1988|url=https://archive.org/details/iraniraqwar00kars|url-access=limited|pages=[https://archive.org/details/iraniraqwar00kars/page/n3 1]–8, 12–16, 19–82|publisher=Osprey Publishing|date=25 April 2002|isbn=978-1-84176-371-2}}</ref> === آپريشن پرئينگ مينٽس === {{Main|آپريشن پرئينگ مينٽس}} آپريشن پرائينگ مينٽس <small>18</small> اپريل <small>1988</small>ع تي ايران-عراق جنگ دوران فارس جي نار ۾ بين الاقوامي پاڻين ۾ ايراني سامونڊي بارودي سرنگن جي تنصيب ۽ پوء هڪ آمريڪي جنگي جهاز کي نقصان پهچائڻ جي بدلي ۾ ايراني علائقائي پاڻين اندر آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجن پاران حملو ڪيو ويو. آمريڪي نيوي ڪيترن ئي سطحي جنگي جهازن جي گروپن سان گڏ، هوائي جهاز ڪيريئر يو ايس ايس انٽرپرائز جي جهازن ۽ ان جي ڪروزر اسڪارٽ، يو ايس ايس ٽرڪسٽن سان حملو ڪيو. حملي جي شروعات ٻن سطحي گروپن جي مربوط حملي سان ٿي. === ايران ايئر جي فلائيٽ 655 کي ڪيرائڻ === {{Main|ايران ايئر جي فلائيٽ 655}} 3 جولاءِ 1988ع تي، 290 ماڻهو مارجي ويا جڏهن هڪ ايران ايئر ايئربس A300 کي آمريڪي بحريه جي گائيڊڊ ميزائل ڪروزر يو ايس ايس ونسنس (سي جي-49) پاران آبنائي تي گولي هڻي ماريو ويو جڏهن ان کي غلط طور تي جيٽ فائٽر طور سڃاتو ويو هو. === ٽڪراءُ === {{Main|يو ايس ايس هارٽ فورڊ ۽ يو ايس ايس نيو اورلينز جو ٽڪراء }} جنوري، <small>2007</small>ع ۾، ايٽمي آبدوز يو ايس ايس نيوپورٽ نيوز آبنائي جي ڏکڻ ۾ <small>3,00,000</small> ٽن جاپاني پرچم واري خام تيل جي ٽينڪر ايم وي سان ٽڪرائجي وئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hamptonroads.com/node/205951|title=Navy says speed of tanker sucked submarine up to surface|publisher=The Virginian Pilot|date=10 January 2007|first=Jack|last=Dorsey|access-date=29 December 2007|archive-date=16 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016040536/http://hamptonroads.com/node/205951|url-status=dead}}</ref> ڪو به زخمي نه ٿيو ۽ ڪو به تيل نه لٿو. 20 مارچ <small>2009</small>ع تي، آمريڪي نيوي جي <small>'''يو ايس ايس هارٽ فورڊ'''</small> آبنائي ۾ <small>'''يو ايس ايس نيو اورلينز'''</small> سان ٽڪرائجي وئي. ٽڪراءُ جي سبب <small>'''يو ايس ايس نيو اورلينز'''</small> جو هڪ فيول ٽينڪ ڦاٽي پيو، جنهن مان <small>25,000</small> آمريڪي گيلن (<small>95</small> ڪيوبڪ ميٽر) ڊيزل ٻارڻ نڪري ويو.<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Navy vessels in Bahrain for evaluation after collision|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2009-03-20/world/navy.vessels.collide_1_marine-diesel-fuel-navy-amphibious-ship-persian-gulf?_s=PM:WORLD|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=20 March 2009|access-date=8 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113153818/http://articles.cnn.com/2009-03-20/world/navy.vessels.collide_1_marine-diesel-fuel-navy-amphibious-ship-persian-gulf?_s=PM%3AWORLD|archive-date=13 January 2012}}</ref> === ايراني نيوي جا حادثه === مئي <small>2020</small>ع ۾، ايران هڪ دوستانه فائر حادثي ۾ پنهنجي ئي هڪ جهاز تي ميزائل فائر ڪيا، جن ۾ <small>19</small> ملاح مارجي ويا.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mobile.twitter.com/rafsanchez/status/1259776878484873220|title=Twitter|website=mobile.twitter.com|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=31 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831172416/https://mobile.twitter.com/rafsanchez/status/1259776878484873220|url-status=live}}</ref> 2 جون <small>2021</small>ع تي، ايراني بحري فوج جو هڪ تبديل ٿيل اول ڪلاس ريپلينشمينٽ آئلر، آئرس خارگ، باهه لڳڻ کان پوءِ هرمز گذرگاهه ۾ ٻڏي ويو. اهو بحري فوج جو سڀ کان وڏو جهاز هو.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-06-02/iran-navy-ship-catches-fire-gulf-of-oman/100186272|title=Iranian navy's largest warship catches fire and sinks in Gulf of Oman|date=2 June 2021|access-date=13 June 2021|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613053754/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-06-02/iran-navy-ship-catches-fire-gulf-of-oman/100186272|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Iranian ship seizures=== {{see also|Maersk#Business with Iran}}{{See also|Iranian seizure of the MSC Aries}} On 28 April 2015, [[Navy of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|IRGCN]] patrol boats contacted the [[Marshall Islands]]–flagged [[container ship]] ''[[MV Maersk Tigris|Maersk Tigris]]'', which was westbound through the strait, and directed the ship to proceed further into Iranian territorial waters, according to a spokesman for the U.S. Defense Department. When the ship's master declined, one of the Iranian craft fired shots across the bridge of ''Maersk Tigris''. The captain complied and proceeded into Iranian waters near Larak Island. The U.S. Navy sent aircraft and a destroyer, [[USS Farragut (DDG-99)|USS ''Farragut'']], to monitor the situation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran seizes commercial ship, U.S. forces respond |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/04/28/politics/iran-seizes-commercial-ship-u-s-official-says-no-americans-on-board |publisher=CNN |date=28 April 2015 |access-date=28 April 2015 |archive-date=28 April 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150428160202/http://www.cnn.com/2015/04/28/politics/iran-seizes-commercial-ship-u-s-official-says-no-americans-on-board/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Maersk]] says it agreed to pay an Iranian company $163,000 after an Iranian court ruling over a dispute about 10 container boxes transported to Dubai in 2005. An appeal court raised the fine to $3.6 million.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/iran-usa-ship-idUSL5N0XR37520150430 |title=Maersk insists on release of ship and crew seized by Iran |publisher=Reuters |date=30 April 2015 |access-date=2 July 2017 |archive-date=16 October 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151016040537/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/04/30/iran-usa-ship-idUSL5N0XR37520150430 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 4 January 2021, the [[Tasnim News Agency]] reported that a South Korea–flagged oil vessel headed from [[Saudi Arabia]] to the [[United Arab Emirates]] was seized for allegedly causing pollution violations. The ship was said to be carrying roughly 7,000 tons of ethanol. South Korea refused to comment on the accusation of causing oil pollution in the Strait of Hormuz. The ship, ''Hankuk Chemi'', was headed to the UAE port Fujairah after loading oil from Jubail, Saudi Arabia on 2 January 2021, as per ship-tracking data gathered by Bloomberg.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-04/iran-says-it-has-seized-an-oil-tanker-in-persian-gulf?srnd=markets-vp |title=Iran Seizes Ship, Ramps Up Enrichment as Gulf Tensions Mount |access-date=4 January 2021 |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |date=4 January 2021}}</ref> In April 2024, the Iranian Navy seized<ref>{{cite news |last=Motamedi |first=Maziar |date=13 April 2024 |title=Iran's IRGC seizes 'Israeli-linked' ship near Strait of Hormuz |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/13/irans-irgc-seizes-israeli-linked-ship-near-strait-of-hormuz |access-date=13 April 2024 |work=Al Jazzera |archive-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416031240/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/13/irans-irgc-seizes-israeli-linked-ship-near-strait-of-hormuz |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Iranian seizure of the MSC Aries|MSC Aries]]'', a [[Portugal|Portuguese]]-[[Ensign (flag)|flagged]] container ship sailing through the [[Gulf of Oman]] off the UAE coast of the Emirati port city of [[Fujairah]], then steered the container ship through the strait, with 25 personnel on board, claiming that it had violated maritime laws.<ref name="Reuters">{{cite news |date=15 April 2024 |title=Iran says MSC Aries vessel seized for 'violating maritime laws' |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-says-msc-aries-vessel-seized-violating-maritime-laws-2024-04-15/ |access-date=18 April 2024 |work=Reuters |archive-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20240416045358/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-says-msc-aries-vessel-seized-violating-maritime-laws-2024-04-15/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The crew of 25 included 17 Indian nationals, Filipinos, Pakistanis, a Russian, and an Estonian.<ref name="EconTimes"/> === Iranian preparations to mine the strait === As of 2019, the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency estimated that Iran possessed over 5,000 naval mines capable of rapid deployment via high-speed boats.<ref name=":3"/> In June 2025, it was reported that U.S. intelligence detected, possibly through satellite imagery or human informants, that Iranian military forces loaded naval mines onto vessels in the Persian Gulf, an act which was interpreted as a preliminary step to blockading the strait.<ref name=":3" /> The mines were ultimately not deployed, though their presence raised alarms in Washington about Tehran's intent to escalate the conflict. It is unclear whether the mines were later removed.<ref name=":3" /> ===U.S.–Iran disputes, threats to close the Strait=== ====2008==== {{Main|2008 Iran–United States naval dispute}} Naval stand-offs between Iranian speedboats and U.S. warships in the strait occurred in December 2007 and January 2008. U.S. officials accused Iran of harassing and provoking their naval vessels, but Iran denied the allegations. On 14 January, U.S. Navy officials appeared to contradict the Pentagon version of the 16 January event, in which the Pentagon had reported that U.S. vessels had almost fired on approaching Iranian boats. The Navy's regional commander, Vice Admiral Kevin Cosgriff, said the Iranians had "neither anti-ship missiles nor torpedoes" and he "wouldn't characterize the posture of the [[United States Fifth Fleet|US 5th Fleet]] as afraid of these small boats".<ref>{{cite news |title=A game of chicken in the, Persian Gulf |first=David |last=Isenberg |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/JA10Ak05.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514013222/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/JA10Ak05.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=14 May 2008 |newspaper=[[Asia Times Online]] |date=10 January 2008 |access-date=8 January 2012 |accessdate=19 March 2026 |archivedate=14 May 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514013222/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/JA10Ak05.html }}</ref> On 29 June, the commander of [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]], [[Mohammad Ali Jafari]], said that if either [[Israel]] or the U.S. attacked Iran, it would seal off the strait to wreak havoc in the oil markets. Cosgriff warned that such Iranian action would be considered an act of war, and the U.S. would not allow Iran to hold hostage a third of the world's oil supply.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,374905,00.html |title=U.S. Navy Commander Warns Iran: Don't Try Closing Gulf Oil Passageway |publisher=Fox News |date=2 July 2008 |access-date=2 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020081555/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,374905,00.html |archive-date=20 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> On 8 July, Ali Shirazi, a mid-level clerical aide to Iranian supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]], was quoted telling the Revolutionary Guards, "The Zionist regime is pressuring White House officials to attack Iran. If they commit such a stupidity, [[Tel Aviv]] and U.S. shipping in the Persian Gulf will be Iran's first targets and they will be burned."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-attack-usa-idUSLYO82850220080708 |title=Iran to "hit Tel Aviv, U.S. ships" if attacked |publisher=[[Reuters]] |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=8 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317104538/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-attack-usa-idUSLYO82850220080708 |archive-date=17 March 2016}}</ref> In the last week of July, in Operation Brimstone,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=38478 |title=JTFEX 08-4 "Operation Brimstone" Flexes Allied Force Training |publisher=US Navy |date=15 July 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008 |archive-date=22 July 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080722011927/http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=38478 |url-status=dead}}</ref> dozens of U.S., and naval ships from other countries, came to undertake joint exercises for possible military activity in the shallow waters off the coast of Iran. By 11 August, more than 40 U.S. and allied ships were en route to the strait.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.debka.com/headline.php?hid=5499 |title=Three major US naval strike forces due this week in Persian Gulf |publisher=Debkafile |date=11 August 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008 |archive-date=1 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091201062308/http://www.debka.com/headline.php?hid=5499 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ====2011–12==== {{main|2011–2012 Strait of Hormuz dispute}} On 27{{nbsp}}December, 2011, Iranian vice president [[Mohammad Reza Rahimi]] threatened to cut off oil supply from the strait should economic sanctions limit, or cut off, Iranian oil exports.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 December 2011 |title=Oil jumps over 2% as Iran threatens supplies |url=https://money.cnn.com/2011/12/27/markets/oil_iran/index.htm?hpt=hp_t2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918122445/https://money.cnn.com/2011/12/27/markets/oil_iran/index.htm?hpt=hp_t2 |archive-date=18 September 2020 |access-date=3 August 2020 |work=CNN}}</ref> A [[United States Fifth Fleet|U.S.{{nbsp}}Fifth Fleet]] spokeswoman said the Fleet was "always ready to counter malevolent actions", whilst Admiral [[Habibollah Sayyari]] of the [[Islamic Republic of Iran Navy|Iran Navy]] claimed cutting off oil shipments would be "easy".<ref>{{cite news |title=US warns Iran over threat to block oil route |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16348633 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=28 December 2011 |access-date=8 January 2012 |archive-date=7 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107061545/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16348633 |url-status=live}}</ref> Despite an initial 2%{{nbsp}}rise in oil prices, markets ultimately did not react significantly to Iran's threat, with oil analyst Thorbjoern Bak Jensen concluding "they cannot stop the flow for a longer period due to the amount of U.S.{{nbsp}}hardware in the area".<ref>{{cite news |last=Gibbons |first=Robert |date=28 December 2011 |title=Oil falls on dollar's rise, Wall Street pullback |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-markets-oil-idUSTRE7AD06820111228 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108003919/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/12/28/us-markets-oil-idUSTRE7AD06820111228 |archive-date=8 January 2012 |access-date=8 January 2012 |work=Reuters}}</ref> [[File:Flickr - Official U.S. Navy Imagery - USS Porter transits the Strait of Hormuz..jpg|thumb|The [[Guided-missile#Guidance systems|guided-missile]] [[destroyer]] {{USS|Porter|DDG-78|6}} transits the Strait of Hormuz in May 2012. ''Porter'' is deployed to the [[U.S. 5th Fleet]].]] On 3{{nbsp}}January, 2012, Iran threatened to take action if the U.S.{{nbsp}}Navy moved an aircraft carrier back into the Persian Gulf. Iranian Army chief [[Ataollah Salehi]] said the U.S. had moved a carrier out of the Persian Gulf because of Iran's naval exercises, and Iran would take action if the ship returned. "Iran will not repeat its warning{{nbsp}}... the enemy's carrier has been moved to the [[Gulf of Oman]] because of our drill. I recommend and emphasize to the American carrier not to return to the Persian Gulf", he said.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=3 January 2012 |title=Iran threatens U.S. Navy as sanctions hit economy |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-usa-idUSTRE80208P20120103 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924161340/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/01/03/us-iran-usa-idUSTRE80208P20120103 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=8 January 2012 |work=Reuters}}</ref> U.S.{{nbsp}}Navy spokesman Commander Bill Speaks responded that deployment of U.S.{{nbsp}}military assets would continue as has been the custom stating: "The U.S.{{nbsp}}Navy operates under international maritime conventions to maintain a constant state of high vigilance in order to ensure the continued, safe flow of maritime traffic in waterways critical to global commerce."<ref>{{cite news |date=3 January 2012 |title=Iran nuclear crisis: Sanctions 'beginning to bite' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16396345 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107061802/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16396345 |archive-date=7 January 2012 |access-date=8 January 2012 |work=BBC News}}</ref> While earlier statements from Iran had little effect on oil markets, coupled with new sanctions, later comments drove crude futures higher, up over{{nbsp}}4%. Pressure on prices reflected a combination of uncertainty driven further by China's response – reducing oil January 2012 purchases from Iran by{{nbsp}}50% compared to 2011.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} By January 2012, U.S.-led sanctions began to show economic effects, as the Iranian currency lost 12%{{nbsp}}of its value. Further pressure on Iranian currency was added by French Foreign Minister [[Alain Juppé]] who was quoted as calling for more "strict sanctions" and urged EU countries to follow the{{nbsp}}U.S. in freezing Iranian central bank assets and imposing an embargo on oil exports.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ca.news.yahoo.com/video/us-22424932/state-department-iran-is-feeling-the-pressure-27769481.html |title=State Department: Iran is feeling the pressure |publisher=Yahoo! News |date=3 January 2012 |access-date=24 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120109123059/http://ca.news.yahoo.com/video/us-22424932/state-department-iran-is-feeling-the-pressure-27769481.html |archive-date=9 January 2012}}</ref> On 9{{nbsp}}January, 2012, Iranian Defense Minister [[Ahmad Vahidi]] denied that Iran had ever claimed it would close the strait, saying that "Iran is the most important provider of security in the Strait{{nbsp}}... if one threatens the security of the Persian Gulf, then all are threatened."<ref>{{cite web |title=Iran and the Strait of Hormuz |url=http://subyraman.com/iran-and-the-strait-of-hormuz/ |work=Tabeer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729233754/http://subyraman.com/iran-and-the-strait-of-hormuz/ |archive-date=29 July 2013}}</ref> Iran's Foreign Ministry confirmed on 16{{nbsp}}January it had received a letter from the U.S.; authorities were considering whether to reply, although the contents of the letter were not divulged.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2012/01/16/iran-studying-hormuz-letter-warns-gulf-producers.html |title=News Headlines |publisher=[[CNBC]] |date=16 January 2012 |access-date=24 January 2012 |archive-date=3 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203154827/http://www.cnbc.com/id/46010868 |url-status=live}}</ref> The U.S. had previously announced its intention to warn Iran that closing the strait is a "red line" that would provoke an American response.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/13/world/middleeast/us-warns-top-iran-leader-not-to-shut-strait-of-hormuz.html |work=The New York Times |first1=Elisabeth |last1=Bumiller |first2=Eric |last2=Schmitt |first3=Thom |last3=Shanker |title=U.S. Warns Top Iran Leader Not to Shut Strait of Hormuz |date=12 January 2012 |access-date=28 February 2017 |archive-date=21 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421031218/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/13/world/middleeast/us-warns-top-iran-leader-not-to-shut-strait-of-hormuz.html |url-status=live}}</ref> General [[Martin Dempsey]], the [[chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]], said the U.S. would "take action and re-open the Strait", which could be accomplished only by military means, including minesweepers, warship escorts and potentially airstrikes. U.S. defense secretary [[Leon Panetta]] told troops that the U.S. would not tolerate Iran closing the strait. Nevertheless, Iran continued to discuss the impact of shutting the strait on oil markets, saying any disruption of supply would cause a shock "no country" could manage.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-01-16/oil-climbs-from-four-week-low-as-iran-warns-of-hormuz-supply-disruption.html |work=Bloomberg |first=Grant |last=Smith |title=Oil Climbs From Four-Week Low as Iran Warns of Hormuz Supply Disruption |date=16 January 2012 |access-date=11 March 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140202173554/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-01-16/oil-climbs-from-four-week-low-as-iran-warns-of-hormuz-supply-disruption.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:CVN 69 transits the Strait of Hormuz (28465403076).jpg|thumb|A [[U.S. Navy]] convoy in the strait in July 2016]] By 23{{nbsp}}January, a [[flotilla]] had been established by countries opposing Iran's threats to close the strait.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran: Flotilla of Warships Sent Through Strait of Hormuz Heightens Tensions |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/01/23/iran-flotilla-of-warships_n_1222734.html?ref=uk |work=HuffPost |date=23 January 2012 |access-date=24 January 2012 |archive-date=25 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125213304/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/01/23/iran-flotilla-of-warships_n_1222734.html?ref=uk |url-status=live}}</ref> These ships operated in the Persian Gulf and [[Arabian Sea]] off the coast of Iran. The flotilla included three American aircraft carriers, three destroyers, seven British warships, including the destroyer {{HMS|Daring|D32|6}}<ref>{{Cite news |title=Royal Navy sends its mightiest ship to take on the Iranian show of force in the Gulf |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/8997956/Royal-Navy-sends-its-mightiest-ship-to-take-on-the-Iranian-show-of-force-in-the-Gulf.html |archive-url= https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/8997956/Royal-Navy-sends-its-mightiest-ship-to-take-on-the-Iranian-show-of-force-in-the-Gulf.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |last=Harding |first=Thomas |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=6 January 2012 |access-date=8 January 2012 |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=HMS Daring to head for the Gulf |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ukpress/article/ALeqM5i7M_kVZAIV-1CSF6rnljPJ6eHnyg?docId=N0842061325887459210A |agency=[[Press Association]] |date=7 January 2012 |access-date=8 January 2012}}{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> and four [[Type 23 frigate|Type{{nbsp}}23]] frigates, and the French frigate ''[[French frigate La Motte-Picquet|La Motte-Picquet]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran: EU oil sanctions 'unfair' and 'doomed to fail' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-16693484 |publisher=BBC News |date=23 January 2012 |access-date=24 January 2012 |archive-date=23 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123205402/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-16693484 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 24{{nbsp}}January, tensions rose further after the [[European Union]] imposed sanctions on Iranian oil. A member of Iran's parliament said, "If any disruption happens regarding the sale of Iranian oil, the Strait{{nbsp}}... will definitely be closed".<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran threatens to close Strait of Hormuz over EU oil sanctions |first=David |last=Blair |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iran/9032948/Iran-threatens-to-close-Strait-of-Hormuz-over-EU-oil-sanctions.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iran/9032948/Iran-threatens-to-close-Strait-of-Hormuz-over-EU-oil-sanctions.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=23 January 2012 |access-date=27 January 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ====2018 and 2019==== In July 2018, Iran again made threats to close the strait, citing looming American sanctions after the U.S. [[United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|withdrew]] from the [[JCPOA]] deal.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dehghan |first=Saeed Kamali |title=Iran threatens to block Strait of Hormuz over US oil sanctions |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/05/iran-retaliate-us-oil-threats-eu-visit-hassan-rouhani-trump |work=the Guardian |date=5 July 2018 |access-date=6 July 2018 |archive-date=10 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610150147/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/05/iran-retaliate-us-oil-threats-eu-visit-hassan-rouhani-trump |url-status=live}}</ref> In August, Iran test-fired a ballistic missile. According to the officials, the anti-ship [[Fateh-110]] Mod 3 flew over 100 miles on a flight path over the strait to a test range in the Iranian desert. "It was shore-to-shore", said a U.S. official.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran test-fires ballistic missile for first time in 2018, officials say |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/iran-test-fires-ballistic-missile-for-first-time-in-2018-officials-say |access-date=12 August 2018 |work=FoxNews |archive-date=12 August 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180812014647/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2018/08/10/iran-test-fires-ballistic-missile-for-first-time-in-2018-officials-say.html |url-status=live}}</ref> On 22 April 2019, the U.S. ended the oil waivers, which had allowed some of Iran's customers to import Iranian oil, without risking financial penalties as part of U.S. economic sanctions. Al Jazeera quoted Major-General [[Mohammad Bagheri (general)|Mohammad Bagheri]] of the Iranian Armed Forces, stating "We are not after closing the Strait of Hormuz but if the hostility of the enemies increases, we will be able to do so...<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/insidestory/2019/04/iran-close-strait-hormuz-190429190841982.html] "Can Iran close the Strait of Hormuz?". Aljazeera, 2019.</ref> If our oil does not pass, the oil of others shall not pass the Strait of Hormuz either".<ref name="Al1">{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/iran-business-usual-strait-hormuz-blacklisting-190428133314213.html|title=Iran: Business as usual in Strait of Hormuz after blacklisting|work=News Agencies|via=Aljazeera|date=April 28, 2019|archive-date=25 February 2020|access-date=28 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225193043/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/iran-business-usual-strait-hormuz-blacklisting-190428133314213.html|url-status=dead}}.</ref> ==== 2019 attacks on oil tankers ==== Iran has persistently attacked vessels and seized ships amidst political issues.<ref name="EconTimes">{{cite news |date=14 April 2024 |title=17 Indians among 25 crew on ship seized by Iran; India in touch with Iran to secure release of Indians |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/17-indians-among-25-crew-on-ship-seized-by-iran-india-in-touch-with-iranian-authorities-say-sources/articleshow/109273322.cms? |access-date=18 April 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240418175349/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/17-indians-among-25-crew-on-ship-seized-by-iran-india-in-touch-with-iranian-authorities-say-sources/articleshow/109273322.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=US Navy says it prevented Iran from seizing tankers in Gulf of Oman |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/shots-fired-oil-tanker-gulf-maritime-security-bodies-2023-07-05/ |access-date=18 April 2024 |work=Reuters |date=6 July 2023}}</ref> On 13 June 2019, the oil tankers ''Front Altair'' and ''Kokuka Courageous'' were rocked by explosions shortly before dawn; the crew of the latter reported seeing a flying object strike the ship. They were rescued by the destroyer {{USS|Bainbridge|DDG-96|6}} while the crew of the ''Front Altair'' were rescued by Iranian ships. U.S. secretary of state [[Mike Pompeo]] issued a statement accusing Iran of the attacks, Iran denied this calling it a [[False flag|false-flag attack]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/13/world/middleeast/oil-tanker-attack-gulf-oman.html |title=Tankers Are Attacked in Mideast, and U.S. Says Video Shows Iran Was Involved |last1=Kirkpatrick |first1=David D. |date=13 June 2019 |work=The New York Times |access-date=14 June 2019 |last2=Pérez-Peña |first2=Richard |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |last3=Reed |first3=Stanley |archive-date=13 June 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190613232616/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/13/world/middleeast/oil-tanker-attack-gulf-oman.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2019, a Stena Bulk Tanker, ''Stena Impero'', sailing under a British flag, was boarded and captured by Iranian forces.<ref>{{cite news |title=Latvian citizen on board of British tanker seized by Iran |url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/diplomacy/latvian-citizen-on-board-of-british-tanker-seized-by-iran.a326350/ |access-date=2 August 2019 |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting of Latvia|Latvian Public Broadcasting]] |date=22 July 2019 |archive-date=30 July 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190730114719/https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/diplomacy/latvian-citizen-on-board-of-british-tanker-seized-by-iran.a326350/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The spokesman for Iran's Guardian Council, Abbas Ali Kadkhodaei, was quoted as describing the seizure as a "reciprocal action". This was presumed to be in reference to the seizure of an Iranian tanker, ''[[Grace 1]]'', bound for Syria in [[Gibraltar]] a few days prior.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apnews.com/6c36f5aa1ba942569e5efcfd48e33324 |title=Iran says its seizure of British ship a 'reciprocal' move |date=21 July 2019 |website=AP News |access-date=5 January 2020 |archive-date=9 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209220320/https://apnews.com/6c36f5aa1ba942569e5efcfd48e33324 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, France deployed about 600 troops at sea and in the air under the CTF474 to protect maritime trade, regional business, and to ease local tensions. Since the first week of April 2020, the operation combines the Dutch frigate Ruyter, the French frigate Forbin, and one French airplane ATLANTIC2 (ATL2).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Costa |first1=George |title=French ATL2 joins Operation AGENOR in the Strait of Hormuz |url=https://internationalinsider.org/french-atl2-joins-operation-agenor-in-the-strait-of-hormuz/ |website=International Insider |date=12 April 2020 |access-date=13 April 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200807135639/https://internationalinsider.org/french-atl2-joins-operation-agenor-in-the-strait-of-hormuz/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==== 2025 ==== {{main|2025 Iran threat of Strait of Hormuz closure}} On 14 June, Iran reportedly issued a threat to block the strait in response to Israeli attacks targeting its military and nuclear infrastructure.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Altman |first=Howard |date=14 June 2025 |title=Could Iran Carry Out Its Threat To Shut Down The Strait Of Hormuz? |url=https://www.twz.com/news-features/could-iran-carry-out-its-threat-to-shut-the-strait-of-hormuz |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=The War Zone |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2025 |title=Oil settles up 7% as Israel, Iran trade air strikes |url=https://arab.news/z33b8 |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> The ''[[Financial Times]]'' reported that such action could cause oil prices to surge beyond the recent 7–14% increases, possibly exceeding $100 to $150 per barrel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2025 |title=Prediksi Harga Minyak Dunia Jika Iran Tutup Selat Hormuz |url=https://www.liputan6.com/bisnis/read/6059622/prediksi-harga-minyak-dunia-jika-iran-tutup-selat-hormuz?page=3 |access-date=24 June 2025 |website=Liputan6}}</ref> This would likely fuel global inflation and contribute to an economic downturn. Analysts emphasized the vulnerability of regional exporters, noting that "Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq and Iran are wholly locked into one tiny passage for exports." The strait handles 18-19 million barrels per day, nearly 20% of global oil consumption, including crude, condensates, and fuel.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Seba |first=Erwin |date=13 June 2025 |title=Oil settles up 7% as Israel, Iran trade air strikes |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/oil-prices-jump-more-than-4-after-israel-strikes-iran-2025-06-13/ |access-date=15 June 2025 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tett |first=Gillian |date=14 June 2025 |title=Oil in the new age of volatility |url=https://www.ft.com/content/1a5c8449-69b6-4be6-acce-11d4e273da6c |access-date=15 June 2025 |work=Financial Times}}</ref> Analysts have warned that Iran could suffer severe consequences from any attempt to block the strait. "Iran's economy heavily relies on the free passage of goods and vessels through the seaway, as its oil exports are entirely sea-based," analysts from JP Morgan explained. Closing the strait could strain Iran's crucial energy trade with China, its only major oil customer.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Wearden |first=Graeme |date=13 June 2025 |title=Oil surges after Israel's attack on Iran, risking 'stagflationary shock' – as it happened |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/live/2025/jun/13/oil-surges-stock-markets-dollar-airlines-israel-attack-iran-business-live |access-date=15 June 2025 |work=the Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio also warned Iran against attempting to shut down the strait, stating that such a move would be "economic suicide" for the Islamic Republic, as the waterway is vital for its exports.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2025 |title=Harga Minyak Mentah Justru Anjlok 7% Usai Iran Gempur Pangkalan Militer AS |url=https://www.liputan6.com/bisnis/read/6059865/harga-minyak-mentah-justru-anjlok-7-usai-iran-gempur-pangkalan-militer-as?page=4 |access-date=24 June 2025 |website=Liputan6}}</ref> On 17 June, two oil tankers collided in the strait, though reports did not suggest that this was a security-related incident.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ships collide in Hormuz Strait in shadow of Israel-Iran war |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/6/17/ships-collide-in-hormuz-strait-in-shadow-of-israel-iran-war |access-date=18 June 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> The vessels involved were the ''Front Eagle'', carrying crude oil from Iraq to China, and the ''Adalynn'', which was unladen and en route to the Suez Canal. Both caught fire on deck, but no oil spill occurred. All crew members aboard the ''Adalynn'' were safely evacuated by the UAE coast guard.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2025 |title=2 Kapal Tanker Minyak Tabrakan di Selat Hormuz, 24 Orang Dievakuasi |url=https://www.liputan6.com/global/read/6055549/2-kapal-tanker-minyak-tabrakan-di-selat-hormuz-24-orang-dievakuasi?page=2 |access-date=24 June 2025 |website=Liputan6}}</ref> After the [[United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites]] on 22 June, the [[Islamic Consultative Assembly|Iranian Parliament]] voted to close the strait.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2025 |title=Iran's top security body to decide on Hormuz closure after parliament approval |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2025/06/22/iranian-parliament-reportedly-approves-closing-hormuz-strait-media- |access-date=22 June 2025 |website=Al Arabiya English |language=en}}</ref> A final decision rests with Iran's [[Supreme National Security Council]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2025 |title=Parlemen Iran Sepakat Tutup Selat Hormuz Pasca Serangan Amerika? |url=https://www.liputan6.com/global/read/6059081/parlemen-iran-sepakat-tutup-selat-hormuz-pasca-serangan-amerika?page=2 |access-date=24 June 2025 |website=Liputan6}}</ref> Revolutionary Guards commander [[Esmaeil Kousari]] confirmed that shutting the strait would be executed "whenever necessary", to protect national [[sovereignty]] and deter further foreign aggression.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20250622-israel-iran-war-day-10-us-has-struck-three-iranian-nuclear-sites-usa-bombing |title=Live: US bases used to strike Iran are 'legitimate' targets, Khamenei's advisor says|date=22 June 2025|website=France 24|accessdate=22 June 2025}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last1=Cleave |first1=Iona |last2=Crilly |first2=Rob |last3=Smith |first3=Benedict |last4=Kelly |first4=Kieran |last5=Hymas |first5=Charles |last6=Henderson |first6=Cameron |date=22 June 2025 |title=US-Iran attack latest: Operation Midnight Hammer inflicted 'extreme damage and destruction' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2025/06/22/us-strikes-iran-latest-updates/ |access-date=22 June 2025 |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> The potential closure of the strait, through which 20% of the world's oil supply transits, would significantly disrupt global energy markets. Such a move could cause oil prices to increase and risk destabilizing the global economy, given the strait's critical role as a maritime chokepoint for crude oil, liquefied natural gas, and other [[petroleum product]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2025 |title=Iran to block Strait of Hormuz after US strikes. Why it matters |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/iran-parliament-approves-closure-of-strait-of-hormuz-a-key-oil-chokepoint-report-2744622-2025-06-22 |access-date=23 June 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> On 23 June 2025, [[Benchmark (crude oil)|oil prices]] were below $70 again (7% lower than on 20 June), indicating that the [[price of oil|oil market]] viewed the U.S. strikes, and Iran's response (the strait remaining open, and [[2025 Iranian strikes on Al Udeid Air Base]]), as inconsequential.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sheikhlar |first1=Shahriar |title=Oil Prices Crash After Iran Strikes U.S. Bases |url=https://oilprice.com/Energy/Oil-Prices/Oil-Prices-Crash-After-Iran-Strikes-US-Bases.html |website=OilPrice.com |language=en |date=23 June 2025}}</ref> ==== 2026 ==== {{Main|2026 Strait of Hormuz crisis}} {{See also|2026 Iran war}} Before the [[2026 Israeli–United States strikes on Iran]], [[Marine insurance|ship insurance]] for the strait increased from 0.125% to between 0.2% and 0.4% of the ship insurance value per transit. For very large oil tankers, this is an increase of a quarter of a million dollars.<ref name=waisn>{{cite web |title=AIS Ship Tracking in the Strait of Hormuz: Inside the Crisis Shutting Down Global Oil |url=https://www.worldwideais.org/post/strait-of-hormuz-ais-tracking-iran-crisis |website=Worldwide AIS Network |language=en |date=28 February 2026}}</ref> By 9 March, insurance rates were reported to have increased by four to six times over the previous week, and the U.S. government began to help insurers under the [[Terrorism Risk Insurance Act]].<ref name=cnbc-20260309>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2026/03/09/one-big-reason-ships-and-insurers-are-unwilling-to-risk-strait-of-hormuz.html |title=There's another big reason why shipping companies and insurers aren't willing to risk the Strait of Hormuz |last=Brewer |first=Contessa |publisher=CNBC News |date=9 March 2026 |access-date=11 March 2026}}</ref> On 28 February 2026, amid the [[2026 Iran war]] and after the [[Assassination of Ali Khamenei|assassination]] of Iranian supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]], [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|Iran's Revolutionary Guards]] began issuing {{abbrlink|VHF|very-high-frequency}} transmissions stating that ship passages through the Strait of Hormuz were "not allowed".<ref name=":5">{{cite news |title=Iran's revolutionary guards tell ships passage through Strait of Hormuz 'not allowed', EU naval mission official says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-revolutionary-guards-tell-ships-passage-through-strait-hormuz-not-allowed-2026-02-28/ |access-date=28 February 2026 |work=Reuters |date=28 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-28 |title=Iran: Ships' passage through Strait of Hormuz 'not allowed' |url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-888294 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |language=en |issn=0792-822X }}</ref> Although the closure is not legally binding, military and industry sources say that safety cannot be guaranteed, and many ships stayed in port or turned back,<ref>{{cite web |title=Iran closes Strait of Hormuz after US-Israel strikes, reports say |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-strait-of-hormuz-closed-oil-shipments-suspended-us-attack-b2929506.html |website=[[The Independent]] |language=en |date=28 February 2026}}</ref> while at least 17 oil tankers continued traveling through the strait.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oil Tankers Avoiding Vital Hormuz Strait After U.S. Bombs Iran {{!}} SupplyChainBrain |url=https://www.supplychainbrain.com/articles/43560-oil-tankers-avoiding-vital-hormuz-strait-after-us-bombs-iran |website=www.supplychainbrain.com |language=en |date=28 February 2026}}</ref> [[File:Strait of Hormuz Transits.webp|thumb|center|upright=1.5|Strait of Hormuz transits dropping away in early 2026.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://portwatch.imf.org/pages/cc317ba850e34c4dadbead6f7b336fb1 |title = Trade disruptions in the Strait of Hormuz due to attacks on commercial ships |website = PortWatch |publisher = International Monetary Fund |access-date = 14 March 2026 }}</ref>]] On 2 March, the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] officially confirmed that the strait of Hormuz was closed and that any ship that entered the strait was to be set on fire. This came after several reports of Iranian attacks on ships passing into the Strait of Hormuz.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Iran says will attack any ship trying to pass through Strait of Hormuz |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/2/iran-says-will-attack-any-ship-trying-to-pass-through-strait-of-hormuz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260309190408/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/2/iran-says-will-attack-any-ship-trying-to-pass-through-strait-of-hormuz |archive-date=2026-03-09 |access-date=2026-03-13 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> However, a few ships still passed the strait unharmed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Slav |first=Irina | date=6 March 2026 |title=Daily Ship Traffic in Strait of Hormuz Plummets From 138 to Just 2 |url=https://oilprice.com/Latest-Energy-News/World-News/Daily-Ship-Traffic-in-Strait-of-Hormuz-Plummets-From-138-to-Just-2.html |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=OilPrice.com |language=en}}</ref> The next day, U.S. president [[Donald Trump]] said that the [[U.S. Navy]] would begin to escort tankers through the strait "as soon as possible".<ref>https://www.bbc.com/audio/play/p0n4g9lw</ref> On 12 March, three cargo vessels were hit in the Strait of Hormuz. This came on the same day as the release of 400 million barrels of oil announced by the [[International Energy Agency]] (IEA).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-11 |title=Ships hit in Strait of Hormuz as countries agree to release emergency oil reserves |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cr5l988qr47o |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> It was also reported that Iran had deployed about a dozen mines in the Strait of Hormuz, halting the exports of oil and LNG.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-12 |title=Iran has laid about a dozen mines in Strait of Hormuz, sources say |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/middle-east/iran-has-laid-about-a-dozen-mines-in-strait-of-hormuz-sources-say |access-date=2026-03-12 |work=The Straits Times |language=en |issn=0585-3923}}</ref> On 15 March, after Iran announced it controlled the maritime waterway, Trump said that an alliance of European and Asian nations would send warships there to protect maritime interests. However, these nations rejected such a coalition and are seeking a diplomatic solution to the conflict.<ref>[https://www.newsweek.com/european-allies-talk-iran-seek-safe-passage-hormuz-report-11673758 "European Allies Talk With Iran to Seek Safe Passage Through Hormuz: Report"] ''newsweek.com''. Accessed 15 Mar 2026.</ref> Trump has warned that the planned summit with Chinese leader [[Xi Jinping]] may be at risk if [[China]] does not assist the U.S. in securing the Strait of Hormuz. This crucial waterway, through which 20% of global oil passes, is facing disruptions due to ongoing tensions between the U.S., Israel, and Iran. Trump emphasized that China, which relies on the strait for 90% of its energy imports, should share the responsibility of keeping it open, rather than leaving it solely to the U.S. to secure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=No help, no meeting: Trump warns Xi summit at risk if China doesn’t help keep Hormuz open |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/no-help-no-meeting-trump-warns-xi-summit-at-risk-if-china-doesnt-help-keep-hormuz-open-13989845.html|date=2026-03-16|website=Firstpost}}</ref> ==ايران جي گذرگاهه بند ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت== {{see also|ايران جي فوج}} ملينيم چئلينج 2002ع هڪ وڏي جنگي مشق هئي، جيڪا سال 2002ع ۾ آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجن پاران ڪئي وئي هئي. ان ۾ هڪ ملڪ (ممڪن طور تي ايران) پاران گذرگاهه کي بند ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش جي نقل ڪئي وئي هئي. مفروضا ۽ نتيجا متنازع هئا. ايران جي نقلي حڪمت عملي مادي طور تي اعليٰ آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجن کي شڪست ڏني.<ref name="CSmon02">{{cite web|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2012/0126/How-Iran-could-beat-up-on-America-s-superior-military|title=How Iran could beat up on America's superior military|last=Peterson|first=Scott|work=Christian Science Monitor|date=26 January 2012|access-date=25 February 2012|archive-date=17 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217154700/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2012/0126/How-Iran-could-beat-up-on-America-s-superior-military|url-status=live}}</ref> بين الاقوامي سيڪيورٽي ۾ 2008 جي هڪ مضمون ۾ دعويٰ ڪئي وئي هئي ته ايران هڪ مهيني لاءِ گذرگاهه ۾ ٽرئفڪ کي سيل ڪري سگهي ٿو يا روڪي سگهي ٿو ۽ آمريڪا پاران ان کي ٻيهر کولڻ جي ڪوشش تڪرار کي وڌائڻ جو سبب بڻجندو. <ref>[http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/18409/closing_time.html Closing Time: Assessing the Iranian Threat to the Strait of Hormuz] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821160546/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/18409/closing_time.html|date=21 August 2008}}, by Caitlin Talmadge, ''[[International Security]]'', Harvard Kennedy School</ref> پوء جي شماري ۾، جرنل هڪ جواب شايع ڪيو، جنهن ۾ اهم مفروضن تي سوال اٿاريو ۽ ٻيهر کولڻ لاءِ هڪ تمام مختصر وقت تجويز ڪيو.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=O'Neil|first1=William D.|last2=Talmadge|first2=Caitlin|title=Costs and Difficulties of Blocking the Strait of Hormuz|url=http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1162/isec.2009.33.3.190|url-status=live|journal=International Security|volume=33|issue=3|pages=190–198|year=2009|access-date=28 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423163156/https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1162/isec.2009.33.3.190|archive-date=23 April 2019|s2cid=18420122|hdl=1721.1/57443|hdl-access=free|doi=10.1162/isec.2009.33.3.190}}</ref> وڌيڪ اهو ته گذرگاهه ذريعي تيل جي برآمدات تي ايران جي پنهنجي انحصار ۽ انهي سان گڏ درآمدات، پنهنجي طور تي تيل صاف ڪرڻ جي ناڪامي جي ڪري، ايران پاران گذرگاهه جي بندش ممڪن ناهي. درآمدات ۽ برآمدات لاءِ ايران جو گذرگاهه تي پنهنجو انحصار نه رڳو، اهو اشارو آهي، ته هڪ ڊگهي بندش پر واپار، جيڪو ان مان وهندو آهي، تي ان جي اتحادين جو انحصار پڻ ممڪن ناهي . اهڙي بندش جي لاجسٽڪ ناممڪنيت جو مشورو ڏئي ٿو. هڪ نيوڪلاسيڪل-حقيقت پسند تجزيو اسٽريٽ جي حوالي سان ايراني پاليسي کي "ٻٽي منهن" طور بيان ڪري ٿو. غير وجودي خطري واري ماحول ۾ تهران اسٽريٽ کي کليل رکڻ سان سيڪيورٽي فراهم ڪندڙ طور ڪم ڪرڻ جو رجحان رکي ٿو. جڏهن ته وجودي طور تي سمجهيل خطرن جي تحت اهو حساب ڪتاب وارا خطرا کڻندو آهي ۽ آبي رستي کي هڪ وسيع ڊيٽرنس ۽ برڪ مين شپ حڪمت عملي ۾ شامل ڪندو آهي. هي تشريح ايران کي هڪ رد عمل واري اداڪار جي طور تي پيش ڪري ٿي جيڪا رعايتون حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ مداخلت يا برڪ مين شپ کي استعمال ڪري ٿي. ۽ بين الاقوامي برادري کان ڊي-اسڪيليٽري قدمن کي متحرڪ ڪري ٿي. هي ادب پڻ زور ڏئي ٿو ته اسٽريٽ جي حوالي سان ايران جي حڪمت عملي پاڻي رستي تي ان جي پنهنجي انحصار جي ڪري محدود آهي. اهم ڀائيوارن، مادي حدن ۽ پابندين جي. جيڪو ان جي آزادي کي گهٽائي ٿو. خطرو کڻڻ ۽ مشورو ڏئي ٿو. ته ڪو به ڊگهو بندش ايران ۽ ان جي اتحادين لاءِ خاص طور تي نقصانڪار هوندو. Moreover, due to Iran's own dependence on oil exports through the strait as well as imports, (due to its inability to refine oil on its own) a closure of the strait is unlikely.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pham |first1=Peter J |title=Iran's threat to the strait of Hormuz: A realist assessment |journal=American Foreign Policy Interests |date=2010 |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=64–74 |doi=10.1080/10803921003697542 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233290417}}</ref> Not only Iran's own dependence on the strait for imports and exports is indicative that a prolonged closure is unlikely, but also the dependence of its allies on the trade that flows through it suggest the logistical infeasibility of such closure.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pham |first1=Peter J |title=Iran's Threat to the Strait of Hormuz: A Realist Assessment |journal=American Foreign Policy Interests |date=2010 |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=64–74 |doi=10.1080/10803921003697542 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233290417}}</ref> A [[neoclassical realism|neoclassical-realist]] analysis describes Iranian policy regarding the strait as "double-faced": in non-existential threat environments Tehran tends to act as a security provider by keeping the strait open, whereas under threats perceived as existential it takes calculated risks and incorporates the waterway into a wider [[deterrence theory|deterrence]] and [[brinkmanship]] strategy.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Divsallar |first1=Abdolrasool |title=Shifting Threats and Strategic Adjustment in Iran's Foreign Policy: The case of Strait of Hormuz |journal=British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies |date=2022 |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=873–895 |doi=10.1080/13530194.2021.1874873 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2021.1874873|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This interpretation portrays Iran as a reactive actor that employs interference or brinkmanship to gain concessions and trigger de‑escalatory measures from the international community.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Divsallar |first1=Abdolrasool |title=Shifting Threats and Strategic Adjustment in Iran's Foreign Policy: The case of Strait of Hormuz |journal=British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies |date=2022 |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=873–895 |doi=10.1080/13530194.2021.1874873 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2021.1874873|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This literature also emphasizes that Iran’s strategy with respect to the strait is constrained by its own reliance on the waterway, that of key partners, material limits and sanctions, which lowers its freedom to take risks and suggests that any prolonged closure would be particularly damaging for Iran itself and its allies.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Divsallar |first1=Abdolrasool |title=Shifting Threats and Strategic Adjustment in Iran's Foreign Policy: The case of Strait of Hormuz |journal=British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies |date=2022 |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=873–895 |doi=10.1080/13530194.2021.1874873 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2021.1874873|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pham |first1=Peter J. |title=Iran's Threat to the Strait of Hormuz: A Realist Assessment |journal=American Foreign Policy Interests |date=2010 |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=64–74 |doi=10.1080/10803921003697542 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10803921003697542|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Daozheng |last2=Wang |first2=Shun |last3=Loughney |first3=Sean |last4=Wang |first4=Jin |title=Evolutionary Game Model of Strategic Maritime Transport Passages: A Case of the Strait of Hormuz |journal=Journal of Marine Science and Engineering |date=2022 |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=346 |doi=10.3390/jmse10030346 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022JMSE...10..346H }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ratner |first1=Michael |title=Iran's threats, the Strait of Hormuz, and oil markets: In brief |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs_external/products/R/PDF/R45281/R45281.pdf |website=Congressional Research Service |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> ڊسمبر 2011ع ۾، ايران جي بحريه هرمز گذرگاهه سان گڏ بين الاقوامي پاڻين ۾ ڏهه ڏينهن جي مشق شروع ڪئي. ايراني ريئر ايڊمرل حبيب الله سياري چيو ته گذرگاهه کي مشق دوران بند نه ڪيو ويندو. ايراني فوجون آساني سان اهو ڪم ڪري سگهن ٿيون، پر اهڙو فيصلو سياسي سطح تي ٿيڻ گهرجي.<ref>{{cite news|title=Iranian navy begins exercise in waters near strategic oil route|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2011-12/26/content_14324816.htm|newspaper=[[China Daily]]|date=26 December 2011|access-date=8 January 2012|archive-date=28 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228055936/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2011-12/26/content_14324816.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="cncbEasyClose2">{{cite news|title=Shutting Off Gulf 'Very Easy': Iran Navy Chief|url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/45803146|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924081727/https://www.cnbc.com/id/45803146|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|agency=Reuters|publisher=CNBC|date=28 December 2011|access-date=8 January 2012}}</ref> پينٽاگون جي ترجمان، ڪئپٽن جان ڪربي جو ڊسمبر 2011ع ۾ حوالو ڏنو ويو جن ۾ چيو ويو هو ته "دنيا جي ان حصي ۾ تڪرار وڌائڻ جون ڪوششون غير مددگار ۽ غير پيداواري آهن. اسان جي طرفان، اسان مطمئن آهيون ته اسان وٽ خطي ۾ ڪافي صلاحيتون آهن ته اسان پنهنجن دوستن ۽ ڀائيوارن ۽ انهي سان گڏ بين الاقوامي برادري سان ڪيل واعدن جو احترام ڪري سگهون". بروڪنگس انسٽيٽيوٽ جي هڪ ماهر، سوزانئ مئلوني چيو ته "اميد اها آهي ته آمريڪي فوج ڪنهن به ايراني خطري کي نسبتاً جلدي حل ڪري سگهي ٿي." آمريڪا جو جوائنٽ چيفس آف اسٽاف جي چيئرمين، جنرل مارٽن ڊيمپسي، سال 2012 ۾ چيو هو ته، "ايران صلاحيتن ۾ سيڙپڪاري ڪئي آهي، جيڪي (حقيقت ۾) ڪجهه وقت لاءِ آبنائے هرمز کي بلاڪ ڪري سگهن ٿيون." هن چيو ته، "اسان صلاحيتن ۾ سيڙپڪاري ڪيا آهيون ته جيئن يقيني بڻايو وڃي ته جيڪڏهن اهو ٿئي ٿو، ته اسان ان کي شڪست ڏئي سگهون ٿا." مئي <small>2012</small><small>ع</small> ۾ سمندري قانون جي ترڪ محقق، نيلوفر اورل جو هڪ مضمون اهو نتيجو ڪڍي ٿو ته، جيڪڏهن ايران ٻيڙين، جهڙوڪ تيل جي ٽينڪرن، جي گذرڻ کي روڪڻ جي پنهنجي منصوبي تي عمل ڪندو، اهو <small>UNCLOS</small>، جيڪو سال <small>1994</small>ع ۾ لاڳو ٿيو ۽ سال <small>1958</small>ع جي وڏي سمنڊن تي ڪنوينشن، ٻنهي جي خلاف ورزي ڪئي ويندي ۽ اهو ته گذرڻ جو عمل قانوني طور تي اقتصادي پابنديون لاڳو ڪرڻ سان لاڳاپيل ناهي. مضمون وڌيڪ زور ڏئي ٿو ته هڪ ساحلي رياست "ٽرانزٽ يا غير معطل معصوم گذرڻ" کي صرف تڏهن روڪي سگهي ٿي جڏهن: # گذرڻ دوران طاقت جو (خطرو يا) حقيقي استعمال ٿئي. # ڪنهن ٻئي طريقي سان جهاز بين الاقوامي قانون جي اصولن، جيئن گڏيل قومن جي چارٽر ۾ شامل آهن، جي خلاف ورزي ڪري ٿو. # سال <small>2013ع</small> تائين، <small>UNCLOS</small> معاهدي جي تصديق <small>63</small> رياستن، جنهن ۾ گھڻيون نيٽو-بلاڪ ۽ سوويت-بلاڪ جو قومون شامل آهن، پر اوپيڪ ۽ عرب ليگ جي گهڻن ملڪن، جهڙوڪ شام، مصر، اردن، سعودي عرب ۽ ايران ۽ انهي سان گڏ چين، اتر ڪوريا ۽ ڏکڻ ڪوريا پاران ڪئي وئي هئي. فيبروري <small>2026</small>ع تائين، يورپي يونين سميت <small>157</small> خودمختيار رياستون معاهدي ۾ شامل آهن. آمريڪا کانسواءِ سڀني وڏين طاقتن سميت. جنهن معاهدي جي تصديق نه ڪئي آهي. [[Martin Dempsey|General Martin Dempsey]], Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, said in 2012 that Iran "has invested in capabilities that could, in fact, for a period of time block the Strait of Hormuz." He stated, "We've invested in capabilities to ensure that if that happens, we can defeat that."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-01-08/iran-able-to-block-strait-of-hormuz-general-dempsey-tells-cbs.html |title=Iran Has Ability to Block Strait of Hormuz, U.S. General Dempsey Tells CBS |date=8 January 2012 |publisher=Bloomberg |access-date=9 January 2012 |first1=Kathleen |last1=Hunter |first2=Viola |last2=Gienger |archive-date=10 January 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120110055805/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-01-08/iran-able-to-block-strait-of-hormuz-general-dempsey-tells-cbs.html |url-status=live}}</ref> A May 2012 article by Nilufer Oral, a Turkish researcher of [[maritime law]], concludes that both the [[UNCLOS]], which came into effect in 1994; and the 1958 [[Convention on the High Seas]] would be violated if Iran followed through on its threat to block passage of vessels, such as oil tankers, and that the act of passage is not related in law to the imposition of economic sanctions. The article further asserts that a coastal state may prevent "transit or non-suspendable innocent passage" only if: 1) there is threatened or actual use of force, occurring during passage, against the sovereignty, territorial integrity, or political independence of a state bordering the strait; or 2) the vessel in any other way violates the principles of international law as embodied in the [[Charter of the United Nations]].<ref name=onasil>{{cite journal |last=Oral |first=Nilufer |title=Transit Passage Rights in the Strait of Hormuz and Iran's Threats to Block the Passage of Oil Tankers |journal=Insights |date=3 May 2012 |volume=16 |issue=16 |url=https://www.asil.org/insights/volume/16/issue/16/transit-passage-rights-strait-hormuz-and-iran%E2%80%99s-threats-block-passage |publisher=[[American Society of International Law]] |access-date=26 August 2019 |archive-date=5 October 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161005105452/https://www.asil.org/insights/volume/16/issue/16/transit-passage-rights-strait-hormuz-and-iran%E2%80%99s-threats-block-passage |url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2013, the [[United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea|UNCLOS]] treaty had been ratified by 63 states, including most [[NATO]]-bloc and [[Soviet-bloc]] nations but with the notable exceptions of most of the [[OPEC]] and [[Arab League]] nations like [[Syria]], [[Egypt]], [[Jordan]], [[Saudi Arabia]], and [[Iran]], as well as [[China]], [[North Korea]], and [[South Korea]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXI-2&chapter=21&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection - Chapter XXI: Law of the Sea |access-date=3 May 2013 |archive-date=17 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017195214/http://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXI-2&chapter=21&lang=en |url-status=dead}}</ref> {{As of|2026|02}}, 157 [[sovereign states]], including the [[European Union|EU]] are [[List of parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea#|parties]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Treaty Collection |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetailsIII.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXI-6&chapter=21&Temp=mtdsg3&clang=_en |access-date=29 July 2024 |website=treaties.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> including all major powers [[United States and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea|except the United States]], which has [[List of parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea#United States|not ratified the treaty]]. ==متبادل رستا== [[File:Crude oil, condensate, and petroleum products transported through the Strait of Hormuz in 2014 through 2018 (48097472312) (cropped).png|thumb|upright=1.2|حبشان-فجيره تيل جي پائپ لائن ۽ ابقيق- ينبوع اين جي ايل پائپ لائنن جو نقشو]] سال <small>2025</small>ع تائين، روزانو لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ڪروڙ <small>50</small> لک بيرل تيل جي منتقلي گذرگاهه ذريعي ڪئي ويندي هئي. ساحلي پائپ لائنن جي وڌ ۾ وڌ گنجائش تقريباً <small>30</small> لک بيرل آهي. مايع قدرتي گئس (<small>LNG</small>) جي مڪمل طور تي ٻيڙين جي ذريعي، گذرگاهه جي ذريعي ممڪن آهي.<ref>{{cite web|title=How a US-Israeli war on Iran could upend global oil and gas supplies|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-us-strait-of-hormuz-asia-energy-threat-israel-b2925545.html|publisher=[[The Independent]]|language=en|date=25 February 2026}}</ref><ref name="AlJ02">{{cite web|title=New UAE pipeline bypasses Strait of Hormuz|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/07/2012715172345810758.html|date=15 July 2012|access-date=27 July 2012|work=aljazeera.com|archive-date=25 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725142005/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/07/2012715172345810758.html|url-status=live}}</ref> جون <small>2012</small>ع ۾، [[سعودي عرب]] عراق-سعودي عرب پائپ لائن (<small>IPSA</small>) کي ٻيهر کوليو، جيڪي سال <small>2001</small>ع ۾ [[عراق]] کان بيهر حاصل ڪئي وئي هئي. اها عراق کان سعودي عرب جي ذريعي [[ڳاڙهو سمنڊ|ڳاڙهي سمنڊ]] جي بندرگاهه تائين سفر ڪري ٿي. ان جي روزاني گنجائش <small>16</small> لک <small>50</small> هزار (<small>2,62,000</small> ڪعبي ميٽر) آهي.<ref name="FPluft02">{{cite web|title=Choke Point|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/07/19/choke_points|last=Luft|first=Gal|date=19 July 2012|access-date=6 August 2012|work=foreignpolicy.com|archive-date=23 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723001034/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/07/19/choke_points|url-status=dead}}</ref> جولاءِ <small>2012</small>ع ۾، [[گڏيل عرب اماراتون|گڏيل عرب امارات]] نئين حبشان-فجيره تيل پائپ لائن ([[ابوظهبي|ابو ظهبي]] ۾ حبشان فيلڊ کان [[عمان جي نار|اومان جي نار]] تي فجيره تيل ٽرمينل تائين) کي مؤثر طريقي سان آبنائي هرمز کي نظرانداز ڪندي استعمال ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. ان جي وڌ ۾ وڌ گنجائش تقريباً 20 لک بيرل (<small>3,20,000</small> ڪعبي ميٽر) في ڏينهن آهي، جيڪي امارات جي سال 2012ع جي پيداوار جي شرح جي ٽن چوٿين کان وڌيڪ آهي. گڏيل عرب امارات فجيره جي اسٽوريج ۽ آف لوڊنگ جي گنجائش کي پڻ وڌائي رهيو آهي.<ref name="FPluft04">{{cite web|title=Choke Point|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/07/19/choke_points|last=Luft|first=Gal|date=19 July 2012|access-date=6 August 2012|work=foreignpolicy.com|archive-date=23 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723001034/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/07/19/choke_points|url-status=dead}}</ref> گڏيل عرب امارات فجيره ۾ دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي خام تيل جي ذخيري جي سهولت ٺاهي رهيو آهي جن ۾ هڪ ڪروڙ <small>40</small> لک بيرل (<small>22,00,000</small> ڪعبي ميٽر) رکڻ جي گنجائش آهي.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/news/general/worlds-largest-crude-oil-storage-facility-to-be-built-in-uae|title=World's largest crude oil storage facility to be built in UAE|work=Khaleej Times|date=27 February 2019|access-date=27 February 2019|archive-date=1 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401051150/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/news/general/worlds-largest-crude-oil-storage-facility-to-be-built-in-uae|url-status=live}}</ref> عالمي تيل ۽ واپاري مرڪز جي طور فجيره جي واڌ کي وڌائڻ لاءِ، حبشان-فجيره رستو امارات جي توانائي جي حفاظت کي محفوظ بڻائي ٿو ۽ ان کي زميني تيل پائپ لائن ٽرانسپورٽ، جيڪو تيل جي ٽرانسپورٽ جو سستو ترين روپ سمجهيو ويندو آهي، هجڻ جو فائدو آهي ۽ انشورنس جي قيمتن کي به گھٽائي ٿو، جئين ته تيل ٽينڪرن کي هاڻي فارس جي نار ۾ داخل نه ٿيڻ جي ضرورت نه پوندي.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://gulfnews.com/business/analysis/the-uaes-longer-term-approach-on-energy-security-1.62481848|title=The UAE's longer term approach on energy security|author=Gulf News|date=6 March 2019|access-date=21 March 2019|archive-date=21 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321220630/https://gulfnews.com/business/analysis/the-uaes-longer-term-approach-on-energy-security-1.62481848|url-status=live}}</ref> جولاءِ <small>2012</small>ع جي فارن پاليسي آرٽيڪل ۾، گال لوفٽ [[ايران]] ۽ آبنائے هرمز جو مقابلو [[عثماني سلطنت]] ۽ داردانيلس سان ڪيو، جيڪو هڪ صدي اڳ روسي اناج جي ترسيل لاءِ هڪ رڪاوٽ هو. هن اشارو ڪيو ته هرمز گذرگاهه ۾ ڇڪتاڻ انهن ماڻهن کي متبادل جهاز راني صلاحيتون ڳولڻ تي مجبور ڪري رهي آهي جيڪا هن وقت فارس جي نار مان ترسيل تي منحصر آهن. هن چيو ته سعودي عرب [[اومان]] ۽ [[يمن]] تائين نئين پائپ لائنون ٺاهڻ تي غور ڪري رهيو آهي ۽ عراق شايد خام تيل کي ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ تائين پهچائڻ لاءِ استعمال نه ٿيندڙ عراق-شام پائپ لائن کي بحال ڪري سگهي ٿو. لوفت چيو ته هرمز جي ٽرئفڪ کي گهٽائڻ "مغرب کي پنهنجي موجوده ايران کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ جي حڪمت عملي کي وڌائڻ جو هڪ نئون موقعو پيش ڪري ٿو."<ref name="FPluft03">{{cite web|title=Choke Point|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/07/19/choke_points|last=Luft|first=Gal|date=19 July 2012|access-date=6 August 2012|work=foreignpolicy.com|archive-date=23 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723001034/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/07/19/choke_points|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==پڻ ڏسو== * {{Portal|ايران|سمنڊ}} * [[ابو موسي ٻيٽ|ابو موسيٰ ٻيٽ]] * [[بندر لينگه]] - ايران جي هرمزگان صوبي ۾ شهر * [[عمان جي نار]] * [[فارس جي نار]] * [[هرمزگان صوبو]] - ايران جو صوبو * [[هرمزگان جي بادشاهت]] - فارس جي نار ۾ بادشاهت (11هين صدي کان 1622ع) * [[سائرس اعظم]] - [[هخامنشي سلطنت]] جو باني ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Library resources box}} {{Commons category|Strait of Hormuz}} * {{cite book |author=Wise, Harold Lee |title=Inside the Danger Zone: The U.S. Military in the Persian Gulf 1987–88 |url=https://www.insidethedangerzone.com |location=Annapolis |publisher=[[Naval Institute Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-59114-970-5}} * {{cite book |author=Diba, Bahman Aghai |title=Is Iran legally permitted to close Strait of Hormuz to countries that impose sanctions against Iran's oil? |url=http://www.payvand.com/news/11/dec/1216.html |location=Cupertino, California |publisher=Payvand Iran News |year=2011 |access-date=22 February 2012 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225054713/http://www.payvand.com/news/11/dec/1216.html |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225054713/http://www.payvand.com/news/11/dec/1216.html |date=25 February 2021 }} * {{cite book |author=Hormuzi |title=what is tourist attractions around strait of Hormuz? |url=https://hormuztour.com}} * {{cite journal | last=Wählisch | first=Martin |title=The Iran-United States Dispute, the Strait of Hormuz, and International Law | journal=The [[Yale Journal of International Law]] | volume=37 | pages=22-34 | year= 2012 | ssrn=2070587 |url=http://www.yjil.org/online/volume-37-spring-2012/the-iran-united-states-dispute-the-strait-of-hormuz-and-international-law |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825032552/http://www.yjil.org/online/volume-37-spring-2012/the-iran-united-states-dispute-the-strait-of-hormuz-and-international-law |archive-date=25 August 2012}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Strait Of Hormuz}} [[زمرو:هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه]] [[زمرو:سامونڊي گذرگاهون]] [[زمرو:فارس جي نار]] [[زمرو:عمان جي ساحلي جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:ايران جي ساحلي جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:ايران جا پاڻي جا جسم]] [[زمرو:عمان جا پاڻي جا جسم]] [[زمرو:گڏيل عرب امارات جا پاڻي جا جسم]] [[زمرو:ايران جون سرحدون]] [[زمرو:عمان جون حدون]] [[زمرو:گڏيل عرب امارات جون حدون]] [[زمرو:عمان جي نار]] [[زمرو:هرمزگان صوبي جون زميني شڪلون]] [[زمرو:بين الاقوامي سامونڊي گذرگاهون|هرمز]] [[زمرو:فارسي نار جا پاڻي جا جسم]] [[زمرو:ايشيا جون سامونڊي گذرگاهون|هرمز]] [[زمرو:هندي سمنڊ جون سامونڊي گذرگاهون|هرمز]] [[زمرو:ايران جون سامونڊي گذرگاهون|هرمز]] 7r37gl4d66s3lsie6y88bmx0r3la7vc 367974 367851 2026-03-28T05:05:38Z Ibne maryam 17680 367974 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water|name=هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه<br> Strait of Hormuz|native_name=تنگه هرمز ([[فارسي ٻولي|فارسي]])<br>مضيق هرمز ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]])|other_name=|image=Strait of Hormuz and Musandam Peninsula (MODIS 2018-12-10).jpg|alt=|caption=هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه جو هڪ سيٽلائيٽ ڏيک|image_bathymetry=|alt_bathymetry=|caption_bathymetry=|location=[[عمان جي نار]] - [[فارس جي نار]]|group=|coordinates={{coord|26.6|N|56.5|E|type:waterbody_scale:1000000|display=title,inline}}|type=[[سامونڊي گذرگاهه]]|etymology=|part_of=|inflow=|rivers=|outflow=|oceans=|catchment=|basin_countries={{flag|Iran}}<br>{{flag|Oman}}<br>{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}|agency=|designation=|engineer=|length=|width=|min_width={{cvt|21|nmi|mi + km}}|area=|depth=|max-depth=|volume=|residence_time=|salinity=|shore=|elevation=|temperature_high=|temperature_low=|frozen=|islands=قيشم ٻيٽ<br>هرمز ٻيٽ<br>لاراڪ ٻيٽ|islands_category=|sections=|trenches=|benches=|cities=1 = {{flagicon|Iran}} [[بندر عباس]]<br> 2 = {{flagicon|Oman}} [[خسب]]|pushpin_map=Iran#West Asia|pushpin_label_position=right<!-- left, right, top or bottom -->|pushpin_map_alt=Topographic map of Iran and surrounding areas, including the Strait of Hormuz|pushpin_map_caption=هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه (ايران)##هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه (اولهه ايشيا)}} [[File:Strait_of_hormuz_full.jpg|thumb|سامونڊي سياسي حدون ۽ شپنگ لين ڏيکاريندڙ، هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه، 2004ع]] [[File:Strait_of_hormuz.jpg|thumb|هي سامونڊي گذرگاهه اتر ۾ [[ايران]] ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[اومان|عمان]] جي مسندم گورنري ۽ [[گڏيل عرب اماراتون|گڏيل عرب امارات کي]] الڳ ڪري ٿي. (1892ع جو نقشو)]] '''هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه ('''<small>Strait of Hormuz</small>'''؛''' {{IPAc-en|h|ɔr|ˈ|m|uː|z}}) [[فارس جي نار]] ۽ [[عمان جي نار]] جي وچ ۾ هڪ [[آبي گذرگاهه|سامونڊي گذرگاهه]] آهي، ان جي اتر واري ساحل تي [[ايران]] واقع آهي، ۽ ڏکڻ واري ساحل تي مسندام جزيري نما آهي، جيڪو [[گڏيل عرب اماراتون|گڏيل عرب امارات]] ۽ مسندام گورنريٽ، [[اومان|عمان]] جي هڪ ايڪسڪليو پاران ورهايو ويو آهي. هي گذرگاهه لڳ ڀڳ <small>104</small> ميل (<small>167</small> ڪلوميٽر، <small>90</small> ناتيڪل ميل) ڊگهي اهي. ويڪر لڳ ڀڳ <small>60</small> ميل (<small>97</small> ڪلوميٽر، <small>52</small> ناٽيڪل ميل) کان <small>24</small> ميل (<small>39</small> ڪلوميٽر، <small>21</small> ناٽيڪل ميل) تائين مختلف آهي.<ref name="dyke-20081002">{{Cite book|title=The Future of Ocean Regime-Building|last=Jon M. Van Dyke|date=2 October 2008|publisher=University of Hawaii|isbn=9789004172678|page=216|chapter=Transit Passage Through International Straits|doi=10.1163/ej.9789004172678.i-786.50|access-date=6 July 2019|chapter-url=https://www.law.hawaii.edu/sites/www.law.hawaii.edu/files/content/Faculty/Straits100308.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807123128/https://www.law.hawaii.edu/sites/www.law.hawaii.edu/files/content/Faculty/Straits100308.pdf|archive-date=7 August 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807123128/https://www.law.hawaii.edu/sites/www.law.hawaii.edu/files/content/Faculty/Straits100308.pdf |date=7 August 2020 }}</ref> <ref name="eia-20120104">{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=4430|title=The Strait of Hormuz is the world's most important oil transit chokepoint|date=4 January 2012|publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911152226/https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=4430|archive-date=11 September 2018|access-date=11 September 2018}}</ref> اها فارس جي نار کان کليل سمنڊ تائين واحد سامونڊي رستو فراهم ڪري ٿي ۽ دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ حڪمت عملي واري (<small>strategic</small>) طور تي اهم چوڪ پوائنٽس مان هڪ آهي.<ref name="oilpricecom01">{{حوالو ويب|url=https://oilprice.com/Geopolitics/International/How-Iran-Plans-To-Bypass-The-Worlds-Main-Oil-Chokepoint.html|title=How Iran Plans To Bypass The World's Main Oil Chokepoint|last=Viktor Katona|publisher=Oilprice.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911081557/https://oilprice.com/Geopolitics/International/How-Iran-Plans-To-Bypass-The-Worlds-Main-Oil-Chokepoint.html|archive-date=11 September 2018|access-date=11 September 2018}}</ref> سال <small>2023</small>ع کان <small>2025</small>ع جي وچ ۾ دنيا جي [[قدرتي وسيلا|مائع قدرتي گئس]] (<small>LNG</small>) جو <small>20</small> سيڪڙو ۽ [[تيل|پيٽرول]] جو <small>25</small> سيڪڙو واپار هر سال هن گذرگاهه مان گذريو. اهو [[يورپ]] ۽ [[ايشيا]] لاءِ پيٽروليم شين جو هڪ وڏو ذريعو آهي ۽ ان کي يورپ جي توانائي جي سيڪيورٽي لاءِ "نازڪ" قرار ڏنو ويو آهي.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2026/03/16/why-is-the-strait-of-hormuz-critical-to-europe|title=Why is the Strait of Hormuz critical to Europe?|date=2026-03-16|website=euronews|language=en|access-date=2026-03-18}}</ref> اهو [[قطر]]، [[ڪويت]] ۽ [[بحرين]] سميت ڪيترن ئي خليجي علائقن لاءِ واحد سامونڊي رستو پڻ آهي ۽ آبنائي ۾ خلل رسد جي سخت کوٽ جو سبب بڻجي سگهي ٿي.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=http://theconversation.com/strait-of-hormuz-gulf-states-food-security-is-at-immediate-risk-but-wider-shortages-could-push-up-consumer-prices-globally-277214|title=Strait of Hormuz: Gulf states’ food security is at immediate risk but wider shortages could push up consumer prices globally|last=Surucu-Balci|first=Ebru|last2=Balci|first2=Gokcay|date=2026-03-04|website=The Conversation|language=en-US|access-date=2026-03-18}}</ref> تيران ۽ [[باب المندب]] سامونڊي گذرگاهن جي برعڪس، [[وچ اوڀر]] جي تڪرارن دوران روايتي طور تي ڪڏهن به هن گذرگاهه کي ڊگهي عرصي تائين بند نه ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://oilprice.com/Energy/Crude-Oil/Oil-Prices-Jump-But-Middle-East-Oil-Keeps-Flowing-Uninterrupted.html|title=Oil Prices Jump, But Middle East Oil Keeps Flowing Uninterrupted|date=17 June 2025|website=OilPrice.com|quote=the narrow lane has never been blocked in any previous conflict in the Middle East.}}</ref> جيتوڻيڪ ايران ڪڏهن ڪڏهن آبنائي کي بند ڪرڻ جي ڌمڪي ڏني هئي،<ref name="auto">{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.twz.com/news-features/could-iran-carry-out-its-threat-to-shut-the-strait-of-hormuz|title=Could Iran Carry Out Its Threat To Shut Down The Strait Of Hormuz?|last=Altman|first=Howard|date=14 June 2025|website=The War Zone|language=en-US|access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/11/19/world/middleeast/iran-tanker-strait-of-hormuz.html|title=Iran Releases Tanker It Seized From the Strait of Hormuz|date=2025-11-19|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en}}</ref> ۽ هاڻ ايران تي آمريڪا ۽ اسرائيل جي حملي کان پوء ان کي بند ڪري ڇڏيو آهي.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-made-preparations-mine-strait-hormuz-us-sources-say-2025-07-01/|title=Exclusive: Iran made preparations to mine the Strait of Hormuz, US sources say|last=Slattery|first=Gram|date=1 July 2025|work=Reuters|access-date=3 July 2025|last2=Stewart|first2=Phil|language=en|last3=Slattery|first3=Gram|last4=Stewart|first4=Phil}}</ref> جڏهن ته، سال <small>2026</small>ع جي ايران جنگ دوران هي گذرگاهه بين الاقوامي برادري جي توجه جو هڪ وڏو مرڪز بڻجي ويو، جن جي نتيجي ۾ "هرمز گذرگاهه جو بحران" پيدا ٿيو آهي.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/why-hormuz-not-fordow-is-the-real-centre-of-gravity-in-the-iran-crisis-13983548.html|title=Why Hormuz, not Fordow, is the real centre of gravity in the Iran crisis|last=Sinha|first=Aditya|date=February 25, 2026|website=First Post|access-date=March 18, 2026}}</ref> ==نالو== {{main|هرمز جي بادشاهت|پورچوگالي-صفوي جنگيون|هرمز جي جنگ، 1625ع}} [[فارسي ٻولي|فارسي]] لفظ "هرمز" [[زرتشتي مذھب|زرتشتي]] مذهب جي ديوتا اهورا مزدا جي نالي جي وچين فارسي جي تلفظ مان نڪتل آهي. متبادل طور، اهو تجويز ڪيو آهي ته اهو نالو مقامي فارسي لفظ، "<small>'''هورمغ'''</small>" (<small>کجورن جي جاءِ</small>) مان نڪتل آهي <ref>{{cite journal|last=Ebrahimi|first=Qorbanali|title=Hormoz-Hormuz|journal=Motale'at Irani|date=2005–2006|volume=4|issue=7|pages=48|url=https://noo.rs/Cin61}}</ref> هڪ نظريو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هرمز جي گذرگاهه جو نالو، [[فارس صوبو|فارس]] جي بادشاهه شاپور ٻين، جيڪو سال 309 ۽ 379 عيسوي جي وچ ۾ حڪومت ڪندو هو، جي ماءُ جي نالي، "افرا هرمزد" تي رکيو ويو هوندو. هڪ ٻيو گهٽ ممڪن نظريو اهو آهي ته اهو نار لاء يوناني لفظ هرموس (ὅρμος) مان آيو آهي.<ref name="iranologie2">{{Cite web|last=Rezakhani|first=Khodadad|date=27 February 2020|title=The Kingdom of Hormuz|url=https://iranologie.com/the-history-page/the-kingdom-of-hormuz/|access-date=14 December 2020|website=Iranologie.com}}</ref> فارس جي نار جي افتتاح کي "پيريپلس آف دي اريٿرين سمنڊ"، پهرين صديءَ جي هڪ بحري جهاز جي رهنمائي ڪندڙ ڪتاب، ۾ بيان ڪيو، پر نالو نه ڏنو؛{{blockquote|"انهن اڪيلائي ٻيٽن جي مٿئين ڇيڙي تي جبلن جو هڪ سلسلو آهي جنهن کي ڪالون سڏيو ويندو آهي ۽ فارس جي نار جو مُنهن ان کان گهڻو پري نه آهي. جتي موتي جي صدف لاءِ گهڻو غوطه خوري ٿيندي آهي. ڳاڙهن ڳٽن جي کاٻي پاسي وڏا جبل آهن جن کي "اسابون" سڏيو ويندو آهي ۽ ساڄي پاسي هڪ ٻيو گول ۽ اچو جبل آهي جنهن کي "سيميرامس" سڏيو ويندو آهي. انهن جي وچ ۾ ڳاڙهن ڳٽن جي پار گذرڻ لڳ ڀڳ ڇهه سئو اسٽيڊيم جي برابر آهي، جنهن کان اڳتي اهو تمام وڏو ۽ وسيع سمنڊ، فارس جي نار جي اندرين حصي ۾ تمام گهڻو پهچي ٿو. هن نار جي مٿئين ڇيڙي تي، قانون طرفان نامزد ڪيل هڪ مارڪيٽ ٽائون آهي جنهن کي "اپولوگس" سڏيو ويندو آهي. چارائيڪس اسپاسيني ۽ درياءَ فرات جي ويجهو واقع آهي."|پيريپلس آف دي ايريٿرين سمنڊ، باب 35.}} <small>17</small>هين صدي عيسوي ۾ اورمس جي بادشاهت هتي، اينڊاش ۾ واقع هئي. عالم، تاريخدان ۽ لسانيات جا ماهر "اورمز" جو نالو مقامي فارسي لفظ "هور مغ" مان ورتو آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ آهي کجيءَ جو وڻ.<ref>[http://minabcity.ir/HomePage.aspx?TabID=4620&Site=DouranPortal&Lang=fa-IR Municipality of Minab] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706075102/http://minabcity.ir/HomePage.aspx?TabID=4620&Site=DouranPortal&Lang=fa-IR|date=6 July 2018}}, (in Persian). Retrieved 30 December 2011.</ref> هن فارسي لفظ جو زرتشتي مذهب جي ديوتا هرموز (اهورا مزدا جو هڪ قسم) جي فارسي نالي سان مشابهت جي نتيجي ۾ اهو يقين پيدا ٿيو آهي ته اها لفظ لاڳاپيل آهن. [[File:Persian Gulf 1507-1750.gif|thumb|upright=1.4|لنگهه ۾ پهريون مغربي فوجي غلبو. فارس جي نار ۾ پرتگال جي موجودگي (1507-1750ع)]] 15هين صدي کان وٺي، اسٽريٽجڪ نقطي نظر کان، لنگهه جي جاگرافي برقرار رهي ۽ پرتگال جهڙين پرڏيهي طاقتن جي آمد سان ان جي اهميت کي وڌايو (جنهن 16هين ۽ 18هين صدي جي وچ ۾ پنهنجي موجودگي برقرار رکي). اهو ٻين اڀرندڙ طاقتن جهڙوڪ انگلينڊ سان تڪرار کي به ڀڙڪايو، جڏهن اهو 17هين صدي ۾ علائقي ۾ پهتو. ==جهاز راني== ٽڪراءَ جي خطري کي گهٽائڻ لاءِ، گذرگاهه مان گذرندڙ جهاز ٽرئفڪ سيپريشن اسڪيم (TSS) تي عمل ڪن ٿا. ايندڙ جهاز هڪ لين استعمال ڪن ٿا. ٻاهر نڪرندڙ جهاز ٻيو. هر لين ٻه ميل ويڪرو آهي. لين ٻن ميل ويڪر "ميڊين" سان الڳ ٿيل آهن.<ref name="eia-201907172">{{cite web|url=https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/special_topics/World_Oil_Transit_Chokepoints/wotc.pdf|title=World Oil Transit Chokepoints|publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration|date=25 July 2017|access-date=13 June 2019|archive-date=21 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521134300/https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/special_topics/World_Oil_Transit_Chokepoints/wotc.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> گذرگاهه کي پار ڪرڻ لاءِ جهاز، گڏيل قومن جي سمنڊ جي قانون تي ڪنوينشن (<small>UNCLOS</small>) جي ٽرانزٽ پاس جي شقن جي تحت، [[ايران]] ۽ [[اومان]] جي علائقائي پاڻين مان گذرن ٿا.<ref name="USEIA012">{{cite web|url=http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/156265/|title=Strait of Hormuz|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth|author=Alejandra Roman & Administration|access-date=2 June 2015|archive-date=5 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405131935/http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/156265/|url-status=live}}</ref> جئين ته سڀني ملڪن ڪنوينشن جي تصديق نه ڪيا آهن،<ref name="UNCLOS-ratification2">{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/Depts/los/reference_files/chronological_lists_of_ratifications.htm|title=Chronological lists of ratifications of, accessions and successions to the Convention and the related Agreements as at 26 October 2007|publisher=UN|work=Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea|access-date=29 June 2017|archive-date=14 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414043900/http://www.un.org/depts/los/reference_files/chronological_lists_of_ratifications.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] سميت گھڻا ملڪ انهن روايتي جهاز راني جي ضابطن کي قبول ڪن ٿا،<ref>{{cite web|author=[[U.S. President]]|title=Presidential Proclamation 5030|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/58381.pdf|url-status=live|date=10 March 1983|access-date=21 January 2008|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325045208/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/58381.pdf|archive-date=25 March 2021}}</ref> جيئن ڪنوينشن ۾ ڪوڊ ڪيو ويو آهي. سال <small>1959</small>ع ۾، ايران پنهنجي علائقائي سمنڊ کي 12 ناٽيڪل ميل (22 ڪلوميٽر) تائين وڌائي لنگهه جي قانوني حيثيت کي تبديل ڪيو ۽ اعلان ڪيو ته اهو نئين وڌايل علائقي ذريعي صرف غير جنگي ٽرانزٽ کي تسليم ڪندو.<ref name="Groves 20112">{{cite web|last=Groves|first=Steven|title=Accession to the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea Is Unnecessary to Secure U.S. Navigational Rights and Freedoms|website=The Heritage Foundation|url=http://www.heritage.org/defense/report/accession-the-un-convention-the-law-the-sea-unnecessary-secure-us-navigational|date=24 August 2011|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517153730/https://www.heritage.org/defense/report/accession-the-un-convention-the-law-the-sea-unnecessary-secure-us-navigational|url-status=unfit}}</ref> سال <small>1972</small>ع ۾، اومان پڻ فرمان ذريعي پنهنجي علائقائي سمنڊ کي 12 ناٽيڪل ميل (22 ڪلوميٽر) تائين وڌايو.<ref name="Groves 20113">{{cite web|last=Groves|first=Steven|title=Accession to the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea Is Unnecessary to Secure U.S. Navigational Rights and Freedoms|website=The Heritage Foundation|url=http://www.heritage.org/defense/report/accession-the-un-convention-the-law-the-sea-unnecessary-secure-us-navigational|date=24 August 2011|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517153730/https://www.heritage.org/defense/report/accession-the-un-convention-the-law-the-sea-unnecessary-secure-us-navigational|url-status=unfit}}</ref> اهڙيءَ طرح، سال <small>1972</small>ع تائين، ايران ۽ اومان جي گڏيل علائقائي پاڻين جي ڪري هرمز جي ساموندي گذرگاهه جنگي ٻيڙين لاء مڪمل طور تي "بند" ٿي وئي. 1970ع جي ڏهاڪي دوران، ايران يا اومان ٻنهي جنگي جهازن جي گذرڻ ۾ رڪاوٽ وجهڻ جي ڪوشش نه ڪئي، پر <small>1980</small>ع جي ڏهاڪي ۾، ٻنهي ملڪن دعويٰ ڪيا، جيڪا روايتي (پراڻي) قانون کان مختلف هئا. سال <small>1989</small>ع ۾ گڏيل قومن جي ڪنوينشن (<small>UNCLOS</small>) جي تصديق ڪرڻ تي، اومان پنهنجي سال <small>1981</small>ع جي شاهي فرمان جي تصديق ڪندڙ اعلان پيش ڪيو ته ان جي علائقائي سمنڊ ذريعي صرف غير جنگي ٽرانزٽ کي گذرڻ جي اجازت آهي. اعلان ۾ وڌيڪ زور ڏنو ويو ته پرڏيهي جنگي جهازن کي اوماني علائقائي پاڻين مان گذرڻ کان اڳ اڳواٽ اجازت وٺڻ جي ضرورت هوندي.<ref name="Groves 20114">{{cite web|last=Groves|first=Steven|title=Accession to the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea Is Unnecessary to Secure U.S. Navigational Rights and Freedoms|website=The Heritage Foundation|url=http://www.heritage.org/defense/report/accession-the-un-convention-the-law-the-sea-unnecessary-secure-us-navigational|date=24 August 2011|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517153730/https://www.heritage.org/defense/report/accession-the-un-convention-the-law-the-sea-unnecessary-secure-us-navigational|url-status=unfit}}</ref> سال 1982ع ۾ ڪنوينشن تي دستخط ڪرڻ تي، ايران هڪ اعلان ۾ داخل ٿيو جنهن ۾ چيو ويو آهي ته "صرف سمنڊ جي قانون جي ڪنوينشن جي رياستن کي ان ۾ پيدا ڪيل معاهدي جي حقن مان فائدو حاصل ڪرڻ جو حق هوندو"، جنهن ۾ "بين الاقوامي جهاز راني لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ آبنائي ذريعي گذرڻ جو حق" شامل آهي. سال 1993ع ۾، ايران سامونڊي علائقن تي هڪ جامع قانون نافذ ڪيو. جنهن جون دفعات گڏيل قومن جي ڪنوينشن (<small>UNCLOS</small>) جي دفعات سان ٽڪراءُ ڪن ٿيون، جنهن ۾ هڪ شرط شامل آهي ته جنگي جهاز، آبدوزون ۽ ايٽمي طاقت وارا جهاز ايران جي علائقائي پاڻين مان گذرڻ کان اڳ اجازت حاصل ڪن. آمريڪا اومان ۽ ايران جي ڪنهن به دعويٰ کي تسليم نٿو ڪري ۽ انهن مان هر هڪ جي مخالفت ڪيو آهي.<ref name="Groves 20115">{{cite web|last=Groves|first=Steven|title=Accession to the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea Is Unnecessary to Secure U.S. Navigational Rights and Freedoms|website=The Heritage Foundation|url=http://www.heritage.org/defense/report/accession-the-un-convention-the-law-the-sea-unnecessary-secure-us-navigational|date=24 August 2011|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517153730/https://www.heritage.org/defense/report/accession-the-un-convention-the-law-the-sea-unnecessary-secure-us-navigational|url-status=unfit}}</ref> ==پيٽرول جي واپار جو رستو== [[File:Volume of crude oil and condensate transported through the Strait of Hormuz in 2014 through 2018 (48097330906).png|thumb|upright=1.4|سال 2014-2018ع ۾ اصل ۽ منزل جي لحاظ کان تيل جو واپار]] سال <small>2023-2025</small>ع دوران، دنيا جي مائع قدرتي گئس جو %<small>20</small> ۽ پيٽرول جو %<small>25</small> واپار هرمز گذرگاهه مان گذريو، جيڪا واپار لاءِ ان جي اهم مقام کي ظاهر ڪري ٿو.<ref name="eia-20120104" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=World Oil Transit Chokepoints|url=https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/special_topics/World_Oil_Transit_Chokepoints/wotc.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723221931/http://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/special_topics/World_Oil_Transit_Chokepoints/wotc.pdf|archive-date=23 July 2015|access-date=13 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":4"/> آمريڪي توانائي انفارميشن ايڊمنسٽريشن جي مطابق (2011 ۾) روزانو سراسري طور تي 14 ٽينڪر فارس جي نار مان 17 ملين بيرل (27,00,000 ڪعبي ميٽر) خام تيل کڻي گذرندا هئا. انهن خام تيل جي برآمدات مان %<small>85</small> کان وڌيڪ روزاني بنيادن تي ايشيائي مارڪيٽن ڏانهن ويندا هئا، جنهن ۾ جاپان، ڀارت، ڏکڻ ڪوريا ۽ چين سڀ کان وڏيون منزلون هيون.<ref name="USEIA013">{{cite web|url=http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/156265/|title=Strait of Hormuz|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth|author=Alejandra Roman & Administration|access-date=2 June 2015|archive-date=5 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405131935/http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/156265/|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>2018</small>ع ۾، سال <small>2019</small>ع جي قيمتن تي <small>1.2</small> ارب ڊالر جي ماليت جو تيل گذرگاهه مان روزانو <small>21</small> ملين بيرل جي مقدار ۾ گذريو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R2shPOThjIQ|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/R2shPOThjIQ|archive-date=17 November 2021|url-status=live|title=The Strait of Hormuz Explained|website=[[YouTube]]|date=31 October 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref> جيڪڏهن هرمز گذرگاهه ذريعي تيل جي رسد هڪ ڊگهي عرصي تائين خاص طور تي متاثر ٿئي تي، ته اها ڀارت ۽ چين جهڙن وڏن ايشيائي درآمد ڪندڙن لاءِ تيل جي فراهمي جو هڪ وڏو بحران پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿو.<ref>Le Monde. (2026, March 3). Asian oil imports threatened as traffic halts in the Strait of Hormuz. https://www.lemonde.fr/en/economy/article/2026/03/03/asian-oil-imports-threatened-as-traffic-halts-in-the-strait-of-hormuz_6751055_19.html</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/israel-iran-usa-war-asian-countries-most-at-risk-from-oil-gas-supply-disruptions-in-strait-of-hormuz-research-group/articleshow/128947545.cms?utm_source=chatgpt.com|work=Economic Times}}</ref> ==واقعا== [[File:Strait of Hormuz from 35,000 Feet.jpg|thumb|upright|<small>10,668</small> ميٽر (<small>35,000</small> فوٽ) جي بلندي تي هڪ هوائي جهاز مان نظر ايندڙ هرمز گذرگاهه. [[اومان]] جي مسندم گورنريٽ پيش منظر ۾ ]] === ٽينڪر جنگ === {{Main|ٽينڪرن جي جنگ}} ايران-عراق جنگ جو ٽينڪرن جي جنگ جو مرحلو هن وقت شروع ٿيو،<ref name="efraimkarsh2">{{cite book|last=Karsh|first=Efraim|title=The Iran–Iraq War: 1980–1988|url=https://archive.org/details/iraniraqwar00kars|url-access=limited|pages=[https://archive.org/details/iraniraqwar00kars/page/n3 1]–8, 12–16, 19–82|publisher=Osprey Publishing|date=25 April 2002|isbn=978-1-84176-371-2}}</ref> جڏهن [[عراق]] 1984ع جي شروعات ۾ ايران جي خارگ ٻيٽ تي تيل جي ٽرمينل ۽ تيل جي ٽينڪرن تي حملو ڪيو.<ref>{{cite web|title=Strait of Hormuz – Tanker War|url=https://www.strausscenter.org/strait-of-hormuz-tanker-war/|access-date=6 August 2021|website=The Strauss Center|language=en-US|archive-date=6 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806115032/https://www.strausscenter.org/strait-of-hormuz-tanker-war/|url-status=live}}</ref> صدام حسين جو ايراني شپنگ تي حملو ڪرڻ جو مقصد، ٻين شين جي وچ ۾، ايران کي انتهائي قدمن سان جوابي ڪارروائي ڪرڻ لاءِ اڀارڻ هو،جيئن ته هو هرمز جي گذرگاهه کي سڀني سامونڊي ٽرئفڪ لاءِ بند ڪري ڇڏي ۽ ان ڪري آمريڪي مداخلت کي آڻڻ جو موقعو ملي.<ref name="efraimkarsh3">{{cite book|last=Karsh|first=Efraim|title=The Iran–Iraq War: 1980–1988|url=https://archive.org/details/iraniraqwar00kars|url-access=limited|pages=[https://archive.org/details/iraniraqwar00kars/page/n3 1]–8, 12–16, 19–82|publisher=Osprey Publishing|date=25 April 2002|isbn=978-1-84176-371-2}}</ref> پر ايران عراقي شپنگ تي انتقامي حملي کي محدود ڪيو ۽ گذرگاهه کي بند نه ڪيو.<ref name="efraimkarsh4">{{cite book|last=Karsh|first=Efraim|title=The Iran–Iraq War: 1980–1988|url=https://archive.org/details/iraniraqwar00kars|url-access=limited|pages=[https://archive.org/details/iraniraqwar00kars/page/n3 1]–8, 12–16, 19–82|publisher=Osprey Publishing|date=25 April 2002|isbn=978-1-84176-371-2}}</ref> === آپريشن پرئينگ مينٽس === {{Main|آپريشن پرئينگ مينٽس}} آپريشن پرائينگ مينٽس <small>18</small> اپريل <small>1988</small>ع تي ايران-عراق جنگ دوران فارس جي نار ۾ بين الاقوامي پاڻين ۾ ايراني سامونڊي بارودي سرنگن جي تنصيب ۽ پوء هڪ آمريڪي جنگي جهاز کي نقصان پهچائڻ جي بدلي ۾ ايراني علائقائي پاڻين اندر آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجن پاران حملو ڪيو ويو. آمريڪي نيوي ڪيترن ئي سطحي جنگي جهازن جي گروپن سان گڏ، هوائي جهاز ڪيريئر يو ايس ايس انٽرپرائز جي جهازن ۽ ان جي ڪروزر اسڪارٽ، يو ايس ايس ٽرڪسٽن سان حملو ڪيو. حملي جي شروعات ٻن سطحي گروپن جي مربوط حملي سان ٿي. === ايران ايئر جي فلائيٽ 655 کي ڪيرائڻ === {{Main|ايران ايئر جي فلائيٽ 655}} 3 جولاءِ 1988ع تي، 290 ماڻهو مارجي ويا جڏهن هڪ ايران ايئر ايئربس A300 کي آمريڪي بحريه جي گائيڊڊ ميزائل ڪروزر يو ايس ايس ونسنس (سي جي-49) پاران آبنائي تي گولي هڻي ماريو ويو جڏهن ان کي غلط طور تي جيٽ فائٽر طور سڃاتو ويو هو. === ٽڪراءُ === {{Main|يو ايس ايس هارٽ فورڊ ۽ يو ايس ايس نيو اورلينز جو ٽڪراء }} جنوري، <small>2007</small>ع ۾، ايٽمي آبدوز يو ايس ايس نيوپورٽ نيوز آبنائي جي ڏکڻ ۾ <small>3,00,000</small> ٽن جاپاني پرچم واري خام تيل جي ٽينڪر ايم وي سان ٽڪرائجي وئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hamptonroads.com/node/205951|title=Navy says speed of tanker sucked submarine up to surface|publisher=The Virginian Pilot|date=10 January 2007|first=Jack|last=Dorsey|access-date=29 December 2007|archive-date=16 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016040536/http://hamptonroads.com/node/205951|url-status=dead}}</ref> ڪو به زخمي نه ٿيو ۽ ڪو به تيل نه لٿو. 20 مارچ <small>2009</small>ع تي، آمريڪي نيوي جي <small>'''يو ايس ايس هارٽ فورڊ'''</small> آبنائي ۾ <small>'''يو ايس ايس نيو اورلينز'''</small> سان ٽڪرائجي وئي. ٽڪراءُ جي سبب <small>'''يو ايس ايس نيو اورلينز'''</small> جو هڪ فيول ٽينڪ ڦاٽي پيو، جنهن مان <small>25,000</small> آمريڪي گيلن (<small>95</small> ڪيوبڪ ميٽر) ڊيزل ٻارڻ نڪري ويو.<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Navy vessels in Bahrain for evaluation after collision|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2009-03-20/world/navy.vessels.collide_1_marine-diesel-fuel-navy-amphibious-ship-persian-gulf?_s=PM:WORLD|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=20 March 2009|access-date=8 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113153818/http://articles.cnn.com/2009-03-20/world/navy.vessels.collide_1_marine-diesel-fuel-navy-amphibious-ship-persian-gulf?_s=PM%3AWORLD|archive-date=13 January 2012}}</ref> === ايراني نيوي جا حادثه === مئي <small>2020</small>ع ۾، ايران هڪ دوستانه فائر حادثي ۾ پنهنجي ئي هڪ جهاز تي ميزائل فائر ڪيا، جن ۾ <small>19</small> ملاح مارجي ويا.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mobile.twitter.com/rafsanchez/status/1259776878484873220|title=Twitter|website=mobile.twitter.com|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=31 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831172416/https://mobile.twitter.com/rafsanchez/status/1259776878484873220|url-status=live}}</ref> 2 جون <small>2021</small>ع تي، ايراني بحري فوج جو هڪ تبديل ٿيل اول ڪلاس ريپلينشمينٽ آئلر، آئرس خارگ، باهه لڳڻ کان پوءِ هرمز گذرگاهه ۾ ٻڏي ويو. اهو بحري فوج جو سڀ کان وڏو جهاز هو.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-06-02/iran-navy-ship-catches-fire-gulf-of-oman/100186272|title=Iranian navy's largest warship catches fire and sinks in Gulf of Oman|date=2 June 2021|access-date=13 June 2021|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613053754/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-06-02/iran-navy-ship-catches-fire-gulf-of-oman/100186272|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Iranian ship seizures=== {{see also|Maersk#Business with Iran}}{{See also|Iranian seizure of the MSC Aries}} On 28 April 2015, [[Navy of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|IRGCN]] patrol boats contacted the [[Marshall Islands]]–flagged [[container ship]] ''[[MV Maersk Tigris|Maersk Tigris]]'', which was westbound through the strait, and directed the ship to proceed further into Iranian territorial waters, according to a spokesman for the U.S. Defense Department. When the ship's master declined, one of the Iranian craft fired shots across the bridge of ''Maersk Tigris''. The captain complied and proceeded into Iranian waters near Larak Island. The U.S. Navy sent aircraft and a destroyer, [[USS Farragut (DDG-99)|USS ''Farragut'']], to monitor the situation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran seizes commercial ship, U.S. forces respond |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/04/28/politics/iran-seizes-commercial-ship-u-s-official-says-no-americans-on-board |publisher=CNN |date=28 April 2015 |access-date=28 April 2015 |archive-date=28 April 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150428160202/http://www.cnn.com/2015/04/28/politics/iran-seizes-commercial-ship-u-s-official-says-no-americans-on-board/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Maersk]] says it agreed to pay an Iranian company $163,000 after an Iranian court ruling over a dispute about 10 container boxes transported to Dubai in 2005. An appeal court raised the fine to $3.6 million.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/iran-usa-ship-idUSL5N0XR37520150430 |title=Maersk insists on release of ship and crew seized by Iran |publisher=Reuters |date=30 April 2015 |access-date=2 July 2017 |archive-date=16 October 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151016040537/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/04/30/iran-usa-ship-idUSL5N0XR37520150430 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 4 January 2021, the [[Tasnim News Agency]] reported that a South Korea–flagged oil vessel headed from [[Saudi Arabia]] to the [[United Arab Emirates]] was seized for allegedly causing pollution violations. The ship was said to be carrying roughly 7,000 tons of ethanol. South Korea refused to comment on the accusation of causing oil pollution in the Strait of Hormuz. The ship, ''Hankuk Chemi'', was headed to the UAE port Fujairah after loading oil from Jubail, Saudi Arabia on 2 January 2021, as per ship-tracking data gathered by Bloomberg.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-04/iran-says-it-has-seized-an-oil-tanker-in-persian-gulf?srnd=markets-vp |title=Iran Seizes Ship, Ramps Up Enrichment as Gulf Tensions Mount |access-date=4 January 2021 |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |date=4 January 2021}}</ref> In April 2024, the Iranian Navy seized<ref>{{cite news |last=Motamedi |first=Maziar |date=13 April 2024 |title=Iran's IRGC seizes 'Israeli-linked' ship near Strait of Hormuz |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/13/irans-irgc-seizes-israeli-linked-ship-near-strait-of-hormuz |access-date=13 April 2024 |work=Al Jazzera |archive-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416031240/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/13/irans-irgc-seizes-israeli-linked-ship-near-strait-of-hormuz |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Iranian seizure of the MSC Aries|MSC Aries]]'', a [[Portugal|Portuguese]]-[[Ensign (flag)|flagged]] container ship sailing through the [[Gulf of Oman]] off the UAE coast of the Emirati port city of [[Fujairah]], then steered the container ship through the strait, with 25 personnel on board, claiming that it had violated maritime laws.<ref name="Reuters">{{cite news |date=15 April 2024 |title=Iran says MSC Aries vessel seized for 'violating maritime laws' |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-says-msc-aries-vessel-seized-violating-maritime-laws-2024-04-15/ |access-date=18 April 2024 |work=Reuters |archive-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20240416045358/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-says-msc-aries-vessel-seized-violating-maritime-laws-2024-04-15/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The crew of 25 included 17 Indian nationals, Filipinos, Pakistanis, a Russian, and an Estonian.<ref name="EconTimes"/> === Iranian preparations to mine the strait === As of 2019, the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency estimated that Iran possessed over 5,000 naval mines capable of rapid deployment via high-speed boats.<ref name=":3"/> In June 2025, it was reported that U.S. intelligence detected, possibly through satellite imagery or human informants, that Iranian military forces loaded naval mines onto vessels in the Persian Gulf, an act which was interpreted as a preliminary step to blockading the strait.<ref name=":3" /> The mines were ultimately not deployed, though their presence raised alarms in Washington about Tehran's intent to escalate the conflict. It is unclear whether the mines were later removed.<ref name=":3" /> ===U.S.–Iran disputes, threats to close the Strait=== ====2008==== {{Main|2008 Iran–United States naval dispute}} Naval stand-offs between Iranian speedboats and U.S. warships in the strait occurred in December 2007 and January 2008. U.S. officials accused Iran of harassing and provoking their naval vessels, but Iran denied the allegations. On 14 January, U.S. Navy officials appeared to contradict the Pentagon version of the 16 January event, in which the Pentagon had reported that U.S. vessels had almost fired on approaching Iranian boats. The Navy's regional commander, Vice Admiral Kevin Cosgriff, said the Iranians had "neither anti-ship missiles nor torpedoes" and he "wouldn't characterize the posture of the [[United States Fifth Fleet|US 5th Fleet]] as afraid of these small boats".<ref>{{cite news |title=A game of chicken in the, Persian Gulf |first=David |last=Isenberg |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/JA10Ak05.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514013222/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/JA10Ak05.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=14 May 2008 |newspaper=[[Asia Times Online]] |date=10 January 2008 |access-date=8 January 2012 |accessdate=19 March 2026 |archivedate=14 May 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514013222/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/JA10Ak05.html }}</ref> On 29 June, the commander of [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]], [[Mohammad Ali Jafari]], said that if either [[Israel]] or the U.S. attacked Iran, it would seal off the strait to wreak havoc in the oil markets. Cosgriff warned that such Iranian action would be considered an act of war, and the U.S. would not allow Iran to hold hostage a third of the world's oil supply.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,374905,00.html |title=U.S. Navy Commander Warns Iran: Don't Try Closing Gulf Oil Passageway |publisher=Fox News |date=2 July 2008 |access-date=2 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020081555/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,374905,00.html |archive-date=20 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> On 8 July, Ali Shirazi, a mid-level clerical aide to Iranian supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]], was quoted telling the Revolutionary Guards, "The Zionist regime is pressuring White House officials to attack Iran. If they commit such a stupidity, [[Tel Aviv]] and U.S. shipping in the Persian Gulf will be Iran's first targets and they will be burned."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-attack-usa-idUSLYO82850220080708 |title=Iran to "hit Tel Aviv, U.S. ships" if attacked |publisher=[[Reuters]] |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=8 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317104538/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-attack-usa-idUSLYO82850220080708 |archive-date=17 March 2016}}</ref> In the last week of July, in Operation Brimstone,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=38478 |title=JTFEX 08-4 "Operation Brimstone" Flexes Allied Force Training |publisher=US Navy |date=15 July 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008 |archive-date=22 July 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080722011927/http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=38478 |url-status=dead}}</ref> dozens of U.S., and naval ships from other countries, came to undertake joint exercises for possible military activity in the shallow waters off the coast of Iran. By 11 August, more than 40 U.S. and allied ships were en route to the strait.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.debka.com/headline.php?hid=5499 |title=Three major US naval strike forces due this week in Persian Gulf |publisher=Debkafile |date=11 August 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008 |archive-date=1 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091201062308/http://www.debka.com/headline.php?hid=5499 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ====2011–12==== {{main|2011–2012 Strait of Hormuz dispute}} On 27{{nbsp}}December, 2011, Iranian vice president [[Mohammad Reza Rahimi]] threatened to cut off oil supply from the strait should economic sanctions limit, or cut off, Iranian oil exports.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 December 2011 |title=Oil jumps over 2% as Iran threatens supplies |url=https://money.cnn.com/2011/12/27/markets/oil_iran/index.htm?hpt=hp_t2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918122445/https://money.cnn.com/2011/12/27/markets/oil_iran/index.htm?hpt=hp_t2 |archive-date=18 September 2020 |access-date=3 August 2020 |work=CNN}}</ref> A [[United States Fifth Fleet|U.S.{{nbsp}}Fifth Fleet]] spokeswoman said the Fleet was "always ready to counter malevolent actions", whilst Admiral [[Habibollah Sayyari]] of the [[Islamic Republic of Iran Navy|Iran Navy]] claimed cutting off oil shipments would be "easy".<ref>{{cite news |title=US warns Iran over threat to block oil route |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16348633 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=28 December 2011 |access-date=8 January 2012 |archive-date=7 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107061545/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16348633 |url-status=live}}</ref> Despite an initial 2%{{nbsp}}rise in oil prices, markets ultimately did not react significantly to Iran's threat, with oil analyst Thorbjoern Bak Jensen concluding "they cannot stop the flow for a longer period due to the amount of U.S.{{nbsp}}hardware in the area".<ref>{{cite news |last=Gibbons |first=Robert |date=28 December 2011 |title=Oil falls on dollar's rise, Wall Street pullback |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-markets-oil-idUSTRE7AD06820111228 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108003919/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/12/28/us-markets-oil-idUSTRE7AD06820111228 |archive-date=8 January 2012 |access-date=8 January 2012 |work=Reuters}}</ref> [[File:Flickr - Official U.S. Navy Imagery - USS Porter transits the Strait of Hormuz..jpg|thumb|The [[Guided-missile#Guidance systems|guided-missile]] [[destroyer]] {{USS|Porter|DDG-78|6}} transits the Strait of Hormuz in May 2012. ''Porter'' is deployed to the [[U.S. 5th Fleet]].]] On 3{{nbsp}}January, 2012, Iran threatened to take action if the U.S.{{nbsp}}Navy moved an aircraft carrier back into the Persian Gulf. Iranian Army chief [[Ataollah Salehi]] said the U.S. had moved a carrier out of the Persian Gulf because of Iran's naval exercises, and Iran would take action if the ship returned. "Iran will not repeat its warning{{nbsp}}... the enemy's carrier has been moved to the [[Gulf of Oman]] because of our drill. I recommend and emphasize to the American carrier not to return to the Persian Gulf", he said.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=3 January 2012 |title=Iran threatens U.S. Navy as sanctions hit economy |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-usa-idUSTRE80208P20120103 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924161340/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/01/03/us-iran-usa-idUSTRE80208P20120103 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=8 January 2012 |work=Reuters}}</ref> U.S.{{nbsp}}Navy spokesman Commander Bill Speaks responded that deployment of U.S.{{nbsp}}military assets would continue as has been the custom stating: "The U.S.{{nbsp}}Navy operates under international maritime conventions to maintain a constant state of high vigilance in order to ensure the continued, safe flow of maritime traffic in waterways critical to global commerce."<ref>{{cite news |date=3 January 2012 |title=Iran nuclear crisis: Sanctions 'beginning to bite' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16396345 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107061802/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16396345 |archive-date=7 January 2012 |access-date=8 January 2012 |work=BBC News}}</ref> While earlier statements from Iran had little effect on oil markets, coupled with new sanctions, later comments drove crude futures higher, up over{{nbsp}}4%. Pressure on prices reflected a combination of uncertainty driven further by China's response – reducing oil January 2012 purchases from Iran by{{nbsp}}50% compared to 2011.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} By January 2012, U.S.-led sanctions began to show economic effects, as the Iranian currency lost 12%{{nbsp}}of its value. Further pressure on Iranian currency was added by French Foreign Minister [[Alain Juppé]] who was quoted as calling for more "strict sanctions" and urged EU countries to follow the{{nbsp}}U.S. in freezing Iranian central bank assets and imposing an embargo on oil exports.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ca.news.yahoo.com/video/us-22424932/state-department-iran-is-feeling-the-pressure-27769481.html |title=State Department: Iran is feeling the pressure |publisher=Yahoo! News |date=3 January 2012 |access-date=24 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120109123059/http://ca.news.yahoo.com/video/us-22424932/state-department-iran-is-feeling-the-pressure-27769481.html |archive-date=9 January 2012}}</ref> On 9{{nbsp}}January, 2012, Iranian Defense Minister [[Ahmad Vahidi]] denied that Iran had ever claimed it would close the strait, saying that "Iran is the most important provider of security in the Strait{{nbsp}}... if one threatens the security of the Persian Gulf, then all are threatened."<ref>{{cite web |title=Iran and the Strait of Hormuz |url=http://subyraman.com/iran-and-the-strait-of-hormuz/ |work=Tabeer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729233754/http://subyraman.com/iran-and-the-strait-of-hormuz/ |archive-date=29 July 2013}}</ref> Iran's Foreign Ministry confirmed on 16{{nbsp}}January it had received a letter from the U.S.; authorities were considering whether to reply, although the contents of the letter were not divulged.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2012/01/16/iran-studying-hormuz-letter-warns-gulf-producers.html |title=News Headlines |publisher=[[CNBC]] |date=16 January 2012 |access-date=24 January 2012 |archive-date=3 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203154827/http://www.cnbc.com/id/46010868 |url-status=live}}</ref> The U.S. had previously announced its intention to warn Iran that closing the strait is a "red line" that would provoke an American response.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/13/world/middleeast/us-warns-top-iran-leader-not-to-shut-strait-of-hormuz.html |work=The New York Times |first1=Elisabeth |last1=Bumiller |first2=Eric |last2=Schmitt |first3=Thom |last3=Shanker |title=U.S. Warns Top Iran Leader Not to Shut Strait of Hormuz |date=12 January 2012 |access-date=28 February 2017 |archive-date=21 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421031218/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/13/world/middleeast/us-warns-top-iran-leader-not-to-shut-strait-of-hormuz.html |url-status=live}}</ref> General [[Martin Dempsey]], the [[chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]], said the U.S. would "take action and re-open the Strait", which could be accomplished only by military means, including minesweepers, warship escorts and potentially airstrikes. U.S. defense secretary [[Leon Panetta]] told troops that the U.S. would not tolerate Iran closing the strait. Nevertheless, Iran continued to discuss the impact of shutting the strait on oil markets, saying any disruption of supply would cause a shock "no country" could manage.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-01-16/oil-climbs-from-four-week-low-as-iran-warns-of-hormuz-supply-disruption.html |work=Bloomberg |first=Grant |last=Smith |title=Oil Climbs From Four-Week Low as Iran Warns of Hormuz Supply Disruption |date=16 January 2012 |access-date=11 March 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140202173554/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-01-16/oil-climbs-from-four-week-low-as-iran-warns-of-hormuz-supply-disruption.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:CVN 69 transits the Strait of Hormuz (28465403076).jpg|thumb|A [[U.S. Navy]] convoy in the strait in July 2016]] By 23{{nbsp}}January, a [[flotilla]] had been established by countries opposing Iran's threats to close the strait.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran: Flotilla of Warships Sent Through Strait of Hormuz Heightens Tensions |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/01/23/iran-flotilla-of-warships_n_1222734.html?ref=uk |work=HuffPost |date=23 January 2012 |access-date=24 January 2012 |archive-date=25 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125213304/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/01/23/iran-flotilla-of-warships_n_1222734.html?ref=uk |url-status=live}}</ref> These ships operated in the Persian Gulf and [[Arabian Sea]] off the coast of Iran. The flotilla included three American aircraft carriers, three destroyers, seven British warships, including the destroyer {{HMS|Daring|D32|6}}<ref>{{Cite news |title=Royal Navy sends its mightiest ship to take on the Iranian show of force in the Gulf |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/8997956/Royal-Navy-sends-its-mightiest-ship-to-take-on-the-Iranian-show-of-force-in-the-Gulf.html |archive-url= https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/8997956/Royal-Navy-sends-its-mightiest-ship-to-take-on-the-Iranian-show-of-force-in-the-Gulf.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |last=Harding |first=Thomas |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=6 January 2012 |access-date=8 January 2012 |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=HMS Daring to head for the Gulf |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ukpress/article/ALeqM5i7M_kVZAIV-1CSF6rnljPJ6eHnyg?docId=N0842061325887459210A |agency=[[Press Association]] |date=7 January 2012 |access-date=8 January 2012}}{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> and four [[Type 23 frigate|Type{{nbsp}}23]] frigates, and the French frigate ''[[French frigate La Motte-Picquet|La Motte-Picquet]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran: EU oil sanctions 'unfair' and 'doomed to fail' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-16693484 |publisher=BBC News |date=23 January 2012 |access-date=24 January 2012 |archive-date=23 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123205402/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-16693484 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 24{{nbsp}}January, tensions rose further after the [[European Union]] imposed sanctions on Iranian oil. A member of Iran's parliament said, "If any disruption happens regarding the sale of Iranian oil, the Strait{{nbsp}}... will definitely be closed".<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran threatens to close Strait of Hormuz over EU oil sanctions |first=David |last=Blair |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iran/9032948/Iran-threatens-to-close-Strait-of-Hormuz-over-EU-oil-sanctions.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iran/9032948/Iran-threatens-to-close-Strait-of-Hormuz-over-EU-oil-sanctions.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=23 January 2012 |access-date=27 January 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ====2018 and 2019==== In July 2018, Iran again made threats to close the strait, citing looming American sanctions after the U.S. [[United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|withdrew]] from the [[JCPOA]] deal.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dehghan |first=Saeed Kamali |title=Iran threatens to block Strait of Hormuz over US oil sanctions |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/05/iran-retaliate-us-oil-threats-eu-visit-hassan-rouhani-trump |work=the Guardian |date=5 July 2018 |access-date=6 July 2018 |archive-date=10 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610150147/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/05/iran-retaliate-us-oil-threats-eu-visit-hassan-rouhani-trump |url-status=live}}</ref> In August, Iran test-fired a ballistic missile. According to the officials, the anti-ship [[Fateh-110]] Mod 3 flew over 100 miles on a flight path over the strait to a test range in the Iranian desert. "It was shore-to-shore", said a U.S. official.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran test-fires ballistic missile for first time in 2018, officials say |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/iran-test-fires-ballistic-missile-for-first-time-in-2018-officials-say |access-date=12 August 2018 |work=FoxNews |archive-date=12 August 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180812014647/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2018/08/10/iran-test-fires-ballistic-missile-for-first-time-in-2018-officials-say.html |url-status=live}}</ref> On 22 April 2019, the U.S. ended the oil waivers, which had allowed some of Iran's customers to import Iranian oil, without risking financial penalties as part of U.S. economic sanctions. Al Jazeera quoted Major-General [[Mohammad Bagheri (general)|Mohammad Bagheri]] of the Iranian Armed Forces, stating "We are not after closing the Strait of Hormuz but if the hostility of the enemies increases, we will be able to do so...<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/insidestory/2019/04/iran-close-strait-hormuz-190429190841982.html] "Can Iran close the Strait of Hormuz?". Aljazeera, 2019.</ref> If our oil does not pass, the oil of others shall not pass the Strait of Hormuz either".<ref name="Al1">{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/iran-business-usual-strait-hormuz-blacklisting-190428133314213.html|title=Iran: Business as usual in Strait of Hormuz after blacklisting|work=News Agencies|via=Aljazeera|date=April 28, 2019|archive-date=25 February 2020|access-date=28 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225193043/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/iran-business-usual-strait-hormuz-blacklisting-190428133314213.html|url-status=dead}}.</ref> ==== 2019 attacks on oil tankers ==== Iran has persistently attacked vessels and seized ships amidst political issues.<ref name="EconTimes">{{cite news |date=14 April 2024 |title=17 Indians among 25 crew on ship seized by Iran; India in touch with Iran to secure release of Indians |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/17-indians-among-25-crew-on-ship-seized-by-iran-india-in-touch-with-iranian-authorities-say-sources/articleshow/109273322.cms? |access-date=18 April 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240418175349/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/17-indians-among-25-crew-on-ship-seized-by-iran-india-in-touch-with-iranian-authorities-say-sources/articleshow/109273322.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=US Navy says it prevented Iran from seizing tankers in Gulf of Oman |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/shots-fired-oil-tanker-gulf-maritime-security-bodies-2023-07-05/ |access-date=18 April 2024 |work=Reuters |date=6 July 2023}}</ref> On 13 June 2019, the oil tankers ''Front Altair'' and ''Kokuka Courageous'' were rocked by explosions shortly before dawn; the crew of the latter reported seeing a flying object strike the ship. They were rescued by the destroyer {{USS|Bainbridge|DDG-96|6}} while the crew of the ''Front Altair'' were rescued by Iranian ships. U.S. secretary of state [[Mike Pompeo]] issued a statement accusing Iran of the attacks, Iran denied this calling it a [[False flag|false-flag attack]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/13/world/middleeast/oil-tanker-attack-gulf-oman.html |title=Tankers Are Attacked in Mideast, and U.S. Says Video Shows Iran Was Involved |last1=Kirkpatrick |first1=David D. |date=13 June 2019 |work=The New York Times |access-date=14 June 2019 |last2=Pérez-Peña |first2=Richard |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |last3=Reed |first3=Stanley |archive-date=13 June 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190613232616/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/13/world/middleeast/oil-tanker-attack-gulf-oman.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2019, a Stena Bulk Tanker, ''Stena Impero'', sailing under a British flag, was boarded and captured by Iranian forces.<ref>{{cite news |title=Latvian citizen on board of British tanker seized by Iran |url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/diplomacy/latvian-citizen-on-board-of-british-tanker-seized-by-iran.a326350/ |access-date=2 August 2019 |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting of Latvia|Latvian Public Broadcasting]] |date=22 July 2019 |archive-date=30 July 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190730114719/https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/diplomacy/latvian-citizen-on-board-of-british-tanker-seized-by-iran.a326350/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The spokesman for Iran's Guardian Council, Abbas Ali Kadkhodaei, was quoted as describing the seizure as a "reciprocal action". This was presumed to be in reference to the seizure of an Iranian tanker, ''[[Grace 1]]'', bound for Syria in [[Gibraltar]] a few days prior.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apnews.com/6c36f5aa1ba942569e5efcfd48e33324 |title=Iran says its seizure of British ship a 'reciprocal' move |date=21 July 2019 |website=AP News |access-date=5 January 2020 |archive-date=9 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209220320/https://apnews.com/6c36f5aa1ba942569e5efcfd48e33324 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, France deployed about 600 troops at sea and in the air under the CTF474 to protect maritime trade, regional business, and to ease local tensions. Since the first week of April 2020, the operation combines the Dutch frigate Ruyter, the French frigate Forbin, and one French airplane ATLANTIC2 (ATL2).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Costa |first1=George |title=French ATL2 joins Operation AGENOR in the Strait of Hormuz |url=https://internationalinsider.org/french-atl2-joins-operation-agenor-in-the-strait-of-hormuz/ |website=International Insider |date=12 April 2020 |access-date=13 April 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200807135639/https://internationalinsider.org/french-atl2-joins-operation-agenor-in-the-strait-of-hormuz/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==== 2025 ==== {{main|2025 Iran threat of Strait of Hormuz closure}} On 14 June, Iran reportedly issued a threat to block the strait in response to Israeli attacks targeting its military and nuclear infrastructure.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Altman |first=Howard |date=14 June 2025 |title=Could Iran Carry Out Its Threat To Shut Down The Strait Of Hormuz? |url=https://www.twz.com/news-features/could-iran-carry-out-its-threat-to-shut-the-strait-of-hormuz |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=The War Zone |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2025 |title=Oil settles up 7% as Israel, Iran trade air strikes |url=https://arab.news/z33b8 |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> The ''[[Financial Times]]'' reported that such action could cause oil prices to surge beyond the recent 7–14% increases, possibly exceeding $100 to $150 per barrel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2025 |title=Prediksi Harga Minyak Dunia Jika Iran Tutup Selat Hormuz |url=https://www.liputan6.com/bisnis/read/6059622/prediksi-harga-minyak-dunia-jika-iran-tutup-selat-hormuz?page=3 |access-date=24 June 2025 |website=Liputan6}}</ref> This would likely fuel global inflation and contribute to an economic downturn. Analysts emphasized the vulnerability of regional exporters, noting that "Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq and Iran are wholly locked into one tiny passage for exports." The strait handles 18-19 million barrels per day, nearly 20% of global oil consumption, including crude, condensates, and fuel.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Seba |first=Erwin |date=13 June 2025 |title=Oil settles up 7% as Israel, Iran trade air strikes |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/oil-prices-jump-more-than-4-after-israel-strikes-iran-2025-06-13/ |access-date=15 June 2025 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tett |first=Gillian |date=14 June 2025 |title=Oil in the new age of volatility |url=https://www.ft.com/content/1a5c8449-69b6-4be6-acce-11d4e273da6c |access-date=15 June 2025 |work=Financial Times}}</ref> Analysts have warned that Iran could suffer severe consequences from any attempt to block the strait. "Iran's economy heavily relies on the free passage of goods and vessels through the seaway, as its oil exports are entirely sea-based," analysts from JP Morgan explained. Closing the strait could strain Iran's crucial energy trade with China, its only major oil customer.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Wearden |first=Graeme |date=13 June 2025 |title=Oil surges after Israel's attack on Iran, risking 'stagflationary shock' – as it happened |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/live/2025/jun/13/oil-surges-stock-markets-dollar-airlines-israel-attack-iran-business-live |access-date=15 June 2025 |work=the Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio also warned Iran against attempting to shut down the strait, stating that such a move would be "economic suicide" for the Islamic Republic, as the waterway is vital for its exports.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2025 |title=Harga Minyak Mentah Justru Anjlok 7% Usai Iran Gempur Pangkalan Militer AS |url=https://www.liputan6.com/bisnis/read/6059865/harga-minyak-mentah-justru-anjlok-7-usai-iran-gempur-pangkalan-militer-as?page=4 |access-date=24 June 2025 |website=Liputan6}}</ref> On 17 June, two oil tankers collided in the strait, though reports did not suggest that this was a security-related incident.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ships collide in Hormuz Strait in shadow of Israel-Iran war |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/6/17/ships-collide-in-hormuz-strait-in-shadow-of-israel-iran-war |access-date=18 June 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> The vessels involved were the ''Front Eagle'', carrying crude oil from Iraq to China, and the ''Adalynn'', which was unladen and en route to the Suez Canal. Both caught fire on deck, but no oil spill occurred. All crew members aboard the ''Adalynn'' were safely evacuated by the UAE coast guard.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2025 |title=2 Kapal Tanker Minyak Tabrakan di Selat Hormuz, 24 Orang Dievakuasi |url=https://www.liputan6.com/global/read/6055549/2-kapal-tanker-minyak-tabrakan-di-selat-hormuz-24-orang-dievakuasi?page=2 |access-date=24 June 2025 |website=Liputan6}}</ref> After the [[United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites]] on 22 June, the [[Islamic Consultative Assembly|Iranian Parliament]] voted to close the strait.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2025 |title=Iran's top security body to decide on Hormuz closure after parliament approval |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2025/06/22/iranian-parliament-reportedly-approves-closing-hormuz-strait-media- |access-date=22 June 2025 |website=Al Arabiya English |language=en}}</ref> A final decision rests with Iran's [[Supreme National Security Council]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2025 |title=Parlemen Iran Sepakat Tutup Selat Hormuz Pasca Serangan Amerika? |url=https://www.liputan6.com/global/read/6059081/parlemen-iran-sepakat-tutup-selat-hormuz-pasca-serangan-amerika?page=2 |access-date=24 June 2025 |website=Liputan6}}</ref> Revolutionary Guards commander [[Esmaeil Kousari]] confirmed that shutting the strait would be executed "whenever necessary", to protect national [[sovereignty]] and deter further foreign aggression.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20250622-israel-iran-war-day-10-us-has-struck-three-iranian-nuclear-sites-usa-bombing |title=Live: US bases used to strike Iran are 'legitimate' targets, Khamenei's advisor says|date=22 June 2025|website=France 24|accessdate=22 June 2025}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last1=Cleave |first1=Iona |last2=Crilly |first2=Rob |last3=Smith |first3=Benedict |last4=Kelly |first4=Kieran |last5=Hymas |first5=Charles |last6=Henderson |first6=Cameron |date=22 June 2025 |title=US-Iran attack latest: Operation Midnight Hammer inflicted 'extreme damage and destruction' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2025/06/22/us-strikes-iran-latest-updates/ |access-date=22 June 2025 |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> The potential closure of the strait, through which 20% of the world's oil supply transits, would significantly disrupt global energy markets. Such a move could cause oil prices to increase and risk destabilizing the global economy, given the strait's critical role as a maritime chokepoint for crude oil, liquefied natural gas, and other [[petroleum product]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2025 |title=Iran to block Strait of Hormuz after US strikes. Why it matters |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/iran-parliament-approves-closure-of-strait-of-hormuz-a-key-oil-chokepoint-report-2744622-2025-06-22 |access-date=23 June 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> On 23 June 2025, [[Benchmark (crude oil)|oil prices]] were below $70 again (7% lower than on 20 June), indicating that the [[price of oil|oil market]] viewed the U.S. strikes, and Iran's response (the strait remaining open, and [[2025 Iranian strikes on Al Udeid Air Base]]), as inconsequential.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sheikhlar |first1=Shahriar |title=Oil Prices Crash After Iran Strikes U.S. Bases |url=https://oilprice.com/Energy/Oil-Prices/Oil-Prices-Crash-After-Iran-Strikes-US-Bases.html |website=OilPrice.com |language=en |date=23 June 2025}}</ref> ==== 2026 ==== {{Main|2026 Strait of Hormuz crisis}} {{See also|2026 Iran war}} Before the [[2026 Israeli–United States strikes on Iran]], [[Marine insurance|ship insurance]] for the strait increased from 0.125% to between 0.2% and 0.4% of the ship insurance value per transit. For very large oil tankers, this is an increase of a quarter of a million dollars.<ref name=waisn>{{cite web |title=AIS Ship Tracking in the Strait of Hormuz: Inside the Crisis Shutting Down Global Oil |url=https://www.worldwideais.org/post/strait-of-hormuz-ais-tracking-iran-crisis |website=Worldwide AIS Network |language=en |date=28 February 2026}}</ref> By 9 March, insurance rates were reported to have increased by four to six times over the previous week, and the U.S. government began to help insurers under the [[Terrorism Risk Insurance Act]].<ref name=cnbc-20260309>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2026/03/09/one-big-reason-ships-and-insurers-are-unwilling-to-risk-strait-of-hormuz.html |title=There's another big reason why shipping companies and insurers aren't willing to risk the Strait of Hormuz |last=Brewer |first=Contessa |publisher=CNBC News |date=9 March 2026 |access-date=11 March 2026}}</ref> On 28 February 2026, amid the [[2026 Iran war]] and after the [[Assassination of Ali Khamenei|assassination]] of Iranian supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]], [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|Iran's Revolutionary Guards]] began issuing {{abbrlink|VHF|very-high-frequency}} transmissions stating that ship passages through the Strait of Hormuz were "not allowed".<ref name=":5">{{cite news |title=Iran's revolutionary guards tell ships passage through Strait of Hormuz 'not allowed', EU naval mission official says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-revolutionary-guards-tell-ships-passage-through-strait-hormuz-not-allowed-2026-02-28/ |access-date=28 February 2026 |work=Reuters |date=28 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-28 |title=Iran: Ships' passage through Strait of Hormuz 'not allowed' |url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-888294 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |language=en |issn=0792-822X }}</ref> Although the closure is not legally binding, military and industry sources say that safety cannot be guaranteed, and many ships stayed in port or turned back,<ref>{{cite web |title=Iran closes Strait of Hormuz after US-Israel strikes, reports say |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-strait-of-hormuz-closed-oil-shipments-suspended-us-attack-b2929506.html |website=[[The Independent]] |language=en |date=28 February 2026}}</ref> while at least 17 oil tankers continued traveling through the strait.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oil Tankers Avoiding Vital Hormuz Strait After U.S. Bombs Iran {{!}} SupplyChainBrain |url=https://www.supplychainbrain.com/articles/43560-oil-tankers-avoiding-vital-hormuz-strait-after-us-bombs-iran |website=www.supplychainbrain.com |language=en |date=28 February 2026}}</ref> [[File:Strait of Hormuz Transits.webp|thumb|center|upright=1.5|Strait of Hormuz transits dropping away in early 2026.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://portwatch.imf.org/pages/cc317ba850e34c4dadbead6f7b336fb1 |title = Trade disruptions in the Strait of Hormuz due to attacks on commercial ships |website = PortWatch |publisher = International Monetary Fund |access-date = 14 March 2026 }}</ref>]] On 2 March, the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] officially confirmed that the strait of Hormuz was closed and that any ship that entered the strait was to be set on fire. This came after several reports of Iranian attacks on ships passing into the Strait of Hormuz.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Iran says will attack any ship trying to pass through Strait of Hormuz |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/2/iran-says-will-attack-any-ship-trying-to-pass-through-strait-of-hormuz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260309190408/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/2/iran-says-will-attack-any-ship-trying-to-pass-through-strait-of-hormuz |archive-date=2026-03-09 |access-date=2026-03-13 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> However, a few ships still passed the strait unharmed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Slav |first=Irina | date=6 March 2026 |title=Daily Ship Traffic in Strait of Hormuz Plummets From 138 to Just 2 |url=https://oilprice.com/Latest-Energy-News/World-News/Daily-Ship-Traffic-in-Strait-of-Hormuz-Plummets-From-138-to-Just-2.html |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=OilPrice.com |language=en}}</ref> The next day, U.S. president [[Donald Trump]] said that the [[U.S. Navy]] would begin to escort tankers through the strait "as soon as possible".<ref>https://www.bbc.com/audio/play/p0n4g9lw</ref> On 12 March, three cargo vessels were hit in the Strait of Hormuz. This came on the same day as the release of 400 million barrels of oil announced by the [[International Energy Agency]] (IEA).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-11 |title=Ships hit in Strait of Hormuz as countries agree to release emergency oil reserves |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cr5l988qr47o |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> It was also reported that Iran had deployed about a dozen mines in the Strait of Hormuz, halting the exports of oil and LNG.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-12 |title=Iran has laid about a dozen mines in Strait of Hormuz, sources say |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/middle-east/iran-has-laid-about-a-dozen-mines-in-strait-of-hormuz-sources-say |access-date=2026-03-12 |work=The Straits Times |language=en |issn=0585-3923}}</ref> On 15 March, after Iran announced it controlled the maritime waterway, Trump said that an alliance of European and Asian nations would send warships there to protect maritime interests. However, these nations rejected such a coalition and are seeking a diplomatic solution to the conflict.<ref>[https://www.newsweek.com/european-allies-talk-iran-seek-safe-passage-hormuz-report-11673758 "European Allies Talk With Iran to Seek Safe Passage Through Hormuz: Report"] ''newsweek.com''. Accessed 15 Mar 2026.</ref> Trump has warned that the planned summit with Chinese leader [[Xi Jinping]] may be at risk if [[China]] does not assist the U.S. in securing the Strait of Hormuz. This crucial waterway, through which 20% of global oil passes, is facing disruptions due to ongoing tensions between the U.S., Israel, and Iran. Trump emphasized that China, which relies on the strait for 90% of its energy imports, should share the responsibility of keeping it open, rather than leaving it solely to the U.S. to secure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=No help, no meeting: Trump warns Xi summit at risk if China doesn’t help keep Hormuz open |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/no-help-no-meeting-trump-warns-xi-summit-at-risk-if-china-doesnt-help-keep-hormuz-open-13989845.html|date=2026-03-16|website=Firstpost}}</ref> ==ايران جي گذرگاهه بند ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت== {{see also|ايران جي فوج}} ملينيم چئلينج 2002ع هڪ وڏي جنگي مشق هئي، جيڪا سال 2002ع ۾ آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجن پاران ڪئي وئي هئي. ان ۾ هڪ ملڪ (ممڪن طور تي ايران) پاران گذرگاهه کي بند ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش جي نقل ڪئي وئي هئي. مفروضا ۽ نتيجا متنازع هئا. ايران جي نقلي حڪمت عملي مادي طور تي اعليٰ آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجن کي شڪست ڏني.<ref name="CSmon02">{{cite web|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2012/0126/How-Iran-could-beat-up-on-America-s-superior-military|title=How Iran could beat up on America's superior military|last=Peterson|first=Scott|work=Christian Science Monitor|date=26 January 2012|access-date=25 February 2012|archive-date=17 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217154700/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2012/0126/How-Iran-could-beat-up-on-America-s-superior-military|url-status=live}}</ref> بين الاقوامي سيڪيورٽي ۾ 2008 جي هڪ مضمون ۾ دعويٰ ڪئي وئي هئي ته ايران هڪ مهيني لاءِ گذرگاهه ۾ ٽرئفڪ کي سيل ڪري سگهي ٿو يا روڪي سگهي ٿو ۽ آمريڪا پاران ان کي ٻيهر کولڻ جي ڪوشش تڪرار کي وڌائڻ جو سبب بڻجندو. <ref>[http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/18409/closing_time.html Closing Time: Assessing the Iranian Threat to the Strait of Hormuz] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821160546/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/18409/closing_time.html|date=21 August 2008}}, by Caitlin Talmadge, ''[[International Security]]'', Harvard Kennedy School</ref> پوء جي شماري ۾، جرنل هڪ جواب شايع ڪيو، جنهن ۾ اهم مفروضن تي سوال اٿاريو ۽ ٻيهر کولڻ لاءِ هڪ تمام مختصر وقت تجويز ڪيو.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=O'Neil|first1=William D.|last2=Talmadge|first2=Caitlin|title=Costs and Difficulties of Blocking the Strait of Hormuz|url=http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1162/isec.2009.33.3.190|url-status=live|journal=International Security|volume=33|issue=3|pages=190–198|year=2009|access-date=28 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423163156/https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1162/isec.2009.33.3.190|archive-date=23 April 2019|s2cid=18420122|hdl=1721.1/57443|hdl-access=free|doi=10.1162/isec.2009.33.3.190}}</ref> وڌيڪ اهو ته گذرگاهه ذريعي تيل جي برآمدات تي ايران جي پنهنجي انحصار ۽ انهي سان گڏ درآمدات، پنهنجي طور تي تيل صاف ڪرڻ جي ناڪامي جي ڪري، ايران پاران گذرگاهه جي بندش ممڪن ناهي.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pham|first1=Peter J|title=Iran's threat to the strait of Hormuz: A realist assessment|journal=American Foreign Policy Interests|date=2010|volume=32|issue=2|pages=64–74|doi=10.1080/10803921003697542|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233290417}}</ref> درآمدات ۽ برآمدات لاءِ ايران جو گذرگاهه تي پنهنجو انحصار نه رڳو، اهو اشارو آهي، ته هڪ ڊگهي بندش پر واپار، جيڪو ان مان وهندو آهي، تي ان جي اتحادين جو انحصار پڻ ممڪن ناهي ۽ اهڙي بندش جو امڪان نه ٿيڻ جو مشورو ڏئي ٿو. <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pham|first1=Peter J|title=Iran's Threat to the Strait of Hormuz: A Realist Assessment|journal=American Foreign Policy Interests|date=2010|volume=32|issue=2|pages=64–74|doi=10.1080/10803921003697542|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233290417}}</ref> هڪ نيوڪلاسيڪل-حقيقت پسند تجزيو اسٽريٽ جي حوالي سان ايراني پاليسي کي "ٻٽي منهن" طور بيان ڪري ٿو. غير وجودي خطري واري ماحول ۾ تهران اسٽريٽ کي کليل رکڻ سان سيڪيورٽي فراهم ڪندڙ طور ڪم ڪرڻ جو رجحان رکي ٿو. جڏهن ته وجودي طور تي سمجهيل خطرن جي تحت اهو حساب ڪتاب وارا خطرا کڻندو آهي ۽ آبي رستي کي هڪ وسيع دفاعي هٿيار ۽ برڪمين شپ حڪمت عملي ۾ شامل ڪندو آهي. هي تشريح ايران کي هڪ ردعمل واري اداڪار جي طور تي پيش ڪري ٿو جو رعايتون حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ هن کي هٿيار طور استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Divsallar|first1=Abdolrasool|title=Shifting Threats and Strategic Adjustment in Iran's Foreign Policy: The case of Strait of Hormuz|journal=British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies|date=2022|volume=49|issue=5|pages=873–895|doi=10.1080/13530194.2021.1874873|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2021.1874873|url-access=subscription}}</ref> ۽ بين الاقوامي برادري کان ڊي-اسڪيليٽري قدمن کي متحرڪ ڪري سگهي ٿو.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Divsallar|first1=Abdolrasool|title=Shifting Threats and Strategic Adjustment in Iran's Foreign Policy: The case of Strait of Hormuz|journal=British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies|date=2022|volume=49|issue=5|pages=873–895|doi=10.1080/13530194.2021.1874873|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2021.1874873|url-access=subscription}}</ref> هي نظريا پڻ زور ڏيڻ ٿا ته هرمز جي گذرگاهه جي حوالي سان ايران جي حڪمت عملي پاڻي رستي تي ان جي پنهنجي، اهم ڀائيوارن، مادي حدن ۽ پابندين جي انحصار جي ڪري محدود آهي، جيڪو ان جي آزادي کي گهٽائي ٿو ۽ خطرو کڻڻ ۽ مشورو ڏئي ٿو ته ڪو به ڊگهو بندش ايران ۽ ان جي اتحادين لاءِ خاص طور تي نقصان ڪار هوندو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Divsallar |first1=Abdolrasool |title=Shifting Threats and Strategic Adjustment in Iran's Foreign Policy: The case of Strait of Hormuz |journal=British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies |date=2022 |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=873–895 |doi=10.1080/13530194.2021.1874873 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2021.1874873|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pham |first1=Peter J. |title=Iran's Threat to the Strait of Hormuz: A Realist Assessment |journal=American Foreign Policy Interests |date=2010 |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=64–74 |doi=10.1080/10803921003697542 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10803921003697542|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Daozheng |last2=Wang |first2=Shun |last3=Loughney |first3=Sean |last4=Wang |first4=Jin |title=Evolutionary Game Model of Strategic Maritime Transport Passages: A Case of the Strait of Hormuz |journal=Journal of Marine Science and Engineering |date=2022 |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=346 |doi=10.3390/jmse10030346 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022JMSE...10..346H }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ratner |first1=Michael |title=Iran's threats, the Strait of Hormuz, and oil markets: In brief |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs_external/products/R/PDF/R45281/R45281.pdf |website=Congressional Research Service |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> ڊسمبر 2011ع ۾، ايران جي نيوي هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه سان گڏ بين الاقوامي پاڻين ۾ ڏهه ڏينهن جي مشق شروع ڪئي. ايراني ريئر ايڊمرل حبيب الله سياري چيو ته گذرگاهه کي مشق دوران بند نه ڪيو ويندو. ايراني فوجون آساني سان اهو ڪم ڪري سگهن ٿيون، پر اهڙو فيصلو سياسي سطح تي ٿيڻ گهرجي.<ref>{{cite news|title=Iranian navy begins exercise in waters near strategic oil route|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2011-12/26/content_14324816.htm|newspaper=[[China Daily]]|date=26 December 2011|access-date=8 January 2012|archive-date=28 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228055936/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2011-12/26/content_14324816.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="cncbEasyClose2">{{cite news|title=Shutting Off Gulf 'Very Easy': Iran Navy Chief|url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/45803146|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924081727/https://www.cnbc.com/id/45803146|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|agency=Reuters|publisher=CNBC|date=28 December 2011|access-date=8 January 2012}}</ref> پينٽاگون جي ترجمان، ڪئپٽن جان ڪربي جو ڊسمبر <small>2011</small>ع ۾ حوالو ڏنو ويو جن ۾ چيو ويو هو ته "دنيا جي ان حصي ۾ تڪرار وڌائڻ جون ڪوششون غير مددگار ۽ غير پيداواري آهن. اسان جي طرفان، اسان مطمئن آهيون ته اسان وٽ خطي ۾ ڪافي صلاحيتون آهن ته اسان پنهنجن دوستن ۽ ڀائيوارن ۽ انهي سان گڏ بين الاقوامي برادري سان ڪيل واعدن جو احترام ڪري سگهون". بروڪنگس انسٽيٽيوٽ جي هڪ ماهر، سوزانئ مئلوني چيو ته "اميد اها آهي ته آمريڪي فوج ڪنهن به ايراني خطري کي نسبتاً جلدي حل ڪري سگهي ٿي." آمريڪا جو جوائنٽ چيفس آف اسٽاف جي چيئرمين، جنرل مارٽن ڊيمپسي، سال 2012 ۾ چيو هو ته، "ايران صلاحيتن ۾ سيڙپڪاري ڪئي آهي، جيڪي (حقيقت ۾) ڪجهه وقت لاءِ آبنائے هرمز کي بلاڪ ڪري سگهن ٿيون." هن چيو ته، "اسان صلاحيتن ۾ سيڙپڪاري ڪيا آهيون ته جيئن يقيني بڻايو وڃي ته جيڪڏهن اهو ٿئي ٿو، ته اسان ان کي شڪست ڏئي سگهون ٿا."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-01-08/iran-able-to-block-strait-of-hormuz-general-dempsey-tells-cbs.html|title=Iran Has Ability to Block Strait of Hormuz, U.S. General Dempsey Tells CBS|date=8 January 2012|publisher=Bloomberg|access-date=9 January 2012|first1=Kathleen|last1=Hunter|first2=Viola|last2=Gienger|archive-date=10 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110055805/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-01-08/iran-able-to-block-strait-of-hormuz-general-dempsey-tells-cbs.html|url-status=live}}</ref> مئي <small>2012</small><small>ع</small> ۾ سمندري قانون جي ترڪ محقق، نيلوفر اورل جو هڪ مضمون اهو نتيجو ڪڍي ٿو ته، جيڪڏهن ايران ٻيڙين، جهڙوڪ تيل جي ٽينڪرن، جي گذرڻ کي روڪڻ جي پنهنجي منصوبي تي عمل ڪندو، اهو <small>UNCLOS</small>، جيڪو سال <small>1994</small>ع ۾ لاڳو ٿيو ۽ سال <small>1958</small>ع جي وڏي سمنڊن تي ڪنوينشن، ٻنهي جي خلاف ورزي ڪئي ويندي ۽ اهو ته گذرڻ جو عمل قانوني طور تي اقتصادي پابنديون لاڳو ڪرڻ سان لاڳاپيل ناهي. مضمون وڌيڪ زور ڏئي ٿو ته هڪ ساحلي رياست "ٽرانزٽ يا غير معطل معصوم گذرڻ" کي صرف تڏهن روڪي سگهي ٿي جڏهن: # گذرڻ دوران طاقت جو (خطرو يا) حقيقي استعمال ٿئي. # ڪنهن ٻئي طريقي سان جهاز بين الاقوامي قانون جي اصولن، جيئن گڏيل قومن جي چارٽر ۾ شامل آهن، جي خلاف ورزي ڪري ٿو.<ref name="onasil2">{{cite journal|last=Oral|first=Nilufer|title=Transit Passage Rights in the Strait of Hormuz and Iran's Threats to Block the Passage of Oil Tankers|journal=Insights|date=3 May 2012|volume=16|issue=16|url=https://www.asil.org/insights/volume/16/issue/16/transit-passage-rights-strait-hormuz-and-iran%E2%80%99s-threats-block-passage|publisher=[[American Society of International Law]]|access-date=26 August 2019|archive-date=5 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005105452/https://www.asil.org/insights/volume/16/issue/16/transit-passage-rights-strait-hormuz-and-iran%E2%80%99s-threats-block-passage|url-status=live}}</ref> # سال <small>2013ع</small> تائين، <small>UNCLOS</small> معاهدي جي تصديق <small>63</small> رياستن، جنهن ۾ گھڻيون نيٽو-بلاڪ ۽ سوويت-بلاڪ جو قومون شامل آهن، پاران ڪئي وئي هئي، سواء اوپيڪ ۽ عرب ليگ جي گهڻن ملڪن، جهڙوڪ شام، مصر، اردن، سعودي عرب ۽ ايران ۽ انهي سان گڏ چين، اتر ڪوريا ۽ ڏکڻ ڪوريا، جنهن پاران تصديق نه ڪئي وئي هئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXI-2&chapter=21&lang=en|title=United Nations Treaty Collection - Chapter XXI: Law of the Sea|access-date=3 May 2013|archive-date=17 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017195214/http://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXI-2&chapter=21&lang=en|url-status=dead}}</ref> فيبروري <small>2026</small>ع تائين، آمريڪا کانسواءِ، جنهن معاهدي جي تصديق نه ڪئي آهي. يورپي يونين ۽ سڀني وڏين طاقتن سميت سميت <small>157</small> خودمختيار رياستون معاهدي ۾ شامل آهن.<ref>{{Cite web|title=United Nations Treaty Collection|url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetailsIII.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXI-6&chapter=21&Temp=mtdsg3&clang=_en|access-date=29 July 2024|website=treaties.un.org|language=EN}}</ref> ==متبادل رستا== [[File:Crude oil, condensate, and petroleum products transported through the Strait of Hormuz in 2014 through 2018 (48097472312) (cropped).png|thumb|upright=1.2|حبشان-فجيره تيل جي پائپ لائن ۽ ابقيق- ينبوع اين جي ايل پائپ لائنن جو نقشو]] سال <small>2025</small>ع تائين، روزانو لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ڪروڙ <small>50</small> لک بيرل تيل جي منتقلي گذرگاهه ذريعي ڪئي ويندي هئي. ساحلي پائپ لائنن جي وڌ ۾ وڌ گنجائش تقريباً <small>30</small> لک بيرل آهي. مايع قدرتي گئس (<small>LNG</small>) جي مڪمل طور تي ٻيڙين جي ذريعي، گذرگاهه جي ذريعي ممڪن آهي.<ref>{{cite web|title=How a US-Israeli war on Iran could upend global oil and gas supplies|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-us-strait-of-hormuz-asia-energy-threat-israel-b2925545.html|publisher=[[The Independent]]|language=en|date=25 February 2026}}</ref><ref name="AlJ02">{{cite web|title=New UAE pipeline bypasses Strait of Hormuz|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/07/2012715172345810758.html|date=15 July 2012|access-date=27 July 2012|work=aljazeera.com|archive-date=25 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725142005/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/07/2012715172345810758.html|url-status=live}}</ref> جون <small>2012</small>ع ۾، [[سعودي عرب]] عراق-سعودي عرب پائپ لائن (<small>IPSA</small>) کي ٻيهر کوليو، جيڪي سال <small>2001</small>ع ۾ [[عراق]] کان بيهر حاصل ڪئي وئي هئي. اها عراق کان سعودي عرب جي ذريعي [[ڳاڙهو سمنڊ|ڳاڙهي سمنڊ]] جي بندرگاهه تائين سفر ڪري ٿي. ان جي روزاني گنجائش <small>16</small> لک <small>50</small> هزار (<small>2,62,000</small> ڪعبي ميٽر) آهي.<ref name="FPluft02">{{cite web|title=Choke Point|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/07/19/choke_points|last=Luft|first=Gal|date=19 July 2012|access-date=6 August 2012|work=foreignpolicy.com|archive-date=23 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723001034/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/07/19/choke_points|url-status=dead}}</ref> جولاءِ <small>2012</small>ع ۾، [[گڏيل عرب اماراتون|گڏيل عرب امارات]] نئين حبشان-فجيره تيل پائپ لائن ([[ابوظهبي|ابو ظهبي]] ۾ حبشان فيلڊ کان [[عمان جي نار|اومان جي نار]] تي فجيره تيل ٽرمينل تائين) کي مؤثر طريقي سان آبنائي هرمز کي نظرانداز ڪندي استعمال ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. ان جي وڌ ۾ وڌ گنجائش تقريباً 20 لک بيرل (<small>3,20,000</small> ڪعبي ميٽر) في ڏينهن آهي، جيڪي امارات جي سال 2012ع جي پيداوار جي شرح جي ٽن چوٿين کان وڌيڪ آهي. گڏيل عرب امارات فجيره جي اسٽوريج ۽ آف لوڊنگ جي گنجائش کي پڻ وڌائي رهيو آهي.<ref name="FPluft04">{{cite web|title=Choke Point|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/07/19/choke_points|last=Luft|first=Gal|date=19 July 2012|access-date=6 August 2012|work=foreignpolicy.com|archive-date=23 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723001034/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/07/19/choke_points|url-status=dead}}</ref> گڏيل عرب امارات فجيره ۾ دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي خام تيل جي ذخيري جي سهولت ٺاهي رهيو آهي جن ۾ هڪ ڪروڙ <small>40</small> لک بيرل (<small>22,00,000</small> ڪعبي ميٽر) رکڻ جي گنجائش آهي.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/news/general/worlds-largest-crude-oil-storage-facility-to-be-built-in-uae|title=World's largest crude oil storage facility to be built in UAE|work=Khaleej Times|date=27 February 2019|access-date=27 February 2019|archive-date=1 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401051150/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/news/general/worlds-largest-crude-oil-storage-facility-to-be-built-in-uae|url-status=live}}</ref> عالمي تيل ۽ واپاري مرڪز جي طور فجيره جي واڌ کي وڌائڻ لاءِ، حبشان-فجيره رستو امارات جي توانائي جي حفاظت کي محفوظ بڻائي ٿو ۽ ان کي زميني تيل پائپ لائن ٽرانسپورٽ، جيڪو تيل جي ٽرانسپورٽ جو سستو ترين روپ سمجهيو ويندو آهي، هجڻ جو فائدو آهي ۽ انشورنس جي قيمتن کي به گھٽائي ٿو، جئين ته تيل ٽينڪرن کي هاڻي فارس جي نار ۾ داخل نه ٿيڻ جي ضرورت نه پوندي.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://gulfnews.com/business/analysis/the-uaes-longer-term-approach-on-energy-security-1.62481848|title=The UAE's longer term approach on energy security|author=Gulf News|date=6 March 2019|access-date=21 March 2019|archive-date=21 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321220630/https://gulfnews.com/business/analysis/the-uaes-longer-term-approach-on-energy-security-1.62481848|url-status=live}}</ref> جولاءِ <small>2012</small>ع جي فارن پاليسي آرٽيڪل ۾، گال لوفٽ [[ايران]] ۽ آبنائے هرمز جو مقابلو [[عثماني سلطنت]] ۽ داردانيلس سان ڪيو، جيڪو هڪ صدي اڳ روسي اناج جي ترسيل لاءِ هڪ رڪاوٽ هو. هن اشارو ڪيو ته هرمز گذرگاهه ۾ ڇڪتاڻ انهن ماڻهن کي متبادل جهاز راني صلاحيتون ڳولڻ تي مجبور ڪري رهي آهي جيڪا هن وقت فارس جي نار مان ترسيل تي منحصر آهن. هن چيو ته سعودي عرب [[اومان]] ۽ [[يمن]] تائين نئين پائپ لائنون ٺاهڻ تي غور ڪري رهيو آهي ۽ عراق شايد خام تيل کي ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ تائين پهچائڻ لاءِ استعمال نه ٿيندڙ عراق-شام پائپ لائن کي بحال ڪري سگهي ٿو. لوفت چيو ته هرمز جي ٽرئفڪ کي گهٽائڻ "مغرب کي پنهنجي موجوده ايران کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ جي حڪمت عملي کي وڌائڻ جو هڪ نئون موقعو پيش ڪري ٿو."<ref name="FPluft03">{{cite web|title=Choke Point|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/07/19/choke_points|last=Luft|first=Gal|date=19 July 2012|access-date=6 August 2012|work=foreignpolicy.com|archive-date=23 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723001034/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/07/19/choke_points|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==پڻ ڏسو== * {{Portal|ايران|سمنڊ}} * [[ابو موسي ٻيٽ|ابو موسيٰ ٻيٽ]] * [[بندر لينگه]] - ايران جي هرمزگان صوبي ۾ شهر * [[عمان جي نار]] * [[فارس جي نار]] * [[هرمزگان صوبو]] - ايران جو صوبو * [[هرمزگان جي بادشاهت]] - فارس جي نار ۾ بادشاهت (11هين صدي کان 1622ع) * [[سائرس اعظم]] - [[هخامنشي سلطنت]] جو باني ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Library resources box}} {{Commons category|Strait of Hormuz}} * {{cite book |author=Wise, Harold Lee |title=Inside the Danger Zone: The U.S. Military in the Persian Gulf 1987–88 |url=https://www.insidethedangerzone.com |location=Annapolis |publisher=[[Naval Institute Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-59114-970-5}} * {{cite book |author=Diba, Bahman Aghai |title=Is Iran legally permitted to close Strait of Hormuz to countries that impose sanctions against Iran's oil? |url=http://www.payvand.com/news/11/dec/1216.html |location=Cupertino, California |publisher=Payvand Iran News |year=2011 |access-date=22 February 2012 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225054713/http://www.payvand.com/news/11/dec/1216.html |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225054713/http://www.payvand.com/news/11/dec/1216.html |date=25 February 2021 }} * {{cite book |author=Hormuzi |title=what is tourist attractions around strait of Hormuz? |url=https://hormuztour.com}} * {{cite journal | last=Wählisch | first=Martin |title=The Iran-United States Dispute, the Strait of Hormuz, and International Law | journal=The [[Yale Journal of International Law]] | volume=37 | pages=22-34 | year= 2012 | ssrn=2070587 |url=http://www.yjil.org/online/volume-37-spring-2012/the-iran-united-states-dispute-the-strait-of-hormuz-and-international-law |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825032552/http://www.yjil.org/online/volume-37-spring-2012/the-iran-united-states-dispute-the-strait-of-hormuz-and-international-law |archive-date=25 August 2012}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Strait Of Hormuz}} [[زمرو:هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه]] [[زمرو:سامونڊي گذرگاهون]] [[زمرو:فارس جي نار]] [[زمرو:عمان جي ساحلي جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:ايران جي ساحلي جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:ايران جا پاڻي جا جسم]] [[زمرو:عمان جا پاڻي جا جسم]] [[زمرو:گڏيل عرب امارات جا پاڻي جا جسم]] [[زمرو:ايران جون سرحدون]] [[زمرو:عمان جون حدون]] [[زمرو:گڏيل عرب امارات جون حدون]] [[زمرو:عمان جي نار]] [[زمرو:هرمزگان صوبي جون زميني شڪلون]] [[زمرو:بين الاقوامي سامونڊي گذرگاهون|هرمز]] [[زمرو:فارسي نار جا پاڻي جا جسم]] [[زمرو:ايشيا جون سامونڊي گذرگاهون|هرمز]] [[زمرو:هندي سمنڊ جون سامونڊي گذرگاهون|هرمز]] [[زمرو:ايران جون سامونڊي گذرگاهون|هرمز]] 18f5d9erz5d73rx49qs8skoynwtkrsq 367976 367974 2026-03-28T05:14:47Z Ibne maryam 17680 367976 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water|name=هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه<br> Strait of Hormuz|native_name=تنگه هرمز ([[فارسي ٻولي|فارسي]])<br>مضيق هرمز ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]])|other_name=|image=Strait of Hormuz and Musandam Peninsula (MODIS 2018-12-10).jpg|alt=|caption=هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه جو هڪ سيٽلائيٽ ڏيک|image_bathymetry=|alt_bathymetry=|caption_bathymetry=|location=[[عمان جي نار]] - [[فارس جي نار]]|group=|coordinates={{coord|26.6|N|56.5|E|type:waterbody_scale:1000000|display=title,inline}}|type=[[سامونڊي گذرگاهه]]|etymology=|part_of=|inflow=|rivers=|outflow=|oceans=|catchment=|basin_countries={{flag|Iran}}<br>{{flag|Oman}}<br>{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}|agency=|designation=|engineer=|length=|width=|min_width={{cvt|21|nmi|mi + km}}|area=|depth=|max-depth=|volume=|residence_time=|salinity=|shore=|elevation=|temperature_high=|temperature_low=|frozen=|islands=قيشم ٻيٽ<br>هرمز ٻيٽ<br>لاراڪ ٻيٽ|islands_category=|sections=|trenches=|benches=|cities=1 = {{flagicon|Iran}} [[بندر عباس]]<br> 2 = {{flagicon|Oman}} [[خسب]]|pushpin_map=Iran#West Asia|pushpin_label_position=right<!-- left, right, top or bottom -->|pushpin_map_alt=Topographic map of Iran and surrounding areas, including the Strait of Hormuz|pushpin_map_caption=هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه (ايران)##هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه (اولهه ايشيا)}} [[File:Strait_of_hormuz_full.jpg|thumb|سامونڊي سياسي حدون ۽ شپنگ لين ڏيکاريندڙ، هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه، 2004ع]] [[File:Strait_of_hormuz.jpg|thumb|هي سامونڊي گذرگاهه اتر ۾ [[ايران]] ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[اومان|عمان]] جي مسندم گورنري ۽ [[گڏيل عرب اماراتون|گڏيل عرب امارات کي]] الڳ ڪري ٿي. (1892ع جو نقشو)]] '''هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه ('''<small>Strait of Hormuz</small>'''؛''' {{IPAc-en|h|ɔr|ˈ|m|uː|z}}) [[فارس جي نار]] ۽ [[عمان جي نار]] جي وچ ۾ هڪ [[آبي گذرگاهه|سامونڊي گذرگاهه]] آهي، ان جي اتر واري ساحل تي [[ايران]] واقع آهي، ۽ ڏکڻ واري ساحل تي مسندام جزيري نما آهي، جيڪو [[گڏيل عرب اماراتون|گڏيل عرب امارات]] ۽ مسندام گورنريٽ، [[اومان|عمان]] جي هڪ ايڪسڪليو پاران ورهايو ويو آهي. هي گذرگاهه لڳ ڀڳ <small>104</small> ميل (<small>167</small> ڪلوميٽر، <small>90</small> ناتيڪل ميل) ڊگهي اهي. ويڪر لڳ ڀڳ <small>60</small> ميل (<small>97</small> ڪلوميٽر، <small>52</small> ناٽيڪل ميل) کان <small>24</small> ميل (<small>39</small> ڪلوميٽر، <small>21</small> ناٽيڪل ميل) تائين مختلف آهي.<ref name="dyke-20081002">{{Cite book|title=The Future of Ocean Regime-Building|last=Jon M. Van Dyke|date=2 October 2008|publisher=University of Hawaii|isbn=9789004172678|page=216|chapter=Transit Passage Through International Straits|doi=10.1163/ej.9789004172678.i-786.50|access-date=6 July 2019|chapter-url=https://www.law.hawaii.edu/sites/www.law.hawaii.edu/files/content/Faculty/Straits100308.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807123128/https://www.law.hawaii.edu/sites/www.law.hawaii.edu/files/content/Faculty/Straits100308.pdf|archive-date=7 August 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807123128/https://www.law.hawaii.edu/sites/www.law.hawaii.edu/files/content/Faculty/Straits100308.pdf |date=7 August 2020 }}</ref> <ref name="eia-20120104">{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=4430|title=The Strait of Hormuz is the world's most important oil transit chokepoint|date=4 January 2012|publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911152226/https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=4430|archive-date=11 September 2018|access-date=11 September 2018}}</ref> اها فارس جي نار کان کليل سمنڊ تائين واحد سامونڊي رستو فراهم ڪري ٿي ۽ دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ حڪمت عملي واري (<small>strategic</small>) طور تي اهم چوڪ پوائنٽس مان هڪ آهي.<ref name="oilpricecom01">{{حوالو ويب|url=https://oilprice.com/Geopolitics/International/How-Iran-Plans-To-Bypass-The-Worlds-Main-Oil-Chokepoint.html|title=How Iran Plans To Bypass The World's Main Oil Chokepoint|last=Viktor Katona|publisher=Oilprice.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911081557/https://oilprice.com/Geopolitics/International/How-Iran-Plans-To-Bypass-The-Worlds-Main-Oil-Chokepoint.html|archive-date=11 September 2018|access-date=11 September 2018}}</ref> سال <small>2023</small>ع کان <small>2025</small>ع جي وچ ۾ دنيا جي [[قدرتي وسيلا|مائع قدرتي گئس]] (<small>LNG</small>) جو <small>20</small> سيڪڙو ۽ [[تيل|پيٽرول]] جو <small>25</small> سيڪڙو واپار هر سال هن گذرگاهه مان گذريو. اهو [[يورپ]] ۽ [[ايشيا]] لاءِ پيٽروليم شين جو هڪ وڏو ذريعو آهي ۽ ان کي يورپ جي توانائي جي سيڪيورٽي لاءِ "نازڪ" قرار ڏنو ويو آهي.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2026/03/16/why-is-the-strait-of-hormuz-critical-to-europe|title=Why is the Strait of Hormuz critical to Europe?|date=2026-03-16|website=euronews|language=en|access-date=2026-03-18}}</ref> اهو [[قطر]]، [[ڪويت]] ۽ [[بحرين]] سميت ڪيترن ئي خليجي علائقن لاءِ واحد سامونڊي رستو پڻ آهي ۽ آبنائي ۾ خلل رسد جي سخت کوٽ جو سبب بڻجي سگهي ٿي.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=http://theconversation.com/strait-of-hormuz-gulf-states-food-security-is-at-immediate-risk-but-wider-shortages-could-push-up-consumer-prices-globally-277214|title=Strait of Hormuz: Gulf states’ food security is at immediate risk but wider shortages could push up consumer prices globally|last=Surucu-Balci|first=Ebru|last2=Balci|first2=Gokcay|date=2026-03-04|website=The Conversation|language=en-US|access-date=2026-03-18}}</ref> تيران ۽ [[باب المندب]] سامونڊي گذرگاهن جي برعڪس، [[وچ اوڀر]] جي تڪرارن دوران روايتي طور تي ڪڏهن به هن گذرگاهه کي ڊگهي عرصي تائين بند نه ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://oilprice.com/Energy/Crude-Oil/Oil-Prices-Jump-But-Middle-East-Oil-Keeps-Flowing-Uninterrupted.html|title=Oil Prices Jump, But Middle East Oil Keeps Flowing Uninterrupted|date=17 June 2025|website=OilPrice.com|quote=the narrow lane has never been blocked in any previous conflict in the Middle East.}}</ref> جيتوڻيڪ ايران ڪڏهن ڪڏهن آبنائي کي بند ڪرڻ جي ڌمڪي ڏني هئي،<ref name="auto">{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.twz.com/news-features/could-iran-carry-out-its-threat-to-shut-the-strait-of-hormuz|title=Could Iran Carry Out Its Threat To Shut Down The Strait Of Hormuz?|last=Altman|first=Howard|date=14 June 2025|website=The War Zone|language=en-US|access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/11/19/world/middleeast/iran-tanker-strait-of-hormuz.html|title=Iran Releases Tanker It Seized From the Strait of Hormuz|date=2025-11-19|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en}}</ref> ۽ هاڻ ايران تي آمريڪا ۽ اسرائيل جي حملي کان پوء ان کي بند ڪري ڇڏيو آهي.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-made-preparations-mine-strait-hormuz-us-sources-say-2025-07-01/|title=Exclusive: Iran made preparations to mine the Strait of Hormuz, US sources say|last=Slattery|first=Gram|date=1 July 2025|work=Reuters|access-date=3 July 2025|last2=Stewart|first2=Phil|language=en|last3=Slattery|first3=Gram|last4=Stewart|first4=Phil}}</ref> جڏهن ته، سال <small>2026</small>ع جي ايران جنگ دوران هي گذرگاهه بين الاقوامي برادري جي توجه جو هڪ وڏو مرڪز بڻجي ويو، جن جي نتيجي ۾ "هرمز گذرگاهه جو بحران" پيدا ٿيو آهي.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/why-hormuz-not-fordow-is-the-real-centre-of-gravity-in-the-iran-crisis-13983548.html|title=Why Hormuz, not Fordow, is the real centre of gravity in the Iran crisis|last=Sinha|first=Aditya|date=February 25, 2026|website=First Post|access-date=March 18, 2026}}</ref> ==نالو== {{main|هرمز جي بادشاهت|پورچوگالي-صفوي جنگيون|هرمز جي جنگ، 1625ع}} [[فارسي ٻولي|فارسي]] لفظ "هرمز" [[زرتشتي مذھب|زرتشتي]] مذهب جي ديوتا اهورا مزدا جي نالي جي وچين فارسي جي تلفظ مان نڪتل آهي. متبادل طور، اهو تجويز ڪيو آهي ته اهو نالو مقامي فارسي لفظ، "<small>'''هورمغ'''</small>" (<small>کجورن جي جاءِ</small>) مان نڪتل آهي <ref>{{cite journal|last=Ebrahimi|first=Qorbanali|title=Hormoz-Hormuz|journal=Motale'at Irani|date=2005–2006|volume=4|issue=7|pages=48|url=https://noo.rs/Cin61}}</ref> هڪ نظريو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هرمز جي گذرگاهه جو نالو، [[فارس صوبو|فارس]] جي بادشاهه شاپور ٻين، جيڪو سال 309 ۽ 379 عيسوي جي وچ ۾ حڪومت ڪندو هو، جي ماءُ جي نالي، "افرا هرمزد" تي رکيو ويو هوندو. هڪ ٻيو گهٽ ممڪن نظريو اهو آهي ته اهو نار لاء يوناني لفظ هرموس (ὅρμος) مان آيو آهي.<ref name="iranologie2">{{Cite web|last=Rezakhani|first=Khodadad|date=27 February 2020|title=The Kingdom of Hormuz|url=https://iranologie.com/the-history-page/the-kingdom-of-hormuz/|access-date=14 December 2020|website=Iranologie.com}}</ref> فارس جي نار جي افتتاح کي "پيريپلس آف دي اريٿرين سمنڊ"، پهرين صديءَ جي هڪ بحري جهاز جي رهنمائي ڪندڙ ڪتاب، ۾ بيان ڪيو، پر نالو نه ڏنو؛{{blockquote|"انهن اڪيلائي ٻيٽن جي مٿئين ڇيڙي تي جبلن جو هڪ سلسلو آهي جنهن کي ڪالون سڏيو ويندو آهي ۽ فارس جي نار جو مُنهن ان کان گهڻو پري نه آهي. جتي موتي جي صدف لاءِ گهڻو غوطه خوري ٿيندي آهي. ڳاڙهن ڳٽن جي کاٻي پاسي وڏا جبل آهن جن کي "اسابون" سڏيو ويندو آهي ۽ ساڄي پاسي هڪ ٻيو گول ۽ اچو جبل آهي جنهن کي "سيميرامس" سڏيو ويندو آهي. انهن جي وچ ۾ ڳاڙهن ڳٽن جي پار گذرڻ لڳ ڀڳ ڇهه سئو اسٽيڊيم جي برابر آهي، جنهن کان اڳتي اهو تمام وڏو ۽ وسيع سمنڊ، فارس جي نار جي اندرين حصي ۾ تمام گهڻو پهچي ٿو. هن نار جي مٿئين ڇيڙي تي، قانون طرفان نامزد ڪيل هڪ مارڪيٽ ٽائون آهي جنهن کي "اپولوگس" سڏيو ويندو آهي. چارائيڪس اسپاسيني ۽ درياءَ فرات جي ويجهو واقع آهي."|پيريپلس آف دي ايريٿرين سمنڊ، باب 35.}} <small>17</small>هين صدي عيسوي ۾ اورمس جي بادشاهت هتي، اينڊاش ۾ واقع هئي. عالم، تاريخدان ۽ لسانيات جا ماهر "اورمز" جو نالو مقامي فارسي لفظ "هور مغ" مان ورتو آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ آهي کجيءَ جو وڻ.<ref>[http://minabcity.ir/HomePage.aspx?TabID=4620&Site=DouranPortal&Lang=fa-IR Municipality of Minab] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706075102/http://minabcity.ir/HomePage.aspx?TabID=4620&Site=DouranPortal&Lang=fa-IR|date=6 July 2018}}, (in Persian). Retrieved 30 December 2011.</ref> هن فارسي لفظ جو زرتشتي مذهب جي ديوتا هرموز (اهورا مزدا جو هڪ قسم) جي فارسي نالي سان مشابهت جي نتيجي ۾ اهو يقين پيدا ٿيو آهي ته اها لفظ لاڳاپيل آهن. [[File:Persian Gulf 1507-1750.gif|thumb|upright=1.4|لنگهه ۾ پهريون مغربي فوجي غلبو. فارس جي نار ۾ پرتگال جي موجودگي (1507-1750ع)]] 15هين صدي کان وٺي، اسٽريٽجڪ نقطي نظر کان، لنگهه جي جاگرافي برقرار رهي ۽ پرتگال جهڙين پرڏيهي طاقتن جي آمد سان ان جي اهميت کي وڌايو (جنهن 16هين ۽ 18هين صدي جي وچ ۾ پنهنجي موجودگي برقرار رکي). اهو ٻين اڀرندڙ طاقتن جهڙوڪ انگلينڊ سان تڪرار کي به ڀڙڪايو، جڏهن اهو 17هين صدي ۾ علائقي ۾ پهتو. ==جهاز راني== ٽڪراءَ جي خطري کي گهٽائڻ لاءِ، گذرگاهه مان گذرندڙ جهاز ٽرئفڪ سيپريشن اسڪيم (TSS) تي عمل ڪن ٿا. ايندڙ جهاز هڪ لين استعمال ڪن ٿا. ٻاهر نڪرندڙ جهاز ٻيو. هر لين ٻه ميل ويڪرو آهي. لين ٻن ميل ويڪر "ميڊين" سان الڳ ٿيل آهن.<ref name="eia-201907172">{{cite web|url=https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/special_topics/World_Oil_Transit_Chokepoints/wotc.pdf|title=World Oil Transit Chokepoints|publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration|date=25 July 2017|access-date=13 June 2019|archive-date=21 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521134300/https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/special_topics/World_Oil_Transit_Chokepoints/wotc.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> گذرگاهه کي پار ڪرڻ لاءِ جهاز، گڏيل قومن جي سمنڊ جي قانون تي ڪنوينشن (<small>UNCLOS</small>) جي ٽرانزٽ پاس جي شقن جي تحت، [[ايران]] ۽ [[اومان]] جي علائقائي پاڻين مان گذرن ٿا.<ref name="USEIA012">{{cite web|url=http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/156265/|title=Strait of Hormuz|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth|author=Alejandra Roman & Administration|access-date=2 June 2015|archive-date=5 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405131935/http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/156265/|url-status=live}}</ref> جئين ته سڀني ملڪن ڪنوينشن جي تصديق نه ڪيا آهن،<ref name="UNCLOS-ratification2">{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/Depts/los/reference_files/chronological_lists_of_ratifications.htm|title=Chronological lists of ratifications of, accessions and successions to the Convention and the related Agreements as at 26 October 2007|publisher=UN|work=Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea|access-date=29 June 2017|archive-date=14 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414043900/http://www.un.org/depts/los/reference_files/chronological_lists_of_ratifications.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] سميت گھڻا ملڪ انهن روايتي جهاز راني جي ضابطن کي قبول ڪن ٿا،<ref>{{cite web|author=[[U.S. President]]|title=Presidential Proclamation 5030|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/58381.pdf|url-status=live|date=10 March 1983|access-date=21 January 2008|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325045208/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/58381.pdf|archive-date=25 March 2021}}</ref> جيئن ڪنوينشن ۾ ڪوڊ ڪيو ويو آهي. سال <small>1959</small>ع ۾، ايران پنهنجي علائقائي سمنڊ کي 12 ناٽيڪل ميل (22 ڪلوميٽر) تائين وڌائي لنگهه جي قانوني حيثيت کي تبديل ڪيو ۽ اعلان ڪيو ته اهو نئين وڌايل علائقي ذريعي صرف غير جنگي ٽرانزٽ کي تسليم ڪندو.<ref name="Groves 20112">{{cite web|last=Groves|first=Steven|title=Accession to the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea Is Unnecessary to Secure U.S. Navigational Rights and Freedoms|website=The Heritage Foundation|url=http://www.heritage.org/defense/report/accession-the-un-convention-the-law-the-sea-unnecessary-secure-us-navigational|date=24 August 2011|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517153730/https://www.heritage.org/defense/report/accession-the-un-convention-the-law-the-sea-unnecessary-secure-us-navigational|url-status=unfit}}</ref> سال <small>1972</small>ع ۾، اومان پڻ فرمان ذريعي پنهنجي علائقائي سمنڊ کي 12 ناٽيڪل ميل (22 ڪلوميٽر) تائين وڌايو.<ref name="Groves 20113">{{cite web|last=Groves|first=Steven|title=Accession to the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea Is Unnecessary to Secure U.S. Navigational Rights and Freedoms|website=The Heritage Foundation|url=http://www.heritage.org/defense/report/accession-the-un-convention-the-law-the-sea-unnecessary-secure-us-navigational|date=24 August 2011|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517153730/https://www.heritage.org/defense/report/accession-the-un-convention-the-law-the-sea-unnecessary-secure-us-navigational|url-status=unfit}}</ref> اهڙيءَ طرح، سال <small>1972</small>ع تائين، ايران ۽ اومان جي گڏيل علائقائي پاڻين جي ڪري هرمز جي ساموندي گذرگاهه جنگي ٻيڙين لاء مڪمل طور تي "بند" ٿي وئي. 1970ع جي ڏهاڪي دوران، ايران يا اومان ٻنهي جنگي جهازن جي گذرڻ ۾ رڪاوٽ وجهڻ جي ڪوشش نه ڪئي، پر <small>1980</small>ع جي ڏهاڪي ۾، ٻنهي ملڪن دعويٰ ڪيا، جيڪا روايتي (پراڻي) قانون کان مختلف هئا. سال <small>1989</small>ع ۾ گڏيل قومن جي ڪنوينشن (<small>UNCLOS</small>) جي تصديق ڪرڻ تي، اومان پنهنجي سال <small>1981</small>ع جي شاهي فرمان جي تصديق ڪندڙ اعلان پيش ڪيو ته ان جي علائقائي سمنڊ ذريعي صرف غير جنگي ٽرانزٽ کي گذرڻ جي اجازت آهي. اعلان ۾ وڌيڪ زور ڏنو ويو ته پرڏيهي جنگي جهازن کي اوماني علائقائي پاڻين مان گذرڻ کان اڳ اڳواٽ اجازت وٺڻ جي ضرورت هوندي.<ref name="Groves 20114">{{cite web|last=Groves|first=Steven|title=Accession to the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea Is Unnecessary to Secure U.S. Navigational Rights and Freedoms|website=The Heritage Foundation|url=http://www.heritage.org/defense/report/accession-the-un-convention-the-law-the-sea-unnecessary-secure-us-navigational|date=24 August 2011|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517153730/https://www.heritage.org/defense/report/accession-the-un-convention-the-law-the-sea-unnecessary-secure-us-navigational|url-status=unfit}}</ref> سال 1982ع ۾ ڪنوينشن تي دستخط ڪرڻ تي، ايران هڪ اعلان ۾ داخل ٿيو جنهن ۾ چيو ويو آهي ته "صرف سمنڊ جي قانون جي ڪنوينشن جي رياستن کي ان ۾ پيدا ڪيل معاهدي جي حقن مان فائدو حاصل ڪرڻ جو حق هوندو"، جنهن ۾ "بين الاقوامي جهاز راني لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ آبنائي ذريعي گذرڻ جو حق" شامل آهي. سال 1993ع ۾، ايران سامونڊي علائقن تي هڪ جامع قانون نافذ ڪيو. جنهن جون دفعات گڏيل قومن جي ڪنوينشن (<small>UNCLOS</small>) جي دفعات سان ٽڪراءُ ڪن ٿيون، جنهن ۾ هڪ شرط شامل آهي ته جنگي جهاز، آبدوزون ۽ ايٽمي طاقت وارا جهاز ايران جي علائقائي پاڻين مان گذرڻ کان اڳ اجازت حاصل ڪن. آمريڪا اومان ۽ ايران جي ڪنهن به دعويٰ کي تسليم نٿو ڪري ۽ انهن مان هر هڪ جي مخالفت ڪيو آهي.<ref name="Groves 20115">{{cite web|last=Groves|first=Steven|title=Accession to the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea Is Unnecessary to Secure U.S. Navigational Rights and Freedoms|website=The Heritage Foundation|url=http://www.heritage.org/defense/report/accession-the-un-convention-the-law-the-sea-unnecessary-secure-us-navigational|date=24 August 2011|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517153730/https://www.heritage.org/defense/report/accession-the-un-convention-the-law-the-sea-unnecessary-secure-us-navigational|url-status=unfit}}</ref> ==پيٽرول جي واپار جو رستو== [[File:Volume of crude oil and condensate transported through the Strait of Hormuz in 2014 through 2018 (48097330906).png|thumb|upright=1.4|سال 2014-2018ع ۾ اصل ۽ منزل جي لحاظ کان تيل جو واپار]] سال <small>2023-2025</small>ع دوران، دنيا جي مائع قدرتي گئس جو %<small>20</small> ۽ پيٽرول جو %<small>25</small> واپار هرمز گذرگاهه مان گذريو، جيڪا واپار لاءِ ان جي اهم مقام کي ظاهر ڪري ٿو.<ref name="eia-20120104" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=World Oil Transit Chokepoints|url=https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/special_topics/World_Oil_Transit_Chokepoints/wotc.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723221931/http://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/special_topics/World_Oil_Transit_Chokepoints/wotc.pdf|archive-date=23 July 2015|access-date=13 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":4"/> آمريڪي توانائي انفارميشن ايڊمنسٽريشن جي مطابق (2011 ۾) روزانو سراسري طور تي 14 ٽينڪر فارس جي نار مان 17 ملين بيرل (27,00,000 ڪعبي ميٽر) خام تيل کڻي گذرندا هئا. انهن خام تيل جي برآمدات مان %<small>85</small> کان وڌيڪ روزاني بنيادن تي ايشيائي مارڪيٽن ڏانهن ويندا هئا، جنهن ۾ جاپان، ڀارت، ڏکڻ ڪوريا ۽ چين سڀ کان وڏيون منزلون هيون.<ref name="USEIA013">{{cite web|url=http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/156265/|title=Strait of Hormuz|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth|author=Alejandra Roman & Administration|access-date=2 June 2015|archive-date=5 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405131935/http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/156265/|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>2018</small>ع ۾، سال <small>2019</small>ع جي قيمتن تي <small>1.2</small> ارب ڊالر جي ماليت جو تيل گذرگاهه مان روزانو <small>21</small> ملين بيرل جي مقدار ۾ گذريو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R2shPOThjIQ|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/R2shPOThjIQ|archive-date=17 November 2021|url-status=live|title=The Strait of Hormuz Explained|website=[[YouTube]]|date=31 October 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref> جيڪڏهن هرمز گذرگاهه ذريعي تيل جي رسد هڪ ڊگهي عرصي تائين خاص طور تي متاثر ٿئي تي، ته اها ڀارت ۽ چين جهڙن وڏن ايشيائي درآمد ڪندڙن لاءِ تيل جي فراهمي جو هڪ وڏو بحران پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿو.<ref>Le Monde. (2026, March 3). Asian oil imports threatened as traffic halts in the Strait of Hormuz. https://www.lemonde.fr/en/economy/article/2026/03/03/asian-oil-imports-threatened-as-traffic-halts-in-the-strait-of-hormuz_6751055_19.html</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/israel-iran-usa-war-asian-countries-most-at-risk-from-oil-gas-supply-disruptions-in-strait-of-hormuz-research-group/articleshow/128947545.cms?utm_source=chatgpt.com|work=Economic Times}}</ref> ==واقعا== [[File:Strait of Hormuz from 35,000 Feet.jpg|thumb|upright|<small>10,668</small> ميٽر (<small>35,000</small> فوٽ) جي بلندي تي هڪ هوائي جهاز مان نظر ايندڙ هرمز گذرگاهه. [[اومان]] جي مسندم گورنريٽ پيش منظر ۾ ]] === ٽينڪر جنگ === {{Main|ٽينڪرن جي جنگ}} ايران-عراق جنگ جو ٽينڪرن جي جنگ جو مرحلو هن وقت شروع ٿيو،<ref name="efraimkarsh2">{{cite book|last=Karsh|first=Efraim|title=The Iran–Iraq War: 1980–1988|url=https://archive.org/details/iraniraqwar00kars|url-access=limited|pages=[https://archive.org/details/iraniraqwar00kars/page/n3 1]–8, 12–16, 19–82|publisher=Osprey Publishing|date=25 April 2002|isbn=978-1-84176-371-2}}</ref> جڏهن [[عراق]] 1984ع جي شروعات ۾ ايران جي خارگ ٻيٽ تي تيل جي ٽرمينل ۽ تيل جي ٽينڪرن تي حملو ڪيو.<ref>{{cite web|title=Strait of Hormuz – Tanker War|url=https://www.strausscenter.org/strait-of-hormuz-tanker-war/|access-date=6 August 2021|website=The Strauss Center|language=en-US|archive-date=6 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806115032/https://www.strausscenter.org/strait-of-hormuz-tanker-war/|url-status=live}}</ref> صدام حسين جو ايراني شپنگ تي حملو ڪرڻ جو مقصد، ٻين شين جي وچ ۾، ايران کي انتهائي قدمن سان جوابي ڪارروائي ڪرڻ لاءِ اڀارڻ هو،جيئن ته هو هرمز جي گذرگاهه کي سڀني سامونڊي ٽرئفڪ لاءِ بند ڪري ڇڏي ۽ ان ڪري آمريڪي مداخلت کي آڻڻ جو موقعو ملي.<ref name="efraimkarsh3">{{cite book|last=Karsh|first=Efraim|title=The Iran–Iraq War: 1980–1988|url=https://archive.org/details/iraniraqwar00kars|url-access=limited|pages=[https://archive.org/details/iraniraqwar00kars/page/n3 1]–8, 12–16, 19–82|publisher=Osprey Publishing|date=25 April 2002|isbn=978-1-84176-371-2}}</ref> پر ايران عراقي شپنگ تي انتقامي حملي کي محدود ڪيو ۽ گذرگاهه کي بند نه ڪيو.<ref name="efraimkarsh4">{{cite book|last=Karsh|first=Efraim|title=The Iran–Iraq War: 1980–1988|url=https://archive.org/details/iraniraqwar00kars|url-access=limited|pages=[https://archive.org/details/iraniraqwar00kars/page/n3 1]–8, 12–16, 19–82|publisher=Osprey Publishing|date=25 April 2002|isbn=978-1-84176-371-2}}</ref> === آپريشن پرئينگ مينٽس === {{Main|آپريشن پرئينگ مينٽس}} آپريشن پرائينگ مينٽس <small>18</small> اپريل <small>1988</small>ع تي ايران-عراق جنگ دوران فارس جي نار ۾ بين الاقوامي پاڻين ۾ ايراني سامونڊي بارودي سرنگن جي تنصيب ۽ پوء هڪ آمريڪي جنگي جهاز کي نقصان پهچائڻ جي بدلي ۾ ايراني علائقائي پاڻين اندر آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجن پاران حملو ڪيو ويو. آمريڪي نيوي ڪيترن ئي سطحي جنگي جهازن جي گروپن سان گڏ، هوائي جهاز ڪيريئر يو ايس ايس انٽرپرائز جي جهازن ۽ ان جي ڪروزر اسڪارٽ، يو ايس ايس ٽرڪسٽن سان حملو ڪيو. حملي جي شروعات ٻن سطحي گروپن جي مربوط حملي سان ٿي. === ايران ايئر جي فلائيٽ 655 کي ڪيرائڻ === {{Main|ايران ايئر جي فلائيٽ 655}} 3 جولاءِ 1988ع تي، 290 ماڻهو مارجي ويا جڏهن هڪ ايران ايئر ايئربس A300 کي آمريڪي بحريه جي گائيڊڊ ميزائل ڪروزر يو ايس ايس ونسنس (سي جي-49) پاران آبنائي تي گولي هڻي ماريو ويو جڏهن ان کي غلط طور تي جيٽ فائٽر طور سڃاتو ويو هو. === ٽڪراءُ === {{Main|يو ايس ايس هارٽ فورڊ ۽ يو ايس ايس نيو اورلينز جو ٽڪراء }} جنوري، <small>2007</small>ع ۾، ايٽمي آبدوز يو ايس ايس نيوپورٽ نيوز آبنائي جي ڏکڻ ۾ <small>3,00,000</small> ٽن جاپاني پرچم واري خام تيل جي ٽينڪر ايم وي سان ٽڪرائجي وئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hamptonroads.com/node/205951|title=Navy says speed of tanker sucked submarine up to surface|publisher=The Virginian Pilot|date=10 January 2007|first=Jack|last=Dorsey|access-date=29 December 2007|archive-date=16 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016040536/http://hamptonroads.com/node/205951|url-status=dead}}</ref> ڪو به زخمي نه ٿيو ۽ ڪو به تيل نه لٿو. 20 مارچ <small>2009</small>ع تي، آمريڪي نيوي جي <small>'''يو ايس ايس هارٽ فورڊ'''</small> آبنائي ۾ <small>'''يو ايس ايس نيو اورلينز'''</small> سان ٽڪرائجي وئي. ٽڪراءُ جي سبب <small>'''يو ايس ايس نيو اورلينز'''</small> جو هڪ فيول ٽينڪ ڦاٽي پيو، جنهن مان <small>25,000</small> آمريڪي گيلن (<small>95</small> ڪيوبڪ ميٽر) ڊيزل ٻارڻ نڪري ويو.<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Navy vessels in Bahrain for evaluation after collision|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2009-03-20/world/navy.vessels.collide_1_marine-diesel-fuel-navy-amphibious-ship-persian-gulf?_s=PM:WORLD|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=20 March 2009|access-date=8 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113153818/http://articles.cnn.com/2009-03-20/world/navy.vessels.collide_1_marine-diesel-fuel-navy-amphibious-ship-persian-gulf?_s=PM%3AWORLD|archive-date=13 January 2012}}</ref> === ايراني نيوي جا حادثه === مئي <small>2020</small>ع ۾، ايران هڪ دوستانه فائر حادثي ۾ پنهنجي ئي هڪ جهاز تي ميزائل فائر ڪيا، جن ۾ <small>19</small> ملاح مارجي ويا.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mobile.twitter.com/rafsanchez/status/1259776878484873220|title=Twitter|website=mobile.twitter.com|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=31 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831172416/https://mobile.twitter.com/rafsanchez/status/1259776878484873220|url-status=live}}</ref> 2 جون <small>2021</small>ع تي، ايراني بحري فوج جو هڪ تبديل ٿيل اول ڪلاس ريپلينشمينٽ آئلر، آئرس خارگ، باهه لڳڻ کان پوءِ هرمز گذرگاهه ۾ ٻڏي ويو. اهو بحري فوج جو سڀ کان وڏو جهاز هو.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-06-02/iran-navy-ship-catches-fire-gulf-of-oman/100186272|title=Iranian navy's largest warship catches fire and sinks in Gulf of Oman|date=2 June 2021|access-date=13 June 2021|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613053754/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-06-02/iran-navy-ship-catches-fire-gulf-of-oman/100186272|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Iranian ship seizures=== {{see also|Maersk#Business with Iran}}{{See also|Iranian seizure of the MSC Aries}} On 28 April 2015, [[Navy of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|IRGCN]] patrol boats contacted the [[Marshall Islands]]–flagged [[container ship]] ''[[MV Maersk Tigris|Maersk Tigris]]'', which was westbound through the strait, and directed the ship to proceed further into Iranian territorial waters, according to a spokesman for the U.S. Defense Department. When the ship's master declined, one of the Iranian craft fired shots across the bridge of ''Maersk Tigris''. The captain complied and proceeded into Iranian waters near Larak Island. The U.S. Navy sent aircraft and a destroyer, [[USS Farragut (DDG-99)|USS ''Farragut'']], to monitor the situation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran seizes commercial ship, U.S. forces respond |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/04/28/politics/iran-seizes-commercial-ship-u-s-official-says-no-americans-on-board |publisher=CNN |date=28 April 2015 |access-date=28 April 2015 |archive-date=28 April 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150428160202/http://www.cnn.com/2015/04/28/politics/iran-seizes-commercial-ship-u-s-official-says-no-americans-on-board/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Maersk]] says it agreed to pay an Iranian company $163,000 after an Iranian court ruling over a dispute about 10 container boxes transported to Dubai in 2005. An appeal court raised the fine to $3.6 million.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/iran-usa-ship-idUSL5N0XR37520150430 |title=Maersk insists on release of ship and crew seized by Iran |publisher=Reuters |date=30 April 2015 |access-date=2 July 2017 |archive-date=16 October 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151016040537/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/04/30/iran-usa-ship-idUSL5N0XR37520150430 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 4 January 2021, the [[Tasnim News Agency]] reported that a South Korea–flagged oil vessel headed from [[Saudi Arabia]] to the [[United Arab Emirates]] was seized for allegedly causing pollution violations. The ship was said to be carrying roughly 7,000 tons of ethanol. South Korea refused to comment on the accusation of causing oil pollution in the Strait of Hormuz. The ship, ''Hankuk Chemi'', was headed to the UAE port Fujairah after loading oil from Jubail, Saudi Arabia on 2 January 2021, as per ship-tracking data gathered by Bloomberg.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-04/iran-says-it-has-seized-an-oil-tanker-in-persian-gulf?srnd=markets-vp |title=Iran Seizes Ship, Ramps Up Enrichment as Gulf Tensions Mount |access-date=4 January 2021 |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |date=4 January 2021}}</ref> In April 2024, the Iranian Navy seized<ref>{{cite news |last=Motamedi |first=Maziar |date=13 April 2024 |title=Iran's IRGC seizes 'Israeli-linked' ship near Strait of Hormuz |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/13/irans-irgc-seizes-israeli-linked-ship-near-strait-of-hormuz |access-date=13 April 2024 |work=Al Jazzera |archive-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416031240/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/13/irans-irgc-seizes-israeli-linked-ship-near-strait-of-hormuz |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Iranian seizure of the MSC Aries|MSC Aries]]'', a [[Portugal|Portuguese]]-[[Ensign (flag)|flagged]] container ship sailing through the [[Gulf of Oman]] off the UAE coast of the Emirati port city of [[Fujairah]], then steered the container ship through the strait, with 25 personnel on board, claiming that it had violated maritime laws.<ref name="Reuters">{{cite news |date=15 April 2024 |title=Iran says MSC Aries vessel seized for 'violating maritime laws' |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-says-msc-aries-vessel-seized-violating-maritime-laws-2024-04-15/ |access-date=18 April 2024 |work=Reuters |archive-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20240416045358/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-says-msc-aries-vessel-seized-violating-maritime-laws-2024-04-15/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The crew of 25 included 17 Indian nationals, Filipinos, Pakistanis, a Russian, and an Estonian.<ref name="EconTimes"/> === Iranian preparations to mine the strait === As of 2019, the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency estimated that Iran possessed over 5,000 naval mines capable of rapid deployment via high-speed boats.<ref name=":3"/> In June 2025, it was reported that U.S. intelligence detected, possibly through satellite imagery or human informants, that Iranian military forces loaded naval mines onto vessels in the Persian Gulf, an act which was interpreted as a preliminary step to blockading the strait.<ref name=":3" /> The mines were ultimately not deployed, though their presence raised alarms in Washington about Tehran's intent to escalate the conflict. It is unclear whether the mines were later removed.<ref name=":3" /> ===U.S.–Iran disputes, threats to close the Strait=== ====2008==== {{Main|2008 Iran–United States naval dispute}} Naval stand-offs between Iranian speedboats and U.S. warships in the strait occurred in December 2007 and January 2008. U.S. officials accused Iran of harassing and provoking their naval vessels, but Iran denied the allegations. On 14 January, U.S. Navy officials appeared to contradict the Pentagon version of the 16 January event, in which the Pentagon had reported that U.S. vessels had almost fired on approaching Iranian boats. The Navy's regional commander, Vice Admiral Kevin Cosgriff, said the Iranians had "neither anti-ship missiles nor torpedoes" and he "wouldn't characterize the posture of the [[United States Fifth Fleet|US 5th Fleet]] as afraid of these small boats".<ref>{{cite news |title=A game of chicken in the, Persian Gulf |first=David |last=Isenberg |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/JA10Ak05.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514013222/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/JA10Ak05.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=14 May 2008 |newspaper=[[Asia Times Online]] |date=10 January 2008 |access-date=8 January 2012 |accessdate=19 March 2026 |archivedate=14 May 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514013222/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/JA10Ak05.html }}</ref> On 29 June, the commander of [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]], [[Mohammad Ali Jafari]], said that if either [[Israel]] or the U.S. attacked Iran, it would seal off the strait to wreak havoc in the oil markets. Cosgriff warned that such Iranian action would be considered an act of war, and the U.S. would not allow Iran to hold hostage a third of the world's oil supply.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,374905,00.html |title=U.S. Navy Commander Warns Iran: Don't Try Closing Gulf Oil Passageway |publisher=Fox News |date=2 July 2008 |access-date=2 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020081555/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,374905,00.html |archive-date=20 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> On 8 July, Ali Shirazi, a mid-level clerical aide to Iranian supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]], was quoted telling the Revolutionary Guards, "The Zionist regime is pressuring White House officials to attack Iran. If they commit such a stupidity, [[Tel Aviv]] and U.S. shipping in the Persian Gulf will be Iran's first targets and they will be burned."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-attack-usa-idUSLYO82850220080708 |title=Iran to "hit Tel Aviv, U.S. ships" if attacked |publisher=[[Reuters]] |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=8 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317104538/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-attack-usa-idUSLYO82850220080708 |archive-date=17 March 2016}}</ref> In the last week of July, in Operation Brimstone,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=38478 |title=JTFEX 08-4 "Operation Brimstone" Flexes Allied Force Training |publisher=US Navy |date=15 July 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008 |archive-date=22 July 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080722011927/http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=38478 |url-status=dead}}</ref> dozens of U.S., and naval ships from other countries, came to undertake joint exercises for possible military activity in the shallow waters off the coast of Iran. By 11 August, more than 40 U.S. and allied ships were en route to the strait.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.debka.com/headline.php?hid=5499 |title=Three major US naval strike forces due this week in Persian Gulf |publisher=Debkafile |date=11 August 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008 |archive-date=1 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091201062308/http://www.debka.com/headline.php?hid=5499 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ====2011–12==== {{main|2011–2012 Strait of Hormuz dispute}} On 27{{nbsp}}December, 2011, Iranian vice president [[Mohammad Reza Rahimi]] threatened to cut off oil supply from the strait should economic sanctions limit, or cut off, Iranian oil exports.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 December 2011 |title=Oil jumps over 2% as Iran threatens supplies |url=https://money.cnn.com/2011/12/27/markets/oil_iran/index.htm?hpt=hp_t2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918122445/https://money.cnn.com/2011/12/27/markets/oil_iran/index.htm?hpt=hp_t2 |archive-date=18 September 2020 |access-date=3 August 2020 |work=CNN}}</ref> A [[United States Fifth Fleet|U.S.{{nbsp}}Fifth Fleet]] spokeswoman said the Fleet was "always ready to counter malevolent actions", whilst Admiral [[Habibollah Sayyari]] of the [[Islamic Republic of Iran Navy|Iran Navy]] claimed cutting off oil shipments would be "easy".<ref>{{cite news |title=US warns Iran over threat to block oil route |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16348633 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=28 December 2011 |access-date=8 January 2012 |archive-date=7 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107061545/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16348633 |url-status=live}}</ref> Despite an initial 2%{{nbsp}}rise in oil prices, markets ultimately did not react significantly to Iran's threat, with oil analyst Thorbjoern Bak Jensen concluding "they cannot stop the flow for a longer period due to the amount of U.S.{{nbsp}}hardware in the area".<ref>{{cite news |last=Gibbons |first=Robert |date=28 December 2011 |title=Oil falls on dollar's rise, Wall Street pullback |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-markets-oil-idUSTRE7AD06820111228 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108003919/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/12/28/us-markets-oil-idUSTRE7AD06820111228 |archive-date=8 January 2012 |access-date=8 January 2012 |work=Reuters}}</ref> [[File:Flickr - Official U.S. Navy Imagery - USS Porter transits the Strait of Hormuz..jpg|thumb|The [[Guided-missile#Guidance systems|guided-missile]] [[destroyer]] {{USS|Porter|DDG-78|6}} transits the Strait of Hormuz in May 2012. ''Porter'' is deployed to the [[U.S. 5th Fleet]].]] On 3{{nbsp}}January, 2012, Iran threatened to take action if the U.S.{{nbsp}}Navy moved an aircraft carrier back into the Persian Gulf. Iranian Army chief [[Ataollah Salehi]] said the U.S. had moved a carrier out of the Persian Gulf because of Iran's naval exercises, and Iran would take action if the ship returned. "Iran will not repeat its warning{{nbsp}}... the enemy's carrier has been moved to the [[Gulf of Oman]] because of our drill. I recommend and emphasize to the American carrier not to return to the Persian Gulf", he said.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=3 January 2012 |title=Iran threatens U.S. Navy as sanctions hit economy |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-usa-idUSTRE80208P20120103 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924161340/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/01/03/us-iran-usa-idUSTRE80208P20120103 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=8 January 2012 |work=Reuters}}</ref> U.S.{{nbsp}}Navy spokesman Commander Bill Speaks responded that deployment of U.S.{{nbsp}}military assets would continue as has been the custom stating: "The U.S.{{nbsp}}Navy operates under international maritime conventions to maintain a constant state of high vigilance in order to ensure the continued, safe flow of maritime traffic in waterways critical to global commerce."<ref>{{cite news |date=3 January 2012 |title=Iran nuclear crisis: Sanctions 'beginning to bite' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16396345 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107061802/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16396345 |archive-date=7 January 2012 |access-date=8 January 2012 |work=BBC News}}</ref> While earlier statements from Iran had little effect on oil markets, coupled with new sanctions, later comments drove crude futures higher, up over{{nbsp}}4%. Pressure on prices reflected a combination of uncertainty driven further by China's response – reducing oil January 2012 purchases from Iran by{{nbsp}}50% compared to 2011.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} By January 2012, U.S.-led sanctions began to show economic effects, as the Iranian currency lost 12%{{nbsp}}of its value. Further pressure on Iranian currency was added by French Foreign Minister [[Alain Juppé]] who was quoted as calling for more "strict sanctions" and urged EU countries to follow the{{nbsp}}U.S. in freezing Iranian central bank assets and imposing an embargo on oil exports.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ca.news.yahoo.com/video/us-22424932/state-department-iran-is-feeling-the-pressure-27769481.html |title=State Department: Iran is feeling the pressure |publisher=Yahoo! News |date=3 January 2012 |access-date=24 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120109123059/http://ca.news.yahoo.com/video/us-22424932/state-department-iran-is-feeling-the-pressure-27769481.html |archive-date=9 January 2012}}</ref> On 9{{nbsp}}January, 2012, Iranian Defense Minister [[Ahmad Vahidi]] denied that Iran had ever claimed it would close the strait, saying that "Iran is the most important provider of security in the Strait{{nbsp}}... if one threatens the security of the Persian Gulf, then all are threatened."<ref>{{cite web |title=Iran and the Strait of Hormuz |url=http://subyraman.com/iran-and-the-strait-of-hormuz/ |work=Tabeer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729233754/http://subyraman.com/iran-and-the-strait-of-hormuz/ |archive-date=29 July 2013}}</ref> Iran's Foreign Ministry confirmed on 16{{nbsp}}January it had received a letter from the U.S.; authorities were considering whether to reply, although the contents of the letter were not divulged.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2012/01/16/iran-studying-hormuz-letter-warns-gulf-producers.html |title=News Headlines |publisher=[[CNBC]] |date=16 January 2012 |access-date=24 January 2012 |archive-date=3 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203154827/http://www.cnbc.com/id/46010868 |url-status=live}}</ref> The U.S. had previously announced its intention to warn Iran that closing the strait is a "red line" that would provoke an American response.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/13/world/middleeast/us-warns-top-iran-leader-not-to-shut-strait-of-hormuz.html |work=The New York Times |first1=Elisabeth |last1=Bumiller |first2=Eric |last2=Schmitt |first3=Thom |last3=Shanker |title=U.S. Warns Top Iran Leader Not to Shut Strait of Hormuz |date=12 January 2012 |access-date=28 February 2017 |archive-date=21 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421031218/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/13/world/middleeast/us-warns-top-iran-leader-not-to-shut-strait-of-hormuz.html |url-status=live}}</ref> General [[Martin Dempsey]], the [[chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]], said the U.S. would "take action and re-open the Strait", which could be accomplished only by military means, including minesweepers, warship escorts and potentially airstrikes. U.S. defense secretary [[Leon Panetta]] told troops that the U.S. would not tolerate Iran closing the strait. Nevertheless, Iran continued to discuss the impact of shutting the strait on oil markets, saying any disruption of supply would cause a shock "no country" could manage.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-01-16/oil-climbs-from-four-week-low-as-iran-warns-of-hormuz-supply-disruption.html |work=Bloomberg |first=Grant |last=Smith |title=Oil Climbs From Four-Week Low as Iran Warns of Hormuz Supply Disruption |date=16 January 2012 |access-date=11 March 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140202173554/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-01-16/oil-climbs-from-four-week-low-as-iran-warns-of-hormuz-supply-disruption.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:CVN 69 transits the Strait of Hormuz (28465403076).jpg|thumb|A [[U.S. Navy]] convoy in the strait in July 2016]] By 23{{nbsp}}January, a [[flotilla]] had been established by countries opposing Iran's threats to close the strait.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran: Flotilla of Warships Sent Through Strait of Hormuz Heightens Tensions |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/01/23/iran-flotilla-of-warships_n_1222734.html?ref=uk |work=HuffPost |date=23 January 2012 |access-date=24 January 2012 |archive-date=25 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125213304/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/01/23/iran-flotilla-of-warships_n_1222734.html?ref=uk |url-status=live}}</ref> These ships operated in the Persian Gulf and [[Arabian Sea]] off the coast of Iran. The flotilla included three American aircraft carriers, three destroyers, seven British warships, including the destroyer {{HMS|Daring|D32|6}}<ref>{{Cite news |title=Royal Navy sends its mightiest ship to take on the Iranian show of force in the Gulf |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/8997956/Royal-Navy-sends-its-mightiest-ship-to-take-on-the-Iranian-show-of-force-in-the-Gulf.html |archive-url= https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/8997956/Royal-Navy-sends-its-mightiest-ship-to-take-on-the-Iranian-show-of-force-in-the-Gulf.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |last=Harding |first=Thomas |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=6 January 2012 |access-date=8 January 2012 |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=HMS Daring to head for the Gulf |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ukpress/article/ALeqM5i7M_kVZAIV-1CSF6rnljPJ6eHnyg?docId=N0842061325887459210A |agency=[[Press Association]] |date=7 January 2012 |access-date=8 January 2012}}{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> and four [[Type 23 frigate|Type{{nbsp}}23]] frigates, and the French frigate ''[[French frigate La Motte-Picquet|La Motte-Picquet]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran: EU oil sanctions 'unfair' and 'doomed to fail' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-16693484 |publisher=BBC News |date=23 January 2012 |access-date=24 January 2012 |archive-date=23 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123205402/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-16693484 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 24{{nbsp}}January, tensions rose further after the [[European Union]] imposed sanctions on Iranian oil. A member of Iran's parliament said, "If any disruption happens regarding the sale of Iranian oil, the Strait{{nbsp}}... will definitely be closed".<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran threatens to close Strait of Hormuz over EU oil sanctions |first=David |last=Blair |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iran/9032948/Iran-threatens-to-close-Strait-of-Hormuz-over-EU-oil-sanctions.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iran/9032948/Iran-threatens-to-close-Strait-of-Hormuz-over-EU-oil-sanctions.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=23 January 2012 |access-date=27 January 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ====2018 and 2019==== In July 2018, Iran again made threats to close the strait, citing looming American sanctions after the U.S. [[United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|withdrew]] from the [[JCPOA]] deal.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dehghan |first=Saeed Kamali |title=Iran threatens to block Strait of Hormuz over US oil sanctions |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/05/iran-retaliate-us-oil-threats-eu-visit-hassan-rouhani-trump |work=the Guardian |date=5 July 2018 |access-date=6 July 2018 |archive-date=10 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610150147/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/05/iran-retaliate-us-oil-threats-eu-visit-hassan-rouhani-trump |url-status=live}}</ref> In August, Iran test-fired a ballistic missile. According to the officials, the anti-ship [[Fateh-110]] Mod 3 flew over 100 miles on a flight path over the strait to a test range in the Iranian desert. "It was shore-to-shore", said a U.S. official.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran test-fires ballistic missile for first time in 2018, officials say |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/iran-test-fires-ballistic-missile-for-first-time-in-2018-officials-say |access-date=12 August 2018 |work=FoxNews |archive-date=12 August 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180812014647/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2018/08/10/iran-test-fires-ballistic-missile-for-first-time-in-2018-officials-say.html |url-status=live}}</ref> On 22 April 2019, the U.S. ended the oil waivers, which had allowed some of Iran's customers to import Iranian oil, without risking financial penalties as part of U.S. economic sanctions. Al Jazeera quoted Major-General [[Mohammad Bagheri (general)|Mohammad Bagheri]] of the Iranian Armed Forces, stating "We are not after closing the Strait of Hormuz but if the hostility of the enemies increases, we will be able to do so...<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/insidestory/2019/04/iran-close-strait-hormuz-190429190841982.html] "Can Iran close the Strait of Hormuz?". Aljazeera, 2019.</ref> If our oil does not pass, the oil of others shall not pass the Strait of Hormuz either".<ref name="Al1">{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/iran-business-usual-strait-hormuz-blacklisting-190428133314213.html|title=Iran: Business as usual in Strait of Hormuz after blacklisting|work=News Agencies|via=Aljazeera|date=April 28, 2019|archive-date=25 February 2020|access-date=28 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225193043/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/iran-business-usual-strait-hormuz-blacklisting-190428133314213.html|url-status=dead}}.</ref> ==== 2019 attacks on oil tankers ==== Iran has persistently attacked vessels and seized ships amidst political issues.<ref name="EconTimes">{{cite news |date=14 April 2024 |title=17 Indians among 25 crew on ship seized by Iran; India in touch with Iran to secure release of Indians |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/17-indians-among-25-crew-on-ship-seized-by-iran-india-in-touch-with-iranian-authorities-say-sources/articleshow/109273322.cms? |access-date=18 April 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240418175349/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/17-indians-among-25-crew-on-ship-seized-by-iran-india-in-touch-with-iranian-authorities-say-sources/articleshow/109273322.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=US Navy says it prevented Iran from seizing tankers in Gulf of Oman |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/shots-fired-oil-tanker-gulf-maritime-security-bodies-2023-07-05/ |access-date=18 April 2024 |work=Reuters |date=6 July 2023}}</ref> On 13 June 2019, the oil tankers ''Front Altair'' and ''Kokuka Courageous'' were rocked by explosions shortly before dawn; the crew of the latter reported seeing a flying object strike the ship. They were rescued by the destroyer {{USS|Bainbridge|DDG-96|6}} while the crew of the ''Front Altair'' were rescued by Iranian ships. U.S. secretary of state [[Mike Pompeo]] issued a statement accusing Iran of the attacks, Iran denied this calling it a [[False flag|false-flag attack]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/13/world/middleeast/oil-tanker-attack-gulf-oman.html |title=Tankers Are Attacked in Mideast, and U.S. Says Video Shows Iran Was Involved |last1=Kirkpatrick |first1=David D. |date=13 June 2019 |work=The New York Times |access-date=14 June 2019 |last2=Pérez-Peña |first2=Richard |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |last3=Reed |first3=Stanley |archive-date=13 June 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190613232616/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/13/world/middleeast/oil-tanker-attack-gulf-oman.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2019, a Stena Bulk Tanker, ''Stena Impero'', sailing under a British flag, was boarded and captured by Iranian forces.<ref>{{cite news |title=Latvian citizen on board of British tanker seized by Iran |url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/diplomacy/latvian-citizen-on-board-of-british-tanker-seized-by-iran.a326350/ |access-date=2 August 2019 |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting of Latvia|Latvian Public Broadcasting]] |date=22 July 2019 |archive-date=30 July 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190730114719/https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/diplomacy/latvian-citizen-on-board-of-british-tanker-seized-by-iran.a326350/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The spokesman for Iran's Guardian Council, Abbas Ali Kadkhodaei, was quoted as describing the seizure as a "reciprocal action". This was presumed to be in reference to the seizure of an Iranian tanker, ''[[Grace 1]]'', bound for Syria in [[Gibraltar]] a few days prior.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apnews.com/6c36f5aa1ba942569e5efcfd48e33324 |title=Iran says its seizure of British ship a 'reciprocal' move |date=21 July 2019 |website=AP News |access-date=5 January 2020 |archive-date=9 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209220320/https://apnews.com/6c36f5aa1ba942569e5efcfd48e33324 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, France deployed about 600 troops at sea and in the air under the CTF474 to protect maritime trade, regional business, and to ease local tensions. Since the first week of April 2020, the operation combines the Dutch frigate Ruyter, the French frigate Forbin, and one French airplane ATLANTIC2 (ATL2).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Costa |first1=George |title=French ATL2 joins Operation AGENOR in the Strait of Hormuz |url=https://internationalinsider.org/french-atl2-joins-operation-agenor-in-the-strait-of-hormuz/ |website=International Insider |date=12 April 2020 |access-date=13 April 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200807135639/https://internationalinsider.org/french-atl2-joins-operation-agenor-in-the-strait-of-hormuz/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==== 2025 ==== {{main|2025 Iran threat of Strait of Hormuz closure}} On 14 June, Iran reportedly issued a threat to block the strait in response to Israeli attacks targeting its military and nuclear infrastructure.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Altman |first=Howard |date=14 June 2025 |title=Could Iran Carry Out Its Threat To Shut Down The Strait Of Hormuz? |url=https://www.twz.com/news-features/could-iran-carry-out-its-threat-to-shut-the-strait-of-hormuz |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=The War Zone |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2025 |title=Oil settles up 7% as Israel, Iran trade air strikes |url=https://arab.news/z33b8 |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> The ''[[Financial Times]]'' reported that such action could cause oil prices to surge beyond the recent 7–14% increases, possibly exceeding $100 to $150 per barrel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2025 |title=Prediksi Harga Minyak Dunia Jika Iran Tutup Selat Hormuz |url=https://www.liputan6.com/bisnis/read/6059622/prediksi-harga-minyak-dunia-jika-iran-tutup-selat-hormuz?page=3 |access-date=24 June 2025 |website=Liputan6}}</ref> This would likely fuel global inflation and contribute to an economic downturn. Analysts emphasized the vulnerability of regional exporters, noting that "Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq and Iran are wholly locked into one tiny passage for exports." The strait handles 18-19 million barrels per day, nearly 20% of global oil consumption, including crude, condensates, and fuel.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Seba |first=Erwin |date=13 June 2025 |title=Oil settles up 7% as Israel, Iran trade air strikes |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/oil-prices-jump-more-than-4-after-israel-strikes-iran-2025-06-13/ |access-date=15 June 2025 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tett |first=Gillian |date=14 June 2025 |title=Oil in the new age of volatility |url=https://www.ft.com/content/1a5c8449-69b6-4be6-acce-11d4e273da6c |access-date=15 June 2025 |work=Financial Times}}</ref> Analysts have warned that Iran could suffer severe consequences from any attempt to block the strait. "Iran's economy heavily relies on the free passage of goods and vessels through the seaway, as its oil exports are entirely sea-based," analysts from JP Morgan explained. Closing the strait could strain Iran's crucial energy trade with China, its only major oil customer.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Wearden |first=Graeme |date=13 June 2025 |title=Oil surges after Israel's attack on Iran, risking 'stagflationary shock' – as it happened |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/live/2025/jun/13/oil-surges-stock-markets-dollar-airlines-israel-attack-iran-business-live |access-date=15 June 2025 |work=the Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio also warned Iran against attempting to shut down the strait, stating that such a move would be "economic suicide" for the Islamic Republic, as the waterway is vital for its exports.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2025 |title=Harga Minyak Mentah Justru Anjlok 7% Usai Iran Gempur Pangkalan Militer AS |url=https://www.liputan6.com/bisnis/read/6059865/harga-minyak-mentah-justru-anjlok-7-usai-iran-gempur-pangkalan-militer-as?page=4 |access-date=24 June 2025 |website=Liputan6}}</ref> On 17 June, two oil tankers collided in the strait, though reports did not suggest that this was a security-related incident.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ships collide in Hormuz Strait in shadow of Israel-Iran war |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/6/17/ships-collide-in-hormuz-strait-in-shadow-of-israel-iran-war |access-date=18 June 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> The vessels involved were the ''Front Eagle'', carrying crude oil from Iraq to China, and the ''Adalynn'', which was unladen and en route to the Suez Canal. Both caught fire on deck, but no oil spill occurred. All crew members aboard the ''Adalynn'' were safely evacuated by the UAE coast guard.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2025 |title=2 Kapal Tanker Minyak Tabrakan di Selat Hormuz, 24 Orang Dievakuasi |url=https://www.liputan6.com/global/read/6055549/2-kapal-tanker-minyak-tabrakan-di-selat-hormuz-24-orang-dievakuasi?page=2 |access-date=24 June 2025 |website=Liputan6}}</ref> After the [[United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites]] on 22 June, the [[Islamic Consultative Assembly|Iranian Parliament]] voted to close the strait.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2025 |title=Iran's top security body to decide on Hormuz closure after parliament approval |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2025/06/22/iranian-parliament-reportedly-approves-closing-hormuz-strait-media- |access-date=22 June 2025 |website=Al Arabiya English |language=en}}</ref> A final decision rests with Iran's [[Supreme National Security Council]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2025 |title=Parlemen Iran Sepakat Tutup Selat Hormuz Pasca Serangan Amerika? |url=https://www.liputan6.com/global/read/6059081/parlemen-iran-sepakat-tutup-selat-hormuz-pasca-serangan-amerika?page=2 |access-date=24 June 2025 |website=Liputan6}}</ref> Revolutionary Guards commander [[Esmaeil Kousari]] confirmed that shutting the strait would be executed "whenever necessary", to protect national [[sovereignty]] and deter further foreign aggression.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20250622-israel-iran-war-day-10-us-has-struck-three-iranian-nuclear-sites-usa-bombing |title=Live: US bases used to strike Iran are 'legitimate' targets, Khamenei's advisor says|date=22 June 2025|website=France 24|accessdate=22 June 2025}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last1=Cleave |first1=Iona |last2=Crilly |first2=Rob |last3=Smith |first3=Benedict |last4=Kelly |first4=Kieran |last5=Hymas |first5=Charles |last6=Henderson |first6=Cameron |date=22 June 2025 |title=US-Iran attack latest: Operation Midnight Hammer inflicted 'extreme damage and destruction' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2025/06/22/us-strikes-iran-latest-updates/ |access-date=22 June 2025 |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> The potential closure of the strait, through which 20% of the world's oil supply transits, would significantly disrupt global energy markets. Such a move could cause oil prices to increase and risk destabilizing the global economy, given the strait's critical role as a maritime chokepoint for crude oil, liquefied natural gas, and other [[petroleum product]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2025 |title=Iran to block Strait of Hormuz after US strikes. Why it matters |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/iran-parliament-approves-closure-of-strait-of-hormuz-a-key-oil-chokepoint-report-2744622-2025-06-22 |access-date=23 June 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> On 23 June 2025, [[Benchmark (crude oil)|oil prices]] were below $70 again (7% lower than on 20 June), indicating that the [[price of oil|oil market]] viewed the U.S. strikes, and Iran's response (the strait remaining open, and [[2025 Iranian strikes on Al Udeid Air Base]]), as inconsequential.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sheikhlar |first1=Shahriar |title=Oil Prices Crash After Iran Strikes U.S. Bases |url=https://oilprice.com/Energy/Oil-Prices/Oil-Prices-Crash-After-Iran-Strikes-US-Bases.html |website=OilPrice.com |language=en |date=23 June 2025}}</ref> ==== 2026 ==== {{Main|2026 Strait of Hormuz crisis}} {{See also|2026 Iran war}} Before the [[2026 Israeli–United States strikes on Iran]], [[Marine insurance|ship insurance]] for the strait increased from 0.125% to between 0.2% and 0.4% of the ship insurance value per transit. For very large oil tankers, this is an increase of a quarter of a million dollars.<ref name=waisn>{{cite web |title=AIS Ship Tracking in the Strait of Hormuz: Inside the Crisis Shutting Down Global Oil |url=https://www.worldwideais.org/post/strait-of-hormuz-ais-tracking-iran-crisis |website=Worldwide AIS Network |language=en |date=28 February 2026}}</ref> By 9 March, insurance rates were reported to have increased by four to six times over the previous week, and the U.S. government began to help insurers under the [[Terrorism Risk Insurance Act]].<ref name=cnbc-20260309>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2026/03/09/one-big-reason-ships-and-insurers-are-unwilling-to-risk-strait-of-hormuz.html |title=There's another big reason why shipping companies and insurers aren't willing to risk the Strait of Hormuz |last=Brewer |first=Contessa |publisher=CNBC News |date=9 March 2026 |access-date=11 March 2026}}</ref> On 28 February 2026, amid the [[2026 Iran war]] and after the [[Assassination of Ali Khamenei|assassination]] of Iranian supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]], [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|Iran's Revolutionary Guards]] began issuing {{abbrlink|VHF|very-high-frequency}} transmissions stating that ship passages through the Strait of Hormuz were "not allowed".<ref name=":5">{{cite news |title=Iran's revolutionary guards tell ships passage through Strait of Hormuz 'not allowed', EU naval mission official says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-revolutionary-guards-tell-ships-passage-through-strait-hormuz-not-allowed-2026-02-28/ |access-date=28 February 2026 |work=Reuters |date=28 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-28 |title=Iran: Ships' passage through Strait of Hormuz 'not allowed' |url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-888294 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |language=en |issn=0792-822X }}</ref> Although the closure is not legally binding, military and industry sources say that safety cannot be guaranteed, and many ships stayed in port or turned back,<ref>{{cite web |title=Iran closes Strait of Hormuz after US-Israel strikes, reports say |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-strait-of-hormuz-closed-oil-shipments-suspended-us-attack-b2929506.html |website=[[The Independent]] |language=en |date=28 February 2026}}</ref> while at least 17 oil tankers continued traveling through the strait.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oil Tankers Avoiding Vital Hormuz Strait After U.S. Bombs Iran {{!}} SupplyChainBrain |url=https://www.supplychainbrain.com/articles/43560-oil-tankers-avoiding-vital-hormuz-strait-after-us-bombs-iran |website=www.supplychainbrain.com |language=en |date=28 February 2026}}</ref> [[File:Strait of Hormuz Transits.webp|thumb|center|upright=1.5|Strait of Hormuz transits dropping away in early 2026.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://portwatch.imf.org/pages/cc317ba850e34c4dadbead6f7b336fb1 |title = Trade disruptions in the Strait of Hormuz due to attacks on commercial ships |website = PortWatch |publisher = International Monetary Fund |access-date = 14 March 2026 }}</ref>]] On 2 March, the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] officially confirmed that the strait of Hormuz was closed and that any ship that entered the strait was to be set on fire. This came after several reports of Iranian attacks on ships passing into the Strait of Hormuz.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Iran says will attack any ship trying to pass through Strait of Hormuz |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/2/iran-says-will-attack-any-ship-trying-to-pass-through-strait-of-hormuz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260309190408/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/2/iran-says-will-attack-any-ship-trying-to-pass-through-strait-of-hormuz |archive-date=2026-03-09 |access-date=2026-03-13 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> However, a few ships still passed the strait unharmed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Slav |first=Irina | date=6 March 2026 |title=Daily Ship Traffic in Strait of Hormuz Plummets From 138 to Just 2 |url=https://oilprice.com/Latest-Energy-News/World-News/Daily-Ship-Traffic-in-Strait-of-Hormuz-Plummets-From-138-to-Just-2.html |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=OilPrice.com |language=en}}</ref> The next day, U.S. president [[Donald Trump]] said that the [[U.S. Navy]] would begin to escort tankers through the strait "as soon as possible".<ref>https://www.bbc.com/audio/play/p0n4g9lw</ref> On 12 March, three cargo vessels were hit in the Strait of Hormuz. This came on the same day as the release of 400 million barrels of oil announced by the [[International Energy Agency]] (IEA).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-11 |title=Ships hit in Strait of Hormuz as countries agree to release emergency oil reserves |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cr5l988qr47o |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> It was also reported that Iran had deployed about a dozen mines in the Strait of Hormuz, halting the exports of oil and LNG.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-12 |title=Iran has laid about a dozen mines in Strait of Hormuz, sources say |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/middle-east/iran-has-laid-about-a-dozen-mines-in-strait-of-hormuz-sources-say |access-date=2026-03-12 |work=The Straits Times |language=en |issn=0585-3923}}</ref> On 15 March, after Iran announced it controlled the maritime waterway, Trump said that an alliance of European and Asian nations would send warships there to protect maritime interests. However, these nations rejected such a coalition and are seeking a diplomatic solution to the conflict.<ref>[https://www.newsweek.com/european-allies-talk-iran-seek-safe-passage-hormuz-report-11673758 "European Allies Talk With Iran to Seek Safe Passage Through Hormuz: Report"] ''newsweek.com''. Accessed 15 Mar 2026.</ref> Trump has warned that the planned summit with Chinese leader [[Xi Jinping]] may be at risk if [[China]] does not assist the U.S. in securing the Strait of Hormuz. This crucial waterway, through which 20% of global oil passes, is facing disruptions due to ongoing tensions between the U.S., Israel, and Iran. Trump emphasized that China, which relies on the strait for 90% of its energy imports, should share the responsibility of keeping it open, rather than leaving it solely to the U.S. to secure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=No help, no meeting: Trump warns Xi summit at risk if China doesn’t help keep Hormuz open |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/no-help-no-meeting-trump-warns-xi-summit-at-risk-if-china-doesnt-help-keep-hormuz-open-13989845.html|date=2026-03-16|website=Firstpost}}</ref> ==ايران جي گذرگاهه بند ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت== {{see also|ايران جي فوج}} ملينيم چئلينج 2002ع هڪ وڏي جنگي مشق هئي، جيڪا سال 2002ع ۾ آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجن پاران ڪئي وئي هئي. ان ۾ هڪ ملڪ (ممڪن طور تي ايران) پاران گذرگاهه کي بند ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش جي نقل ڪئي وئي هئي. مفروضا ۽ نتيجا متنازع هئا. ايران جي نقلي حڪمت عملي مادي طور تي اعليٰ آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجن کي شڪست ڏني.<ref name="CSmon02">{{cite web|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2012/0126/How-Iran-could-beat-up-on-America-s-superior-military|title=How Iran could beat up on America's superior military|last=Peterson|first=Scott|work=Christian Science Monitor|date=26 January 2012|access-date=25 February 2012|archive-date=17 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217154700/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2012/0126/How-Iran-could-beat-up-on-America-s-superior-military|url-status=live}}</ref> بين الاقوامي سيڪيورٽي ۾ سال 2008ع جي هڪ مضمون ۾ دعويٰ ڪئي وئي هئي ته ايران هڪ مهيني لاءِ گذرگاهه ۾ ٽرئفڪ کي سيل ڪري سگهي ٿو يا روڪي سگهي ٿو ۽ آمريڪا پاران ان کي ٻيهر کولڻ جي ڪوشش تڪرار کي وڌائڻ جو سبب بڻجندي. <ref>[http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/18409/closing_time.html Closing Time: Assessing the Iranian Threat to the Strait of Hormuz] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821160546/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/18409/closing_time.html|date=21 August 2008}}, by Caitlin Talmadge, ''[[International Security]]'', Harvard Kennedy School</ref> پوء جي شماري ۾، جرنل هڪ جواب شايع ڪيو، جنهن ۾ اهم مفروضن تي سوال اٿاريو ۽ ٻيهر کولڻ لاءِ هڪ تمام مختصر وقت تجويز ڪيو.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=O'Neil|first1=William D.|last2=Talmadge|first2=Caitlin|title=Costs and Difficulties of Blocking the Strait of Hormuz|url=http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1162/isec.2009.33.3.190|url-status=live|journal=International Security|volume=33|issue=3|pages=190–198|year=2009|access-date=28 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423163156/https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1162/isec.2009.33.3.190|archive-date=23 April 2019|s2cid=18420122|hdl=1721.1/57443|hdl-access=free|doi=10.1162/isec.2009.33.3.190}}</ref> وڌيڪ اهو ته گذرگاهه ذريعي تيل جي برآمدات تي ايران جي پنهنجي انحصار ۽ انهي سان گڏ درآمدات، پنهنجي طور تي تيل صاف ڪرڻ جي ناڪامي جي ڪري، ايران پاران گذرگاهه جي بندش ممڪن ناهي.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pham|first1=Peter J|title=Iran's threat to the strait of Hormuz: A realist assessment|journal=American Foreign Policy Interests|date=2010|volume=32|issue=2|pages=64–74|doi=10.1080/10803921003697542|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233290417}}</ref> درآمدات ۽ برآمدات لاءِ ايران جو گذرگاهه تي پنهنجو انحصار نه رڳو، اهو اشارو آهي، ته هڪ ڊگهي بندش پر واپار، جيڪو ان مان وهندو آهي، تي ان جي اتحادين جو انحصار پڻ ممڪن ناهي ۽ اهڙي بندش جو امڪان نه ٿيڻ جو مشورو ڏئي ٿو.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pham|first1=Peter J|title=Iran's Threat to the Strait of Hormuz: A Realist Assessment|journal=American Foreign Policy Interests|date=2010|volume=32|issue=2|pages=64–74|doi=10.1080/10803921003697542|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233290417}}</ref> هڪ نيوڪلاسيڪل حقيقت پسند تجزيو اسٽريٽ جي حوالي سان ايراني پاليسي کي "ٻٽي منهن" طور بيان ڪري ٿو. غير وجودي خطري واري ماحول ۾ تهران اسٽريٽ کي کليل رکڻ سان سيڪيورٽي فراهم ڪندڙ طور ڪم ڪرڻ جو رجحان رکي ٿو، جڏهن ته وجودي طور تي سمجهيل خطرن جي تحت اهو حساب ڪتاب وارا خطرا کڻندو آهي ۽ آبي رستي کي هڪ وسيع دفاعي هٿيار ۽ برڪمين شپ حڪمت عملي ۾ شامل ڪندو آهي. هي تشريح ايران کي هڪ ردعمل واري اداڪار جي طور تي پيش ڪري ٿو جو رعايتون حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ هن کي هٿيار طور استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Divsallar|first1=Abdolrasool|title=Shifting Threats and Strategic Adjustment in Iran's Foreign Policy: The case of Strait of Hormuz|journal=British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies|date=2022|volume=49|issue=5|pages=873–895|doi=10.1080/13530194.2021.1874873|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2021.1874873|url-access=subscription}}</ref> ۽ بين الاقوامي برادري طرفان ڊي-اسڪيليٽري قدمن کي متحرڪ ڪري سگهي ٿو.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Divsallar|first1=Abdolrasool|title=Shifting Threats and Strategic Adjustment in Iran's Foreign Policy: The case of Strait of Hormuz|journal=British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies|date=2022|volume=49|issue=5|pages=873–895|doi=10.1080/13530194.2021.1874873|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2021.1874873|url-access=subscription}}</ref> هي نظريا پڻ زور ڏيڻ ٿا ته هرمز جي گذرگاهه جي حوالي سان ايران جي حڪمت عملي پاڻي رستي تي ان جي پنهنجي، اهم ڀائيوارن، مادي حدن ۽ پابندين جي انحصار جي ڪري محدود آهي، جيڪو ان جي آزادي کي گهٽائي ٿو ۽ خطرو کڻڻ ۽ مشورو ڏئي ٿو ته ڪو به ڊگهو بندش ايران ۽ ان جي اتحادين لاءِ خاص طور تي نقصان ڪار هوندو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Divsallar |first1=Abdolrasool |title=Shifting Threats and Strategic Adjustment in Iran's Foreign Policy: The case of Strait of Hormuz |journal=British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies |date=2022 |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=873–895 |doi=10.1080/13530194.2021.1874873 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2021.1874873|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pham |first1=Peter J. |title=Iran's Threat to the Strait of Hormuz: A Realist Assessment |journal=American Foreign Policy Interests |date=2010 |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=64–74 |doi=10.1080/10803921003697542 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10803921003697542|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Daozheng |last2=Wang |first2=Shun |last3=Loughney |first3=Sean |last4=Wang |first4=Jin |title=Evolutionary Game Model of Strategic Maritime Transport Passages: A Case of the Strait of Hormuz |journal=Journal of Marine Science and Engineering |date=2022 |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=346 |doi=10.3390/jmse10030346 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022JMSE...10..346H }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ratner |first1=Michael |title=Iran's threats, the Strait of Hormuz, and oil markets: In brief |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs_external/products/R/PDF/R45281/R45281.pdf |website=Congressional Research Service |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> ڊسمبر 2011ع ۾، ايران جي نيوي هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه سان گڏ بين الاقوامي پاڻين ۾ ڏهه ڏينهن جي مشق شروع ڪئي. ايراني ريئر ايڊمرل حبيب الله سياري چيو ته گذرگاهه کي مشق دوران بند نه ڪيو ويندو. ايراني فوجون آساني سان اهو ڪم ڪري سگهن ٿيون، پر اهڙو فيصلو سياسي سطح تي ٿيڻ گهرجي.<ref>{{cite news|title=Iranian navy begins exercise in waters near strategic oil route|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2011-12/26/content_14324816.htm|newspaper=[[China Daily]]|date=26 December 2011|access-date=8 January 2012|archive-date=28 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228055936/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2011-12/26/content_14324816.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="cncbEasyClose2">{{cite news|title=Shutting Off Gulf 'Very Easy': Iran Navy Chief|url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/45803146|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924081727/https://www.cnbc.com/id/45803146|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|agency=Reuters|publisher=CNBC|date=28 December 2011|access-date=8 January 2012}}</ref> پينٽاگون جي ترجمان، ڪئپٽن جان ڪربي پاران ڊسمبر <small>2011</small>ع ۾ حوالو ڏنو ويو جن ۾ چيو ويو هو ته "دنيا جي ان حصي ۾ تڪرار وڌائڻ جون ڪوششون غير مددگار ۽ غير پيداواري آهن. اسان جي طرفان، اسان مطمئن آهيون ته اسان وٽ خطي ۾ ڪافي صلاحيتون آهن ته اسان پنهنجن دوستن ۽ ڀائيوارن ۽ انهي سان گڏ بين الاقوامي برادري سان ڪيل واعدن جو احترام ڪري سگهون". بروڪنگس انسٽيٽيوٽ جي هڪ ماهر، سوزانئ مئلوني چيو ته "اميد اها آهي ته آمريڪي فوج ڪنهن به ايراني خطري کي نسبتاً جلدي حل ڪري سگهي ٿي." سال 2012ع ۾ آمريڪي جوائنٽ چيفس آف اسٽاف جي چيئرمين، جنرل مارٽن ڊيمپسي چيو هو ته، "ايران صلاحيتن ۾ سيڙپڪاري ڪئي آهي، جيڪي حقيقت ۾ ڪجهه وقت لاءِ هرمز گذرگاهه کي بلاڪ ڪري سگهن ٿيون." هن چيو ته، "اسان صلاحيتن ۾ سيڙپڪاري ڪيا آهيون ته جيئن يقيني بڻايو وڃي ته جيڪڏهن اهو ٿئي ٿو، ته اسان ان کي شڪست ڏئي سگهون ٿا."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-01-08/iran-able-to-block-strait-of-hormuz-general-dempsey-tells-cbs.html|title=Iran Has Ability to Block Strait of Hormuz, U.S. General Dempsey Tells CBS|date=8 January 2012|publisher=Bloomberg|access-date=9 January 2012|first1=Kathleen|last1=Hunter|first2=Viola|last2=Gienger|archive-date=10 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110055805/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-01-08/iran-able-to-block-strait-of-hormuz-general-dempsey-tells-cbs.html|url-status=live}}</ref> مئي <small>2012</small><small>ع</small> ۾ سمندري قانون جي ترڪ محقق، نيلوفر اورل جو هڪ مضمون اهو نتيجو ڪڍي ٿو ته، جيڪڏهن ايران ٻيڙين، جهڙوڪ تيل جي ٽينڪرن، جي گذرڻ کي روڪڻ جي پنهنجي منصوبي تي عمل ڪندو، اهو <small>UNCLOS</small>، جيڪو سال <small>1994</small>ع ۾ لاڳو ٿيو ۽ سال <small>1958</small>ع جي وڏي سمنڊن تي ڪنوينشن، ٻنهي جي خلاف ورزي ڪئي ويندي ۽ اهو ته گذرڻ جو عمل قانوني طور تي اقتصادي پابنديون لاڳو ڪرڻ سان لاڳاپيل ناهي. مضمون وڌيڪ زور ڏئي ٿو ته هڪ ساحلي رياست "ٽرانزٽ يا غير معطل معصوم گذرڻ" کي صرف تڏهن روڪي سگهي ٿي جڏهن: # گذرڻ دوران طاقت جو خطرو يا حقيقي استعمال ٿئي. # ڪنهن ٻئي طريقي سان جهاز بين الاقوامي قانون جي اصولن، جيئن گڏيل قومن جي چارٽر ۾ شامل آهن، جي خلاف ورزي ڪري ٿو.<ref name="onasil2">{{cite journal|last=Oral|first=Nilufer|title=Transit Passage Rights in the Strait of Hormuz and Iran's Threats to Block the Passage of Oil Tankers|journal=Insights|date=3 May 2012|volume=16|issue=16|url=https://www.asil.org/insights/volume/16/issue/16/transit-passage-rights-strait-hormuz-and-iran%E2%80%99s-threats-block-passage|publisher=[[American Society of International Law]]|access-date=26 August 2019|archive-date=5 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005105452/https://www.asil.org/insights/volume/16/issue/16/transit-passage-rights-strait-hormuz-and-iran%E2%80%99s-threats-block-passage|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2013ع</small> تائين، <small>UNCLOS</small> معاهدي جي تصديق <small>63</small> رياستن، جنهن ۾ گھڻيون نيٽو-بلاڪ ۽ سوويت-بلاڪ جو قومون شامل آهن، پاران ڪئي وئي هئي، سواء اوپيڪ ۽ عرب ليگ جي گهڻن ملڪن، جهڙوڪ شام، مصر، اردن، سعودي عرب ۽ ايران ۽ انهي سان گڏ چين، اتر ڪوريا ۽ ڏکڻ ڪوريا، جنهن پاران تصديق نه ڪئي وئي هئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXI-2&chapter=21&lang=en|title=United Nations Treaty Collection - Chapter XXI: Law of the Sea|access-date=3 May 2013|archive-date=17 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017195214/http://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXI-2&chapter=21&lang=en|url-status=dead}}</ref> فيبروري <small>2026</small>ع تائين، آمريڪا کانسواءِ، جنهن معاهدي جي تصديق نه ڪئي آهي. يورپي يونين ۽ سڀني وڏين طاقتن سميت سميت <small>157</small> خودمختيار رياستون معاهدي ۾ شامل آهن.<ref>{{Cite web|title=United Nations Treaty Collection|url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetailsIII.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXI-6&chapter=21&Temp=mtdsg3&clang=_en|access-date=29 July 2024|website=treaties.un.org|language=EN}}</ref> ==متبادل رستا== [[File:Crude oil, condensate, and petroleum products transported through the Strait of Hormuz in 2014 through 2018 (48097472312) (cropped).png|thumb|upright=1.2|حبشان-فجيره تيل جي پائپ لائن ۽ ابقيق- ينبوع اين جي ايل پائپ لائنن جو نقشو]] سال <small>2025</small>ع تائين، روزانو لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ڪروڙ <small>50</small> لک بيرل تيل جي منتقلي گذرگاهه ذريعي ڪئي ويندي هئي. ساحلي پائپ لائنن جي وڌ ۾ وڌ گنجائش تقريباً <small>30</small> لک بيرل آهي. مايع قدرتي گئس (<small>LNG</small>) جي مڪمل طور تي ٻيڙين جي ذريعي، گذرگاهه جي ذريعي ممڪن آهي.<ref>{{cite web|title=How a US-Israeli war on Iran could upend global oil and gas supplies|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-us-strait-of-hormuz-asia-energy-threat-israel-b2925545.html|publisher=[[The Independent]]|language=en|date=25 February 2026}}</ref><ref name="AlJ02">{{cite web|title=New UAE pipeline bypasses Strait of Hormuz|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/07/2012715172345810758.html|date=15 July 2012|access-date=27 July 2012|work=aljazeera.com|archive-date=25 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725142005/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/07/2012715172345810758.html|url-status=live}}</ref> جون <small>2012</small>ع ۾، [[سعودي عرب]] عراق-سعودي عرب پائپ لائن (<small>IPSA</small>) کي ٻيهر کوليو، جيڪي سال <small>2001</small>ع ۾ [[عراق]] کان بيهر حاصل ڪئي وئي هئي. اها عراق کان سعودي عرب جي ذريعي [[ڳاڙهو سمنڊ|ڳاڙهي سمنڊ]] جي بندرگاهه تائين سفر ڪري ٿي. ان جي روزاني گنجائش <small>16</small> لک <small>50</small> هزار (<small>2,62,000</small> ڪعبي ميٽر) آهي.<ref name="FPluft02">{{cite web|title=Choke Point|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/07/19/choke_points|last=Luft|first=Gal|date=19 July 2012|access-date=6 August 2012|work=foreignpolicy.com|archive-date=23 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723001034/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/07/19/choke_points|url-status=dead}}</ref> جولاءِ <small>2012</small>ع ۾، [[گڏيل عرب اماراتون|گڏيل عرب امارات]] نئين حبشان-فجيره تيل پائپ لائن ([[ابوظهبي|ابو ظهبي]] ۾ حبشان فيلڊ کان [[عمان جي نار|اومان جي نار]] تي فجيره تيل ٽرمينل تائين) کي مؤثر طريقي سان آبنائي هرمز کي نظرانداز ڪندي استعمال ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. ان جي وڌ ۾ وڌ گنجائش تقريباً 20 لک بيرل (<small>3,20,000</small> ڪعبي ميٽر) في ڏينهن آهي، جيڪي امارات جي سال 2012ع جي پيداوار جي شرح جي ٽن چوٿين کان وڌيڪ آهي. گڏيل عرب امارات فجيره جي اسٽوريج ۽ آف لوڊنگ جي گنجائش کي پڻ وڌائي رهيو آهي.<ref name="FPluft04">{{cite web|title=Choke Point|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/07/19/choke_points|last=Luft|first=Gal|date=19 July 2012|access-date=6 August 2012|work=foreignpolicy.com|archive-date=23 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723001034/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/07/19/choke_points|url-status=dead}}</ref> گڏيل عرب امارات فجيره ۾ دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي خام تيل جي ذخيري جي سهولت ٺاهي رهيو آهي جن ۾ هڪ ڪروڙ <small>40</small> لک بيرل (<small>22,00,000</small> ڪعبي ميٽر) رکڻ جي گنجائش آهي.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/news/general/worlds-largest-crude-oil-storage-facility-to-be-built-in-uae|title=World's largest crude oil storage facility to be built in UAE|work=Khaleej Times|date=27 February 2019|access-date=27 February 2019|archive-date=1 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401051150/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/news/general/worlds-largest-crude-oil-storage-facility-to-be-built-in-uae|url-status=live}}</ref> عالمي تيل ۽ واپاري مرڪز جي طور فجيره جي واڌ کي وڌائڻ لاءِ، حبشان-فجيره رستو امارات جي توانائي جي حفاظت کي محفوظ بڻائي ٿو ۽ ان کي زميني تيل پائپ لائن ٽرانسپورٽ، جيڪو تيل جي ٽرانسپورٽ جو سستو ترين روپ سمجهيو ويندو آهي، هجڻ جو فائدو آهي ۽ انشورنس جي قيمتن کي به گھٽائي ٿو، جئين ته تيل ٽينڪرن کي هاڻي فارس جي نار ۾ داخل نه ٿيڻ جي ضرورت نه پوندي.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://gulfnews.com/business/analysis/the-uaes-longer-term-approach-on-energy-security-1.62481848|title=The UAE's longer term approach on energy security|author=Gulf News|date=6 March 2019|access-date=21 March 2019|archive-date=21 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321220630/https://gulfnews.com/business/analysis/the-uaes-longer-term-approach-on-energy-security-1.62481848|url-status=live}}</ref> جولاءِ <small>2012</small>ع جي فارن پاليسي آرٽيڪل ۾، گال لوفٽ [[ايران]] ۽ آبنائے هرمز جو مقابلو [[عثماني سلطنت]] ۽ داردانيلس سان ڪيو، جيڪو هڪ صدي اڳ روسي اناج جي ترسيل لاءِ هڪ رڪاوٽ هو. هن اشارو ڪيو ته هرمز گذرگاهه ۾ ڇڪتاڻ انهن ماڻهن کي متبادل جهاز راني صلاحيتون ڳولڻ تي مجبور ڪري رهي آهي جيڪا هن وقت فارس جي نار مان ترسيل تي منحصر آهن. هن چيو ته سعودي عرب [[اومان]] ۽ [[يمن]] تائين نئين پائپ لائنون ٺاهڻ تي غور ڪري رهيو آهي ۽ عراق شايد خام تيل کي ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ تائين پهچائڻ لاءِ استعمال نه ٿيندڙ عراق-شام پائپ لائن کي بحال ڪري سگهي ٿو. لوفت چيو ته هرمز جي ٽرئفڪ کي گهٽائڻ "مغرب کي پنهنجي موجوده ايران کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ جي حڪمت عملي کي وڌائڻ جو هڪ نئون موقعو پيش ڪري ٿو."<ref name="FPluft03">{{cite web|title=Choke Point|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/07/19/choke_points|last=Luft|first=Gal|date=19 July 2012|access-date=6 August 2012|work=foreignpolicy.com|archive-date=23 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723001034/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/07/19/choke_points|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==پڻ ڏسو== * {{Portal|ايران|سمنڊ}} * [[ابو موسي ٻيٽ|ابو موسيٰ ٻيٽ]] * [[بندر لينگه]] - ايران جي هرمزگان صوبي ۾ شهر * [[عمان جي نار]] * [[فارس جي نار]] * [[هرمزگان صوبو]] - ايران جو صوبو * [[هرمزگان جي بادشاهت]] - فارس جي نار ۾ بادشاهت (11هين صدي کان 1622ع) * [[سائرس اعظم]] - [[هخامنشي سلطنت]] جو باني ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Library resources box}} {{Commons category|Strait of Hormuz}} * {{cite book |author=Wise, Harold Lee |title=Inside the Danger Zone: The U.S. Military in the Persian Gulf 1987–88 |url=https://www.insidethedangerzone.com |location=Annapolis |publisher=[[Naval Institute Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-59114-970-5}} * {{cite book |author=Diba, Bahman Aghai |title=Is Iran legally permitted to close Strait of Hormuz to countries that impose sanctions against Iran's oil? |url=http://www.payvand.com/news/11/dec/1216.html |location=Cupertino, California |publisher=Payvand Iran News |year=2011 |access-date=22 February 2012 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225054713/http://www.payvand.com/news/11/dec/1216.html |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225054713/http://www.payvand.com/news/11/dec/1216.html |date=25 February 2021 }} * {{cite book |author=Hormuzi |title=what is tourist attractions around strait of Hormuz? |url=https://hormuztour.com}} * {{cite journal | last=Wählisch | first=Martin |title=The Iran-United States Dispute, the Strait of Hormuz, and International Law | journal=The [[Yale Journal of International Law]] | volume=37 | pages=22-34 | year= 2012 | ssrn=2070587 |url=http://www.yjil.org/online/volume-37-spring-2012/the-iran-united-states-dispute-the-strait-of-hormuz-and-international-law |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825032552/http://www.yjil.org/online/volume-37-spring-2012/the-iran-united-states-dispute-the-strait-of-hormuz-and-international-law |archive-date=25 August 2012}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Strait Of Hormuz}} [[زمرو:هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه]] [[زمرو:سامونڊي گذرگاهون]] [[زمرو:فارس جي نار]] [[زمرو:عمان جي ساحلي جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:ايران جي ساحلي جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:ايران جا پاڻي جا جسم]] [[زمرو:عمان جا پاڻي جا جسم]] [[زمرو:گڏيل عرب امارات جا پاڻي جا جسم]] [[زمرو:ايران جون سرحدون]] [[زمرو:عمان جون حدون]] [[زمرو:گڏيل عرب امارات جون حدون]] [[زمرو:عمان جي نار]] [[زمرو:هرمزگان صوبي جون زميني شڪلون]] [[زمرو:بين الاقوامي سامونڊي گذرگاهون|هرمز]] [[زمرو:فارسي نار جا پاڻي جا جسم]] [[زمرو:ايشيا جون سامونڊي گذرگاهون|هرمز]] [[زمرو:هندي سمنڊ جون سامونڊي گذرگاهون|هرمز]] [[زمرو:ايران جون سامونڊي گذرگاهون|هرمز]] 8ayrfrqsto03cbj58h6ay6evp9by15i 367981 367976 2026-03-28T05:37:50Z Ibne maryam 17680 367981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water|name=هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه<br> Strait of Hormuz|native_name=تنگه هرمز ([[فارسي ٻولي|فارسي]])<br>مضيق هرمز ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]])|other_name=|image=Strait of Hormuz and Musandam Peninsula (MODIS 2018-12-10).jpg|alt=|caption=هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه جو هڪ سيٽلائيٽ ڏيک|image_bathymetry=|alt_bathymetry=|caption_bathymetry=|location=[[عمان جي نار]] - [[فارس جي نار]]|group=|coordinates={{coord|26.6|N|56.5|E|type:waterbody_scale:1000000|display=title,inline}}|type=[[سامونڊي گذرگاهه]]|etymology=|part_of=|inflow=|rivers=|outflow=|oceans=|catchment=|basin_countries={{flag|Iran}}<br>{{flag|Oman}}<br>{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}|agency=|designation=|engineer=|length=|width=|min_width={{cvt|21|nmi|mi + km}}|area=|depth=|max-depth=|volume=|residence_time=|salinity=|shore=|elevation=|temperature_high=|temperature_low=|frozen=|islands=قيشم ٻيٽ<br>هرمز ٻيٽ<br>لاراڪ ٻيٽ|islands_category=|sections=|trenches=|benches=|cities=1 = {{flagicon|Iran}} [[بندر عباس]]<br> 2 = {{flagicon|Oman}} [[خسب]]|pushpin_map=Iran#West Asia|pushpin_label_position=right<!-- left, right, top or bottom -->|pushpin_map_alt=Topographic map of Iran and surrounding areas, including the Strait of Hormuz|pushpin_map_caption=هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه (ايران)##هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه (اولهه ايشيا)}} [[File:Strait_of_hormuz_full.jpg|thumb|سامونڊي سياسي حدون ۽ شپنگ لين ڏيکاريندڙ، هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه، 2004ع]] [[File:Strait_of_hormuz.jpg|thumb|هي سامونڊي گذرگاهه اتر ۾ [[ايران]] ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[اومان|عمان]] جي مسندم گورنري ۽ [[گڏيل عرب اماراتون|گڏيل عرب امارات کي]] الڳ ڪري ٿي. (1892ع جو نقشو)]] '''هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه ('''<small>Strait of Hormuz</small>'''؛''' {{IPAc-en|h|ɔr|ˈ|m|uː|z}}) [[فارس جي نار]] ۽ [[عمان جي نار]] جي وچ ۾ هڪ [[آبي گذرگاهه|سامونڊي گذرگاهه]] آهي، ان جي اتر واري ساحل تي [[ايران]] واقع آهي، ۽ ڏکڻ واري ساحل تي مسندام جزيري نما آهي، جيڪو [[گڏيل عرب اماراتون|گڏيل عرب امارات]] ۽ مسندام گورنريٽ، [[اومان|عمان]] جي هڪ ايڪسڪليو پاران ورهايو ويو آهي. هي گذرگاهه لڳ ڀڳ <small>104</small> ميل (<small>167</small> ڪلوميٽر، <small>90</small> ناتيڪل ميل) ڊگهي اهي. ويڪر لڳ ڀڳ <small>60</small> ميل (<small>97</small> ڪلوميٽر، <small>52</small> ناٽيڪل ميل) کان <small>24</small> ميل (<small>39</small> ڪلوميٽر، <small>21</small> ناٽيڪل ميل) تائين مختلف آهي.<ref name="dyke-20081002">{{Cite book|title=The Future of Ocean Regime-Building|last=Jon M. Van Dyke|date=2 October 2008|publisher=University of Hawaii|isbn=9789004172678|page=216|chapter=Transit Passage Through International Straits|doi=10.1163/ej.9789004172678.i-786.50|access-date=6 July 2019|chapter-url=https://www.law.hawaii.edu/sites/www.law.hawaii.edu/files/content/Faculty/Straits100308.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807123128/https://www.law.hawaii.edu/sites/www.law.hawaii.edu/files/content/Faculty/Straits100308.pdf|archive-date=7 August 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807123128/https://www.law.hawaii.edu/sites/www.law.hawaii.edu/files/content/Faculty/Straits100308.pdf |date=7 August 2020 }}</ref> <ref name="eia-20120104">{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=4430|title=The Strait of Hormuz is the world's most important oil transit chokepoint|date=4 January 2012|publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911152226/https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=4430|archive-date=11 September 2018|access-date=11 September 2018}}</ref> اها فارس جي نار کان کليل سمنڊ تائين واحد سامونڊي رستو فراهم ڪري ٿي ۽ دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ حڪمت عملي واري (<small>strategic</small>) طور تي اهم چوڪ پوائنٽس مان هڪ آهي.<ref name="oilpricecom01">{{حوالو ويب|url=https://oilprice.com/Geopolitics/International/How-Iran-Plans-To-Bypass-The-Worlds-Main-Oil-Chokepoint.html|title=How Iran Plans To Bypass The World's Main Oil Chokepoint|last=Viktor Katona|publisher=Oilprice.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911081557/https://oilprice.com/Geopolitics/International/How-Iran-Plans-To-Bypass-The-Worlds-Main-Oil-Chokepoint.html|archive-date=11 September 2018|access-date=11 September 2018}}</ref> سال <small>2023</small>ع کان <small>2025</small>ع جي وچ ۾ دنيا جي [[قدرتي وسيلا|مائع قدرتي گئس]] (<small>LNG</small>) جو <small>20</small> سيڪڙو ۽ [[تيل|پيٽرول]] جو <small>25</small> سيڪڙو واپار هر سال هن گذرگاهه مان گذريو. اهو [[يورپ]] ۽ [[ايشيا]] لاءِ پيٽروليم شين جو هڪ وڏو ذريعو آهي ۽ ان کي يورپ جي توانائي جي سيڪيورٽي لاءِ "نازڪ" قرار ڏنو ويو آهي.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2026/03/16/why-is-the-strait-of-hormuz-critical-to-europe|title=Why is the Strait of Hormuz critical to Europe?|date=2026-03-16|website=euronews|language=en|access-date=2026-03-18}}</ref> اهو [[قطر]]، [[ڪويت]] ۽ [[بحرين]] سميت ڪيترن ئي خليجي علائقن لاءِ واحد سامونڊي رستو پڻ آهي ۽ آبنائي ۾ خلل رسد جي سخت کوٽ جو سبب بڻجي سگهي ٿي.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=http://theconversation.com/strait-of-hormuz-gulf-states-food-security-is-at-immediate-risk-but-wider-shortages-could-push-up-consumer-prices-globally-277214|title=Strait of Hormuz: Gulf states’ food security is at immediate risk but wider shortages could push up consumer prices globally|last=Surucu-Balci|first=Ebru|last2=Balci|first2=Gokcay|date=2026-03-04|website=The Conversation|language=en-US|access-date=2026-03-18}}</ref> تيران ۽ [[باب المندب]] سامونڊي گذرگاهن جي برعڪس، [[وچ اوڀر]] جي تڪرارن دوران روايتي طور تي ڪڏهن به هن گذرگاهه کي ڊگهي عرصي تائين بند نه ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://oilprice.com/Energy/Crude-Oil/Oil-Prices-Jump-But-Middle-East-Oil-Keeps-Flowing-Uninterrupted.html|title=Oil Prices Jump, But Middle East Oil Keeps Flowing Uninterrupted|date=17 June 2025|website=OilPrice.com|quote=the narrow lane has never been blocked in any previous conflict in the Middle East.}}</ref> جيتوڻيڪ ايران ڪڏهن ڪڏهن آبنائي کي بند ڪرڻ جي ڌمڪي ڏني هئي،<ref name="auto">{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.twz.com/news-features/could-iran-carry-out-its-threat-to-shut-the-strait-of-hormuz|title=Could Iran Carry Out Its Threat To Shut Down The Strait Of Hormuz?|last=Altman|first=Howard|date=14 June 2025|website=The War Zone|language=en-US|access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/11/19/world/middleeast/iran-tanker-strait-of-hormuz.html|title=Iran Releases Tanker It Seized From the Strait of Hormuz|date=2025-11-19|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en}}</ref> ۽ هاڻ ايران تي آمريڪا ۽ اسرائيل جي حملي کان پوء ان کي بند ڪري ڇڏيو آهي.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-made-preparations-mine-strait-hormuz-us-sources-say-2025-07-01/|title=Exclusive: Iran made preparations to mine the Strait of Hormuz, US sources say|last=Slattery|first=Gram|date=1 July 2025|work=Reuters|access-date=3 July 2025|last2=Stewart|first2=Phil|language=en|last3=Slattery|first3=Gram|last4=Stewart|first4=Phil}}</ref> جڏهن ته، سال <small>2026</small>ع جي ايران جنگ دوران هي گذرگاهه بين الاقوامي برادري جي توجه جو هڪ وڏو مرڪز بڻجي ويو، جن جي نتيجي ۾ "هرمز گذرگاهه جو بحران" پيدا ٿيو آهي.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/why-hormuz-not-fordow-is-the-real-centre-of-gravity-in-the-iran-crisis-13983548.html|title=Why Hormuz, not Fordow, is the real centre of gravity in the Iran crisis|last=Sinha|first=Aditya|date=February 25, 2026|website=First Post|access-date=March 18, 2026}}</ref> ==نالو== {{main|هرمز جي بادشاهت|پورچوگالي-صفوي جنگيون|هرمز جي جنگ، 1625ع}} [[فارسي ٻولي|فارسي]] لفظ "هرمز" [[زرتشتي مذھب|زرتشتي]] مذهب جي ديوتا اهورا مزدا جي نالي جي وچين فارسي جي تلفظ مان نڪتل آهي. متبادل طور، اهو تجويز ڪيو آهي ته اهو نالو مقامي فارسي لفظ، "<small>'''هورمغ'''</small>" (<small>کجورن جي جاءِ</small>) مان نڪتل آهي <ref>{{cite journal|last=Ebrahimi|first=Qorbanali|title=Hormoz-Hormuz|journal=Motale'at Irani|date=2005–2006|volume=4|issue=7|pages=48|url=https://noo.rs/Cin61}}</ref> هڪ نظريو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هرمز جي گذرگاهه جو نالو، [[فارس صوبو|فارس]] جي بادشاهه شاپور ٻين، جيڪو سال 309 ۽ 379 عيسوي جي وچ ۾ حڪومت ڪندو هو، جي ماءُ جي نالي، "افرا هرمزد" تي رکيو ويو هوندو. هڪ ٻيو گهٽ ممڪن نظريو اهو آهي ته اهو نار لاء يوناني لفظ هرموس (ὅρμος) مان آيو آهي.<ref name="iranologie2">{{Cite web|last=Rezakhani|first=Khodadad|date=27 February 2020|title=The Kingdom of Hormuz|url=https://iranologie.com/the-history-page/the-kingdom-of-hormuz/|access-date=14 December 2020|website=Iranologie.com}}</ref> فارس جي نار جي افتتاح کي "پيريپلس آف دي اريٿرين سمنڊ"، پهرين صديءَ جي هڪ بحري جهاز جي رهنمائي ڪندڙ ڪتاب، ۾ بيان ڪيو، پر نالو نه ڏنو؛{{blockquote|"انهن اڪيلائي ٻيٽن جي مٿئين ڇيڙي تي جبلن جو هڪ سلسلو آهي جنهن کي ڪالون سڏيو ويندو آهي ۽ فارس جي نار جو مُنهن ان کان گهڻو پري نه آهي. جتي موتي جي صدف لاءِ گهڻو غوطه خوري ٿيندي آهي. ڳاڙهن ڳٽن جي کاٻي پاسي وڏا جبل آهن جن کي "اسابون" سڏيو ويندو آهي ۽ ساڄي پاسي هڪ ٻيو گول ۽ اچو جبل آهي جنهن کي "سيميرامس" سڏيو ويندو آهي. انهن جي وچ ۾ ڳاڙهن ڳٽن جي پار گذرڻ لڳ ڀڳ ڇهه سئو اسٽيڊيم جي برابر آهي، جنهن کان اڳتي اهو تمام وڏو ۽ وسيع سمنڊ، فارس جي نار جي اندرين حصي ۾ تمام گهڻو پهچي ٿو. هن نار جي مٿئين ڇيڙي تي، قانون طرفان نامزد ڪيل هڪ مارڪيٽ ٽائون آهي جنهن کي "اپولوگس" سڏيو ويندو آهي. چارائيڪس اسپاسيني ۽ درياءَ فرات جي ويجهو واقع آهي."|پيريپلس آف دي ايريٿرين سمنڊ، باب 35.}} <small>17</small>هين صدي عيسوي ۾ اورمس جي بادشاهت هتي، اينڊاش ۾ واقع هئي. عالم، تاريخدان ۽ لسانيات جا ماهر "اورمز" جو نالو مقامي فارسي لفظ "هور مغ" مان ورتو آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ آهي کجيءَ جو وڻ.<ref>[http://minabcity.ir/HomePage.aspx?TabID=4620&Site=DouranPortal&Lang=fa-IR Municipality of Minab] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706075102/http://minabcity.ir/HomePage.aspx?TabID=4620&Site=DouranPortal&Lang=fa-IR|date=6 July 2018}}, (in Persian). Retrieved 30 December 2011.</ref> هن فارسي لفظ جو زرتشتي مذهب جي ديوتا هرموز (اهورا مزدا جو هڪ قسم) جي فارسي نالي سان مشابهت جي نتيجي ۾ اهو يقين پيدا ٿيو آهي ته اها لفظ لاڳاپيل آهن. [[File:Persian Gulf 1507-1750.gif|thumb|upright=1.4|لنگهه ۾ پهريون مغربي فوجي غلبو. فارس جي نار ۾ پرتگال جي موجودگي (1507-1750ع)]] 15هين صدي کان وٺي، اسٽريٽجڪ نقطي نظر کان، لنگهه جي جاگرافي برقرار رهي ۽ پرتگال جهڙين پرڏيهي طاقتن جي آمد سان ان جي اهميت کي وڌايو (جنهن 16هين ۽ 18هين صدي جي وچ ۾ پنهنجي موجودگي برقرار رکي). اهو ٻين اڀرندڙ طاقتن جهڙوڪ انگلينڊ سان تڪرار کي به ڀڙڪايو، جڏهن اهو 17هين صدي ۾ علائقي ۾ پهتو. ==جهاز راني== ٽڪراءَ جي خطري کي گهٽائڻ لاءِ، گذرگاهه مان گذرندڙ جهاز ٽرئفڪ سيپريشن اسڪيم (TSS) تي عمل ڪن ٿا. ايندڙ جهاز هڪ لين استعمال ڪن ٿا. ٻاهر نڪرندڙ جهاز ٻيو. هر لين ٻه ميل ويڪرو آهي. لين ٻن ميل ويڪر "ميڊين" سان الڳ ٿيل آهن.<ref name="eia-201907172">{{cite web|url=https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/special_topics/World_Oil_Transit_Chokepoints/wotc.pdf|title=World Oil Transit Chokepoints|publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration|date=25 July 2017|access-date=13 June 2019|archive-date=21 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521134300/https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/special_topics/World_Oil_Transit_Chokepoints/wotc.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> گذرگاهه کي پار ڪرڻ لاءِ جهاز، گڏيل قومن جي سمنڊ جي قانون تي ڪنوينشن (<small>UNCLOS</small>) جي ٽرانزٽ پاس جي شقن جي تحت، [[ايران]] ۽ [[اومان]] جي علائقائي پاڻين مان گذرن ٿا.<ref name="USEIA012">{{cite web|url=http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/156265/|title=Strait of Hormuz|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth|author=Alejandra Roman & Administration|access-date=2 June 2015|archive-date=5 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405131935/http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/156265/|url-status=live}}</ref> جئين ته سڀني ملڪن ڪنوينشن جي تصديق نه ڪيا آهن،<ref name="UNCLOS-ratification2">{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/Depts/los/reference_files/chronological_lists_of_ratifications.htm|title=Chronological lists of ratifications of, accessions and successions to the Convention and the related Agreements as at 26 October 2007|publisher=UN|work=Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea|access-date=29 June 2017|archive-date=14 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414043900/http://www.un.org/depts/los/reference_files/chronological_lists_of_ratifications.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] سميت گھڻا ملڪ انهن روايتي جهاز راني جي ضابطن کي قبول ڪن ٿا،<ref>{{cite web|author=[[U.S. President]]|title=Presidential Proclamation 5030|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/58381.pdf|url-status=live|date=10 March 1983|access-date=21 January 2008|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325045208/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/58381.pdf|archive-date=25 March 2021}}</ref> جيئن ڪنوينشن ۾ ڪوڊ ڪيو ويو آهي. سال <small>1959</small>ع ۾، ايران پنهنجي علائقائي سمنڊ کي 12 ناٽيڪل ميل (22 ڪلوميٽر) تائين وڌائي لنگهه جي قانوني حيثيت کي تبديل ڪيو ۽ اعلان ڪيو ته اهو نئين وڌايل علائقي ذريعي صرف غير جنگي ٽرانزٽ کي تسليم ڪندو.<ref name="Groves 20112">{{cite web|last=Groves|first=Steven|title=Accession to the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea Is Unnecessary to Secure U.S. Navigational Rights and Freedoms|website=The Heritage Foundation|url=http://www.heritage.org/defense/report/accession-the-un-convention-the-law-the-sea-unnecessary-secure-us-navigational|date=24 August 2011|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517153730/https://www.heritage.org/defense/report/accession-the-un-convention-the-law-the-sea-unnecessary-secure-us-navigational|url-status=unfit}}</ref> سال <small>1972</small>ع ۾، اومان پڻ فرمان ذريعي پنهنجي علائقائي سمنڊ کي 12 ناٽيڪل ميل (22 ڪلوميٽر) تائين وڌايو.<ref name="Groves 20113">{{cite web|last=Groves|first=Steven|title=Accession to the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea Is Unnecessary to Secure U.S. Navigational Rights and Freedoms|website=The Heritage Foundation|url=http://www.heritage.org/defense/report/accession-the-un-convention-the-law-the-sea-unnecessary-secure-us-navigational|date=24 August 2011|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517153730/https://www.heritage.org/defense/report/accession-the-un-convention-the-law-the-sea-unnecessary-secure-us-navigational|url-status=unfit}}</ref> اهڙيءَ طرح، سال <small>1972</small>ع تائين، ايران ۽ اومان جي گڏيل علائقائي پاڻين جي ڪري هرمز جي ساموندي گذرگاهه جنگي ٻيڙين لاء مڪمل طور تي "بند" ٿي وئي. 1970ع جي ڏهاڪي دوران، ايران يا اومان ٻنهي جنگي جهازن جي گذرڻ ۾ رڪاوٽ وجهڻ جي ڪوشش نه ڪئي، پر <small>1980</small>ع جي ڏهاڪي ۾، ٻنهي ملڪن دعويٰ ڪيا، جيڪا روايتي (پراڻي) قانون کان مختلف هئا. سال <small>1989</small>ع ۾ گڏيل قومن جي ڪنوينشن (<small>UNCLOS</small>) جي تصديق ڪرڻ تي، اومان پنهنجي سال <small>1981</small>ع جي شاهي فرمان جي تصديق ڪندڙ اعلان پيش ڪيو ته ان جي علائقائي سمنڊ ذريعي صرف غير جنگي ٽرانزٽ کي گذرڻ جي اجازت آهي. اعلان ۾ وڌيڪ زور ڏنو ويو ته پرڏيهي جنگي جهازن کي اوماني علائقائي پاڻين مان گذرڻ کان اڳ اڳواٽ اجازت وٺڻ جي ضرورت هوندي.<ref name="Groves 20114">{{cite web|last=Groves|first=Steven|title=Accession to the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea Is Unnecessary to Secure U.S. Navigational Rights and Freedoms|website=The Heritage Foundation|url=http://www.heritage.org/defense/report/accession-the-un-convention-the-law-the-sea-unnecessary-secure-us-navigational|date=24 August 2011|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517153730/https://www.heritage.org/defense/report/accession-the-un-convention-the-law-the-sea-unnecessary-secure-us-navigational|url-status=unfit}}</ref> سال 1982ع ۾ ڪنوينشن تي دستخط ڪرڻ تي، ايران هڪ اعلان ۾ داخل ٿيو جنهن ۾ چيو ويو آهي ته "صرف سمنڊ جي قانون جي ڪنوينشن جي رياستن کي ان ۾ پيدا ڪيل معاهدي جي حقن مان فائدو حاصل ڪرڻ جو حق هوندو"، جنهن ۾ "بين الاقوامي جهاز راني لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ آبنائي ذريعي گذرڻ جو حق" شامل آهي. سال 1993ع ۾، ايران سامونڊي علائقن تي هڪ جامع قانون نافذ ڪيو. جنهن جون دفعات گڏيل قومن جي ڪنوينشن (<small>UNCLOS</small>) جي دفعات سان ٽڪراءُ ڪن ٿيون، جنهن ۾ هڪ شرط شامل آهي ته جنگي جهاز، آبدوزون ۽ ايٽمي طاقت وارا جهاز ايران جي علائقائي پاڻين مان گذرڻ کان اڳ اجازت حاصل ڪن. آمريڪا اومان ۽ ايران جي ڪنهن به دعويٰ کي تسليم نٿو ڪري ۽ انهن مان هر هڪ جي مخالفت ڪيو آهي.<ref name="Groves 20115">{{cite web|last=Groves|first=Steven|title=Accession to the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea Is Unnecessary to Secure U.S. Navigational Rights and Freedoms|website=The Heritage Foundation|url=http://www.heritage.org/defense/report/accession-the-un-convention-the-law-the-sea-unnecessary-secure-us-navigational|date=24 August 2011|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517153730/https://www.heritage.org/defense/report/accession-the-un-convention-the-law-the-sea-unnecessary-secure-us-navigational|url-status=unfit}}</ref> ==پيٽرول جي واپار جو رستو== [[File:Volume of crude oil and condensate transported through the Strait of Hormuz in 2014 through 2018 (48097330906).png|thumb|upright=1.4|سال 2014-2018ع ۾ اصل ۽ منزل جي لحاظ کان تيل جو واپار]] سال <small>2023-2025</small>ع دوران، دنيا جي مائع قدرتي گئس جو %<small>20</small> ۽ پيٽرول جو %<small>25</small> واپار هرمز گذرگاهه مان گذريو، جيڪا واپار لاءِ ان جي اهم مقام کي ظاهر ڪري ٿو.<ref name="eia-20120104" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=World Oil Transit Chokepoints|url=https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/special_topics/World_Oil_Transit_Chokepoints/wotc.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723221931/http://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/special_topics/World_Oil_Transit_Chokepoints/wotc.pdf|archive-date=23 July 2015|access-date=13 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":4"/> آمريڪي توانائي انفارميشن ايڊمنسٽريشن جي مطابق (2011 ۾) روزانو سراسري طور تي 14 ٽينڪر فارس جي نار مان 17 ملين بيرل (27,00,000 ڪعبي ميٽر) خام تيل کڻي گذرندا هئا. انهن خام تيل جي برآمدات مان %<small>85</small> کان وڌيڪ روزاني بنيادن تي ايشيائي مارڪيٽن ڏانهن ويندا هئا، جنهن ۾ جاپان، ڀارت، ڏکڻ ڪوريا ۽ چين سڀ کان وڏيون منزلون هيون.<ref name="USEIA013">{{cite web|url=http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/156265/|title=Strait of Hormuz|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth|author=Alejandra Roman & Administration|access-date=2 June 2015|archive-date=5 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405131935/http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/156265/|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>2018</small>ع ۾، سال <small>2019</small>ع جي قيمتن تي <small>1.2</small> ارب ڊالر جي ماليت جو تيل گذرگاهه مان روزانو <small>21</small> ملين بيرل جي مقدار ۾ گذريو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R2shPOThjIQ|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/R2shPOThjIQ|archive-date=17 November 2021|url-status=live|title=The Strait of Hormuz Explained|website=[[YouTube]]|date=31 October 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref> جيڪڏهن هرمز گذرگاهه ذريعي تيل جي رسد هڪ ڊگهي عرصي تائين خاص طور تي متاثر ٿئي تي، ته اها ڀارت ۽ چين جهڙن وڏن ايشيائي درآمد ڪندڙن لاءِ تيل جي فراهمي جو هڪ وڏو بحران پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿو.<ref>Le Monde. (2026, March 3). Asian oil imports threatened as traffic halts in the Strait of Hormuz. https://www.lemonde.fr/en/economy/article/2026/03/03/asian-oil-imports-threatened-as-traffic-halts-in-the-strait-of-hormuz_6751055_19.html</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/israel-iran-usa-war-asian-countries-most-at-risk-from-oil-gas-supply-disruptions-in-strait-of-hormuz-research-group/articleshow/128947545.cms?utm_source=chatgpt.com|work=Economic Times}}</ref> ==واقعا== [[File:Strait of Hormuz from 35,000 Feet.jpg|thumb|upright|<small>10,668</small> ميٽر (<small>35,000</small> فوٽ) جي بلندي تي هڪ هوائي جهاز مان نظر ايندڙ هرمز گذرگاهه. [[اومان]] جي مسندم گورنريٽ پيش منظر ۾ ]] === ٽينڪر جنگ === {{Main|ٽينڪرن جي جنگ}} ايران-عراق جنگ جو ٽينڪرن جي جنگ جو مرحلو هن وقت شروع ٿيو،<ref name="efraimkarsh2">{{cite book|last=Karsh|first=Efraim|title=The Iran–Iraq War: 1980–1988|url=https://archive.org/details/iraniraqwar00kars|url-access=limited|pages=[https://archive.org/details/iraniraqwar00kars/page/n3 1]–8, 12–16, 19–82|publisher=Osprey Publishing|date=25 April 2002|isbn=978-1-84176-371-2}}</ref> جڏهن [[عراق]] 1984ع جي شروعات ۾ ايران جي خارگ ٻيٽ تي تيل جي ٽرمينل ۽ تيل جي ٽينڪرن تي حملو ڪيو.<ref>{{cite web|title=Strait of Hormuz – Tanker War|url=https://www.strausscenter.org/strait-of-hormuz-tanker-war/|access-date=6 August 2021|website=The Strauss Center|language=en-US|archive-date=6 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806115032/https://www.strausscenter.org/strait-of-hormuz-tanker-war/|url-status=live}}</ref> صدام حسين جو ايراني شپنگ تي حملو ڪرڻ جو مقصد، ٻين شين جي وچ ۾، ايران کي انتهائي قدمن سان جوابي ڪارروائي ڪرڻ لاءِ اڀارڻ هو،جيئن ته هو هرمز جي گذرگاهه کي سڀني سامونڊي ٽرئفڪ لاءِ بند ڪري ڇڏي ۽ ان ڪري آمريڪي مداخلت کي آڻڻ جو موقعو ملي.<ref name="efraimkarsh3">{{cite book|last=Karsh|first=Efraim|title=The Iran–Iraq War: 1980–1988|url=https://archive.org/details/iraniraqwar00kars|url-access=limited|pages=[https://archive.org/details/iraniraqwar00kars/page/n3 1]–8, 12–16, 19–82|publisher=Osprey Publishing|date=25 April 2002|isbn=978-1-84176-371-2}}</ref> پر ايران عراقي شپنگ تي انتقامي حملي کي محدود ڪيو ۽ گذرگاهه کي بند نه ڪيو.<ref name="efraimkarsh4">{{cite book|last=Karsh|first=Efraim|title=The Iran–Iraq War: 1980–1988|url=https://archive.org/details/iraniraqwar00kars|url-access=limited|pages=[https://archive.org/details/iraniraqwar00kars/page/n3 1]–8, 12–16, 19–82|publisher=Osprey Publishing|date=25 April 2002|isbn=978-1-84176-371-2}}</ref> === آپريشن پرئينگ مينٽس === {{Main|آپريشن پرئينگ مينٽس}} آپريشن پرائينگ مينٽس <small>18</small> اپريل <small>1988</small>ع تي ايران-عراق جنگ دوران فارس جي نار ۾ بين الاقوامي پاڻين ۾ ايراني سامونڊي بارودي سرنگن جي تنصيب ۽ پوء هڪ آمريڪي جنگي جهاز کي نقصان پهچائڻ جي بدلي ۾ ايراني علائقائي پاڻين اندر آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجن پاران حملو ڪيو ويو. آمريڪي نيوي ڪيترن ئي سطحي جنگي جهازن جي گروپن سان گڏ، هوائي جهاز ڪيريئر يو ايس ايس انٽرپرائز جي جهازن ۽ ان جي ڪروزر اسڪارٽ، يو ايس ايس ٽرڪسٽن سان حملو ڪيو. حملي جي شروعات ٻن سطحي گروپن جي مربوط حملي سان ٿي. === ايران ايئر جي فلائيٽ 655 کي ڪيرائڻ === {{Main|ايران ايئر جي فلائيٽ 655}} 3 جولاءِ 1988ع تي، 290 ماڻهو مارجي ويا جڏهن هڪ ايران ايئر ايئربس A300 کي آمريڪي بحريه جي گائيڊڊ ميزائل ڪروزر يو ايس ايس ونسنس (سي جي-49) پاران آبنائي تي گولي هڻي ماريو ويو جڏهن ان کي غلط طور تي جيٽ فائٽر طور سڃاتو ويو هو. === ٽڪراءُ === {{Main|يو ايس ايس هارٽ فورڊ ۽ يو ايس ايس نيو اورلينز جو ٽڪراء }} جنوري، <small>2007</small>ع ۾، ايٽمي آبدوز يو ايس ايس نيوپورٽ نيوز آبنائي جي ڏکڻ ۾ <small>3,00,000</small> ٽن جاپاني پرچم واري خام تيل جي ٽينڪر ايم وي سان ٽڪرائجي وئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hamptonroads.com/node/205951|title=Navy says speed of tanker sucked submarine up to surface|publisher=The Virginian Pilot|date=10 January 2007|first=Jack|last=Dorsey|access-date=29 December 2007|archive-date=16 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016040536/http://hamptonroads.com/node/205951|url-status=dead}}</ref> ڪو به زخمي نه ٿيو ۽ ڪو به تيل نه لٿو. 20 مارچ <small>2009</small>ع تي، آمريڪي نيوي جي <small>'''يو ايس ايس هارٽ فورڊ'''</small> آبنائي ۾ <small>'''يو ايس ايس نيو اورلينز'''</small> سان ٽڪرائجي وئي. ٽڪراءُ جي سبب <small>'''يو ايس ايس نيو اورلينز'''</small> جو هڪ فيول ٽينڪ ڦاٽي پيو، جنهن مان <small>25,000</small> آمريڪي گيلن (<small>95</small> ڪيوبڪ ميٽر) ڊيزل ٻارڻ نڪري ويو.<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Navy vessels in Bahrain for evaluation after collision|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2009-03-20/world/navy.vessels.collide_1_marine-diesel-fuel-navy-amphibious-ship-persian-gulf?_s=PM:WORLD|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=20 March 2009|access-date=8 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113153818/http://articles.cnn.com/2009-03-20/world/navy.vessels.collide_1_marine-diesel-fuel-navy-amphibious-ship-persian-gulf?_s=PM%3AWORLD|archive-date=13 January 2012}}</ref> === ايراني نيوي جا حادثه === مئي <small>2020</small>ع ۾، ايران هڪ دوستانه فائر حادثي ۾ پنهنجي ئي هڪ جهاز تي ميزائل فائر ڪيا، جن ۾ <small>19</small> ملاح مارجي ويا.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mobile.twitter.com/rafsanchez/status/1259776878484873220|title=Twitter|website=mobile.twitter.com|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=31 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831172416/https://mobile.twitter.com/rafsanchez/status/1259776878484873220|url-status=live}}</ref> 2 جون <small>2021</small>ع تي، ايراني بحري فوج جو هڪ تبديل ٿيل اول ڪلاس ريپلينشمينٽ آئلر، آئرس خارگ، باهه لڳڻ کان پوءِ هرمز گذرگاهه ۾ ٻڏي ويو. اهو بحري فوج جو سڀ کان وڏو جهاز هو.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-06-02/iran-navy-ship-catches-fire-gulf-of-oman/100186272|title=Iranian navy's largest warship catches fire and sinks in Gulf of Oman|date=2 June 2021|access-date=13 June 2021|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613053754/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-06-02/iran-navy-ship-catches-fire-gulf-of-oman/100186272|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Iranian ship seizures=== {{see also|Maersk#Business with Iran}}{{See also|Iranian seizure of the MSC Aries}} On 28 April 2015, [[Navy of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|IRGCN]] patrol boats contacted the [[Marshall Islands]]–flagged [[container ship]] ''[[MV Maersk Tigris|Maersk Tigris]]'', which was westbound through the strait, and directed the ship to proceed further into Iranian territorial waters, according to a spokesman for the U.S. Defense Department. When the ship's master declined, one of the Iranian craft fired shots across the bridge of ''Maersk Tigris''. The captain complied and proceeded into Iranian waters near Larak Island. The U.S. Navy sent aircraft and a destroyer, [[USS Farragut (DDG-99)|USS ''Farragut'']], to monitor the situation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran seizes commercial ship, U.S. forces respond |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/04/28/politics/iran-seizes-commercial-ship-u-s-official-says-no-americans-on-board |publisher=CNN |date=28 April 2015 |access-date=28 April 2015 |archive-date=28 April 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150428160202/http://www.cnn.com/2015/04/28/politics/iran-seizes-commercial-ship-u-s-official-says-no-americans-on-board/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Maersk]] says it agreed to pay an Iranian company $163,000 after an Iranian court ruling over a dispute about 10 container boxes transported to Dubai in 2005. An appeal court raised the fine to $3.6 million.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/iran-usa-ship-idUSL5N0XR37520150430 |title=Maersk insists on release of ship and crew seized by Iran |publisher=Reuters |date=30 April 2015 |access-date=2 July 2017 |archive-date=16 October 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151016040537/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/04/30/iran-usa-ship-idUSL5N0XR37520150430 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 4 January 2021, the [[Tasnim News Agency]] reported that a South Korea–flagged oil vessel headed from [[Saudi Arabia]] to the [[United Arab Emirates]] was seized for allegedly causing pollution violations. The ship was said to be carrying roughly 7,000 tons of ethanol. South Korea refused to comment on the accusation of causing oil pollution in the Strait of Hormuz. The ship, ''Hankuk Chemi'', was headed to the UAE port Fujairah after loading oil from Jubail, Saudi Arabia on 2 January 2021, as per ship-tracking data gathered by Bloomberg.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-04/iran-says-it-has-seized-an-oil-tanker-in-persian-gulf?srnd=markets-vp |title=Iran Seizes Ship, Ramps Up Enrichment as Gulf Tensions Mount |access-date=4 January 2021 |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |date=4 January 2021}}</ref> In April 2024, the Iranian Navy seized<ref>{{cite news |last=Motamedi |first=Maziar |date=13 April 2024 |title=Iran's IRGC seizes 'Israeli-linked' ship near Strait of Hormuz |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/13/irans-irgc-seizes-israeli-linked-ship-near-strait-of-hormuz |access-date=13 April 2024 |work=Al Jazzera |archive-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416031240/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/13/irans-irgc-seizes-israeli-linked-ship-near-strait-of-hormuz |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Iranian seizure of the MSC Aries|MSC Aries]]'', a [[Portugal|Portuguese]]-[[Ensign (flag)|flagged]] container ship sailing through the [[Gulf of Oman]] off the UAE coast of the Emirati port city of [[Fujairah]], then steered the container ship through the strait, with 25 personnel on board, claiming that it had violated maritime laws.<ref name="Reuters">{{cite news |date=15 April 2024 |title=Iran says MSC Aries vessel seized for 'violating maritime laws' |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-says-msc-aries-vessel-seized-violating-maritime-laws-2024-04-15/ |access-date=18 April 2024 |work=Reuters |archive-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20240416045358/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-says-msc-aries-vessel-seized-violating-maritime-laws-2024-04-15/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The crew of 25 included 17 Indian nationals, Filipinos, Pakistanis, a Russian, and an Estonian.<ref name="EconTimes"/> === Iranian preparations to mine the strait === As of 2019, the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency estimated that Iran possessed over 5,000 naval mines capable of rapid deployment via high-speed boats.<ref name=":3"/> In June 2025, it was reported that U.S. intelligence detected, possibly through satellite imagery or human informants, that Iranian military forces loaded naval mines onto vessels in the Persian Gulf, an act which was interpreted as a preliminary step to blockading the strait.<ref name=":3" /> The mines were ultimately not deployed, though their presence raised alarms in Washington about Tehran's intent to escalate the conflict. It is unclear whether the mines were later removed.<ref name=":3" /> ===U.S.–Iran disputes, threats to close the Strait=== ====2008==== {{Main|2008 Iran–United States naval dispute}} Naval stand-offs between Iranian speedboats and U.S. warships in the strait occurred in December 2007 and January 2008. U.S. officials accused Iran of harassing and provoking their naval vessels, but Iran denied the allegations. On 14 January, U.S. Navy officials appeared to contradict the Pentagon version of the 16 January event, in which the Pentagon had reported that U.S. vessels had almost fired on approaching Iranian boats. The Navy's regional commander, Vice Admiral Kevin Cosgriff, said the Iranians had "neither anti-ship missiles nor torpedoes" and he "wouldn't characterize the posture of the [[United States Fifth Fleet|US 5th Fleet]] as afraid of these small boats".<ref>{{cite news |title=A game of chicken in the, Persian Gulf |first=David |last=Isenberg |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/JA10Ak05.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514013222/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/JA10Ak05.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=14 May 2008 |newspaper=[[Asia Times Online]] |date=10 January 2008 |access-date=8 January 2012 |accessdate=19 March 2026 |archivedate=14 May 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514013222/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/JA10Ak05.html }}</ref> On 29 June, the commander of [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]], [[Mohammad Ali Jafari]], said that if either [[Israel]] or the U.S. attacked Iran, it would seal off the strait to wreak havoc in the oil markets. Cosgriff warned that such Iranian action would be considered an act of war, and the U.S. would not allow Iran to hold hostage a third of the world's oil supply.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,374905,00.html |title=U.S. Navy Commander Warns Iran: Don't Try Closing Gulf Oil Passageway |publisher=Fox News |date=2 July 2008 |access-date=2 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020081555/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,374905,00.html |archive-date=20 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> On 8 July, Ali Shirazi, a mid-level clerical aide to Iranian supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]], was quoted telling the Revolutionary Guards, "The Zionist regime is pressuring White House officials to attack Iran. If they commit such a stupidity, [[Tel Aviv]] and U.S. shipping in the Persian Gulf will be Iran's first targets and they will be burned."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-attack-usa-idUSLYO82850220080708 |title=Iran to "hit Tel Aviv, U.S. ships" if attacked |publisher=[[Reuters]] |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=8 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317104538/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-attack-usa-idUSLYO82850220080708 |archive-date=17 March 2016}}</ref> In the last week of July, in Operation Brimstone,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=38478 |title=JTFEX 08-4 "Operation Brimstone" Flexes Allied Force Training |publisher=US Navy |date=15 July 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008 |archive-date=22 July 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080722011927/http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=38478 |url-status=dead}}</ref> dozens of U.S., and naval ships from other countries, came to undertake joint exercises for possible military activity in the shallow waters off the coast of Iran. By 11 August, more than 40 U.S. and allied ships were en route to the strait.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.debka.com/headline.php?hid=5499 |title=Three major US naval strike forces due this week in Persian Gulf |publisher=Debkafile |date=11 August 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008 |archive-date=1 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091201062308/http://www.debka.com/headline.php?hid=5499 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ====2011–12==== {{main|2011–2012 Strait of Hormuz dispute}} On 27{{nbsp}}December, 2011, Iranian vice president [[Mohammad Reza Rahimi]] threatened to cut off oil supply from the strait should economic sanctions limit, or cut off, Iranian oil exports.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 December 2011 |title=Oil jumps over 2% as Iran threatens supplies |url=https://money.cnn.com/2011/12/27/markets/oil_iran/index.htm?hpt=hp_t2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918122445/https://money.cnn.com/2011/12/27/markets/oil_iran/index.htm?hpt=hp_t2 |archive-date=18 September 2020 |access-date=3 August 2020 |work=CNN}}</ref> A [[United States Fifth Fleet|U.S.{{nbsp}}Fifth Fleet]] spokeswoman said the Fleet was "always ready to counter malevolent actions", whilst Admiral [[Habibollah Sayyari]] of the [[Islamic Republic of Iran Navy|Iran Navy]] claimed cutting off oil shipments would be "easy".<ref>{{cite news |title=US warns Iran over threat to block oil route |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16348633 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=28 December 2011 |access-date=8 January 2012 |archive-date=7 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107061545/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16348633 |url-status=live}}</ref> Despite an initial 2%{{nbsp}}rise in oil prices, markets ultimately did not react significantly to Iran's threat, with oil analyst Thorbjoern Bak Jensen concluding "they cannot stop the flow for a longer period due to the amount of U.S.{{nbsp}}hardware in the area".<ref>{{cite news |last=Gibbons |first=Robert |date=28 December 2011 |title=Oil falls on dollar's rise, Wall Street pullback |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-markets-oil-idUSTRE7AD06820111228 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108003919/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/12/28/us-markets-oil-idUSTRE7AD06820111228 |archive-date=8 January 2012 |access-date=8 January 2012 |work=Reuters}}</ref> [[File:Flickr - Official U.S. Navy Imagery - USS Porter transits the Strait of Hormuz..jpg|thumb|The [[Guided-missile#Guidance systems|guided-missile]] [[destroyer]] {{USS|Porter|DDG-78|6}} transits the Strait of Hormuz in May 2012. ''Porter'' is deployed to the [[U.S. 5th Fleet]].]] On 3{{nbsp}}January, 2012, Iran threatened to take action if the U.S.{{nbsp}}Navy moved an aircraft carrier back into the Persian Gulf. Iranian Army chief [[Ataollah Salehi]] said the U.S. had moved a carrier out of the Persian Gulf because of Iran's naval exercises, and Iran would take action if the ship returned. "Iran will not repeat its warning{{nbsp}}... the enemy's carrier has been moved to the [[Gulf of Oman]] because of our drill. I recommend and emphasize to the American carrier not to return to the Persian Gulf", he said.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=3 January 2012 |title=Iran threatens U.S. Navy as sanctions hit economy |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-usa-idUSTRE80208P20120103 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924161340/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/01/03/us-iran-usa-idUSTRE80208P20120103 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=8 January 2012 |work=Reuters}}</ref> U.S.{{nbsp}}Navy spokesman Commander Bill Speaks responded that deployment of U.S.{{nbsp}}military assets would continue as has been the custom stating: "The U.S.{{nbsp}}Navy operates under international maritime conventions to maintain a constant state of high vigilance in order to ensure the continued, safe flow of maritime traffic in waterways critical to global commerce."<ref>{{cite news |date=3 January 2012 |title=Iran nuclear crisis: Sanctions 'beginning to bite' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16396345 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107061802/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16396345 |archive-date=7 January 2012 |access-date=8 January 2012 |work=BBC News}}</ref> While earlier statements from Iran had little effect on oil markets, coupled with new sanctions, later comments drove crude futures higher, up over{{nbsp}}4%. Pressure on prices reflected a combination of uncertainty driven further by China's response – reducing oil January 2012 purchases from Iran by{{nbsp}}50% compared to 2011.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} By January 2012, U.S.-led sanctions began to show economic effects, as the Iranian currency lost 12%{{nbsp}}of its value. Further pressure on Iranian currency was added by French Foreign Minister [[Alain Juppé]] who was quoted as calling for more "strict sanctions" and urged EU countries to follow the{{nbsp}}U.S. in freezing Iranian central bank assets and imposing an embargo on oil exports.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ca.news.yahoo.com/video/us-22424932/state-department-iran-is-feeling-the-pressure-27769481.html |title=State Department: Iran is feeling the pressure |publisher=Yahoo! News |date=3 January 2012 |access-date=24 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120109123059/http://ca.news.yahoo.com/video/us-22424932/state-department-iran-is-feeling-the-pressure-27769481.html |archive-date=9 January 2012}}</ref> On 9{{nbsp}}January, 2012, Iranian Defense Minister [[Ahmad Vahidi]] denied that Iran had ever claimed it would close the strait, saying that "Iran is the most important provider of security in the Strait{{nbsp}}... if one threatens the security of the Persian Gulf, then all are threatened."<ref>{{cite web |title=Iran and the Strait of Hormuz |url=http://subyraman.com/iran-and-the-strait-of-hormuz/ |work=Tabeer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729233754/http://subyraman.com/iran-and-the-strait-of-hormuz/ |archive-date=29 July 2013}}</ref> Iran's Foreign Ministry confirmed on 16{{nbsp}}January it had received a letter from the U.S.; authorities were considering whether to reply, although the contents of the letter were not divulged.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2012/01/16/iran-studying-hormuz-letter-warns-gulf-producers.html |title=News Headlines |publisher=[[CNBC]] |date=16 January 2012 |access-date=24 January 2012 |archive-date=3 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203154827/http://www.cnbc.com/id/46010868 |url-status=live}}</ref> The U.S. had previously announced its intention to warn Iran that closing the strait is a "red line" that would provoke an American response.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/13/world/middleeast/us-warns-top-iran-leader-not-to-shut-strait-of-hormuz.html |work=The New York Times |first1=Elisabeth |last1=Bumiller |first2=Eric |last2=Schmitt |first3=Thom |last3=Shanker |title=U.S. Warns Top Iran Leader Not to Shut Strait of Hormuz |date=12 January 2012 |access-date=28 February 2017 |archive-date=21 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421031218/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/13/world/middleeast/us-warns-top-iran-leader-not-to-shut-strait-of-hormuz.html |url-status=live}}</ref> General [[Martin Dempsey]], the [[chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]], said the U.S. would "take action and re-open the Strait", which could be accomplished only by military means, including minesweepers, warship escorts and potentially airstrikes. U.S. defense secretary [[Leon Panetta]] told troops that the U.S. would not tolerate Iran closing the strait. Nevertheless, Iran continued to discuss the impact of shutting the strait on oil markets, saying any disruption of supply would cause a shock "no country" could manage.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-01-16/oil-climbs-from-four-week-low-as-iran-warns-of-hormuz-supply-disruption.html |work=Bloomberg |first=Grant |last=Smith |title=Oil Climbs From Four-Week Low as Iran Warns of Hormuz Supply Disruption |date=16 January 2012 |access-date=11 March 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140202173554/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-01-16/oil-climbs-from-four-week-low-as-iran-warns-of-hormuz-supply-disruption.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:CVN 69 transits the Strait of Hormuz (28465403076).jpg|thumb|A [[U.S. Navy]] convoy in the strait in July 2016]] By 23{{nbsp}}January, a [[flotilla]] had been established by countries opposing Iran's threats to close the strait.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran: Flotilla of Warships Sent Through Strait of Hormuz Heightens Tensions |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/01/23/iran-flotilla-of-warships_n_1222734.html?ref=uk |work=HuffPost |date=23 January 2012 |access-date=24 January 2012 |archive-date=25 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125213304/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/01/23/iran-flotilla-of-warships_n_1222734.html?ref=uk |url-status=live}}</ref> These ships operated in the Persian Gulf and [[Arabian Sea]] off the coast of Iran. The flotilla included three American aircraft carriers, three destroyers, seven British warships, including the destroyer {{HMS|Daring|D32|6}}<ref>{{Cite news |title=Royal Navy sends its mightiest ship to take on the Iranian show of force in the Gulf |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/8997956/Royal-Navy-sends-its-mightiest-ship-to-take-on-the-Iranian-show-of-force-in-the-Gulf.html |archive-url= https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/8997956/Royal-Navy-sends-its-mightiest-ship-to-take-on-the-Iranian-show-of-force-in-the-Gulf.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |last=Harding |first=Thomas |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=6 January 2012 |access-date=8 January 2012 |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=HMS Daring to head for the Gulf |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ukpress/article/ALeqM5i7M_kVZAIV-1CSF6rnljPJ6eHnyg?docId=N0842061325887459210A |agency=[[Press Association]] |date=7 January 2012 |access-date=8 January 2012}}{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> and four [[Type 23 frigate|Type{{nbsp}}23]] frigates, and the French frigate ''[[French frigate La Motte-Picquet|La Motte-Picquet]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran: EU oil sanctions 'unfair' and 'doomed to fail' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-16693484 |publisher=BBC News |date=23 January 2012 |access-date=24 January 2012 |archive-date=23 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123205402/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-16693484 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 24{{nbsp}}January, tensions rose further after the [[European Union]] imposed sanctions on Iranian oil. A member of Iran's parliament said, "If any disruption happens regarding the sale of Iranian oil, the Strait{{nbsp}}... will definitely be closed".<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran threatens to close Strait of Hormuz over EU oil sanctions |first=David |last=Blair |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iran/9032948/Iran-threatens-to-close-Strait-of-Hormuz-over-EU-oil-sanctions.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iran/9032948/Iran-threatens-to-close-Strait-of-Hormuz-over-EU-oil-sanctions.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=23 January 2012 |access-date=27 January 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ====2018 and 2019==== In July 2018, Iran again made threats to close the strait, citing looming American sanctions after the U.S. [[United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|withdrew]] from the [[JCPOA]] deal.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dehghan |first=Saeed Kamali |title=Iran threatens to block Strait of Hormuz over US oil sanctions |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/05/iran-retaliate-us-oil-threats-eu-visit-hassan-rouhani-trump |work=the Guardian |date=5 July 2018 |access-date=6 July 2018 |archive-date=10 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610150147/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/05/iran-retaliate-us-oil-threats-eu-visit-hassan-rouhani-trump |url-status=live}}</ref> In August, Iran test-fired a ballistic missile. According to the officials, the anti-ship [[Fateh-110]] Mod 3 flew over 100 miles on a flight path over the strait to a test range in the Iranian desert. "It was shore-to-shore", said a U.S. official.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran test-fires ballistic missile for first time in 2018, officials say |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/iran-test-fires-ballistic-missile-for-first-time-in-2018-officials-say |access-date=12 August 2018 |work=FoxNews |archive-date=12 August 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180812014647/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2018/08/10/iran-test-fires-ballistic-missile-for-first-time-in-2018-officials-say.html |url-status=live}}</ref> On 22 April 2019, the U.S. ended the oil waivers, which had allowed some of Iran's customers to import Iranian oil, without risking financial penalties as part of U.S. economic sanctions. Al Jazeera quoted Major-General [[Mohammad Bagheri (general)|Mohammad Bagheri]] of the Iranian Armed Forces, stating "We are not after closing the Strait of Hormuz but if the hostility of the enemies increases, we will be able to do so...<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/insidestory/2019/04/iran-close-strait-hormuz-190429190841982.html] "Can Iran close the Strait of Hormuz?". Aljazeera, 2019.</ref> If our oil does not pass, the oil of others shall not pass the Strait of Hormuz either".<ref name="Al1">{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/iran-business-usual-strait-hormuz-blacklisting-190428133314213.html|title=Iran: Business as usual in Strait of Hormuz after blacklisting|work=News Agencies|via=Aljazeera|date=April 28, 2019|archive-date=25 February 2020|access-date=28 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225193043/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/iran-business-usual-strait-hormuz-blacklisting-190428133314213.html|url-status=dead}}.</ref> ==== 2019 attacks on oil tankers ==== Iran has persistently attacked vessels and seized ships amidst political issues.<ref name="EconTimes">{{cite news |date=14 April 2024 |title=17 Indians among 25 crew on ship seized by Iran; India in touch with Iran to secure release of Indians |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/17-indians-among-25-crew-on-ship-seized-by-iran-india-in-touch-with-iranian-authorities-say-sources/articleshow/109273322.cms? |access-date=18 April 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240418175349/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/17-indians-among-25-crew-on-ship-seized-by-iran-india-in-touch-with-iranian-authorities-say-sources/articleshow/109273322.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=US Navy says it prevented Iran from seizing tankers in Gulf of Oman |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/shots-fired-oil-tanker-gulf-maritime-security-bodies-2023-07-05/ |access-date=18 April 2024 |work=Reuters |date=6 July 2023}}</ref> On 13 June 2019, the oil tankers ''Front Altair'' and ''Kokuka Courageous'' were rocked by explosions shortly before dawn; the crew of the latter reported seeing a flying object strike the ship. They were rescued by the destroyer {{USS|Bainbridge|DDG-96|6}} while the crew of the ''Front Altair'' were rescued by Iranian ships. U.S. secretary of state [[Mike Pompeo]] issued a statement accusing Iran of the attacks, Iran denied this calling it a [[False flag|false-flag attack]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/13/world/middleeast/oil-tanker-attack-gulf-oman.html |title=Tankers Are Attacked in Mideast, and U.S. Says Video Shows Iran Was Involved |last1=Kirkpatrick |first1=David D. |date=13 June 2019 |work=The New York Times |access-date=14 June 2019 |last2=Pérez-Peña |first2=Richard |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |last3=Reed |first3=Stanley |archive-date=13 June 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190613232616/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/13/world/middleeast/oil-tanker-attack-gulf-oman.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2019, a Stena Bulk Tanker, ''Stena Impero'', sailing under a British flag, was boarded and captured by Iranian forces.<ref>{{cite news |title=Latvian citizen on board of British tanker seized by Iran |url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/diplomacy/latvian-citizen-on-board-of-british-tanker-seized-by-iran.a326350/ |access-date=2 August 2019 |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting of Latvia|Latvian Public Broadcasting]] |date=22 July 2019 |archive-date=30 July 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190730114719/https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/diplomacy/latvian-citizen-on-board-of-british-tanker-seized-by-iran.a326350/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The spokesman for Iran's Guardian Council, Abbas Ali Kadkhodaei, was quoted as describing the seizure as a "reciprocal action". This was presumed to be in reference to the seizure of an Iranian tanker, ''[[Grace 1]]'', bound for Syria in [[Gibraltar]] a few days prior.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apnews.com/6c36f5aa1ba942569e5efcfd48e33324 |title=Iran says its seizure of British ship a 'reciprocal' move |date=21 July 2019 |website=AP News |access-date=5 January 2020 |archive-date=9 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209220320/https://apnews.com/6c36f5aa1ba942569e5efcfd48e33324 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, France deployed about 600 troops at sea and in the air under the CTF474 to protect maritime trade, regional business, and to ease local tensions. Since the first week of April 2020, the operation combines the Dutch frigate Ruyter, the French frigate Forbin, and one French airplane ATLANTIC2 (ATL2).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Costa |first1=George |title=French ATL2 joins Operation AGENOR in the Strait of Hormuz |url=https://internationalinsider.org/french-atl2-joins-operation-agenor-in-the-strait-of-hormuz/ |website=International Insider |date=12 April 2020 |access-date=13 April 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200807135639/https://internationalinsider.org/french-atl2-joins-operation-agenor-in-the-strait-of-hormuz/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==== 2025 ==== {{main|2025 Iran threat of Strait of Hormuz closure}} On 14 June, Iran reportedly issued a threat to block the strait in response to Israeli attacks targeting its military and nuclear infrastructure.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Altman |first=Howard |date=14 June 2025 |title=Could Iran Carry Out Its Threat To Shut Down The Strait Of Hormuz? |url=https://www.twz.com/news-features/could-iran-carry-out-its-threat-to-shut-the-strait-of-hormuz |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=The War Zone |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2025 |title=Oil settles up 7% as Israel, Iran trade air strikes |url=https://arab.news/z33b8 |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> The ''[[Financial Times]]'' reported that such action could cause oil prices to surge beyond the recent 7–14% increases, possibly exceeding $100 to $150 per barrel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2025 |title=Prediksi Harga Minyak Dunia Jika Iran Tutup Selat Hormuz |url=https://www.liputan6.com/bisnis/read/6059622/prediksi-harga-minyak-dunia-jika-iran-tutup-selat-hormuz?page=3 |access-date=24 June 2025 |website=Liputan6}}</ref> This would likely fuel global inflation and contribute to an economic downturn. Analysts emphasized the vulnerability of regional exporters, noting that "Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq and Iran are wholly locked into one tiny passage for exports." The strait handles 18-19 million barrels per day, nearly 20% of global oil consumption, including crude, condensates, and fuel.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Seba |first=Erwin |date=13 June 2025 |title=Oil settles up 7% as Israel, Iran trade air strikes |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/oil-prices-jump-more-than-4-after-israel-strikes-iran-2025-06-13/ |access-date=15 June 2025 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tett |first=Gillian |date=14 June 2025 |title=Oil in the new age of volatility |url=https://www.ft.com/content/1a5c8449-69b6-4be6-acce-11d4e273da6c |access-date=15 June 2025 |work=Financial Times}}</ref> Analysts have warned that Iran could suffer severe consequences from any attempt to block the strait. "Iran's economy heavily relies on the free passage of goods and vessels through the seaway, as its oil exports are entirely sea-based," analysts from JP Morgan explained. Closing the strait could strain Iran's crucial energy trade with China, its only major oil customer.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Wearden |first=Graeme |date=13 June 2025 |title=Oil surges after Israel's attack on Iran, risking 'stagflationary shock' – as it happened |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/live/2025/jun/13/oil-surges-stock-markets-dollar-airlines-israel-attack-iran-business-live |access-date=15 June 2025 |work=the Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio also warned Iran against attempting to shut down the strait, stating that such a move would be "economic suicide" for the Islamic Republic, as the waterway is vital for its exports.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2025 |title=Harga Minyak Mentah Justru Anjlok 7% Usai Iran Gempur Pangkalan Militer AS |url=https://www.liputan6.com/bisnis/read/6059865/harga-minyak-mentah-justru-anjlok-7-usai-iran-gempur-pangkalan-militer-as?page=4 |access-date=24 June 2025 |website=Liputan6}}</ref> On 17 June, two oil tankers collided in the strait, though reports did not suggest that this was a security-related incident.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ships collide in Hormuz Strait in shadow of Israel-Iran war |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/6/17/ships-collide-in-hormuz-strait-in-shadow-of-israel-iran-war |access-date=18 June 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> The vessels involved were the ''Front Eagle'', carrying crude oil from Iraq to China, and the ''Adalynn'', which was unladen and en route to the Suez Canal. Both caught fire on deck, but no oil spill occurred. All crew members aboard the ''Adalynn'' were safely evacuated by the UAE coast guard.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2025 |title=2 Kapal Tanker Minyak Tabrakan di Selat Hormuz, 24 Orang Dievakuasi |url=https://www.liputan6.com/global/read/6055549/2-kapal-tanker-minyak-tabrakan-di-selat-hormuz-24-orang-dievakuasi?page=2 |access-date=24 June 2025 |website=Liputan6}}</ref> After the [[United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites]] on 22 June, the [[Islamic Consultative Assembly|Iranian Parliament]] voted to close the strait.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2025 |title=Iran's top security body to decide on Hormuz closure after parliament approval |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2025/06/22/iranian-parliament-reportedly-approves-closing-hormuz-strait-media- |access-date=22 June 2025 |website=Al Arabiya English |language=en}}</ref> A final decision rests with Iran's [[Supreme National Security Council]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2025 |title=Parlemen Iran Sepakat Tutup Selat Hormuz Pasca Serangan Amerika? |url=https://www.liputan6.com/global/read/6059081/parlemen-iran-sepakat-tutup-selat-hormuz-pasca-serangan-amerika?page=2 |access-date=24 June 2025 |website=Liputan6}}</ref> Revolutionary Guards commander [[Esmaeil Kousari]] confirmed that shutting the strait would be executed "whenever necessary", to protect national [[sovereignty]] and deter further foreign aggression.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20250622-israel-iran-war-day-10-us-has-struck-three-iranian-nuclear-sites-usa-bombing |title=Live: US bases used to strike Iran are 'legitimate' targets, Khamenei's advisor says|date=22 June 2025|website=France 24|accessdate=22 June 2025}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last1=Cleave |first1=Iona |last2=Crilly |first2=Rob |last3=Smith |first3=Benedict |last4=Kelly |first4=Kieran |last5=Hymas |first5=Charles |last6=Henderson |first6=Cameron |date=22 June 2025 |title=US-Iran attack latest: Operation Midnight Hammer inflicted 'extreme damage and destruction' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2025/06/22/us-strikes-iran-latest-updates/ |access-date=22 June 2025 |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> The potential closure of the strait, through which 20% of the world's oil supply transits, would significantly disrupt global energy markets. Such a move could cause oil prices to increase and risk destabilizing the global economy, given the strait's critical role as a maritime chokepoint for crude oil, liquefied natural gas, and other [[petroleum product]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2025 |title=Iran to block Strait of Hormuz after US strikes. Why it matters |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/iran-parliament-approves-closure-of-strait-of-hormuz-a-key-oil-chokepoint-report-2744622-2025-06-22 |access-date=23 June 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> On 23 June 2025, [[Benchmark (crude oil)|oil prices]] were below $70 again (7% lower than on 20 June), indicating that the [[price of oil|oil market]] viewed the U.S. strikes, and Iran's response (the strait remaining open, and [[2025 Iranian strikes on Al Udeid Air Base]]), as inconsequential.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sheikhlar |first1=Shahriar |title=Oil Prices Crash After Iran Strikes U.S. Bases |url=https://oilprice.com/Energy/Oil-Prices/Oil-Prices-Crash-After-Iran-Strikes-US-Bases.html |website=OilPrice.com |language=en |date=23 June 2025}}</ref> ==== 2026 ==== {{Main|2026 Strait of Hormuz crisis}} {{See also|2026 Iran war}} Before the [[2026 Israeli–United States strikes on Iran]], [[Marine insurance|ship insurance]] for the strait increased from 0.125% to between 0.2% and 0.4% of the ship insurance value per transit. For very large oil tankers, this is an increase of a quarter of a million dollars.<ref name=waisn>{{cite web |title=AIS Ship Tracking in the Strait of Hormuz: Inside the Crisis Shutting Down Global Oil |url=https://www.worldwideais.org/post/strait-of-hormuz-ais-tracking-iran-crisis |website=Worldwide AIS Network |language=en |date=28 February 2026}}</ref> By 9 March, insurance rates were reported to have increased by four to six times over the previous week, and the U.S. government began to help insurers under the [[Terrorism Risk Insurance Act]].<ref name=cnbc-20260309>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2026/03/09/one-big-reason-ships-and-insurers-are-unwilling-to-risk-strait-of-hormuz.html |title=There's another big reason why shipping companies and insurers aren't willing to risk the Strait of Hormuz |last=Brewer |first=Contessa |publisher=CNBC News |date=9 March 2026 |access-date=11 March 2026}}</ref> On 28 February 2026, amid the [[2026 Iran war]] and after the [[Assassination of Ali Khamenei|assassination]] of Iranian supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]], [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|Iran's Revolutionary Guards]] began issuing {{abbrlink|VHF|very-high-frequency}} transmissions stating that ship passages through the Strait of Hormuz were "not allowed".<ref name=":5">{{cite news |title=Iran's revolutionary guards tell ships passage through Strait of Hormuz 'not allowed', EU naval mission official says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-revolutionary-guards-tell-ships-passage-through-strait-hormuz-not-allowed-2026-02-28/ |access-date=28 February 2026 |work=Reuters |date=28 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-28 |title=Iran: Ships' passage through Strait of Hormuz 'not allowed' |url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-888294 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |language=en |issn=0792-822X }}</ref> Although the closure is not legally binding, military and industry sources say that safety cannot be guaranteed, and many ships stayed in port or turned back,<ref>{{cite web |title=Iran closes Strait of Hormuz after US-Israel strikes, reports say |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-strait-of-hormuz-closed-oil-shipments-suspended-us-attack-b2929506.html |website=[[The Independent]] |language=en |date=28 February 2026}}</ref> while at least 17 oil tankers continued traveling through the strait.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oil Tankers Avoiding Vital Hormuz Strait After U.S. Bombs Iran {{!}} SupplyChainBrain |url=https://www.supplychainbrain.com/articles/43560-oil-tankers-avoiding-vital-hormuz-strait-after-us-bombs-iran |website=www.supplychainbrain.com |language=en |date=28 February 2026}}</ref> [[File:Strait of Hormuz Transits.webp|thumb|center|upright=1.5|سال 2026ع جي شروعات ۾ هرمز گذرگاهه جي ٽرانزٽ ۾ ڪمي جو گراف.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://portwatch.imf.org/pages/cc317ba850e34c4dadbead6f7b336fb1 |title = Trade disruptions in the Strait of Hormuz due to attacks on commercial ships |website = PortWatch |publisher = International Monetary Fund |access-date = 14 March 2026 }}</ref>]] 2 مارچ تي، اسلامي انقلابي گارڊ ڪور (IRGC) سرڪاري طور تي تصديق ڪئي ته هرمز جي گذرگاهه بند ڪئي وئي آهي<ref>{{Cite news|title=Iran says will attack any ship trying to pass through Strait of Hormuz|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/2/iran-says-will-attack-any-ship-trying-to-pass-through-strait-of-hormuz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260309190408/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/2/iran-says-will-attack-any-ship-trying-to-pass-through-strait-of-hormuz|archive-date=2026-03-09|access-date=2026-03-13|work=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> ۽ جيڪو به جهاز گذرگاهه ۾ داخل ٿيندو ان کي باهه ڏني ويندي. اهو ايران جي حملي جي ڪيترن ئي رپورٽن کان پوءِ آيو آهي جيڪي هرمز جي آبنائي ۾ گذرندڙ جهازن تي هئا. تنهن هوندي به، ڪجهه جهاز اڃا تائين محفوظ طور تي آبنائي مان گذريا. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Slav|first=Irina|date=6 March 2026|title=Daily Ship Traffic in Strait of Hormuz Plummets From 138 to Just 2|url=https://oilprice.com/Latest-Energy-News/World-News/Daily-Ship-Traffic-in-Strait-of-Hormuz-Plummets-From-138-to-Just-2.html|access-date=2026-03-07|website=OilPrice.com|language=en}}</ref> ٻئي ڏينهن، صدر [[ڊونلڊ ٽرمپ]] چيو ته "آمريڪا جي نيوي "جلد کان جلد" گذرگاهه ذريعي گذرندڙ ٽينڪرن کي بچائڻ لاء حڪمت عملي شروع ڪندي".<ref>https://www.bbc.com/audio/play/p0n4g9lw</ref> <small>12</small> مارچ تي، هرمز جي گذرگاهه ۾ ٽي ڪارگو جهازن کي نشانو بڻايو ويو. اهو ساڳئي ڏينهن، جڏهن توانائي جي بين الاقوامي ايجنسي (<small>IEA</small>) پاران اعلان ڪيل <small>400</small> ملين بيرل تيل جي ڇڏڻ جو اعلان ڪيو ويو، تي ٿيو.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-03-11|title=Ships hit in Strait of Hormuz as countries agree to release emergency oil reserves|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cr5l988qr47o|access-date=2026-03-12|website=www.bbc.com|language=en-GB}}</ref> اهو پڻ چيو ويو ته هرمز جي گذرگاهه ۾ ايران پاران لڳ ڀڳ هڪ درجن بارودي سرنگون مقرر ڪيون آهن، جنهن سان تيل ۽ ايل اين جي جي برآمدات بند ٿي ويون آهن.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2026-03-12|title=Iran has laid about a dozen mines in Strait of Hormuz, sources say|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/middle-east/iran-has-laid-about-a-dozen-mines-in-strait-of-hormuz-sources-say|access-date=2026-03-12|work=The Straits Times|language=en|issn=0585-3923}}</ref> 15 مارچ تي، جڏهن ايران اعلان ڪيو ته هنن سامونڊي پاڻي جي رستي تي ڪنٽرول ڪيو آهي، ٽرمپ چيو ته يورپي ۽ ايشيائي قومن جو اتحاد سامونڊي مفادن جي حفاظت لاءِ اتي جنگي جهاز موڪليندو. بهرحال، انهن قومن اهڙي اتحاد کي رد ڪري ڇڏيو ۽ تڪرار جو سفارتي حل ڳولي رهيا آهن. <ref>[https://www.newsweek.com/european-allies-talk-iran-seek-safe-passage-hormuz-report-11673758 "European Allies Talk With Iran to Seek Safe Passage Through Hormuz: Report"] ''newsweek.com''. Accessed 15 Mar 2026.</ref> ٽرمپ خبردار ڪيو آهي ته جيڪڏهن چين هرمز جي گذرگاهه کي محفوظ بڻائڻ ۾ آمريڪا جي مدد نه ڪندو ته چيني اڳواڻ [[شي جنپنگ|شي جن پنگ]] سان رٿيل سربراهي اجلاس خطري ۾ پئجي سگهي ٿو. هي اهم پاڻي جو رستو، جنهن مان عالمي تيل جو 20 سيڪڙو گذري ٿو، آمريڪا، اسرائيل ۽ ايران جي وچ ۾ جاري تڪرار جي ڪري رڪاوٽن کي منهن ڏئي رهيو آهي. ٽرمپ زور ڏنو ته چين، جيڪو پنهنجي توانائي جي درآمد جي 90 سيڪڙو لاءِ آبنائي تي ڀاڙي ٿو، ان کي محفوظ ڪرڻ لاءِ صرف آمريڪا تي ڇڏڻ بدران، ان کي کليل رکڻ جي ذميواري شيئر ڪرڻ گهرجي.<ref>{{Cite web|title=No help, no meeting: Trump warns Xi summit at risk if China doesn’t help keep Hormuz open|url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/no-help-no-meeting-trump-warns-xi-summit-at-risk-if-china-doesnt-help-keep-hormuz-open-13989845.html|date=2026-03-16|website=Firstpost}}</ref> ==ايران جي گذرگاهه بند ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت== {{see also|ايران جي فوج}} ملينيم چئلينج 2002ع هڪ وڏي جنگي مشق هئي، جيڪا سال 2002ع ۾ آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجن پاران ڪئي وئي هئي. ان ۾ هڪ ملڪ (ممڪن طور تي ايران) پاران گذرگاهه کي بند ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش جي نقل ڪئي وئي هئي. مفروضا ۽ نتيجا متنازع هئا. ايران جي نقلي حڪمت عملي مادي طور تي اعليٰ آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجن کي شڪست ڏني.<ref name="CSmon02">{{cite web|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2012/0126/How-Iran-could-beat-up-on-America-s-superior-military|title=How Iran could beat up on America's superior military|last=Peterson|first=Scott|work=Christian Science Monitor|date=26 January 2012|access-date=25 February 2012|archive-date=17 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217154700/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2012/0126/How-Iran-could-beat-up-on-America-s-superior-military|url-status=live}}</ref> بين الاقوامي سيڪيورٽي ۾ سال 2008ع جي هڪ مضمون ۾ دعويٰ ڪئي وئي هئي ته ايران هڪ مهيني لاءِ گذرگاهه ۾ ٽرئفڪ کي سيل ڪري سگهي ٿو يا روڪي سگهي ٿو ۽ آمريڪا پاران ان کي ٻيهر کولڻ جي ڪوشش تڪرار کي وڌائڻ جو سبب بڻجندي. <ref>[http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/18409/closing_time.html Closing Time: Assessing the Iranian Threat to the Strait of Hormuz] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821160546/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/18409/closing_time.html|date=21 August 2008}}, by Caitlin Talmadge, ''[[International Security]]'', Harvard Kennedy School</ref> پوء جي شماري ۾، جرنل هڪ جواب شايع ڪيو، جنهن ۾ اهم مفروضن تي سوال اٿاريو ۽ ٻيهر کولڻ لاءِ هڪ تمام مختصر وقت تجويز ڪيو.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=O'Neil|first1=William D.|last2=Talmadge|first2=Caitlin|title=Costs and Difficulties of Blocking the Strait of Hormuz|url=http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1162/isec.2009.33.3.190|url-status=live|journal=International Security|volume=33|issue=3|pages=190–198|year=2009|access-date=28 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423163156/https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1162/isec.2009.33.3.190|archive-date=23 April 2019|s2cid=18420122|hdl=1721.1/57443|hdl-access=free|doi=10.1162/isec.2009.33.3.190}}</ref> وڌيڪ اهو ته گذرگاهه ذريعي تيل جي برآمدات تي ايران جي پنهنجي انحصار ۽ انهي سان گڏ درآمدات، پنهنجي طور تي تيل صاف ڪرڻ جي ناڪامي جي ڪري، ايران پاران گذرگاهه جي بندش ممڪن ناهي.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pham|first1=Peter J|title=Iran's threat to the strait of Hormuz: A realist assessment|journal=American Foreign Policy Interests|date=2010|volume=32|issue=2|pages=64–74|doi=10.1080/10803921003697542|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233290417}}</ref> درآمدات ۽ برآمدات لاءِ ايران جو گذرگاهه تي پنهنجو انحصار نه رڳو، اهو اشارو آهي، ته هڪ ڊگهي بندش پر واپار، جيڪو ان مان وهندو آهي، تي ان جي اتحادين جو انحصار پڻ ممڪن ناهي ۽ اهڙي بندش جو امڪان نه ٿيڻ جو مشورو ڏئي ٿو.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pham|first1=Peter J|title=Iran's Threat to the Strait of Hormuz: A Realist Assessment|journal=American Foreign Policy Interests|date=2010|volume=32|issue=2|pages=64–74|doi=10.1080/10803921003697542|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233290417}}</ref> هڪ نيوڪلاسيڪل حقيقت پسند تجزيو اسٽريٽ جي حوالي سان ايراني پاليسي کي "ٻٽي منهن" طور بيان ڪري ٿو. غير وجودي خطري واري ماحول ۾ تهران اسٽريٽ کي کليل رکڻ سان سيڪيورٽي فراهم ڪندڙ طور ڪم ڪرڻ جو رجحان رکي ٿو، جڏهن ته وجودي طور تي سمجهيل خطرن جي تحت اهو حساب ڪتاب وارا خطرا کڻندو آهي ۽ آبي رستي کي هڪ وسيع دفاعي هٿيار ۽ برڪمين شپ حڪمت عملي ۾ شامل ڪندو آهي. هي تشريح ايران کي هڪ ردعمل واري اداڪار جي طور تي پيش ڪري ٿو جو رعايتون حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ هن کي هٿيار طور استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Divsallar|first1=Abdolrasool|title=Shifting Threats and Strategic Adjustment in Iran's Foreign Policy: The case of Strait of Hormuz|journal=British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies|date=2022|volume=49|issue=5|pages=873–895|doi=10.1080/13530194.2021.1874873|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2021.1874873|url-access=subscription}}</ref> ۽ بين الاقوامي برادري طرفان ڊي-اسڪيليٽري قدمن کي متحرڪ ڪري سگهي ٿو.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Divsallar|first1=Abdolrasool|title=Shifting Threats and Strategic Adjustment in Iran's Foreign Policy: The case of Strait of Hormuz|journal=British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies|date=2022|volume=49|issue=5|pages=873–895|doi=10.1080/13530194.2021.1874873|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2021.1874873|url-access=subscription}}</ref> هي نظريا پڻ زور ڏيڻ ٿا ته هرمز جي گذرگاهه جي حوالي سان ايران جي حڪمت عملي پاڻي رستي تي ان جي پنهنجي، اهم ڀائيوارن، مادي حدن ۽ پابندين جي انحصار جي ڪري محدود آهي، جيڪو ان جي آزادي کي گهٽائي ٿو ۽ خطرو کڻڻ ۽ مشورو ڏئي ٿو ته ڪو به ڊگهو بندش ايران ۽ ان جي اتحادين لاءِ خاص طور تي نقصان ڪار هوندو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Divsallar |first1=Abdolrasool |title=Shifting Threats and Strategic Adjustment in Iran's Foreign Policy: The case of Strait of Hormuz |journal=British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies |date=2022 |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=873–895 |doi=10.1080/13530194.2021.1874873 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2021.1874873|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pham |first1=Peter J. |title=Iran's Threat to the Strait of Hormuz: A Realist Assessment |journal=American Foreign Policy Interests |date=2010 |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=64–74 |doi=10.1080/10803921003697542 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10803921003697542|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Daozheng |last2=Wang |first2=Shun |last3=Loughney |first3=Sean |last4=Wang |first4=Jin |title=Evolutionary Game Model of Strategic Maritime Transport Passages: A Case of the Strait of Hormuz |journal=Journal of Marine Science and Engineering |date=2022 |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=346 |doi=10.3390/jmse10030346 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022JMSE...10..346H }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ratner |first1=Michael |title=Iran's threats, the Strait of Hormuz, and oil markets: In brief |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs_external/products/R/PDF/R45281/R45281.pdf |website=Congressional Research Service |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> ڊسمبر 2011ع ۾، ايران جي نيوي هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه سان گڏ بين الاقوامي پاڻين ۾ ڏهه ڏينهن جي مشق شروع ڪئي. ايراني ريئر ايڊمرل حبيب الله سياري چيو ته گذرگاهه کي مشق دوران بند نه ڪيو ويندو. ايراني فوجون آساني سان اهو ڪم ڪري سگهن ٿيون، پر اهڙو فيصلو سياسي سطح تي ٿيڻ گهرجي.<ref>{{cite news|title=Iranian navy begins exercise in waters near strategic oil route|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2011-12/26/content_14324816.htm|newspaper=[[China Daily]]|date=26 December 2011|access-date=8 January 2012|archive-date=28 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228055936/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2011-12/26/content_14324816.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="cncbEasyClose2">{{cite news|title=Shutting Off Gulf 'Very Easy': Iran Navy Chief|url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/45803146|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924081727/https://www.cnbc.com/id/45803146|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|agency=Reuters|publisher=CNBC|date=28 December 2011|access-date=8 January 2012}}</ref> پينٽاگون جي ترجمان، ڪئپٽن جان ڪربي پاران ڊسمبر <small>2011</small>ع ۾ حوالو ڏنو ويو جن ۾ چيو ويو هو ته "دنيا جي ان حصي ۾ تڪرار وڌائڻ جون ڪوششون غير مددگار ۽ غير پيداواري آهن. اسان جي طرفان، اسان مطمئن آهيون ته اسان وٽ خطي ۾ ڪافي صلاحيتون آهن ته اسان پنهنجن دوستن ۽ ڀائيوارن ۽ انهي سان گڏ بين الاقوامي برادري سان ڪيل واعدن جو احترام ڪري سگهون". بروڪنگس انسٽيٽيوٽ جي هڪ ماهر، سوزانئ مئلوني چيو ته "اميد اها آهي ته آمريڪي فوج ڪنهن به ايراني خطري کي نسبتاً جلدي حل ڪري سگهي ٿي." سال 2012ع ۾ آمريڪي جوائنٽ چيفس آف اسٽاف جي چيئرمين، جنرل مارٽن ڊيمپسي چيو هو ته، "ايران صلاحيتن ۾ سيڙپڪاري ڪئي آهي، جيڪي حقيقت ۾ ڪجهه وقت لاءِ هرمز گذرگاهه کي بلاڪ ڪري سگهن ٿيون." هن چيو ته، "اسان صلاحيتن ۾ سيڙپڪاري ڪيا آهيون ته جيئن يقيني بڻايو وڃي ته جيڪڏهن اهو ٿئي ٿو، ته اسان ان کي شڪست ڏئي سگهون ٿا."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-01-08/iran-able-to-block-strait-of-hormuz-general-dempsey-tells-cbs.html|title=Iran Has Ability to Block Strait of Hormuz, U.S. General Dempsey Tells CBS|date=8 January 2012|publisher=Bloomberg|access-date=9 January 2012|first1=Kathleen|last1=Hunter|first2=Viola|last2=Gienger|archive-date=10 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110055805/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-01-08/iran-able-to-block-strait-of-hormuz-general-dempsey-tells-cbs.html|url-status=live}}</ref> مئي <small>2012</small><small>ع</small> ۾ سمندري قانون جي ترڪ محقق، نيلوفر اورل جو هڪ مضمون اهو نتيجو ڪڍي ٿو ته، جيڪڏهن ايران ٻيڙين، جهڙوڪ تيل جي ٽينڪرن، جي گذرڻ کي روڪڻ جي پنهنجي منصوبي تي عمل ڪندو، اهو <small>UNCLOS</small>، جيڪو سال <small>1994</small>ع ۾ لاڳو ٿيو ۽ سال <small>1958</small>ع جي وڏي سمنڊن تي ڪنوينشن، ٻنهي جي خلاف ورزي ڪئي ويندي ۽ اهو ته گذرڻ جو عمل قانوني طور تي اقتصادي پابنديون لاڳو ڪرڻ سان لاڳاپيل ناهي. مضمون وڌيڪ زور ڏئي ٿو ته هڪ ساحلي رياست "ٽرانزٽ يا غير معطل معصوم گذرڻ" کي صرف تڏهن روڪي سگهي ٿي جڏهن: # گذرڻ دوران طاقت جو خطرو يا حقيقي استعمال ٿئي. # ڪنهن ٻئي طريقي سان جهاز بين الاقوامي قانون جي اصولن، جيئن گڏيل قومن جي چارٽر ۾ شامل آهن، جي خلاف ورزي ڪري ٿو.<ref name="onasil2">{{cite journal|last=Oral|first=Nilufer|title=Transit Passage Rights in the Strait of Hormuz and Iran's Threats to Block the Passage of Oil Tankers|journal=Insights|date=3 May 2012|volume=16|issue=16|url=https://www.asil.org/insights/volume/16/issue/16/transit-passage-rights-strait-hormuz-and-iran%E2%80%99s-threats-block-passage|publisher=[[American Society of International Law]]|access-date=26 August 2019|archive-date=5 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005105452/https://www.asil.org/insights/volume/16/issue/16/transit-passage-rights-strait-hormuz-and-iran%E2%80%99s-threats-block-passage|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2013ع</small> تائين، <small>UNCLOS</small> معاهدي جي تصديق <small>63</small> رياستن، جنهن ۾ گھڻيون نيٽو-بلاڪ ۽ سوويت-بلاڪ جو قومون شامل آهن، پاران ڪئي وئي هئي، سواء اوپيڪ ۽ عرب ليگ جي گهڻن ملڪن، جهڙوڪ شام، مصر، اردن، سعودي عرب ۽ ايران ۽ انهي سان گڏ چين، اتر ڪوريا ۽ ڏکڻ ڪوريا، جنهن پاران تصديق نه ڪئي وئي هئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXI-2&chapter=21&lang=en|title=United Nations Treaty Collection - Chapter XXI: Law of the Sea|access-date=3 May 2013|archive-date=17 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017195214/http://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXI-2&chapter=21&lang=en|url-status=dead}}</ref> فيبروري <small>2026</small>ع تائين، آمريڪا کانسواءِ، جنهن معاهدي جي تصديق نه ڪئي آهي. يورپي يونين ۽ سڀني وڏين طاقتن سميت سميت <small>157</small> خودمختيار رياستون معاهدي ۾ شامل آهن.<ref>{{Cite web|title=United Nations Treaty Collection|url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetailsIII.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXI-6&chapter=21&Temp=mtdsg3&clang=_en|access-date=29 July 2024|website=treaties.un.org|language=EN}}</ref> ==متبادل رستا== [[File:Crude oil, condensate, and petroleum products transported through the Strait of Hormuz in 2014 through 2018 (48097472312) (cropped).png|thumb|upright=1.2|حبشان-فجيره تيل جي پائپ لائن ۽ ابقيق- ينبوع اين جي ايل پائپ لائنن جو نقشو]] سال <small>2025</small>ع تائين، روزانو لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ڪروڙ <small>50</small> لک بيرل تيل جي منتقلي گذرگاهه ذريعي ڪئي ويندي هئي. ساحلي پائپ لائنن جي وڌ ۾ وڌ گنجائش تقريباً <small>30</small> لک بيرل آهي. مايع قدرتي گئس (<small>LNG</small>) جي مڪمل طور تي ٻيڙين جي ذريعي، گذرگاهه جي ذريعي ممڪن آهي.<ref>{{cite web|title=How a US-Israeli war on Iran could upend global oil and gas supplies|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-us-strait-of-hormuz-asia-energy-threat-israel-b2925545.html|publisher=[[The Independent]]|language=en|date=25 February 2026}}</ref><ref name="AlJ02">{{cite web|title=New UAE pipeline bypasses Strait of Hormuz|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/07/2012715172345810758.html|date=15 July 2012|access-date=27 July 2012|work=aljazeera.com|archive-date=25 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725142005/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/07/2012715172345810758.html|url-status=live}}</ref> جون <small>2012</small>ع ۾، [[سعودي عرب]] عراق-سعودي عرب پائپ لائن (<small>IPSA</small>) کي ٻيهر کوليو، جيڪي سال <small>2001</small>ع ۾ [[عراق]] کان بيهر حاصل ڪئي وئي هئي. اها عراق کان سعودي عرب جي ذريعي [[ڳاڙهو سمنڊ|ڳاڙهي سمنڊ]] جي بندرگاهه تائين سفر ڪري ٿي. ان جي روزاني گنجائش <small>16</small> لک <small>50</small> هزار (<small>2,62,000</small> ڪعبي ميٽر) آهي.<ref name="FPluft02">{{cite web|title=Choke Point|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/07/19/choke_points|last=Luft|first=Gal|date=19 July 2012|access-date=6 August 2012|work=foreignpolicy.com|archive-date=23 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723001034/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/07/19/choke_points|url-status=dead}}</ref> جولاءِ <small>2012</small>ع ۾، [[گڏيل عرب اماراتون|گڏيل عرب امارات]] نئين حبشان-فجيره تيل پائپ لائن ([[ابوظهبي|ابو ظهبي]] ۾ حبشان فيلڊ کان [[عمان جي نار|اومان جي نار]] تي فجيره تيل ٽرمينل تائين) کي مؤثر طريقي سان آبنائي هرمز کي نظرانداز ڪندي استعمال ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. ان جي وڌ ۾ وڌ گنجائش تقريباً 20 لک بيرل (<small>3,20,000</small> ڪعبي ميٽر) في ڏينهن آهي، جيڪي امارات جي سال 2012ع جي پيداوار جي شرح جي ٽن چوٿين کان وڌيڪ آهي. گڏيل عرب امارات فجيره جي اسٽوريج ۽ آف لوڊنگ جي گنجائش کي پڻ وڌائي رهيو آهي.<ref name="FPluft04">{{cite web|title=Choke Point|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/07/19/choke_points|last=Luft|first=Gal|date=19 July 2012|access-date=6 August 2012|work=foreignpolicy.com|archive-date=23 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723001034/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/07/19/choke_points|url-status=dead}}</ref> گڏيل عرب امارات فجيره ۾ دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي خام تيل جي ذخيري جي سهولت ٺاهي رهيو آهي جن ۾ هڪ ڪروڙ <small>40</small> لک بيرل (<small>22,00,000</small> ڪعبي ميٽر) رکڻ جي گنجائش آهي.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/news/general/worlds-largest-crude-oil-storage-facility-to-be-built-in-uae|title=World's largest crude oil storage facility to be built in UAE|work=Khaleej Times|date=27 February 2019|access-date=27 February 2019|archive-date=1 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401051150/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/news/general/worlds-largest-crude-oil-storage-facility-to-be-built-in-uae|url-status=live}}</ref> عالمي تيل ۽ واپاري مرڪز جي طور فجيره جي واڌ کي وڌائڻ لاءِ، حبشان-فجيره رستو امارات جي توانائي جي حفاظت کي محفوظ بڻائي ٿو ۽ ان کي زميني تيل پائپ لائن ٽرانسپورٽ، جيڪو تيل جي ٽرانسپورٽ جو سستو ترين روپ سمجهيو ويندو آهي، هجڻ جو فائدو آهي ۽ انشورنس جي قيمتن کي به گھٽائي ٿو، جئين ته تيل ٽينڪرن کي هاڻي فارس جي نار ۾ داخل نه ٿيڻ جي ضرورت نه پوندي.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://gulfnews.com/business/analysis/the-uaes-longer-term-approach-on-energy-security-1.62481848|title=The UAE's longer term approach on energy security|author=Gulf News|date=6 March 2019|access-date=21 March 2019|archive-date=21 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321220630/https://gulfnews.com/business/analysis/the-uaes-longer-term-approach-on-energy-security-1.62481848|url-status=live}}</ref> جولاءِ <small>2012</small>ع جي فارن پاليسي آرٽيڪل ۾، گال لوفٽ [[ايران]] ۽ آبنائے هرمز جو مقابلو [[عثماني سلطنت]] ۽ داردانيلس سان ڪيو، جيڪو هڪ صدي اڳ روسي اناج جي ترسيل لاءِ هڪ رڪاوٽ هو. هن اشارو ڪيو ته هرمز گذرگاهه ۾ ڇڪتاڻ انهن ماڻهن کي متبادل جهاز راني صلاحيتون ڳولڻ تي مجبور ڪري رهي آهي جيڪا هن وقت فارس جي نار مان ترسيل تي منحصر آهن. هن چيو ته سعودي عرب [[اومان]] ۽ [[يمن]] تائين نئين پائپ لائنون ٺاهڻ تي غور ڪري رهيو آهي ۽ عراق شايد خام تيل کي ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ تائين پهچائڻ لاءِ استعمال نه ٿيندڙ عراق-شام پائپ لائن کي بحال ڪري سگهي ٿو. لوفت چيو ته هرمز جي ٽرئفڪ کي گهٽائڻ "مغرب کي پنهنجي موجوده ايران کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ جي حڪمت عملي کي وڌائڻ جو هڪ نئون موقعو پيش ڪري ٿو."<ref name="FPluft03">{{cite web|title=Choke Point|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/07/19/choke_points|last=Luft|first=Gal|date=19 July 2012|access-date=6 August 2012|work=foreignpolicy.com|archive-date=23 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723001034/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/07/19/choke_points|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==پڻ ڏسو== * {{Portal|ايران|سمنڊ}} * [[ابو موسي ٻيٽ|ابو موسيٰ ٻيٽ]] * [[بندر لينگه]] - ايران جي هرمزگان صوبي ۾ شهر * [[عمان جي نار]] * [[فارس جي نار]] * [[هرمزگان صوبو]] - ايران جو صوبو * [[هرمزگان جي بادشاهت]] - فارس جي نار ۾ بادشاهت (11هين صدي کان 1622ع) * [[سائرس اعظم]] - [[هخامنشي سلطنت]] جو باني ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Library resources box}} {{Commons category|Strait of Hormuz}} * {{cite book |author=Wise, Harold Lee |title=Inside the Danger Zone: The U.S. Military in the Persian Gulf 1987–88 |url=https://www.insidethedangerzone.com |location=Annapolis |publisher=[[Naval Institute Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-59114-970-5}} * {{cite book |author=Diba, Bahman Aghai |title=Is Iran legally permitted to close Strait of Hormuz to countries that impose sanctions against Iran's oil? |url=http://www.payvand.com/news/11/dec/1216.html |location=Cupertino, California |publisher=Payvand Iran News |year=2011 |access-date=22 February 2012 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225054713/http://www.payvand.com/news/11/dec/1216.html |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225054713/http://www.payvand.com/news/11/dec/1216.html |date=25 February 2021 }} * {{cite book |author=Hormuzi |title=what is tourist attractions around strait of Hormuz? |url=https://hormuztour.com}} * {{cite journal | last=Wählisch | first=Martin |title=The Iran-United States Dispute, the Strait of Hormuz, and International Law | journal=The [[Yale Journal of International Law]] | volume=37 | pages=22-34 | year= 2012 | ssrn=2070587 |url=http://www.yjil.org/online/volume-37-spring-2012/the-iran-united-states-dispute-the-strait-of-hormuz-and-international-law |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825032552/http://www.yjil.org/online/volume-37-spring-2012/the-iran-united-states-dispute-the-strait-of-hormuz-and-international-law |archive-date=25 August 2012}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Strait Of Hormuz}} [[زمرو:هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه]] [[زمرو:سامونڊي گذرگاهون]] [[زمرو:فارس جي نار]] [[زمرو:عمان جي ساحلي جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:ايران جي ساحلي جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:ايران جا پاڻي جا جسم]] [[زمرو:عمان جا پاڻي جا جسم]] [[زمرو:گڏيل عرب امارات جا پاڻي جا جسم]] [[زمرو:ايران جون سرحدون]] [[زمرو:عمان جون حدون]] [[زمرو:گڏيل عرب امارات جون حدون]] [[زمرو:عمان جي نار]] [[زمرو:هرمزگان صوبي جون زميني شڪلون]] [[زمرو:بين الاقوامي سامونڊي گذرگاهون|هرمز]] [[زمرو:فارسي نار جا پاڻي جا جسم]] [[زمرو:ايشيا جون سامونڊي گذرگاهون|هرمز]] [[زمرو:هندي سمنڊ جون سامونڊي گذرگاهون|هرمز]] [[زمرو:ايران جون سامونڊي گذرگاهون|هرمز]] fvlocpkywwj6jbaz1yalocd62z9r1dd ماڊيول:Yesno/doc 828 93814 367948 366855 2026-03-28T00:29:40Z Intisar Ali 8681 صفحو خالي ڪري ڇڏيو 367948 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 367949 367948 2026-03-28T01:02:39Z Intisar Ali 8681 367949 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{pp|small=yes}} </noinclude>{{used in system}} {{Module rating|protected}} {{cascade-protected template|page=module}} هي ماڊيول boolean يا boolean جهڙي اسٽرنگ انپٽ کي پروسيس ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪجهڙو انٽرفيس مهيا ڪري ٿو. Lua ۾ سڌو سنئون <code>true</code> ۽ <code>false</code> boolean ويليوز استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿا، پر وڪي ڪوڊ سانچن ۾ boolean ويليوز صرف اسٽرنگن جهڙوڪ "yes"، "no" وغيره ذريعي ظاهر ڪري سگهجن ٿا. هي ماڊيول اهڙين اسٽرنگن کي پروسيس ڪري انهن کي Lua لاءِ boolean ويليوز ۾ تبديل ڪري ٿو. هي ماڊيول <code>nil</code> ويليو کي به <code>nil</code> ئي موٽائي ٿو، جيئن <code>nil</code> ۽ <code>false</code> جي وچ ۾ فرق برقرار رهي. هي ماڊيول ٻين Lua ڊيٽا قسمن کي به انپٽ طور قبول ڪري ٿو، جهڙوڪ: * boolean * number * table * function جيڪڏهن ماڊيول کي اهڙو انپٽ ڏنو وڃي جيڪو boolean يا <code>nil</code> طور سڃاڻپ ۾ نه اچي، ته هڪ ڊفالٽ ويليو مقرر ڪري سگهجي ٿي جيڪا نتيجي طور واپس ڪئي ويندي. == Syntax == <syntaxhighlight lang="lua"> yesno(value, default) </syntaxhighlight> <code>value</code> اها ويليو آهي جنهن کي جاچڻو آهي. Boolean يا boolean جهڙو انپٽ هميشه <code>true</code> يا <code>false</code> ۾ تبديل ٿيندو، ۽ <code>nil</code> هميشه <code>nil</code> رهندو. ٻيون ويليوز <code>default</code> جي برابر ٿينديون. == استعمال == پهريان ماڊيول لوڊ ڪيو. ياد رکو ته اهو صرف ٻين Lua ماڊيولن مان لوڊ ڪري سگهجي ٿو، عام وڪي صفحن مان نه. عام وڪي صفحن لاءِ {{tl|yesno}} استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو. <syntaxhighlight lang="lua"> local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') </syntaxhighlight> ڪجهه انپٽ هميشه <code>true</code> ڏيندا، ۽ ڪجهه هميشه <code>false</code>. <syntaxhighlight lang="lua"> -- هي هميشه true ڏيندا: yesno('yes') yesno('y') yesno('true') yesno('t') yesno('on') yesno('1') yesno(1) yesno(true) -- هي هميشه false ڏيندا: yesno('no') yesno('n') yesno('false') yesno('f') yesno('off') yesno('0') yesno(0) yesno(false) -- nil هميشه nil ڏيندو: yesno(nil) yesno() </syntaxhighlight> اسٽرنگ کي lowercase ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويندو: <syntaxhighlight lang="lua"> yesno('Yes') yesno('YES') yesno('yEs') yesno('Y') yesno('tRuE') yesno('No') yesno('NO') yesno('nO') yesno('N') yesno('fALsE') </syntaxhighlight> ===اڻڄاتل انپٽ ('foo')=== جيڪڏهن yesno کي اهڙو انپٽ ملي جيڪو مٿين فهرست ۾ نه هجي، ته توهان default ويليو ڏئي سگهو ٿا. جيڪڏهن default نه ڏنو وڃي ته نتيجو <code>nil</code> هوندو. <syntaxhighlight lang="lua"> -- nil موٽائيندا: yesno(nil) yesno('foo') yesno({}) yesno(5) yesno('') yesno(function() return 'This is a function.' end) -- true موٽائيندا: yesno('foo', true) yesno({}, true) yesno(5, true) -- "bar" موٽائيندا: yesno('foo', 'bar') yesno({}, 'bar') yesno(5, 'bar') </syntaxhighlight> خالي اسٽرنگ عام طور وڪي ٽيڪسٽ ۾ false هوندي آهي، پر Lua ۾ true هوندي آهي. هي ماڊيول Lua جي رويي کي ترجيح ڏئي ٿو. جيڪڏهن خالي اسٽرنگ کي false طور استعمال ڪرڻ ضروري هجي، ته Module:Arguments استعمال ڪريو. === nil نتيجن کي سنڀالڻ === <syntaxhighlight lang="lua"> yesno(nil) -- nil yesno('foo') -- nil yesno(nil, true) -- nil yesno(nil, false) -- nil yesno('foo', true) -- true </syntaxhighlight> صرف true/false نتيجا حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ: <syntaxhighlight lang="lua"> myvariable = yesno(value or false) myvariable = yesno(value or true) myvariable = yesno('foo') or false myvariable = yesno('foo', true) or false </syntaxhighlight> بهتر طريقو: <syntaxhighlight lang="lua"> local myvariable = yesno(value) if myvariable == nil then myvariable = true end </syntaxhighlight> 5levkxvye5ue9d3jzuamh0ce1t0k6ld ڪاربن نينوٽيوب 0 94079 367814 2026-03-27T12:41:06Z Ibne maryam 17680 صفحي "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344432038|Carbon nanotube]]" جي شروعاتي ڀاڱي جو ترجمو ڪندي سرجيو ويو 367814 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chiraltube.png|thumb|هڪ خول واري ڪاربن نينوٽيوب جي اسڪيننگ ٽنلنگ مائڪروسڪوپي تصوير]] [[File:Kohlenstoffnanoroehre_Animation.gif|thumb|گھمندڙ سنگل ڀت واري زگ زيگ ڪاربن نينوٽيوب]] '''ڪاربان نينوٽيوب''' ( '''CNT''' ) ڪاربان مان ٺهيل هڪ ٽيوب آهي جن جو قطر نينوميٽر حدن ( [[نينو ٽيڪنالاجي|نانو اسڪيل]] ) ۾ آهي. اهي ڪاربان جي ايلوٽروپ مان هڪ آهن. ڪاربان نانوٽيوب جون ٻه وڏي قسمون سڃاتل آهن: * ''سنگل ڀت واري ڪاربن نينوٽيوب'' ( ''SWCNTs'' ) جو قطر تقريباً 0.5-2.0 نانو ميٽر هوندو آهي، جيڪو انساني وار جي ويڪر جو 1,00,000هون حصو آهي. انهن کي هڪ ٻه-طول عرض واري گرافين شيٽ مان ڪٽ آئوٽ جي طور تي جيڪو هڪ خالي سلنڈر ٺاهڻ لاءِ مٿي ڪيو ويندو آهي، لاء مثالي بڻائي سگهجي ٿو. * ''گھڻ-ديوار واري ڪاربن نينوٽيوب'' ( ''MWCNTs'' ) هڪ نيسٽڊ، ٽيوب-۾-ٽيوب ڍانچي ۾ نيسٽڊ سنگل-ديوار واري ڪاربن نينوٽيوب تي مشتمل آهن. ٻٽي ۽ ٽي ڀتين واري ڪاربن نانوٽيوب (MWCNT) جا خاص ڪيس آهن. ڪاربن نينوٽيوب قابل ذڪر خاصيتون ڏيکاري سگهن ٿيون، جهڙوڪ غير معمولي ٽينسل طاقت ۽ حرارتي چالکائيڇاڪاڻ ته انهن جي نانو اسٽريچر ۽ ڪاربن ايٽمن جي وچ ۾ بانڊ جي طاقت . ڪجھ SWCNT ڍانچا اعليٰ برقي چالکائي ڏيکارين ٿا جڏهن ته ٻيا [[نيم پسرائيندڙ|سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر]] آهن. ان کان سواء، ڪاربان نينوٽيوب کي ڪيميائي طور تي تبديل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. انهن خاصيتن جي ٽيڪنالاجي جو ڪيترن ئي شعبن ۾ قيمتي هجڻ جي اميد آهي، جهڙوڪ [[اليڪٽرانڪس]]، [[بصريات|آپٽڪس]]، جامع مواد (ڪاربن فائبر کي تبديل ڪرڻ يا مڪمل ڪرڻ)، [[نينو ٽيڪنالاجي|نانو ٽيڪنالاجي]] (نينو ميڊيسن سميت) ۽ مواد سائنس جي ٻين ايپليڪيشنن ۾ قيمتي هجڻ جي اميد آهي. <small>SWCNTs</small> لاءِ اڳڪٿي ڪيل خاصيتون دلچسپ هيون، پر انهن کي گڏ ڪرڻ جو رستي جو 1993ع تائين فقدان هو، جڏهن NEC ۾ آئيجيما ۽ ايچيهاشي ۽ بيٿون ۽ IBM ۾ ساٿين آزاديءَ سان دريافت ڪيو ته ڪاربن جي گڏيل بخارات ۽ منتقلي ڌاتو جهڙوڪ لوهه ۽ ڪوبالٽ خاص طور تي <small>SWCNT</small> جي ٺهڻ کي متحرڪ ڪري سگهن ٿا. هي دريافت اهڙي تحقيق کي شروع ڪيو جيڪا ڪيٽيليٽڪ پيداوار ٽيڪنڪ جي ڪارڪردگي کي تمام گهڻو وڌائڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي ۽ SWCNTs جي خاصيت ۽ ايپليڪيشنن کي ڳولڻ لاءِ ڪم جي ڌماڪي جو سبب بڻي. owya9m5oaornft6p8kdud86javu5lm0 367815 367814 2026-03-27T12:49:24Z Ibne maryam 17680 367815 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chiraltube.png|thumb|هڪ خول واري ڪاربن نينوٽيوب جي اسڪيننگ ٽنلنگ مائڪروسڪوپي تصوير]] [[File:Kohlenstoffnanoroehre_Animation.gif|thumb|گھمندڙ سنگل ڀت واري زگ زيگ ڪاربن نينوٽيوب]] '''ڪاربان نينوٽيوب''' (CNT) ڪاربان مان ٺهيل هڪ ٽيوب آهي جن جو قطر نينوميٽر حدن ([[نينو ٽيڪنالاجي|نانو اسڪيل]]) ۾ آهي. اهي ڪاربان جي ايلوٽروپ مان هڪ آهن. ڪاربان نانوٽيوب جون ٻه وڏي قسمون سڃاتل آهن: * ''سنگل ڀت واري ڪاربن نينوٽيوب'' (SWCNTs) جو قطر تقريباً 0.5-2.0 نانو ميٽر هوندو آهي، جيڪو انساني وار جي ويڪر جو 1,00,000هون حصو آهي. انهن کي هڪ ٻه-طول عرض واري گرافين شيٽ مان ڪٽ آئوٽ جي طور تي جيڪو هڪ خالي سلنڈر ٺاهڻ لاءِ مٿي ڪيو ويندو آهي، لاء مثالي بڻائي سگهجي ٿو. * ''گھڻ-ديوار واري ڪاربن نينوٽيوب'' (MWCNTs) هڪ نيسٽڊ، ٽيوب-۾-ٽيوب ڍانچي ۾ نيسٽڊ سنگل-ديوار واري ڪاربن نينوٽيوب تي مشتمل آهن. ٻٽي ۽ ٽي ڀتين واري ڪاربن نانوٽيوب (MWCNT) جا خاص ڪيس آهن. ڪاربن نينوٽيوب قابل ذڪر خاصيتون، جهڙوڪ غير معمولي ٽينسل طاقت ۽ حرارتي چالکائيڇاڪاڻ ته انهن جي نينو اسٽريچر ۽ ڪاربن ايٽمن جي وچ ۾ بانڊ جي طاقت، ڏيکاري سگهن ٿيون. ڪجھ سنگل ڀت واري ڪاربن نينوٽيوب (SWCNT) ڍانچا اعليٰ برقي چالکائي ڏيکارين ٿا جڏهن ته ٻيا [[نيم پسرائيندڙ]] (Semiconductors) آهن. ان کان سواء، ڪاربان نينوٽيوب کي ڪيميائي طور تي تبديل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. انهن خاصيتن جي ٽيڪنالاجي جو ڪيترن ئي شعبن ۾ قيمتي هجڻ جي اميد آهي، جهڙوڪ [[اليڪٽرانڪس]]، [[بصريات]] (Optics) جامع مواد (ڪاربن فائبر کي تبديل ڪرڻ يا مڪمل ڪرڻ)، [[نينو ٽيڪنالاجي]] (نينو ميڊيسن سميت) ۽ مواد جي سائنس جي ٻين ايپليڪيشنن ۾ قيمتي هجڻ جي اميد آهي. <small>SWCNTs</small> لاءِ اڳڪٿي ڪيل خاصيتون دلچسپ هيون، پر انهن کي گڏ ڪرڻ جو رستي جو 1993ع تائين فقدان هو، جڏهن اين اي سي (NEC) ۾ آئيجيما ۽ ايچيهاشي ۽ بيٿون ۽ آء بي ايم (IBM) ۾ ساٿين آزاديءَ سان دريافت ڪيو ته ڪاربن جي گڏيل بخارات ۽ منتقلي ڌاتو جهڙوڪ لوهه ۽ ڪوبالٽ خاص طور تي <small>SWCNT</small> جي ٺهڻ کي متحرڪ ڪري سگهن ٿا. هي دريافت اهڙي تحقيق کي شروع ڪيو جيڪا ڪيٽيليٽڪ پيداوار ٽيڪنڪ جي ڪارڪردگي کي تمام گهڻو وڌائڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي ۽ SWCNTs جي خاصيت ۽ ايپليڪيشنن کي ڳولڻ لاءِ ڪم جي ڌماڪي جو سبب بڻي. ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons}} {{Scholia}} * [https://www.wecanfigurethisout.org/VL/Nanocarbon.htm Nanocarbon: From Graphene to Buckyballs]. Interactive 3D models of cyclohexane, benzene, graphene, graphite, chiral & non-chiral nanotubes, and C60 Buckyballs – WeCanFigureThisOut.org. * [http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/223 C<sub>60</sub> and Carbon Nanotubes a short video explaining how nanotubes can be made from modified graphite sheets and the three different types of nanotubes that are formed] * [http://nanohub.org/resources/2762 Learning module for Bandstructure of Carbon Nanotubes and Nanoribbons] * [http://stacks.iop.org/1367-2630/5/i=1/a=E04 Selection of free-download articles on carbon nanotubes] * [https://demonstrations.wolfram.com/ElectronicBandStructureOfASingleWalledCarbonNanotubeByTheZon/ WOLFRAM Demonstrations Project: Electronic Band Structure of a Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube by the Zone-Folding Method] * [http://www.demonstrations.wolfram.com/ElectronicStructureOfASingleWalledCarbonNanotubeInTightBindi/ WOLFRAM Demonstrations Project: Electronic Structure of a Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube in Tight-Binding Wannier Representation] {{Allotropes of carbon}} {{emerging technologies|topics=yes|robotics=yes|manufacture=yes|materials=yes}} {{Space elevator}} {{Authority control}} bxtzqo8h24rmgg47utix27uwtxt3jwg 367816 367815 2026-03-27T12:57:13Z Ibne maryam 17680 367816 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chiraltube.png|thumb|هڪ خول واري ڪاربن نينوٽيوب جي اسڪيننگ ٽنلنگ مائڪروسڪوپي تصوير]] [[File:Kohlenstoffnanoroehre_Animation.gif|thumb|گھمندڙ سنگل ڀت واري زگ زيگ ڪاربن نينوٽيوب]] '''ڪاربان نينوٽيوب''' (CNT) ڪاربان مان ٺهيل هڪ ٽيوب آهي جن جو قطر نينوميٽر حدن ([[نينو ٽيڪنالاجي|نانو اسڪيل]]) ۾ آهي. اهي ڪاربان جي ايلوٽروپ مان هڪ آهن. ڪاربان نانوٽيوب جون ٻه وڏي قسمون سڃاتل آهن: * ''سنگل ڀت واري ڪاربن نينوٽيوب'' (SWCNTs) جو قطر تقريباً 0.5-2.0 نانو ميٽر هوندو آهي، جيڪو انساني وار جي ويڪر جو 1,00,000هون حصو آهي. انهن کي هڪ ٻه-طول عرض واري گرافين شيٽ مان ڪٽ آئوٽ جي طور تي جيڪو هڪ خالي سلنڈر ٺاهڻ لاءِ مٿي ڪيو ويندو آهي، لاء مثالي بڻائي سگهجي ٿو. * ''گھڻ-ديوار واري ڪاربن نينوٽيوب'' (MWCNTs) هڪ نيسٽڊ، ٽيوب-۾-ٽيوب ڍانچي ۾ نيسٽڊ سنگل-ديوار واري ڪاربن نينوٽيوب تي مشتمل آهن. ٻٽي ۽ ٽي ڀتين واري ڪاربن نانوٽيوب (MWCNT) جا خاص ڪيس آهن. ڪاربن نينوٽيوب قابل ذڪر خاصيتون، جهڙوڪ غير معمولي ٽينسل طاقت ۽ حرارتي چالکائيڇاڪاڻ ته انهن جي نينو اسٽريچر ۽ ڪاربن ايٽمن جي وچ ۾ بانڊ جي طاقت، ڏيکاري سگهن ٿيون. ڪجھ سنگل ڀت واري ڪاربن نينوٽيوب (SWCNT) ڍانچا اعليٰ برقي چالکائي ڏيکارين ٿا جڏهن ته ٻيا [[نيم پسرائيندڙ]] (Semiconductors) آهن. ان کان سواء، ڪاربان نينوٽيوب کي ڪيميائي طور تي تبديل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. انهن خاصيتن جي ٽيڪنالاجي جو ڪيترن ئي شعبن ۾ قيمتي هجڻ جي اميد آهي، جهڙوڪ [[اليڪٽرانڪس]]، [[بصريات]] (Optics) جامع مواد (ڪاربن فائبر کي تبديل ڪرڻ يا مڪمل ڪرڻ)، [[نينو ٽيڪنالاجي]] (نينو ميڊيسن سميت) ۽ مواد جي سائنس جي ٻين ايپليڪيشنن ۾ قيمتي هجڻ جي اميد آهي. <small>SWCNTs</small> لاءِ اڳڪٿي ڪيل خاصيتون دلچسپ هيون، پر انهن کي گڏ ڪرڻ جو رستي جو 1993ع تائين فقدان هو، جڏهن اين اي سي (NEC) ۾ آئيجيما ۽ ايچيهاشي ۽ بيٿون ۽ آء بي ايم (IBM) ۾ ساٿين آزاديءَ سان دريافت ڪيو ته ڪاربن جي گڏيل بخارات ۽ منتقلي ڌاتو جهڙوڪ لوهه ۽ ڪوبالٽ خاص طور تي <small>SWCNT</small> جي ٺهڻ کي متحرڪ ڪري سگهن ٿا. هي دريافت اهڙي تحقيق کي شروع ڪيو جيڪا ڪيٽيليٽڪ پيداوار ٽيڪنڪ جي ڪارڪردگي کي تمام گهڻو وڌائڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي ۽ SWCNTs جي خاصيت ۽ ايپليڪيشنن کي ڳولڻ لاءِ ڪم جي ڌماڪي جو سبب بڻي. ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons}} {{Scholia}} * [https://www.wecanfigurethisout.org/VL/Nanocarbon.htm Nanocarbon: From Graphene to Buckyballs]. Interactive 3D models of cyclohexane, benzene, graphene, graphite, chiral & non-chiral nanotubes, and C60 Buckyballs – WeCanFigureThisOut.org. * [http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/223 C<sub>60</sub> and Carbon Nanotubes a short video explaining how nanotubes can be made from modified graphite sheets and the three different types of nanotubes that are formed] * [http://nanohub.org/resources/2762 Learning module for Bandstructure of Carbon Nanotubes and Nanoribbons] * [http://stacks.iop.org/1367-2630/5/i=1/a=E04 Selection of free-download articles on carbon nanotubes] * [https://demonstrations.wolfram.com/ElectronicBandStructureOfASingleWalledCarbonNanotubeByTheZon/ WOLFRAM Demonstrations Project: Electronic Band Structure of a Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube by the Zone-Folding Method] * [http://www.demonstrations.wolfram.com/ElectronicStructureOfASingleWalledCarbonNanotubeInTightBindi/ WOLFRAM Demonstrations Project: Electronic Structure of a Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube in Tight-Binding Wannier Representation] {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ڪاربان جا ٻهروپ]] [[زمرو:ڪاربن نانوٽيوب]] [[زمرو:شفاف اليڪٽروڊ]] [[زمرو:ريفريڪٽري مواد]] [[زمرو:خلائي لفٽ]] [[زمرو:دريافتن ۽ ايجادن جون تڪرارون]] [[زمرو:نينو مواد]] [[زمرو:مادو]] [[زمرو:مواد]] [[زمرو:ڪاربان]] [[زمرو:ٻهروپ]] [[زمرو:نينو ٽيوب]] [[زمرو:نينو ٽيڪنالاجي]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪنالاجي]] [[زمرو:ڪيميا]] [[زمرو:طبيعيات]] 6jvwxuw7y1n78z6ssfjtihqepr2umnl 367820 367816 2026-03-27T13:02:51Z Ibne maryam 17680 367820 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chiraltube.png|thumb|هڪ خول واري ڪاربن نينوٽيوب جي اسڪيننگ ٽنلنگ مائڪروسڪوپي تصوير]] [[File:Kohlenstoffnanoroehre_Animation.gif|thumb|گھمندڙ سنگل ڀت واري زگ زيگ ڪاربن نينوٽيوب]] '''ڪاربان نينوٽيوب''' (CNT) ڪاربان مان ٺهيل هڪ ٽيوب آهي جن جو قطر نينوميٽر حدن ([[نينو ٽيڪنالاجي|نانو اسڪيل]]) ۾ آهي. اهي ڪاربان جي ايلوٽروپ مان هڪ آهن. ڪاربان نانوٽيوب جون ٻه وڏي قسمون سڃاتل آهن: * ''سنگل ڀت واري ڪاربن نينوٽيوب'' (SWCNTs) جو قطر تقريباً 0.5-2.0 نانو ميٽر هوندو آهي، جيڪو انساني وار جي ويڪر جو 1,00,000هون حصو آهي. انهن کي هڪ ٻه-طول عرض واري گرافين شيٽ مان ڪٽ آئوٽ جي طور تي جيڪو هڪ خالي سلنڈر ٺاهڻ لاءِ مٿي ڪيو ويندو آهي، لاء مثالي بڻائي سگهجي ٿو. * ''گھڻ-ديوار واري ڪاربن نينوٽيوب'' (MWCNTs) هڪ نيسٽڊ، ٽيوب-۾-ٽيوب ڍانچي ۾ نيسٽڊ سنگل-ديوار واري ڪاربن نينوٽيوب تي مشتمل آهن. ٻٽي ۽ ٽي ڀتين واري ڪاربن نانوٽيوب (MWCNT) جا خاص ڪيس آهن. ڪاربن نينوٽيوب قابل ذڪر خاصيتون، جهڙوڪ غير معمولي ٽينسل طاقت ۽ حرارتي چالکائيڇاڪاڻ ته انهن جي نينو اسٽريچر ۽ ڪاربن ايٽمن جي وچ ۾ بانڊ جي طاقت، ڏيکاري سگهن ٿيون. ڪجھ سنگل ڀت واري ڪاربن نينوٽيوب (SWCNT) ڍانچا اعليٰ برقي چالکائي ڏيکارين ٿا جڏهن ته ٻيا [[نيم پسرائيندڙ]] (Semiconductors) آهن. ان کان سواء، ڪاربان نينوٽيوب کي ڪيميائي طور تي تبديل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. انهن خاصيتن جي ٽيڪنالاجي جو ڪيترن ئي شعبن ۾ قيمتي هجڻ جي اميد آهي، جهڙوڪ [[اليڪٽرانڪس]]، [[بصريات]] (Optics) جامع مواد (ڪاربن فائبر کي تبديل ڪرڻ يا مڪمل ڪرڻ)، [[نينو ٽيڪنالاجي]] (نينو ميڊيسن سميت) ۽ مواد جي سائنس جي ٻين ايپليڪيشنن ۾ قيمتي هجڻ جي اميد آهي. <small>SWCNTs</small> لاءِ اڳڪٿي ڪيل خاصيتون دلچسپ هيون، پر انهن کي گڏ ڪرڻ جو رستي جو 1993ع تائين فقدان هو، جڏهن اين اي سي (NEC) ۾ آئيجيما ۽ ايچيهاشي ۽ بيٿون ۽ آء بي ايم (IBM) ۾ ساٿين آزاديءَ سان دريافت ڪيو ته ڪاربن جي گڏيل بخارات ۽ منتقلي ڌاتو جهڙوڪ لوهه ۽ ڪوبالٽ خاص طور تي <small>SWCNT</small> جي ٺهڻ کي متحرڪ ڪري سگهن ٿا. هي دريافت اهڙي تحقيق کي شروع ڪيو جيڪا ڪيٽيليٽڪ پيداوار ٽيڪنڪ جي ڪارڪردگي کي تمام گهڻو وڌائڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي ۽ SWCNTs جي خاصيت ۽ ايپليڪيشنن کي ڳولڻ لاءِ ڪم جي ڌماڪي جو سبب بڻي. ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons}} {{Scholia}} * [https://www.wecanfigurethisout.org/VL/Nanocarbon.htm Nanocarbon: From Graphene to Buckyballs]. Interactive 3D models of cyclohexane, benzene, graphene, graphite, chiral & non-chiral nanotubes, and C60 Buckyballs – WeCanFigureThisOut.org. * [http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/223 C<sub>60</sub> and Carbon Nanotubes a short video explaining how nanotubes can be made from modified graphite sheets and the three different types of nanotubes that are formed] * [http://nanohub.org/resources/2762 Learning module for Bandstructure of Carbon Nanotubes and Nanoribbons] * [http://stacks.iop.org/1367-2630/5/i=1/a=E04 Selection of free-download articles on carbon nanotubes] * [https://demonstrations.wolfram.com/ElectronicBandStructureOfASingleWalledCarbonNanotubeByTheZon/ WOLFRAM Demonstrations Project: Electronic Band Structure of a Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube by the Zone-Folding Method] * [http://www.demonstrations.wolfram.com/ElectronicStructureOfASingleWalledCarbonNanotubeInTightBindi/ WOLFRAM Demonstrations Project: Electronic Structure of a Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube in Tight-Binding Wannier Representation] {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ڪاربان جا ٻهروپ]] [[زمرو:ڪاربن نانوٽيوب]] [[زمرو:شفاف اليڪٽروڊ]] [[زمرو:ريفريڪٽري مواد]] [[زمرو:خلائي لفٽ]] [[زمرو:دريافتن ۽ ايجادن جون تڪرارون]] [[زمرو:نينو مواد]] [[زمرو:مادو]] [[زمرو:مواد]] [[زمرو:ڪاربان]] [[زمرو:ٻهروپ]] [[زمرو:نينو ٽيوب]] [[زمرو:نينو ٽيڪنالاجي]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪنالاجي]] [[زمرو:ڪيميا]] [[زمرو:سالڊ اسٽيٽ فزڪس]] 0tg9nv4n6j8qlufbo5bzyu8ts0inous 367821 367820 2026-03-27T13:11:48Z Ibne maryam 17680 367821 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chiraltube.png|thumb|هڪ خول واري ڪاربن نينوٽيوب جي اسڪيننگ ٽنلنگ مائڪروسڪوپي تصوير]] [[File:Kohlenstoffnanoroehre_Animation.gif|thumb|گھمندڙ سنگل ڀت واري زگ زيگ ڪاربن نينوٽيوب]] '''ڪاربان نينوٽيوب''' (CNT) ڪاربان مان ٺهيل هڪ ٽيوب آهي جن جو قطر نينوميٽر حدن ([[نينو ٽيڪنالاجي|نانو اسڪيل]]) ۾ آهي. اهي ڪاربان جي ايلوٽروپ مان هڪ آهن. ڪاربان نانوٽيوب جون ٻه وڏي قسمون سڃاتل آهن: * ''سنگل ڀت واري ڪاربن نينوٽيوب'' (SWCNTs) جو قطر تقريباً 0.5-2.0 نانو ميٽر هوندو آهي، جيڪو انساني وار جي ويڪر جو 1,00,000هون حصو آهي. انهن کي هڪ ٻه-طول عرض واري گرافين شيٽ مان ڪٽ آئوٽ جي طور تي جيڪو هڪ خالي سلنڈر ٺاهڻ لاءِ مٿي ڪيو ويندو آهي، لاء مثالي بڻائي سگهجي ٿو. * ''گھڻ-ديوار واري ڪاربن نينوٽيوب'' (MWCNTs) هڪ نيسٽڊ، ٽيوب-۾-ٽيوب ڍانچي ۾ نيسٽڊ سنگل-ديوار واري ڪاربن نينوٽيوب تي مشتمل آهن. ٻٽي ۽ ٽي ڀتين واري ڪاربن نانوٽيوب (MWCNT) جا خاص ڪيس آهن. ڪاربن نينوٽيوب قابل ذڪر خاصيتون، جهڙوڪ غير معمولي ٽينسل طاقت ۽ حرارتي چالکائيڇاڪاڻ ته انهن جي نينو اسٽريچر ۽ ڪاربن ايٽمن جي وچ ۾ بانڊ جي طاقت، ڏيکاري سگهن ٿيون. ڪجھ سنگل ڀت واري ڪاربن نينوٽيوب (SWCNT) ڍانچا اعليٰ برقي چالکائي ڏيکارين ٿا جڏهن ته ٻيا [[نيم پسرائيندڙ]] (Semiconductors) آهن. ان کان سواء، ڪاربان نينوٽيوب کي ڪيميائي طور تي تبديل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. انهن خاصيتن جي ٽيڪنالاجي جو ڪيترن ئي شعبن ۾ قيمتي هجڻ جي اميد آهي، جهڙوڪ [[اليڪٽرانڪس]]، [[بصريات]] (Optics) جامع مواد (ڪاربن فائبر کي تبديل ڪرڻ يا مڪمل ڪرڻ)، [[نينو ٽيڪنالاجي]] (نينو ميڊيسن سميت) ۽ مواد جي سائنس جي ٻين ايپليڪيشنن ۾ قيمتي هجڻ جي اميد آهي. <small>SWCNTs</small> لاءِ اڳڪٿي ڪيل خاصيتون دلچسپ هيون، پر انهن کي گڏ ڪرڻ جو رستي جو 1993ع تائين فقدان هو، جڏهن اين اي سي (NEC) ۾ آئيجيما ۽ ايچيهاشي ۽ بيٿون ۽ آء بي ايم (IBM) ۾ ساٿين آزاديءَ سان دريافت ڪيو ته ڪاربن جي گڏيل بخارات ۽ منتقلي ڌاتو جهڙوڪ لوهه ۽ ڪوبالٽ خاص طور تي <small>SWCNT</small> جي ٺهڻ کي متحرڪ ڪري سگهن ٿا. هي دريافت اهڙي تحقيق کي شروع ڪيو جيڪا ڪيٽيليٽڪ پيداوار ٽيڪنڪ جي ڪارڪردگي کي تمام گهڻو وڌائڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي ۽ SWCNTs جي خاصيت ۽ ايپليڪيشنن کي ڳولڻ لاءِ ڪم جي ڌماڪي جو سبب بڻي. ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons}} {{Scholia}} * [https://www.wecanfigurethisout.org/VL/Nanocarbon.htm Nanocarbon: From Graphene to Buckyballs]. Interactive 3D models of cyclohexane, benzene, graphene, graphite, chiral & non-chiral nanotubes, and C60 Buckyballs – WeCanFigureThisOut.org. * [http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/223 C<sub>60</sub> and Carbon Nanotubes a short video explaining how nanotubes can be made from modified graphite sheets and the three different types of nanotubes that are formed] * [http://nanohub.org/resources/2762 Learning module for Bandstructure of Carbon Nanotubes and Nanoribbons] * [http://stacks.iop.org/1367-2630/5/i=1/a=E04 Selection of free-download articles on carbon nanotubes] * [https://demonstrations.wolfram.com/ElectronicBandStructureOfASingleWalledCarbonNanotubeByTheZon/ WOLFRAM Demonstrations Project: Electronic Band Structure of a Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube by the Zone-Folding Method] * [http://www.demonstrations.wolfram.com/ElectronicStructureOfASingleWalledCarbonNanotubeInTightBindi/ WOLFRAM Demonstrations Project: Electronic Structure of a Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube in Tight-Binding Wannier Representation] {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ڪاربن نينو ٽيوب]] [[زمرو:نينو مواد]] [[زمرو:ڪاربان جا ٻهروپ]] [[زمرو:شفاف اليڪٽروڊ]] [[زمرو:ريفريڪٽري مواد]] [[زمرو:دريافتن ۽ ايجادن جون تڪرارون]] [[زمرو:سالڊ اسٽيٽ فزڪس]] lpoof646jp0d21mi6enyykxebvmpxia 367838 367821 2026-03-27T13:31:18Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا */ 367838 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chiraltube.png|thumb|هڪ خول واري ڪاربن نينوٽيوب جي اسڪيننگ ٽنلنگ مائڪروسڪوپي تصوير]] [[File:Kohlenstoffnanoroehre_Animation.gif|thumb|گھمندڙ سنگل ڀت واري زگ زيگ ڪاربن نينوٽيوب]] '''ڪاربان نينوٽيوب''' (CNT) ڪاربان مان ٺهيل هڪ ٽيوب آهي جن جو قطر نينوميٽر حدن ([[نينو ٽيڪنالاجي|نانو اسڪيل]]) ۾ آهي. اهي ڪاربان جي ايلوٽروپ مان هڪ آهن. ڪاربان نانوٽيوب جون ٻه وڏي قسمون سڃاتل آهن: * ''سنگل ڀت واري ڪاربن نينوٽيوب'' (SWCNTs) جو قطر تقريباً 0.5-2.0 نانو ميٽر هوندو آهي، جيڪو انساني وار جي ويڪر جو 1,00,000هون حصو آهي. انهن کي هڪ ٻه-طول عرض واري گرافين شيٽ مان ڪٽ آئوٽ جي طور تي جيڪو هڪ خالي سلنڈر ٺاهڻ لاءِ مٿي ڪيو ويندو آهي، لاء مثالي بڻائي سگهجي ٿو. * ''گھڻ-ديوار واري ڪاربن نينوٽيوب'' (MWCNTs) هڪ نيسٽڊ، ٽيوب-۾-ٽيوب ڍانچي ۾ نيسٽڊ سنگل-ديوار واري ڪاربن نينوٽيوب تي مشتمل آهن. ٻٽي ۽ ٽي ڀتين واري ڪاربن نانوٽيوب (MWCNT) جا خاص ڪيس آهن. ڪاربن نينوٽيوب قابل ذڪر خاصيتون، جهڙوڪ غير معمولي ٽينسل طاقت ۽ حرارتي چالکائيڇاڪاڻ ته انهن جي نينو اسٽريچر ۽ ڪاربن ايٽمن جي وچ ۾ بانڊ جي طاقت، ڏيکاري سگهن ٿيون. ڪجھ سنگل ڀت واري ڪاربن نينوٽيوب (SWCNT) ڍانچا اعليٰ برقي چالکائي ڏيکارين ٿا جڏهن ته ٻيا [[نيم پسرائيندڙ]] (Semiconductors) آهن. ان کان سواء، ڪاربان نينوٽيوب کي ڪيميائي طور تي تبديل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. انهن خاصيتن جي ٽيڪنالاجي جو ڪيترن ئي شعبن ۾ قيمتي هجڻ جي اميد آهي، جهڙوڪ [[اليڪٽرانڪس]]، [[بصريات]] (Optics) جامع مواد (ڪاربن فائبر کي تبديل ڪرڻ يا مڪمل ڪرڻ)، [[نينو ٽيڪنالاجي]] (نينو ميڊيسن سميت) ۽ مواد جي سائنس جي ٻين ايپليڪيشنن ۾ قيمتي هجڻ جي اميد آهي. <small>SWCNTs</small> لاءِ اڳڪٿي ڪيل خاصيتون دلچسپ هيون، پر انهن کي گڏ ڪرڻ جو رستي جو 1993ع تائين فقدان هو، جڏهن اين اي سي (NEC) ۾ آئيجيما ۽ ايچيهاشي ۽ بيٿون ۽ آء بي ايم (IBM) ۾ ساٿين آزاديءَ سان دريافت ڪيو ته ڪاربن جي گڏيل بخارات ۽ منتقلي ڌاتو جهڙوڪ لوهه ۽ ڪوبالٽ خاص طور تي <small>SWCNT</small> جي ٺهڻ کي متحرڪ ڪري سگهن ٿا. هي دريافت اهڙي تحقيق کي شروع ڪيو جيڪا ڪيٽيليٽڪ پيداوار ٽيڪنڪ جي ڪارڪردگي کي تمام گهڻو وڌائڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي ۽ SWCNTs جي خاصيت ۽ ايپليڪيشنن کي ڳولڻ لاءِ ڪم جي ڌماڪي جو سبب بڻي. ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons}} * [https://www.wecanfigurethisout.org/VL/Nanocarbon.htm Nanocarbon: From Graphene to Buckyballs]. Interactive 3D models of cyclohexane, benzene, graphene, graphite, chiral & non-chiral nanotubes, and C60 Buckyballs – WeCanFigureThisOut.org. * [http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/223 C<sub>60</sub> and Carbon Nanotubes a short video explaining how nanotubes can be made from modified graphite sheets and the three different types of nanotubes that are formed] * [http://nanohub.org/resources/2762 Learning module for Bandstructure of Carbon Nanotubes and Nanoribbons] * [http://stacks.iop.org/1367-2630/5/i=1/a=E04 Selection of free-download articles on carbon nanotubes] * [https://demonstrations.wolfram.com/ElectronicBandStructureOfASingleWalledCarbonNanotubeByTheZon/ WOLFRAM Demonstrations Project: Electronic Band Structure of a Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube by the Zone-Folding Method] * [http://www.demonstrations.wolfram.com/ElectronicStructureOfASingleWalledCarbonNanotubeInTightBindi/ WOLFRAM Demonstrations Project: Electronic Structure of a Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube in Tight-Binding Wannier Representation] {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ڪاربن نينو ٽيوب]] [[زمرو:نينو مواد]] [[زمرو:ڪاربان جا ٻهروپ]] [[زمرو:شفاف اليڪٽروڊ]] [[زمرو:ريفريڪٽري مواد]] [[زمرو:دريافتن ۽ ايجادن جون تڪرارون]] [[زمرو:سالڊ اسٽيٽ فزڪس]] iwx2t9rls1rfolacxngky9rxj5j4tpb 367839 367838 2026-03-27T13:34:35Z Ibne maryam 17680 367839 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chiraltube.png|thumb|هڪ خول واري ڪاربن نينوٽيوب جي اسڪيننگ ٽنلنگ مائڪروسڪوپي تصوير]] [[File:Kohlenstoffnanoroehre_Animation.gif|thumb|گھمندڙ سنگل ڀت واري زگ زيگ ڪاربن نينوٽيوب]] '''ڪاربان نينوٽيوب''' (CNT) ڪاربان مان ٺهيل هڪ ٽيوب آهي جن جو قطر نينوميٽر حدن ([[نينو ٽيڪنالاجي|نانو اسڪيل]]) ۾ آهي. اهي ڪاربان جي ايلوٽروپ مان هڪ آهن. ڪاربان نانوٽيوب جون ٻه وڏي قسمون سڃاتل آهن: * ''سنگل ڀت واري ڪاربن نينوٽيوب'' (SWCNTs) جو قطر تقريباً 0.5-2.0 نانو ميٽر هوندو آهي، جيڪو انساني وار جي ويڪر جو 1,00,000هون حصو آهي. انهن کي هڪ ٻه-طول عرض واري گرافين شيٽ مان ڪٽ آئوٽ جي طور تي جيڪو هڪ خالي سلنڈر ٺاهڻ لاءِ مٿي ڪيو ويندو آهي، لاء مثالي بڻائي سگهجي ٿو. * ''گھڻ-ديوار واري ڪاربن نينوٽيوب'' (MWCNTs) هڪ نيسٽڊ، ٽيوب-۾-ٽيوب ڍانچي ۾ نيسٽڊ سنگل-ديوار واري ڪاربن نينوٽيوب تي مشتمل آهن. ٻٽي ۽ ٽي ڀتين واري ڪاربن نانوٽيوب (MWCNT) جا خاص ڪيس آهن. ڪاربن نينوٽيوب قابل ذڪر خاصيتون، جهڙوڪ غير معمولي ٽينسل طاقت ۽ حرارتي چالکائيڇاڪاڻ ته انهن جي نينو اسٽريچر ۽ ڪاربن ايٽمن جي وچ ۾ بانڊ جي طاقت، ڏيکاري سگهن ٿيون. ڪجھ سنگل ڀت واري ڪاربن نينوٽيوب (SWCNT) ڍانچا اعليٰ برقي چالکائي ڏيکارين ٿا جڏهن ته ٻيا [[نيم پسرائيندڙ]] (Semiconductors) آهن. ان کان سواء، ڪاربان نينوٽيوب کي ڪيميائي طور تي تبديل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. انهن خاصيتن جي ٽيڪنالاجي جو ڪيترن ئي شعبن ۾ قيمتي هجڻ جي اميد آهي، جهڙوڪ [[اليڪٽرانڪس]]، [[بصريات]] (Optics) جامع مواد (ڪاربن فائبر کي تبديل ڪرڻ يا مڪمل ڪرڻ)، [[نينو ٽيڪنالاجي]] (نينو ميڊيسن سميت) ۽ مواد جي سائنس جي ٻين ايپليڪيشنن ۾ قيمتي هجڻ جي اميد آهي. <small>SWCNTs</small> لاءِ اڳڪٿي ڪيل خاصيتون دلچسپ هيون، پر انهن کي گڏ ڪرڻ جو رستي جو 1993ع تائين فقدان هو، جڏهن اين اي سي (NEC) ۾ آئيجيما ۽ ايچيهاشي ۽ بيٿون ۽ آء بي ايم (IBM) ۾ ساٿين آزاديءَ سان دريافت ڪيو ته ڪاربن جي گڏيل بخارات ۽ منتقلي ڌاتو جهڙوڪ لوهه ۽ ڪوبالٽ خاص طور تي <small>SWCNT</small> جي ٺهڻ کي متحرڪ ڪري سگهن ٿا. هي دريافت اهڙي تحقيق کي شروع ڪيو جيڪا ڪيٽيليٽڪ پيداوار ٽيڪنڪ جي ڪارڪردگي کي تمام گهڻو وڌائڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي ۽ SWCNTs جي خاصيت ۽ ايپليڪيشنن کي ڳولڻ لاءِ ڪم جي ڌماڪي جو سبب بڻي. ==ڪجهه اطلاق== [[File:Nano tape.jpg|thumb|right|Nano tape]] Carbon nanotubes are currently used in multiple industrial and consumer applications. These include battery components, [[polymer]] composites, to improve the mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of the bulk product, and as a highly absorptive black paint. Many other applications are under development, including field effect transistors for electronics, high-strength fabrics and biosensors for biomedical and agricultural applications. === Biomedical applications === Because of their relatively large surface area, CNTs are capable of interacting with a wide variety of therapeutic and diagnostic agents (drugs, genes, vaccines, antibodies, biosensors, etc.). This can be utilized to assist in drug delivery directly into cells.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=He |first1=Hua |last2=Pham-Huy |first2=Lien Ai |last3=Dramou |first3=Pierre |last4=Xiao |first4=Deli |last5=Zuo |first5=Pengli |last6=Pham-Huy |first6=Chuong |title=Carbon Nanotubes: Applications in Pharmacy and Medicine |journal=BioMed Research International |date=2013 |volume=2013 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1155/2013/578290|doi-access=free |pmid=24195076 |pmc=3806157 }}</ref> In addition, CNTs have recently been used as reinforcements in implants and scaffolds due to their suitable reaction area, high elastic modulus, and load transfer capability.<ref>The Effectiveness Mechanisms of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) as Reinforcements for Magnesium-Based Composites for Biomedical Applications: A Review Nanomaterials 2024, 14, 756. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14090756{{free access}} PMCID: PMC11085746 {{free access}} PMID 38727350</ref><ref>Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Encapsulated Magnesium-Based Nanocomposites to Improve Mechanical, Degradation and Antibacterial Performances for Biomedical Device Applications Coatings 2022, 12, 1589. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12101589 {{free access}}</ref> [[File:Applications of CNT. jpg.jpg|thumb|Schematic of carbon nanotubes applications in biomedicine Nanomaterials 2024, 14, 756. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14090756{{free access}} PMCID: PMC11085746 {{free access}}]] CNTs have been shown to increase the effectiveness of bioactive coatings for the attachment, proliferation, and differentiation of [[osteoblasts]], and has been used as a bone substitution material.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhao |first1=Meng |last2=Su |first2=Rongjun |last3=Ji |first3=Lingyu |last4=Zhang |first4=Ying |last5=Wu |first5=Huirong |last6=Wen |first6=Zhaohui |last7=Dai |first7=Changsong |title=The Biocompatibility and Antibacterial Properties of the CNTs-Doped Magnesium Based Composite Implants in a Long-Term Biodegradation Process |journal=Journal of Nanomaterials |date=22 January 2023 |volume=2023 |issue=1 |pages=1–17 |doi=10.1155/2023/5012576|doi-access=free }}</ref> CNTs may be used as reinforcing materials for [[chitosan]]-containing coatings used on implants and medical [[Tissue engineering#Scaffolds|scaffolds]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Francis |first1=A. A. |last2=Abdel-Gawad |first2=S. A. |last3=Shoeib |first3=M. A. |title=Toward CNT-reinforced chitosan-based ceramic composite coatings on biodegradable magnesium for surgical implants |journal=Journal of Coatings Technology and Research |date=July 2021 |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=971–988 |doi=10.1007/s11998-021-00468-y}}</ref> === Biosensing === SWCNTs have nanoscale dimensions that fit to the size of biological species. Due to this size compatibility and their large surface-to-volume ratio, they are sensitive to changes in their chemical environment.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cognet |first1=Laurent |last2=Tsyboulski |first2=Dmitri A. |last3=Rocha |first3=John-David R. |last4=Doyle |first4=Condell D. |last5=Tour |first5=James M. |last6=Weisman |first6=R. Bruce |date=2007-06-08 |title=Stepwise Quenching of Exciton Fluorescence in Carbon Nanotubes by Single-Molecule Reactions |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1141316 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=316 |issue=5830 |pages=1465–1468 |doi=10.1126/science.1141316 |pmid=17556581 |arxiv=0707.3246 |bibcode=2007Sci...316.1465C |s2cid=7476534 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref><ref name="Heller-2008">{{Cite journal |last1=Heller |first1=Iddo |last2=Janssens |first2=Anne M. |last3=Männik |first3=Jaan |last4=Minot |first4=Ethan D. |last5=Lemay |first5=Serge G. |last6=Dekker |first6=Cees |date=2008-02-01 |title=Identifying the Mechanism of Biosensing with Carbon Nanotube Transistors |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/nl072996i |journal=Nano Letters |language=en |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=591–595 |doi=10.1021/nl072996i |pmid=18162002 |bibcode=2008NanoL...8..591H |issn=1530-6984}}</ref> Through covalent and non-covalent surface functionalization, SWCNTs can be precisely tailored for selective molecular interactions with a target analyte.<ref name="Ackermann-2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Ackermann |first1=Julia |last2=Metternich |first2=Justus T. |last3=Herbertz |first3=Svenja |last4=Kruss |first4=Sebastian |date=2022-04-25 |title=Biosensing with Fluorescent Carbon Nanotubes |journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition |language=en |volume=61 |issue=18 |article-number=e202112372 |doi=10.1002/anie.202112372 |issn=1433-7851 |pmc=9313876 |pmid=34978752 |bibcode=2022ACIE...61E2372A }}</ref> The SWCNT represents the transduction unit that converts the interaction into a signal change (optical or electrical). Due to continuous progress in the development of detection strategies, there are numerous examples of the use of SWCNTs as highly sensitive nanosensors (even down to the single molecule level<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Jingqing |last2=Boghossian |first2=Ardemis A. |last3=Barone |first3=Paul W. |last4=Rwei |first4=Alina |last5=Kim |first5=Jong-Ho |last6=Lin |first6=Dahua |last7=Heller |first7=Daniel A. |last8=Hilmer |first8=Andrew J. |last9=Nair |first9=Nitish |last10=Reuel |first10=Nigel F. |last11=Strano |first11=Michael S. |date=2011-01-26 |title=Single Molecule Detection of Nitric Oxide Enabled by d(AT) 15 DNA Adsorbed to Near Infrared Fluorescent Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja1084942 |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |language=en |volume=133 |issue=3 |pages=567–581 |doi=10.1021/ja1084942 |pmid=21142158 |bibcode=2011JAChS.133..567Z |issn=0002-7863}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jin |first1=Hong |last2=Heller |first2=Daniel A. |last3=Kalbacova |first3=Marie |last4=Kim |first4=Jong-Ho |last5=Zhang |first5=Jingqing |last6=Boghossian |first6=Ardemis A. |last7=Maheshri |first7=Narendra |last8=Strano |first8=Michael S. |date=April 2010 |title=Detection of single-molecule H2O2 signalling from epidermal growth factor receptor using fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotubes |journal=Nature Nanotechnology |language=en |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=302–309 |doi=10.1038/nnano.2010.24 |issn=1748-3387 |pmc=6438196 |pmid=20208549}}</ref><ref name="Kruss-2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Kruss |first1=Sebastian |last2=Salem |first2=Daniel P. |last3=Vuković |first3=Lela |last4=Lima |first4=Barbara |last5=Vander Ende |first5=Emma |last6=Boyden |first6=Edward S. |last7=Strano |first7=Michael S. |date=2017-02-21 |title=High-resolution imaging of cellular dopamine efflux using a fluorescent nanosensor array |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=114 |issue=8 |pages=1789–1794 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1613541114 |doi-access=free |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=5338365 |pmid=28179565|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1789K }}</ref>) for a variety of important biomolecules. Examples include the detection of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species,<ref name="Wu-2020">{{Cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Honghong |last2=Nißler |first2=Robert |last3=Morris |first3=Victoria |last4=Herrmann |first4=Niklas |last5=Hu |first5=Peiguang |last6=Jeon |first6=Su-Ji |last7=Kruss |first7=Sebastian |last8=Giraldo |first8=Juan Pablo |date=2020-04-08 |title=Monitoring Plant Health with Near-Infrared Fluorescent H 2 O 2 Nanosensors |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b05159 |journal=Nano Letters |language=en |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=2432–2442 |doi=10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b05159 |pmid=32097014 |bibcode=2020NanoL..20.2432W |s2cid=211524215 |issn=1530-6984}}</ref><ref name="Lew-2020">{{Cite journal |last1=Lew |first1=Tedrick Thomas Salim |last2=Koman |first2=Volodymyr B. |last3=Silmore |first3=Kevin S. |last4=Seo |first4=Jun Sung |last5=Gordiichuk |first5=Pavlo |last6=Kwak |first6=Seon-Yeong |last7=Park |first7=Minkyung |last8=Ang |first8=Mervin Chun-Yi |last9=Khong |first9=Duc Thinh |last10=Lee |first10=Michael A. |last11=Chan-Park |first11=Mary B. |last12=Chua |first12=Nam-Hai |last13=Strano |first13=Michael S. |date=2020-04-15 |title=Real-time detection of wound-induced H2O2 signalling waves in plants with optical nanosensors |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-020-0632-4 |journal=Nature Plants |language=en |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=404–415 |doi=10.1038/s41477-020-0632-4 |pmid=32296141 |s2cid=215774820 |issn=2055-0278}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jin |first1=Hong |last2=Heller |first2=Daniel A. |last3=Kim |first3=Jong-Ho |last4=Strano |first4=Michael S. |date=2008-12-10 |title=Stochastic Analysis of Stepwise Fluorescence Quenching Reactions on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: Single Molecule Sensors |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/nl802010z |journal=Nano Letters |language=en |volume=8 |issue=12 |pages=4299–4304 |doi=10.1021/nl802010z |pmid=19367966 |bibcode=2008NanoL...8.4299J |issn=1530-6984}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Giraldo |first1=Juan P. |last2=Landry |first2=Markita P. |last3=Kwak |first3=Seon-Yeong |last4=Jain |first4=Rishabh M. |last5=Wong |first5=Min Hao |last6=Iverson |first6=Nicole M. |last7=Ben-Naim |first7=Micha |last8=Strano |first8=Michael S. |date=August 2015 |title=A Ratiometric Sensor Using Single Chirality Near-Infrared Fluorescent Carbon Nanotubes: Application to In Vivo Monitoring |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/smll.201403276 |journal=Small |language=en |volume=11 |issue=32 |pages=3973–3984 |doi=10.1002/smll.201403276 |pmid=25981520 |bibcode=2015Small..11.3973G |s2cid=44726670 |issn=1613-6810|hdl=1721.1/102316 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> neurotransmitters,<ref name="Kruss-2017" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dinarvand |first1=Meshkat |last2=Neubert |first2=Elsa |last3=Meyer |first3=Daniel |last4=Selvaggio |first4=Gabriele |last5=Mann |first5=Florian A. |last6=Erpenbeck |first6=Luise |last7=Kruss |first7=Sebastian |date=2019-09-11 |title=Near-Infrared Imaging of Serotonin Release from Cells with Fluorescent Nanosensors |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02865 |journal=Nano Letters |language=en |volume=19 |issue=9 |pages=6604–6611 |doi=10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02865 |pmid=31418577 |bibcode=2019NanoL..19.6604D |s2cid=201019834 |issn=1530-6984}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jeong |first1=Sanghwa |last2=Yang |first2=Darwin |last3=Beyene |first3=Abraham G. |last4=Del Bonis-O'Donnell |first4=Jackson Travis |last5=Gest |first5=Anneliese M. M. |last6=Navarro |first6=Nicole |last7=Sun |first7=Xiaoqi |last8=Landry |first8=Markita P. |date=2019-12-06 |title=High-throughput evolution of near-infrared serotonin nanosensors |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=5 |issue=12 |article-number=eaay3771 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aay3771 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=6920020 |pmid=31897432|bibcode=2019SciA....5.3771J }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Manoharan |first1=Gririraj |last2=Bösel |first2=Petra |last3=Thien |first3=Jannis |last4=Holtmannspötter |first4=Michael |last5=Meingast |first5=Laura |last6=Schmidt |first6=Mercedes |last7=Eickmeier |first7=Henning |last8=Haase |first8=Markus |last9=Maultzsch |first9=Janina |last10=Steinhart |first10=Martin |last11=Wollschläger |first11=Joachim |last12=Palma |first12=Matteo |last13=Meyer |first13=Carola |date=2023-02-25 |title=Click-Functionalization of Silanized Carbon Nanotubes: From Inorganic Heterostructures to Biosensing Nanohybrids |journal=Molecules |language=en |volume=28 |issue=5 |page=2161 |doi=10.3390/molecules28052161 |doi-access=free |issn=1420-3049 |pmc=10004328 |pmid=36903408}}</ref><ref name="Ackermann-2023">{{Cite journal |last1=Ackermann |first1=Julia |last2=Stegemann |first2=Jan |last3=Smola |first3=Tim |last4=Reger |first4=Eline |last5=Jung |first5=Sebastian |last6=Schmitz |first6=Anne |last7=Herbertz |first7=Svenja |last8=Erpenbeck |first8=Luise |last9=Seidl |first9=Karsten |last10=Kruss |first10=Sebastian |date=April 2023 |title=High Sensitivity Near-Infrared Imaging of Fluorescent Nanosensors |journal=Small |language=en |volume=19 |issue=14 |article-number=e2206856 |doi=10.1002/smll.202206856 |pmid=36610045 |bibcode=2023Small..1906856A |issn=1613-6810|doi-access=free }}</ref> other small molecules,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Del Bonis-O'Donnell |first1=Jackson Travis |last2=Pinals |first2=Rebecca L. |last3=Jeong |first3=Sanghwa |last4=Thakrar |first4=Ami |last5=Wolfinger |first5=Russ D. |last6=Landry |first6=Markita P. |date=2019-01-08 |title=Chemometric Approaches for Developing Infrared Nanosensors To Image Anthracyclines |journal=Biochemistry |language=en |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=54–64 |doi=10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00926 |issn=0006-2960 |pmc=6411385 |pmid=30480442}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=Min Hao |last2=Giraldo |first2=Juan P. |last3=Kwak |first3=Seon-Yeong |last4=Koman |first4=Volodymyr B. |last5=Sinclair |first5=Rosalie |last6=Lew |first6=Tedrick Thomas Salim |last7=Bisker |first7=Gili |last8=Liu |first8=Pingwei |last9=Strano |first9=Michael S. |date=February 2017 |title=Nitroaromatic detection and infrared communication from wild-type plants using plant nanobionics |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nmat4771 |journal=Nature Materials |language=en |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=264–272 |doi=10.1038/nmat4771 |pmid=27798623 |bibcode=2017NatMa..16..264W |issn=1476-1122}}</ref><ref name="Xu2018">{{Cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Xinzhao |last2=Clément |first2=Pierrick |last3=Eklöf-Österberg |first3=Johnas |last4=Kelley-Loughnane |first4=Nancy |last5=Moth-Poulsen |first5=Kasper |last6=Chávez |first6=Jorge L. |last7=Palma |first7=Matteo |date=2018-07-11 |title=Reconfigurable Carbon Nanotube Multiplexed Sensing Devices |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00856 |journal=Nano Letters |language=en |volume=18 |issue=7 |pages=4130–4135 |doi=10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00856 |pmid=29923734 |bibcode=2018NanoL..18.4130X |s2cid=49310769 |issn=1530-6984}}</ref> lipids,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jena |first1=Prakrit V. |last2=Roxbury |first2=Daniel |last3=Galassi |first3=Thomas V. |last4=Akkari |first4=Leila |last5=Horoszko |first5=Christopher P. |last6=Iaea |first6=David B. |last7=Budhathoki-Uprety |first7=Januka |last8=Pipalia |first8=Nina |last9=Haka |first9=Abigail S. |last10=Harvey |first10=Jackson D. |last11=Mittal |first11=Jeetain |last12=Maxfield |first12=Frederick R. |last13=Joyce |first13=Johanna A. |last14=Heller |first14=Daniel A. |date=2017-11-28 |title=A Carbon Nanotube Optical Reporter Maps Endolysosomal Lipid Flux |journal=ACS Nano |language=en |volume=11 |issue=11 |pages=10689–10703 |doi=10.1021/acsnano.7b04743 |issn=1936-0851 |pmc=5707631 |pmid=28898055 |bibcode=2017ACSNa..1110689J }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Galassi |first1=Thomas V. |last2=Jena |first2=Prakrit V. |last3=Shah |first3=Janki |last4=Ao |first4=Geyou |last5=Molitor |first5=Elizabeth |last6=Bram |first6=Yaron |last7=Frankel |first7=Angela |last8=Park |first8=Jiwoon |last9=Jessurun |first9=Jose |last10=Ory |first10=Daniel S. |last11=Haimovitz-Friedman |first11=Adriana |last12=Roxbury |first12=Daniel |last13=Mittal |first13=Jeetain |last14=Zheng |first14=Ming |last15=Schwartz |first15=Robert E. |date=2018-10-03 |title=An optical nanoreporter of endolysosomal lipid accumulation reveals enduring effects of diet on hepatic macrophages in vivo |journal=Science Translational Medicine |language=en |volume=10 |issue=461 |article-number=eaar2680 |doi=10.1126/scitranslmed.aar2680 |issn=1946-6234 |pmc=6543545 |pmid=30282694}}</ref> proteins,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bisker |first1=Gili |last2=Dong |first2=Juyao |last3=Park |first3=Hoyoung D. |last4=Iverson |first4=Nicole M. |last5=Ahn |first5=Jiyoung |last6=Nelson |first6=Justin T. |last7=Landry |first7=Markita P. |last8=Kruss |first8=Sebastian |last9=Strano |first9=Michael S. |date=2016-01-08 |title=Protein-targeted corona phase molecular recognition |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |article-number=10241 |doi=10.1038/ncomms10241 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=4729864 |pmid=26742890|bibcode=2016NatCo...710241B }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Jayoung |last2=Campbell |first2=Alan S. |last3=de Ávila |first3=Berta Esteban-Fernández |last4=Wang |first4=Joseph |date=April 2019 |title=Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring |journal=Nature Biotechnology |language=en |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=389–406 |doi=10.1038/s41587-019-0045-y |issn=1087-0156 |pmc=8183422 |pmid=30804534}}</ref> sugars,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Barone |first1=Paul W. |last2=Strano |first2=Michael S. |date=2006-12-11 |title=Reversible Control of Carbon Nanotube Aggregation for a Glucose Affinity Sensor |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.200603138 |journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition |language=en |volume=45 |issue=48 |pages=8138–8141 |doi=10.1002/anie.200603138 |pmid=17099921 |bibcode=2006ACIE...45.8138B |issn=1433-7851}}</ref><ref name="Zubkovs2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Zubkovs |first1=Vitalijs |last2=Wang |first2=Hanxuan |last3=Schuergers |first3=Nils |last4=Weninger |first4=Astrid |last5=Glieder |first5=Anton |last6=Cattaneo |first6=Stefano |last7=Boghossian |first7=Ardemis A. |date=2022 |title=Bioengineering a glucose oxidase nanosensor for near-infrared continuous glucose monitoring |journal=Nanoscale Advances |language=en |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=2420–2427 |doi=10.1039/D2NA00092J |issn=2516-0230 |pmc=9154020 |pmid=35746900|bibcode=2022NanoA...4.2420Z }}</ref> DNA/RNA,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Harvey |first1=Jackson D. |last2=Jena |first2=Prakrit V. |last3=Baker |first3=Hanan A. |last4=Zerze |first4=Gül H. |last5=Williams |first5=Ryan M. |last6=Galassi |first6=Thomas V. |last7=Roxbury |first7=Daniel |last8=Mittal |first8=Jeetain |last9=Heller |first9=Daniel A. |date=2017-03-13 |title=A carbon nanotube reporter of microRNA hybridization events in vivo |journal=Nature Biomedical Engineering |language=en |volume=1 |issue=4 |article-number=0041 |doi=10.1038/s41551-017-0041 |issn=2157-846X |pmc=5568023 |pmid=28845337}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Harvey |first1=Jackson D. |last2=Baker |first2=Hanan A. |last3=Ortiz |first3=Michael V. |last4=Kentsis |first4=Alex |last5=Heller |first5=Daniel A. |date=2019-05-24 |title=HIV Detection via a Carbon Nanotube RNA Sensor |journal=ACS Sensors |language=en |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=1236–1244 |doi=10.1021/acssensors.9b00025 |issn=2379-3694 |pmc=7556989 |pmid=31056899 |bibcode=2019ACSSe...4.1236H }}</ref> enzymes<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kallmyer |first1=Nathaniel E. |last2=Abdennadher |first2=Mohamed Seddik |last3=Agarwal |first3=Sparsh |last4=Baldwin-Kordick |first4=Rebecca |last5=Khor |first5=Rachel L. |last6=Kooistra |first6=Alex S. |last7=Peterson |first7=Erica |last8=McDaniel |first8=Marshall D. |last9=Reuel |first9=Nigel F. |date=2021-03-23 |title=Inexpensive Near-Infrared Fluorimeters: Enabling Translation of nIR-Based Assays to the Field |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03732 |journal=Analytical Chemistry |language=en |volume=93 |issue=11 |pages=4800–4808 |doi=10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03732 |pmid=33703890 |bibcode=2021AnaCh..93.4800K |s2cid=232188200 |issn=0003-2700}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shumeiko |first1=Vlad |last2=Paltiel |first2=Yossi |last3=Bisker |first3=Gili |last4=Hayouka |first4=Zvi |last5=Shoseyov |first5=Oded |date=2020-09-14 |title=A Paper-Based Near-Infrared Optical Biosensor for Quantitative Detection of Protease Activity Using Peptide-Encapsulated SWCNTs |journal=Sensors |language=en |volume=20 |issue=18 |page=5247 |doi=10.3390/s20185247 |doi-access=free |issn=1424-8220 |pmc=7570893 |pmid=32937986|bibcode=2020Senso..20.5247S }}</ref> as well as bacteria.<ref name="Nißler-2020">{{Cite journal |last1=Nißler |first1=Robert |last2=Bader |first2=Oliver |last3=Dohmen |first3=Maria |last4=Walter |first4=Sebastian G. |last5=Noll |first5=Christine |last6=Selvaggio |first6=Gabriele |last7=Groß |first7=Uwe |last8=Kruss |first8=Sebastian |date=2020-11-25 |title=Remote near infrared identification of pathogens with multiplexed nanosensors |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5995 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19718-5 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7689463 |pmid=33239609|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5995N }}</ref> [[File:Biosensing.png|thumb|614x614px|Optical biosensors with SWCNTs. The functionalization of SWCNTs with (bio)polymers leads to nanosensors for various molecules. The interaction with these molecules influences the NIR fluorescence of the SWCNTs.]] The signal change manifests itself in an increase or decrease in the current (electrical)<ref name="Heller-2008" /> or in a change in the intensity or wavelength of the fluorescence emission (optical).<ref name="Ackermann-2022" /> Depending on the type of application, both electrical or optical signal transmission can be advantageous.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Clément |first1=P. |last2=Ackermann |first2=J. |last3=Sahin-Solmaz |first3=N. |last4=Herbertz |first4=S. |last5=Boero |first5=G. |last6=Kruss |first6=S. |last7=Brugger |first7=J. |date=November 2022 |title=Comparison of electrical and optical transduction modes of DNA-wrapped SWCNT nanosensors for the reversible detection of neurotransmitters. |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0956566322006820 |journal=Biosensors and Bioelectronics |language=en |volume=216 |article-number=114642 |doi=10.1016/j.bios.2022.114642|pmid=36055131 }}</ref> For sensitive measurement of electronic changes, [[field-effect transistor]]s (FET) are often used in which the flow of charges within the SWCNTs is measured. The FET structures allow easy on-chip integration and can be parallelized to detect multiple target analytes simultaneously.<ref name="Xu2018" /> However, such sensors are more invasive for in vivo applications, as the entire device has to be inserted into the body. Optical detection with semiconducting SWCNTs is based on the radiative recombination of excitons in the near-infrared (NIR) by prior optical (fluorescence<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=O'Connell |first1=Michael J. |last2=Bachilo |first2=Sergei M. |last3=Huffman |first3=Chad B. |last4=Moore |first4=Valerie C. |last5=Strano |first5=Michael S. |last6=Haroz |first6=Erik H. |last7=Rialon |first7=Kristy L. |last8=Boul |first8=Peter J. |last9=Noon |first9=William H. |last10=Kittrell |first10=Carter |last11=Ma |first11=Jianpeng |last12=Hauge |first12=Robert H. |last13=Weisman |first13=R. Bruce |last14=Smalley |first14=Richard E. |date=2002-07-26 |title=Band Gap Fluorescence from Individual Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1072631 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=297 |issue=5581 |pages=593–596 |doi=10.1126/science.1072631 |pmid=12142535 |bibcode=2002Sci...297..593O |s2cid=22623119 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref>) or electrical excitation (electroluminescence<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Beibei |last2=Wu |first2=Xiaojian |last3=Kim |first3=Mijin |last4=Wang |first4=Peng |last5=Wang |first5=YuHuang |date=2021-01-28 |title=Electroluminescence from 4-nitroaryl organic color centers in semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes |journal=Journal of Applied Physics |language=en |volume=129 |issue=4 |page=044305 |doi=10.1063/5.0039047 |bibcode=2021JAP...129d4305X |issn=0021-8979|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Min-Ken |last2=Riaz |first2=Adnan |last3=Wederhake |first3=Martina |last4=Fink |first4=Karin |last5=Saha |first5=Avishek |last6=Dehm |first6=Simone |last7=He |first7=Xiaowei |last8=Schöppler |first8=Friedrich |last9=Kappes |first9=Manfred M. |last10=Htoon |first10=Han |last11=Popov |first11=Valentin N. |last12=Doorn |first12=Stephen K. |last13=Hertel |first13=Tobias |last14=Hennrich |first14=Frank |last15=Krupke |first15=Ralph |date=2022-08-23 |title=Electroluminescence from Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Quantum Defects |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.2c03083 |journal=ACS Nano |language=en |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=11742–11754 |doi=10.1021/acsnano.2c03083 |pmid=35732039 |bibcode=2022ACSNa..1611742L |osti=1879407 |s2cid=249956650 |issn=1936-0851}}</ref>). The emission in the NIR enables detection in the biological transparency window, where optical sensor applications benefit from reduced scattering and autofluorescence of biological samples and consequently a high signal-to-noise ratio.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hong |first1=Guosong |last2=Antaris |first2=Alexander L. |last3=Dai |first3=Hongjie |date=2017-01-10 |title=Near-infrared fluorophores for biomedical imaging |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41551-016-0010 |journal=Nature Biomedical Engineering |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |article-number=0010 |doi=10.1038/s41551-016-0010 |bibcode=2017AsDyn...1.0010H |s2cid=78795936 |issn=2157-846X}}</ref> Compared to optical sensors in the [[UV]] or [[Visible spectrum|visible]] range, the penetration depth in biological tissue is also increased. In addition to the advantage of a contactless readout SWCNTs have excellent photostability,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hong |first1=Guosong |last2=Diao |first2=Shuo |last3=Antaris |first3=Alexander L. |last4=Dai |first4=Hongjie |date=2015-10-14 |title=Carbon Nanomaterials for Biological Imaging and Nanomedicinal Therapy |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00008 |journal=Chemical Reviews |language=en |volume=115 |issue=19 |pages=10816–10906 |doi=10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00008 |pmid=25997028 |bibcode=2015ChRv..11510816H |issn=0009-2665}}</ref> which enables long-term sensor applications. Furthermore, the nanoscale size of SWCNTs allows dense coating of surfaces which enables chemical imaging, e.g. of cellular release processes with high spatial and temporal resolution.<ref name="Kruss-2017" /><ref name="Ackermann-2023" /> Detection of several target analytes is possible by the spatial arrangement of different SWCNT sensors in arrays<ref name="Nißler-2020" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Juyao |last2=Salem |first2=Daniel P. |last3=Sun |first3=Jessica H. |last4=Strano |first4=Michael S. |date=2018-04-24 |title=Analysis of Multiplexed Nanosensor Arrays Based on Near-Infrared Fluorescent Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.8b00980 |journal=ACS Nano |language=en |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=3769–3779 |doi=10.1021/acsnano.8b00980 |pmid=29614219 |bibcode=2018ACSNa..12.3769D |issn=1936-0851}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Salem |first1=Daniel P. |last2=Gong |first2=Xun |last3=Liu |first3=Albert Tianxiang |last4=Akombi |first4=Kayla |last5=Strano |first5=Michael S. |date=2020-01-07 |title=Immobilization and Function of nIR-Fluorescent Carbon Nanotube Sensors on Paper Substrates for Fluidic Manipulation |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03756 |journal=Analytical Chemistry |language=en |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=916–923 |doi=10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03756 |pmid=31829619 |bibcode=2020AnaCh..92..916S |s2cid=209340238 |issn=0003-2700}}</ref> or by hyperspectral detection<ref name="Nißler-2020" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Roxbury |first1=Daniel |last2=Jena |first2=Prakrit V. |last3=Williams |first3=Ryan M. |last4=Enyedi |first4=Balázs |last5=Niethammer |first5=Philipp |last6=Marcet |first6=Stéphane |last7=Verhaegen |first7=Marc |last8=Blais-Ouellette |first8=Sébastien |last9=Heller |first9=Daniel A. |date=2015-09-21 |title=Hyperspectral Microscopy of Near-Infrared Fluorescence Enables 17-Chirality Carbon Nanotube Imaging |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |article-number=14167 |doi=10.1038/srep14167 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=4585673 |pmid=26387482|bibcode=2015NatSR...514167R }}</ref> based on monochiral SWCNT sensors that emit at different emission wavelengths. For fluorescence applications, however, optical filters to distinguish between excitation and emission and a NIR-sensitive detector must be used. Standard silicon detectors can also be used if monochiral SWCNTs (extractable by special purification processes) emitting closer to the visible range (800 – 900&nbsp;nm) are used.<ref name="Ackermann-2023" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wei |first1=Xiaojun |last2=Tanaka |first2=Takeshi |last3=Akizuki |first3=Naoto |last4=Miyauchi |first4=Yuhei |last5=Matsuda |first5=Kazunari |last6=Ohfuchi |first6=Mari |last7=Kataura |first7=Hiromichi |date=2016-05-19 |title=Single-Chirality Separation and Optical Properties of (5,4) Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b03257 |journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry C |language=en |volume=120 |issue=19 |pages=10705–10710 |doi=10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b03257 |issn=1932-7447}}</ref> In order to avoid susceptibility of optical sensors to fluctuating ambient light, internal references such as SWCNTs that are modified to be non-responsive or stable NIR emitters<ref name="Nißler-2020" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Selvaggio |first1=Gabriele |last2=Chizhik |first2=Alexey |last3=Nißler |first3=Robert |last4=Kuhlemann |first4=llyas |last5=Meyer |first5=Daniel |last6=Vuong |first6=Loan |last7=Preiß |first7=Helen |last8=Herrmann |first8=Niklas |last9=Mann |first9=Florian A. |last10=Lv |first10=Zhiyi |last11=Oswald |first11=Tabea A. |last12=Spreinat |first12=Alexander |last13=Erpenbeck |first13=Luise |last14=Großhans |first14=Jörg |last15=Karius |first15=Volker |date=2020-03-20 |title=Exfoliated near infrared fluorescent silicate nanosheets for (bio)photonics |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=1495 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-15299-5 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7083911 |pmid=32198383|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.1495S }}</ref> can be used. An alternative is to measure fluorescence lifetimes<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sistemich |first1=Linda |last2=Galonska |first2=Phillip |last3=Stegemann |first3=Jan |last4=Ackermann |first4=Julia |last5=Kruss |first5=Sebastian |date=2023-06-12 |title=Near-Infrared Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging of Biomolecules with Carbon Nanotubes** |journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition |language=en |volume=62 |issue=24 |article-number=e202300682 |doi=10.1002/anie.202300682 |pmid=36891826 |bibcode=2023ACIE...62E0682S |issn=1433-7851|doi-access=free }}</ref> instead of fluorescence intensities. Overall, SWCNTs therefore have great potential as building blocks for various biosensors. To render SWCNTs suitable for biosensing, their surface needs to be modified to ensure colloidal stability and provide a handle for biological recognition. Therefore, biosensing and surface modifications (functionalization) are closely related.<ref name="Ackermann-2022" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kruss |first1=Sebastian |last2=Hilmer |first2=Andrew J. |last3=Zhang |first3=Jingqing |last4=Reuel |first4=Nigel F. |last5=Mu |first5=Bin |last6=Strano |first6=Michael S. |date=December 2013 |title=Carbon nanotubes as optical biomedical sensors |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169409X13001695 |journal=Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews |language=en |volume=65 |issue=15 |pages=1933–1950 |doi=10.1016/j.addr.2013.07.015|pmid=23906934 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Boghossian |first1=Ardemis A. |last2=Zhang |first2=Jingqing |last3=Barone |first3=Paul W. |last4=Reuel |first4=Nigel F. |last5=Kim |first5=Jong-Ho |last6=Heller |first6=Daniel A. |last7=Ahn |first7=Jin-Ho |last8=Hilmer |first8=Andrew J. |last9=Rwei |first9=Alina |last10=Arkalgud |first10=Jyoti R. |last11=Zhang |first11=Cathy T. |last12=Strano |first12=Michael S. |date=2011-07-18 |title=Near-Infrared Fluorescent Sensors based on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Life Sciences Applications |url=https://chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cssc.201100070 |journal=ChemSusChem |language=en |volume=4 |issue=7 |pages=848–863 |doi=10.1002/cssc.201100070 |pmid=21751417 |bibcode=2011ChSCh...4..848B |issn=1864-5631}}</ref> Potential future applications include biomedical and environmental applications such as monitoring plant health in agriculture,<ref name="Wu-2020" /><ref name="Lew-2020" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nißler |first1=Robert |last2=Müller |first2=Andrea T. |last3=Dohrman |first3=Frederike |last4=Kurth |first4=Larissa |last5=Li |first5=Han |last6=Cosio |first6=Eric G. |last7=Flavel |first7=Benjamin S. |last8=Giraldo |first8=Juan Pablo |last9=Mithöfer |first9=Axel |last10=Kruss |first10=Sebastian |date=2022-01-10 |title=Detection and Imaging of the Plant Pathogen Response by Near-Infrared Fluorescent Polyphenol Sensors |journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition |language=en |volume=61 |issue=2 |article-number=e202108373 |doi=10.1002/anie.202108373 |issn=1433-7851 |pmc=9298901 |pmid=34608727 |bibcode=2022ACIE...61E8373N }}</ref> standoff process control in bioreactors, research/diagnostics of neuronal communication<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Elizarova |first1=Sofia |last2=Chouaib |first2=Abed Alrahman |last3=Shaib |first3=Ali |last4=Hill |first4=Björn |last5=Mann |first5=Florian |last6=Brose |first6=Nils |last7=Kruss |first7=Sebastian |last8=Daniel |first8=James A. |date=2022-05-31 |title=A fluorescent nanosensor paint detects dopamine release at axonal varicosities with high spatiotemporal resolution |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=119 |issue=22 |article-number=e2202842119 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2202842119 |doi-access=free |pmid=35613050 |pmc=9295782 |bibcode=2022PNAS..11902842E |issn=0027-8424}}</ref> and numerous diseases such as coagulation disorders,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gerstman |first1=Efrat |last2=Hendler-Neumark |first2=Adi |last3=Wulf |first3=Verena |last4=Bisker |first4=Gili |date=2023-05-10 |title=Monitoring the Formation of Fibrin Clots as Part of the Coagulation Cascade Using Fluorescent Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes |journal=ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces |language=en |volume=15 |issue=18 |pages=21866–21876 |doi=10.1021/acsami.3c00828 |issn=1944-8244 |pmc=10176323 |pmid=37128896 |bibcode=2023AAMI...1521866G }}</ref> diabetes,<ref name="Zubkovs2022" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ehrlich |first1=Roni |last2=Hendler-Neumark |first2=Adi |last3=Wulf |first3=Verena |last4=Amir |first4=Dean |last5=Bisker |first5=Gili |date=July 2021 |title=Optical Nanosensors for Real-Time Feedback on Insulin Secretion by β-Cells |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/smll.202101660 |journal=Small |language=en |volume=17 |issue=30 |article-number=e2101660 |doi=10.1002/smll.202101660 |pmid=34197026 |issn=1613-6810}}</ref> cancer,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Mijin |last2=Chen |first2=Chen |last3=Wang |first3=Peng |last4=Mulvey |first4=Joseph J. |last5=Yang |first5=Yoona |last6=Wun |first6=Christopher |last7=Antman-Passig |first7=Merav |last8=Luo |first8=Hong-Bin |last9=Cho |first9=Sun |last10=Long-Roche |first10=Kara |last11=Ramanathan |first11=Lakshmi V. |last12=Jagota |first12=Anand |last13=Zheng |first13=Ming |last14=Wang |first14=YuHuang |last15=Heller |first15=Daniel A. |date=2022-03-17 |title=Detection of ovarian cancer via the spectral fingerprinting of quantum-defect-modified carbon nanotubes in serum by machine learning |journal=Nature Biomedical Engineering |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=267–275 |doi=10.1038/s41551-022-00860-y |issn=2157-846X |pmc=9108893 |pmid=35301449}}</ref> microbial and viral infections,<ref name="Nißler-2020" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Metternich |first1=Justus T. |last2=Wartmann |first2=Janus A. C. |last3=Sistemich |first3=Linda |last4=Nißler |first4=Robert |last5=Herbertz |first5=Svenja |last6=Kruss |first6=Sebastian |date=2023-07-12 |title=Near-Infrared Fluorescent Biosensors Based on Covalent DNA Anchors |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jacs.3c03336 |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |language=en |volume=145 |issue=27 |pages=14776–14783 |doi=10.1021/jacs.3c03336 |pmid=37367958 |bibcode=2023JAChS.14514776M |s2cid=259261621 |issn=0002-7863}}</ref> testing the efficacy of pharmaceuticals<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ackermann |first1=Julia |last2=Reger |first2=Eline |last3=Jung |first3=Sebastian |last4=Mohr |first4=Jennifer |last5=Herbertz |first5=Svenja |last6=Seidl |first6=Karsten |last7=Kruss |first7=Sebastian |date=February 2024 |title=Smart Slides for Optical Monitoring of Cellular Processes |journal=Advanced Functional Materials |language=en |volume=34 |issue=6 |article-number=2309064 |doi=10.1002/adfm.202309064 |bibcode=2024AdvFM..3409064A |issn=1616-301X|doi-access=free }}</ref> or infection monitoring using smart implants. In industry, SWCNTs are already used as sensors in the detection of gases and odors in the form of an electronic nose<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart Nanotubes – Gas sensor development |url=https://smart-nanotubes.com/ |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Smart Nanotubes |language=en-US}}</ref> or in enzyme screening.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome |url=https://www.zymosense.com/ |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=www.zymosense.com}}</ref> === Other current applications === * [[Easton-Bell Sports, Inc.]] have been in partnership with [[Zyvex Performance Materials]], using CNT technology in a number of their [[bicycle]] components – including flat and riser handlebars, cranks, forks, seatposts, stems and aero bars. * [[Amroy Europe Oy]] manufactures [[Hybtonite]] carbon nano-epoxy resins where carbon nanotubes have been chemically activated to bond to [[epoxy]], resulting in a composite material that is 20% to 30% stronger than other composite materials. It has been used for wind turbines, marine paints and a variety of sports gear such as skis, ice hockey sticks, baseball bats, hunting arrows, and surfboards.<ref name="Pagni">{{cite web| vauthors = Pagni J |title=Amroy aims to become nano-leader |publisher=European Plastics News |date=5 March 2010 |url=http://www.europeanplasticsnews.com/subscriber/headlines2.html?cat=1&id=1267781513 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710204854/http://www.europeanplasticsnews.com/subscriber/headlines2.html?cat=1&id=1267781513 |archive-date=10 July 2011}}</ref> * [[Surrey NanoSystems]] synthesizes carbon nanotubes to create [[vantablack]] ultra-absorptive black paint. * "Gecko tape" (also called "[[nano tape]]") is often commercially sold as double-sided [[adhesive tape]]. It can be used to hang lightweight items such as pictures and decorative items on smooth walls without punching holes in the wall. The carbon nanotube arrays comprising the [[synthetic setae]] leave no residue after removal and can stay sticky in extreme temperatures.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology-news2/newsid=53150.php|title=Carbon nanotube tape stays sticky in extreme temperatures|date=Jul 10, 2019|newspaper=Nanowerk Newsletter|publisher=American Chemical Society}}</ref> * Tips for [[atomic force microscope]] probes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nanotube Tips |url=http://www.nanoscience.com/store/pc/viewCategories.asp?idCategory=9 |publisher=nanoScience instruments |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027064700/http://www.nanoscience.com/store/pc/viewCategories.asp?idCategory=9 |archive-date=27 October 2011}}</ref> === Applications under development === Applications of nanotubes in development in academia and industry include: * Medical devices: Using single wall carbon nanotubes in medical devices results in no skin contamination, high flexibility, and softness, which are crucial for healthcare applications.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=Nanotube solution for medical devices approved to enter EU market |url=https://www.med-technews.com/news/medtech-materials-and-assembly-news/nanotube-solution-for-medical-devices-approved-to-enter-eu-m/ |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=Med-Tech Innovation |language=en-gb}}</ref> * Wearable electronics and 5G/6G communication: Electrodes with single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) exhibit excellent electrochemical properties and flexibility.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Mi-Jeong |last2=Kim |first2=Hyeonbeom |last3=Kim |first3=Jungmo |last4=Lee |first4=Yeo Jin |last5=Lee |first5=Wonki |last6=Hwang |first6=Jun Yeon |last7=Kim |first7=Ki Kang |last8=Jeong |first8=Hee Jin |date=2024-06-28 |title=Molecular-level hybridization of single-walled carbon nanotubes and a copper complex with counterbalanced electrostatic interactions |journal=Communications Materials |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=111 |doi=10.1038/s43246-024-00548-7 |issn=2662-4443|doi-access=free |bibcode=2024CoMat...5..111K }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Paleo |first1=Antonio J. |last2=Martinez-Rubi |first2=Yadienka |last3=Krause |first3=Beate |last4=Pötschke |first4=Petra |last5=Jakubinek |first5=Michael B. |last6=Ashrafi |first6=Behnam |last7=Kingston |first7=Christopher |date=2023-10-13 |title=Carbon Nanotube–Polyurethane Composite Sheets for Flexible Thermoelectric Materials |journal=[[ACS Applied Nano Materials]] |language=en |volume=6 |issue=19 |pages=17986–17995 |doi=10.1021/acsanm.3c03247 |issn=2574-0970 |pmc=10580240 |pmid=37854856 |bibcode=2023ACSAN...617986P }}</ref> * Bitumen and asphalt: The world's first test section of road pavement with single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) showed a 67% increase in resistance to cracks and ruts, increasing the lifespan of the materials.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tiza |first=Michael Toryila |date=December 6, 2022 |title=Applications of nanomaterials in highway pavements |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2643879 |journal=NanoEra |issue=2(2), 23-29 |via=Atatürk University Press}}</ref> * Nanocomposites for aviation, automotive, and renewable energy markets: Modifying resin with just 0.02% single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) increases electrical conductivity by 276% without compromising the mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced polymers, also improving flexural properties and delaying thermal degradation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Demski |first1=Szymon |last2=Misiak |first2=Michał |last3=Majchrowicz |first3=Kamil |last4=Komorowska |first4=Gabriela |last5=Lipkowski |first5=Adrian |last6=Stankiewicz |first6=Karolina |last7=Dydek |first7=Kamil |last8=Waśniewski |first8=Bartłomiej |last9=Boczkowska |first9=Anna |last10=Ehrlich |first10=Hermann |date=2024-05-21 |title=Mechanical recycling of CFRPs based on thermoplastic acrylic resin with the addition of carbon nanotubes |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=11550 |doi=10.1038/s41598-024-62594-y |pmid=38773242 |issn=2045-2322|pmc=11109235 |bibcode=2024NatSR..1411550D }}</ref> * Additive manufacturing: single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are mixed with a suitable printing medium or used as a filler material in the printing process, creating complex structures with enhanced mechanical and electrical properties.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nechausov |first1=Sergey |last2=Miriyev |first2=Aslan |date=2024-09-15 |title=3D-Printable high-mixed-conductivity ionogel composites for soft multifunctional devices |journal=Chemical Engineering Journal |volume=496 |article-number=153759 |doi=10.1016/j.cej.2024.153759 |issn=1385-8947|doi-access=free |bibcode=2024ChEnJ.49653759N }}</ref> * Utilizing carbon nanotubes as the channel material of [[carbon nanotube field-effect transistor]]s.<ref name="noyce1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Noyce SG, Doherty JL, Cheng Z, Han H, Bowen S, Franklin AD | title = Electronic Stability of Carbon Nanotube Transistors Under Long-Term Bias Stress | journal = Nano Letters | volume = 19 | issue = 3 | pages = 1460–1466 | date = March 2019 | pmid = 30720283 | doi = 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03986 | s2cid = 73450707 | bibcode = 2019NanoL..19.1460N }}</ref> * Using carbon nanotubes as a scaffold for diverse microfabrication techniques.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nano.byu.edu/publications |title=Publications on carbon nanotube applications including scaffold microfabrication |date=27 May 2014 |website=nano.byu.edu}}</ref> * Energy dissipation in self-organized nanostructures under the influence of an electric field.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Belkin A, Hubler A, Bezryadin A | title = Self-assembled wiggling nano-structures and the principle of maximum entropy production | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 5 | article-number = 8323 | date = February 2015 | pmid = 25662746 | pmc = 4321171 | doi = 10.1038/srep08323 | bibcode = 2015NatSR...5.8323B }}</ref> * Using carbon nanotubes for environmental monitoring due to their active surface area and their ability to absorb gases.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tan CW, Tan KH, Ong YT, Mohamed AR, Zein SH, Tan SH |title=Energy and environmental applications of carbon nanotubes |journal=Environmental Chemistry Letters |date=September 2012 |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=265–273 |doi=10.1007/s10311-012-0356-4 |bibcode=2012EnvCL..10..265T |s2cid=95369378 |url=https://hull-repository.worktribe.com/output/549855 }}</ref> * Jack Andraka used carbon nanotubes in his pancreatic cancer test. His method of testing won the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair Gordon E. Moore Award in the spring of 2012.<ref>{{Cite web| vauthors = Tucker A |title=Jack Andraka, the Teen Prodigy of Pancreatic Cancer|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/jack-andraka-the-teen-prodigy-of-pancreatic-cancer-135925809/|access-date=2021-03-02|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en}}</ref> * [[The Boeing Company]] has patented the use of carbon nanotubes for structural health monitoring<ref>[https://patents.google.com/patent/US9329021]{{cite patent|country=US|number=9329021|title=System and methods for use in monitoring a structure|pubdate=May 3, 2016|inventor=DeLuca MJ, Felker CJ, Heider D|url=http://www.google.com/patents/US9329021}}</ref> of composites used in aircraft structures. This technology is hoped to greatly reduce the risk of an in-flight failure caused by structural degradation of aircraft. * [[Zyvex Technologies]] has also built a 54' maritime vessel, the [[Piranha Unmanned Surface Vessel]], as a technology demonstrator for what is possible using CNT technology. CNTs help improve the structural performance of the vessel, resulting in a lightweight 8,000&nbsp;lb boat that can carry a payload of 15,000&nbsp;lb over a range of 2,500 miles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reinforcedplastics.com/view/7467/pirahna-usv-built-using-nanoenhanced-carbon-prepreg/ |title=Pirahna USV built using nano-enhanced carbon prepreg |date=19 February 2009 |publisher=ReinforcedPlastics.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303141747/http://www.reinforcedplastics.com/view/7467/pirahna-usv-built-using-nanoenhanced-carbon-prepreg/ |archive-date=3 March 2012 }}</ref> * [[IMEC]] is using carbon nanotubes for [[Pellicle mirror|pellicles]] in semiconductor lithography.<ref>{{Cite web |last=LaPedus |first=Mark |date=2021-03-22 |title=EUV Pellicles Finally Ready |url=https://semiengineering.com/euv-pellicles-finally-ready/ |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=Semiconductor Engineering |language=en-US}}</ref> * In [[tissue engineering]], carbon nanotubes have been used as scaffolding for bone growth.<ref name="bone">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zanello LP, Zhao B, Hu H, Haddon RC | title = Bone cell proliferation on carbon nanotubes | journal = Nano Letters | volume = 6 | issue = 3 | pages = 562–567 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 16522063 | doi = 10.1021/nl051861e | bibcode = 2006NanoL...6..562Z }}</ref> Carbon nanotubes can serve as additives to various structural materials. For instance, nanotubes form a tiny portion of the material(s) in some (primarily [[carbon fiber]]) baseball bats, golf clubs, car parts, or [[damascus steel]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/11/061116-nanotech-swords.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061118060943/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/11/061116-nanotech-swords.html|archive-date=18 November 2006|title=Legendary Swords' Sharpness, Strength From Nanotubes, Study Says|website=news.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gullapalli S, Wong MS | year = 2011 | title = Nanotechnology: A Guide to Nano-Objects | url = http://www.aiche.org/uploadedFiles/Publications/CEPMagazine/051128_public.pdf | journal = Chemical Engineering Progress | volume = 107 | issue = 5 | pages = 28–32 | access-date = 24 November 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120813180046/http://www.aiche.org/uploadedFiles/Publications/CEPMagazine/051128_public.pdf | archive-date = 13 August 2012 }}</ref> IBM expected carbon nanotube transistors to be used on Integrated Circuits by 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/528601/ibm-commercial-nanotube-transistors-are-coming-soon/|title=IBM Expects Nanotube Transistor Computer Chips Ready Soon After 2020| vauthors = Simonite T |website=MIT Technology Review}}</ref> SWCNTs have found use in long lasting, faster charged [[Lithium-ion battery|lithium ion batteries]];<ref>{{Cite web |last=Billington |first=James |date=2022-08-04 |title=Faster charging and more powerful EV batteries boosted by graphene nanotube production |url=https://www.electrichybridvehicletechnology.com/news/battery-technology/faster-charging-and-more-powerful-ev-batteries-boosted-by-graphene-nanotube-production.html |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=Electric & Hybrid Vehicle Technology International |language=en-US}}</ref> [[polyamide]] car parts for e-painting;<ref>{{Cite news |last=Moore |first=Stephen |date=2020-08-31 |title=Graphene Nanotubes Make Polyamide Paintable |url=https://www.plasticstoday.com/automotive-and-mobility/graphene-nanotubes-make-polyamide-paintable |access-date=2024-08-07 |work=Plastics Today}}</ref> automotive primers for cost benefits and better aesthetics of topcoats;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clear Skies Coatings Presented a Waterborne Conductive Primer & Adhesion Promoter with Graphene Nanotubes – IPCM |url=https://www.ipcm.it/en/post/clear-skies-coatings-waterborne-conductive-primer.aspx |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=www.ipcm.it}}</ref> [[Antistatic device|ESD floors]];<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overcoming ESD-Control Flooring Challenges: A Comprehensive Guide to ANSI/ESD S20.20-2021 {{!}} FLOOR Trends & Installation |url=https://www.floortrendsmag.com/articles/110984-overcoming-esd-control-flooring-challenges-a-comprehensive-guide-to-ansi-esd-s2020-2021 |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=www.floortrendsmag.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Soto Beobide |first1=Amaia |last2=Bieri |first2=Rudolf |last3=Szakács |first3=Zoltán |last4=Sparwasser |first4=Kevin |last5=Kaitsa |first5=Ioanna G. |last6=Georgiopoulos |first6=Ilias |last7=Andrikopoulos |first7=Konstantinos S. |last8=Van Kerckhove |first8=Gunther |last9=Voyiatzis |first9=George A. |date=January 2024 |title=Raman Spectroscopy Unfolds the Fate and Transformation of SWCNTs after Abrasive Wear of Epoxy Floor Coatings |journal=Nanomaterials |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=120 |doi=10.3390/nano14010120 |doi-access=free |pmid=38202575 |issn=2079-4991|pmc=10780583 }}</ref> electrically conductive lining coatings for tanks and pipes;<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-26 |title=Graphene goes industrial without a bang |url=https://www.compositesworld.com/articles/graphene-goes-industrial-without-a-bang- |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=www.compositesworld.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Rubber pants|rubber parts]] with improved heat and oil aging stability;<ref>{{Cite web |title=OCSiAl, Daikin improve fluoropolymer resistance to extreme conditions {{!}} European Rubber Journal |url=https://www.european-rubber-journal.com/article/2090872/ocsial-daikin-improve-fluoropolymer-resistance-to-extreme-conditions |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=www.european-rubber-journal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Guangyong |last2=Wang |first2=Huiyu |last3=Ren |first3=Tianli |last4=Chen |first4=Yuwei |last5=Liu |first5=Susu |date=January 2024 |title=Systematic Investigation of the Degradation Properties of Nitrile-Butadiene Rubber/Polyamide Elastomer/Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Composites in Thermo-Oxidative and Hot Oil Environments |journal=Polymers |language=en |volume=16 |issue=2 |page=226 |doi=10.3390/polym16020226 |doi-access=free |pmid=38257025 |pmc=10820770 |issn=2073-4360}}</ref> conductive [[gelcoat]]s for ATEX requirements and tooling conductive gelcoats for increased safety and efficiency;<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-26 |title=BÜFA releases line of novel conductive gelcoats |url=https://www.compositesworld.com/products/bufa-releases-line-of-novel-conductive-gelcoats |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=www.compositesworld.com |language=en}}</ref> and heating fiber coatings for infrastructure elements.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-21 |title=Polymer fibers with graphene nanotubes make it possible to heat hard-to-reach, complex-shaped items – Modern Plastics India |url=https://modernplasticsindia.in/polymer-fibers-with-graphene-nanotubes/ |access-date=2024-08-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Potential/Future applications === {{Main|Potential applications of carbon nanotubes}} The strength and flexibility of carbon nanotubes makes them of potential use in controlling other nanoscale structures, which suggests they will have an important role in [[nanotechnology]] engineering.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Thomas DJ |title=Ultrafine graphitised MWCNT nanostructured yarn for the manufacture of electrically conductive fabric |journal=The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology |date=June 2018 |volume=96 |issue=9–12 |pages=3805–3808 |doi=10.1007/s00170-017-1320-z |s2cid=115751858 }}</ref> The highest tensile strength of an individual multi-walled carbon nanotube has been tested to be 63&nbsp;[[GPa]].<ref name="Strength and Breaking" /> Carbon nanotubes were found in [[Damascus steel]] from the 17th century, possibly helping to account for the legendary strength of the swords made of it.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sanderson K |title=Sharpest cut from nanotube sword |journal=Nature News |doi=10.1038/news061113-11| year=2006|s2cid=136774602 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Reibold M, Paufler P, Levin AA, Kochmann W, Pätzke N, Meyer DC | title = Materials: carbon nanotubes in an ancient Damascus sabre | journal = Nature | volume = 444 | issue = 7117 | page = 286 | date = November 2006 | pmid = 17108950 | doi = 10.1038/444286a | s2cid = 4431079 | bibcode = 2006Natur.444..286R | doi-access = free }}</ref> Recently, several studies have highlighted the prospect of using carbon nanotubes as building blocks to fabricate three-dimensional macroscopic (>1mm in all three dimensions) all-carbon devices. Lalwani et al. have reported a novel radical initiated thermal crosslinking method to fabricated macroscopic, free-standing, porous, all-carbon scaffolds using single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes as building blocks.<ref name="PMID 23436939" /> These scaffolds possess macro-, micro-, and nano- structured pores and the porosity can be tailored for specific applications. These 3D all-carbon scaffolds/architectures may be used for the fabrication of the next generation of energy storage, supercapacitors, field emission transistors, high-performance catalysis,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Valenti G, Boni A, Melchionna M, Cargnello M, Nasi L, Bertoni G, Gorte RJ, Marcaccio M, Rapino S, Bonchio M, Fornasiero P, Prato M, Paolucci F | title = Co-axial heterostructures integrating palladium/titanium dioxide with carbon nanotubes for efficient electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 7 | article-number = 13549 | date = December 2016 | pmid = 27941752 | pmc = 5159813 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms13549 | bibcode = 2016NatCo...713549V }}</ref> photovoltaics, and biomedical devices and implants. CNTs are potential candidates for future via and wire material in nano-scale VLSI circuits. Eliminating [[electromigration]] reliability concerns that plague today's [[Cu interconnects]], isolated (single and multi-wall) CNTs can carry current densities in excess of 1000&nbsp;MA/cm<sup>2</sup> without electromigration damage.<ref name="EM_book">{{cite book| vauthors = Lienig J, Thiele M |title= Fundamentals of Electromigration-Aware Integrated Circuit Design|pages=138–140 |chapter=Mitigating Electromigration in Physical Design |publisher=Springer |date=2018 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-73558-0 |isbn=978-3-319-73557-3}}</ref> Single-walled nanotubes are likely candidates for miniaturizing electronics. The most basic building block of these systems is an electric wire, and SWNTs with diameters of an order of a nanometre can be excellent conductors.<ref name="mintmire1" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dekker C |title=Carbon Nanotubes as Molecular Quantum Wires |journal=Physics Today |date=May 1999 |volume=52 |issue=5 |pages=22–28 |doi=10.1063/1.882658 |bibcode=1999PhT....52e..22D }}</ref> One useful application of SWNTs is in the development of the first intermolecular [[field-effect transistor]]s (FET). The first intermolecular [[logic gate]] using SWCNT FETs was made in 2001.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Martel R, Derycke V, Lavoie C, Appenzeller J, Chan KK, Tersoff J, Avouris P | title = Ambipolar electrical transport in semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes | journal = Physical Review Letters | volume = 87 | issue = 25 | article-number = 256805 | date = December 2001 | pmid = 11736597 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.256805 | bibcode = 2001PhRvL..87y6805M }}</ref> A logic gate requires both a p-FET and an n-FET. Because SWNTs are p-FETs when exposed to oxygen and n-FETs otherwise, it is possible to expose half of an SWNT to oxygen and protect the other half from it. The resulting SWNT acts as a ''not'' logic gate with both p- and n-type FETs in the same molecule. Large quantities of pure CNTs can be made into a freestanding sheet or film by surface-engineered tape-casting (SETC) fabrication technique which is a scalable method to fabricate flexible and foldable sheets with superior properties.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Susantyoko RA, Karam Z, Alkhoori S, Mustafa I, Wu CH, Almheiri S |title=A surface-engineered tape-casting fabrication technique toward the commercialisation of freestanding carbon nanotube sheets |journal=Journal of Materials Chemistry A |date=2017 |volume=5 |issue=36 |pages=19255–19266 |doi=10.1039/c7ta04999d }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Karam Z, Susantyoko RA, Alhammadi A, Mustafa I, Wu CH, Almheiri S |title=Development of Surface-Engineered Tape-Casting Method for Fabricating Freestanding Carbon Nanotube Sheets Containing Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Nanoparticles for Flexible Batteries |journal=Advanced Engineering Materials |date=June 2018 |volume=20 |issue=6 |article-number=1701019 |doi=10.1002/adem.201701019 |s2cid=139283096 }}</ref> Another reported form factor is CNT fiber (a.k.a. filament) by wet [[Spinning (polymers)|spinning]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Behabtu N, Young CC, Tsentalovich DE, Kleinerman O, Wang X, Ma AW, Bengio EA, ter Waarbeek RF, de Jong JJ, Hoogerwerf RE, Fairchild SB, Ferguson JB, Maruyama B, Kono J, Talmon Y, Cohen Y, Otto MJ, Pasquali M | title = Strong, light, multifunctional fibers of carbon nanotubes with ultrahigh conductivity | journal = Science | volume = 339 | issue = 6116 | pages = 182–186 | date = January 2013 | pmid = 23307737 | doi = 10.1126/science.1228061 | hdl-access = free | s2cid = 10843825 | bibcode = 2013Sci...339..182B | hdl = 1911/70792 }}</ref> The fiber is either directly spun from the synthesis pot or spun from pre-made dissolved CNTs. Individual fibers can be turned into a [[yarn]]. Apart from its strength and flexibility, the main advantage is making an [[electrically conducting yarn]]. The electronic properties of individual CNT fibers (i.e. bundle of individual CNT) are governed by the two-dimensional structure of CNTs. The fibers were measured to have a [[Electrical resistivity and conductivity|resistivity]] only one order of magnitude higher than metallic conductors at {{Convert|300|K|abbr=on}}. By further optimizing the CNTs and CNT fibers, CNT fibers with improved electrical properties could be developed.<ref name="EM_book" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Piraux L, Araujo FA, Bui TN, Otto MJ, Issi JP |title=Two-dimensional quantum transport in highly conductive carbon nanotube fibers |journal=Physical Review B |date=26 August 2015 |volume=92 |issue=8 |article-number=085428 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.92.085428 |bibcode=2015PhRvB..92h5428P }}</ref> CNT-based yarns are suitable for applications in energy and electrochemical water treatment when coated with an [[ion-exchange membrane]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu F, Wagterveld RM, Gebben B, Otto MJ, Biesheuvel PM, Hamelers HV |title=Carbon nanotube yarns as strong flexible conductive capacitive electrodes |journal=Colloid and Interface Science Communications |date=November 2014 |volume=3 |pages=9–12 |doi=10.1016/j.colcom.2015.02.001 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Also, CNT-based yarns could replace copper as a [[Electromagnetic coil|winding]] material. Pyrhönen et al. (2015) have built a motor using CNT winding.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pyrhönen J, Montonen J, Lindh P, Vauterin J, Otto M |title=Replacing Copper with New Carbon Nanomaterials in Electrical Machine Windings |journal=International Review of Electrical Engineering |date=28 February 2015 |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=12 |doi=10.15866/iree.v10i1.5253 |citeseerx=10.1.1.1005.8294 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fg_QZuVKWws Carbon Nanotube Yarn Rotates Electric Motors at LUT]. YouTube</ref> ==پڻ ڏسو== ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons}} * [https://www.wecanfigurethisout.org/VL/Nanocarbon.htm Nanocarbon: From Graphene to Buckyballs]. Interactive 3D models of cyclohexane, benzene, graphene, graphite, chiral & non-chiral nanotubes, and C60 Buckyballs – WeCanFigureThisOut.org. * [http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/223 C<sub>60</sub> and Carbon Nanotubes a short video explaining how nanotubes can be made from modified graphite sheets and the three different types of nanotubes that are formed] * [http://nanohub.org/resources/2762 Learning module for Bandstructure of Carbon Nanotubes and Nanoribbons] * [http://stacks.iop.org/1367-2630/5/i=1/a=E04 Selection of free-download articles on carbon nanotubes] * [https://demonstrations.wolfram.com/ElectronicBandStructureOfASingleWalledCarbonNanotubeByTheZon/ WOLFRAM Demonstrations Project: Electronic Band Structure of a Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube by the Zone-Folding Method] * [http://www.demonstrations.wolfram.com/ElectronicStructureOfASingleWalledCarbonNanotubeInTightBindi/ WOLFRAM Demonstrations Project: Electronic Structure of a Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube in Tight-Binding Wannier Representation] {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ڪاربن نينو ٽيوب]] [[زمرو:نينو مواد]] [[زمرو:ڪاربان جا ٻهروپ]] [[زمرو:شفاف اليڪٽروڊ]] [[زمرو:ريفريڪٽري مواد]] [[زمرو:دريافتن ۽ ايجادن جون تڪرارون]] [[زمرو:سالڊ اسٽيٽ فزڪس]] e3q3nip1x0v6igp2hyska4j9oihc766 زمرو:نينو ٽيڪنالاجي 14 94080 367819 2026-03-27T13:00:03Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:موادي سائنس]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪنالاجي]] 367819 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:موادي سائنس]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪنالاجي]] cdxglv3ax9svpi2dvddrxtpap666v07 زمرو:نينو مواد 14 94081 367822 2026-03-27T13:13:50Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:مواد]] [[زمرو:سالڊ اسٽيٽ فزڪس]] 367822 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:مواد]] [[زمرو:سالڊ اسٽيٽ فزڪس]] p1qjw809gfjwgyzdxds9kw2zzyp91j9 زمرو:ڪاربن نينو ٽيوب 14 94082 367823 2026-03-27T13:17:21Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:نينو ٽيوب]] [[زمرو:ڪاربان نينو مواد]] 367823 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:نينو ٽيوب]] [[زمرو:ڪاربان نينو مواد]] 4wyfuwvjhj0pl8v0u0quk75qlu6pnhv زمرو:ڪاربان نينو مواد 14 94083 367824 2026-03-27T13:17:57Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ڪاربان]] [[زمرو:نينو مواد]] 367824 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ڪاربان]] [[زمرو:نينو مواد]] i51ddfglzyhbjd0wtjs8syynxuxgj8u زمرو:نينو ٽيوب 14 94084 367825 2026-03-27T13:18:26Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:نينو ٽيڪنالاجي]] 367825 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:نينو ٽيڪنالاجي]] 79tpaspw022n6zq7vlt6gln55w0vd6v زمرو:ڪاربان جا ٻهروپ 14 94085 367826 2026-03-27T13:21:05Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ڪاربان]] [[زمرو:ڪيميائي عنصرن جا ٻهروپ]] 367826 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ڪاربان]] [[زمرو:ڪيميائي عنصرن جا ٻهروپ]] 0f198de4etibj035vavrn3b1ce4efcq زمرو:ڪيميائي عنصرن جا ٻهروپ 14 94086 367827 2026-03-27T13:21:38Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ڪيميائي عنصر]] [[زمرو:ڪيميائي خاصيتون]] 367827 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ڪيميائي عنصر]] [[زمرو:ڪيميائي خاصيتون]] f2h5k5wcziw3dv35gtxd1tpnp09u5us 367828 367827 2026-03-27T13:22:10Z Ibne maryam 17680 367828 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ڪيميائي تت]] [[زمرو:طبيعي خاصيتون]] htsh6m2wd4dksp5tw2sxk98y6jam0pj زمرو:ريفريڪٽري مواد 14 94087 367829 2026-03-27T13:23:14Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:مواد]] [[زمرو:بصريات]] 367829 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:مواد]] [[زمرو:بصريات]] mkgnojs2qc5cvz0tglbexdz7hs8b5ha زمرو:شفاف اليڪٽروڊ 14 94088 367830 2026-03-27T13:24:29Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:اليڪٽروڊ]] [[زمرو:اليڪٽروڪيمسٽري]] 367830 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:اليڪٽروڊ]] [[زمرو:اليڪٽروڪيمسٽري]] ecf1ku62cwt52yemm6quczvxvjwlryw زمرو:اليڪٽروڊ 14 94089 367831 2026-03-27T13:25:01Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:اليڪٽروڪيمسٽري]] 367831 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:اليڪٽروڪيمسٽري]] fa87zdqw7ofqec6fwixqut4oyo973lm زمرو:اليڪٽروڪيمسٽري 14 94090 367832 2026-03-27T13:25:54Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:برقيات]] [[زمرو:ڪيميا]] 367832 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:برقيات]] [[زمرو:ڪيميا]] 3ynf6ic0wqd0d83hvvyob5df5kefgf1 زمرو:دريافتن ۽ ايجادن جون تڪرارون 14 94091 367833 2026-03-27T13:27:44Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ايجادون]] [[زمرو:دريافتون]] [[زمرو:تڪرارون]] 367833 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ايجادون]] [[زمرو:دريافتون]] [[زمرو:تڪرارون]] 49una9hheoctuhl0gn1aksb8om6j1ix 367835 367833 2026-03-27T13:29:21Z Ibne maryam 17680 367835 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:تڪرار]] [[زمرو:ايجادون]] [[زمرو:دريافتون]] 9c3bcqld490tpplkjys3tsqt4n4bxqn زمرو:دريافتون 14 94092 367834 2026-03-27T13:28:39Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:تحقيق]] [[زمرو:ڄاڻ]] 367834 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:تحقيق]] [[زمرو:ڄاڻ]] oorqczkc89fyvvuvuur51z3b4jx26k5 زمرو:تڪرار 14 94093 367836 2026-03-27T13:29:59Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:انساني رويا]] 367836 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:انساني رويا]] hi2sy93foahva27hurw4fkxbdtc8vxp 367837 367836 2026-03-27T13:30:42Z Ibne maryam 17680 367837 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:معاشرو]] [[زمرو:انساني رويا]] cz9w6re0gdjt016e6cphdervbpczb8l واپرائيندڙ بحث:Shrimpiesforlife 3 94094 367840 2026-03-27T13:58:38Z KaleemBot 10779 ڀليڪار! 367840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{سانچو:سماجي ڳنڍڻن تي سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا}} <div style="padding:5px;font-size:medium"><center style="word-spacing:1ex">[[Wikipedia:سفارتخانو|سفارتخاني جي صفحي تي پنھنجون سفارشون ڏيو]] </center></div> {| bgcolor="#ADDFAD" align=center style="width:100% !important; -moz-border-radius: 1em;-webkit-border-radius:1em;border-radius:1em; border-top:2px dashed #3eb2c9;border-bottom:2px dashed #3eb2c9;padding: 5px 20px 25px;" |<span style="font-family:MB Lateefi;float:left">'''[[Wikipedia:سفارتخانو|سفارتخانو]]'''</span> <div class="tabber horizTabBox" style="width: 100% !important;"> [[عڪس:Wikipedia laurier wp.png|left|200px]] <center><big>'''بزمِ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا ۾ ڀلي ڪري آيا''' ''{{PAGENAME}}'''</big></center>'' '''السلام عليڪم! اسان اميد ڪريون ٿا تہ توھان سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا جي لاء بھترين اضافو ثابت ٿيندئو'''.<br> * وڪيپيڊيا ھڪ کليل ڄاڻ چيڪلو آھي جنھن کي اسان سڀ ملي ڪري لکندا ۽ سنواريندا آھيون. وڪيپيڊيا منصوبي جي شروعات جنوري 2001ع ۾ ٿي، جڏھن تہ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا فيبروري 2006ع ۾ عمل آئي. في الحال ھن وڪيپيڊيا ۾ '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' [[Special:Allpages|مضمون]] موجود آھن.<br /> * ھن چيڪلي (انسائيڪلوپيڊيا) ۾ توھان مضمون نويسي، سنوار ۽ تصحيح کان پھريان ھيٺين صفحن تي ضرور نظر وجھو.''' * صفحن جي ظاھريت جي تبديلي ۽ طریقيڪار جي لاءِ ڏسو '''[[خاص:ترجيحات|ترجيحون]]'''. <Font - size=4> '''اصول ۽ قاعدا''' </Font - size> <Font - size=3> '''توھان جو واپرائيندڙ ۽ بحث صفحو''' </Font - size><br> ھتي توھانجو [[خاص:Mypage|'''مخصوص واپرائيندڙ صفحو بہ ھوندو''']] جتي توھان [[:زمرو:يوزر سانچا|پنھنجو تعارف لکي سگھو ٿا]]، ۽ توهانجي [[خاص:Mytalk|واپرائيندڙ بحث]] تي ٻيا رڪنَ توھان سان رابطو ڪري سگھن ٿا ۽ توھان ڏي پيغام موڪلي سگھن ٿا. * '''ڪنھن ٻئي رڪن کي پيغام موڪلڻ وقت ھنن امرن جو خاص خيال رکو''': ** '''جيڪڏھن ضرورت هجي تہ پيغام کي عنوان ضرور ڏيو'''. ** '''پيغام جي آخر ۾ پنهنجي صحيح ضرور وجھو، ان جي لاءِ هي علامت درج ڪريو'''--&#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''' يا ھن ([[عڪس:Insert-signature.png|link=]]) بٽڻ تي ٽڙڪ ڪريو'''. ** '''[[Wikipedia:اصول بحث|اظھار بحث جي آدابن]] جو خصوصي خيال رکو'''. <Font - size=3> '''تعاون''' </Font - size> * '''وڪيپيڊيا جي ڪنھن بہ صفحي جي سڄي پاسي ڳوليو جو خانو نظر ايندو آھي. جنھن موضوع تي مضمون ٺاھڻ چاھيو تہ ڳوليو جي خاني ۾ لکو، ۽ ڳوليو تي ٽڙڪ ڪريو'''. <inputbox>type=search</inputbox> * '''توھان جي موضوع سان ملندڙ جلندڙ صفحا نظر ايندا. اھو اطمينان ڪرڻ کان پوء تہ توھان جي گهربل موضوع تي پھريان کان مضمون موجود ناھي، توھان نئون صفحو ٺاھي سگھو ٿا واضع هجي تہ ھڪ موضوع تي ھڪ کان وڌيڪ مضمون ٺاھڻ جي اجازت ناھي. توھان ھيٺ ڏنل خانو بہ استعمال ڪري سگھو ٿا'''. <inputbox>type=create</inputbox> * '''لکڻ کان پهرئين ھن ڳالھ جو يقين ڪريو تہ جنھن عنوان تي توھان لکي رھيا آھيو ان تي يا ان سان ملندڙ عنوانن تي وڪي ۾ ڪوئي مضمون نہ ھجي. ان جي لاء توھان ڳوليو جي خاني ۾ عنوان ۽ ان جا هم معنيٰ لفظ (اهڙا لفظ جن جي معني هڪ هجي) لکي ڳولا ڪريو'''.</center> |} -- توھان جي مدد جي لاء ھر وقت حاضر، اوهان جو خادم --[[واپرائيندڙ:KaleemBot|KaleemBot]] ([[واپرائيندڙ بحث:KaleemBot|ڳالھ]]) 13:58, 27 مارچ 2026 ( يو.ٽي.سي) tnjivwvflo01yfzl25qkalnzfexo63v واپرائيندڙ بحث:北巷猫眠 3 94095 367850 2026-03-27T16:47:47Z KaleemBot 10779 ڀليڪار! 367850 wikitext text/x-wiki {{سانچو:سماجي ڳنڍڻن تي سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا}} <div style="padding:5px;font-size:medium"><center style="word-spacing:1ex">[[Wikipedia:سفارتخانو|سفارتخاني جي صفحي تي پنھنجون سفارشون ڏيو]] </center></div> {| bgcolor="#ADDFAD" align=center style="width:100% !important; -moz-border-radius: 1em;-webkit-border-radius:1em;border-radius:1em; border-top:2px dashed #3eb2c9;border-bottom:2px dashed #3eb2c9;padding: 5px 20px 25px;" |<span style="font-family:MB Lateefi;float:left">'''[[Wikipedia:سفارتخانو|سفارتخانو]]'''</span> <div class="tabber horizTabBox" style="width: 100% !important;"> [[عڪس:Wikipedia laurier wp.png|left|200px]] <center><big>'''بزمِ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا ۾ ڀلي ڪري آيا''' ''{{PAGENAME}}'''</big></center>'' '''السلام عليڪم! اسان اميد ڪريون ٿا تہ توھان سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا جي لاء بھترين اضافو ثابت ٿيندئو'''.<br> * وڪيپيڊيا ھڪ کليل ڄاڻ چيڪلو آھي جنھن کي اسان سڀ ملي ڪري لکندا ۽ سنواريندا آھيون. وڪيپيڊيا منصوبي جي شروعات جنوري 2001ع ۾ ٿي، جڏھن تہ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا فيبروري 2006ع ۾ عمل آئي. في الحال ھن وڪيپيڊيا ۾ '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' [[Special:Allpages|مضمون]] موجود آھن.<br /> * ھن چيڪلي (انسائيڪلوپيڊيا) ۾ توھان مضمون نويسي، سنوار ۽ تصحيح کان پھريان ھيٺين صفحن تي ضرور نظر وجھو.''' * صفحن جي ظاھريت جي تبديلي ۽ طریقيڪار جي لاءِ ڏسو '''[[خاص:ترجيحات|ترجيحون]]'''. <Font - size=4> '''اصول ۽ قاعدا''' </Font - size> <Font - size=3> '''توھان جو واپرائيندڙ ۽ بحث صفحو''' </Font - size><br> ھتي توھانجو [[خاص:Mypage|'''مخصوص واپرائيندڙ صفحو بہ ھوندو''']] جتي توھان [[:زمرو:يوزر سانچا|پنھنجو تعارف لکي سگھو ٿا]]، ۽ توهانجي [[خاص:Mytalk|واپرائيندڙ بحث]] تي ٻيا رڪنَ توھان سان رابطو ڪري سگھن ٿا ۽ توھان ڏي پيغام موڪلي سگھن ٿا. * '''ڪنھن ٻئي رڪن کي پيغام موڪلڻ وقت ھنن امرن جو خاص خيال رکو''': ** '''جيڪڏھن ضرورت هجي تہ پيغام کي عنوان ضرور ڏيو'''. ** '''پيغام جي آخر ۾ پنهنجي صحيح ضرور وجھو، ان جي لاءِ هي علامت درج ڪريو'''--&#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''' يا ھن ([[عڪس:Insert-signature.png|link=]]) بٽڻ تي ٽڙڪ ڪريو'''. ** '''[[Wikipedia:اصول بحث|اظھار بحث جي آدابن]] جو خصوصي خيال رکو'''. <Font - size=3> '''تعاون''' </Font - size> * '''وڪيپيڊيا جي ڪنھن بہ صفحي جي سڄي پاسي ڳوليو جو خانو نظر ايندو آھي. جنھن موضوع تي مضمون ٺاھڻ چاھيو تہ ڳوليو جي خاني ۾ لکو، ۽ ڳوليو تي ٽڙڪ ڪريو'''. <inputbox>type=search</inputbox> * '''توھان جي موضوع سان ملندڙ جلندڙ صفحا نظر ايندا. اھو اطمينان ڪرڻ کان پوء تہ توھان جي گهربل موضوع تي پھريان کان مضمون موجود ناھي، توھان نئون صفحو ٺاھي سگھو ٿا واضع هجي تہ ھڪ موضوع تي ھڪ کان وڌيڪ مضمون ٺاھڻ جي اجازت ناھي. توھان ھيٺ ڏنل خانو بہ استعمال ڪري سگھو ٿا'''. <inputbox>type=create</inputbox> * '''لکڻ کان پهرئين ھن ڳالھ جو يقين ڪريو تہ جنھن عنوان تي توھان لکي رھيا آھيو ان تي يا ان سان ملندڙ عنوانن تي وڪي ۾ ڪوئي مضمون نہ ھجي. ان جي لاء توھان ڳوليو جي خاني ۾ عنوان ۽ ان جا هم معنيٰ لفظ (اهڙا لفظ جن جي معني هڪ هجي) لکي ڳولا ڪريو'''.</center> |} -- توھان جي مدد جي لاء ھر وقت حاضر، اوهان جو خادم --[[واپرائيندڙ:KaleemBot|KaleemBot]] ([[واپرائيندڙ بحث:KaleemBot|ڳالھ]]) 16:47, 27 مارچ 2026 ( يو.ٽي.سي) 0ecichmc6studbc0693xp4v6hkhucwu سانچو:If preview 10 94096 367858 2026-03-27T18:39:07Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{#invoke:If preview|pmain}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 367858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:If preview|pmain}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 6qwpfcorqpypnh51aqp5gq1jcqx6mrn سانچو:If preview/doc 10 94097 367859 2026-03-27T18:42:06Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} {{Lua|Module:If preview}} هي هڪ سانچو آهي جيڪو ٻين سانچن کي اهو طئي ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو ته اهي پريويو (Preview) ۾ ڏٺا پيا وڃن يا نه، ۽ ان مطابق مختلف ڪم يا ڏيکاءُ ڪن. == استعمال == <code><nowiki>{{If preview|پريويو دوران ڏيکارڻ لاءِ قدر|پريويو نه هئڻ دوران ڏيکارڻ لاءِ قدر}}</nowiki>... 367859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} {{Lua|Module:If preview}} هي هڪ سانچو آهي جيڪو ٻين سانچن کي اهو طئي ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو ته اهي پريويو (Preview) ۾ ڏٺا پيا وڃن يا نه، ۽ ان مطابق مختلف ڪم يا ڏيکاءُ ڪن. == استعمال == <code><nowiki>{{If preview|پريويو دوران ڏيکارڻ لاءِ قدر|پريويو نه هئڻ دوران ڏيکارڻ لاءِ قدر}}</nowiki></code> <code><nowiki>{{If preview|1=پريويو دوران ڏيکارڻ لاءِ قدر|2=پريويو نه هئڻ دوران ڏيکارڻ لاءِ قدر}}</nowiki></code> پهريون پيراميٽر تڏهن موٽايو ويندو جڏهن صفحو پريويو ۾ هجي، ٻي صورت ۾ ٻيو پيراميٽر موٽايو ويندو. ٻنهي مان ڪو به پيراميٽر خالي ٿي سگهي ٿو. == پڻ ڏسو == * {{Tl|Preview warning}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- هن لڪير کان هيٺ زمرا شامل ڪريو؛ بين الويڪي لنڪ وڪيڊيٽا تي --> [[Category:If-then-else templates]] }}</includeonly><noinclude> </noinclude> kz1yb253xerd5nrqqxdq12cg5i8153t 367860 367859 2026-03-27T18:46:30Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* استعمال */ 367860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} {{Lua|Module:If preview}} هي هڪ سانچو آهي جيڪو ٻين سانچن کي اهو طئي ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو ته اهي پريويو (Preview) ۾ ڏٺا پيا وڃن يا نه، ۽ ان مطابق مختلف ڪم يا ڏيکاءُ ڪن. == استعمال == <code><nowiki>{{If preview|پريويو دوران ڏيکارڻ لاءِ قدر|پريويو نه هئڻ دوران ڏيکارڻ لاءِ قدر}}</nowiki></code> <code><nowiki>{{If preview|1=پريويو دوران ڏيکارڻ لاءِ قدر|2=پريويو نه هئڻ دوران ڏيکارڻ لاءِ قدر}}</nowiki></code> پهريون پيراميٽر تڏهن موٽايو ويندو جڏهن صفحو پريويو ۾ هجي، ٻي صورت ۾ ٻيو پيراميٽر موٽايو ويندو. ٻنهي مان ڪو به پيراميٽر خالي ٿي سگهي ٿو. ==مثال== هن صفحي کي پريويو ڪريو ته جيئن ’Example‘ ڪالم تي پريويو ٿيڻ جو اثر ڏسي سگهجي. {|class=wikitable !ڪوڊ ! مثال !پرويوڊ جو ملھ !سانڍجڻ بعد ملھئ |- |<code><nowiki>{{If preview|Yes|No}}</nowiki></code><br/><code><nowiki>{{If preview|1=Yes|2=No}}</nowiki></code> |{{If preview|Yes|No}}<br/>{{If preview|1=Yes|2=No}} |ھا |نہ |- |<code><nowiki>{{If preview|Red}}</nowiki></code><br/><code><nowiki>{{If preview|1=Red}}</nowiki></code> |{{If preview|Red}}<br/>{{If preview|1=Red}} |ڳاڙھو | |- |<code><nowiki>{{If preview||Blue}}</nowiki></code><br/><code><nowiki>{{If preview|2=Blue}}</nowiki></code> |{{If preview||Blue}}<br/>{{If preview|2=Blue}} | |نيرو |} == پڻ ڏسو == * {{Tl|Preview warning}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- هن لڪير کان هيٺ زمرا شامل ڪريو؛ بين الويڪي لنڪ وڪيڊيٽا تي --> [[Category:If-then-else templates]] }}</includeonly><noinclude> </noinclude> 37auxkbuiq54ginv8blc9w79xcu02zs 367861 367860 2026-03-27T18:46:50Z Intisar Ali 8681 367861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} {{Lua|Module:If preview}} هي هڪ سانچو آهي جيڪو ٻين سانچن کي اهو طئي ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو ته اهي پريويو (Preview) ۾ ڏٺا پيا وڃن يا نه، ۽ ان مطابق مختلف ڪم يا ڏيکاءُ ڪن. == استعمال == <code><nowiki>{{If preview|پريويو دوران ڏيکارڻ لاءِ قدر|پريويو نه هئڻ دوران ڏيکارڻ لاءِ قدر}}</nowiki></code> <code><nowiki>{{If preview|1=پريويو دوران ڏيکارڻ لاءِ قدر|2=پريويو نه هئڻ دوران ڏيکارڻ لاءِ قدر}}</nowiki></code> پهريون پيراميٽر تڏهن موٽايو ويندو جڏهن صفحو پريويو ۾ هجي، ٻي صورت ۾ ٻيو پيراميٽر موٽايو ويندو. ٻنهي مان ڪو به پيراميٽر خالي ٿي سگهي ٿو. ==مثال== هن صفحي کي پريويو ڪريو ته جيئن ’مثال‘ ڪالم تي پريويو ٿيڻ جو اثر ڏسي سگهجي. {|class=wikitable !ڪوڊ ! مثال !پرويوڊ جو ملھ !سانڍجڻ بعد ملھئ |- |<code><nowiki>{{If preview|Yes|No}}</nowiki></code><br/><code><nowiki>{{If preview|1=Yes|2=No}}</nowiki></code> |{{If preview|Yes|No}}<br/>{{If preview|1=Yes|2=No}} |ھا |نہ |- |<code><nowiki>{{If preview|Red}}</nowiki></code><br/><code><nowiki>{{If preview|1=Red}}</nowiki></code> |{{If preview|Red}}<br/>{{If preview|1=Red}} |ڳاڙھو | |- |<code><nowiki>{{If preview||Blue}}</nowiki></code><br/><code><nowiki>{{If preview|2=Blue}}</nowiki></code> |{{If preview||Blue}}<br/>{{If preview|2=Blue}} | |نيرو |} == پڻ ڏسو == * {{Tl|Preview warning}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- هن لڪير کان هيٺ زمرا شامل ڪريو؛ بين الويڪي لنڪ وڪيڊيٽا تي --> [[Category:If-then-else templates]] }}</includeonly><noinclude> </noinclude> 0sdj8ssbjm6d5m9qy3yp7uj3plb7glz 367862 367861 2026-03-27T18:47:25Z Intisar Ali 8681 367862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} {{Lua|ماڊيول:If preview}} هي هڪ سانچو آهي جيڪو ٻين سانچن کي اهو طئي ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو ته اهي پرويو (Preview) ۾ ڏٺا پيا وڃن يا نه، ۽ ان مطابق مختلف ڪم يا ڏيکاءُ ڪن. == استعمال == <code><nowiki>{{If preview|پريويو دوران ڏيکارڻ لاءِ قدر|پريويو نه هئڻ دوران ڏيکارڻ لاءِ قدر}}</nowiki></code> <code><nowiki>{{If preview|1=پريويو دوران ڏيکارڻ لاءِ قدر|2=پريويو نه هئڻ دوران ڏيکارڻ لاءِ قدر}}</nowiki></code> پهريون پيراميٽر تڏهن موٽايو ويندو جڏهن صفحو پريويو ۾ هجي، ٻي صورت ۾ ٻيو پيراميٽر موٽايو ويندو. ٻنهي مان ڪو به پيراميٽر خالي ٿي سگهي ٿو. ==مثال== هن صفحي کي پريويو ڪريو ته جيئن ’مثال‘ ڪالم تي پريويو ٿيڻ جو اثر ڏسي سگهجي. {|class=wikitable !ڪوڊ ! مثال !پرويوڊ جو ملھ !سانڍجڻ بعد ملھئ |- |<code><nowiki>{{If preview|Yes|No}}</nowiki></code><br/><code><nowiki>{{If preview|1=Yes|2=No}}</nowiki></code> |{{If preview|Yes|No}}<br/>{{If preview|1=Yes|2=No}} |ھا |نہ |- |<code><nowiki>{{If preview|Red}}</nowiki></code><br/><code><nowiki>{{If preview|1=Red}}</nowiki></code> |{{If preview|Red}}<br/>{{If preview|1=Red}} |ڳاڙھو | |- |<code><nowiki>{{If preview||Blue}}</nowiki></code><br/><code><nowiki>{{If preview|2=Blue}}</nowiki></code> |{{If preview||Blue}}<br/>{{If preview|2=Blue}} | |نيرو |} == پڻ ڏسو == * {{Tl|Preview warning}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- هن لڪير کان هيٺ زمرا شامل ڪريو؛ بين الويڪي لنڪ وڪيڊيٽا تي --> [[Category:If-then-else templates]] }}</includeonly><noinclude> </noinclude> gl9qltuwmgkdb7z1ydensl78is6k65u 367863 367862 2026-03-27T18:47:47Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* مثال */ 367863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} {{Lua|ماڊيول:If preview}} هي هڪ سانچو آهي جيڪو ٻين سانچن کي اهو طئي ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو ته اهي پرويو (Preview) ۾ ڏٺا پيا وڃن يا نه، ۽ ان مطابق مختلف ڪم يا ڏيکاءُ ڪن. == استعمال == <code><nowiki>{{If preview|پريويو دوران ڏيکارڻ لاءِ قدر|پريويو نه هئڻ دوران ڏيکارڻ لاءِ قدر}}</nowiki></code> <code><nowiki>{{If preview|1=پريويو دوران ڏيکارڻ لاءِ قدر|2=پريويو نه هئڻ دوران ڏيکارڻ لاءِ قدر}}</nowiki></code> پهريون پيراميٽر تڏهن موٽايو ويندو جڏهن صفحو پريويو ۾ هجي، ٻي صورت ۾ ٻيو پيراميٽر موٽايو ويندو. ٻنهي مان ڪو به پيراميٽر خالي ٿي سگهي ٿو. ==مثال== هن صفحي کي پرويو ڪريو ته جيئن ’مثال‘ ڪالم تي پرويو ٿيڻ جو اثر ڏسي سگهجي. {|class=wikitable !ڪوڊ ! مثال !پرويوڊ جو ملھ !سانڍجڻ بعد ملھئ |- |<code><nowiki>{{If preview|Yes|No}}</nowiki></code><br/><code><nowiki>{{If preview|1=Yes|2=No}}</nowiki></code> |{{If preview|Yes|No}}<br/>{{If preview|1=Yes|2=No}} |ھا |نہ |- |<code><nowiki>{{If preview|Red}}</nowiki></code><br/><code><nowiki>{{If preview|1=Red}}</nowiki></code> |{{If preview|Red}}<br/>{{If preview|1=Red}} |ڳاڙھو | |- |<code><nowiki>{{If preview||Blue}}</nowiki></code><br/><code><nowiki>{{If preview|2=Blue}}</nowiki></code> |{{If preview||Blue}}<br/>{{If preview|2=Blue}} | |نيرو |} == پڻ ڏسو == * {{Tl|Preview warning}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- هن لڪير کان هيٺ زمرا شامل ڪريو؛ بين الويڪي لنڪ وڪيڊيٽا تي --> [[Category:If-then-else templates]] }}</includeonly><noinclude> </noinclude> mra1a9navkzt7xijeszs2oddbjvp613 سانچو:Preview warning 10 94098 367864 2026-03-27T18:49:12Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: <includeonly>{{#invoke:If preview|pwarning}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{دستاویز}} </noinclude> 367864 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:If preview|pwarning}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{دستاویز}} </noinclude> qrkqtvlyzd9ws5p85sw2gyrwi4t80tf سانچو:Preview warning/doc 10 94099 367865 2026-03-27T18:52:22Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} {{Lua|Module:If preview}} '''سانچو:Preview warning''' پريويو دوران هڪ خبرداري ڏيکاري ٿو. ماڊيولن کي ان جي بدران ماڊيول انٽرفيس <code>_warning()</code> استعمال ڪرڻ گهرجي جيڪو [[Module:If preview]] ۾ موجود آهي. == استعمال == <code><nowiki>{{Preview warning|پريويو ۾ خبرداري جو متن}}</nowiki></code> <code><nowiki>{{Pre... 367865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} {{Lua|Module:If preview}} '''سانچو:Preview warning''' پريويو دوران هڪ خبرداري ڏيکاري ٿو. ماڊيولن کي ان جي بدران ماڊيول انٽرفيس <code>_warning()</code> استعمال ڪرڻ گهرجي جيڪو [[Module:If preview]] ۾ موجود آهي. == استعمال == <code><nowiki>{{Preview warning|پريويو ۾ خبرداري جو متن}}</nowiki></code> <code><nowiki>{{Preview warning|1=پريويو ۾ خبرداري جو متن}}</nowiki></code> ان کان اڳ بولڊ ۾ "Preview warning:" لکيل ظاهر ٿيندو. جيڪڏهن خبرداري جو متن مهيا نه ڪيو وڃي ته سانچو هميشه نظر ايندڙ خبرداري ڏيکاريندو. === پيراميٽر === ; {{Para|1}} : اهو خبرداري وارو متن جيڪو توهان ڏيکارڻ چاهيو ٿا. == پڻ ڏسو == * {{Tl|If preview}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- هن لڪير کان هيٺ زمرا شامل ڪريو؛ بين الويڪي لنڪس وڪيڊيٽا تي --> [[Category:If-then-else templates]] [[Category:Notice and warning templates]] }}</includeonly> 01qlbko26ynuo6uks2iy7qaunm262eg ماڊيول:Parameter validation/doc 828 94100 367866 2026-03-27T19:06:45Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{High-use}} {{Lua|Module:If preview}} هي ماڊيول ڪنهن سانچي جي پيراميٽرن جي غلط يا مسئلا پيدا ڪندڙ استعمالن کي ڳولڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو. [[Module:Check for unknown parameters]] جي مقابلي ۾، توهان کي انهن پيراميٽرن جون ڊگهيون فهرستون ٺاهڻ جي ضرورت ناهي جيڪي زمري بند ٿيڻ گهرجن؛ اهو پاڻمرادو انهن کي سانچي جي... 367866 wikitext text/x-wiki {{High-use}} {{Lua|Module:If preview}} هي ماڊيول ڪنهن سانچي جي پيراميٽرن جي غلط يا مسئلا پيدا ڪندڙ استعمالن کي ڳولڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو. [[Module:Check for unknown parameters]] جي مقابلي ۾، توهان کي انهن پيراميٽرن جون ڊگهيون فهرستون ٺاهڻ جي ضرورت ناهي جيڪي زمري بند ٿيڻ گهرجن؛ اهو پاڻمرادو انهن کي سانچي جي TemplateData مان پڙهي وٺندو. ان جو مطلب اهو آهي ته توهان کي پيراميٽرن جي ترتيب ڪيترن ئي هنڌن تي بيان ڪرڻي نه پوندي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠ته ائين ڪرڻ سان اهي آخرڪار هڪ ٻئي سان هم آهنگ نه رهندا. ان کان علاوه، اهو ڪجهه ٻين قسمن جي غلطين جي به سڃاڻپ ڪري ٿو، جهڙوڪ هڪ ئي پيراميٽر کي ڪيترائي ڀيرا بيان ڪرڻ، يا پراڻا (deprecated) پيراميٽر استعمال ڪرڻ (اهو ان ڪري فائديمند آهي ته جيئن ڪنهن پيراميٽر جي مڪمل طور ختم ڪرڻ کان اڳ ان جي استعمالن کي تبديل ڪري سگهجي). == بنيادي استعمال == هيٺ ڏنل ڪوڊ ڪنهن سانچي جي آخر ۾ شامل ڪريو: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{#invoke:Parameter validation|validateparams|module_options = Module:Parameter validation/default config}} </syntaxhighlight> اهو [[Module:Parameter validation/default config]] ۾ بيان ڪيل ڊفالٽ ترتيب استعمال ڪندو. ماڊيول پوءِ هيٺين زمرا ڀرڻ شروع ڪندو: * Category:Pages using TEMPLATE_NAME with unknown parameters * Category:Pages using TEMPLATE_NAME with deprecated parameters * Category:Pages using TEMPLATE_NAME with duplicate parameters مثال طور، {{t|Infobox station}} لاءِ، هيٺيان زمرا ڀرجي ويندا: * [[:Category:Pages using infobox station with unknown parameters]] * [[:Category:Pages using infobox station with deprecated parameters]] * [[:Category:Pages using infobox station with duplicate parameters]] ياد رکو ته: * Unknown parameters جو مطلب آهي ته ڪنهن صفحي سانچي کي سڏيندي اهڙو پيراميٽر استعمال ڪيو جيڪو سانچي جي دستاويز جي TemplateData حصي ۾ موجود ناهي * Deprecated parameters جو مطلب آهي ته ڪنهن صفحي سانچي کي سڏيندي اهڙو پيراميٽر استعمال ڪيو جيڪو TemplateData ۾ 'deprecated' طور نشان لڳل آهي * Duplicate parameters جو مطلب آهي ته ڪنهن صفحي سانچي کي سڏيندي هڪ ئي پيراميٽر يا ان جي متبادل نالن مان هڪ کان وڌيڪ لاءِ قدر مقرر ڪيو == محفوظ ڪيل سانچن ۾ استعمال == ياد رکو ته ڇو ته سانچن جو TemplateData ڪوڊ عام طور تي غير محفوظ /doc صفحن ۾ هوندو آهي، تنهن ڪري محفوظ ڪيل سانچا جيڪي هن ماڊيول کي استعمال ڪن ٿا، انهن ۾ اهڙي صورتحال پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي جو اهي صفحن کي غلط زمري بند ڪن، جيڪڏهن اهڙا ايڊيٽر تبديليون ڪن جن وٽ خود سانچي جي صفحي کي ايڊٽ ڪرڻ جا اختيار نه هجن. == مڪمل دستاويز == هي ماڊيول [[User:IKhitron]] جي خيال ۽ اصل ڪوڊ تي ٻڌل آهي. هن ماڊيول جو ذريعو ۽ اصل دستاويز هتي ڏسي سگهجن ٿا: [[:he:Module:ParamValidator]]. <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- زمرا هتي شامل ڪريو ۽ بين الويڪي لنڪس وڪيڊيٽا ۾ ڏيو. --> [[Category:Modules that add a tracking category]] [[Category:Template metamodules]] }}</includeonly> 19spkb6jzsrfoqmarqculj9dasy5pcq ماڊيول:Parameters/doc 828 94101 367867 2026-03-27T19:10:23Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Module rating |alpha}} {{Lua|ماڊيول:TableTools|ماڊيول:Yesno|ماڊيول:Arguments|Module:Set}} Implements {{tl|parameters}} 367867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Module rating |alpha}} {{Lua|ماڊيول:TableTools|ماڊيول:Yesno|ماڊيول:Arguments|Module:Set}} Implements {{tl|parameters}} fowqlaq1o2n4loc69ofidrvya84rw2t 367868 367867 2026-03-27T19:10:38Z Intisar Ali 8681 367868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Module rating |alpha}} {{Lua|ماڊيول:TableTools|ماڊيول:Yesno|ماڊيول:Arguments|ماڊيول:Set}} Implements {{tl|parameters}} 2apu60krwci37b8ax5437g5dz1k79sq ماڊيول:Set 828 94102 367869 2026-03-27T19:11:51Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: --[[ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- Set -- -- -- -- This module includes a number of set operations for dealing with Lua tables. -- -- It currently has union, intersection and complement functions for both -- -- key/value pairs and for values only.... 367869 Scribunto text/plain --[[ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- Set -- -- -- -- This module includes a number of set operations for dealing with Lua tables. -- -- It currently has union, intersection and complement functions for both -- -- key/value pairs and for values only. -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --]] -- Get necessary libraries and functions local libraryUtil = require('libraryUtil') local checkType = libraryUtil.checkType local tableTools = require('Module:TableTools') local p = {} --[[ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- Helper functions ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --]] -- Makes a set from a table's values. Returns an array of all values with -- duplicates removed. local function makeValueSet(t) local isNan = tableTools.isNan local ret, exists = {}, {} for k, v in pairs(t) do if isNan(v) then -- NaNs are always unique, and they can't be table keys, so don't -- check for existence. ret[#ret + 1] = v elseif not exists[v] then exists[v] = true ret[#ret + 1] = v end end return ret end --[[ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- union -- -- This returns the union of the key/value pairs of n tables. If any of the tables -- contain different values for the same table key, the table value is converted -- to an array holding all of the different values. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --]] function p.union(...) local lim = select('#', ...) if lim < 2 then error("too few arguments to 'union' (minimum is 2, received " .. lim .. ')', 2) end local ret, trackArrays = {}, {} for i = 1, lim do local t = select(i, ...) checkType('union', i, t, 'table') for k, v in pairs(t) do local retKey = ret[k] if retKey == nil then ret[k] = v elseif retKey ~= v then if trackArrays[k] then local array = ret[k] local valExists for _, arrayVal in ipairs(array) do if arrayVal == v then valExists = true break end end if not valExists then array[#array + 1] = v ret[k] = array end else ret[k] = {ret[k], v} trackArrays[k] = true end end end end return ret end --[[ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- valueUnion -- -- This returns the union of the values of n tables, as an array. For example, for -- the tables {1, 3, 4, 5, foo = 7} and {2, bar = 3, 5, 6}, union will return -- {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --]] function p.valueUnion(...) local lim = select('#', ...) if lim < 2 then error("too few arguments to 'valueUnion' (minimum is 2, received " .. lim .. ')', 2) end local isNan = tableTools.isNan local ret, exists = {}, {} for i = 1, lim do local t = select(i, ...) checkType('valueUnion', i, t, 'table') for k, v in pairs(t) do if isNan(v) then ret[#ret + 1] = v elseif not exists[v] then ret[#ret + 1] = v exists[v] = true end end end return ret end --[[ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- intersection -- -- This returns the intersection of the key/value pairs of n tables. Both the key -- and the value must match to be included in the resulting table. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --]] function p.intersection(...) local lim = select('#', ...) if lim < 2 then error("too few arguments to 'intersection' (minimum is 2, received " .. lim .. ')', 2) end local ret, track, pairCounts = {}, {}, {} for i = 1, lim do local t = select(i, ...) checkType('intersection', i, t, 'table') for k, v in pairs(t) do local trackVal = track[k] if trackVal == nil then track[k] = v pairCounts[k] = 1 elseif trackVal == v then pairCounts[k] = pairCounts[k] + 1 end end end for k, v in pairs(track) do if pairCounts[k] == lim then ret[k] = v end end return ret end --[[ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- valueIntersection -- -- This returns the intersection of the values of n tables, as an array. For -- example, for the tables {1, 3, 4, 5, foo = 7} and {2, bar = 3, 5, 6}, -- intersection will return {3, 5}. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --]] function p.valueIntersection(...) local lim = select('#', ...) if lim < 2 then error("too few arguments to 'valueIntersection' (minimum is 2, received " .. lim .. ')', 2) end local isNan = tableTools.isNan local vals, ret = {}, {} local isSameTable = true -- Tracks table equality. local tableTemp -- Used to store the table from the previous loop so that we can check table equality. for i = 1, lim do local t = select(i, ...) checkType('valueIntersection', i, t, 'table') if tableTemp and t ~= tableTemp then isSameTable = false end tableTemp = t t = makeValueSet(t) -- Remove duplicates for k, v in pairs(t) do -- NaNs are never equal to any other value, so they can't be in the intersection. -- Which is lucky, as they also can't be table keys. if not isNan(v) then local valCount = vals[v] or 0 vals[v] = valCount + 1 end end end if isSameTable then -- If all the tables are equal, then the intersection is that table (including NaNs). -- All we need to do is convert it to an array and remove duplicate values. return makeValueSet(tableTemp) end for val, count in pairs(vals) do if count == lim then ret[#ret + 1] = val end end return ret end --[[ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- complement -- -- This returns the relative complement of t1, t2, ..., in tn. The complement -- is of key/value pairs. This is equivalent to all the key/value pairs that are in -- tn but are not in t1, t2, ... tn-1. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --]] function p.complement(...) local lim = select('#', ...) if lim < 2 then error("too few arguments to 'complement' (minimum is 2, received " .. lim .. ')', 2) end --[[ -- Now we know that we have at least two sets. -- First, get all the key/value pairs in tn. We can't simply make ret equal to tn, -- as that will affect the value of tn for the whole module. --]] local tn = select(lim, ...) checkType('complement', lim, tn, 'table') local ret = tableTools.shallowClone(tn) -- Remove all the key/value pairs in t1, t2, ..., tn-1. for i = 1, lim - 1 do local t = select(i, ...) checkType('complement', i, t, 'table') for k, v in pairs(t) do if ret[k] == v then ret[k] = nil end end end return ret end --[[ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- valueComplement -- -- This returns an array containing the relative complement of t1, t2, ..., in tn. -- The complement is of values only. This is equivalent to all the values that are -- in tn but are not in t1, t2, ... tn-1. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --]] function p.valueComplement(...) local lim = select('#', ...) if lim < 2 then error("too few arguments to 'valueComplement' (minimum is 2, received " .. lim .. ')', 2) end local isNan = tableTools.isNan local ret, exists = {}, {} for i = 1, lim - 1 do local t = select(i, ...) checkType('valueComplement', i, t, 'table') t = makeValueSet(t) -- Remove duplicates for k, v in pairs(t) do if not isNan(v) then -- NaNs cannot be table keys, and they are also unique so cannot be equal to anything in tn. exists[v] = true end end end local tn = select(lim, ...) checkType('valueComplement', lim, tn, 'table') tn = makeValueSet(tn) -- Remove duplicates for k, v in pairs(tn) do if isNan(v) or exists[v] == nil then ret[#ret + 1] = v end end return ret end --[[ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- symmDiff -- -- This returns the symmetric difference of key/value pairs of t1, t2, ..., tn. -- The symmetric difference of two tables consists of the key/value pairs -- that appear in set 1 but not set 2, together with the key/value pairs that -- appear in set 2 but not in set 1. This is the same as the union of the two -- minus the intersection. If either of the tables contain different values for the -- same table key, the table value is converted to an array holding all of the -- different values.For more than two tables, this can get confusing - see the -- "Symmetric difference" article for details. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --]] --[[ -- This is a rough work in progress. function p.symmDiff(...) local lim = select('#', ...) if lim < 2 then error("too few arguments to 'symmDiff' (minimum is 2, received " .. lim .. ')', 2) end local tremove = table.remove local trackArrays = {} local function symmDiffTwo(t1, t2) local ret = {} for k, v in pairs(t1) do local t2val = t2[k] if t2val == nil then ret[k] = v elseif trackArrays[k] then local array = ret[k] local valExists for i, arrayVal in ipairs(array) do if arrayVal == v then valExists = true break end end if not valExists then array[#array + 1] = v end elseif v ~= t2val then ret[k] = {t2val, v} trackArrays[k] = true end --]] return p 0s1xv8q67otvci9m110frnyytx74xr0 367870 367869 2026-03-27T19:13:15Z Intisar Ali 8681 367870 Scribunto text/plain --[[ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- سيٽ -- -- -- -- هي ماڊيول Lua ٽيبلن سان ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ سيٽ (Set) جون ڪيتريون ئي ڪارروائيون شامل ڪري ٿو. -- -- هن وقت هن ۾ يونين (union)، انٽرسيڪشن (intersection) ۽ ڪمپليمينٽ (complement) -- -- جا فنڪشن شامل آهن، جيڪي ڪي/ويليو جوڙن ۽ صرف ويليوز ٻنهي لاءِ ڪم ڪن ٿا. -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --]] -- ضروري لائبريريون ۽ فنڪشن حاصل ڪريو local libraryUtil = require('libraryUtil') local checkType = libraryUtil.checkType local tableTools = require('Module:TableTools') local p = {} --[[ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- Helper functions ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --]] -- Makes a set from a table's values. Returns an array of all values with -- duplicates removed. local function makeValueSet(t) local isNan = tableTools.isNan local ret, exists = {}, {} for k, v in pairs(t) do if isNan(v) then -- NaNs are always unique, and they can't be table keys, so don't -- check for existence. ret[#ret + 1] = v elseif not exists[v] then exists[v] = true ret[#ret + 1] = v end end return ret end --[[ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- union -- -- This returns the union of the key/value pairs of n tables. If any of the tables -- contain different values for the same table key, the table value is converted -- to an array holding all of the different values. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --]] function p.union(...) local lim = select('#', ...) if lim < 2 then error("too few arguments to 'union' (minimum is 2, received " .. lim .. ')', 2) end local ret, trackArrays = {}, {} for i = 1, lim do local t = select(i, ...) checkType('union', i, t, 'table') for k, v in pairs(t) do local retKey = ret[k] if retKey == nil then ret[k] = v elseif retKey ~= v then if trackArrays[k] then local array = ret[k] local valExists for _, arrayVal in ipairs(array) do if arrayVal == v then valExists = true break end end if not valExists then array[#array + 1] = v ret[k] = array end else ret[k] = {ret[k], v} trackArrays[k] = true end end end end return ret end --[[ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- valueUnion -- -- This returns the union of the values of n tables, as an array. For example, for -- the tables {1, 3, 4, 5, foo = 7} and {2, bar = 3, 5, 6}, union will return -- {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --]] function p.valueUnion(...) local lim = select('#', ...) if lim < 2 then error("too few arguments to 'valueUnion' (minimum is 2, received " .. lim .. ')', 2) end local isNan = tableTools.isNan local ret, exists = {}, {} for i = 1, lim do local t = select(i, ...) checkType('valueUnion', i, t, 'table') for k, v in pairs(t) do if isNan(v) then ret[#ret + 1] = v elseif not exists[v] then ret[#ret + 1] = v exists[v] = true end end end return ret end --[[ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- intersection -- -- This returns the intersection of the key/value pairs of n tables. Both the key -- and the value must match to be included in the resulting table. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --]] function p.intersection(...) local lim = select('#', ...) if lim < 2 then error("too few arguments to 'intersection' (minimum is 2, received " .. lim .. ')', 2) end local ret, track, pairCounts = {}, {}, {} for i = 1, lim do local t = select(i, ...) checkType('intersection', i, t, 'table') for k, v in pairs(t) do local trackVal = track[k] if trackVal == nil then track[k] = v pairCounts[k] = 1 elseif trackVal == v then pairCounts[k] = pairCounts[k] + 1 end end end for k, v in pairs(track) do if pairCounts[k] == lim then ret[k] = v end end return ret end --[[ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- valueIntersection -- -- This returns the intersection of the values of n tables, as an array. For -- example, for the tables {1, 3, 4, 5, foo = 7} and {2, bar = 3, 5, 6}, -- intersection will return {3, 5}. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --]] function p.valueIntersection(...) local lim = select('#', ...) if lim < 2 then error("too few arguments to 'valueIntersection' (minimum is 2, received " .. lim .. ')', 2) end local isNan = tableTools.isNan local vals, ret = {}, {} local isSameTable = true -- Tracks table equality. local tableTemp -- Used to store the table from the previous loop so that we can check table equality. for i = 1, lim do local t = select(i, ...) checkType('valueIntersection', i, t, 'table') if tableTemp and t ~= tableTemp then isSameTable = false end tableTemp = t t = makeValueSet(t) -- Remove duplicates for k, v in pairs(t) do -- NaNs are never equal to any other value, so they can't be in the intersection. -- Which is lucky, as they also can't be table keys. if not isNan(v) then local valCount = vals[v] or 0 vals[v] = valCount + 1 end end end if isSameTable then -- If all the tables are equal, then the intersection is that table (including NaNs). -- All we need to do is convert it to an array and remove duplicate values. return makeValueSet(tableTemp) end for val, count in pairs(vals) do if count == lim then ret[#ret + 1] = val end end return ret end --[[ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- complement -- -- This returns the relative complement of t1, t2, ..., in tn. The complement -- is of key/value pairs. This is equivalent to all the key/value pairs that are in -- tn but are not in t1, t2, ... tn-1. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --]] function p.complement(...) local lim = select('#', ...) if lim < 2 then error("too few arguments to 'complement' (minimum is 2, received " .. lim .. ')', 2) end --[[ -- Now we know that we have at least two sets. -- First, get all the key/value pairs in tn. We can't simply make ret equal to tn, -- as that will affect the value of tn for the whole module. --]] local tn = select(lim, ...) checkType('complement', lim, tn, 'table') local ret = tableTools.shallowClone(tn) -- Remove all the key/value pairs in t1, t2, ..., tn-1. for i = 1, lim - 1 do local t = select(i, ...) checkType('complement', i, t, 'table') for k, v in pairs(t) do if ret[k] == v then ret[k] = nil end end end return ret end --[[ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- valueComplement -- -- This returns an array containing the relative complement of t1, t2, ..., in tn. -- The complement is of values only. This is equivalent to all the values that are -- in tn but are not in t1, t2, ... tn-1. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --]] function p.valueComplement(...) local lim = select('#', ...) if lim < 2 then error("too few arguments to 'valueComplement' (minimum is 2, received " .. lim .. ')', 2) end local isNan = tableTools.isNan local ret, exists = {}, {} for i = 1, lim - 1 do local t = select(i, ...) checkType('valueComplement', i, t, 'table') t = makeValueSet(t) -- Remove duplicates for k, v in pairs(t) do if not isNan(v) then -- NaNs cannot be table keys, and they are also unique so cannot be equal to anything in tn. exists[v] = true end end end local tn = select(lim, ...) checkType('valueComplement', lim, tn, 'table') tn = makeValueSet(tn) -- Remove duplicates for k, v in pairs(tn) do if isNan(v) or exists[v] == nil then ret[#ret + 1] = v end end return ret end --[[ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- symmDiff -- -- This returns the symmetric difference of key/value pairs of t1, t2, ..., tn. -- The symmetric difference of two tables consists of the key/value pairs -- that appear in set 1 but not set 2, together with the key/value pairs that -- appear in set 2 but not in set 1. This is the same as the union of the two -- minus the intersection. If either of the tables contain different values for the -- same table key, the table value is converted to an array holding all of the -- different values.For more than two tables, this can get confusing - see the -- "Symmetric difference" article for details. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --]] --[[ -- This is a rough work in progress. function p.symmDiff(...) local lim = select('#', ...) if lim < 2 then error("too few arguments to 'symmDiff' (minimum is 2, received " .. lim .. ')', 2) end local tremove = table.remove local trackArrays = {} local function symmDiffTwo(t1, t2) local ret = {} for k, v in pairs(t1) do local t2val = t2[k] if t2val == nil then ret[k] = v elseif trackArrays[k] then local array = ret[k] local valExists for i, arrayVal in ipairs(array) do if arrayVal == v then valExists = true break end end if not valExists then array[#array + 1] = v end elseif v ~= t2val then ret[k] = {t2val, v} trackArrays[k] = true end --]] return p nvl50zzk9hdagfnopullcx2czuia1bm ماڊيول:Set/doc 828 94103 367871 2026-03-27T19:14:56Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{module rating|alpha}} {{Lua|Module:TableTools}} هي ماڊيول Lua ٽيبلن لاءِ سيٽ (Set) جون ڪيترين قسمن جون ڪارروائيون مهيا ڪري ٿو. هن وقت هن ۾ [[Union (set theory)|يونين]]، [[Intersection (set theory)|انٽرسيڪشن]] ۽ [[Complement (set theory)|ڪمپليمينٽ]] جا فنڪشن شامل آهن، جيڪي ڪي/ويليو جوڙن ۽ صرف ويليوز ٻنهي لاءِ ڪم ڪن ٿا. هي هڪ... 367871 wikitext text/x-wiki {{module rating|alpha}} {{Lua|Module:TableTools}} هي ماڊيول Lua ٽيبلن لاءِ سيٽ (Set) جون ڪيترين قسمن جون ڪارروائيون مهيا ڪري ٿو. هن وقت هن ۾ [[Union (set theory)|يونين]]، [[Intersection (set theory)|انٽرسيڪشن]] ۽ [[Complement (set theory)|ڪمپليمينٽ]] جا فنڪشن شامل آهن، جيڪي ڪي/ويليو جوڙن ۽ صرف ويليوز ٻنهي لاءِ ڪم ڪن ٿا. هي هڪ ميٽا-ماڊيول آهي، جيڪو ٻين Lua ماڊيولن مان سڏڻ لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو آهي، ۽ ان کي سڌو سنئون #invoke مان استعمال نه ڪرڻ گهرجي. == ماڊيول لوڊ ڪرڻ == ڪنهن به فنڪشن کي استعمال ڪرڻ لاءِ، پهرين ماڊيول کي لوڊ ڪرڻ ضروري آهي. <syntaxhighlight lang="lua"> local set = require('Module:Set') </syntaxhighlight> == union == <syntaxhighlight lang="lua"> set.union(t1, t2, ...) </syntaxhighlight> هي n ٽيبلن جي ڪي/ويليو جوڙن جو يونين واپس ڪري ٿو. جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ٽيبل ۾ هڪ ئي ڪي لاءِ مختلف ويليوز هجن، ته ٽيبل ويليو کي هڪ ايري ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويندو جنهن ۾ سڀ مختلف ويليوز هونديون. مثال طور، ٽيبل <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{foo = "foo", bar = "bar"}</code> ۽ <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{foo = "foo", bar = "baz", qux = "qux"}</code> لاءِ، union واپس ڪندو <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{foo = "foo", bar = {"bar", "baz"}, qux = "qux"}</code>. جيڪڏهن فنڪشن کي ٻن کان گهٽ ٽيبلون ڏنيون وڃن ته غلطي پيدا ٿيندي. == valueUnion == <syntaxhighlight lang="lua"> set.valueUnion(t1, t2, ...) </syntaxhighlight> هي n ٽيبلن جي ويليوز جو يونين هڪ ايري جي صورت ۾ واپس ڪري ٿو. مثال طور، ٽيبل <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{1, 3, 4, 5, foo = 7}</code> ۽ <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{2, bar = 3, 5, 6}</code> لاءِ، valueUnion واپس ڪندو <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}</code>. جيڪڏهن فنڪشن کي ٻن کان گهٽ ٽيبلون ڏنيون وڃن ته غلطي پيدا ٿيندي. == intersection == <syntaxhighlight lang="lua"> set.intersection(t1, t2, ...) </syntaxhighlight> هي n ٽيبلن جي ڪي/ويليو جوڙن جو انٽرسيڪشن واپس ڪري ٿو. نتيجي واري ٽيبل ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ ڪي ۽ ويليو ٻنهي جو هڪجهڙو هجڻ ضروري آهي. مثال طور، ٽيبل <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{foo = "foo", bar = "bar"}</code> ۽ <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{foo = "foo", bar = "baz", qux = "qux"}</code> لاءِ، intersection واپس ڪندو <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{foo = "foo"}</code>. جيڪڏهن فنڪشن کي ٻن کان گهٽ ٽيبلون ڏنيون وڃن ته غلطي پيدا ٿيندي. == valueIntersection == <syntaxhighlight lang="lua"> set.valueIntersection(t1, t2, ...) </syntaxhighlight> هي n ٽيبلن جي ويليوز جو انٽرسيڪشن هڪ ايري جي صورت ۾ واپس ڪري ٿو. مثال طور، ٽيبل <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{1, 3, 4, 5, foo = 7}</code> ۽ <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{2, bar = 3, 5, 6}</code> لاءِ، valueIntersection واپس ڪندو <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{3, 5}</code>. جيڪڏهن فنڪشن کي ٻن کان گهٽ ٽيبلون ڏنيون وڃن ته غلطي پيدا ٿيندي. == complement == <syntaxhighlight lang="lua"> set.complement(t1, t2, ..., tn) </syntaxhighlight> هي <code>''t1''</code>، <code>''t2''</code>، ... جو [[relative complement]] <code>''tn''</code> ۾ واپس ڪري ٿو. ڪمپليمينٽ ڪي/ويليو جوڙن جو هوندو آهي. يعني اهي سڀ ڪي/ويليو جوڙا جيڪي <code>''tn''</code> ۾ موجود آهن پر <code>''t1''</code>، <code>''t2''</code>، ... <code>''tn-1''</code> ۾ موجود نه آهن. مثال طور، ٽيبل <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{foo = "foo", bar = "bar", baz = "baz"}</code> ۽ <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{foo = "foo", bar = "baz", qux = "qux"}</code> لاءِ، complement واپس ڪندو <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{bar = "baz", qux = "qux"}</code>. جيڪڏهن فنڪشن کي ٻن کان گهٽ ٽيبلون ڏنيون وڃن ته غلطي پيدا ٿيندي. == valueComplement == <syntaxhighlight lang="lua"> set.valueComplement(t1, t2, ..., tn) </syntaxhighlight> هي هڪ ايري واپس ڪري ٿو جنهن ۾ <code>''t1''</code>، <code>''t2''</code>، ... جو [[relative complement]] <code>''tn''</code> ۾ شامل هوندو. ڪمپليمينٽ صرف ويليوز جو هوندو آهي. يعني اهي سڀ ويليوز جيڪي tn ۾ آهن پر t1، t2، ... tn-1 ۾ موجود نه آهن. مثال طور، ٽيبل <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{1, 2}</code>، <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{1, 2, 3}</code> ۽ <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}</code> لاءِ، valueComplement واپس ڪندو <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{4, 5}</code>. جيڪڏهن فنڪشن کي ٻن کان گهٽ ٽيبلون ڏنيون وڃن ته غلطي پيدا ٿيندي. <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox||{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|testcases|| <!-- زمرا هتي شامل ڪريو؛ بين الويڪي لنڪس وڪيڊيٽا ۾ --> [[Category:Lua metamodules]] }}}}</includeonly> pm6qxpdlfjprvsab8lhic035iun38dp 367872 367871 2026-03-27T19:15:16Z Intisar Ali 8681 367872 wikitext text/x-wiki {{module rating|alpha}} {{Lua|Module:TableTools}} هي ماڊيول Lua ٽيبلن لاءِ سيٽ (Set) جون ڪيترين قسمن جون ڪارروائيون مهيا ڪري ٿو. هن وقت هن ۾ [[Union (set theory)|يونين]]، [[Intersection (set theory)|انٽرسيڪشن]] ۽ [[Complement (set theory)|ڪمپليمينٽ]] جا فنڪشن شامل آهن، جيڪي ڪي/ويليو جوڙن ۽ صرف ويليوز ٻنهي لاءِ ڪم ڪن ٿا. هي هڪ ميٽا-ماڊيول آهي، جيڪو ٻين Lua ماڊيولن مان سڏڻ لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو آهي، ۽ ان کي سڌو سنئون #invoke مان استعمال نه ڪرڻ گهرجي. == ماڊيول لوڊ ڪرڻ == ڪنهن به فنڪشن کي استعمال ڪرڻ لاءِ، پهرين ماڊيول کي لوڊ ڪرڻ ضروري آهي. <syntaxhighlight lang="lua"> local set = require('Module:Set') </syntaxhighlight> == يونين == <syntaxhighlight lang="lua"> set.union(t1, t2, ...) </syntaxhighlight> هي n ٽيبلن جي ڪي/ويليو جوڙن جو يونين واپس ڪري ٿو. جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ٽيبل ۾ هڪ ئي ڪي لاءِ مختلف ويليوز هجن، ته ٽيبل ويليو کي هڪ ايري ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويندو جنهن ۾ سڀ مختلف ويليوز هونديون. مثال طور، ٽيبل <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{foo = "foo", bar = "bar"}</code> ۽ <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{foo = "foo", bar = "baz", qux = "qux"}</code> لاءِ، union واپس ڪندو <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{foo = "foo", bar = {"bar", "baz"}, qux = "qux"}</code>. جيڪڏهن فنڪشن کي ٻن کان گهٽ ٽيبلون ڏنيون وڃن ته غلطي پيدا ٿيندي. == valueUnion == <syntaxhighlight lang="lua"> set.valueUnion(t1, t2, ...) </syntaxhighlight> هي n ٽيبلن جي ويليوز جو يونين هڪ ايري جي صورت ۾ واپس ڪري ٿو. مثال طور، ٽيبل <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{1, 3, 4, 5, foo = 7}</code> ۽ <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{2, bar = 3, 5, 6}</code> لاءِ، valueUnion واپس ڪندو <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}</code>. جيڪڏهن فنڪشن کي ٻن کان گهٽ ٽيبلون ڏنيون وڃن ته غلطي پيدا ٿيندي. == intersection == <syntaxhighlight lang="lua"> set.intersection(t1, t2, ...) </syntaxhighlight> هي n ٽيبلن جي ڪي/ويليو جوڙن جو انٽرسيڪشن واپس ڪري ٿو. نتيجي واري ٽيبل ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ ڪي ۽ ويليو ٻنهي جو هڪجهڙو هجڻ ضروري آهي. مثال طور، ٽيبل <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{foo = "foo", bar = "bar"}</code> ۽ <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{foo = "foo", bar = "baz", qux = "qux"}</code> لاءِ، intersection واپس ڪندو <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{foo = "foo"}</code>. جيڪڏهن فنڪشن کي ٻن کان گهٽ ٽيبلون ڏنيون وڃن ته غلطي پيدا ٿيندي. == valueIntersection == <syntaxhighlight lang="lua"> set.valueIntersection(t1, t2, ...) </syntaxhighlight> هي n ٽيبلن جي ويليوز جو انٽرسيڪشن هڪ ايري جي صورت ۾ واپس ڪري ٿو. مثال طور، ٽيبل <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{1, 3, 4, 5, foo = 7}</code> ۽ <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{2, bar = 3, 5, 6}</code> لاءِ، valueIntersection واپس ڪندو <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{3, 5}</code>. جيڪڏهن فنڪشن کي ٻن کان گهٽ ٽيبلون ڏنيون وڃن ته غلطي پيدا ٿيندي. == complement == <syntaxhighlight lang="lua"> set.complement(t1, t2, ..., tn) </syntaxhighlight> هي <code>''t1''</code>، <code>''t2''</code>، ... جو [[relative complement]] <code>''tn''</code> ۾ واپس ڪري ٿو. ڪمپليمينٽ ڪي/ويليو جوڙن جو هوندو آهي. يعني اهي سڀ ڪي/ويليو جوڙا جيڪي <code>''tn''</code> ۾ موجود آهن پر <code>''t1''</code>، <code>''t2''</code>، ... <code>''tn-1''</code> ۾ موجود نه آهن. مثال طور، ٽيبل <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{foo = "foo", bar = "bar", baz = "baz"}</code> ۽ <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{foo = "foo", bar = "baz", qux = "qux"}</code> لاءِ، complement واپس ڪندو <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{bar = "baz", qux = "qux"}</code>. جيڪڏهن فنڪشن کي ٻن کان گهٽ ٽيبلون ڏنيون وڃن ته غلطي پيدا ٿيندي. == valueComplement == <syntaxhighlight lang="lua"> set.valueComplement(t1, t2, ..., tn) </syntaxhighlight> هي هڪ ايري واپس ڪري ٿو جنهن ۾ <code>''t1''</code>، <code>''t2''</code>، ... جو [[relative complement]] <code>''tn''</code> ۾ شامل هوندو. ڪمپليمينٽ صرف ويليوز جو هوندو آهي. يعني اهي سڀ ويليوز جيڪي tn ۾ آهن پر t1، t2، ... tn-1 ۾ موجود نه آهن. مثال طور، ٽيبل <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{1, 2}</code>، <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{1, 2, 3}</code> ۽ <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}</code> لاءِ، valueComplement واپس ڪندو <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{4, 5}</code>. جيڪڏهن فنڪشن کي ٻن کان گهٽ ٽيبلون ڏنيون وڃن ته غلطي پيدا ٿيندي. <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox||{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|testcases|| <!-- زمرا هتي شامل ڪريو؛ بين الويڪي لنڪس وڪيڊيٽا ۾ --> [[Category:Lua metamodules]] }}}}</includeonly> 9l78usu1bdx3zsnf77zzzpajeft2m44 367873 367872 2026-03-27T19:16:51Z Intisar Ali 8681 367873 wikitext text/x-wiki {{module rating|alpha}} {{Lua|Module:TableTools}} هي ماڊيول Lua ٽيبلن لاءِ سيٽ (Set) جون ڪيترين قسمن جون ڪارروائيون مهيا ڪري ٿو. هن وقت هن ۾ [[Union (set theory)|يونين]]، [[Intersection (set theory)|انٽرسيڪشن]] ۽ [[Complement (set theory)|ڪمپليمينٽ]] جا فنڪشن شامل آهن، جيڪي ڪي/ويليو جوڙن ۽ صرف ويليوز ٻنهي لاءِ ڪم ڪن ٿا. هي هڪ ميٽا-ماڊيول آهي، جيڪو ٻين Lua ماڊيولن مان سڏڻ لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو آهي، ۽ ان کي سڌو سنئون #invoke مان استعمال نه ڪرڻ گهرجي. == ماڊيول لوڊ ڪرڻ == ڪنهن به فنڪشن کي استعمال ڪرڻ لاءِ، پهرين ماڊيول کي لوڊ ڪرڻ ضروري آهي. <syntaxhighlight lang="lua"> local set = require('Module:Set') </syntaxhighlight> == يونين == <syntaxhighlight lang="lua"> set.union(t1, t2, ...) </syntaxhighlight> هي n ٽيبلن جي ڪي/ويليو جوڙن جو يونين واپس ڪري ٿو. جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ٽيبل ۾ هڪ ئي ڪي لاءِ مختلف ويليوز هجن، ته ٽيبل ويليو کي هڪ ايري ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويندو جنهن ۾ سڀ مختلف ويليوز هونديون. مثال طور، ٽيبل <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{foo = "foo", bar = "bar"}</code> ۽ <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{foo = "foo", bar = "baz", qux = "qux"}</code> لاءِ، union واپس ڪندو <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{foo = "foo", bar = {"bar", "baz"}, qux = "qux"}</code>. جيڪڏهن فنڪشن کي ٻن کان گهٽ ٽيبلون ڏنيون وڃن ته غلطي پيدا ٿيندي. == ويليو يونين== <syntaxhighlight lang="lua"> set.valueUnion(t1, t2, ...) </syntaxhighlight> هي n ٽيبلن جي ويليوز جو يونين هڪ ايري جي صورت ۾ واپس ڪري ٿو. مثال طور، ٽيبل <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{1, 3, 4, 5, foo = 7}</code> ۽ <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{2, bar = 3, 5, 6}</code> لاءِ، valueUnion واپس ڪندو <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}</code>. جيڪڏهن فنڪشن کي ٻن کان گهٽ ٽيبلون ڏنيون وڃن ته غلطي پيدا ٿيندي. == انٽرسيڪشن == <syntaxhighlight lang="lua"> set.intersection(t1, t2, ...) </syntaxhighlight> هي n ٽيبلن جي ڪي/ويليو جوڙن جو انٽرسيڪشن واپس ڪري ٿو. نتيجي واري ٽيبل ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ ڪي ۽ ويليو ٻنهي جو هڪجهڙو هجڻ ضروري آهي. مثال طور، ٽيبل <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{foo = "foo", bar = "bar"}</code> ۽ <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{foo = "foo", bar = "baz", qux = "qux"}</code> لاءِ، intersection واپس ڪندو <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{foo = "foo"}</code>. جيڪڏهن فنڪشن کي ٻن کان گهٽ ٽيبلون ڏنيون وڃن ته غلطي پيدا ٿيندي. == ويليو انٽرسيڪشن== <syntaxhighlight lang="lua"> set.valueIntersection(t1, t2, ...) </syntaxhighlight> هي n ٽيبلن جي ويليوز جو انٽرسيڪشن هڪ ايري جي صورت ۾ واپس ڪري ٿو. مثال طور، ٽيبل <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{1, 3, 4, 5, foo = 7}</code> ۽ <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{2, bar = 3, 5, 6}</code> لاءِ، valueIntersection واپس ڪندو <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{3, 5}</code>. جيڪڏهن فنڪشن کي ٻن کان گهٽ ٽيبلون ڏنيون وڃن ته غلطي پيدا ٿيندي. == ڪامپليمينٽ == <syntaxhighlight lang="lua"> set.complement(t1, t2, ..., tn) </syntaxhighlight> هي <code>''t1''</code>، <code>''t2''</code>، ... جو [[relative complement]] <code>''tn''</code> ۾ واپس ڪري ٿو. ڪمپليمينٽ ڪي/ويليو جوڙن جو هوندو آهي. يعني اهي سڀ ڪي/ويليو جوڙا جيڪي <code>''tn''</code> ۾ موجود آهن پر <code>''t1''</code>، <code>''t2''</code>، ... <code>''tn-1''</code> ۾ موجود نه آهن. مثال طور، ٽيبل <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{foo = "foo", bar = "bar", baz = "baz"}</code> ۽ <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{foo = "foo", bar = "baz", qux = "qux"}</code> لاءِ، complement واپس ڪندو <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{bar = "baz", qux = "qux"}</code>. جيڪڏهن فنڪشن کي ٻن کان گهٽ ٽيبلون ڏنيون وڃن ته غلطي پيدا ٿيندي. == ويليو ڪامپليمينٽ== <syntaxhighlight lang="lua"> set.valueComplement(t1, t2, ..., tn) </syntaxhighlight> هي هڪ ايري واپس ڪري ٿو جنهن ۾ <code>''t1''</code>، <code>''t2''</code>، ... جو [[relative complement]] <code>''tn''</code> ۾ شامل هوندو. ڪمپليمينٽ صرف ويليوز جو هوندو آهي. يعني اهي سڀ ويليوز جيڪي tn ۾ آهن پر t1، t2، ... tn-1 ۾ موجود نه آهن. مثال طور، ٽيبل <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{1, 2}</code>، <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{1, 2, 3}</code> ۽ <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}</code> لاءِ، valueComplement واپس ڪندو <code style="white-space: nowrap;">{4, 5}</code>. جيڪڏهن فنڪشن کي ٻن کان گهٽ ٽيبلون ڏنيون وڃن ته غلطي پيدا ٿيندي. <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox||{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|testcases|| <!-- زمرا هتي شامل ڪريو؛ بين الويڪي لنڪس وڪيڊيٽا ۾ --> [[زمرو:Lua metamodules]] }}}}</includeonly> lrbfdiqaa0zoruzskyjwvz1eqzq5jnj سانچو:Parameters 10 94104 367874 2026-03-27T19:18:54Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: <includeonly>{{subst:#invoke:Parameters|{{{1}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}}</noinclude> 367874 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{subst:#invoke:Parameters|{{{1}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}}</noinclude> qd801izsyfgznpjkf17g5m92yq3t4bj سانچو:Both/doc 10 94105 367881 2026-03-27T19:38:54Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} {{high-risk}} {{template shortcut|&&}} === استعمال === {{tlc|{{BASEPAGENAME}}|string1|string2}} جيڪڏهن ''string1'' ۽ ''string2'' ٻئي خالي نه هجن ته '''1''' پيدا ڪندو (يعني صحيح شرط)، ٻي صورت ۾ خالي اسٽرنگ پيدا ڪندو (غلط شرط). === TemplateData === {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata>{ "description": "جيڪڏهن 'string1' ۽ 'string2' ٻئي خالي نه هجن ت... 367881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{high-risk}} {{template shortcut|&&}} === استعمال === {{tlc|{{BASEPAGENAME}}|string1|string2}} جيڪڏهن ''string1'' ۽ ''string2'' ٻئي خالي نه هجن ته '''1''' پيدا ڪندو (يعني صحيح شرط)، ٻي صورت ۾ خالي اسٽرنگ پيدا ڪندو (غلط شرط). === TemplateData === {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata>{ "description": "جيڪڏهن 'string1' ۽ 'string2' ٻئي خالي نه هجن ته '1' پيدا ڪندو (يعني صحيح شرط)، ٻي صورت ۾ خالي اسٽرنگ پيدا ڪندو (غلط شرط).", "params": { "1": { "label": "String1", "description": "پهريون اسٽرنگ", "type": "string", "required": true }, "2": { "label": "String2", "description": "ٻيو اسٽرنگ", "type": "string", "required": true } }}</templatedata> == پڻ ڏسو == * {{tl|if both}} * {{tl|if}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| [[Category:If-then-else templates]] }}</includeonly> 4ml1od6hg2tr5d91qx1rp9fr031d4de سانچو:If both/doc 10 94106 367882 2026-03-27T19:41:13Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هن صفحي جي هيٺان ڄاڻايل جاءِ تي شامل ڪريو ۽ بين الويڪي لنڪون وڪيڊيٽا تي ڏيو (ڏسو [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]]) --> {{high-use}} __NOTOC__ هي هڪ [[Help:Templates/Helper templates|مددگار سانچو]] آهي جيڪو ٻين سانچن ۾ استعمال ڪرڻ لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو آهي. اهو ايڊيٽرن کي اهڙو سانچي ڪوڊ... 367882 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هن صفحي جي هيٺان ڄاڻايل جاءِ تي شامل ڪريو ۽ بين الويڪي لنڪون وڪيڊيٽا تي ڏيو (ڏسو [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]]) --> {{high-use}} __NOTOC__ هي هڪ [[Help:Templates/Helper templates|مددگار سانچو]] آهي جيڪو ٻين سانچن ۾ استعمال ڪرڻ لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو آهي. اهو ايڊيٽرن کي اهڙو سانچي ڪوڊ ٺاهڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو جيڪو پاڻمرادو دستاويز ٿيل هجي. === استعمال === جيڪڏهن '''a''' ۽ '''b''' هجن ته true. جيڪڏهن نه '''a''' هجي ۽ نه '''b''' هجي ته false. جيڪڏهن يا ته '''a''' يا '''b''' هجي ته false. ان کي هن ڍانچي جي بدران استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو: <code><nowiki>{{#if:a|{{#if:b|true|false}}|false}}</nowiki></code> === مثال === <code><nowiki>{{if both| a | b |true|false}}</nowiki> → {{if both| a | b |true|false}}</code> <code><nowiki>{{if both| a | |true|false}}</nowiki> → {{if both| | b |true|false}}</code> <code><nowiki>{{if both| | b |true|false}}</nowiki> → {{if both| | b |true|false}}</code> <code><nowiki>{{if both| | |true|false}}</nowiki> → {{if both| | |true|false}}</code> === پڻ ڏسو === * {{tl|Both}} * {{tl|if either}} * {{tl|if empty}} * {{tl|if all}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- زمرا هن لڪير کان هيٺ شامل ڪريو؛ بين الويڪي لنڪون وڪيڊيٽا تي --> [[Category:If-then-else templates]] }}</includeonly> e5e4yki7ytm3t3bbw0bdpsw4fdvlzyx سانچو:If all/doc 10 94107 367883 2026-03-27T19:45:29Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا ۽ بين الويڪي لنڪون هن صفحي جي هيٺان شامل ڪريو --> {{High-use}} هي هڪ [[Help:Templates/Helper templates|مددگار سانچو]] آهي جيڪو ''n'' پيراميٽرن تي منطقي ''and'' عمل سرانجام ڏئي ٿو، جتي ''n'' جي قيمت 1 کان 10 جي وچ ۾ هوندي. اهو ٻين سانچن ۾ استعمال ڪرڻ لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو آ... 367883 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا ۽ بين الويڪي لنڪون هن صفحي جي هيٺان شامل ڪريو --> {{High-use}} هي هڪ [[Help:Templates/Helper templates|مددگار سانچو]] آهي جيڪو ''n'' پيراميٽرن تي منطقي ''and'' عمل سرانجام ڏئي ٿو، جتي ''n'' جي قيمت 1 کان 10 جي وچ ۾ هوندي. اهو ٻين سانچن ۾ استعمال ڪرڻ لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو آهي. === استعمال === {{col-begin}} {{col-4}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="margin:0; width:19em"> {{if all|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|10 | n = 10 | then = سڀ موجود! | else = ڪجهه گهٽ آهي!؟ }} </syntaxhighlight> → {{if all|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|10 | n = 10 | then = سڀ موجود! | else = ڪجهه گهٽ آهي!؟ }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="margin:0; width:19em"> {{if all|1|2|3 | n = 3 | then = سڀ موجود! | else = ڪجهه گهٽ آهي!؟ }} </syntaxhighlight> → {{if all|1|2|3 | n = 3 | then = سڀ موجود! | else = ڪجهه گهٽ آهي!؟ }} ;ٻيا مثال <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="margin:0; width:19em"> {{if all|1|2|3 | n = 2 | then = سڀ موجود! | else = ڪجهه گهٽ آهي!؟ }} </syntaxhighlight> → {{if all|1|2|3 | n = 2 | then = سڀ موجود! | else = ڪجهه گهٽ آهي!؟ }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="margin:0; width:19em"> {{if all| |2|3 | n = 2 | then = سڀ موجود! | else = ڪجهه گهٽ آهي!؟ }} </syntaxhighlight> → {{if all| |2|3 | n = 2 | then = سڀ موجود! | else = ڪجهه گهٽ آهي!؟ }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="margin:0; width:19em"> {{if all|1|2| | n = 2 | then = سڀ موجود! | else = ڪجهه گهٽ آهي!؟ }} </syntaxhighlight> → {{if all|1|2| | n = 2 | then = سڀ موجود! | else = ڪجهه گهٽ آهي!؟ }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="margin:0; width:19em"> {{if all| | n = 1 | then = سڀ موجود! | else = ڪجهه گهٽ آهي!؟ }} </syntaxhighlight> → {{if all| | n = 1 | then = سڀ موجود! | else = ڪجهه گهٽ آهي!؟ }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="margin:0; width:19em"> {{if all | n = 1 | then = سڀ موجود! | else = ڪجهه گهٽ آهي!؟ }} </syntaxhighlight> → {{if all | n = 1 | then = سڀ موجود! | else = ڪجهه گهٽ آهي!؟ }} {{col-4}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="margin:0; width:19em"> {{if all|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8| |10 | n = 10 | then = سڀ موجود! | else = ڪجهه گهٽ آهي!؟ }} </syntaxhighlight> → {{if all|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8| |10 | n = 10 | then = سڀ موجود! | else = ڪجهه گهٽ آهي!؟ }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="margin:0; width:19em"> {{if all| |2|3 | n = 3 | then = سڀ موجود! | else = ڪجهه گهٽ آهي!؟ }} </syntaxhighlight> → {{if all| |2|3 | n = 3 | then = سڀ موجود! | else = ڪجهه گهٽ آهي!؟ }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="margin:0; width:19em"> {{if all|1|2|3 | n = 4 | then = سڀ موجود! | else = ڪجهه گهٽ آهي!؟ }} </syntaxhighlight> → {{if all|1|2|3 | n = 4 | then = سڀ موجود! | else = ڪجهه گهٽ آهي!؟ }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="margin:0; width:19em"> {{if all| |2|3 | n = 4 | then = سڀ موجود! | else = ڪجهه گهٽ آهي!؟ }} </syntaxhighlight> → {{if all| |2|3 | n = 4 | then = سڀ موجود! | else = ڪجهه گهٽ آهي!؟ }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="margin:0; width:19em"> {{if all|1|2| | n = 4 | then = سڀ موجود! | else = ڪجهه گهٽ آهي!؟ }} </syntaxhighlight> → {{if all|1|2| | n = 4 | then = سڀ موجود! | else = ڪجهه گهٽ آهي!؟ }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="margin:0; width:19em"> {{if all| | n = 0 | then = سڀ موجود! | else = ڪجهه گهٽ آهي!؟ }} </syntaxhighlight> → {{if all| | n = 0 | then = سڀ موجود! | else = ڪجهه گهٽ آهي!؟ }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="margin:0; width:19em"> {{if all | n = 0 | then = سڀ موجود! | else = ڪجهه گهٽ آهي!؟ }} </syntaxhighlight> → {{if all | n = 0 | then = سڀ موجود! | else = ڪجهه گهٽ آهي!؟ }} {{col-4}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="margin:0; width:19em"> {{if all|1|2|3|4|5|6|7| | |10 | n = 10 | then = سڀ موجود! | else = ڪجهه گهٽ آهي!؟ }} </syntaxhighlight> → {{if all|1|2|3|4|5|6|7| | |10 | n = 10 | then = سڀ موجود! | else = ڪجهه گهٽ آهي!؟ }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="margin:0; width:19em"> {{if all| | |3 | n = 3 | then = سڀ موجود! | else = ڪجهه گهٽ آهي!؟ }} </syntaxhighlight> → {{if all| | |3 | n = 3 | then = سڀ موجود! | else = ڪجهه گهٽ آهي!؟ }} {{col-4}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="margin:0; width:19em"> {{if all| | | | | | | | | |10 | n = 10 | then = سڀ موجود! | else = ڪجهه گهٽ آهي!؟ }} </syntaxhighlight> → {{if all| | | | | | | | | |10 | n = 10 | then = سڀ موجود! | else = ڪجهه گهٽ آهي!؟ }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="margin:0; width:19em"> {{if all| | | | n = 3 | then = سڀ موجود! | else = ڪجهه گهٽ آهي!؟ }} </syntaxhighlight> → {{if all| | | | n = 3 | then = سڀ موجود! | else = ڪجهه گهٽ آهي!؟ }} {{col-end}} === پڻ ڏسو === * {{tl|If all}} * {{tl|If both}} * {{tl|If either}} * {{tl|If empty}} * [[Module:Parameter validation]] <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- زمرا هتي شامل ڪريو --> [[Category:If-then-else templates]] [[Category:Variadic templates]] }}</includeonly> othpbktkdmiuhg16ez2hpgiuidr43yu سانچو:If either/doc 10 94108 367884 2026-03-27T19:49:09Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ {{Deprecated template|If either|note=Use {{mwl|#if|a b|...}} instead.}} <!----مهرباني ڪري زمرا هن صفحي جي هيٺان شامل ڪريو----> : <code class="nowrap">{{((}}if either ({{!}}'''a''') ({{!}}'''b''') ({{!}}''پهريون نتيجو'') ({{!}}''ٻيو نتيجو''){{))}}</code> : &nbsp;"جيڪڏهن ('''a''' يا) ('''b''') سچو هجي ته (''پهريون نتيجو'' موٽايو)، ٻ... 367884 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ {{Deprecated template|If either|note=Use {{mwl|#if|a b|...}} instead.}} <!----مهرباني ڪري زمرا هن صفحي جي هيٺان شامل ڪريو----> : <code class="nowrap">{{((}}if either ({{!}}'''a''') ({{!}}'''b''') ({{!}}''پهريون نتيجو'') ({{!}}''ٻيو نتيجو''){{))}}</code> : &nbsp;"جيڪڏهن ('''a''' يا) ('''b''') سچو هجي ته (''پهريون نتيجو'' موٽايو)، ٻي صورت ۾ (''ٻيو نتيجو'' موٽايو)." هي [[Help:Templates/Helper templates|مددگار سانچو]] ٻين سانچن ۾ استعمال ڪرڻ لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو آهي. اهو ايڊيٽرن کي اهڙو سانچي ڪوڊ ٺاهڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو جيڪو وڌيڪ پاڻمرادو دستاويز ٿيل هجي. هن سانچي کي استعمال ڪرڻ جو ڪو خاص فائدو ناهي ان جي ڀيٽ ۾ جو سڌو سنئون هي ڍانچو استعمال ڪيو وڃي: {{nowrap|<code><nowiki>{{#if:{{{1|}}}{{{2|}}} |…}}</nowiki></code>}} ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سڀ پيراميٽر سانچي تائين پهچڻ کان اڳ مڪمل طور تي evaluate ٿين ٿا. مٿي ڏنل "'''a''' يا '''b'''" ۾ "يا" [[Logical disjunction|شاملي (inclusive)]] آهي: جيڪڏهن '''a''' <u>۽</u> '''b''' ٻئي سچا هجن، ته سانچو ''پهريون نتيجو'' واپس ڪندو. هي سانچو هن ڍانچي جي بدران به استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو: {{nowrap|<code><nowiki>{{#if:</nowiki>'''a'''<nowiki> |true |{{#if:</nowiki>'''b'''<nowiki> |true |false}}}}</nowiki></code>}} (يعني "جيڪڏهن '''a''' ته true؛ نه ته جيڪڏهن '''b''' ته true؛ ٻي صورت ۾ false"). == مثال == {| class="wikitable" ! ڪوڊ !! نتيجو |- | <nowiki>{{if either |a |b |true |false}}</nowiki> || {{if either |a |b |true |false}} |- | <nowiki>{{if either |a | |true |false}}</nowiki> || {{if either |a | |true |false}} |- | <nowiki>{{if either | |b |true |false}}</nowiki> || {{if either | |b |true |false}} |- | <nowiki>{{if either | | |true |false}}</nowiki> || {{if either | | |true |false}} |} == پڻ ڏسو == * {{tl|if all}} * {{tl|if both}} * {{tl|if empty}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!----زمرا هن لڪير کان هيٺ شامل ڪريو----> [[Category:If-then-else templates]] }}</includeonly> p1e62oiufejz4wjxn98r19syzu30peu سانچو:If empty/doc 10 94109 367885 2026-03-27T19:51:09Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} <!----مهرباني ڪري سانچي جا زمرا هن صفحي جي هيٺان ڄاڻايل جاءِ تي شامل ڪريو----> {{Cascade-protected template}} {{used in system}} {{Lua|Module:If empty}} {{Confused|Template:Is empty}} هي سانچو ٻين سانچن جي اندر استعمال ٿيندو آهي. اهو ڪنهن به تعداد ۾ پيراميٽر وٺي ٿو ۽ انهن مان پهريون اهڙو پيراميٽر واپ... 367885 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!----مهرباني ڪري سانچي جا زمرا هن صفحي جي هيٺان ڄاڻايل جاءِ تي شامل ڪريو----> {{Cascade-protected template}} {{used in system}} {{Lua|Module:If empty}} {{Confused|Template:Is empty}} هي سانچو ٻين سانچن جي اندر استعمال ٿيندو آهي. اهو ڪنهن به تعداد ۾ پيراميٽر وٺي ٿو ۽ انهن مان پهريون اهڙو پيراميٽر واپس ڪري ٿو جيڪو مقرر ٿيل هجي ۽ خالي نه هجي. جيڪڏهن ڪو به اهڙو پيراميٽر نه ملي، ته ڪجهه به واپس نه ٿيندو. مثال طور <code><nowiki>{{if empty|a|b|c}}</nowiki></code> لکڻ بدران <code><nowiki>{{#if:a|a|{{#if:b|b|c}}}}</nowiki></code> لکڻ سان a ۽ b کي [[Don't repeat yourself|ورجائڻ]] ۽ ٻه ڀيرا evaluate ڪرڻ جي ضرورت نه پوندي. هي سانچو هڪ [[fallback]] ترتيب مهيا ڪري ٿو، جيڪا [[try catch]] تي ٻڌل "اجازت وٺڻ کان بهتر آهي ته معافي گهري وڃي" (EAFP) پروگرامنگ انداز جهڙي آهي. عام استعمال هن ريت هوندو آهي: : <code><nowiki>{{If empty |{{{logo|}}} |{{{image|}}} |{{{picture|}}} |default.svg}}</nowiki></code> : — <nowiki>جيڪڏهن {{{logo|}}} وٽ قدر هجي ته اهو واپس ڪيو؛ نه ته جيڪڏهن {{{image|}}} وٽ قدر هجي ته اهو واپس ڪيو؛ نه ته جيڪڏهن {{{picture|}}} وٽ قدر هجي ته اهو واپس ڪيو؛ ٻي صورت ۾ "default.svg" واپس ڪيو.</nowiki> اهو ''logo''، ''image'' ۽ ''picture'' مان پهريون اهڙو پيراميٽر واپس ڪندو جيڪو مقرر ٿيل هجي ۽ خالي نه هجي، ٻي صورت ۾ "default.svg" واپس ڪندو. mwablvhywz567i8b9yvquer8h11fkbt سانچو:Confused 10 94110 367886 2026-03-27T19:53:33Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: <sup>[[WP:Editors who may be confused|{{define|[پريشان ايڊيٽر؟]|هي ايڊيٽر شايد پريشان هجي.}}]]</sup><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- زمرا /doc ذيلي صفحي تي شامل ڪيا وڃن، ۽ بين الويڪي لنڪون وڪيڊيٽا تي ڏنيون وڃن. --> </noinclude> 367886 wikitext text/x-wiki <sup>[[WP:Editors who may be confused|{{define|[پريشان ايڊيٽر؟]|هي ايڊيٽر شايد پريشان هجي.}}]]</sup><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- زمرا /doc ذيلي صفحي تي شامل ڪيا وڃن، ۽ بين الويڪي لنڪون وڪيڊيٽا تي ڏنيون وڃن. --> </noinclude> 15wilmceu50ca46yvtwo6apoxwr0h1t سانچو:صاف 10 94111 367888 2026-03-27T19:55:37Z Intisar Ali 8681 Intisar Ali [[سانچو:صاف]] کي [[سانچو:Clear]] ڏانھن ريڊائريڪٽ مٿان چوريو 367888 wikitext text/x-wiki #چوريو [[سانچو:Clear]] 2hw08q43qpx1vy9shj1ssdrsboai3sf سانچو:Clear/doc 10 94112 367889 2026-03-27T19:57:55Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا /doc ذيلي صفحي تي شامل ڪريو، ۽ بين الويڪي لنڪون وڪيڊيٽا تي ڏيو (ڏسو Wikipedia:Wikidata) --> {{high-use}} {{Nosubst|مهيا ڪيل مارڪ اپ ڪيترن ايڊيٽرن لاءِ الجھن پيدا ڪندو، ۽ جيئن ته هي سانچو پاڻ پنهنجي دستاويز مهيا ڪري ٿو، تنهن ڪري substitution لاءِ ڪو خاص جواز نا... 367889 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا /doc ذيلي صفحي تي شامل ڪريو، ۽ بين الويڪي لنڪون وڪيڊيٽا تي ڏيو (ڏسو Wikipedia:Wikidata) --> {{high-use}} {{Nosubst|مهيا ڪيل مارڪ اپ ڪيترن ايڊيٽرن لاءِ الجھن پيدا ڪندو، ۽ جيئن ته هي سانچو پاڻ پنهنجي دستاويز مهيا ڪري ٿو، تنهن ڪري substitution لاءِ ڪو خاص جواز ناهي.}} {{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Template:Clear|{{Template shortcut|-||Clr}}}} == وضاحت == هي سانچو مواد کي انتظار ڪرڻ تي مجبور ڪري ٿو جيستائين موجوده مواد سڀني ڪالمن ۾ مڪمل نه ٿي وڃي. اهو اڪثر استعمال ٿيندو آهي ته جيئن متن غير لاڳاپيل تصويرن جي ڀرسان وهڻ کان روڪي سگهجي. == استعمال == * {{tlx|clear}} — شامل ڪري ٿو {{tag|div|params=style="clear:both;"|content=}} * {{tlx|clear|left}} — شامل ڪري ٿو {{tag|div|params=style="clear:left;"|content=}} * {{tlx|clear|right}} — شامل ڪري ٿو {{tag|div|params=style="clear:right;"|content=}} فني تفصيل لاءِ ڏسو [[Template talk:Clear|بحث صفحي ۾ بحث]]. == مثال == <div style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 1em; margin: 2em;"> === مثال بغير {{tlf|clear}} === [[File:HeidelbergTun.jpg|200px|left]] {{Lorem ipsum span|max len=123}} ==== نئون سيڪشن بغير اڳ ۾ سانچو استعمال ڪرڻ جي ==== ڪوڊ {{tlc|clear}} کان سواءِ، هي سيڪشن تصوير جي ساڄي پاسي شروع ٿئي ٿو. {{clear}} </div> <div style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 1em; margin: 2em;"> === مثال جيڪو {{tlf|clear}} استعمال ڪري ٿو === [[File:HeidelbergTun.jpg|200px|left]] {{Lorem ipsum span|max len=123}}<br/> '''{{tnull|clear}}''' {{clear}} ==== نئون سيڪشن سانچي کان پوءِ ==== هتي ڪوڊ {{tlc|clear}} هن سيڪشن کان اڳ رکيو ويو آهي، تنهن ڪري اهو تصوير جي هيٺان ظاهر ٿئي ٿو. </div> == TemplateData == {{TemplateData header}} <templatedata>{ "description": "مواد کي انتظار ڪرڻ تي مجبور ڪري ٿو جيستائين موجوده مواد سڀني ڪالمن ۾ مڪمل نه ٿي وڃي. اڪثر استعمال ٿيندو آهي ته جيئن متن غير لاڳاپيل تصويرن جي ڀرسان وهڻ کان روڪي سگهجي، تنهن ڪري متن تصوير جي هيٺان مڪمل ويڪر واري سٽ ۾ ظاهر ٿيندو.", "params": { "1": { "label": "پاسي", "description": "’right‘ يا ’left‘ ٿي سگهي ٿو ته جيئن مواد صرف ساڄي يا کاٻي ڪالم مڪمل ٿيڻ تائين دير سان ظاهر ٿئي. ڊفالٽ ٻنهي ڪالمن کي صاف ڪري ٿو.", "type": "line", "required": false, "suggestedvalues": [ "right", "left", "both" ], "default": "both" } }, "format": "inline" }</templatedata> == پڻ ڏسو == * {{tl|Clear left}} (هن سانچي کي استعمال ڪندي ٺاهيو ويو) * {{tl|Clear right}} (هن سانچي کي استعمال ڪندي ٺاهيو ويو) * {{tl|Clear2}} (هن سانچي مان ورتل) * {{tl|Break}} * {{tl|Float}} * {{tl|Stack}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- هن لڪير کان هيٺ زمرا شامل ڪريو، ۽ بين الويڪي لنڪون وڪيڊيٽا تي ڏيو --> [[Category:Line-handling templates]] [[Category:Wikipedia HTML tag-replacing templates]] }}</includeonly> rgsf0ovnqy9hflgc2drzngdlgprr7k5 367890 367889 2026-03-27T19:58:44Z Intisar Ali 8681 367890 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا /doc ذيلي صفحي تي شامل ڪريو، ۽ بين الويڪي لنڪون وڪيڊيٽا تي ڏيو (ڏسو Wikipedia:Wikidata) --> {{high-use}} {{Nosubst|مهيا ڪيل مارڪ اپ ڪيترن ايڊيٽرن لاءِ الجھن پيدا ڪندو، ۽ جيئن ته هي سانچو پاڻ پنهنجي دستاويز مهيا ڪري ٿو، تنهن ڪري substitution لاءِ ڪو خاص جواز ناهي.}} {{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Template:Clear|{{Template shortcut|-||Clr}}}} == وضاحت == هي سانچو مواد کي انتظار ڪرڻ تي مجبور ڪري ٿو جيستائين موجوده مواد سڀني ڪالمن ۾ مڪمل نه ٿي وڃي. اهو اڪثر استعمال ٿيندو آهي ته جيئن متن غير لاڳاپيل تصويرن جي ڀرسان وهڻ کان روڪي سگهجي. == استعمال == * {{tlx|clear}} — شامل ڪري ٿو {{tag|div|params=style="clear:both;"|content=}} * {{tlx|clear|left}} — شامل ڪري ٿو {{tag|div|params=style="clear:left;"|content=}} * {{tlx|clear|right}} — شامل ڪري ٿو {{tag|div|params=style="clear:right;"|content=}} فني تفصيل لاءِ ڏسو [[Template talk:Clear|بحث صفحي ۾ بحث]]. == مثال == <div style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 1em; margin: 2em;"> === مثال بغير {{tlf|clear}} === [[File:HeidelbergTun.jpg|200px|left]] {{Lorem ipsum span|max len=123}} ==== نئون سيڪشن بغير اڳ ۾ سانچو استعمال ڪرڻ جي ==== ڪوڊ {{tlc|clear}} کان سواءِ، هي سيڪشن تصوير جي ساڄي پاسي شروع ٿئي ٿو. {{clear}} </div> <div style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 1em; margin: 2em;"> === مثال جيڪو {{tlf|clear}} استعمال ڪري ٿو === [[File:HeidelbergTun.jpg|200px|left]] {{Lorem ipsum span|max len=123}}<br/> '''{{tnull|clear}}''' {{clear}} ==== نئون سيڪشن سانچي کان پوءِ ==== هتي ڪوڊ {{tlc|clear}} هن سيڪشن کان اڳ رکيو ويو آهي، تنهن ڪري اهو تصوير جي هيٺان ظاهر ٿئي ٿو. </div> == سانچائي مواد== {{TemplateData header}} <templatedata>{ "description": "مواد کي انتظار ڪرڻ تي مجبور ڪري ٿو جيستائين موجوده مواد سڀني ڪالمن ۾ مڪمل نه ٿي وڃي. اڪثر استعمال ٿيندو آهي ته جيئن متن غير لاڳاپيل تصويرن جي ڀرسان وهڻ کان روڪي سگهجي، تنهن ڪري متن تصوير جي هيٺان مڪمل ويڪر واري سٽ ۾ ظاهر ٿيندو.", "params": { "1": { "label": "پاسي", "description": "’right‘ يا ’left‘ ٿي سگهي ٿو ته جيئن مواد صرف ساڄي يا کاٻي ڪالم مڪمل ٿيڻ تائين دير سان ظاهر ٿئي. ڊفالٽ ٻنهي ڪالمن کي صاف ڪري ٿو.", "type": "line", "required": false, "suggestedvalues": [ "right", "left", "both" ], "default": "both" } }, "format": "inline" }</templatedata> == پڻ ڏسو == * {{tl|Clear left}} (هن سانچي کي استعمال ڪندي ٺاهيو ويو) * {{tl|Clear right}} (هن سانچي کي استعمال ڪندي ٺاهيو ويو) * {{tl|Clear2}} (هن سانچي مان ورتل) * {{tl|Break}} * {{tl|Float}} * {{tl|Stack}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- هن لڪير کان هيٺ زمرا شامل ڪريو، ۽ بين الويڪي لنڪون وڪيڊيٽا تي ڏيو --> [[Category:Line-handling templates]] [[Category:Wikipedia HTML tag-replacing templates]] }}</includeonly> akps3khxwt39ymbhnqkv1lclbotzh75 سانچو:Clear left 10 94113 367891 2026-03-27T20:01:06Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Clear|left}}<noinclude> {{Documentation|Template:Clear/doc}} </noinclude> 367891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Clear|left}}<noinclude> {{Documentation|Template:Clear/doc}} </noinclude> sij6fpy41vrmcjrpzuw1khz627y3217 سانچو:Clear2 10 94114 367892 2026-03-27T20:03:06Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: <div style="clear:{{{1|both}}}; {{#switch:{{{1|}}}|left|right=float:{{{1|}}}|#default=}}"></div><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 367892 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="clear:{{{1|both}}}; {{#switch:{{{1|}}}|left|right=float:{{{1|}}}|#default=}}"></div><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 2hevlvhhdns4axtsslbfxkoj0ebt85e سانچو:Float/doc 10 94115 367893 2026-03-27T20:18:59Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا /doc ذيلي صفحي تي شامل ڪريو، ۽ بين الويڪي لنڪون وڪيڊيٽا تي ڏيو (ڏسو Wikipedia:Wikidata) --> == وضاحت == هي سانچو متن يا عنصرن کي صفحي يا علائقي جي بلڪل ساڄي يا کاٻي پاسي رکڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، بغير ان جي ته ڀرسان موجود ٻين متن يا عنصرن جي ترت... 367893 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا /doc ذيلي صفحي تي شامل ڪريو، ۽ بين الويڪي لنڪون وڪيڊيٽا تي ڏيو (ڏسو Wikipedia:Wikidata) --> == وضاحت == هي سانچو متن يا عنصرن کي صفحي يا علائقي جي بلڪل ساڄي يا کاٻي پاسي رکڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، بغير ان جي ته ڀرسان موجود ٻين متن يا عنصرن جي ترتيب يا فارميٽنگ تبديل ٿئي. جيڪو به عنصر توهان هن سانچي سان فلوٽ ڪندا، اهو هيٺ موجود شين کي ڍڪي ڇڏيندو. متن هن سانچي جي هيٺان وهندو، ان جي چوڌاري نه. عام متن کي سڌو ڪرڻ لاءِ {{tl|align}} ڏسو. تصويرن، باڪسز ۽ ٻين عنصرن کي اهڙي طريقي سان فلوٽ ڪرڻ لاءِ جو متن انهن جي چوڌاري وهي، {{tl|stack}} ڏسو. == استعمال == هي معياري استعمال آهن: * <code><nowiki>{{float|</nowiki>{{bigger|{{smallcaps|شي}}}}}}</code> {{smallcaps|شي}} کي صفحي يا علائقي جي بلڪل ساڄي پاسي فلوٽ ڪري ٿو. * <code><nowiki>{{float|left|</nowiki>{{bigger|{{smallcaps|شي}}}}}}</code> {{smallcaps|شي}} کي صفحي يا علائقي جي بلڪل کاٻي پاسي فلوٽ ڪري ٿو. وڌيڪ ترتيب: * <code><nowiki>{{float |width= |height= |top= |right= |bottom= |left= |</nowiki>{{bigger|{{smallcaps|شي}}}}}}</code> <code>{{bigger|{{smallcaps|شي}}}}</code> ضروري آهي. توهان کي اهو ٻڌائڻو پوندو ته ڪهڙو متن يا عنصر فلوٽ ڪرڻو آهي، نه ته غلطي ايندي. سڀئي پيراميٽر اختياري آهن. {{para|width}} ۽ {{para|height}} پيراميٽر <code><nowiki><div></nowiki></code> عنصر جي ويڪر ۽ اوچائي ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ آهن. اختياري پيراميٽر {{para|top}}، {{para|right}}، {{para|bottom}} ۽ {{para|left}} اهو ٻڌائڻ لاءِ آهن ته عنصر کي پنهنجي پوزيشن کان ڪيترو پري رکڻو آهي. ڪو به HTML/CSS يونٽ استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو، مثال طور: <code><nowiki>{{float |top=2.0em |left=2px |width=10em | هتي فلوٽ ٿيندڙ مواد}}</nowiki></code> === خبردار === Navbox ۾ هن سانچي کي استعمال ڪندي احتياط ڪريو. پڪ ڪريو ته جيڪو عنصر فلوٽ ڪيو وڃي (مثال طور تصوير) اهو ٻين عنصرن يا متن مٿان نه اچي، خاص ڪري جڏهن navbox جو سائيز تبديل ٿئي. Navbox ۾ تصوير سان گڏ مرڪزي فهرست کي سڌو ڪرڻ لاءِ، هيٺ ڏنل [[#نيويگيشن_باڪس_لاءِ_متبادل_طريقا|متبادل طريقا]] ڏسو. == مثال == هيٺ ڏسو ته ٻئي مثالن ۾ لنڪون پوري سانچي جي نسبت سان مرڪز ۾ آهن، جڏهن ته پهرين مثال ۾ ائين ناهي. === مثال 1 (بغير float) === هي هڪ [[سانچو:Navbox|نيويگيشن باڪس]] آهي جيڪو image پيراميٽر استعمال ڪري ٿو: {{Navbox | name = Float/doc | state = uncollapsed | title = [[امپيريل جپاني بحريه]] | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:Naval Ensign of Japan.svg|24px|border|Naval Ensign of Japan]] | list1 = * [[امپيريل جپاني بحريه جا ايڊمرل|ايڊمرل]] * [[امپيريل جپاني بحريه جون جنگون|جنگون]] * [[جپاني بحريه جا جھاز|جھاز]] * [[جپاني بحريه جا ھوائي جھاز|ھوائي جھاز]] * [[جپاني بحريه جا ھٿيار|ھٿيار]] }} {{Hidden begin |showhide=left |title=مٿي مثال ۾ استعمال ٿيل ڪوڊ}} <pre> {{Navbox | name = Float/doc | state = uncollapsed | title = [[امپيريل جپاني بحريه]] | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:Naval Ensign of Japan.svg|24px|border|Naval Ensign of Japan]] | list1 = * [[امپيريل جپاني بحريه جا ايڊمرل|ايڊمرل]] * [[امپيريل جپاني بحريه جون جنگون|جنگون]] * [[جپاني بحريه جا جھاز|جھاز]] * [[جپاني بحريه جا ھوائي جھاز|ھوائي جھاز]] * [[جپاني بحريه جا ھٿيار|ھٿيار]] }} </pre> {{Hidden end}} === مثال 2 (float سان) === اسان navbox جي image پيراميٽر جي بدران {{tlf|float}} استعمال ڪريون ٿا: {{Navbox | name = Float/doc | state = uncollapsed | title = [[امپيريل جپاني بحريه]] | listclass = hlist | list1 = {{float|[[File:Naval Ensign of Japan.svg|24px|border|Naval Ensign of Japan]]}} * [[امپيريل جپاني بحريه جا ايڊمرل|ايڊمرل]] * [[امپيريل جپاني بحريه جون جنگون|جنگون]] * [[جپاني بحريه جا جھاز|جھاز]] * [[جپاني بحريه جا ھوائي جھاز|ھوائي جھاز]] * [[جپاني بحريه جا ھٿيار|ھٿيار]] }} {{Hidden begin |showhide=left |title=مٿي مثال ۾ استعمال ٿيل ڪوڊ}} <pre> {{Navbox | name = Float/doc | state = uncollapsed | title = [[امپيريل جپاني بحريه]] | listclass = hlist | list1 = {{float|[[File:Naval Ensign of Japan.svg|24px|border|Naval Ensign of Japan]]}} * [[امپيريل جپاني بحريه جا ايڊمرل|ايڊمرل]] * [[امپيريل جپاني بحريه جون جنگون|جنگون]] * [[جپاني بحريه جا جھاز|جھاز]] * [[جپاني بحريه جا ھوائي جھاز|ھوائي جھاز]] * [[جپاني بحريه جا ھٿيار|ھٿيار]] }} </pre> {{Hidden end}} === مثال 3 (float ۽ خاص قدرن سان) === هن ڀيري اسان {{tlf|float}} کي {{para|top}} جي خاص قدر سان استعمال ڪريون ٿا: {{Navbox | name = Float/doc | state = uncollapsed | title = [[امپيريل جپاني بحريه]] | listclass = hlist | list1 = {{float|top=0.5em|[[File:Naval Ensign of Japan.svg|24px|border|Naval Ensign of Japan]]}} * [[امپيريل جپاني بحريه جا ايڊمرل|ايڊمرل]] * [[امپيريل جپاني بحريه جون جنگون|جنگون]] * [[جپاني بحريه جا جھاز|جھاز]] * [[جپاني بحريه جا ھوائي جھاز|ھوائي جھاز]] * [[جپاني بحريه جا ھٿيار|ھٿيار]] }} {{Hidden begin |showhide=left |title=مٿي مثال ۾ استعمال ٿيل ڪوڊ}} <pre> {{Navbox | name = Float/doc | state = uncollapsed | title = [[امپيريل جپاني بحريه]] | listclass = hlist | list1 = {{float|top=0.5em|[[File:Naval Ensign of Japan.svg|24px|border|Naval Ensign of Japan]]}} * [[امپيريل جپاني بحريه جا ايڊمرل|ايڊمرل]] * [[امپيريل جپاني بحريه جون جنگون|جنگون]] * [[جپاني بحريه جا جھاز|جھاز]] * [[جپاني بحريه جا ھوائي جھاز|ھوائي جھاز]] * [[جپاني بحريه جا ھٿيار|ھٿيار]] }} </pre> {{Hidden end}} === نيويگيشن باڪس لاءِ متبادل طريقا === اسان image پيراميٽر ۽ liststyle استعمال ڪريون ٿا جنهن ۾ padding-left تصوير جي ويڪر برابر رکيو وڃي: {{Navbox | name = Float/doc | state = uncollapsed | title = [[امپيريل جپاني بحريه]] | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:Naval Ensign of Japan.svg|24px|border|Naval Ensign of Japan]] | liststyle = padding-left: 24px | list1 = * [[امپيريل جپاني بحريه جا ايڊمرل|ايڊمرل]] * [[امپيريل جپاني بحريه جون جنگون|جنگون]] * [[جپاني بحريه جا جھاز|جھاز]] * [[جپاني بحريه جا ھوائي جھاز|ھوائي جھاز]] * [[جپاني بحريه جا ھٿيار|ھٿيار]] }} {{Hidden begin |showhide=left |title=مٿي مثال ۾ استعمال ٿيل ڪوڊ}} <pre> {{Navbox | name = Float/doc | state = uncollapsed | title = [[امپيريل جپاني بحريه]] | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:Naval Ensign of Japan.svg|24px|border|Naval Ensign of Japan]] | liststyle = padding-left: 24px | list1 = * [[امپيريل جپاني بحريه جا ايڊمرل|ايڊمرل]] * [[امپيريل جپاني بحريه جون جنگون|جنگون]] * [[جپاني بحريه جا جھاز|جھاز]] * [[جپاني بحريه جا ھوائي جھاز|ھوائي جھاز]] * [[جپاني بحريه جا ھٿيار|ھٿيار]] }} </pre> {{Hidden end}} == پڻ ڏسو == * {{tl|align}} * {{tl|clear}} * {{t|float begin}} ۽ {{t|float end}} * {{tl|stack}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- هن لڪير کان هيٺ زمرا شامل ڪريو، ۽ بين الويڪي لنڪون وڪيڊيٽا تي ڏيو --> [[زمرو:پوزيشننگ سانچا]] }}</includeonly> f723gmyeqiv9zrsb4m47q5unwe60hs9 سانچو:Align/doc 10 94116 367894 2026-03-27T20:23:54Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: :'''''نوٽ:''' جيڪڏهن توهان ڪنهن جدول جي ڪالم کي سڌو ڪرڻ (کاٻي، وچ، يا ساڄي) جي ڪوشش ڪري رهيا آهيو ته [[سانچو:Table alignment]] استعمال ڪريو.'' {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use|120520}} {{Caution|'''Align Center ڪم نٿو ڪري''' [[WP:MOBILE|موبائل ڏيک ۽ موبائل ايپليڪيشنن]] لاءِ. ذهن ۾ رکو ته وڪيپيڊيا جا اڌ کان وڌيڪ ڏسند... 367894 wikitext text/x-wiki :'''''نوٽ:''' جيڪڏهن توهان ڪنهن جدول جي ڪالم کي سڌو ڪرڻ (کاٻي، وچ، يا ساڄي) جي ڪوشش ڪري رهيا آهيو ته [[سانچو:Table alignment]] استعمال ڪريو.'' {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use|120520}} {{Caution|'''Align Center ڪم نٿو ڪري''' [[WP:MOBILE|موبائل ڏيک ۽ موبائل ايپليڪيشنن]] لاءِ. ذهن ۾ رکو ته وڪيپيڊيا جا اڌ کان وڌيڪ ڏسندڙ موبائل وسيلي ايندا آهن.}} هي صفحي تي عنصرن جي افقي سڌائي سنڀالڻ لاءِ هڪ عام سانچو آهي. هن سانچي کي هن طرح استعمال ڪريو: {{Tlx|Align|''بيھڪ''|''مواد''}} == مثال == {| class="wikitable" width="500px" |- | {{Tlx|Align|left|<nowiki>'''Hello world!'''</nowiki>}} هي نتيجو ڏئي ٿو:<br/> {{Align|left|'''Hello world!'''}} |- |{{Tlx|Align|right|<nowiki>'''Hello world!'''</nowiki>}} هي نتيجو ڏئي ٿو:<br/> {{Align|right|'''Hello world!'''}} |- |{{Tlx|Align|center|<nowiki>'''Hello world!'''</nowiki>}} هي نتيجو ڏئي ٿو:<br/> {{Align|center|'''Hello world!'''}} |- |{{Tlx|Align|center|<nowiki>'''Hello world!'''|style=color:red</nowiki>}} هي نتيجو ڏئي ٿو:<br/> {{Align|center|'''Hello world!'''|style=color:red}} |} == پڻ ڏسو == * {{Tl|Center}}, {{Tl|Right}}, {{Tl|Left}} ۽ {{Tl|Justify}} * {{Tl|Center block}} * {{Tl|Image frame}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| [[Category:Positioning templates]] }}</includeonly> 1lodzg329ldd59oj0kbpe9jlc47oq14 367895 367894 2026-03-27T20:24:16Z Intisar Ali 8681 367895 wikitext text/x-wiki :'''''نوٽ:''' جيڪڏهن توهان ڪنهن جدول جي ڪالم کي سڌو ڪرڻ (کاٻي، وچ، يا ساڄي) جي ڪوشش ڪري رهيا آهيو ته [[سانچو:Table alignment]] استعمال ڪريو.'' {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use|ھزارين}} {{Caution|'''Align Center ڪم نٿو ڪري''' [[WP:MOBILE|موبائل ڏيک ۽ موبائل ايپليڪيشنن]] لاءِ. ذهن ۾ رکو ته وڪيپيڊيا جا اڌ کان وڌيڪ ڏسندڙ موبائل وسيلي ايندا آهن.}} هي صفحي تي عنصرن جي افقي سڌائي سنڀالڻ لاءِ هڪ عام سانچو آهي. هن سانچي کي هن طرح استعمال ڪريو: {{Tlx|Align|''بيھڪ''|''مواد''}} == مثال == {| class="wikitable" width="500px" |- | {{Tlx|Align|left|<nowiki>'''Hello world!'''</nowiki>}} هي نتيجو ڏئي ٿو:<br/> {{Align|left|'''Hello world!'''}} |- |{{Tlx|Align|right|<nowiki>'''Hello world!'''</nowiki>}} هي نتيجو ڏئي ٿو:<br/> {{Align|right|'''Hello world!'''}} |- |{{Tlx|Align|center|<nowiki>'''Hello world!'''</nowiki>}} هي نتيجو ڏئي ٿو:<br/> {{Align|center|'''Hello world!'''}} |- |{{Tlx|Align|center|<nowiki>'''Hello world!'''|style=color:red</nowiki>}} هي نتيجو ڏئي ٿو:<br/> {{Align|center|'''Hello world!'''|style=color:red}} |} == پڻ ڏسو == * {{Tl|Center}}, {{Tl|Right}}, {{Tl|Left}} ۽ {{Tl|Justify}} * {{Tl|Center block}} * {{Tl|Image frame}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| [[Category:Positioning templates]] }}</includeonly> 2hqu02f04scda3xh07s346k1eydun3d سانچو:Table alignment 10 94117 367896 2026-03-27T20:26:39Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: <templatestyles src="Template:Table alignment/tables.css" /><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 367896 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Table alignment/tables.css" /><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 0zk439tx2s97ht3929rt6jjd29taq0i سانچو:Table alignment/tables.css 10 94118 367897 2026-03-27T20:28:05Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: .defaultleft { text-align:left; } .defaultcenter { text-align:center; } .defaultright { text-align:right; } /* Left alignment */ .col1left td:nth-child(1), .col2left td:nth-child(2), .col3left td:nth-child(3), .col4left td:nth-child(4), .col5left td:nth-child(5), .col6left td:nth-child(6), .col7left td:nth-child(7), .col8left td:nth-child(8), .col9left td:nth-child(9), .col10left td:nth-child(10), .col11left td:nth-child(11), .col12left td:nth-child(12), .col13left td:nt... 367897 sanitized-css text/css .defaultleft { text-align:left; } .defaultcenter { text-align:center; } .defaultright { text-align:right; } /* Left alignment */ .col1left td:nth-child(1), .col2left td:nth-child(2), .col3left td:nth-child(3), .col4left td:nth-child(4), .col5left td:nth-child(5), .col6left td:nth-child(6), .col7left td:nth-child(7), .col8left td:nth-child(8), .col9left td:nth-child(9), .col10left td:nth-child(10), .col11left td:nth-child(11), .col12left td:nth-child(12), .col13left td:nth-child(13), .col14left td:nth-child(14), .col15left td:nth-child(15), .col16left td:nth-child(16), .col17left td:nth-child(17), .col18left td:nth-child(18), .col19left td:nth-child(19), .col20left td:nth-child(20), .col21left td:nth-child(21), .col22left td:nth-child(22), .col23left td:nth-child(23), .col24left td:nth-child(24), .col25left td:nth-child(25), .col26left td:nth-child(26), .col27left td:nth-child(27), .col28left td:nth-child(28), .col29left td:nth-child(29), .col30left td:nth-child(30), .col31left td:nth-child(31), .col32left td:nth-child(32), .col33left td:nth-child(33), .col34left td:nth-child(34), .col35left td:nth-child(35), .col36left td:nth-child(36), .col37left td:nth-child(37), .col38left td:nth-child(38), .col39left td:nth-child(39), .col40left td:nth-child(40), .col41left td:nth-child(41), .col42left td:nth-child(42), .col43left td:nth-child(43), .col44left td:nth-child(44), .col45left td:nth-child(45), .col46left td:nth-child(46), .col47left td:nth-child(47), .col48left td:nth-child(48), .col49left td:nth-child(49), .col50left td:nth-child(50), .col51left td:nth-child(51), .col52left td:nth-child(52), .col53left td:nth-child(53), .col54left td:nth-child(54), .col55left td:nth-child(55), .col56left td:nth-child(56), .col57left td:nth-child(57), .col58left td:nth-child(58), .col59left td:nth-child(59), .col60left td:nth-child(60), .col61left td:nth-child(61), .col62left td:nth-child(62), .col63left td:nth-child(63), .col64left td:nth-child(64), .col65left td:nth-child(65), .col66left td:nth-child(66), .col67left td:nth-child(67), .col68left td:nth-child(68), .col69left td:nth-child(69), .col70left td:nth-child(70), .col71left td:nth-child(71), .col72left td:nth-child(72), .col73left td:nth-child(73), .col74left td:nth-child(74), .col75left td:nth-child(75), .col76left td:nth-child(76), .col77left td:nth-child(77), .col78left td:nth-child(78), .col79left td:nth-child(79), .col80left td:nth-child(80), .col81left td:nth-child(81), .col82left td:nth-child(82), .col83left td:nth-child(83), .col84left td:nth-child(84), .col85left td:nth-child(85), .col86left td:nth-child(86), .col87left td:nth-child(87), .col88left td:nth-child(88), .col89left td:nth-child(89), .col90left td:nth-child(90), .col91left td:nth-child(91), .col92left td:nth-child(92), .col93left td:nth-child(93), .col94left td:nth-child(94), .col95left td:nth-child(95), .col96left td:nth-child(96), .col97left td:nth-child(97), .col98left td:nth-child(98), .col99left td:nth-child(99) { text-align:left; } /* Center alignment */ .col1center td:nth-child(1), .col2center td:nth-child(2), .col3center td:nth-child(3), .col4center td:nth-child(4), .col5center td:nth-child(5), .col6center td:nth-child(6), .col7center td:nth-child(7), .col8center td:nth-child(8), .col9center td:nth-child(9), .col10center td:nth-child(10), .col11center td:nth-child(11), .col12center td:nth-child(12), .col13center td:nth-child(13), .col14center td:nth-child(14), .col15center td:nth-child(15), .col16center td:nth-child(16), .col17center td:nth-child(17), .col18center td:nth-child(18), .col19center td:nth-child(19), .col20center td:nth-child(20), .col21center td:nth-child(21), .col22center td:nth-child(22), .col23center td:nth-child(23), .col24center td:nth-child(24), .col25center td:nth-child(25), .col26center td:nth-child(26), .col27center td:nth-child(27), .col28center td:nth-child(28), .col29center td:nth-child(29), .col30center td:nth-child(30), .col31center td:nth-child(31), .col32center td:nth-child(32), .col33center td:nth-child(33), .col34center td:nth-child(34), .col35center td:nth-child(35), .col36center td:nth-child(36), .col37center td:nth-child(37), .col38center td:nth-child(38), .col39center td:nth-child(39), .col40center td:nth-child(40), .col41center td:nth-child(41), .col42center td:nth-child(42), .col43center td:nth-child(43), .col44center td:nth-child(44), .col45center td:nth-child(45), .col46center td:nth-child(46), .col47center td:nth-child(47), .col48center td:nth-child(48), .col49center td:nth-child(49), .col50center td:nth-child(50), .col51center td:nth-child(51), .col52center td:nth-child(52), .col53center td:nth-child(53), .col54center td:nth-child(54), .col55center td:nth-child(55), .col56center td:nth-child(56), .col57center td:nth-child(57), .col58center td:nth-child(58), .col59center td:nth-child(59), .col60center td:nth-child(60), .col61center td:nth-child(61), .col62center td:nth-child(62), .col63center td:nth-child(63), .col64center td:nth-child(64), .col65center td:nth-child(65), .col66center td:nth-child(66), .col67center td:nth-child(67), .col68center td:nth-child(68), .col69center td:nth-child(69), .col70center td:nth-child(70), .col71center td:nth-child(71), .col72center td:nth-child(72), .col73center td:nth-child(73), .col74center td:nth-child(74), .col75center td:nth-child(75), .col76center td:nth-child(76), .col77center td:nth-child(77), .col78center td:nth-child(78), .col79center td:nth-child(79), .col80center td:nth-child(80), .col81center td:nth-child(81), .col82center td:nth-child(82), .col83center td:nth-child(83), .col84center td:nth-child(84), .col85center td:nth-child(85), .col86center td:nth-child(86), .col87center td:nth-child(87), .col88center td:nth-child(88), .col89center td:nth-child(89), .col90center td:nth-child(90), .col91center td:nth-child(91), .col92center td:nth-child(92), .col93center td:nth-child(93), .col94center td:nth-child(94), .col95center td:nth-child(95), .col96center td:nth-child(96), .col97center td:nth-child(97), .col98center td:nth-child(98), .col99center td:nth-child(99) { text-align:center; } /* Right alignment */ .col1right td:nth-child(1), .col2right td:nth-child(2), .col3right td:nth-child(3), .col4right td:nth-child(4), .col5right td:nth-child(5), .col6right td:nth-child(6), .col7right td:nth-child(7), .col8right td:nth-child(8), .col9right td:nth-child(9), .col10right td:nth-child(10), .col11right td:nth-child(11), .col12right td:nth-child(12), .col13right td:nth-child(13), .col14right td:nth-child(14), .col15right td:nth-child(15), .col16right td:nth-child(16), .col17right td:nth-child(17), .col18right td:nth-child(18), .col19right td:nth-child(19), .col20right td:nth-child(20), .col21right td:nth-child(21), .col22right td:nth-child(22), .col23right td:nth-child(23), .col24right td:nth-child(24), .col25right td:nth-child(25), .col26right td:nth-child(26), .col27right td:nth-child(27), .col28right td:nth-child(28), .col29right td:nth-child(29), .col30right td:nth-child(30), .col31right td:nth-child(31), .col32right td:nth-child(32), .col33right td:nth-child(33), .col34right td:nth-child(34), .col35right td:nth-child(35), .col36right td:nth-child(36), .col37right td:nth-child(37), .col38right td:nth-child(38), .col39right td:nth-child(39), .col40right td:nth-child(40), .col41right td:nth-child(41), .col42right td:nth-child(42), .col43right td:nth-child(43), .col44right td:nth-child(44), .col45right td:nth-child(45), .col46right td:nth-child(46), .col47right td:nth-child(47), .col48right td:nth-child(48), .col49right td:nth-child(49), .col50right td:nth-child(50), .col51right td:nth-child(51), .col52right td:nth-child(52), .col53right td:nth-child(53), .col54right td:nth-child(54), .col55right td:nth-child(55), .col56right td:nth-child(56), .col57right td:nth-child(57), .col58right td:nth-child(58), .col59right td:nth-child(59), .col60right td:nth-child(60), .col61right td:nth-child(61), .col62right td:nth-child(62), .col63right td:nth-child(63), .col64right td:nth-child(64), .col65right td:nth-child(65), .col66right td:nth-child(66), .col67right td:nth-child(67), .col68right td:nth-child(68), .col69right td:nth-child(69), .col70right td:nth-child(70), .col71right td:nth-child(71), .col72right td:nth-child(72), .col73right td:nth-child(73), .col74right td:nth-child(74), .col75right td:nth-child(75), .col76right td:nth-child(76), .col77right td:nth-child(77), .col78right td:nth-child(78), .col79right td:nth-child(79), .col80right td:nth-child(80), .col81right td:nth-child(81), .col82right td:nth-child(82), .col83right td:nth-child(83), .col84right td:nth-child(84), .col85right td:nth-child(85), .col86right td:nth-child(86), .col87right td:nth-child(87), .col88right td:nth-child(88), .col89right td:nth-child(89), .col90right td:nth-child(90), .col91right td:nth-child(91), .col92right td:nth-child(92), .col93right td:nth-child(93), .col94right td:nth-child(94), .col95right td:nth-child(95), .col96right td:nth-child(96), .col97right td:nth-child(97), .col98right td:nth-child(98), .col99right td:nth-child(99) { text-align:right; } cnds7inlcw0299ey6ut4onkjuwzpvje سانچو:Table alignment/doc 10 94119 367898 2026-03-27T20:30:49Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} {{Uses TemplateStyles}} == مقصد == ٽيبل جي ڪالمن کي گهٽ ڪوڊ سان سڌو ڪرڻ کي آسان بڻائڻ لاءِ. == استعمال == ٽيبل کان مٿي <code><nowiki>{{Table alignment}}</nowiki></code> رکو ۽ پوءِ ٽيبل ۾ ڪجهه classes شامل ڪريو. {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |+ ٽيبل جي شروعاتي وڪي ٽيڪسٽ لاءِ ڪلاس: <code><nowiki>{|</nowiki> cl... 367898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} {{Uses TemplateStyles}} == مقصد == ٽيبل جي ڪالمن کي گهٽ ڪوڊ سان سڌو ڪرڻ کي آسان بڻائڻ لاءِ. == استعمال == ٽيبل کان مٿي <code><nowiki>{{Table alignment}}</nowiki></code> رکو ۽ پوءِ ٽيبل ۾ ڪجهه classes شامل ڪريو. {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |+ ٽيبل جي شروعاتي وڪي ٽيڪسٽ لاءِ ڪلاس: <code><nowiki>{|</nowiki> class="''class1 class2''"</code>. ! Class ! خلاصو |- !scope="row"| <code>defaultleft</code> | سڀني ٽيبل سيلن کي ڊفالٽ طور '''''کاٻي پاسي''''' سڌو ڪري ٿو. شايد ضرورت نه پوي ڇاڪاڻ ته سيل عام طور اڳ ۾ ئي کاٻي طرف هوندا آهن. |- !scope="row"| <code>defaultcenter</code> | سڀني ٽيبل سيلن کي ڊفالٽ طور '''''وچ ۾''''' سڌو ڪري ٿو. |- !scope="row"| <code>defaultright</code> | سڀني ٽيبل سيلن کي ڊفالٽ طور '''''ساڄي پاسي''''' سڌو ڪري ٿو. |- !scope="row"| <code>col''N''left</code> | ڪالم ''N'' جي سيلن کي '''''کاٻي پاسي''''' سڌو ڪري ٿو، جتي ''N'' هڪ نمبر آهي. |- !scope="row"| <code>col''N''center</code> | ڪالم ''N'' جي سيلن کي '''''وچ ۾''''' سڌو ڪري ٿو، جتي ''N'' هڪ نمبر آهي. |- !scope="row"| <code>col''N''right</code> | ڪالم ''N'' جي سيلن کي '''''ساڄي پاسي''''' سڌو ڪري ٿو، جتي ''N'' هڪ نمبر آهي. |- !scope="row"| <code>col-''N''left</code> | ساڄي طرف کان ڳڻپ ڪندي ڪالم ''N'' جي سيلن کي '''''کاٻي پاسي''''' سڌو ڪري ٿو. |- !scope="row"| <code>col-''N''center</code> | ساڄي طرف کان ڳڻپ ڪندي ڪالم ''N'' جي سيلن کي '''''وچ ۾''''' سڌو ڪري ٿو. |- !scope="row"| <code>col-''N''right</code> | ساڄي طرف کان ڳڻپ ڪندي ڪالم ''N'' جي سيلن کي '''''ساڄي پاسي''''' سڌو ڪري ٿو. |} '''col''' وارا ڪلاس '''default''' ڪلاسن کي override ڪندا آهن. '''col''' ڪلاس هيڊر سيلن (ڪالم يا قطار) تي اثر نٿا ڪن. '''default''' ڪلاس هيڊر سيلن تي صرف تڏهن اثر ڪندا آهن جڏهن <code>wikitable</code> ڪلاس استعمال نه ڪيو وڃي. {{table alignment}} {| class="wikitable defaultright col2left col-1left" |+ هڪ 5 ڪالمن واري wikitable جنهن ۾ defaultright، col2left ۽ col-1left استعمال ٿيل آهن |- style="font-family:monospace" ! col header !! col header !! col header !! col header !! col header |- style="font-family:monospace" !scope="row"| row header | col2 || col3 || col4 || col5 |- style="font-family:monospace" !scope="row"| row header | col-4 || col-3 || col-2 || col-1 |} == حدون == * Preview ڪم نه ڪندو جيستائين <code><nowiki>{{table alignment}}</nowiki></code> ان سيڪشن ۾ نه هجي. پر جيڪڏهن اهو صفحي تي ڪٿي به رکيل هجي ته ٽيبل alignment پبلش ڪرڻ بعد صحيح ڪم ڪندو. تنهن ڪري ايڊيٽرن کي preview ۾ الجھن کان بچائڻ لاءِ ان کي هر ٽيبل جي مٿان رکو جتي اهو استعمال ٿئي. اهو ڪنهن به ٽيبل سانچي لاءِ صحيح آهي جيڪو [[Wikipedia:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] استعمال ڪري ٿو. * ڪالم نمبر <code>col29</code> (کاٻي کان 29 هين ڪالم تائين) ۽ <code>col-9</code> (ساڄي کان 9 هين ڪالم تائين) تائين سپورٽ ٿيل آهن. ٽيبل ۾ وڌيڪ ڪالم ٿي سگهن ٿا پر هن طريقي سان انهن کي سڌو نٿو ڪري سگهجي. * جن ٽيبلن ۾ <code>rowspan</code> يا <code>colspan</code> استعمال ٿيل هجي، انهن قطارن ۾ ڪلاس صحيح ڪم نه ڪري سگهن ٿا ڇاڪاڻ ته alignment غلط سيلن ۾ ظاهر ٿي سگهي ٿو. عام ٽيبل ڪوڊ جهڙوڪ {{nowrap|1=<code>style="text-align: left/center/right;" {{!}} سيل مواد</code>}} انفرادي سيلن ۾ شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿو ته جيئن صحيح alignment ملي ۽ غلط alignment کي override ڪري سگهجي. == مثال == <div style="display:inline-table; vertical-align:top;"> <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" highlight="1-2"> {{Table alignment}} {| class="wikitable defaultcenter col1left col4right" |- ! Header !! Header !! Header !! Header |- | AAAAAAA | 10000–20000 | 3–4 | 53.43 |- | BBB | 5–6 | 113–125 | 2563.35 |- | CCC | 9–10 | 7–8 | 313.00 |} </syntaxhighlight> </div> <div style="display:inline-table; vertical-align:top;"> {{Table alignment}} {| class="wikitable defaultcenter col1left col4right" |- ! Header !! Header !! Header !! Header |- | AAAAAAA | 10000–20000 | 3–4 | 53.43 |- | BBB | 5–6 | 113–125 | 2563.35 |- | CCC | 9–10 | 7–8 | 313.00 |} </div> == rowspan سان مثال == <code>rowspan</code> جي مسئلن کي درست ڪرڻ لاءِ <code>text-align</code> inline styles شامل ڪريو. <div style="display:inline-table; vertical-align:top;"> <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" highlight="1-2,11,16,18"> {{Table alignment}} {|class="wikitable defaultcenter col1left col4right" |- ! Header !! Header !! Header !! Header |- | AAAAAAA | 10000–20000 | 3–4 | 53.43 |- | rowspan="2" | BBB | 5–6 | 113–125 | 2563.35 |- | style="text-align: center;" | 9–10 | 7–8 | style="text-align: right;" | 313.00 |} </syntaxhighlight> </div> <div style="display:inline-table; vertical-align:top;"> {{Table alignment}} {|class="wikitable defaultcenter col1left col4right" |- ! Header !! Header !! Header !! Header |- | AAAAAAA | 10000–20000 | 3–4 | 53.43 |- | rowspan="2" | BBB | 5–6 | 113–125 | 2563.35 |- | style="text-align: center;" | 9–10 | 7–8 | style="text-align: right;" | 313.00 |} </div> == قطار هيڊر واري ڪالم کي سڌو ڪرڻ == <code>wikitable</code> ڪلاس سان، هيڊر هميشه وچ ۾ هوندا آهن. === Plain row headers === <code>plainrowheaders</code> ڪلاس ٽيبل ۾ شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿو ته جيئن قطار هيڊر کاٻي پاسي سڌا ۽ عام فونٽ ۾ هجن. ٻنهي صورتن ۾ row headers وٽ scope attribute هجڻ گهرجي، جيڪو [[MOS:DATATABLES|رسائي]] لاءِ سفارش ٿيل آهي: <code>! scope="row" | Row header</code> يا <code>! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="2" | Row group header</code> === Inline styles === متبادل طور، توهان هر قطار هيڊر ۾ inline styles شامل ڪري سگهو ٿا: <code>! style="text-align: left;" | Row header</code> گهڻن row headers لاءِ search-and-replace استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو. == پڻ ڏسو == * {{t|table vertical alignment}} – عمودي alignment لاءِ. * {{t|shy}} – ڪالم کي تنگ ڪرڻ لاءِ soft hyphen استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو. ٽيبلن لاءِ وڌيڪ [[WP:template styles|template styles]]: * {{t|sticky header}} * {{t|sticky table start}} * {{t|sort under}} * {{t|row hover highlight}} * {{t|static row numbers}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- زمرا هتي شامل ڪريو --> [[زمرو:ٽيبل سانچا]] [[زمرو:TemplateStyles استعمال ڪندڙ سانچا]] }}</includeonly> bcovjy14wbgq3f189bfl5dhsk0w1nlp واپرائيندڙ بحث:Intichuri 3 94120 367899 2026-03-27T20:34:46Z KaleemBot 10779 ڀليڪار! 367899 wikitext text/x-wiki {{سانچو:سماجي ڳنڍڻن تي سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا}} <div style="padding:5px;font-size:medium"><center style="word-spacing:1ex">[[Wikipedia:سفارتخانو|سفارتخاني جي صفحي تي پنھنجون سفارشون ڏيو]] </center></div> {| bgcolor="#ADDFAD" align=center style="width:100% !important; -moz-border-radius: 1em;-webkit-border-radius:1em;border-radius:1em; border-top:2px dashed #3eb2c9;border-bottom:2px dashed #3eb2c9;padding: 5px 20px 25px;" |<span style="font-family:MB Lateefi;float:left">'''[[Wikipedia:سفارتخانو|سفارتخانو]]'''</span> <div class="tabber horizTabBox" style="width: 100% !important;"> [[عڪس:Wikipedia laurier wp.png|left|200px]] <center><big>'''بزمِ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا ۾ ڀلي ڪري آيا''' ''{{PAGENAME}}'''</big></center>'' '''السلام عليڪم! اسان اميد ڪريون ٿا تہ توھان سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا جي لاء بھترين اضافو ثابت ٿيندئو'''.<br> * وڪيپيڊيا ھڪ کليل ڄاڻ چيڪلو آھي جنھن کي اسان سڀ ملي ڪري لکندا ۽ سنواريندا آھيون. وڪيپيڊيا منصوبي جي شروعات جنوري 2001ع ۾ ٿي، جڏھن تہ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا فيبروري 2006ع ۾ عمل آئي. في الحال ھن وڪيپيڊيا ۾ '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' [[Special:Allpages|مضمون]] موجود آھن.<br /> * ھن چيڪلي (انسائيڪلوپيڊيا) ۾ توھان مضمون نويسي، سنوار ۽ تصحيح کان پھريان ھيٺين صفحن تي ضرور نظر وجھو.''' * صفحن جي ظاھريت جي تبديلي ۽ طریقيڪار جي لاءِ ڏسو '''[[خاص:ترجيحات|ترجيحون]]'''. <Font - size=4> '''اصول ۽ قاعدا''' </Font - size> <Font - size=3> '''توھان جو واپرائيندڙ ۽ بحث صفحو''' </Font - size><br> ھتي توھانجو [[خاص:Mypage|'''مخصوص واپرائيندڙ صفحو بہ ھوندو''']] جتي توھان [[:زمرو:يوزر سانچا|پنھنجو تعارف لکي سگھو ٿا]]، ۽ توهانجي [[خاص:Mytalk|واپرائيندڙ بحث]] تي ٻيا رڪنَ توھان سان رابطو ڪري سگھن ٿا ۽ توھان ڏي پيغام موڪلي سگھن ٿا. * '''ڪنھن ٻئي رڪن کي پيغام موڪلڻ وقت ھنن امرن جو خاص خيال رکو''': ** '''جيڪڏھن ضرورت هجي تہ پيغام کي عنوان ضرور ڏيو'''. ** '''پيغام جي آخر ۾ پنهنجي صحيح ضرور وجھو، ان جي لاءِ هي علامت درج ڪريو'''--&#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''' يا ھن ([[عڪس:Insert-signature.png|link=]]) بٽڻ تي ٽڙڪ ڪريو'''. ** '''[[Wikipedia:اصول بحث|اظھار بحث جي آدابن]] جو خصوصي خيال رکو'''. <Font - size=3> '''تعاون''' </Font - size> * '''وڪيپيڊيا جي ڪنھن بہ صفحي جي سڄي پاسي ڳوليو جو خانو نظر ايندو آھي. جنھن موضوع تي مضمون ٺاھڻ چاھيو تہ ڳوليو جي خاني ۾ لکو، ۽ ڳوليو تي ٽڙڪ ڪريو'''. <inputbox>type=search</inputbox> * '''توھان جي موضوع سان ملندڙ جلندڙ صفحا نظر ايندا. اھو اطمينان ڪرڻ کان پوء تہ توھان جي گهربل موضوع تي پھريان کان مضمون موجود ناھي، توھان نئون صفحو ٺاھي سگھو ٿا واضع هجي تہ ھڪ موضوع تي ھڪ کان وڌيڪ مضمون ٺاھڻ جي اجازت ناھي. توھان ھيٺ ڏنل خانو بہ استعمال ڪري سگھو ٿا'''. <inputbox>type=create</inputbox> * '''لکڻ کان پهرئين ھن ڳالھ جو يقين ڪريو تہ جنھن عنوان تي توھان لکي رھيا آھيو ان تي يا ان سان ملندڙ عنوانن تي وڪي ۾ ڪوئي مضمون نہ ھجي. ان جي لاء توھان ڳوليو جي خاني ۾ عنوان ۽ ان جا هم معنيٰ لفظ (اهڙا لفظ جن جي معني هڪ هجي) لکي ڳولا ڪريو'''.</center> |} -- توھان جي مدد جي لاء ھر وقت حاضر، اوهان جو خادم --[[واپرائيندڙ:KaleemBot|KaleemBot]] ([[واپرائيندڙ بحث:KaleemBot|ڳالھ]]) 20:34, 27 مارچ 2026 ( يو.ٽي.سي) m2aexel2p6wggckvbgp7x4sdrl3hk0x سانچو:Table vertical alignment 10 94121 367900 2026-03-27T20:37:17Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: <templatestyles src="Template:Table vertical alignment/styles.css" /><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 367900 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Table vertical alignment/styles.css" /><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> s3citkjtebb9l2reowy0xo4s9l3i8rd سانچو:Table vertical alignment/styles.css 10 94122 367901 2026-03-27T20:38:14Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: /* adapted from [[Template:Table alignment/styles.css]] */ .vertical-align-top tr, /* was used by the old [[Template:Vertical align rows]] (now a redirect) */ .defaulttop tr, .col1top td:nth-child(1), .col2top td:nth-child(2), .col3top td:nth-child(3), .col4top td:nth-child(4), .col5top td:nth-child(5), .col6top td:nth-child(6), .col7top td:nth-child(7), .col8top td:nth-child(8), .col9top td:nth-child(9), .col10top td:nth-child(10), .col11top td:nth-child(11), .col12top... 367901 sanitized-css text/css /* adapted from [[Template:Table alignment/styles.css]] */ .vertical-align-top tr, /* was used by the old [[Template:Vertical align rows]] (now a redirect) */ .defaulttop tr, .col1top td:nth-child(1), .col2top td:nth-child(2), .col3top td:nth-child(3), .col4top td:nth-child(4), .col5top td:nth-child(5), .col6top td:nth-child(6), .col7top td:nth-child(7), .col8top td:nth-child(8), .col9top td:nth-child(9), .col10top td:nth-child(10), .col11top td:nth-child(11), .col12top td:nth-child(12), .col13top td:nth-child(13), .col14top td:nth-child(14), .col15top td:nth-child(15), .col16top td:nth-child(16), .col17top td:nth-child(17), .col18top td:nth-child(18), .col19top td:nth-child(19), .col20top td:nth-child(20), .col21top td:nth-child(21), .col22top td:nth-child(22), .col23top td:nth-child(23), .col24top td:nth-child(24), .col25top td:nth-child(25), .col26top td:nth-child(26), .col27top td:nth-child(27), .col28top td:nth-child(28), .col29top td:nth-child(29), .col-1top td:nth-last-child(1), .col-2top td:nth-last-child(2), .col-3top td:nth-last-child(3), .col-4top td:nth-last-child(4), .col-5top td:nth-last-child(5), .col-6top td:nth-last-child(6), .col-7top td:nth-last-child(7), .col-8top td:nth-last-child(8), .col-9top td:nth-last-child(9) { vertical-align:top } .defaultmiddle tr, .col1middle td:nth-child(1), .col2middle td:nth-child(2), .col3middle td:nth-child(3), .col4middle td:nth-child(4), .col5middle td:nth-child(5), .col6middle td:nth-child(6), .col7middle td:nth-child(7), .col8middle td:nth-child(8), .col9middle td:nth-child(9), .col10middle td:nth-child(10), .col11middle td:nth-child(11), .col12middle td:nth-child(12), .col13middle td:nth-child(13), .col14middle td:nth-child(14), .col15middle td:nth-child(15), .col16middle td:nth-child(16), .col17middle td:nth-child(17), .col18middle td:nth-child(18), .col19middle td:nth-child(19), .col20middle td:nth-child(20), .col21middle td:nth-child(21), .col22middle td:nth-child(22), .col23middle td:nth-child(23), .col24middle td:nth-child(24), .col25middle td:nth-child(25), .col26middle td:nth-child(26), .col27middle td:nth-child(27), .col28middle td:nth-child(28), .col29middle td:nth-child(29), .col-1middle td:nth-last-child(1), .col-2middle td:nth-last-child(2), .col-3middle td:nth-last-child(3), .col-4middle td:nth-last-child(4), .col-5middle td:nth-last-child(5), .col-6middle td:nth-last-child(6), .col-7middle td:nth-last-child(7), .col-8middle td:nth-last-child(8), .col-9middle td:nth-last-child(9) { vertical-align:middle } .vertical-align-bottom tr, /* was used by the old [[Template:Vertical align rows]] (now a redirect) */ .defaultbottom tr, .col1bottom td:nth-child(1), .col2bottom td:nth-child(2), .col3bottom td:nth-child(3), .col4bottom td:nth-child(4), .col5bottom td:nth-child(5), .col6bottom td:nth-child(6), .col7bottom td:nth-child(7), .col8bottom td:nth-child(8), .col9bottom td:nth-child(9), .col10bottom td:nth-child(10), .col11bottom td:nth-child(11), .col12bottom td:nth-child(12), .col13bottom td:nth-child(13), .col14bottom td:nth-child(14), .col15bottom td:nth-child(15), .col16bottom td:nth-child(16), .col17bottom td:nth-child(17), .col18bottom td:nth-child(18), .col19bottom td:nth-child(19), .col20bottom td:nth-child(20), .col21bottom td:nth-child(21), .col22bottom td:nth-child(22), .col23bottom td:nth-child(23), .col24bottom td:nth-child(24), .col25bottom td:nth-child(25), .col26bottom td:nth-child(26), .col27bottom td:nth-child(27), .col28bottom td:nth-child(28), .col29bottom td:nth-child(29), .col-1bottom td:nth-last-child(1), .col-2bottom td:nth-last-child(2), .col-3bottom td:nth-last-child(3), .col-4bottom td:nth-last-child(4), .col-5bottom td:nth-last-child(5), .col-6bottom td:nth-last-child(6), .col-7bottom td:nth-last-child(7), .col-8bottom td:nth-last-child(8), .col-9bottom td:nth-last-child(9) { vertical-align:bottom } 45xnzwkztcm1e89ozv0c2ojew1gyoou سانچو:Table vertical alignment/doc 10 94123 367902 2026-03-27T20:39:36Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}}{{High-use}}{{templatestyles}}{{template shortcut|Table valignment|Table valign}} == مقصد == ٽيبل جي ڪالمن کي عمودي طور سڌو ڪرڻ کي گهٽ ڪوڊ سان آسان بڻائڻ لاءِ. == استعمال == ٽيبل کان مٿي <code><nowiki>{{Table vertical alignment}}</nowiki></code> رکو ۽ پوءِ ٽيبل ۾ ڪجهه classes شامل ڪريو. {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |+ ٽيبل جي شروع... 367902 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}}{{High-use}}{{templatestyles}}{{template shortcut|Table valignment|Table valign}} == مقصد == ٽيبل جي ڪالمن کي عمودي طور سڌو ڪرڻ کي گهٽ ڪوڊ سان آسان بڻائڻ لاءِ. == استعمال == ٽيبل کان مٿي <code><nowiki>{{Table vertical alignment}}</nowiki></code> رکو ۽ پوءِ ٽيبل ۾ ڪجهه classes شامل ڪريو. {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |+ ٽيبل جي شروعاتي وڪي ٽيڪسٽ لاءِ ڪلاس: <code><nowiki>{|</nowiki> class="''class1 class2''"</code>. ! Class ! خلاصو |- !scope="row"| <code>defaulttop</code> | سڀني ٽيبل سيلن کي ڊفالٽ طور عمودي '''''مٿي''''' سڌو ڪري ٿو. |- !scope="row"| <code>defaultmiddle</code> | سڀني ٽيبل سيلن کي ڊفالٽ طور عمودي '''''وچ ۾''''' سڌو ڪري ٿو. شايد ضرورت نه پوي ڇاڪاڻ ته سيل عام طور اڳ ۾ ئي هن طرح سڌا هوندا آهن. |- !scope="row"| <code>defaultbottom</code> | سڀني ٽيبل سيلن کي ڊفالٽ طور عمودي '''''هيٺ''''' سڌو ڪري ٿو. |- !scope="row"| <code>col''N''top</code> | ڪالم ''N'' جي سيلن کي عمودي '''''مٿي''''' سڌو ڪري ٿو، جتي ''N'' هڪ نمبر آهي. |- !scope="row"| <code>col''N''middle</code> | ڪالم ''N'' جي سيلن کي عمودي '''''وچ ۾''''' سڌو ڪري ٿو، جتي ''N'' هڪ نمبر آهي. |- !scope="row"| <code>col''N''bottom</code> | ڪالم ''N'' جي سيلن کي عمودي '''''هيٺ''''' سڌو ڪري ٿو، جتي ''N'' هڪ نمبر آهي. |- !scope="row"| <code>col-''N''top</code> | ساڄي طرف کان ڳڻپ ڪندي ڪالم ''N'' جي سيلن کي عمودي '''''مٿي''''' سڌو ڪري ٿو. |- !scope="row"| <code>col-''N''middle</code> | ساڄي طرف کان ڳڻپ ڪندي ڪالم ''N'' جي سيلن کي عمودي '''''وچ ۾''''' سڌو ڪري ٿو. |- !scope="row"| <code>col-''N''bottom</code> | ساڄي طرف کان ڳڻپ ڪندي ڪالم ''N'' جي سيلن کي عمودي '''''هيٺ''''' سڌو ڪري ٿو. |} '''col''' وارا ڪلاس '''default''' ڪلاسن کي override ڪندا آهن. '''Default''' ڪلاس ٽيبل هيڊرن تي اثر ڪندا آهن؛ '''col''' نه ڪندا. === مثال === {{col-float|style=margin-right:10px;width:35%}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" highlight="1-2"> {{table vertical alignment}} {| class="wikitable defaulttop col3middle col-2bottom" |+ هڪ 5 ڪالمن واري wikitable جنهن ۾ defaulttop، col3middle ۽ col-2bottom استعمال ٿيل آهن |- style="font-family:monospace" ! col header !! col header !! col header !! col header !! col header |- style="font-family:monospace" !scope="row"| row header | * col2 | * c * ol3 | * c * o * l4 | * c * o * l * 4 |- style="font-family:monospace" !scope="row"| row header | * col4 | * c * ol3 | * c * o * l2 | * c * o * l * 1 |} </syntaxhighlight> {{col-float-break}} {{table vertical alignment}} {| class="wikitable defaulttop col3middle col-2bottom" |+ هڪ 5 ڪالمن واري wikitable جنهن ۾ defaulttop، col3middle ۽ col-2bottom استعمال ٿيل آهن |- style="font-family:monospace" ! col header !! col header !! col header !! col header !! col header |- style="font-family:monospace" !scope="row"| row header | * col2 | * c * ol3 | * c * o * l4 | * c * o * l * 4 |- style="font-family:monospace" !scope="row"| row header | * col4 | * c * ol3 | * c * o * l2 | * c * o * l * 1 |} {{col-float-end}} == حدون == * Preview ڪم نه ڪندو جيستائين <code><nowiki>{{table vertical alignment}}</nowiki></code> ان سيڪشن ۾ نه هجي. پر جيڪڏهن اهو صفحي تي ڪٿي به رکيل هجي ته ٽيبل alignment پبلش ڪرڻ بعد صحيح ڪم ڪندو. تنهن ڪري ايڊيٽرن کي preview ۾ الجھن کان بچائڻ لاءِ ان کي هر ٽيبل جي مٿان رکو جتي اهو استعمال ٿئي. اهو ڪنهن به ٽيبل سانچي لاءِ صحيح آهي جيڪو [[Wikipedia:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] استعمال ڪري ٿو. * ڪالم نمبر <code>col29</code> (کاٻي کان 29 هين ڪالم تائين) ۽ <code>col-9</code> (ساڄي کان 9 هين ڪالم تائين) تائين سپورٽ ٿيل آهن. ٽيبل ۾ وڌيڪ ڪالم ٿي سگهن ٿا پر هن طريقي سان انهن کي عمودي سڌو نٿو ڪري سگهجي. * جن ٽيبلن ۾ <code>rowspan</code> يا <code>colspan</code> استعمال ٿيل هجي، انهن قطارن ۾ ڪلاس صحيح ڪم نه ڪري سگهن ٿا ڇاڪاڻ ته alignment غلط سيلن ۾ ظاهر ٿي سگهي ٿو. عام ٽيبل ڪوڊ جهڙوڪ {{nowrap|1=<code>style="vertical-align: top/middle/bottom;" {{!}} سيل مواد</code>}} انفرادي سيلن ۾ شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿو ته جيئن صحيح alignment ملي ۽ غلط alignment کي override ڪري سگهجي. == پڻ ڏسو == * {{t|table alignment}} – ساڳيو، پر افقي alignment لاءِ. * {{t|shy}} – ڪالم کي تنگ ڪرڻ لاءِ soft hyphen استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو. ٽيبلن لاءِ وڌيڪ [[WP:template styles|template styles]]: * {{t|sticky header}} – ڪالم هيڊرن کي اسڪرول دوران صفحي جي مٿي تي چنبڙي رکي ٿو. * {{t|sticky table start}} – اسڪرول ٿيندڙ علائقي اندر sticky قطارون ۽ ڪالم جي اجازت ڏئي ٿو. * {{t|sort under}} – sorting جا تير هيڊرن جي هيٺان آڻي ٿو. * {{t|row hover highlight}} – قطار تي hover ڪرڻ سان highlight ڏيکاري ٿو. * {{t|static row numbers}} – ٽيبل ۾ قطار نمبرن جو ڪالم شامل ڪري ٿو. <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- زمرا هتي شامل ڪريو --> [[زمرو:ٽيبل سانچا]] [[زمرو:TemplateStyles استعمال ڪندڙ سانچا]] }}</includeonly> tm2lu0b8zxwd0nz26pkp3ujixrpmzo7 سانچو:Templatestyles 10 94124 367903 2026-03-27T20:41:25Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: <includeonly>{{#invoke:Uses TemplateStyles|main}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}} <!-- Categories go on the /doc subpage and interwikis go on Wikidata. --> </noinclude> 367903 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Uses TemplateStyles|main}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}} <!-- Categories go on the /doc subpage and interwikis go on Wikidata. --> </noinclude> bbov914irrnmmvc6pz3scgivkjsu4ve سانچو:Table valignment 10 94125 367904 2026-03-27T20:43:47Z Intisar Ali 8681 صفحي کي [[سانچو:Table vertical alignment]] ڏانھن چوريو 367904 wikitext text/x-wiki #چوريو[[سانچو:Table vertical alignment]] 99is8t2m7upu7uua2wcrla58bmrsvg3 سانچو:Shy/doc 10 94126 367905 2026-03-27T20:46:32Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هن صفحي جي هيٺان ڄاڻايل جاءِ تي شامل ڪريو. --> {{Template shortcut|shy|SHY}} {{lua|Module:Separated entries}} == ڪم == هي سانچو {{code|&shy;}} داخل ڪري ٿو، جيڪو {{unichar|00ad|SOFT HYPHEN|nlink=Soft hyphen|html=}} آهي. نرم واڌاريل (-) هڪ "اختياري" hyphen آهي{{nbsp}}{{en dash}} يعني اهڙو هنڌ جتان ڪو لفظ سٽ ج... 367905 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هن صفحي جي هيٺان ڄاڻايل جاءِ تي شامل ڪريو. --> {{Template shortcut|shy|SHY}} {{lua|Module:Separated entries}} == ڪم == هي سانچو {{code|&shy;}} داخل ڪري ٿو، جيڪو {{unichar|00ad|SOFT HYPHEN|nlink=Soft hyphen|html=}} آهي. نرم واڌاريل (-) هڪ "اختياري" hyphen آهي{{nbsp}}{{en dash}} يعني اهڙو هنڌ جتان ڪو لفظ سٽ جي آخر تي ٽٽي سگهي ٿو، ۽ ان صورت ۾ سٽ جي پڇاڙيءَ تي ظاهر ٿيندڙ hyphen وجهي سگهجي ٿو. ڪنهن خاص لفظ کي ٽوڙڻو آهي يا نه، ان جو آخري فيصلو برائوزر ڪندو آهي، ۽ اهو متن جي بيهڪ بابت [[heuristic]]ن، برائوزر ۾ مقرر ڪيل استعمال ڪندڙ جي ترجيحن، ۽ ڏيکاريل صفحي ۾ شامل hyphenation اختيارن جي گڏيل اثر تي دارومدار رکي ٿو. (مختلف برائوزر مختلف heuristicون لاڳو ڪن ٿا، ۽ ڪجهه برائوزر نرم hyphen کي مڪمل طور نظرانداز به ڪن ٿا.) == سڀ کان سادو استعمال == مثال طور، جيڪڏهن توهان "Generation" لفظ ۾ ٽٽڻ جو هنڌ شامل ڪرڻ چاهيو ٿا، ته وڪي ٽيڪسٽ هيئن هوندو: <nowiki>Gener{{shy}}ation</nowiki> ضرورت پوڻ تي اهو ٽٽي ويندو، ۽ پڙهندڙ کي هيئن نظر ايندو: Gener- ation == فارميٽنگ شامل ڪرڻ == جيڪڏهن توهان هن سانچي جي اندر شامل پوري لفظ کي italic يا bold (يا ٻي) فارميٽنگ ڏيڻ چاهيو ٿا، ته صلاح ڏني وڃي ٿي ته فارميٽنگ سانچي کان ''ٻاهر'' رکو. جيتوڻيڪ فارميٽنگ کي سانچي جي اندر رکڻ سان به ڪم ٿي وڃي ٿو، پر ايڊيٽرن ۽ صفائي ڪندڙ اسڪرپٽن کي اهو غلطي لڳي سگهي ٿو ۽ هو ان کي غلط طريقي سان "درست" ڪري سگهن ٿا. هي {{tick}} طريقي سان ڪريو: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> ''{{Soft hyphen|ital|icized}}'' </syntaxhighlight> هن {{cross}} طريقي جي بدران: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{Soft hyphen|''ital|icized''}} </syntaxhighlight> جيڪڏهن توهان لفظ جي صرف ڪنهن هڪ حصي کي زور يا مخصوص انداز لاءِ فارميٽ ڪرڻ چاهيو ٿا، ته سانچي جي ڪنهن هڪ پيراميٽر کي هيئن ويڙهي ڇڏيو: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{Soft hyphen|''ital''|icized}} </syntaxhighlight> == مثال == === انفرادي داخلائون === هيٺين متن ۾ نرم hyphen هن ريت شامل ڪيا ويا آهن: *<code><nowiki>super{{shy}}califrag{{shy}}ilistic{{shy}}expiali{{shy}}docious</nowiki></code> *<code><nowiki>antidis{{shy}}establish{{shy}}mentarian{{shy}}ism</nowiki></code> *<code><nowiki>pneumono{{shy}}ultra{{shy}}micro{{shy}}scopic{{shy}}silico{{shy}}volcano{{shy}}conioses</nowiki></code> *<code><nowiki>wocka{{shy}}wocka{{shy}}wocka{{shy}}wocka{{shy}}</nowiki></code> اهو اثر اڪثر تڏهن ڏسڻ ۾ ايندو جڏهن توهان پنهنجو برائوزر zoom ڪريو ۽/يا ان جي ونڊو جي ويڪر بدلايو. ''گهڻيون'' برائوزر ترتيبون هن ڊگهي سلسلي کي ڪيترين سٽن ۾ hyphen سان ٽوڙي ڇڏينديون: <blockquote> [[Pac Man]] goes ''wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka&shy;wocka.'' </blockquote> ''گهڻيون يا اڪثر'' برائوزر ترتيبون هيٺين متن ۾ ڊگهن لفظن کي hyphen سان ٽوڙينديون{{zero width joiner em dash zero width non joiner}}پر اهو ڪٿي ۽ ڪڏهن ٿيندو، اهو برائوزر، مقامي ترتيبن ۽ ترجيحن تي دارومدار رکي ٿو: <blockquote> [[Mary Poppins (character)|Mary Poppins]], [[Church of England|religious officials]], and [[epidemiology|epidemiologists]] say [[Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious | super{{shy}}califrag{{shy}}ilistic{{shy}}expiali{{shy}}docious]] [[antidisestablishmentarianism | antidis{{shy}}establish{{shy}}mentarian{{shy}}ism]] [[pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconioses | pneumono{{shy}}ultra{{shy}}micro{{shy}}scopic{{shy}}silico{{shy}}volcano{{shy}}conioses]] super{{shy}}califrag{{shy}}ilistic{{shy}}expiali{{shy}}docious antidis{{shy}}establish{{shy}}mentarian{{shy}}ism pneumono{{shy}}ultra{{shy}}micro{{shy}}scopic{{shy}}silico{{shy}}volcano{{shy}}conioses super{{shy}}califrag{{shy}}ilistic{{shy}}expiali{{shy}}docious antidis{{shy}}establish{{shy}}mentarian{{shy}}ism pneumono{{shy}}ultra{{shy}}micro{{shy}}scopic{{shy}}silico{{shy}}volcano{{shy}}conioses super{{shy}}califrag{{shy}}ilistic{{shy}}expiali{{shy}}docious antidis{{shy}}establish{{shy}}mentarian{{shy}}ism pneumono{{shy}}ultra{{shy}}micro{{shy}}scopic{{shy}}silico{{shy}}volcano{{shy}}conioses super{{shy}}califrag{{shy}}ilistic{{shy}}expiali{{shy}}docious antidis{{shy}}establish{{shy}}mentarian{{shy}}ism pneumono{{shy}}ultra{{shy}}micro{{shy}}scopic{{shy}}silico{{shy}}volcano{{shy}}conioses. </blockquote> === متبادل نحو === ڪو لفظ يا فقره هڪ ئي "shy" جي اندر رکيو ويندو آهي، جتي هر <code>|</code> ممڪن hyphenation هنڌ هوندو: *<code><nowiki>Mary Poppins sings {{shy|super|califrag|ilistic|expiali|docious}} as she dances.</nowiki></code> ڊگها فقرا يا پوريون جمليون هن طريقي سان نه ويڙهيو، ڇو ته ان سان visual editor ۾ متن کي سنوارڻ ڏکيو ٿي پوندو. == TemplateData == <templatedata> { "description": "هڪ اختياري hyphen داخل ڪريو – اهڙو هنڌ جتان ڪو لفظ سٽ جي آخر تي ٽٽي سگهي، ۽ ان صورت ۾ سٽ جي آخر ۾ ظاهر ٿيندڙ hyphen شامل ٿئي.\n\nجڏهن پيراميٽر ڏنا وڃن، ته اهي ترتيب سان ڏيکاريا وڃن ٿا، ۽ انهن جي وچ ۾ اختياري hyphen هوندا. پيراميٽرن جو ڪو به تعداد استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو.", "params": { "1": { "label": "ٽڪرو 1", "type": "string" }, "2": { "label": "ٽڪرو 2", "type": "string" }, "3": { "label": "ٽڪرو 3", "type": "string" }, "4": { "label": "ٽڪرو 4", "type": "string" }, "5": { "label": "ٽڪرو 5", "type": "string" } }, "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == پڻ ڏسو == * {{tlx|Non breaking hyphen}} * {{tlx|Zero width space}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- زمرا هن لڪير کان هيٺ شامل ڪريو: --> [[Category:Character-substitution templates]] }}</includeonly> rquh9c99tz3c42bk1zyh484cy388wpx سانچو:Sticky header/doc 10 94127 367908 2026-03-27T21:24:35Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} {{Template redirect|sticky-header}} {{uses TemplateStyles|Template:Sticky header/styles.css}} هي سانچو [[Help:Table|ٽيبل]] جي ڪالمن وارن سرخين کي اسڪرين جي مٿئين حصي سان چنبڙيل رکي ٿو، جڏهن ٽيبل جو ڊيٽا حصو مٿي هيٺ اسڪرول ٿئي ٿو. اهو ڊگهن ٽيبلن ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جتي ڊيٽا ڏسندي ڏسندي ڪالم... 367908 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} {{Template redirect|sticky-header}} {{uses TemplateStyles|Template:Sticky header/styles.css}} هي سانچو [[Help:Table|ٽيبل]] جي ڪالمن وارن سرخين کي اسڪرين جي مٿئين حصي سان چنبڙيل رکي ٿو، جڏهن ٽيبل جو ڊيٽا حصو مٿي هيٺ اسڪرول ٿئي ٿو. اهو ڊگهن ٽيبلن ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جتي ڊيٽا ڏسندي ڏسندي ڪالمن جا عنوان ياد رکڻ ڏکيو ٿي سگهي ٿو. جيڪڏهن توهان چاهيو ٿا ته ٽيبل مٿي کان به sticky هجي ۽ پاسي کان به sticky هجي، ته {{tl|sticky table start}} ڏسو. == استعمال == هن سانچي کي ٽيبل جي مٿان {{tlc|sticky header}} يا ان جي redirect {{tlc|sticky-header}} شامل ڪري استعمال ڪريو. پوءِ ٽيبل جي شروعاتي وڪي ٽيڪسٽ ۾ هيٺين مان ڪا هڪ class شامل ڪريو. {| class="wikitable" style="background-color: var(--background-color-base, #fff); color: var(--color-base, #202122);" |+ ٽيبل جي شروعاتي وڪي ٽيڪسٽ لاءِ classes: <code><nowiki>{|</nowiki> class="''class1 class2''"</code>. |- ! Class ! خلاصو |- | class=nowrap | <code>sticky-header</code> | پهرين header قطار کي مٿان sticky بڻائي ٿو. |- | class=nowrap | <code>sticky-header-multi</code> | <strong>sortable ٽيبل لازمي آهي</strong>. ڪيترين header قطارن کي مٿان sticky بڻائي ٿو. <code>sorttop</code> class سان گڏ استعمال ڪرڻ کان پاسو ڪريو، ڇاڪاڻ ته sorting کان پوءِ اها به sticky ٿي ويندي. اهڙين header قطارن کي sticky نه بڻايو جيڪي پوري ٽيبل لاءِ نه هجن (مثال طور سيڪشن header قطارون). تمام گهڻيون اوچيون header قطارون sticky نه بڻايو، ڇو ته ننڍين اسڪرينن تي اهي گهڻو ڊيٽا ڍڪي سگهن ٿيون (مثال طور موبائل landscape).<br> '''<code>class=unsortable</code>''' ضرورت هجي ته سڀني ڪالمن ۾ شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. هيٺ ڏسو: [[#Multi-row header that can't be visibly sortable]] |} == هڪڙي sticky header قطار == <code>sticky-header</code> class پهرين header قطار کي مٿان sticky بڻائڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندي آهي. Sortable هجڻ لازمي ناهي. '''<code>sorttop</code>''' ۽ '''<code>sortbottom</code>''' هڪڙي header قطار جي صورت ۾ مسئلو ناهن. <div style="display: inline-grid; vertical-align:top;"> {{sticky header}} {| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" |+ Caption |- ! Color !! A !! B ! class="unsortable" | C |- class=sorttop | '''Max''' || 10 || 11 || 12 |- | Red || 1 || 2 || 3 |- | Lime || 4 || 5 || 6 |- | Gold || 7 || 8 || 9 |- | Blue || 10 || 11 || 12 |- class=sortbottom | '''Total''' || 22 || 26 || 30 |} </div> <div style="display: inline-grid; vertical-align:top;"> <syntaxhighlight lang=wikitext highlight=1-2,7,17> {{sticky header}} {| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" |+ Caption |- ! Color !! A !! B ! class="unsortable" | C |- class=sorttop | '''Max''' || 10 || 11 || 12 |- | Red || 1 || 2 || 3 |- | Lime || 4 || 5 || 6 |- | Gold || 7 || 8 || 9 |- | Blue || 10 || 11 || 12 |- class=sortbottom | '''Total''' || 22 || 26 || 30 |} </syntaxhighlight> </div> == گهڻيون اسٽڪي ھيڊر قطارون == {{Tracked|T6740}} {{Tracked|T355492}} <code>sticky-header-multi</code> class ڪيترين ھيڊر قطارن کي مٿان اسٽڪي بڻائڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندي آهي. '''چونڊ لائق جدول لازمي آهي'''، ڇاڪاڻ ته هن وقت sortable ئي اهو طريقو آهي جنهن سان لاڳيتين header قطارن کي {{Tag|thead|o}} عنصر ۾ منتقل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. جيڪڏهن ڪجهه يا سڀ ڪالم sortable نه هجڻ گهرجن، ته sorting icon واري header cell ۾ <code>class=unsortable</code> وجهي سگهجي ٿو. ٽيبل جو مٿيون حصو پوءِ به sticky رهندو. [[Help:Sortable tables]] ڏسو. جيڪڏهن [[JavaScript]] بند هجي، ته sortable ۽ هي حل ڪم نه ڪندا. === Sorttop بمقابله sortbottom === '''<code>sorttop</code>''' class استعمال ڪرڻ کان پاسو ڪريو، ڇاڪاڻ ته sortable sorting کان پوءِ انهن قطارن کي {{Tag|thead|o}} عنصر ۾ منتقل ڪري ٿو، جنهن ڪري اهي به مٿان sticky ٿي وڃن ٿيون. هڪ حل اهو ٿي سگهي ٿو ته انهن کي هيٺ منتقل ڪيو وڃي ۽ بدران '''<code>sortbottom</code>''' class استعمال ڪئي وڃي. <div style="display: inline-grid; vertical-align:top;"> {{sticky header}} {| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header-multi" |+ Caption |- ! rowspan=2 | Color ! colspan=3 | Data |- ! A !! B ! class="unsortable" | C |- | Red || 1 || 2 || 3 |- | Lime || 4 || 5 || 6 |- | Gold || 7 || 8 || 9 |- | Blue || 10 || 11 || 12 |- class=sortbottom | '''Max''' || 10 || 11 || 12 |- class=sortbottom | '''Total''' || 22 || 26 || 30 |} </div> <div style="display: inline-grid; vertical-align:top;"> <syntaxhighlight lang=wikitext highlight=1-2,18,20> {{sticky header}} {| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header-multi" |+ Caption |- ! rowspan=2 | Color ! colspan=3 | Data |- ! A !! B ! class="unsortable" | C |- | Red || 1 || 2 || 3 |- | Lime || 4 || 5 || 6 |- | Gold || 7 || 8 || 9 |- | Blue || 10 || 11 || 12 |- class=sortbottom | '''Max''' || 10 || 11 || 12 |- class=sortbottom | '''Total''' || 22 || 26 || 30 |} </syntaxhighlight> </div> === قطار شروعات ۾ مٿان هوندي آهي ۽ sorting کان پوءِ هيٺ هلي ويندي آهي === هي ٽيبل اقتباس [[ٽيرف شرح مطابق دنيا جي ملڪن جي فھرست]] مان ورتل آهي. "دنيا" واري قطار لاءِ '''<code>sorttop</code>''' بدران '''<code>sortbottom</code>''' استعمال ٿيل آهي. تنهن ڪري چونڊ کان پوءِ دنيا واري قطار اسٽڪي نه ٿيندي. چونڊ کان پوءِ اها علائقائي قطارن سان گڏ هيٺ هلي ويندي. {{sticky header}}{{mw-datatable}}{{Static row numbers}}{{sort under}}{{table alignment}} {| class="mw-datatable wikitable sortable sticky-header-multi static-row-numbers sort-under col1left" style="text-align:right;" |- ! rowspan=2 data-sort-type=text | Country/Territory/Region/Group || colspan=2 | [[World Bank|WB]] || colspan=2 | [[WTO]] || colspan=2 | [[UNCTAD]] |- ! data-sort-type=number | Tariff rate, applied, weighted mean, all products || data-sort-type=number | Year || data-sort-type=number | Simple average applied MFN tariff, all products || data-sort-type=number | Year || data-sort-type=number | Import tariff rates on non-agricultural and non-fuel products || data-sort-type=number | Year |- class="sortbottom static-row-header" style="font-weight:bold;" | style="background-color:#f8f9fa; text-align:left;" | {{flag icon|UN}} WORLD || {{val|2.59|u=%|fmt=gaps}} || <small>2017</small> || || || || |- | {{ABW}} || {{val|0|u=%|fmt=gaps}} || <small>2021</small> || || || {{val|10.80|u=%|fmt=gaps}} || <small>2021</small> |- | {{AFG}} || {{val|0|u=%|fmt=gaps}} || <small>2018</small> || {{val|6.5|u=%|fmt=gaps}} || <small>2018</small> || {{val|0|u=%|fmt=gaps}} || <small>2018</small> |- | {{AGO}} || {{val|0|u=%|fmt=gaps}} || <small>2021</small> || {{val|10.9|u=%|fmt=gaps}} || <small>2021</small> || {{val|0|u=%|fmt=gaps}} || <small>2021</small> |- | {{AIA}} || || || || || {{val|13.14|u=%|fmt=gaps}} || <small>2021</small> |- class="sortbottom static-row-header" style="background-color:#ececec;" | style="font-style:italic;" | Low & middle income economies (WB) || {{val|4.28|u=%|fmt=gaps}} || <small>2017</small> || || || || |- class="sortbottom static-row-header" style="background-color:#ececec;" | style="font-style:italic;" | Low-income economies (WB) || {{val|9.79|u=%|fmt=gaps}} || <small>2017</small> || || || || |- class="sortbottom static-row-header" style="background-color:#ececec;" | style="font-style:italic;" | Middle-income economies (WB) || {{N/A}} || || || || || |- class="sortbottom static-row-header" style="background-color:#ececec;" | style="font-style:italic; padding-left:25px;" | <small>Upper middle income economies (WB)</small> || {{val|3.70|u=%|fmt=gaps}} || <small>2017</small> || || || || |- class="sortbottom static-row-header" style="background-color:#ececec;" | style="font-style:italic;" | [[High-income economies]] (WB) || {{val|2.02|u=%|fmt=gaps}} || <small>2017</small> || || || || |- class="sortbottom static-row-header" style="background-color:#ececec;" | style="font-style:italic;" | [[European Union]] || {{val|1.39|u=%|fmt=gaps}} || <small>2021</small> || {{val|5.2|u=%|fmt=gaps}} || <small>2021</small> || {{val|1.49|u=%|fmt=gaps}} || <small>2021</small> |} === اهي ھيڊر قطارون جيڪي پوري ٽيبل لاءِ ناهن === ڪالمن جي لاڳيتي ھيڊر قطارون مٿان اسٽڪي ٿين ٿيون، تنهن ڪري ڪالمن جي ھيڊر قطارن جي بلڪل هيٺ اهڙي ھيڊر قطار شامل ڪرڻ کان پاسو ڪريو جيڪا پوري ٽيبل تي لاڳو نه ٿئي، جهڙوڪ اهڙو سيڪشن ھيڊر جيڪو رڳو بصري الڳ ڪرڻ لاءِ هجي. هڪ حل اهو ٿي سگهي ٿو ته هر سيڪشن کي الڳ ڪالم يا الڳ ٽيبلن ۾ منتقل ڪيو وڃي، جيڪو [[MOS:COLHEAD]] موجب پھچ جي مسئلن کان به بچائيندو. ٻيو حل اهو ٿي سگهي ٿو ته آخري ڪالم ھيڊر قطار ۽ پهرين سيڪشن ھيڊر قطار جي وچ ۾ data cells جي خالي قطار (<code>| colspan=4 |</code>) شامل ڪئي وڃي ته جيئن سيڪشن ھيڊرئ لاڳيتين ھيڊر قطارن ۾ شامل نه ٿئي. <div style="display: inline-grid; vertical-align:top;"> {{sticky header}} {| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header-multi" |+ Caption |- ! rowspan=2 | Color ! colspan=3 | Data |- ! A !! B !! C |- | colspan=4 | |- ! colspan=4 | Section 1 |- | Red || 1 || 2 || 3 |- | Lime || 4 || 5 || 6 |- ! colspan=4 | Section 2 |- | Gold || 7 || 8 || 9 |- | Blue || 10 || 11 || 12 |} </div> <div style="display: inline-grid; vertical-align:top;"> <syntaxhighlight lang=wikitext highlight=1-2,9-10> {{sticky header}} {| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header-multi" |+ Caption |- ! rowspan=2 | Color ! colspan=3 | Data |- ! A !! B !! C |- | colspan=4 | |- ! colspan=4 | Section 1 |- | Red || 1 || 2 || 3 |- | Lime || 4 || 5 || 6 |- ! colspan=4 | Section 2 |- | Gold || 7 || 8 || 9 |- | Blue || 10 || 11 || 12 |} </syntaxhighlight> </div> === تمام اوچيون ھيڊر قطارون === تمام اوچين header قطارن کان پاسو ڪريو، ڇو ته جڏهن اهي اسٽڪي ٿين ٿيون ته ننڍين موبائل اسڪرينن تي، خاص ڪري [[صفحي جي اورينٽيشن]] ۾، گهڻو يا سمورو ڊيٽا ڍڪي سگهن ٿيون. ڪجهه حل هي ٿي سگهن ٿا: ڪجهه header متن کي table caption ۾ منتقل ڪيو وڃي، وڌيڪ مختصر header متن استعمال ڪيو وڃي، headers مان line-breaks ({{Tag|br|o}}) هٽايا وڃن، يا ٽيبل کي ننڍن ٽيبلن ۾ ورهايو وڃي ته جيئن headers گهٽجن. <div style="display: inline-grid; overflow-y: scroll; max-height: 300px;"> {{sticky header}}{{sort under}} {| class="wikitable sortable sort-under sticky-header-multi" style="margin: 0;" |- ! colspan=4 | Header<br>group<br>1 |- ! colspan=2 | Header<br>group<br>2 ! colspan=2 | Header<br>group<br>3 |- ! Header<br>1 !! Header<br>2 !! Header<br>3 !! Header<br>4 |- | data || data || data || data |- | data || data || data || data |- | data || data || data || data |- | data || data || data || data |- | data || data || data || data |- | data || data || data || data |- | data || data || data || data |- | data || data || data || data |} </div> == گهڻ قطاري ھيڊر جيڪو ظاهري طور چونڊ لائق نه ٿي سگهي == هي ٽيبل هتان ورتل آهي: [[AptX#Variants]]. اهو '''class=sortable''' استعمال ڪري ٿو ته جيئن گهڻ قطاري اسٽڪي ھيڊر ملي سگهي، پر هر ڪالم الڳ الڳ '''class=unsortable''' استعمال ڪري ٿو. ڪنهن به ڪالم کي چونڊ لائق نٿو بڻائي سگهجي، ڇاڪاڻ ته هڪ ئي ڪالم ۾ موجود ڄاڻ ۽ ڊيٽا جا قسم گهڻو مختلف آهن، ۽ ان کي الفابيٽ يا انگن موجب ترتيب ڏيڻ جو ڪو خاص فائدو ناهي. ان کان سواءِ، ڪنهن به ڪالم کي sort ڪرڻ سان پهرين ڪالم ۾ موجود rowspans ختم ٿي ويندا آهن، جيڪي ٽيبل جي مجموعي ترتيب ڏيکارين ٿا. {{sticky header}}{{mw-datatable}} {|class="wikitable sortable sticky-header-multi mw-datatable" style="text-align:center" |+aptX variants |- ! class=unsortable rowspan="2" style="background-color:#D8D9DD; border-bottom:2px solid gray;" | ! class=unsortable rowspan="2" style="background-color:#D8D9DD; border-bottom:2px solid gray;" | ! class=unsortable rowspan="2" style="background-color:#D8D9DD; border-bottom:2px solid gray;" | [[SBC (codec)|SBC]]<br><small>(for reference)</small> ! class=unsortable rowspan="2" style="background-color:#D6F9D6; border-bottom:2px solid gray;" | aptX ! class=unsortable rowspan="2" style="background-color:#D6F9D6; border-bottom:2px solid gray;" | aptX LL ! class=unsortable rowspan="2" style="background-color:#D6F9D6; border-bottom:2px solid gray;" | aptX HD ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#D6F9D6;" | aptX Adaptive ! class=unsortable rowspan="2" style="background-color:#D8D9DD; border-bottom:2px solid gray;" | [[Compact Disc Digital Audio|Audio CD]]<br><small>(for reference)</small> |- ! class=unsortable style="background-color:#D6F9D6; border-bottom:2px solid gray;" | @&nbsp;279&nbsp;kbit/s ! class=unsortable style="background-color:#D6F9D6; border-bottom:2px solid gray;" | @&nbsp;420&nbsp;kbit/s ! class=unsortable style="background-color:#D6F9D6; border-bottom:2px solid gray;" | @ up to {{nowrap|~1.2&nbsp;Mbit/s}} |- ! rowspan="6" | misc. ! style="text-align:left" | Launch | style="background-color:#F0F2F6" | '''?''' | '''< 2009''' || '''2012''' || '''2016''' || colspan="2" | '''2018''' |'''2021''' | style="background-color:#F0F2F6" | '''1980s''' |- ! style="text-align:left" | [[Trademark]] | style="background-color:#F0F2F6" | – | colspan="6" | [[Qualcomm]]<br><small>(until August 2015: [[CSR plc|CSR]], until July 2010: [[APT Licensing]], until March 2005: [[Solid State Logic]])</small> || style="background-color:#F0F2F6" | – |- ! style="text-align:left" | Related [[patent]]s | style="background-color:#F0F2F6" | {{patent|EP|0400755B1}} (expired) || {{patent|EP|0398973B1}} (revoked) || aptX,<br> {{patent|US|9398620B1}} (expired) || aptX || colspan="3" | ? || style="background-color:#F0F2F6" | – |- ! style="text-align:left" | [[Free software|Free implementations]] | style="background-color:#F0F2F6" | [[FFmpeg]], libsbc || [[FFmpeg]], libopenaptx|| [[FFmpeg]], libopenaptx || [[FFmpeg]], libopenaptx || colspan="3" | N/A || style="background-color:#F0F2F6" | – |- ! style="text-align:left" | [[Proprietary software|Proprietary implementations]] | style="background-color:#F0F2F6" | Multiple || Qualcomm libaptX || None || Qualcomm libaptXHD || colspan="3" | ? || style="background-color:#F0F2F6" | – |- ! style="text-align:left" | Chip | style="background-color:#F0F2F6" | – | CSR8635 || CSR8670 || CSR8675 || colspan="3" | QCC5100 || style="background-color:#F0F2F6" | – |- ! rowspan="8" | Audio<br>Encoding ! style="text-align:left" | [[Audio bit depth|Word depth]] | style="background-color:#F0F2F6" | '''?''' | '''16-bit''' || '''16-bit''' || '''16-bit'''<br>'''24-bit''' || colspan="2" | '''24-bit''' |'''16-bit'''|| style="background-color:#F0F2F6" | '''16-bit''' |- ! style="text-align:left" | [[Sampling rate]] | style="background-color:#F0F2F6" | 44.1&nbsp;kHz<br>48&nbsp;kHz<br>&nbsp; || 44.1&nbsp;kHz<br>48&nbsp;kHz<br>&nbsp; || 44.1&nbsp;kHz<br>48&nbsp;kHz<br>&nbsp; || 44.1&nbsp;kHz<br>48&nbsp;kHz<br>&nbsp; || colspan="2" | 44.1&nbsp;kHz<br>48&nbsp;kHz<br>96&nbsp;kHz |44.1&nbsp;kHz|| style="background-color:#F0F2F6" | 44.1&nbsp;kHz<br><br>&nbsp; |- ! style="text-align:left" rowspan="2" | [[Bit rate]] | style="background-color:#F0F2F6" | '''345 kbit/s''' <small>(@ 48&nbsp;kHz)</small> || '''352 kbit/s''' <small>(@ 44.1&nbsp;kHz)</small><br>'''384 kbit/s''' <small>(@ 48&nbsp;kHz)</small> || '''352 kbit/s''' <small>(@ 48&nbsp;kHz)</small> || '''576 kbit/s''' <small>(24 bits @ 48&nbsp;kHz)</small> || '''279 kbit/s''' || '''420 kbit/s''' |'''~140 kbit/s to 1.2 mbit/s''' (content dependent) || style="background-color:#F0F2F6" | '''1411 kbit/s''' <small>(@ 44.1&nbsp;kHz)</small> |- | style="background-color:#F0F2F6" | Constant || Constant || Constant || Constant || colspan="2" | Variable |Variable|| style="background-color:#F0F2F6" | Constant |- ! style="text-align:left" | [[Codec latency]] | style="background-color:#F0F2F6" | ? | 1.8 – 2.0 ms || ? || 1.8 – 2.0 ms || colspan="2" | 1.4 – 2.0 ms | ?|| style="background-color:#F0F2F6" | – |- ! style="text-align:left" | Hardware transmitter [[Latency (audio)|latency]] | style="background-color:#F0F2F6" | ? || ? || '''≈ 40 ms'''<br><small>(using dedicated antenna)</small> || ? || colspan="2" | '''≈ 80 ms''' | ?|| style="background-color:#F0F2F6" | – |- ! style="text-align:left" | Software transmitter [[Latency (audio)|latency]] <small>(most&nbsp;phones)</small> | colspan="7" | '''200 – 500 ms'''<br><small>depending on the transmitting device</small> || style="background-color:#F0F2F6" | – |- ! style="text-align:left" | Backwards compatible with | style="background-color:#F0F2F6" | – | SBC || SBC, aptX || SBC, aptX || colspan="2" | SBC, aptX, aptX HD | ?|| style="background-color:#F0F2F6" | ? |- ! rowspan="7" | Sound<br>quality ! style="text-align:left" | [[THD+N]] @ 1&nbsp;kHz | style="background-color:#F0F2F6" | | −67&nbsp;dB or −85&nbsp;dB? || −85&nbsp;dB || -80&nbsp;dB or −90&nbsp;dB? || −90&nbsp;dB || −100&nbsp;dB |−96&nbsp;dB|| style="background-color:#F0F2F6" | −96&nbsp;dB |- ! style="text-align:left" | [[Multi-tone]] @ 1&nbsp;kHz | style="background-color:#F0F2F6" | | −100&nbsp;dB || ? || −100&nbsp;dB || −90&nbsp;dB || −100&nbsp;dB | ?|| style="background-color:#F0F2F6" | |- ! style="text-align:left" | Multi-tone @ 10&nbsp;kHz | style="background-color:#F0F2F6" | | −65&nbsp;dB || ? || −90&nbsp;dB || −85&nbsp;dB || −95&nbsp;dB | ?|| style="background-color:#F0F2F6" | |- ! style="text-align:left" | [[Crosstalk]] | style="background-color:#F0F2F6" | | −120&nbsp;dB || ? || −155&nbsp;dB || −90&nbsp;dB || −200&nbsp;dB | ?|| style="background-color:#F0F2F6" | |- ! style="text-align:left" | [[Signal-to-noise ratio|SNR]] @ 1&nbsp;kHz | style="background-color:#F0F2F6" | | 93&nbsp;dB || 93&nbsp;dB || 129&nbsp;dB || 130&nbsp;dB || 135&nbsp;dB |−96&nbsp;dB|| style="background-color:#F0F2F6" | −96&nbsp;dB |- ! style="text-align:left" | [[Perceptual Evaluation of Audio Quality|PEAQ]] ODG | style="background-color:#F0F2F6" | | −0.18 or −0.08? || ? || 0.05 or 0.04? || −0.06 || 0.045 | ?|| style="background-color:#F0F2F6" | |- ! style="text-align:left" | [[Frequency response]] over [[Bluetooth]] | style="background-color:#F0F2F6" | | 20&nbsp;Hz – 22.7&nbsp;kHz || 20&nbsp;Hz – 22.7&nbsp;kHz || 20&nbsp;Hz – 22.7&nbsp;kHz || colspan="2" | 20&nbsp;Hz – 22.7&nbsp;kHz |20&nbsp;Hz – 22&nbsp;kHz|| style="background-color:#F0F2F6" | 20&nbsp;Hz – 22&nbsp;kHz |} == ڄاتل مسئلا == <!-- Have to use the full URL to get the link below to work consistently --> سيل فون وغيره ۾ جانچ لاءِ '''[[Template:Sticky header/doc/Narrow tables|narrow اسٽڪي جدولون وارو صفحو]]''' ڏسو. 9 آگسٽ 2025 تائين {{t|Sticky header}} جديد iOS (18.6) واري [[آئي فون ايس اي 2020]] ۾ سفاري، ڪروم، فائرفوڪس، ايج ۽ Opera جي جديد نسخن ۾ ڪم نه پيو ڪري. جاچ [[ونڊوز 10]]، [[ونڊوز 11]]، [[آئي او ايس 18]] ([[آئي فون ايس اي (ٻين جنريشن)|آئي فون ايس اي 2020]])، [[آئي او ايس 17]] ([[آئي فون 14 پرو ميڪس|آئي فون 14 پرو ميڪس]])، ۽ [[اينڊرائيڊ 14]] ([[سام سنگ گيليڪسي ايس21]]) وارن برائوزرن ۾ ڪئي وئي. * اسٽڪي ٽيبل کي اهڙي عنصر ۾ نه ويڙهيو جنهن ۾ اوور فلو اسٽائل هجي، نه ته اهو صفحي جي مٿي سان نه چنبڙندو ۽ ڪجهه حالتن ۾ ھيڊرس ٿورو هيٺ ڌڪجي ويندا. ڇا ''نه'' ڪرڻ گهرجي، ان جو مثال: <code><nowiki><div style="overflow: auto;"></div></nowiki></code>. <code>overflow</code>، <code>overflow-y</code>، يا <code>overflow-x</code> کي "آٽو اسڪرال"، يا "لڪل" ڪرڻ کان پاسو ڪريو. * جڏهن {{tl|Anchor}} (يا ان جهڙو anchor وارو طريقو؛ ڏسو [[وڪيپيڊيا:ANCHOR]]) ھيڊ-اسٽڪي ٽيبل جي ڪنهن حصي ڏانهن ڳنڍڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿئي ٿو، ته ڳنڍيل هدف صفحي جي مٿي اسٽڪي عنصرن جي پويان هليو وڃي ٿو. هدف جو ڪجهه يا سڄو حصو، ٽارگيٽ ۽ اسٽڪي عنصرن جي اوچائيءَ تي دارومدار ڪندي، ڍڪجي سگهي ٿو. * جڏهن ٽيبل ننڍين اسڪرينن (<=639px، عام طور [[صفحي جي اورينٽيشن|پورٽريٽ اورينٽيشن]]) يا [[وڪيپيڊيا:Skin|Timeless skin]] ۾ مواد واري حصي کان وڌيڪ ويڪرا هوندا آهن، ته اهي پنهنجي افقي scroll سان ٺهيل هوندا آهن. پر [[اينڊرائيڊ (آپريٽنگ سسٽم)|اينڊرائيڊ]] فونن ۾ اسٽڪي ھيڊرس سان، هي ڪم ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ناڪام ٿي سگهي ٿو، ڇاڪاڻ ته هارڊويئر، برائوزر rendering، ۽ اوور فلو جي سنڀال جي پيچيده لهه وچڙ سبب مسئلو پيدا ٿئي ٿو. ان سان ٽيبل صفحي کان ٻاهر نڪري وڃن ٿا ۽ پيج-ليول اسڪرال پيدا ٿئي ٿي، جيڪا صفحي جي layout کي خراب ڪري ٿي. ڪجهه اينڊرائيڊ ڊوائيسن تي، جهڙوڪ [[سام سنگ گيليڪسي ايس 20|گيليڪسي ايس 20]] ۽ [[سام سنگ گيليڪسي ايس 21|گيليڪسي ايس 21]] تڏهن تائين ڪم نٿا ڪن جيستائين استعمال ڪندڙ زوم آئوٽ نه ڪري، جنهن سان پڙهڻ ۾ مسئلا پيدا ٿين ٿا، جڏهن ته ٻين تي، جهڙوڪ [[سام سنگ گيليڪسي M14 5G|Galaxy F14 5G (ريبرانڊيڊ M14)]], اهي اسڪرال واري مسئلي باوجود صحيح ڪم ڪن ٿا. هي [[آئي فون]] کان مختلف آهي، جيڪو ٻنهي پاسن کي صحيح نموني سنڀالي ٿو. انهن اختلافن سبب، ننڍين اسڪرينن تي اسٽڪي ھيڊرس کي [[وڪيپيڊيا:Manual of Style/Accessibility|accessibility هدايتن]] موجب بند ڪيو ويو آهي. '''انهن کي فعال ڪرڻ لاءِ، [[واپرائيندڙ:Jroberson108/StickyTableHeadersFix]] ڏسو.''' * [[سفاري (ويب برائوزر)|سفاري]] 14.1.2 ۾، هڪ top-sticky thead (<code>sticky-header-multi</code> class) صفحي جي بلڪل مٿئين حصي سان لڳل هوندو آهي، پر هڪ اسٽڪي قطار (<code>sticky-header</code> class) ائين نه هوندي ۽ ان جي مٿان خالي وٿي رهجي ويندي آهي. گهڻو امڪان آهي ته اهو سفاري 14 ۾ لي آئوٽ جو بگ آهي، جتي اهو قطارن جي sticky positioning کي [[ويو پورٽ]] جي مٿئين حصي جي بدران ٽيبل جي ڪناري جي نسبت سان ڳڻي ٿو. Safari 16.6.1 ۾ اهو مسئلو موجود ناهي. == پڻ ڏسو == * {{slink|مدد:Table/Advanced#Tables with sticky headers}} * {{t|sticky table start}} - اسڪرول ٿيندڙ علائقي اندر sticky قطارن ۽ ڪالمن جي اجازت ڏئي ٿو. * {{t|shy}} – ڪنهن لفظ ۾ [[سافٽ ھائفن]] شامل ڪري ڪالمن کي تنگ ڪرڻ ۾ مدد لاءِ استعمال ٿي سگهي ٿو ته جيئن اهو ٽٽي سگهي. ٽيبلن لاءِ وڌيڪ [[وڪيپيڊيا:template styles|template styles]]: * {{t|sort under}} - sorting جا تير سرخين جي هيٺان آڻي ٿو. * {{t|row hover highlight}} - قطار تي hover ڪرڻ وقت نمايان ڪرڻ شامل ڪري ٿو، ۽ اڇي پسمنظر جو اختيار به ڏئي ٿو. * {{t|static row numbers}} - ٽيبل ۾ قطار نمبرن جو ڪالم شامل ڪري ٿو. * {{t|table alignment}} - ڪنهن ڪالم يا پوري ٽيبل جي خانن کي سڌو ڪري ٿو. <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- زمرا هن لڪير کان هيٺ شامل ڪريو؛ بين الويڪي لنڪون وڪيڊيٽا تي --> [[زمرو:Table templates]] [[زمرو:Templates using TemplateStyles to style external elements]] }} </includeonly> hiwyjll7sj525p4bq1q93f7uacvk5uw سانچو:Sticky table start 10 94128 367909 2026-03-27T21:26:35Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: <includeonly><templatestyles src="Template:Sticky table start/styles.css" /><div class="sticky-table-scroll" style="scrollbar-gutter: stable;"></includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Add categories to the /doc subpage and add interwikis in Wikidata, not here! --> </noinclude> 367909 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><templatestyles src="Template:Sticky table start/styles.css" /><div class="sticky-table-scroll" style="scrollbar-gutter: stable;"></includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Add categories to the /doc subpage and add interwikis in Wikidata, not here! --> </noinclude> injldaq12jhglm9vb0qxr1yk1xcd9ui سانچو:Sticky table start/doc 10 94129 367910 2026-03-27T21:27:38Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} {{tsh|Sticky top|Sticky start}} {{uses TemplateStyles|Template:Sticky table start/styles.css}} هي سانچو ٽيبل جي چوڌاري هڪ scroll ٿيندڙ ڪنٽينر شامل ڪري ٿو، ۽ ان جون classes استعمال ڪري ٽيبل جي قطارن کي مٿان يا ڪالمن کي ڪنٽينر جي کاٻي پاسي sticky بڻائي سگهجي ٿو، جڏهن ٽيبل جو ڊيٽا مٿي هيٺ يا کاٻي س... 367910 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} {{tsh|Sticky top|Sticky start}} {{uses TemplateStyles|Template:Sticky table start/styles.css}} هي سانچو ٽيبل جي چوڌاري هڪ scroll ٿيندڙ ڪنٽينر شامل ڪري ٿو، ۽ ان جون classes استعمال ڪري ٽيبل جي قطارن کي مٿان يا ڪالمن کي ڪنٽينر جي کاٻي پاسي sticky بڻائي سگهجي ٿو، جڏهن ٽيبل جو ڊيٽا مٿي هيٺ يا کاٻي ساڄي اسڪرول ٿئي ٿو. اهو ڊگهن ۽/يا ويڪرن ٽيبلن ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جتي header ياد رکڻ ڏکيو ٿي سگهي ٿو جڏهن توهان ڊيٽا اسڪرول ڪندا آهيو. اهو تمام ويڪرن ٽيبلن کي مکيه مواد واري علائقي جي ويڪر اندر رکي ٿو ته جيئن وڪيپيڊيا جي ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ورزن جي layout برقرار رهي. هن سانچي کي بغير ڪنهن class جي استعمال ڪرڻ سان ٽيبل رڳو scroll ٿيندڙ باڪس ۾ ايندي، پر sticky headers نه هوندا. جيڪڏهن صرف افقي scroll واري ونڊو جي ضرورت هجي (مثال طور تمام ويڪرو ٽيبل هجي جتي sticky headers تمام وڏا ٿي وڃن، يا ڪجهه قطارون تمام اوچيون هجن) ته ڏسو: [[Help:Table#Overflowing tables]]. 7b6d6degyei8hzua1fxzdzmauds8xw2 سانچو:Sticky table start/styles.css 10 94130 367911 2026-03-27T21:28:32Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: /* {{pp-template}} */ /** * Classes to make row N or thead top sticky, and/or column N left sticky. * * Div classes: * - sticky-table-scroll: Adds scroll; contains table. * * Table classes: * - sticky-table-head: Top sticky thead rows. * - sticky-table-row1: Top sticky first row. * - sticky-table-row2: Top sticky second row. * - sticky-table-col1: Left sticky first column. * - sticky-table-col2: Left sticky second column. * * Cell classes: * - sticky-table-n... 367911 sanitized-css text/css /* {{pp-template}} */ /** * Classes to make row N or thead top sticky, and/or column N left sticky. * * Div classes: * - sticky-table-scroll: Adds scroll; contains table. * * Table classes: * - sticky-table-head: Top sticky thead rows. * - sticky-table-row1: Top sticky first row. * - sticky-table-row2: Top sticky second row. * - sticky-table-col1: Left sticky first column. * - sticky-table-col2: Left sticky second column. * * Cell classes: * - sticky-table-none: Cell not sticky to fix span issues. * - sticky-table-left: Cell left sticky to fix span issues. * * Notes: * - Sortable moves to thead any header rows and (after sort) sorttop rows. * - Sticky gadget (.mw-sticky-header) moves to thead any wikitable header rows. */ @media screen { /** * Div containers with restricted height/width + scroll. */ .sticky-table-scroll { margin-bottom: 1em; /* Moved from table. */ margin-top: 1em; /* Moved from table. */ max-height: 75vh; max-width: max-content; /* Vertical scroll next to div. */ min-width: 50px; /* In case another element floats right. */ overflow-y: auto; /*scrollbar-gutter: stable; /* Fix premature wrapping Gecko: 764076. */ } .sticky-table-scroll table { margin-bottom: 0; /* Moved to div. */ margin-top: 0; /* Moved to div. */ } .sticky-table-scroll caption { text-align: left; /* Fix narrow, centered caption hidden on wide table. */ } /** * Make top sticky. */ .sticky-table-scroll .sticky-table-row1:not(.sticky-table-row2):not(.sticky-table-head) > thead > tr:nth-child(1), .sticky-table-scroll .sticky-table-row1:not(.sticky-table-row2):not(.sticky-table-head) > caption + tbody > tr:nth-child(1), .sticky-table-scroll .sticky-table-row1:not(.sticky-table-row2):not(.sticky-table-head) > tbody:first-child > tr:nth-child(1), .sticky-table-scroll .sticky-table-row2:not(.sticky-table-row1):not(.sticky-table-head) > thead > tr:nth-child(2), .sticky-table-scroll .sticky-table-row2:not(.sticky-table-row1):not(.sticky-table-head) > caption + tbody > tr:nth-child(2), .sticky-table-scroll .sticky-table-row2:not(.sticky-table-row1):not(.sticky-table-head) > tbody:first-child > tr:nth-child(2), .sticky-table-scroll .sticky-table-head:not(.sticky-table-row1):not(.sticky-table-row2) > thead { position: sticky; /* Was "static". */ top: 0; z-index: 10; } /** * Make left sticky. */ .sticky-table-scroll .sticky-table-col1:not(.sticky-table-col2) > * > tr > :nth-child(1):not(.sticky-table-none), .sticky-table-scroll .sticky-table-col2:not(.sticky-table-col1) > * > tr > :nth-child(2):not(.sticky-table-none), .sticky-table-scroll tr > .sticky-table-left { position: sticky; /* Was "static". */ left: 0; z-index: 9; } /** * Fix scrolling data shows through sticky's transparent background. */ .sticky-table-scroll table:not(.wikitable) { background-color: var(--color-inverted, #fff); } .sticky-table-scroll thead, .sticky-table-scroll tbody, .sticky-table-scroll tfoot, .sticky-table-scroll tr, .sticky-table-scroll td, .sticky-table-scroll table:not(.wikitable) > * > tr > th { background-color: inherit; } /** * Fix missing borders due to sticky position and wikitable collapsed borders. * https://bugs.webkit.org/show_bug.cgi?id=128486 * * Skip rare plain table separated borders, which sometimes shows scrolling * data through sticky's 2px "border-spacing". * * Skip very rare Timeless plain table ".mw-datatable" collapsed borders. * * Note: {{Static row numbers}} border-bottom separating header/sorttop from * numbers missing and not selectable with CSS. */ .sticky-table-scroll .wikitable { border-collapse: separate; /* Was "collapse". */ border-spacing: 0; border-width: 1px 0 0 1px; } .sticky-table-scroll .wikitable > * > tr > td, .sticky-table-scroll .wikitable > * > tr > th { border-width: 0 1px 1px 0; } /* Adjust {{static row numbers}} borders. */ .sticky-table-scroll .static-row-numbers.wikitable > * > tr::before { border-right-width: 1px; } /* .sticky-table-scroll .static-row-numbers.wikitable > * > .sorttop:not(:has(~ .sorttop))::before, */ .sticky-table-scroll .static-row-numbers.wikitable > tbody > tr:last-child::before, .sticky-table-scroll .static-row-numbers.wikitable > tfoot > tr:last-child::before { border-bottom-width: 1px; } /* After sort, "tbody:first-of-type" targets "tbody>tr:first-child". */ .sticky-table-scroll .static-row-numbers.wikitable > tbody:first-of-type > tr:not(.static-row-header)::before { border-top-width: 0; border-left-width: 0; } /** * Fix Timeless skin very wide tables not sticky. */ body.skin-timeless .sticky-table-scroll .overflowed, body.skin-timeless .sticky-table-scroll .overflowed .content-table { overflow: visible; /* Reset. */ } body.skin-timeless .sticky-table-scroll .overflowed { margin-top: 0; /* Was "1em". */ margin-bottom: 0; /* Was "1em". */ } body.skin-timeless .sticky-table-scroll .scroll-right.overflowed .content-table-right { box-shadow: none; /* Reset. */ border-left: none; /* Reset. */ } body.skin-timeless .sticky-table-scroll .wikitable { padding: 0; } /** * Fix VisualEditor (VE) removing scrollable and hiding content. */ html.ve-activated .sticky-table-scroll { max-height: none; /* Unhide. */ } } /** * Fix skins width <=639px (mobile) not sticky. */ @media screen and (max-width: 639px) { body.skin-minerva .sticky-table-scroll table, body.skin-monobook .sticky-table-scroll table, body.skin-vector-legacy .sticky-table-scroll table, body.skin-vector-2022 .sticky-table-scroll table { display: table; /* Was "block". */ } body.skin-minerva .sticky-table-scroll caption { display: table-caption; /* Was "block". */ } } /** * Fix "Sticky Table Headers" gadget issues; this template has priority. */ @media screen { .sticky-table-scroll .jquery-tablesorter:not(.sticky-table-head) > thead, .sticky-table-scroll .mw-sticky-header:not(.sticky-table-head) > thead { position: static; /* Was "sticky". */ top: auto; /* Was "0". */ z-index: auto; /* Was "10". */ } .sticky-table-scroll .jquery-tablesorter > tfoot, .sticky-table-scroll .mw-sticky-header > tfoot { position: static; /* Was "sticky". */ bottom: auto; /* Was "0". */ z-index: auto; /* Was "10". */ } } @media screen and (min-width: 1120px) { html.client-js.vector-sticky-header-enabled .sticky-table-scroll :not(.sticky-table-head) .mw-sticky-header-element { top: auto !important; /* Was "3.125rem !important". */ } } i51oyvc5igldo1oq5m3rnpftskydmxh سانچو:Country data UN 10 94131 367912 2026-03-27T21:31:03Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = United Nations | flag alias = Flag of the United Nations.svg | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | redir1 = UN | redir2 = UNO | redir3 = the United Nations </noinclude> }}<noinclude> [[Category:United Nations templates]] </noinclude> 367912 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = United Nations | flag alias = Flag of the United Nations.svg | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | redir1 = UN | redir2 = UNO | redir3 = the United Nations </noinclude> }}<noinclude> [[Category:United Nations templates]] </noinclude> bo1dl3zk70pgdoehmaogf2p61r6i3w2 سانچو:Row hover highlight 10 94132 367913 2026-03-27T21:33:36Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: <indicator name="pp-default">[[File:Semi-protection-shackle.svg|20px|link=Wikipedia:Protection policy#semi|alt=Permanently protected template|This high-risk template is permanently semi-protected to prevent vandalism]]</indicator><div aria-labelledby="documentation-heading" class="documentation-container" role="complementary"> <div class="documentation"> <div class="documentation-startbox"> <span class="documentation-heading" id="documentation-heading">File:Test_Templat... 367913 wikitext text/x-wiki <indicator name="pp-default">[[File:Semi-protection-shackle.svg|20px|link=Wikipedia:Protection policy#semi|alt=Permanently protected template|This high-risk template is permanently semi-protected to prevent vandalism]]</indicator><div aria-labelledby="documentation-heading" class="documentation-container" role="complementary"> <div class="documentation"> <div class="documentation-startbox"> <span class="documentation-heading" id="documentation-heading">[[File:Test_Template_Info-Icon_-_Version_(2).svg|link=|alt=|50x50px]] Template documentation</span><span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks">&#x5B;[[Template:Row hover highlight/doc|view]]&#x5D; &#x5B;[[Special:EditPage/Template:Row hover highlight/doc|edit]]&#x5D; &#x5B;[[Special:PageHistory/Template:Row hover highlight/doc|history]]&#x5D; &#x5B;[[Special:Purge/Template:Row hover highlight|purge]]&#x5D;</span></div> <templatestyles src="Module:Shortcut/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist">[[wikipedia:Shortcut|Shortcut]]</div><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * &#x7B;&#x7B;<span class="plainlinks">[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Mw-datatable&redirect=no mw-datatable]</span>&#x7D;&#x7D; </div></div> <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ombox.css"></templatestyles> {| class="plainlinks ombox mbox-small ombox-notice" role="presentation" | class="mbox-image" |[[File:Farm-Fresh_css_add.svg|alt=CSS|32x32px]] | class="mbox-text" |This template uses [[mw:Help:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]]: <div> * Template:Row hover highlight/styles.css </div> |} This template (re)enables row hover highlighting via wikitable class modifier <kbd style="background:#EEEEEE; letter-spacing:0.05em; padding-left:0.25em; padding-right:0.2em;">mw-datatable</kbd>. 0ctp006y5fhjx21mmnrdnnwhsot7m74 ماڊيول:Shortcut/styles.css 828 94133 367914 2026-03-27T21:34:46Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: /* {{pp-template}} */ .hover-highlight tr:hover, .mw-datatable tr:hover { background-color: var(--background-color-progressive-subtle, #f1f4fd); color: var(--color-base, #202122); } .mw-datatable { background-color: var(--background-color-base, #fff); color: var(--color-base, #202122); } 367914 sanitized-css text/css /* {{pp-template}} */ .hover-highlight tr:hover, .mw-datatable tr:hover { background-color: var(--background-color-progressive-subtle, #f1f4fd); color: var(--color-base, #202122); } .mw-datatable { background-color: var(--background-color-base, #fff); color: var(--color-base, #202122); } gty9sovf3vyylyxwgm5l1zby068tcau سانچو:Caution 10 94134 367915 2026-03-27T21:36:38Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Mbox | name = Caution | demospace = {{{demospace|}}} | style = {{{style|}}} | subst = <includeonly>{{subst:substcheck}}</includeonly> | type = style | image = {{#if:{{{image|}}} |[[File:{{{image}}}|{{{imagesize|40px}}}|Caution|link={{{imagelink|}}}]] |[[File:Ambox warning yellow.svg|{{{imagesize|40px}}}|Caution|link={{{imagelink|}}}]]}} | small = {{{small|}}} | smallimage = {{#if:{{{image|}}} |File:{{{image}}}|{{{imagesize|40px}}}|Caution|link={{{imagelink|... 367915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mbox | name = Caution | demospace = {{{demospace|}}} | style = {{{style|}}} | subst = <includeonly>{{subst:substcheck}}</includeonly> | type = style | image = {{#if:{{{image|}}} |[[File:{{{image}}}|{{{imagesize|40px}}}|Caution|link={{{imagelink|}}}]] |[[File:Ambox warning yellow.svg|{{{imagesize|40px}}}|Caution|link={{{imagelink|}}}]]}} | small = {{{small|}}} | smallimage = {{#if:{{{image|}}} |[[File:{{{image}}}|{{{imagesize|40px}}}|Caution|link={{{imagelink|}}}]] |[[File:Ambox warning yellow.svg|30px|Caution|link={{{imagelink|}}}]]}} | imageright = {{#if:{{{imageright|}}} |{{{imageright}}} |{{#if:{{{shortcut|{{{shortcut1|}}}}}} |{{Ombox/shortcut|{{{shortcut|{{{shortcut1|}}}}}}|{{{shortcut2|}}}|{{{shortcut3|}}}|{{{shortcut4|}}}|{{{shortcut5|}}}}}}} }} | textstyle = {{{textstyle|{{{align|text-align: {{#if:{{{center|}}}|center|left}};}}}}}} | text = {{#if:{{{header|{{{heading|{{{title|}}}}}}}}} |<div style="text-align:{{#if:{{{center|}}}|center|left}};">'''{{{header|{{{heading|{{{title|}}}}}}}}}'''</div>}}<!-- -->{{{text|{{{content|{{{reason|{{{1}}}}}}}}}}}} }}{{Editnotice EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE}}<noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> s5y2taqjeoezacsy1lfwe91a86uw26b سانچو:Center block 10 94135 367916 2026-03-27T21:38:55Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: <includeonly><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:{{{talign|{{{align|initial}}}}}}; {{#if:{{{width|}}}|width:{{{width}}};|width:-moz-fit-content; width:-webkit-fit-content; width:fit-content;}} {{#if:{{{max-width|}}}|max-width:{{{max-width}}};}} {{#if:{{{height|}}}|height:{{{height}}};}} {{#if:{{{style|}}}|{{{style}}}}}"><!-- -->{{#if:{{{title|}}}|<span style="display:inline-block; text-align:center; {{#if:{{{width|}}}{{{max-width|}}}|width:... 367916 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:{{{talign|{{{align|initial}}}}}}; {{#if:{{{width|}}}|width:{{{width}}};|width:-moz-fit-content; width:-webkit-fit-content; width:fit-content;}} {{#if:{{{max-width|}}}|max-width:{{{max-width}}};}} {{#if:{{{height|}}}|height:{{{height}}};}} {{#if:{{{style|}}}|{{{style}}}}}"><!-- -->{{#if:{{{title|}}}|<span style="display:inline-block; text-align:center; {{#if:{{{width|}}}{{{max-width|}}}|width:100%}}">{{{title}}}</span>|}} {{{text|{{{1}}}}}} </div></includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> 9m89x8w4edgc405sef22g5tsqga7ddf سانچو:Left 10 94136 367917 2026-03-27T21:40:34Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: <includeonly>{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq:{{{1|a}}}|{{{1|b}}} |<div style="float:left;">{{{1|}}}</div> |style="text-align:left"{{{{{|safesubst:}}}!}}[[Category:Pages using left with no arguments]] }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Please add categories to the /doc subpage, and interwikis at Wikidata (see Wikipedia:Wikidata) --> </noinclude> 367917 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq:{{{1|a}}}|{{{1|b}}} |<div style="float:left;">{{{1|}}}</div> |style="text-align:left"{{{{{|safesubst:}}}!}}[[Category:Pages using left with no arguments]] }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Please add categories to the /doc subpage, and interwikis at Wikidata (see Wikipedia:Wikidata) --> </noinclude> teirowkfq8gw2jcurqiv67o4zj839qf سانچو:Justify 10 94137 367918 2026-03-27T21:41:39Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: <includeonly><div style="text-align:justify; {{#if:{{{text-justify|}}}|text-justify:{{{text-justify}}};}} margin-bottom:1em">{{{1}}}</div></includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> 367918 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><div style="text-align:justify; {{#if:{{{text-justify|}}}|text-justify:{{{text-justify}}};}} margin-bottom:1em">{{{1}}}</div></includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> nwd1odkt36cvixf9r7b6cgrzhj92gyo سانچو:Float begin 10 94138 367919 2026-03-27T21:44:16Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: <includeonly><div class="thumb t{{{side|right}}}" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #CCCCCC; {{#if:{{{width|}}}|width:{{{width}}};}} margin:0.5em;"> {| border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 85%; border: 1px solid #CCCCCC; margin: 0.3em;" </includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 367919 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><div class="thumb t{{{side|right}}}" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #CCCCCC; {{#if:{{{width|}}}|width:{{{width}}};}} margin:0.5em;"> {| border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 85%; border: 1px solid #CCCCCC; margin: 0.3em;" </includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 5phahakkezjge8nftrhszmvgda08rax سانچو:Float begin/doc 10 94139 367920 2026-03-27T21:45:25Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: <includeonly> <div class="thumb t{{{side|right}}}" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #CCCCCC; {{#if:{{{width|}}}|width:{{{width}}};}} margin:0.5em;"> {| border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 85%; border: 1px solid #CCCCCC; margin: 0.3em;" </includeonly> <noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 367920 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly> <div class="thumb t{{{side|right}}}" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #CCCCCC; {{#if:{{{width|}}}|width:{{{width}}};}} margin:0.5em;"> {| border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 85%; border: 1px solid #CCCCCC; margin: 0.3em;" </includeonly> <noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> ktbbmo3f4270d6iobwy5qus5cnb7scg سانچو:Float end 10 94140 367921 2026-03-27T21:46:26Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: <includeonly>|} <div style="border: none;"><div class="thumbcaption">{{{1|{{{caption}}}}}}</div></div></div></includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation|Template:Float begin/doc}}</noinclude> 367921 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>|} <div style="border: none;"><div class="thumbcaption">{{{1|{{{caption}}}}}}</div></div></div></includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation|Template:Float begin/doc}}</noinclude> 94kcvr1d4yx57st9azhms80pja0a7qn سانچو:Unbulleted indent list 10 94141 367925 2026-03-27T22:59:31Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{<includeonly>safesubst:</includeonly>#invoke:list|unbulleted|list_style=margin-left:{{{in|{{{indent|1em}}}}}};text-indent:-{{{in|{{{indent|1em}}}}}}}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Categories go on the /doc subpage, and interwikis go on Wikidata. --> </noinclude> 367925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{<includeonly>safesubst:</includeonly>#invoke:list|unbulleted|list_style=margin-left:{{{in|{{{indent|1em}}}}}};text-indent:-{{{in|{{{indent|1em}}}}}}}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Categories go on the /doc subpage, and interwikis go on Wikidata. --> </noinclude> pxttbudrayxknchbtdru63jegeck3wn سانچو:Unbulleted indent list/doc 10 94142 367926 2026-03-27T23:01:40Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} {{Template shortcut|ubil|ubli|UBLI}} {{Stack|{{Lua|Module:List}}}} هي سانچو {{tlx|unbulleted list}} سان تمام گهڻو مشابه آهي، پر ان ۾ هڪ اضافي خوبي آهي: جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڊگهي داخلا جو ڪجهه حصو نئين سٽ تي هلي وڃي، ته اهو پاڻمرادو ان کي indentation ڏئي ٿو. ان سان محدود ويڪر واري هنڌ—مثال طور {{tlx|infobox}} ۾—گ... 367926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{Template shortcut|ubil|ubli|UBLI}} {{Stack|{{Lua|Module:List}}}} هي سانچو {{tlx|unbulleted list}} سان تمام گهڻو مشابه آهي، پر ان ۾ هڪ اضافي خوبي آهي: جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڊگهي داخلا جو ڪجهه حصو نئين سٽ تي هلي وڃي، ته اهو پاڻمرادو ان کي indentation ڏئي ٿو. ان سان محدود ويڪر واري هنڌ—مثال طور {{tlx|infobox}} ۾—گهڻين اهڙين داخلائن کي هڪ ٻئي کان سڃاڻڻ آسان ٿي پوي ٿو، ۽ bulleted list جي ضرورت به نه رهي ٿي. {{tld|Unbulleted indent list}}، [[MOS:UBLIST]] ۽ [[MOS:PLIST]] موجب، <code><nowiki><br /></nowiki></code> سان جدا ڪيل فهرستن جو [[WCAG]]-مطابق ۽ رسائي لائق متبادل مهيا ڪري ٿو. === استعمال === {{Infobox |bodystyle = width:21em |title = Example |label1 = First label | data1 = Some data |label2 = Awards | data2 = {{unbulleted indent list |[[Royal Geographical Society's Founder's Medal]] (1888) |[[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]] (1896) |[[Chevalier dans l'Ordre de la Légion d'Honneur]] (1899) }} |label3 = Second&nbsp;label | data3 = Some more data }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Infobox |label1 = Some data |awards = {{unbulleted indent list |[[Royal Geographical Society's Founder's Medal]] (1888) |[[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]] (1896) |[[Chevalier dans l'Ordre de la Légion d'Honneur]] (1899) }} |label2 = Some more data }}</syntaxhighlight> ==== حسبِ ضرورت indentation ==== {{Infobox |bodystyle = width:21em |title = Example |label1 = First label | data1 = Some data |label2 = Awards | data2 = {{unbulleted indent list|indent=2em |[[Royal Geographical Society's Founder's Medal]] (1888) |[[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]] (1896) |[[Chevalier dans l'Ordre de la Légion d'Honneur]] (1899) }} |label3 = Second&nbsp;label | data3 = Some more data }} {{pre|<nowiki>{{Infobox |label1 = Some data |awards = {{unbulleted indent list|</nowiki>{{bg|lightgreen|indent&#61;2em}}<nowiki> |[[Royal Geographical Society's Founder's Medal]] (1888) |[[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]] (1896) |[[Chevalier dans l'Ordre de la Légion d'Honneur]] (1899) }} |label2 = Some more data }}</nowiki> }} === TemplateData === {{collapse top|title=[[Wikipedia:TemplateData|TemplateData]] جي دستاويز، جيڪا [[Wikipedia:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]] ۽ ٻين اوزارن ۾ استعمال ٿئي ٿي}} {{TemplateData header|noheader=1}} <templatedata> { "description": "بغير بلٽ واري فهرست جو هڪ اهڙو روپ، جنهن ۾ indentation پاڻمرادو ٿئي ٿي.", "params": { "1": { "label": "مواد", "description": "هر سٽ pipe ڪردار سان شروع ٿيڻ گهرجي.", "type": "content", "required": true }, "class": { "label": "ڪلاس", "description": "گهيريندڙ div ۾ هڪ CSS class شامل ڪري ٿو.", "type": "string", "default": "class \"plainlist\" هميشه لاڳو ڪئي ويندي آهي.", "example": "nowrap" }, "style": { "label": "انداز", "description": "CSS style جا اختيار شامل ڪري ٿو. پيچيده styles مضمونن ۾ استعمال نه ٿيڻ گهرجن—[[WP:Deviations]] موجب—پر يوزر، پراجيڪٽ ۽ ڳالهه ٻولهه وارن صفحن تي قبول ٿي سگهن ٿيون.", "type": "string", "example": "border:solid 1px silver; background:lightyellow;" }, "in": { "label": "Indentation", "description": "فهرست جي داخلائن لاءِ حسبِ ضرورت indentation ويڪر مقرر ڪري ٿو.", "type": "string", "default": "1em", "aliases": [ "indent" ] } } } </templatedata> {{collapse bottom}} === پڻ ڏسو === * {{tl|unbulleted list}} * {{tl|indented plainlist}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| {{DEFAULTSORT:Unbulleted indent list}} [[Category:List formatting and function templates]] [[Category:Semantic markup templates]] [[Category:Typing-aid templates]] }}</includeonly> rng8zl49an83azx9a8sc2a9y06s5hpt سانچو:Indented plainlist/doc 10 94143 367927 2026-03-27T23:04:11Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} {{Template shortcut|idp|ilist}} هي سانچو {{tlx|plainlist}} سان گهڻو مشابه آهي، پر ان ۾ هڪ خاص خوبي آهي: جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڊگهي فهرست جي داخلا جو حصو نئين سٽ تي هلي وڃي، ته اهو پاڻمرادو ان کي indentation ڏئي ٿو. ان سان محدود ويڪر واري جڳهه—مثال طور {{tlx|infobox}}—۾ ڪيترين داخلائن کي هڪ ٻئي ک... 367927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{Template shortcut|idp|ilist}} هي سانچو {{tlx|plainlist}} سان گهڻو مشابه آهي، پر ان ۾ هڪ خاص خوبي آهي: جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڊگهي فهرست جي داخلا جو حصو نئين سٽ تي هلي وڃي، ته اهو پاڻمرادو ان کي indentation ڏئي ٿو. ان سان محدود ويڪر واري جڳهه—مثال طور {{tlx|infobox}}—۾ ڪيترين داخلائن کي هڪ ٻئي کان سڃاڻڻ آسان ٿي وڃي ٿو، ۽ bulleted list جي ضرورت ختم ٿي وڃي ٿي. {{tld|Indented plainlist}}، [[MOS:UBLIST]] ۽ [[MOS:PLIST]] موجب، <code><nowiki><br /></nowiki></code> سان جدا ڪيل فهرستن جو [[WCAG]]-مطابق ۽ رسائي لائق متبادل مهيا ڪري ٿو. === استعمال === {{Infobox |bodystyle = width:21em |title = Example |label1 = First label | data1 = Some data |label2 = Awards | data2 = {{indented plainlist| * [[Royal Geographical Society's Founder's Medal]] (1888) * [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]] (1896) * [[Chevalier dans l'Ordre de la Légion d'Honneur]] (1899) }} |label3 = Second&nbsp;label | data3 = Some more data }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{Infobox |label1 = Some data |awards = {{indented plainlist| * [[Royal Geographical Society's Founder's Medal]] (1888) * [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]] (1896) * [[Chevalier dans l'Ordre de la Légion d'Honneur]] (1899) }} |label2 = Some more data }}</syntaxhighlight> ==== حسبِ ضرورت indentation ==== {{Infobox |bodystyle = width:21em |title = Example |label1 = First label | data1 = Some data |label2 = Awards | data2 = {{indented plainlist|indent=2em| * [[Royal Geographical Society's Founder's Medal]] (1888) * [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]] (1896) * [[Chevalier dans l'Ordre de la Légion d'Honneur]] (1899) }} |label3 = Second&nbsp;label | data3 = Some more data }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" highlight="4"> {{Infobox |label1 = Some data |awards = {{indented plainlist |indent=2em| * [[Royal Geographical Society's Founder's Medal]] (1888) * [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]] (1896) * [[Chevalier dans l'Ordre de la Légion d'Honneur]] (1899) }} |label2 = Some more data }} </syntaxhighlight> === TemplateData === {{collapse top|title=[[Wikipedia:TemplateData|TemplateData]] جي دستاويز، جيڪا [[Wikipedia:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]] ۽ ٻين اوزارن ۾ استعمال ٿئي ٿي}} {{TemplateData header|noheader=1}} <templatedata> { "description": "plainlist جو هڪ اهڙو روپ، جنهن ۾ indentation پاڻمرادو ٿئي ٿي.", "params": { "1": { "label": "مواد", "description": "جيڪڏهن ڏنو وڃي، فهرست عام bulleted list وانگر هوندي. هر سٽ ستاري (*) سان شروع ٿيڻ گهرجي. سٽن جي وچ ۾ خالي سٽ نه هجي.", "type": "content", "required": true }, "class": { "label": "ڪلاس", "description": "گهيريندڙ div ۾ CSS class شامل ڪري ٿو.", "type": "string", "default": "class \"plainlist\" هميشه لاڳو ٿيندي.", "example": "nowrap" }, "style": { "label": "انداز", "description": "CSS style جا اختيار شامل ڪري ٿو. پيچيده styles مضمونن ۾ استعمال نه ٿيڻ گهرجن—[[WP:Deviations]] موجب—پر يوزر، پراجيڪٽ ۽ ڳالهه ٻولهه وارن صفحن تي قابلِ قبول ٿي سگهن ٿا.", "type": "string", "example": "border:solid 1px silver; background:lightyellow;" }, "in": { "label": "Indentation", "description": "فهرست جي داخلائن لاءِ حسبِ ضرورت indentation جي ويڪر مقرر ڪري ٿو.", "type": "string", "default": "1em", "aliases": [ "indent" ] } } } </templatedata> {{collapse bottom}} === پڻ ڏسو === * {{tl|plainlist}} * {{tl|unbulleted indent list}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| {{DEFAULTSORT:Indented plainlist}} [[Category:List formatting and function templates]] [[Category:Semantic markup templates]] [[Category:Typing-aid templates]] }}</includeonly> im9wqum14ek71hy9us9befvincoj8lu سانچو:Ubil 10 94144 367928 2026-03-27T23:05:28Z Intisar Ali 8681 صفحي کي [[سانچو:Unbulleted indent list]] ڏانھن چوريو 367928 wikitext text/x-wiki #چوريو[[سانچو:Unbulleted indent list]] 2xg5ihgwgn7qyjcdy88u2wgprtzjvda سانچو:Collapsible list/doc 10 94145 367930 2026-03-27T23:08:52Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} {{Template shortcuts|clist}} {{lua|Module:Collapsible list}} {{Uses TemplateStyles|Template:Hlist/styles.css}} {{Collapse Templates}} هي سانچو هڪ collapsible (لڪائي/کولي سگهجندڙ) فهرست تيار ڪري ٿو. هن ۾ "frame" (فهرست جي چوڌاري {{tag|div}} ٽيگ)، فهرست جي عنوان، ۽ فهرست جي شيون لاءِ [[CSS]] styles مقرر ڪري سگهجن ٿا. هن سانچي... 367930 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} {{Template shortcuts|clist}} {{lua|Module:Collapsible list}} {{Uses TemplateStyles|Template:Hlist/styles.css}} {{Collapse Templates}} هي سانچو هڪ collapsible (لڪائي/کولي سگهجندڙ) فهرست تيار ڪري ٿو. هن ۾ "frame" (فهرست جي چوڌاري {{tag|div}} ٽيگ)، فهرست جي عنوان، ۽ فهرست جي شيون لاءِ [[CSS]] styles مقرر ڪري سگهجن ٿا. هن سانچي ۾ فهرست جي شين جو تعداد لامحدود ٿي سگهي ٿو. هي سانچو عام طور [[WP:Infobox|infoboxes]] ۽ [[WP:NAVBOX|navboxes]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آهي؛ عام مضمون جي متن ۾ ان جو استعمال عام طور مناسب ناهي، [[MOS:DONTHIDE]] موجب. Infobox ۾ هن سانچي جي استعمال بابت، MOS:DONTHIDE هڪ استثنا بيان ڪري ٿو: ڪجهه infoboxes ۾ گهٽ اهم تفصيلن لاءِ اڳواٽ بند (collapsed) حصا استعمال ٿيندا آهن. جيڪڏهن اهڙي معلومات غيرضروري يا معمولي لڳي، ته مضمون (يا سانچي) جي ڳالهه ٻولهه واري صفحي تي بحث ڪرڻ گهرجي ته اها معلومات شامل ٿيڻ گهرجي يا نه. == نحو (Syntax) == <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="font-size:95%;overflow:auto;"> {{Collapsible list | expand = | framestyle = | titlestyle = | title = | liststyle = | hlist = | bullets = | 1 = <!--(فهرست جي پهرين شي؛ "1 =" اڪثر ضروري نه هوندو آهي)--> | 2 = <!--(ٻي شي)--> | 3 = <!--(ٽئين شي)--> | <!-- وغيره --> }} </syntaxhighlight> == پيرا ميٽر == {{Aligned table |style=line-height:1.35em; |col1style=padding-right:1.5em; |col2style=vertical-align:middle; | ''expand'' | هن پيرا ميٽر ۾ ڪو به متن (حتٰي "no") ڏيڻ سان فهرست ڊفالٽ طور کليل (expanded) رهندي. جيڪڏهن خالي ڇڏيو وڃي ته فهرست بند (collapsed) رهندي. | ''framestyle'' | سڄي سانچي (عنوان ۽ فهرست) لاءِ CSS انداز. | ''titlestyle'' | عنوان لاءِ CSS انداز. | ''title'' | فهرست جو عنوان (هميشه show/hide لنڪ جي ڀرسان نظر ايندو). | ''liststyle'' | فهرست لاءِ CSS انداز (خاص طور {{tag|ul}} ٽيگ لاءِ). | ''hlist'' | {{para|hlist|on}} يا {{para|hlist|true}} ڏيڻ سان فهرست افقي (horizontal) ٿيندي. | ''bullets'' | {{para|bullets|on}} يا {{para|bullets|true}} ڏيڻ سان هر شي اڳيان bullet لڳندو. | بغير نالي پيرا ميٽر<br>(پهريون، ٻيون، ٽيون...) | فهرست جون شيون (جن ترتيب سان ظاهر ٿينديون). جيڪڏهن ڪا به شي نه ڏني وڃي ته سانچو ڪجهه به ظاهر نه ڪندو. }} == مثال == <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="font-size:95%;overflow:auto;"> {{Collapsible list | title = [[European Free Trade Association]] جا ميمبر | [[Iceland]] | [[Liechtenstein]] | [[Norway]] | [[Switzerland]] }} </syntaxhighlight> === Infobox اندر بغير بارڊر واري فهرست جو مثال === هن مثال ۾ leader_name2 ۽ leader_name3 ۾ collapsible list استعمال ڪئي وئي آهي. <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="font-size:95%; overflow:auto;"> {{Infobox settlement |official_name = City of Hamilton ... |leader_title = [[Mayor]] |leader_name = [[Fred Eisenberger]] |leader_title1 = [[City council]] |leader_name1 = [[Hamilton City Council]] |leader_title2 = [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|MPs]] |leader_name2 = {{Collapsible list |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; |title=List of MPs |1=[[Dean Allison]] |2=[[Chris Charlton]] |3=[[David Christopherson]] |4=[[Wayne Marston]] |5=[[David Sweet]] }} |leader_title3 = [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|MPPs]] |leader_name3 = {{Collapsible list |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; |title=List of MPPs |1=[[Marie Bountrogianni]] |2=[[Andrea Horwath]] |3=[[Judy Marsales]] |4=[[Ted McMeekin]] |5=[[Jennifer Mossop]] }} }} </syntaxhighlight> == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "label": "پهرين فهرست شي", "description": "فهرست جي هڪ شي", "type": "content", "suggested": true }, "2": { "label": "ٻي فهرست شي", "description": "فهرست جي هڪ شي", "type": "content", "suggested": true }, "3": { "label": "ٽين فهرست شي", "description": "فهرست جي هڪ شي", "type": "content", "suggested": true }, "expand": { "label": "فهرست کوليو", "description": "فهرست بند بدران کليل ڏيکاريو", "type": "string" }, "framestyle": { "label": "فريم انداز", "description": "سڄي سانچي لاءِ CSS انداز", "type": "string" }, "titlestyle": { "label": "عنوان انداز", "description": "عنوان لاءِ CSS انداز", "type": "string" }, "title": { "label": "عنوان", "description": "فهرست جو عنوان", "type": "string" }, "liststyle": { "label": "فهرست انداز", "description": "فهرست لاءِ CSS انداز", "type": "string" }, "hlist": { "label": "افقي فهرست", "description": "فهرست کي افقي بڻايو", "type": "string" }, "bullets": { "label": "بلٽ", "description": "هر شي اڳيان bullet لڳايو", "type": "string" } }, "description": "هڪ HTML فهرست تيار ڪري ٿو جيڪا بند يا کولجي سگهي ٿي" } </templatedata> <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| [[Category:Collapse templates]] [[Category:List formatting and function templates]] }}</includeonly> 17ec9gd5l9vooxk5x9b7zcj91p1x1xl سانچو:Collapsed infobox section begin/doc 10 94146 367934 2026-03-27T23:17:28Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- زمرا ھيٺ شامل ڪريو ۽ بين اللساني لنڪ وڪيڊيٽا تي شامل ڪريو --> {{Template shortcut |cisb}} {{Collapse Templates}} ھي سانچو {{tl|collapsed infobox section end}} سان گڏ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آھي ته جيئن [[Help:infobox|انفو باڪس]] اندر ھڪ بند (collapsed) سيڪشن ٺاھي سگھجي. ھي {{tl|hidden}} جھڙو ناھي، جيڪو سڄي انفو ب... 367934 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- زمرا ھيٺ شامل ڪريو ۽ بين اللساني لنڪ وڪيڊيٽا تي شامل ڪريو --> {{Template shortcut |cisb}} {{Collapse Templates}} ھي سانچو {{tl|collapsed infobox section end}} سان گڏ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آھي ته جيئن [[Help:infobox|انفو باڪس]] اندر ھڪ بند (collapsed) سيڪشن ٺاھي سگھجي. ھي {{tl|hidden}} جھڙو ناھي، جيڪو سڄي انفو باڪس کي لڪائڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آھي، يا {{tl|collapsible list}} جھڙو ناھي، جيڪو انفو باڪس اندر ھڪ فهرست کي بند ڪري ٿو. == استعمال == بند سيڪشن جي پھرين قطار کان اڳ {{tlc|collapsed infobox section begin}} رکو (عام طور تي تصوير واري انفو باڪس جي caption ۾)، ۽ بند سيڪشن جي آخري قطار کان پوءِ {{tlc|collapsed infobox section end}} رکو (عام طور تي ويب سائيٽ يا فوٽ نوٽس کان پوءِ). == پيراميٽر == ھن سانچي ۾ ھڪ اختياري بغير نالي وارو پيراميٽر آھي جيڪو بند سيڪشن جي عنوان لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو. : {{tlc|collapsed infobox section begin|Heading}} جيڪڏهن اھو نه ڏنو وڃي ته سانچو ڊفالٽ عنوان "<code>Further information</code>" استعمال ڪندو. ھن سانچي ۾ اسٽائل تبديل ڪرڻ لاءِ ٻه اختياري نالي وارا پيراميٽر پڻ آھن. سيڪشن عنوان جي اسٽائل بدلائڻ لاءِ {{para|titlestyle}} استعمال ڪريو. بند ٽيبل جي اسٽائل بدلائڻ لاءِ {{para|style}} استعمال ڪريو. {{para|cont|yes}} يا {{para|last|yes}} سيٽ ڪرڻ سان سيڪشن جي ھيٺئين مارجن گھٽ ٿي ويندي. {{para|div|yes}} سيٽ ڪرڻ سان {{tag|div|c}} ۽ {{tag|div|o}} ٽيگ شامل ٿيندا ته جيئن "linter errors" درست ٿي سگھن. عام طور تي اھو ان وقت ضروري ٿيندو آھي جڏهن {{tlc|collapsed infobox section begin}} يا {{tlc|collapsed infobox section end}} کي {{tlc|infobox}} جي caption اندر رکيو وڃي. {{para|td|yes}} سيٽ ڪرڻ سان مواد کان اڳ {{tag|td|o}} ٽيگ شامل ٿيندو ته جيئن ٻئي قسم جي Linter غلطي درست ٿي سگھي، جيڪا تڏهن ٿيندي آھي جڏهن ھي سانچو ٻين انفو باڪس پيراميٽرن اندر استعمال ڪيو وڃي. جيڪڏهن لڪايل مواد ٽن يا وڌيڪ ڪالمن ۾ ھجي ته {{para|columns|3}} يا مناسب ڪالمن جو انگ سيٽ ڪريو. == مثال == {{Infobox person | name = Tim Template | image = wikipedia.png | caption = Tim in 2012 {{collapsed infobox section begin|div=yes|Biographical data|titlestyle=background-color:#eee}} | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2000|1|1}} | alma_mater = Wikipedia | website = {{official website|www.wikipedia.org}}<!-- -->{{collapsed infobox section end}} }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto"> {{Infobox person | name = Tim Template | image = wikipedia.png | caption = Tim in 2012 {{collapsed infobox section begin|div=yes|Biographical data|titlestyle=background-color:#eee}} | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2000|1|1}} | alma_mater = Wikipedia | website = {{official website|www.wikipedia.org}}<!-- -->{{collapsed infobox section end}} }} </syntaxhighlight> == خبرداريون == جيڪڏهن begin يا end مان ڪو به سانچو صحيح طريقي سان شامل نه ڪيو ويو ته انفو باڪس خراب ٿي سگھي ٿو، جنهن سبب سڄو مضمون لڪي سگھي ٿو (جيڪڏهن end سانچو نه هجي)، يا اوچتو ختم ٿي سگھي ٿو (جيڪڏهن begin سانچو نه هجي). جيڪڏهن سوانح عمري واري انفو باڪس ۾ دستخط شامل هجن ته دستخط بند سيڪشن اندر نه رکيا وڃن. جيڪڏهن {{para|signature}} يا {{para|signature_alt}} begin ۽ end سانچن جي وچ ۾ شامل ڪيا ويا ته انفو باڪس سڄو مضمون لڪائي ڇڏيندو. جيئن ٻين بند مواد سان ٿيندو آهي، جيڪڏهن حوالا (<code><nowiki><ref>...</ref></nowiki></code>) بند سيڪشن اندر هجن ته پڙهندڙ حوالن واري جڳهه تي سڌو نه وڃي سگهندا. Backlinks صرف تڏهن ڪم ڪندا جڏهن بند سيڪشن کوليل هجي. ساڳي ڳالهه {{tl|collapsible list}} يا {{tl|hidden}} يا ٻين بند مواد تي به لاڳو ٿئي ٿي. == وڌيڪ ڏسو == * {{tl|hidden}}, {{tl|hidden begin}}, {{tl|hidden end}} * {{tl|Collapsible list}} * {{tl|Infobox}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- زمرا ھيٺ شامل ڪريو؛ بين اللساني لنڪ وڪيڊيٽا تي --> [[Category:Infobox templates| ]] [[Category:Collapse templates]] }}</includeonly> 3k87ucp49hih8af2te4c6hn0if11iuy سانچو:ڄاڻ دٻو/پڇاڙي 10 94147 367936 2026-03-27T23:22:35Z Intisar Ali 8681 Intisar Ali صفحي [[سانچو:ڄاڻ دٻو/پڇاڙي]] کي [[سانچو:ڄاڻخانو/پڇاڙي]] ڏانھن چوريو 367936 wikitext text/x-wiki #چوريو [[سانچو:ڄاڻخانو/پڇاڙي]] gk35idg7kn09e51ekrt8eqktq5wb3a2 ماڊيول:Template link general/doc 828 94148 367938 2026-03-27T23:29:07Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Used in system}} {{Module rating|protected}} {{Lua|ماڊيول:Arguments}} ھي ماڊيول {{Template link|Template link general}} ۽ ان سان لاڳاپيل ٻين سانچن کي لاڳو ڪري ٿو. == بنيادي استعمال == <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{#invoke:Template link general|main}}</syntaxhighlight> ھي ماڊيول {{Template link|Template link general}} ۽ لاڳاپيل سانچن طرفان استعمال ڪيو ويندو آھي... 367938 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Used in system}} {{Module rating|protected}} {{Lua|ماڊيول:Arguments}} ھي ماڊيول {{Template link|Template link general}} ۽ ان سان لاڳاپيل ٻين سانچن کي لاڳو ڪري ٿو. == بنيادي استعمال == <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{#invoke:Template link general|main}}</syntaxhighlight> ھي ماڊيول {{Template link|Template link general}} ۽ لاڳاپيل سانچن طرفان استعمال ڪيو ويندو آھي ته جيئن سانچن ڏانھن لنڪ ڏيکاريا وڃن. ھي {{Template link|Template link}} سان ملندڙ جلندڙ آھي، پر ھن ۾ اضافي فارميٽنگ جا اختيار ۽ ڏيک ۾ پيراميٽر شامل ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت پڻ موجود آھي. مڪمل پيراميٽرن جي فهرست لاءِ {{Slink|Template:Template link general#Parameters}} ڏسو، جيڪي ڪنھن به قدر (جهڙوڪ "on"، "yes" وغيره) ڏيڻ سان فعال ٿي سگھن ٿا. <noinclude> [[pt:Módulo:Link de predefinição em geral/doc]] </noinclude> <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| [[زمرو:Link modules]] }}</includeonly> 4ctjlwdgufk3e9gmxg6tdolq1troze4 ماڊيول:Unsubst/doc 828 94149 367940 2026-03-27T23:37:21Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: <!-- زمرا ھيٺ شامل ڪريو --> {{high-risk|all=pages=yes}} {{Module rating|protected}} {{lua|Module:Template invocation|noprotcat=yes}} مينٽيننس سانچا، جهڙوڪ {{tl|Citation needed}} يا {{tl|Refimprove}}، ڪڏهن به substitute نه ڪيا وڃن. ان کان بچڻ جو هڪ طريقو اهو آهي ته سانچي کي اهڙي صورت ۾ substitute ڪيو وڃي جو اهو پنهنجي transcluded صورت ۾ تبديل ٿي وڃي.... 367940 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- زمرا ھيٺ شامل ڪريو --> {{high-risk|all=pages=yes}} {{Module rating|protected}} {{lua|Module:Template invocation|noprotcat=yes}} مينٽيننس سانچا، جهڙوڪ {{tl|Citation needed}} يا {{tl|Refimprove}}، ڪڏهن به substitute نه ڪيا وڃن. ان کان بچڻ جو هڪ طريقو اهو آهي ته سانچي کي اهڙي صورت ۾ substitute ڪيو وڃي جو اهو پنهنجي transcluded صورت ۾ تبديل ٿي وڃي. هي ماڊيول اهو طريقو لاڳو ڪري ٿو. Infobox لاءِ [[Module:Unsubst-infobox]] استعمال ٿيڻ گهرجي، ۽ اهڙن ٻين سانچن لاءِ به جيڪي عام طور بلاڪ فارميٽ ۾ پيراميٽر ڏيکارين ٿا. === استعمال === ڪنهن سانچي کي self-substituting template بڻائڻ لاءِ، موجوده سانچي جي ڪوڊ کي هن ريت wrap ڪريو: <pre> {{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke: Unsubst||$B= [ ... موجوده سانچي جو ڪوڊ ... ] }} </pre> جيڪو وڪي ٽيڪسٽ substitute نه ٿيڻ جي حالت ۾ ڏيکارڻو آهي، اهو "$B" طور ڏنو وڃي. #invoke ڏانهن پاس ڪيل ٻيا سڀ پيراميٽر default قدر طور پيدا ٿيندڙ template invocation ۾ شامل ڪيا ويندا. جيڪڏهن انهن مان ڪنهن default پيراميٽر جي قيمت <code>__DATE__</code> هجي، ته پيدا ٿيندڙ template invocation ۾ اها موجوده مهينو ۽ سال سان بدلجي ويندي. ڪجهه سانچن ۾ {{tag|noinclude|o}} هوندو آهي پر آخر ۾ {{tag|noinclude|c}} نه هوندو. اهڙي حالت ۾، ختم ٿيندڙ <code>{{))}}</code> کان اڳ گم ٿيل {{tag|noinclude|c}} شامل ڪرڻ ضروري آهي. ==== اعليٰ استعمال ==== <pre> {{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke: Unsubst||$params=[ parameters ]|$aliases=[ aliases ]|$flags=[ flags ]|$B= [ ... موجوده سانچي جو ڪوڊ ... ] }} </pre> Lua جي حدن سبب، جڏهن سانچو substitute ٿئي ٿو ته پيراميٽر عام طور بي ترتيب ترتيب ۾ اچن ٿا. {{para|$params}} استعمال ڪري پيراميٽر ترتيب سان لسٽ ڪري سگهجن ٿا (ڪاما سان جدا ٿيل). نمبر وارا پيراميٽر لسٽ جي شروعات ۾ هجڻ گهرجن. باقي پيراميٽر آخر ۾ شامل ٿيندا. پيراميٽر aliases {{para|$aliases}} ۾ ڏنا وڃن ٿا (۽ انهن کي {{para|$params}} ۾ شامل نه ڪيو وڃي)، ۽ اهي پاڻمرادو بدلجي ويندا. هر alias ۽ ان جي متبادل کي هن شڪل ۾ لکڻ گهرجي: <code>alias>replacement</code> ۽ انهن کي ڪاما سان جدا ڪيو وڃي. {{para|$flags}} سان ماڊيول جي ٻين خاصيتن کي تبديل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. صحيح flags هي آهن: * <code>override</code> – #invoke ۾ ڏنل پيراميٽر اصل template invocation تي ترجيح وٺندا * <code>keep-whitespace</code> – بغير نالي پيراميٽرن مان whitespace ختم نه ڪندو * <code>remove-empty</code> – خالي پيراميٽر ختم ڪندو اهي پيراميٽر parser functions سان گڏ به استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿا ته جيئن وڌيڪ پيچيده اختيار مهيا ڪري سگهجن. {{para|$template-name}} پيراميٽر سان substitute ٿيل template جو نالو override ڪري سگهجي ٿو. === مثال === فرض ڪريو Template:Example ۾ هي ڪوڊ هجي: <pre> {{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke: Unsubst||foo=bar |date=__DATE__ |$B= [ ... Template code ... ] }} </pre> {| class="wikitable" |- ! اصل !! نتيجو |- | {{tlsc|example}} || {{tlc|Example|date{{=}}{{#time:F Y}}|foo{{=}}bar}} |- | {{tlsc|example|foo{{=}}X}} || {{tlc|Example|date{{=}}{{#time:F Y}}|foo{{=}}X}} |- | {{tlsc|example|baz{{=}}X}} || {{tlc|Example|baz{{=}}X|date{{=}}{{#time:F Y}}|foo{{=}}bar}} |- | {{tlsc|example|date{{=}}January 2001}} || {{tlc|Example|date{{=}}January 2001|foo{{=}}bar}} |} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| | <!-- زمرا ھيٺ شامل ڪريو --> [[Category:Wikipedia metatemplates]] [[Category:Modules that add a tracking category]] }}</includeonly> qt1euh0cfd0m4ahzuwsepdrb390ot7b سانچو:Rating/doc 10 94150 367941 2026-03-27T23:43:32Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا ھيٺ شامل ڪريو ۽ بين اللساني لنڪس وڪيڊيٽا تي شامل ڪريو --> {{High-use}} هي سانچو تصويرن جي بنياد تي ريٽنگ سسٽم مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو آهي، جنهن ۾ ڊفالٽ طور ستارا استعمال ٿين ٿا. هي سانچو ڏهن تائين ريٽنگ قبول ڪري ٿو، ۽ ڇهن کان وڌيڪ نشان ننڍ... 367941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا ھيٺ شامل ڪريو ۽ بين اللساني لنڪس وڪيڊيٽا تي شامل ڪريو --> {{High-use}} هي سانچو تصويرن جي بنياد تي ريٽنگ سسٽم مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو آهي، جنهن ۾ ڊفالٽ طور ستارا استعمال ٿين ٿا. هي سانچو ڏهن تائين ريٽنگ قبول ڪري ٿو، ۽ ڇهن کان وڌيڪ نشان ننڍي سائيز ۾ ڏيکاريا ويندا. ==هن سانچي کي ڪڏهن استعمال ڪجي== هي سانچو مڪمل ۽ اڌ ريٽنگ سان ڪم ڪري ٿو (مثال طور 0، 0.5، 1، 1.5 وغيره). ٻيون ڀاڱي واريون ريٽنگون (جهڙوڪ 3.2، 7.25) گول ڪيون وينديون، ۽ اهڙي صورت ۾ صفحو [[:Category:Pages with incorrect use of Rating template]] زمري ۾ شامل ڪيو ويندو. اهڙين حالتن ۾ {{para|score}} استعمال ڪريو ته جيئن وضاحتي متن شامل ڪري سگهجي. مهرباني ڪري هي سانچو صرف تڏهن استعمال ڪريو جڏهن اصل ذريعو ريٽنگ تصويرن (مثال طور ستارن) سان ڏيکاري. مثال طور جيڪڏهن ڪو جائزو ڏيندڙ 5 مان 4 جي ريٽنگ ڏئي ۽ اها انگن ۾ هجي، ته مضمون ۾ صرف "4" يا "4/5" لکو. '''{{rating|4|5}} استعمال نه ڪريو جيڪڏهن ذريعو ستارا استعمال نه ڪري، ڇاڪاڻ ته اهو غلط ۽ گمراهه ڪندڙ هوندو.''' نوٽ ڪريو ته 10 مان ريٽنگ تصويرن سان ڏيکارڻ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن پڙهڻ ۾ مشڪل هوندو آهي. ==پيراميٽر== ===ڊفالٽ=== ستارن واري ريٽنگ ڏيکارڻ لاءِ صرف هي پيراميٽر ڪافي آهن: * پهريون بغير نالي وارو پيراميٽر ريٽنگ جو انگ آهي. * ٻيو بغير نالي وارو پيراميٽر اختياري آهي، جيڪو وڌ ۾ وڌ ريٽنگ ڏيکاري ٿو. ان سان خالي نشان به ڏيکاريا ويندا. '''مثال''' {| | {{rating|4|5}} || {{tnull|rating|4|5}} |- | {{rating|0|3}} || {{tnull|rating|0|3}} |- | {{rating|3.5|6}} || {{tnull|rating|3.5|6}} |- | {{rating|8|8}} || {{tnull|rating|8|8}} |- | {{rating|5|10}} || {{tnull|rating|5|10}} |- | {{rating|3}} || {{tnull|rating|3}} |} ===اختياري=== اهي پيراميٽر ظاهر يا tooltip تبديل ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا: * {{para|score}} tooltip متن تبديل ڪرڻ لاءِ. * {{para|full}}، {{para|half}} ۽ {{para|empty}} ڊفالٽ ستارن جي بدران ٻيون تصويرون استعمال ڪرڻ لاءِ. * {{para|rating}} نئين ريٽنگ نشان جو نالو ڏيڻ لاءِ. * {{para|rating-plural}} tooltip ۾ جمع لفظ تبديل ڪرڻ لاءِ. * {{para|size}} تصويرن جي سائيز تبديل ڪرڻ لاءِ (مثال: 15px). '''مثال''' {| | {{rating|3|5|score=3/5 stars in a 0–5 star scale}} |- | {{rating|3|5|size=15px}} |- | {{rating|4|5|full=Gold medal icon blank.svg|empty=Silver medal icon blank.svg|rating=medal}} |- | {{rating|3.5|5|full=U+25CF.svg|half=U+25D0.svg|empty=U+25CB.svg|rating=mark}} |- | {{rating|2|full=Symbol thumbs up.svg|rating=thumb up|rating-plural=thumbs up}} |} ==TemplateData== {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "description": "تصويرن ذريعي ريٽنگ ڏيکارڻ لاءِ سانچو", "params": { "1": { "label": "مليل ريٽنگ", "description": "مليل ستارن (يا تصويرن) جو انگ", "type": "number", "required": true }, "2": { "label": "وڌ ۾ وڌ", "description": "وڌ ۾ وڌ ممڪن ستارا", "type": "number", "required": false }, "score": { "label": "اسڪور", "description": "ريٽنگ تي ڪرسر آڻڻ سان ڏيکاريل متن", "type": "string", "required": false }, "full": { "label": "مڪمل تصوير", "description": "مڪمل ستاري جي متبادل تصوير", "type": "string", "required": false }, "half": { "label": "اڌ تصوير", "description": "اڌ ستاري جي متبادل تصوير", "type": "string", "required": false }, "empty": { "label": "خالي تصوير", "description": "خالي ستاري جي متبادل تصوير", "type": "string", "required": false }, "rating": { "label": "ريٽنگ نشان", "description": "متبادل تصويرن لاءِ يونٽ", "type": "string", "required": false }, "rating-plural": { "label": "جمع ريٽنگ نشان", "description": "ريٽنگ لفظ جي جمع صورت", "type": "string", "required": false }, "size": { "label": "تصوير سائيز", "description": "تصويرن جي سائيز (px ۾)", "type": "string", "required": false } } } </templatedata> ==پڻ ڏسو== * {{tl|Rating-Christgau}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| [[Category:Rating templates]] [[Category:WikiProject Albums templates]] }}</includeonly> gnz4o62l95hj3j0ab7z3ikb7z44imtk سانچو:Rating-Christgau 10 94151 367942 2026-03-27T23:45:43Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: <includeonly><span style="white-space:nowrap" title="{{#switch: {{{1|}}}|hm1=(1-star Honorable Mention)|hm2=(2-star Honorable Mention)|hm3=(3-star Honorable Mention)|Neither|neither=(neither)|Cut|cut=(choice cut)|Dud|dud=(dud)|A+=A+|A=A|A-=A−|B+=B+|B=B|B-=B−|C+=C+|C=C|C-=C−|D+=D+|D=D|D-=D−|E+=E+|E=E|E-=E−|Invalid parameter}}">{{#switch: {{{1|}}} |hm1=[[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|11px|link=|(1-star Honorable Mention)]] |hm2=File:Five Pointed Star Soli... 367942 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><span style="white-space:nowrap" title="{{#switch: {{{1|}}}|hm1=(1-star Honorable Mention)|hm2=(2-star Honorable Mention)|hm3=(3-star Honorable Mention)|Neither|neither=(neither)|Cut|cut=(choice cut)|Dud|dud=(dud)|A+=A+|A=A|A-=A−|B+=B+|B=B|B-=B−|C+=C+|C=C|C-=C−|D+=D+|D=D|D-=D−|E+=E+|E=E|E-=E−|Invalid parameter}}">{{#switch: {{{1|}}} |hm1=[[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|11px|link=|(1-star Honorable Mention)]] |hm2=[[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|11px|link=|(2-star Honorable Mention)]][[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|11px|link=|alt=]] |hm3=[[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|11px|link=|(3-star Honorable Mention)]][[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|11px|link=|alt=]][[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|11px|link=|alt=]] |Neither|neither=[[Image:Rating-Christgau-neither.png|14px|link=|(neither)]] |Cut|cut=[[File:Scissors icon black.svg|17px|link=|(choice cut)]] |Dud|dud=[[Image:Rating-Christgau-dud.svg|17px|link=|(dud)]] |A+=A+|A=A|A-=A− |B+=B+|B=B|B-=B− |C+=C+|C=C|C-=C− |D+=D+|D=D|D-=D− |E+=E+|E=E|E-=E− |Invalid parameter to {{tl|Rating-Christgau}} }}</span></includeonly><noinclude>{{template doc}}</noinclude> c5bdudzifq412zoi60525bdjhrpj97p سانچو:Rating-Christgau/doc 10 94152 367943 2026-03-27T23:47:03Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} ==استعمال== هي سانچو {{tl|Music ratings}} ۾ "Reception" سيڪشن ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آهي [[WP:WikiProject Albums|البم مضمونن]] ۾، خاص طور تي [[Robert Christgau]] جي جائزن لاءِ، جيڪي سندس خاص ريٽنگ سسٽم استعمال ڪن ٿا: 1969 کان 1989 تائين ۽ 1990 کان هاڻوڪي وقت تائين. هي سانچو صرف Christgau جي خاص ري... 367943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} ==استعمال== هي سانچو {{tl|Music ratings}} ۾ "Reception" سيڪشن ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آهي [[WP:WikiProject Albums|البم مضمونن]] ۾، خاص طور تي [[Robert Christgau]] جي جائزن لاءِ، جيڪي سندس خاص ريٽنگ سسٽم استعمال ڪن ٿا: 1969 کان 1989 تائين ۽ 1990 کان هاڻوڪي وقت تائين. هي سانچو صرف Christgau جي خاص ريٽنگن لاءِ استعمال ٿيڻ گهرجي (يا انهن ماڻهن لاءِ جيڪي ساڳيو ريٽنگ سسٽم استعمال ڪن). Christgau جي حرفي ريٽنگون سادي متن طور ڏيکاربيون آهن، جهڙوڪ B+. نشان Christgau جي ڇپيل ريٽنگ نشانن جهڙا آهن (سواءِ scissors نشان جي، جيڪو ننڍي سائيز ۾ صاف ڏيکارڻ لاءِ تبديل ڪيو ويو آهي). جيڪڏهن ڪو استعمال ڪندڙ ڪنهن نشان تي ڪلڪ ڪري، ته اهو تصوير واري صفحي تي ويندو، جتي ان نشان جي وضاحت ڏنل هوندي. ==درست انپٽ ۽ نتيجو== {| class="wikitable" |- ! انپٽ ! نتيجو ! وضاحت |- | A+, A يا A- | A+, A يا A− | "A" حرفي ريٽنگ |- | B+, B يا B- | B+, B يا B− | "B" حرفي ريٽنگ |- | C+, C يا C- | C+, C يا C− | "C" حرفي ريٽنگ |- | D+, D يا D- | D+, D يا D− | "D" حرفي ريٽنگ |- | E+, E يا E- | E+, E يا E− | "E" حرفي ريٽنگ |- | hm3 | {{Rating-Christgau|hm3}} | *** Honorable Mention – سٺو ڪم، جيڪو مخصوص ذوق وارن ماڻهن کي تمام گهڻو پسند اچي سگهي ٿو. |- | hm2 | {{Rating-Christgau|hm2}} | ** Honorable Mention – مناسب ڪم، جيڪو ڪجهه ماڻهن کي پسند اچي سگهي ٿو. |- | hm1 | {{Rating-Christgau|hm1}} | * Honorable Mention – قابلِ تعريف ڪم، جيڪو ڪجهه ماڻهن کي سٺو لڳي سگهي ٿو. |- | neither | {{Rating-Christgau|neither}} | "نه سٺو نه خراب" |- | cut | {{Rating-Christgau|cut}} | چونڊيل بهترين ٽريڪ |- | dud | {{Rating-Christgau|dud}} | "خراب" |- | [ٻيو ڪجھ به] | {{Rating-Christgau|invalid}} | غلط انپٽ |} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| [[Category:Rating templates|Christgau]] [[Category:WikiProject Albums templates]] }}</includeonly> c0xi8lq2zfqcd01pd7gc3d1hwykpiaz ماڊيول:Unsubst-infobox/doc 828 94153 367944 2026-03-27T23:51:17Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Module rating|protected}} {{high-risk|208499}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هن صفحي جي هيٺ ڏنل هنڌ تي رکو ۽ بين الويڪي لنڪ وڪي ڊيٽا تي شامل ڪريو (ڏسو [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]]) --> == استعمال == <code><nowiki>{{SAFESUBST:<noinclude /></nowiki>#invoke:{{BASEPAGENAME}}||$B=''سانچي جو متن''|$params=''پيراميٽر''}}</code> انفوباڪس کي ڪڏهن به substitute نه ڪرڻ گهرجي... 367944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Module rating|protected}} {{high-risk|208499}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هن صفحي جي هيٺ ڏنل هنڌ تي رکو ۽ بين الويڪي لنڪ وڪي ڊيٽا تي شامل ڪريو (ڏسو [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]]) --> == استعمال == <code><nowiki>{{SAFESUBST:<noinclude /></nowiki>#invoke:{{BASEPAGENAME}}||$B=''سانچي جو متن''|$params=''پيراميٽر''}}</code> انفوباڪس کي ڪڏهن به substitute نه ڪرڻ گهرجي. ان کان بچڻ لاءِ هڪ طريقو اهو آهي ته سانچو substitute ٿيڻ بدران پنهنجي transcluded صورت ۾ ظاهر ٿئي. هي ماڊيول [[Module:Unsubst]] جهڙو آهي. ''parameters'' ڪاما سان الڳ ڪيل پيراميٽرن جي نالن جي فهرست هوندي جيڪي انفوباڪس سانچو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو. == پيراميٽرن جي فهرست == ; $B : سانچي جو مواد، جيئن اهو ماڊيول استعمال ڪرڻ کان سواءِ هوندو. ; $params : سانچي جي پيراميٽرن جي ڪاما سان الڳ ڪيل فهرست، بغير aliases جي. هڪ بگ موجود آهي جڏهن positional پيراميٽر جهڙوڪ <code>$params=1</code> سانچي ۾ شامل ڪيو وڃي ۽ مضمون ۾ <code><nowiki>{{subst:example|a}}</nowiki></code> استعمال ڪيو وڃي، جنهن سان اهو هن ريت مٽجي ويندو <code><nowiki>{{subst:example|a|1=}}</nowiki></code>. ; $aliases : پيراميٽرن جي متبادل نالن جي ڪاما سان الڳ ڪيل فهرست، هن فارميٽ ۾: <code>old1>new1,old2>new2</code>. هتي به positional پيراميٽر سان هڪ بگ آهي، جيڪو ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ڊيٽا وڃائي سگهي ٿو. ; $set3 : عام طور تي ننڍي پيراميٽر فهرست، ڪاما سان الڳ ڪيل. جيڪڏهن substitution ۾ استعمال ٿيل سڀ پيراميٽر هن فهرست ۾ هجن، ته هي $params جي جاءِ وٺندو. اهو ان صورت ۾ استعمال ٿيندو جڏهن انفوباڪس جا ڪجهه پيراميٽر خاص مضمونن لاءِ هجن. ; $set2 : شرط سان $set3 يا $params کي مٽائيندو، جيڪو به آخري چونڊيو ويو هجي. عام طور تي انهن کان وڏو هوندو. ; $set1 : شرط سان $set3، $set2 يا $params کي مٽائيندو، جيڪو به آخري چونڊيو ويو هجي. عام طور تي انهن کان وڏو هوندو. ; $extra : انهن پيراميٽرن جي فهرست جيڪي $params (يا $set1، $set2، $set3) ۾ شامل هجن پر substitution کان پوءِ ڏيکارڻ ضروري نه هجي، جيستائين اهي سانچي ۾ استعمال نه ٿين. ; $indent : هر سٽ کان اڳ اضافي خال (spaces) جو تعداد. Child infoboxes لاءِ مفيد. ; $flags : ڪاما سان الڳ ڪيل flags. هن وقت صرف "override" صحيح آهي، جيڪو سانچي جي اصل انپٽ کي ماڊيول ۾ ڏنل پيراميٽرن سان مٽائي ڇڏيندو. ; $template-name : ڊفالٽ سانچي جي نالي کي مٽائڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿي سگهي ٿو. ٻيا سڀ پيراميٽر سانچي جي انپٽ طور استعمال ٿيندا. جيڪڏهن انپٽ خالي نه هجي ۽ صحيح پيراميٽر هجي، ته substitution کان پوءِ مواد ۾ ظاهر ٿيندو. جيڪڏهن $flags ۾ override هجي ته ماڊيول وارو قدر هميشه ظاهر ٿيندو. <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- زمرا هن لائين کان هيٺ رکو؛ بين الويڪي لنڪ وڪي ڊيٽا تي --> }}</includeonly> 7py664664txyr505k46hwl7d2wfnyeg 367945 367944 2026-03-27T23:51:50Z Intisar Ali 8681 367945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Module rating|protected}} {{high-risk|ھزارين}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هن صفحي جي هيٺ ڏنل هنڌ تي رکو ۽ بين الويڪي لنڪ وڪي ڊيٽا تي شامل ڪريو (ڏسو [[وڪيپيڊيا: وڪي ڊيٽا]]) --> == استعمال == <code><nowiki>{{SAFESUBST:<noinclude /></nowiki>#invoke:{{BASEPAGENAME}}||$B=''سانچي جو متن''|$params=''پيراميٽر''}}</code> انفوباڪس کي ڪڏهن به substitute نه ڪرڻ گهرجي. ان کان بچڻ لاءِ هڪ طريقو اهو آهي ته سانچو substitute ٿيڻ بدران پنهنجي transcluded صورت ۾ ظاهر ٿئي. هي ماڊيول [[Module:Unsubst]] جهڙو آهي. ''parameters'' ڪاما سان الڳ ڪيل پيراميٽرن جي نالن جي فهرست هوندي جيڪي انفوباڪس سانچو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو. == پيراميٽرن جي فهرست == ; $B : سانچي جو مواد، جيئن اهو ماڊيول استعمال ڪرڻ کان سواءِ هوندو. ; $params : سانچي جي پيراميٽرن جي ڪاما سان الڳ ڪيل فهرست، بغير aliases جي. هڪ بگ موجود آهي جڏهن positional پيراميٽر جهڙوڪ <code>$params=1</code> سانچي ۾ شامل ڪيو وڃي ۽ مضمون ۾ <code><nowiki>{{subst:example|a}}</nowiki></code> استعمال ڪيو وڃي، جنهن سان اهو هن ريت مٽجي ويندو <code><nowiki>{{subst:example|a|1=}}</nowiki></code>. ; $aliases : پيراميٽرن جي متبادل نالن جي ڪاما سان الڳ ڪيل فهرست، هن فارميٽ ۾: <code>old1>new1,old2>new2</code>. هتي به positional پيراميٽر سان هڪ بگ آهي، جيڪو ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ڊيٽا وڃائي سگهي ٿو. ; $set3 : عام طور تي ننڍي پيراميٽر فهرست، ڪاما سان الڳ ڪيل. جيڪڏهن substitution ۾ استعمال ٿيل سڀ پيراميٽر هن فهرست ۾ هجن، ته هي $params جي جاءِ وٺندو. اهو ان صورت ۾ استعمال ٿيندو جڏهن انفوباڪس جا ڪجهه پيراميٽر خاص مضمونن لاءِ هجن. ; $set2 : شرط سان $set3 يا $params کي مٽائيندو، جيڪو به آخري چونڊيو ويو هجي. عام طور تي انهن کان وڏو هوندو. ; $set1 : شرط سان $set3، $set2 يا $params کي مٽائيندو، جيڪو به آخري چونڊيو ويو هجي. عام طور تي انهن کان وڏو هوندو. ; $extra : انهن پيراميٽرن جي فهرست جيڪي $params (يا $set1، $set2، $set3) ۾ شامل هجن پر substitution کان پوءِ ڏيکارڻ ضروري نه هجي، جيستائين اهي سانچي ۾ استعمال نه ٿين. ; $indent : هر سٽ کان اڳ اضافي خال (spaces) جو تعداد. Child infoboxes لاءِ مفيد. ; $flags : ڪاما سان الڳ ڪيل flags. هن وقت صرف "override" صحيح آهي، جيڪو سانچي جي اصل انپٽ کي ماڊيول ۾ ڏنل پيراميٽرن سان مٽائي ڇڏيندو. ; $template-name : ڊفالٽ سانچي جي نالي کي مٽائڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿي سگهي ٿو. ٻيا سڀ پيراميٽر سانچي جي انپٽ طور استعمال ٿيندا. جيڪڏهن انپٽ خالي نه هجي ۽ صحيح پيراميٽر هجي، ته substitution کان پوءِ مواد ۾ ظاهر ٿيندو. جيڪڏهن $flags ۾ override هجي ته ماڊيول وارو قدر هميشه ظاهر ٿيندو. <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- زمرا هن لائين کان هيٺ رکو؛ بين الويڪي لنڪ وڪي ڊيٽا تي --> }}</includeonly> 8phv54ho0ge5mgabw811bja8q3okdwn سانچو:Assassinated/doc 10 94154 367946 2026-03-28T00:06:04Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري هن صفحي جي هيٺان ڏنل هنڌ تي زمرا شامل ڪريو --> هي سانچو <code>{{tl|Infobox military conflict}}</code> سانچي ۾ ڪنهن شخص جي نالي کان پوءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ته جيئن ظاهر ڪري سگهجي ته اهو شخص [[قتل ڪيو ويو]] هو۔ == استعمال == <code>{{tl|Assassinated}}</code> هي نشان ڏيکاري ٿو:... 367946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري هن صفحي جي هيٺان ڏنل هنڌ تي زمرا شامل ڪريو --> هي سانچو <code>{{tl|Infobox military conflict}}</code> سانچي ۾ ڪنهن شخص جي نالي کان پوءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ته جيئن ظاهر ڪري سگهجي ته اهو شخص [[قتل ڪيو ويو]] هو۔ == استعمال == <code>{{tl|Assassinated}}</code> هي نشان ڏيکاري ٿو: {{Assassinated}}<br/> <code>{{tlx|Assassinated|<nowiki>bold=no</nowiki>}}</code> نشان کي ٿلهي اکرن کانسواءِ ڏيکاري ٿو: {{Assassinated|bold=no}}<br/> <code>{{tlx|Assassinated|<nowiki>alt=yes</nowiki>}}</code> مخفف ڏيکاري ٿو: {{Assassinated|alt=yes}} ڏيکاريل متن [[قتل ڪيو ويو]] سان ڳنڍيل هوندو آهي ۽ ان سان گڏ وضاحتي ٽول ٽپ پڻ هوندو آهي۔ == پڻ ڏسو == {{Infobox military conflict documentation}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other||{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|doc|| <!-- هتان کان هيٺ زمرا شامل ڪريو؛ بين الويڪي وڪي ڊيٽا ڏانهن --> [[Category:فوجي مخفف سانچا|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}}}</includeonly> az4y7558ndj4ldfp7zb0swc0hqxw8pu سانچو:سياسي عهدو/doc 10 94155 367947 2026-03-28T00:10:05Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا صفحي جي آخر ۾ شامل ڪريو ۽ بين الويڪي لنڪ وڪي ڊيٽا تي شامل ڪريو (ڏسو [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]]) --> {{High-use}} {{Lua|Module:Infobox|Module:InfoboxImage|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} هي سانچو مختلف سرڪاري عهدن لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو آهي. اهو صرف سياسي عهدن لاءِ نه، پر سو... 367947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا صفحي جي آخر ۾ شامل ڪريو ۽ بين الويڪي لنڪ وڪي ڊيٽا تي شامل ڪريو (ڏسو [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]]) --> {{High-use}} {{Lua|Module:Infobox|Module:InfoboxImage|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} هي سانچو مختلف سرڪاري عهدن لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو آهي. اهو صرف سياسي عهدن لاءِ نه، پر سول سروس، سفارتي، مذهبي، عدالتي، قانون لاڳو ڪندڙ، فوجي ۽ ٻين سرڪاري ۽ مستقل عهدن لاءِ به استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو. نوٽ ڪريو ته هي سانچو '''عهدي''' بابت مضمونن لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ لاءِ آهي، نه ته ان شخص بابت جيڪو هن وقت اهو عهدو سنڀالي رهيو آهي. جيڪڏهن توهان شخص بابت انفوباڪس استعمال ڪرڻ چاهيو ٿا ته ڏسو: {{tlx|Infobox officeholder}}. == استعمال == {{Parameter names example | post | body | native_name | insignia | insigniasize | insigniacaption | insigniaalt | flag | flagsize | flagalt | flagborder | flagcaption | image | imagesize | alt | imagecaption | incumbent | acting | incumbentsince | department | style | type | status | abbreviation | member_of | reports_to | residence | seat | nominator | appointer | appointer_qualified | termlength | termlength_qualified | constituting_instrument | precursor | superseded_by | inaugural | formation | founder | named_for | first | last | abolished | succession | unofficial_names | deputy | salary | website | footnotes }} سڀئي پيراميٽر اختياري آهن، سواءِ ''post'' جي جيڪو لازمي آهي. جتي ممڪن هجي، ماڻهن، ادارن ۽ ٻين شين لاءِ وڪي لنڪ استعمال ڪرڻ بهتر آهي. <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{Infobox official post | post = | body = | native_name = | insignia = | insigniasize = | insigniacaption = | insigniaalt = | flag = | flagsize = | flagalt = | flagborder = | flagcaption = | image = | imagesize = | alt = | imagecaption = | incumbent = | acting = | incumbentsince = | department = | style = | type = | status = | abbreviation = | member_of = | reports_to = | residence = | seat = | nominator = | appointer = | appointer_qualified = | termlength = | termlength_qualified = | constituting_instrument = | precursor = | inaugural = | formation = | first = | last = | abolished = | superseded_by = | succession = | unofficial_names = | deputy = | salary = | website = | footnotes = }} </syntaxhighlight> == پيراميٽر == <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> | post = <!-- لازمي. هتي وڪي لنڪ نه ڏيو --> | body = <!-- اختياري --> | native_name = <!-- مقامي نالو --> | insignia = <!-- نشان، لوگو يا سيل --> | insigniasize = <!-- مثال: 150px --> | insigniacaption = <!-- نشان جي وضاحت --> | flag = <!-- جهنڊو --> | flagsize = <!-- مثال: 150px --> | flagborder = <!-- yes لکو جيڪڏهن بارڊر کپي --> | flagcaption = <!-- جهنڊي جي وضاحت --> | image = <!-- عهديدار جي تصوير --> | imagesize = <!-- مثال: 150px --> | incumbent = <!-- موجوده عهديدار --> | incumbentsince = <!-- عهدو سنڀالڻ جي تاريخ --> | department = <!-- ادارو --> | style = <!-- خطاب جو انداز --> | member_of = <!-- ميمبرشپ --> | reports_to = <!-- ڪنهن کي رپورٽ ڪري ٿو --> | residence = <!-- سرڪاري رهائش --> | seat = <!-- آفيس جو هنڌ --> | nominator = <!-- نامزد ڪندڙ --> | appointer = <!-- مقرر ڪندڙ --> | termlength = <!-- مدت --> | formation = <!-- عهدو ٺهڻ جي تاريخ --> | first = <!-- پهريون عهديدار --> | deputy = <!-- نائب --> | salary = <!-- پگهار --> | website = <!-- ويب سائيٽ --> | footnotes = <!-- نوٽس --> </syntaxhighlight> == مثال == === مثال 1 === {{Infobox official post | post = صدر | body = يورپي ڪميشن | incumbent = José Manuel Barroso | incumbentsince = 23 نومبر 2004 | seat = برسلز، بيلجيم | termlength = پنج سال | formation = 1 جنوري 1958 | inaugural = Walter Hallstein }} === مثال 2 === {{Infobox official post | post = آمريڪا جو سيڪريٽري آف ڊفينس | incumbent = Chuck Hagel | reports_to = آمريڪا جو صدر | seat = پينٽاگون | formation = 19 سيپٽمبر 1947 | deputy = ڊپٽي سيڪريٽري آف ڊفينس | website = defense.gov }} h0tzn0vmzamer3jdyhc9mv2i83g9cm2 سانچو:Infobox officeholder/styles.css/sandbox 10 94156 367954 2026-03-28T01:50:18Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: .ib-officeholder .infobox-above { font-size: 100%; } .ib-officeholder .infobox-above .honorific-prefix, .ib-officeholder .infobox-above .honorific-suffix { font-weight: normal; } .ib-officeholder .infobox-above .fn { font-size:125%; } .ib-officeholder .infobox-header.header-embed { color: #202122; background:#eee; } .ib-officeholder .infobox-header.header-nonembed { color: #202122; background:lavender; } .ib-officeholder .infobox-subheader { font-size:125%;... 367954 wikitext text/x-wiki .ib-officeholder .infobox-above { font-size: 100%; } .ib-officeholder .infobox-above .honorific-prefix, .ib-officeholder .infobox-above .honorific-suffix { font-weight: normal; } .ib-officeholder .infobox-above .fn { font-size:125%; } .ib-officeholder .infobox-header.header-embed { color: #202122; background:#eee; } .ib-officeholder .infobox-header.header-nonembed { color: #202122; background:lavender; } .ib-officeholder .infobox-subheader { font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; } .ib-officeholder .infobox-below { border-top: 1px solid; } edba3sv4hjfcb1j1snnqk6uu9tuayy7 367955 367954 2026-03-28T01:50:49Z Intisar Ali 8681 صفحو خالي ڪري ڇڏيو 367955 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 سانچو:Infobox officeholder/office/doc 10 94157 367956 2026-03-28T02:40:45Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- زمرا صفحي جي هيٺان شامل ڪيا وڃن. --> هي [[سانچو:ڄاڻخانو عهديدار]] طرفان استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. <includeonly> [[زمرو:ماڻهن ۽ شخصيتن جا ڄاڻخانا سانچا|Officeholder]] [[زمرو:سياست ۽ حڪومت جا ڄاڻخانا سانچا|Officeholder]] </includeonly> 367956 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- زمرا صفحي جي هيٺان شامل ڪيا وڃن. --> هي [[سانچو:ڄاڻخانو عهديدار]] طرفان استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. <includeonly> [[زمرو:ماڻهن ۽ شخصيتن جا ڄاڻخانا سانچا|Officeholder]] [[زمرو:سياست ۽ حڪومت جا ڄاڻخانا سانچا|Officeholder]] </includeonly> 9rdw8koalbyux4u4onke0zfmg71xsl1 سانچو:Flowlist 10 94158 367963 2026-03-28T03:48:14Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: <templatestyles src="Flowlist/styles.css" /><div class="flowlist {{{class|}}}" {{#if: {{{style|}}}|style="{{{style}}}"}}>{{#if:{{{1|}}}| {{{1}}} </div>}}<noinclude></div> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 367963 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Flowlist/styles.css" /><div class="flowlist {{{class|}}}" {{#if: {{{style|}}}|style="{{{style}}}"}}>{{#if:{{{1|}}}| {{{1}}} </div>}}<noinclude></div> {{documentation}} </noinclude> gs5tvqea8rg7udsusp0j8j6bky5063f سانچو:Flowlist/styles.css 10 94159 367964 2026-03-28T03:49:14Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: .flowlist ul { overflow-x: hidden; margin-left: 0; padding-left: 1.6em; } .flowlist ol { overflow-x: hidden; margin-left: 0; padding-left: 3.2em; } .flowlist dl { overflow-x: hidden; } 367964 sanitized-css text/css .flowlist ul { overflow-x: hidden; margin-left: 0; padding-left: 1.6em; } .flowlist ol { overflow-x: hidden; margin-left: 0; padding-left: 3.2em; } .flowlist dl { overflow-x: hidden; } igrr8xl5xvxo8f8317d995u5rnberye سانچو:Endflowlist 10 94160 367965 2026-03-28T03:51:32Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --> {{When on basepage|{{Uses TemplateStyles|Template:Flowlist/styles.css}}}} 367965 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --> {{When on basepage|{{Uses TemplateStyles|Template:Flowlist/styles.css}}}} j7sql6k83ns0tnsd652uo22wpm8popn سانچو:Ombox/doc 10 94161 367969 2026-03-28T04:36:15Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هن صفحي جي هيٺ ڄاڻايل هنڌ تي شامل ڪريو ۽ بين الويڪي لنڪون وڪي ڊيٽا تي رکو (ڏسو [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]]) --> {{Cascade-protected template}} {{used in system}} {{Lua|Module:Message box}} {{Mbox templates (small)}} هي {{tl|Ombox}} (['''O''']ther pages ['''m''']essage ['''box''']) [[WP:MTM|ميٽاسانچو]] آهي. اهو يوزر، ڊرافٽ، و... 367969 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هن صفحي جي هيٺ ڄاڻايل هنڌ تي شامل ڪريو ۽ بين الويڪي لنڪون وڪي ڊيٽا تي رکو (ڏسو [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]]) --> {{Cascade-protected template}} {{used in system}} {{Lua|Module:Message box}} {{Mbox templates (small)}} هي {{tl|Ombox}} (['''O''']ther pages ['''m''']essage ['''box''']) [[WP:MTM|ميٽاسانچو]] آهي. اهو يوزر، ڊرافٽ، وڪيپيڊيا، ميڊياوڪي، سانچو، مدد، پورٽل ۽ مستقبل ۾ ايندڙ ڪنهن به نئين نيم اسپيس جي صفحن لاءِ پيغام-دٻا ٺاهڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي؛ يعني انهن صفحن لاءِ جيڪي {{tl|Ambox}}، {{tl|Tmbox}}، {{tl|Imbox}} يا {{tl|Cmbox}} ۾ شامل ناهن. تنهن ڪري، اهو ''مضمونن''، بحث صفحن، تصويري صفحن يا زمري وارن صفحن لاءِ استعمال نه ٿيڻ گهرجي. هي سانچو لڳ ڀڳ {{tl|Ambox}} وانگر ئي ڪم ڪري ٿو ۽ ساڳيا پيراميٽر استعمال ڪري ٿو. === تعارف === {{anchor|We are deploying!|Intro}} جيئن مٿي ڄاڻايو ويو آهي، هي سانچو انهن پيغام-دٻن لاءِ استعمال ٿيڻ گهرجي جيڪي مضمونن، بحث صفحن، تصويري صفحن يا زمري وارن صفحن لاءِ نه هجن. ٻين صفحن لاءِ ڪي پيغام-دٻا شايد غلط نموني انهن چئن مان ڪنهن هڪ سانچا کي استعمال ڪري رهيا هجن. توهان بي ڌڙڪ اهڙن پيغام-دٻن کي، جيڪي "ٻين صفحن" تي استعمال ٿين ٿا، هن ميٽاسانچي ڏانهن منتقل ڪري سگهو ٿا. جيڪڏهن اوهان کي ڪو ڏکيو معاملو ملي ته هن سانچي جي ڳالهه ٻولهه واري صفحي تي ان جي فهرست ڏيو، اوهان کي مدد ملي ويندي. جڏهن هي سانچو ٻين صفحن لاءِ پيغام-دٻا ٺاهڻ ۾ استعمال ٿئي ته انهن دٻن ۾ اڳ وانگر وضاحتي متن شامل هئڻ گهرجي. (ساڳيا پراڻا متن يا نوان بهتر ڪيل متن.) جيڪڏهن دٻن ۾ وڌيڪ مناسب تصويرون موجود هجن، يا اوهان کي ڪا بهتر تصوير معلوم هجي، ته هتي ڏيکاريل اڳواٽ تصويرن جي بدران اهي استعمال ڪريو. === استعمال === سادو استعمالي مثال: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{ombox | text = ڪجهه متن. }} </syntaxhighlight> {{ombox | text = ڪجهه متن.}} {{clear}} پيچيده مثال: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{ombox | type = style | image = [[File:Emblem-question-yellow.svg|40px]] | style = width: 400px; | textstyle = color: red; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; | text = پيغام جي متن جو حصو. }} </syntaxhighlight> {{ombox | type = style | image = [[File:Emblem-question-yellow.svg|40px]] | style = width: 400px; | textstyle = color: red; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; | text = پيغام جي متن جو حصو. }} {{clear}} === ٻين صفحن لاءِ پيغام-دٻي جا قسم === هيٺ ڏنل مثال مختلف '''type''' پيراميٽر استعمال ڪن ٿا، پر ڪا به تصويري پيراميٽر استعمال نٿا ڪن؛ تنهن ڪري هر قسم لاءِ اڳواٽ تصويرون استعمال ٿين ٿيون. {{ombox | type = speedy | text = type=<u>speedy</u> – تيز حذف وارا سانچا. }} {{ombox | type = delete | text = type=<u>delete</u> – حذف وارا سانچا. }} {{ombox | type = content | text = type=<u>content</u> – وڏيون تنبيهون ۽ مسئلا، جهڙوڪ {{tl|high-use}}. }} {{ombox | type = style | text = type=<u>style</u> – ننڍيون تنبيهون ۽ مسئلا. }} {{ombox | type = notice | text = type=<u>notice</u> – هر قسم جا نوٽيس ۽ پيغام، مستقل به ۽ عارضي به. جيئن {{tl|guideline}} ۽ {{tl|Wikipedia how-to}}. }} {{ombox | type = move | text = type=<u>move</u> – ضم، ورهاست، نالو مٽائڻ ۽ ٽرانس وڪي پيغام ۽ تجويزون. }} {{ombox | type = protection | text = type=<u>protection</u> – بچاءَ وارا سانچا، جيئن "ٻين صفحن" تي ڏيکاريل {{tl|pp}}. }} === مثال === "notice" انداز استعمال ڪندڙ ڪجهه مثال: {{ombox | text = ڪو type ۽ ڪا image ڏنل ناهي ('''اڳواٽ''') }} {{ombox | image = none | text = ڪو type ناهي ۽ '''image=none''' – ڪا تصوير استعمال نه ٿي ٿئي ۽ '''text''' سڄي پيغام-دٻي جي جڳهه استعمال ڪري ٿو. }} {{ombox | image = [[File:Gnome globe current event.svg|42px]] | imageright = [[File:Nuvola apps bookcase.svg|40px]] | text = image = <nowiki>[[File:Gnome globe current event.svg|42px]]</nowiki> <br> imageright = <nowiki>[[File:Nuvola apps bookcase.svg|40px]]</nowiki> }} {{ombox | type = notice | image = [[File:Blue check.svg|30px]] | imageright = {{shortcut|WP:SHORT}} | text = '''هي صفحو انگريزي وڪيپيڊيا جي هڪ [[Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines|رهنمائي]] کي دستاويز ڪري ٿو.''' اهو هڪ عام طور قبوليل معيار آهي جنهن تي سنواريندڙن کي عمل ڪرڻ گهرجي، جيتوڻيڪ ان سان [[Wikipedia:Use common sense|عام سمجهه]] ۽ [[Wikipedia:Ignore all rules|ڪڏهن ڪڏهن استثنا]] سان پيش اچڻ گهرجي. جڏهن اوهان هن صفحي کي سنواريو ته مهرباني ڪري پڪ ڪريو ته اوهان جي ترميم [[Wikipedia:Consensus|اجماع]] کي ظاهر ڪري ٿي. جيڪڏهن شڪ هجي ته [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|ڳالهه ٻولهه واري صفحي]] تي بحث ڪريو. }} {{ombox | type = notice | image = [[File:Nutshell.png|30px]] | text = '''هن صفحي جو مختصر مطلب:''' هي سانچو انهن سڀني صفحن لاءِ پيغام-دٻا ٺاهڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي جيڪي مضمون، بحث صفحا، تصويري صفحا يا زمري وارا صفحا ''نه'' هجن. }} === پيراميٽر === سڀني پيراميٽرن جي فهرست: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{ombox | name = سانچي جو نالو | type = speedy / delete / content / style / notice / move / protection | image = none / [[File:ڪنهن تصوير.svg|40px]] | imageright = [[File:ڪنهن تصوير.svg|40px]] | style = CSS قدر | textstyle = CSS قدر | plainlinks = no | text = پيغام جي متن جو حصو. | small = {{{small|}}} / yes | smallimage = none / [[File:ڪنهن تصوير.svg|30px]] | smallimageright = none / [[File:ڪنهن تصوير.svg|30px]] | smalltext = پيغام جي متن جو هڪ ننڍو روپ. }} </syntaxhighlight> '''name''' :(اختياري) سانچي جو نالو. هي HTML عنصر ۾ <code>box-''name''</code> نالي هڪ CSS ڪلاس شامل ڪري ٿو، جنهن کي بوٽن يا اسڪرپٽن لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو. '''type''' :جيڪڏهن '''type''' پيراميٽر نه ڏنو وڃي ته سانچو اڳواٽ '''notice''' قسم اختيار ڪندو. ان جو مطلب آهي ته ان کي سرمائي بارڊر ملندو. '''image''' :'''ڪو پيراميٽر ناهي''' = جيڪڏهن '''image''' پيراميٽر نه ڏنو وڃي ته سانچو اڳواٽ تصوير استعمال ڪندو. ڪهڙي اڳواٽ تصوير استعمال ٿيندي، اهو '''type''' پيراميٽر تي دارومدار رکي ٿو. :'''هڪ تصوير''' = اها عام وڪي نوٽيشن سان ڏنل تصوير هئڻ گهرجي. عام طور 40px کان 50px ويڪر مناسب هوندي آهي، تصوير جي اوچائي ۽ ويڪر جي نسبت تي دارومدار سان. (پر پيغام-دٻو ڪنهن به ماپ جي تصوير سنڀالي سگهي ٿو.) مثال: ::<code><nowiki>image = [[File:Crystal package settings.png|40px]]</nowiki></code> :'''none''' = ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڪا تصوير استعمال نه ڪئي وڃي. '''imageright''' :'''ڪو پيراميٽر ناهي''' = جيڪڏهن '''imageright''' پيراميٽر نه ڏنو وڃي ته ساڄي پاسي ڪا تصوير نه ڏيکاري ويندي. :'''هڪ تصوير''' = اها عام وڪي نوٽيشن سان ڏنل تصوير هئڻ گهرجي. عام طور 40px کان 50px ويڪر مناسب هوندي آهي، تصوير جي اوچائي ۽ ويڪر جي نسبت تي دارومدار سان. مثال: ::<code><nowiki>imageright = [[File:Nuvola apps bookcase.png|40px]]</nowiki></code> :'''ڪنهن به شيءِ''' = ٻي ڪا به شئي جيڪا اوهان ساڄي پاسي ڏيکارڻ چاهيو. '''style''' :اختياري [[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] قدر جيڪي سڄي پيغام-دٻي جي جدول تي لاڳو ٿيندا. بنا واوڙن <code>" "</code> جي، پر پڇاڙيءَ وارن سيميڪولن <code>;</code> سان. مثال: ::<code>style = margin-bottom: 0.5em;</code> :وڌيڪ ڄاڻ لاءِ [[#Technical details|§ فني تفصيل]] ڏسو. '''textstyle''' :اختياري [[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] قدر جيڪي متن واري خاني تي لاڳو ٿيندا. مثال: ::<code>textstyle = text-align: center;</code> '''plainlinks''' :عام طور وڪيپيڊيا تي خارجي ڳنڍڻين سان گڏ تير وارو نشان ظاهر ٿيندو آهي، جهڙوڪ: [http://www.example.com Example.com]. پر پيغام-دٻن ۾ اهو نشان اڳواٽ لڪايو ويندو آهي، جهڙوڪ: <span class="plainlinks">[http://www.example.com Example.com]</span>. جيڪڏهن اوهان تير واري عام انداز سان خارجي ڳنڍڻي چاهيو ته {{para|plainlinks|no}} استعمال ڪريو. '''text''' :پيغام جي متن جو حصو. ==== ننڍا پيراميٽر ==== {{ombox | small = yes | text = small = yes }} {{ombox | type = style | small = yes | text = type = style <br> small = yes }} '''small''' :'''yes''' = ان کي هڪ ننڍڙو ساڄي پاسي تري ويل پيغام-دٻو بڻائي ٿو. ان سان اڳواٽ تصويرون به ننڍيون ٿي وڃن ٿيون. ياد رکو ته '''smallimage'''، '''smallimageright''' ۽ '''smalltext''' ۾ ڏنل ڪنهن به ڊيٽا کي صرف تڏهن استعمال ڪيو ويندو جڏهن "small=yes" هجي. اوهان جو سانچو به small پيراميٽر سمجهي، ان لاءِ هي ڪوڊ استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو: ::<code><nowiki>small = {{{small|}}}</nowiki></code> {{ombox | small = yes | image = [[File:Replacement filing cabinet.svg|50px]] | smallimage = [[File:Replacement filing cabinet.svg|32px]] | text = small = yes <br> image = <nowiki>[[File:Replacement filing cabinet.svg|50px]]</nowiki> <br> smallimage = <nowiki>[[File:Replacement filing cabinet.svg|32px]]</nowiki> }} '''smallimage''' :'''ڪو پيراميٽر ناهي''' = جيڪڏهن '''smallimage''' پيراميٽر نه ڏنو وڃي ته سانچو '''image''' پيراميٽر ڏانهن موٽندو. جيڪڏهن '''image''' پيراميٽر به خالي هجي ته هڪ ننڍڙي اڳواٽ تصوير استعمال ٿيندي. :'''هڪ تصوير''' = اها عام وڪي نوٽيشن سان ڏنل تصوير هئڻ گهرجي. عام طور 30px ويڪر مناسب هوندي. مثال: ::<code><nowiki>smallimage = [[File:Replacement filing cabinet.svg|30px]]</nowiki></code> :'''none''' = ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڪا تصوير استعمال نه ڪئي وڃي. جڏهن "small=yes" هجي ته اهو '''image''' ۾ ڏنل تصوير کي رد ڪري ڇڏيندو. {{ombox | small = yes | imageright = [[File:Nuvola apps bookcase.png|50px]] | smallimageright = none | text = small = yes <br> imageright = <nowiki>[[File:Nuvola apps bookcase.png|50px]]</nowiki> <br> smallimageright = none }} '''smallimageright''' :'''ڪو پيراميٽر ناهي''' = جيڪڏهن '''smallimageright''' پيراميٽر نه ڏنو وڃي ته سانچو '''imageright''' پيراميٽر ڏانهن موٽندو. جيڪڏهن '''imageright''' پيراميٽر به خالي هجي ته ساڄي پاسي ڪا تصوير نه ڏيکاري ويندي. :'''هڪ تصوير''' = اها عام وڪي نوٽيشن سان ڏنل تصوير هئڻ گهرجي. عام طور 30px ويڪر مناسب هوندي. مثال: ::<code><nowiki>smallimageright = [[File:Nuvola apps bookcase.png|30px]]</nowiki></code> :'''ڪنهن به شيءِ''' = ٻي ڪا به شئي جيڪا اوهان ساڄي پاسي ڏيکارڻ چاهيو. :'''none''' = ان جو مطلب آهي ته ساڄي پاسي ڪا تصوير استعمال نه ڪئي وڃي. جڏهن "small=yes" هجي ته اهو '''imageright''' ۾ ڏنل شيءِ کي رد ڪري ڇڏيندو. '''smalltext''' :پيغام جي متن جو هڪ ننڍو روپ. جيڪڏهن '''smalltext''' پيراميٽر نه ڏنو وڃي ته سانچو '''text''' پيراميٽر ڏانهن موٽندو. === فني تفصيل === جيڪڏهن اوهان کي text پيراميٽر ۾ خاص اکر استعمال ڪرڻا هجن ته اوهان کي انهن کي هن ريت escape ڪرڻو پوندو: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{ombox | text = <div> برابريءَ جي نشاني = ۽ شروعاتي ۽ پڇاڙيءَ وارا قوس { } جيئن جو تيئن ڪم ڪن ٿا. پر هتي هڪ پائپ {{!}} ۽ ٻه پڇاڙيءَ وارا قوس <nowiki>}}</nowiki> آهن. ۽ هاڻي هڪ پائپ ۽ پڇاڙيءَ وارا قوس <nowiki>|}}</nowiki>. </div> }} </syntaxhighlight> {{ombox | text = <div> برابريءَ جي نشاني = ۽ شروعاتي ۽ پڇاڙيءَ وارا قوس { } جيئن جو تيئن ڪم ڪن ٿا. پر هتي هڪ پائپ {{!}} ۽ ٻه پڇاڙيءَ وارا قوس <nowiki>}}</nowiki> آهن. ۽ هاڻي هڪ پائپ ۽ پڇاڙيءَ وارا قوس <nowiki>|}}</nowiki>. </div> }} هي سانچو پنهنجي گهڻي ڏيک لاءِ [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] ۾ ombox CSS ڪلاسن کي استعمال ڪري ٿو، تنهن ڪري اهو مڪمل طور اسڪن مطابق بڻائي سگهجي ٿو. هن ميٽاسانچي لاءِ اڳواٽ تصويرون svg بدران png فارميٽ ۾ آهن. بنيادي سبب اهو آهي ته ڪجهه پراڻن ويب برائوزرن کي svg تصويرن لاءِ ميڊياوڪي جي شفاف پسمنظر سان مسئلو ٿيندو آهي. هتي png تصويرن ۾ هٿ سان بهتر ڪيل شفاف پسمنظر رنگ رکيل آهي ته جيئن اهي سڀني برائوزرن ۾ سٺيون لڳن. ياد رکو ته پراڻن برائوزرن ۾ svg آئڪن رڳو ڪجهه گهٽ خوبصورت لڳندا آهن، تنهن ڪري اهڙي هٿرادو بهتري صرف تمام گهڻو استعمال ٿيندڙ آئڪنن لاءِ ئي فائديمند هوندي آهي. وڌيڪ فني تفصيل لاءِ [[Template talk:Ombox|ڳالهه ٻولهه وارو صفحو]] ڏسو. جيئن ته هي سانچو لڳ ڀڳ {{tl|ambox}}، {{tl|tmbox}}، {{tl|imbox}} ۽ {{tl|cmbox}} وانگر ئي ڪم ڪري ٿو، تنهن ڪري انهن جا ڳالهه ٻولهه وارا صفحا ۽ لاڳاپيل صفحا به وڌيڪ تفصيل رکي سگهن ٿا. ===پڻ ڏسو=== {{Mbox templates see also}} <templatedata> { "params": { "text": { "label": "دٻي جو متن", "description": "اهو متن جيڪو دٻي جي اندر ڏيکاريو ويندو؛ جيڪڏهن اوهان کي خاص اکر استعمال ڪرڻا هجن ته <nowiki>{{ombox}}</nowiki> استعمال ڪريو.", "example": "سلام، مان هڪ دٻو آهيان جيڪو <nowiki>{{ombox}}</nowiki> سان ٺاهيو ويو آهي.", "type": "content", "required": true }, "type": { "label": "ڏيکارڻ لاءِ دٻي جو قسم", "description": "اهو دٻي جو قسم جيڪو ڏيکاريو ويندو (تصوير، بارڊر جي ٿولهه، رنگ، ڏيک). وڏي ترجيح کان ننڍي ترجيح تائين مثال: \"speedy\", \"delete\", \"content\", \"style\", \"notice\", \"move\", ۽ \"protection\".", "example": "notice", "type": "string", "suggestedvalues": [ "speedy", "delete", "content", "style", "notice", "move", "protection" ], "default": "notice", "suggested": true }, "image": { "label": "تصوير", "description": "اها تصوير جيڪا دٻي جي اندر ڏيکاربي. اهو \"type\" پيراميٽر مقرر ڪري پاڻمرادو به چونڊي سگهجي ٿو. اها *کاٻي* پاسي ڏيکاربي. اها فائيل وڪي ڳنڍڻي جي صورت ۾ هئڻ گهرجي، بلڪل اهڙيءَ طرح جيئن اوهان الڳ تصوير شامل ڪريو، ماپ سان گڏ، جيڪا عام طور 40–50px هوندي آهي.", "example": "[[File:Some image.svg|40px]]", "type": "content" }, "style": { "label": "سڄي دٻي لاءِ CSS انداز", "description": "Inline CSS انداز، جيڪي *سڄي* دٻي تي لاڳو ٿيندا. واوڙن \" \" کان سواءِ، پر پڇاڙيءَ وارن سيميڪولن ; سان.", "example": "text-align: center; style = margin-bottom: 0.5em;", "type": "string" }, "textstyle": { "label": "متن لاءِ CSS انداز", "description": "Inline CSS انداز، جيڪي رڳو متن تي لاڳو ٿيندا. واوڙن \" \" کان سواءِ، پر پڇاڙيءَ وارن سيميڪولن ; سان.", "example": "text-align: center; text-color: red;", "type": "string" }, "imageright": { "label": "ساڄي پاسي تصوير", "description": "اها تصوير جيڪا متن جي *ساڄي* پاسي ڏيکاربي. اها فائيل وڪي ڳنڍڻي جي صورت ۾ هئڻ گهرجي، بلڪل اهڙيءَ طرح جيئن اوهان الڳ تصوير شامل ڪريو، ماپ سان گڏ، جيڪا عام طور 40–50px هوندي آهي.", "example": "[[File:Some image.svg|40px]]", "type": "content" }, "plainlinks": { "label": "سادا خارجي ڳنڍڻا؟", "description": "عام طور خارجي ڳنڍڻين سان گڏ هڪ تير وارو نشان هوندو آهي، پر پيغام-دٻن ۾ اهو اڳواٽ لڪايو ويندو آهي. ان کي \"no\" تي مقرر ڪريو ته جيئن خارجي ڳنڍڻي جي عام ڏيک بحال ٿئي.", "example": "no", "suggestedvalues": [ "no" ] }, "small": { "label": "ننڍو؟", "description": "جيڪڏهن \"yes\" تي مقرر ڪيو وڃي ته دٻو هڪ ننڍڙو ساڄي پاسي تري ويل پيغام-دٻو بڻجي ويندو. ان سان اڳواٽ تصويرون به ننڍيون ٿي وينديون.", "example": "yes", "suggestedvalues": [ "yes" ] }, "smallimage": { "label": "ننڍي تصوير", "description": "استعمال ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ ننڍي تصوير. اها کاٻي پاسي ڏيکاربي. هي پيراميٽر تڏهن ئي استعمال ڪريو جڏهن \"small\" مقرر ٿيل هجي. جيڪڏهن اهو مقرر نه هجي ته “image” هر حال ۾ استعمال ٿيندي. 30px جي ماپ مناسب آهي. “none\" = ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڪا تصوير استعمال نه ڪئي وڃي. جڏهن \"small=yes\" هجي ته اهو image ۾ ڏنل تصوير کي رد ڪري ڇڏيندو.", "example": "[[File:Some image.svg|30px]], none" }, "smallimageright": { "label": "ساڄي پاسي ننڍي تصوير", "description": "استعمال ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ ننڍي تصوير. اها ساڄي پاسي ڏيکاربي. هي پيراميٽر تڏهن ئي استعمال ڪريو جڏهن \"small\" مقرر ٿيل هجي. جيڪڏهن اهو مقرر نه هجي ته “image” هر حال ۾ استعمال ٿيندي. 30px جي ماپ مناسب آهي. “none\" = ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڪا تصوير استعمال نه ڪئي وڃي. جڏهن \"small=yes\" هجي ته اهو imageright ۾ ڏنل تصوير کي رد ڪري ڇڏيندو.", "example": "[[File:Some image.svg|30px]]", "type": "content" }, "smalltext": { "label": "مختصر متن", "description": "پيغام جي متن جو هڪ وڌيڪ مختصر روپ. اهو تڏهن ڏيکاريو ويندو جڏهن “small=yes\" هجي. جيڪڏهن استعمال نه ڪيو وڃي ته \"text\" پيراميٽر ڏانهن موٽندو.", "example": "سلام، مان هڪ مختصر خلاصو آهيان!", "type": "content" } }, "description": "ٻين صفحن لاءِ پيغام-دٻو. هي سانچو عام طور سڌو سنئون استعمال نه ٿيندو آهي، پر گهڻو ڪري ٻين سانچن جي تعمير لاءِ ميٽاسانچي طور استعمال ٿيندو آهي.", "paramOrder": [ "text", "type", "image", "imageright", "style", "textstyle", "plainlinks", "small", "smallimage", "smallimageright", "smalltext" ] } </templatedata> <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- زمرا هن لڪير کان هيٺ، مهرباني ڪري؛ بين الويڪي لنڪون وڪي ڊيٽا تي --> [[Category:Mbox and messagebox templates]] }}</includeonly> t0t3nq8b4kqbbsm9gp24q8by4s52d9k ماڊيول:Person height 828 94162 367971 2026-03-28T04:47:43Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: -- This module implements [[Template:Infobox person/height]] local p = {} local function clean(s) s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, 'metre', 'm') s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '([^a])meter', '%1m') -- prevents "parameter" from being changed to "param" s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, 'centi', 'c') -- changes "centim" to "cm" s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, 'ms', 'm') s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, 'm[%.,]', 'm') s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, 'feet', 'ft') s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, 'foot', 'ft') s = mw.ustring.gsu... 367971 Scribunto text/plain -- This module implements [[Template:Infobox person/height]] local p = {} local function clean(s) s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, 'metre', 'm') s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '([^a])meter', '%1m') -- prevents "parameter" from being changed to "param" s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, 'centi', 'c') -- changes "centim" to "cm" s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, 'ms', 'm') s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, 'm[%.,]', 'm') s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, 'feet', 'ft') s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, 'foot', 'ft') s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, 'ft[%.,]', 'ft') s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, 'inches', 'in') s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, 'inch', 'in') s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, 'ins', 'in') s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, 'in[%.,]', 'in') s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '%[%[[Mm]%]%]s', '[[Metre|m]]') s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '%[%[[Cc]m%]%]s', '[[Centimetre|cm]]') s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '%[%[[Cc]entim|cm%]%]', '[[Centimetre|cm]]') s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '%[%[[Ii]n|in%]%]', '[[inch|in]]') return s end local function isnumber(s) if s then s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '%+%s*%d+%s*/%s*%d+%s*$', '') return tonumber(s) end return nil end local function get_convert_args(s, prefer, enforce) local prefer_m = (prefer or '') == 'm' local force_m = (enforce or '') == 'm' local prefer_cm = (prefer or '') == 'cm' local force_cm = (enforce or '') == 'cm' unconverted = clean(s or '') -- basic unit cleaning s = mw.ustring.gsub(unconverted, '&[Nn][Bb][Ss][Pp];', ' ') local m = mw.ustring.find(s, 'm') local c = mw.ustring.find(s, 'cm') local f = mw.ustring.find(s, 'ft') local i = mw.ustring.find(s, 'in') if m == nil and f == nil and i == nil then return '', unconverted end if c ~= nil and f == nil and i == nil then local n = mw.ustring.sub(s, 1, c - 1) if isnumber(n) then return force_m and {n/100,'m','ftin',0,['abbr']='on'} or {n,'cm','ftin',0,['abbr']='on'}, mw.ustring.sub(s, c+2) end return '', unconverted end if m ~= nil and c == nil and f == nil and i == nil then local n = mw.ustring.sub(s, 1, m - 1) if isnumber(n) then return force_cm and {n*100,'cm','ftin',0,['abbr']='on'} or {n,'m','ftin',0,['abbr']='on'}, mw.ustring.sub(s, m+1) end return '', unconverted end if f ~= nil and i ~=nil and m == nil then local n1 = mw.ustring.sub(s, 1, f - 1) local n2 = mw.ustring.sub(s, f+2, i - 1) if isnumber(n1) and isnumber(n2) then return (force_m or prefer_m) and {n1,'ft',n2,'in', 'm',2,['abbr']='on'} or {n1,'ft',n2,'in', 'cm',0,['abbr']='on'}, mw.ustring.sub(s, i+2) end return '', unconverted end if f ~= nil and i == nil and m == nil then local n = mw.ustring.sub(s, 1, f - 1) if isnumber(n) then return (force_m or prefer_m) and {n,'ft','m',2,['abbr']='on'} or {n,'ft','cm',0,['abbr']='on'}, mw.ustring.sub(s, f+2) end return '', unconverted end if i ~= nil and f == nil and m == nil then local n = mw.ustring.sub(s, 1, i - 1) if isnumber(n) then return (force_m or prefer_m) and {n,'in','m',2,['abbr']='on'} or {n,'in','cm',0,['abbr']='on'}, mw.ustring.sub(s, i+2) end return '', unconverted end return '', unconverted end function convert(frame, args) local targs, str = get_convert_args(args[1], args['prefer'] or '', args['enforce'] or '') if type(targs) == 'table' then return frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'convert', args = targs} .. str else return str end end function p.main(frame) return convert(frame, frame.args[1] and frame.args or frame:getParent().args) end return p re69rj438k93l62b8lwpwssapszb494 سانچو:Infobox person/height/doc 10 94163 367972 2026-03-28T04:49:41Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هن صفحي جي هيٺان ڏنل جاءِ تي شامل ڪريو ۽ انٽر وڪيز Wikidata تي شامل ڪريو (ڏسو [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]]) --> {{Notice|هي سانچو صرف سانچن لاءِ آهي. مضمونن لاءِ مهرباني ڪري {{tl|Convert}} يا {{tl|Height}} استعمال ڪريو.}} {{high-use}} {{Lua|Module:Person height}} هي سانچو خودڪار طريقي سان... 367972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هن صفحي جي هيٺان ڏنل جاءِ تي شامل ڪريو ۽ انٽر وڪيز Wikidata تي شامل ڪريو (ڏسو [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]]) --> {{Notice|هي سانچو صرف سانچن لاءِ آهي. مضمونن لاءِ مهرباني ڪري {{tl|Convert}} يا {{tl|Height}} استعمال ڪريو.}} {{high-use}} {{Lua|Module:Person height}} هي سانچو خودڪار طريقي سان قد (height) جي ماپن جي تبديلي (conversion) شامل ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جيڪو [[Template:Infobox person]] ۽ ٻين [[:Category:Infobox templates|Infobox سانچن]] ۾ {{para|height}} پيرا ميٽر سان ڏيکاريو ويندو آهي. {{Template see also|Infobox person/weight|Infobox person/length}} == استعمال == <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{Infobox ... | label# = Height | data# = {{#if: {{{height|}}} | {{Infobox person/height|{{{height}}}}} }} ... }} </syntaxhighlight> == مثال == [[Centimetre]]: * {{Para|height|1 centimetre}} → {{Infobox person/height|1 centimetre}} * {{Para|height|157 centimetres}} → {{Infobox person/height|157 centimetres}} * {{Para|height|157 cm}} → {{Infobox person/height|157 cm}} [[Metre]]: * {{Para|height|1 metre}} → {{Infobox person/height|1 metre}} * {{Para|height|1.57 metres}} → {{Infobox person/height|1.57 metres}} [[Foot (unit)|فٽ]]: * {{Para|height|2 feet}} → {{Infobox person/height|2 feet}} * {{Para|height|2 ft}} → {{Infobox person/height|2 ft}} [[Inch]]: * {{Para|height|2 inches}} → {{Infobox person/height|2 inches}} * {{Para|height|2 in}} → {{Infobox person/height|2 in}} [[Human height|فٽ ۽ انچ گڏ]]: * {{Para|height|5 feet 2 inches}} → {{Infobox person/height|5 feet 2 inches}} * {{Para|height|5 ft 2 in}} → {{Infobox person/height|5 ft 2 in}} قد کان پوءِ حوالا يا متن به شامل ڪري سگهجن ٿا: * {{Para|height|5 feet 2 inches (2012)}} * {{Para|height|5 feet 2 inches<ref>حوالو</ref>}} {{tl|Convert}} سانچو پڻ استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو: * {{Para|height|{{Convert|5|ft|2|in|cm|abbr=off}}}} * {{Para|height|{{Convert|157|cm|ftin|abbr=off}}}} * {{Para|height|{{Convert|1.57|m|abbr=off}}}} == استثنا (Exceptions) == هي سانچو هٿ سان لکيل تبديليون تبديل نٿو ڪري، پر يونٽن جا نالا مختصر ڪري سگهي ٿو. == بهتري جا علائقا == {{Fixed}} – جيڪڏهن يونٽ جا نالا وڏن اکرن ۾ هجن ته تبديلي ظاهر نه ٿيندي: * 157 CM * 1.57 M * 5 FT 2 IN {{Fixed}} – جيڪڏهن فٽ ۽ انچ لاءِ نشان (' ″) استعمال ٿين ته به سڃاڻي سگهي ٿو. <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- زمرا هن لائن کان هيٺ شامل ڪريو؛ انٽر وڪيز Wikidata تي --> [[Category:Template implementation details]] }}</includeonly> 67zp1exqofadgkmoosgb5tsxzy80mb7 سانچو:Nobel/Medium 10 94164 367973 2026-03-28T05:01:18Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: [[File:Nobel prize medal.svg|20px|link=Nobel Prize]] 367973 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Nobel prize medal.svg|20px|link=Nobel Prize]] imkuqwat7p5n8wddp3mbsfe884uzko2 سانچو:ڄاڻ دٻو/row 10 94165 367980 2026-03-28T05:34:30Z Intisar Ali 8681 Intisar Ali [[سانچو:ڄاڻ دٻو/row]] کي [[سانچو:ڄاڻخانو/row]] ڏانھن ريڊائريڪٽ مٿان چوريو 367980 wikitext text/x-wiki #چوريو [[سانچو:ڄاڻخانو/row]] 9c0t8dsa99dqjdjixkwgzsfpmabjlkf لارڪ ٻيٽ 0 94166 367989 2026-03-28T06:04:23Z Ibne maryam 17680 صفحي "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345563203|Larak Island]]" جي شروعاتي ڀاڱي جو ترجمو ڪندي سرجيو ويو 367989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox islands|name=لارڪ ٻيٽ<br>Larak Island|native_name=جزیره لارک (فارسي)|image_name=Larak fr.jpg|pushpin_map=Persian Gulf#Iran|location=[[هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه]]|coordinates={{coord|26|51|12|N|56|21|20|E}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.getamap.net/maps/iran/hormozgan/_larakisland/ |title=Larak Island Map, Weather and Photos|website=GetAMap |access-date=26 May 2013}}</ref>|waterbody=[[فارس جي نار]]|area_km2=49|elevation_m=81|country={{پرچم|ايران}}|country_admin_divisions_title=[[ايران جا صوبا|صوبو]]|country_admin_divisions=[[هرمزگان صوبو]]|country_admin_divisions_title_1=ڪائونٽي|country_admin_divisions_1=شهرستان قيشم|country_admin_divisions_title_2=[[ضلعو|بخش]]|country_admin_divisions_2=مرڪزي قيشم|country_admin_divisions_title_3=ڏيهي ضلعو|country_admin_divisions_3=لارڪ ڏيهي ضلعو|country_largest_city=لارڪ شهري|country_largest_city_population=466|module={{Infobox lighthouse| embed = yes| qid = Q106097403 | construction = concrete tower | shape = cylindrical tower with balcony and lantern<ref>{{Cite rowlett|irn|accessdate=2016-10-01}}</ref><ref>[http://msi.nga.mil/NGAPortal/MSI.portal?_nfpb=true&_st=&_pageLabel=msi_pub_detail&CCD_itemID=112&pubConstant=NGALOL NGA List of Lights – Pub.112] Retrieved 1 October 2016</ref> | marking = unpainted tower }}}} <references /> '''لارڪ ٻيٽ''' (<small>Lark</small> <small>Island</small>) هڪ ننڍڙو ايراني ٻيٽ آهي جيڪو [[ايران]] جي [[بندر عباس]] جي ساحل تي، قشم ٻيٽ جي اوڀر ۾ ۽ هرمز ٻيٽ جي ڏکڻ ۾ واقع آهي. [[هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه|هرمز جي آبنائي]] جو سڀ کان سوڙهو حصو جن جو ويڪر 24 ميل (39 ڪلوميٽر) آهي، هن ايراني ٻيٽ ۽ [[اومان]] جي عظيم ڪوئن ٻيٽ جي وچ ۾ واقع آهي. <ref name="Joyner1990">{{Cite book|date=1 January 1990}}</ref> هي ٻيٽ سال 1987ع کان وٺي ايران جي اهم تيل برآمدي نقطن مان هڪ آهي. 2jcz9w7ivxcvf8i58zn8alsxe3p5ws5 367990 367989 2026-03-28T06:06:57Z Ibne maryam 17680 367990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox islands|name=لارڪ ٻيٽ<br>Larak Island|native_name=جزیره لارک (فارسي)|image_name=Larak fr.jpg|pushpin_map=Persian Gulf#Iran|location=[[هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه]]|coordinates={{coord|26|51|12|N|56|21|20|E}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.getamap.net/maps/iran/hormozgan/_larakisland/ |title=Larak Island Map, Weather and Photos|website=GetAMap |access-date=26 May 2013}}</ref>|waterbody=[[فارس جي نار]]|area_km2=49|elevation_m=81|country={{پرچم|ايران}}|country_admin_divisions_title=[[ايران جا صوبا|صوبو]]|country_admin_divisions=[[هرمزگان صوبو]]|country_admin_divisions_title_1=ڪائونٽي|country_admin_divisions_1=شهرستان قيشم|country_admin_divisions_title_2=[[ضلعو|بخش]]|country_admin_divisions_2=مرڪزي قيشم|country_admin_divisions_title_3=ڏيهي ضلعو|country_admin_divisions_3=لارڪ ڏيهي ضلعو|country_largest_city=لارڪ شهري|country_largest_city_population=466|module={{Infobox lighthouse| embed = yes| qid = Q106097403 | construction = concrete tower | shape = cylindrical tower with balcony and lantern<ref>{{Cite rowlett|irn|accessdate=2016-10-01}}</ref><ref>[http://msi.nga.mil/NGAPortal/MSI.portal?_nfpb=true&_st=&_pageLabel=msi_pub_detail&CCD_itemID=112&pubConstant=NGALOL NGA List of Lights – Pub.112] Retrieved 1 October 2016</ref> | marking = unpainted tower }}}} '''لارڪ ٻيٽ''' (<small>Lark</small> <small>Island</small>) هڪ ننڍڙو ايراني ٻيٽ آهي جيڪو [[ايران]] جي [[بندر عباس]] جي ساحل تي، قشم ٻيٽ جي اوڀر ۾ ۽ هرمز ٻيٽ جي ڏکڻ ۾ واقع آهي. [[هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه|هرمز جي آبنائي]] جو سڀ کان سوڙهو حصو جن جو ويڪر 24 ميل (39 ڪلوميٽر) آهي، هن ايراني ٻيٽ ۽ [[اومان]] جي عظيم ڪوئن ٻيٽ جي وچ ۾ واقع آهي. <ref name="Joyner1990">{{Cite book|date=1 January 1990}}</ref> هي ٻيٽ سال 1987ع کان وٺي ايران جي اهم تيل برآمدي نقطن مان هڪ آهي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:ايران]] [[زمرو:ٻيٽ]] [[زمرو:ايران جا ٻيٽ]] [[زمرو:ايران جي سامونڊي جاگرافي]] 9i2f6h9vvto19k8v9gdsnlq1t5eiiqc 367992 367990 2026-03-28T06:09:55Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* حوالا */ 367992 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox islands|name=لارڪ ٻيٽ<br>Larak Island|native_name=جزیره لارک (فارسي)|image_name=Larak fr.jpg|pushpin_map=Persian Gulf#Iran|location=[[هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه]]|coordinates={{coord|26|51|12|N|56|21|20|E}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.getamap.net/maps/iran/hormozgan/_larakisland/ |title=Larak Island Map, Weather and Photos|website=GetAMap |access-date=26 May 2013}}</ref>|waterbody=[[فارس جي نار]]|area_km2=49|elevation_m=81|country={{پرچم|ايران}}|country_admin_divisions_title=[[ايران جا صوبا|صوبو]]|country_admin_divisions=[[هرمزگان صوبو]]|country_admin_divisions_title_1=ڪائونٽي|country_admin_divisions_1=شهرستان قيشم|country_admin_divisions_title_2=[[ضلعو|بخش]]|country_admin_divisions_2=مرڪزي قيشم|country_admin_divisions_title_3=ڏيهي ضلعو|country_admin_divisions_3=لارڪ ڏيهي ضلعو|country_largest_city=لارڪ شهري|country_largest_city_population=466|module={{Infobox lighthouse| embed = yes| qid = Q106097403 | construction = concrete tower | shape = cylindrical tower with balcony and lantern<ref>{{Cite rowlett|irn|accessdate=2016-10-01}}</ref><ref>[http://msi.nga.mil/NGAPortal/MSI.portal?_nfpb=true&_st=&_pageLabel=msi_pub_detail&CCD_itemID=112&pubConstant=NGALOL NGA List of Lights – Pub.112] Retrieved 1 October 2016</ref> | marking = unpainted tower }}}} '''لارڪ ٻيٽ''' (<small>Lark</small> <small>Island</small>) هڪ ننڍڙو ايراني ٻيٽ آهي جيڪو [[ايران]] جي [[بندر عباس]] جي ساحل تي، قشم ٻيٽ جي اوڀر ۾ ۽ هرمز ٻيٽ جي ڏکڻ ۾ واقع آهي. [[هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه|هرمز جي آبنائي]] جو سڀ کان سوڙهو حصو جن جو ويڪر 24 ميل (39 ڪلوميٽر) آهي، هن ايراني ٻيٽ ۽ [[اومان]] جي عظيم ڪوئن ٻيٽ جي وچ ۾ واقع آهي. <ref name="Joyner1990">{{Cite book|date=1 January 1990}}</ref> هي ٻيٽ سال 1987ع کان وٺي ايران جي اهم تيل برآمدي نقطن مان هڪ آهي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:ايران]] [[زمرو:ٻيٽ]] [[زمرو:ايران جا ٻيٽ]] [[زمرو:فارس جي نار جا ٻيٽ]] [[زمرو:ايران جي سامونڊي جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:ايشيا جي سامونڊي جاگرافي]] ccvgk1gtptxswwqq9vc1ck7xcfkejr2 367994 367992 2026-03-28T06:13:33Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* حوالا */ 367994 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox islands|name=لارڪ ٻيٽ<br>Larak Island|native_name=جزیره لارک (فارسي)|image_name=Larak fr.jpg|pushpin_map=Persian Gulf#Iran|location=[[هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه]]|coordinates={{coord|26|51|12|N|56|21|20|E}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.getamap.net/maps/iran/hormozgan/_larakisland/ |title=Larak Island Map, Weather and Photos|website=GetAMap |access-date=26 May 2013}}</ref>|waterbody=[[فارس جي نار]]|area_km2=49|elevation_m=81|country={{پرچم|ايران}}|country_admin_divisions_title=[[ايران جا صوبا|صوبو]]|country_admin_divisions=[[هرمزگان صوبو]]|country_admin_divisions_title_1=ڪائونٽي|country_admin_divisions_1=شهرستان قيشم|country_admin_divisions_title_2=[[ضلعو|بخش]]|country_admin_divisions_2=مرڪزي قيشم|country_admin_divisions_title_3=ڏيهي ضلعو|country_admin_divisions_3=لارڪ ڏيهي ضلعو|country_largest_city=لارڪ شهري|country_largest_city_population=466|module={{Infobox lighthouse| embed = yes| qid = Q106097403 | construction = concrete tower | shape = cylindrical tower with balcony and lantern<ref>{{Cite rowlett|irn|accessdate=2016-10-01}}</ref><ref>[http://msi.nga.mil/NGAPortal/MSI.portal?_nfpb=true&_st=&_pageLabel=msi_pub_detail&CCD_itemID=112&pubConstant=NGALOL NGA List of Lights – Pub.112] Retrieved 1 October 2016</ref> | marking = unpainted tower }}}} '''لارڪ ٻيٽ''' (<small>Lark</small> <small>Island</small>) هڪ ننڍڙو ايراني ٻيٽ آهي جيڪو [[ايران]] جي [[بندر عباس]] جي ساحل تي، قشم ٻيٽ جي اوڀر ۾ ۽ هرمز ٻيٽ جي ڏکڻ ۾ واقع آهي. [[هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه|هرمز جي آبنائي]] جو سڀ کان سوڙهو حصو جن جو ويڪر 24 ميل (39 ڪلوميٽر) آهي، هن ايراني ٻيٽ ۽ [[اومان]] جي عظيم ڪوئن ٻيٽ جي وچ ۾ واقع آهي. <ref name="Joyner1990">{{Cite book|date=1 January 1990}}</ref> هي ٻيٽ سال 1987ع کان وٺي ايران جي اهم تيل برآمدي نقطن مان هڪ آهي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130402153516/http://www.chtn.ir/WebForms/Fa/News/NewsInfo.aspx?ID=21612 Language of Larak] * [https://www.ibiblio.org/lighthouse/photos/NearEast/LarakIslandIRN.jpg Picture of Jazīreh-ye Lārak North Lighthouse] *[https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-iranica-online/larak-COM_11223 Larak, in encyclopaedia Iranica] {{Hormozgan Province}} {{Iranian islands in the Persian Gulf}} {{coord|26|51|N|56|21|E|region:IR_type:isle|display=title}} {{Authority control | additional=Q106097403}} [[زمرو:ايران]] [[زمرو:ٻيٽ]] [[زمرو:ايران جا ٻيٽ]] [[زمرو:فارس جي نار جا ٻيٽ]] [[زمرو:ايران جي سامونڊي جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:ايشيا جي سامونڊي جاگرافي]] c2cc71nl1xa9zpq8ant7di6kdokvtyp 367996 367994 2026-03-28T06:16:30Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا */ 367996 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox islands|name=لارڪ ٻيٽ<br>Larak Island|native_name=جزیره لارک (فارسي)|image_name=Larak fr.jpg|pushpin_map=Persian Gulf#Iran|location=[[هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه]]|coordinates={{coord|26|51|12|N|56|21|20|E}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.getamap.net/maps/iran/hormozgan/_larakisland/ |title=Larak Island Map, Weather and Photos|website=GetAMap |access-date=26 May 2013}}</ref>|waterbody=[[فارس جي نار]]|area_km2=49|elevation_m=81|country={{پرچم|ايران}}|country_admin_divisions_title=[[ايران جا صوبا|صوبو]]|country_admin_divisions=[[هرمزگان صوبو]]|country_admin_divisions_title_1=ڪائونٽي|country_admin_divisions_1=شهرستان قيشم|country_admin_divisions_title_2=[[ضلعو|بخش]]|country_admin_divisions_2=مرڪزي قيشم|country_admin_divisions_title_3=ڏيهي ضلعو|country_admin_divisions_3=لارڪ ڏيهي ضلعو|country_largest_city=لارڪ شهري|country_largest_city_population=466|module={{Infobox lighthouse| embed = yes| qid = Q106097403 | construction = concrete tower | shape = cylindrical tower with balcony and lantern<ref>{{Cite rowlett|irn|accessdate=2016-10-01}}</ref><ref>[http://msi.nga.mil/NGAPortal/MSI.portal?_nfpb=true&_st=&_pageLabel=msi_pub_detail&CCD_itemID=112&pubConstant=NGALOL NGA List of Lights – Pub.112] Retrieved 1 October 2016</ref> | marking = unpainted tower }}}} '''لارڪ ٻيٽ''' (<small>Lark</small> <small>Island</small>) هڪ ننڍڙو ايراني ٻيٽ آهي جيڪو [[ايران]] جي [[بندر عباس]] جي ساحل تي، قشم ٻيٽ جي اوڀر ۾ ۽ هرمز ٻيٽ جي ڏکڻ ۾ واقع آهي. [[هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه|هرمز جي آبنائي]] جو سڀ کان سوڙهو حصو جن جو ويڪر 24 ميل (39 ڪلوميٽر) آهي، هن ايراني ٻيٽ ۽ [[اومان]] جي عظيم ڪوئن ٻيٽ جي وچ ۾ واقع آهي. <ref name="Joyner1990">{{Cite book|date=1 January 1990}}</ref> هي ٻيٽ سال 1987ع کان وٺي ايران جي اهم تيل برآمدي نقطن مان هڪ آهي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130402153516/http://www.chtn.ir/WebForms/Fa/News/NewsInfo.aspx?ID=21612 Language of Larak] * [https://www.ibiblio.org/lighthouse/photos/NearEast/LarakIslandIRN.jpg Picture of Jazīreh-ye Lārak North Lighthouse] *[https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-iranica-online/larak-COM_11223 Larak, in encyclopaedia Iranica] {{Hormozgan Province}} {{Iranian islands in the Persian Gulf}} {{coord|26|51|N|56|21|E|region:IR_type:isle|display=title}} {{Authority control | additional=Q106097403}} [[زمرو:ايران]] [[زمرو:قشم ڪائونٽي]] [[زمرو:هرمزگان صوبو]] [[زمرو:ايران جا ٻيٽ]] [[زمرو:ايران ۾ لائيٽ هائوس]] [[زمرو:هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه]] [[زمرو:فارس جي نار جا ٻيٽ]] [[زمرو:ايران جي سامونڊي جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:ايشيا جي سامونڊي جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:هرمزگان صوبي جون زميني شڪلون]] 0j43zmc37mmd3b457bssgsdxrhuxf9m زمرو:ايران جي سامونڊي جاگرافي 14 94167 367991 2026-03-28T06:08:46Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ايران جي جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:ايشيا جي سامونڊي جاگرافي]] 367991 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ايران جي جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:ايشيا جي سامونڊي جاگرافي]] kakmiylj7a0q7wzb1yzw13zgv48e1tn زمرو:فارس جي نار جا ٻيٽ 14 94168 367993 2026-03-28T06:10:33Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ٻيٽ]] [[زمرو:فارس جي نار]] 367993 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ٻيٽ]] [[زمرو:فارس جي نار]] sqef8grbgrufpvcwichba0jh4yycrrm زمرو:ايران جي انتظامي ورهاستون 14 94169 367998 2026-03-28T06:19:18Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ايران]] [[زمرو:انتظامي ورهاستون بلحاظ ملڪ]] 367998 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ايران]] [[زمرو:انتظامي ورهاستون بلحاظ ملڪ]] 7obidjydah3j1661h2uffi8b825ew49 367999 367998 2026-03-28T06:19:50Z Ibne maryam 17680 367999 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ايران جي حڪومت]] [[زمرو:انتظامي ورهاستون بلحاظ ملڪ]] i4pexrh2yrag3t9ztimbx1pkiwn3qj8 368000 367999 2026-03-28T06:20:33Z Ibne maryam 17680 removed [[Category:انتظامي ورهاستون بلحاظ ملڪ]]; added [[Category:انتظامي ورھاست بلحاظ ملڪ]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 368000 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ايران جي حڪومت]] [[زمرو:انتظامي ورھاست بلحاظ ملڪ]] av0z19z7q0wp2fvoazsx2el9viwv2h4 368001 368000 2026-03-28T06:21:19Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:ايشيا جي انتظامي ورهاستون]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 368001 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ايران جي حڪومت]] [[زمرو:انتظامي ورھاست بلحاظ ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ايشيا جي انتظامي ورهاستون]] 4egfwvzph3o89mlqww9sjs3k6ati7nz 368004 368001 2026-03-28T06:24:29Z Ibne maryam 17680 368004 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ايران جي حڪومت]] [[زمرو:انتظامي ورھاست بلحاظ ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ايشيا جي انتظامي ورهاستون بلحاظ ملڪ]] snqigbezf2fl246ixcp9rb922bqasma زمرو:ايشيا جي انتظامي ورهاستون 14 94170 368002 2026-03-28T06:22:20Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ايشيا]] [[زمرو:انتظامي ورهاست بلحاظ کنڊ]] 368002 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ايشيا]] [[زمرو:انتظامي ورهاست بلحاظ کنڊ]] m0xwrgngkvpa5vy29f5nkepq4yk3vm7 زمرو:ايشيا جي انتظامي ورهاستون بلحاظ ملڪ 14 94171 368005 2026-03-28T06:24:44Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ايشيا جي انتظامي ورهاستون]] [[زمرو:انتظامي ورھاست بلحاظ ملڪ]] 368005 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ايشيا جي انتظامي ورهاستون]] [[زمرو:انتظامي ورھاست بلحاظ ملڪ]] 594c5dtlns9bd1yoecmf0xeh03lwju6 زمرو:هرمزگان صوبو 14 94172 368007 2026-03-28T06:27:30Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ايران جا صوبا]] [[زمرو:ايران جي انتظامي ورهاستون]] 368007 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ايران جا صوبا]] [[زمرو:ايران جي انتظامي ورهاستون]] trl0j0916jh0nacyt6yutaff9bxlq12 زمرو:سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبو 14 94173 368009 2026-03-28T06:29:58Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ايران جا صوبا]] [[زمرو:ايران جي انتظامي ورهاستون]] 368009 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ايران جا صوبا]] [[زمرو:ايران جي انتظامي ورهاستون]] trl0j0916jh0nacyt6yutaff9bxlq12 زمرو:سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبي ۾ شھر 14 94174 368013 2026-03-28T06:38:01Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ايران ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبو]] 368013 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ايران ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبو]] 5rs1tlocnpv731pi7kmkg1akg6mq5e4 زمرو:چابهار شھر 14 94175 368015 2026-03-28T06:39:18Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبو]] [[زمرو:سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبي ۾ شھر]] 368015 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبو]] [[زمرو:سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبي ۾ شھر]] 73z8ry86lyr3hrnw5xavs4f5lfglz3w رضاوي خراسان صوبو 0 94176 368017 2026-03-28T06:55:09Z Ibne maryam 17680 صفحي "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343416507|Razavi Khorasan province]]" جي شروعاتي ڀاڱي جو ترجمو ڪندي سرجيو ويو 368017 wikitext text/x-wiki {{فرق سڃاڻ|اتر خراسان صوبو|ڏکڻ خراسان صوبو|خراسان صوبو|خراسان}} <references /> '''رضوي خراسان صوبو''' (فارسي: {{langx|fa|استان خراسان رضوی}}) [[ايران جا صوبا|ايران جي 31 صوبن]] مان هڪ آهي، جيڪو اتر اوڀر ايران ۾ واقع آهي. ان جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[مشھد|مشهد]] آهي، جيڪو ايران جو ٻيو نمبر سڀ کان وڌيڪ آبادي وارو شهر آهي. <ref name="Khorasan Province Structure 2">{{حوالو ويب|archivedate=17 November 2015|date=21 June 1369|quote=6 January 2024}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHabibi1369">Habibi, Hassan (21 June 1369). </cite></ref> رضوي خراسان انهن ٽن صوبن مان هڪ آهي جيڪا سال 2004ع ۾ خراسان صوبي جي ورهاڱي کان پوءِ ٺاهيا ويا هئا. سال 2014ع ۾، ان کي علائقي 5 ۾ رکيو ويو ۽ مشهد کي علائقي جي سيڪريٽريٽ جو مقام بڻايو ويو. <ref>{{Cite news|date=22 June 2014|language=fa|newspaper=Hamshahri Online|url=http://www.hamshahrionline.ir/details/263382/Iran/-provinces|archivedate=23 June 2014}}</ref> صفت "رضوي" صوبي جي امام علي الرضا، شيعن جي اٺين امام، سان وابستگي کي بيان ڪري ٿي، جيڪو [[اثنا عشري|ٽوليور شيعه اسلام]] جا اٺون [[ٻارهن امامن جي فهرست|امام]] هئا ۽ سال 818ع ۾ طوس ۾ وفات ڪيائين ۽ مشهد ۾ دفن ٿيل آهن. <ref>{{Citation|title=رضوی|date=2023-11-09|quote=2026-03-14}}</ref> 4lpw0mlq41idzzlz7655jz7t8svo14h 368019 368017 2026-03-28T06:59:16Z Ibne maryam 17680 368019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{فرق سڃاڻ|اتر خراسان صوبو|ڏکڻ خراسان صوبو|خراسان صوبو|خراسان}} '''رضوي خراسان صوبو''' (فارسي: {{langx|fa|استان خراسان رضوی}}) [[ايران جا صوبا|ايران جي 31 صوبن]] مان هڪ آهي، جيڪو اتر اوڀر ايران ۾ واقع آهي. ان جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[مشھد|مشهد]] آهي، جيڪو ايران جو ٻيو نمبر سڀ کان وڌيڪ آبادي وارو شهر آهي.<ref name="Khorasan Province Structure 2">{{حوالو ويب|archivedate=17 November 2015|date=21 June 1369|quote=6 January 2024}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHabibi1369">Habibi, Hassan (21 June 1369). </cite></ref> رضوي خراسان صوبو انهن ٽن صوبن مان هڪ آهي جيڪا سال 2004ع ۾ خراسان صوبي جي ورهاڱي کان پوءِ ٺاهيا ويا هئا. سال 2014ع ۾، ان کي علائقي 5 ۾ رکيو ويو ۽ مشهد کي علائقي جي سيڪريٽريٽ جو مقام بڻايو ويو.<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 June 2014|language=fa|newspaper=Hamshahri Online|url=http://www.hamshahrionline.ir/details/263382/Iran/-provinces|archivedate=23 June 2014}}</ref> صفت "رضوي" صوبي جي امام علي الرضا، [[اثنا عشري]] شيعن جي اٺين امام، سان وابستگي کي بيان ڪري ٿي، جيڪا سال 818ع ۾ طوس ۾ وفات ڪيائين ۽ مشهد ۾ دفن ٿيل آهن.<ref>{{Citation|title=رضوی|date=2023-11-09|quote=2026-03-14}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:رضوي خراسان صوبو]] [[زمرو:ايران جا صوبا]] 6i05z2z9uha3zp0udq0jq8x07mj16i8 368020 368019 2026-03-28T07:00:53Z Ibne maryam 17680 368020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{فرق سڃاڻ|اتر خراسان صوبو|ڏکڻ خراسان صوبو|خراسان صوبو|خراسان}} '''رضوي خراسان صوبو''' (فارسي:استان خراسان رضوی) [[ايران جا صوبا|ايران جي 31 صوبن]] مان هڪ آهي، جيڪو اتر اوڀر ايران ۾ واقع آهي. ان جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[مشھد|مشهد شهر]] آهي، جيڪو ايران جو ٻيو نمبر سڀ کان وڌيڪ آبادي وارو شهر آهي.<ref name="Khorasan Province Structure 2">{{حوالو ويب|archivedate=17 November 2015|date=21 June 1369|quote=6 January 2024}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHabibi1369">Habibi, Hassan (21 June 1369). </cite></ref> رضوي خراسان صوبو انهن ٽن صوبن مان هڪ آهي جيڪا سال 2004ع ۾ خراسان صوبي جي ورهاڱي کان پوءِ ٺاهيا ويا هئا. سال 2014ع ۾، ان کي "علائقي 5" ۾ رکيو ويو ۽ مشهد کي علائقي جي سيڪريٽريٽ جو مقام بڻايو ويو.<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 June 2014|language=fa|newspaper=Hamshahri Online|url=http://www.hamshahrionline.ir/details/263382/Iran/-provinces|archivedate=23 June 2014}}</ref> صفت "رضوي" صوبي جي امام علي الرضا، [[اثنا عشري]] شيعن جي اٺين امام، سان وابستگي کي بيان ڪري ٿي، جيڪا سال 818ع ۾ طوس ۾ وفات ڪيائين ۽ مشهد ۾ دفن ٿيل آهن.<ref>{{Citation|title=رضوی|date=2023-11-09|quote=2026-03-14}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:رضوي خراسان صوبو]] [[زمرو:ايران جا صوبا]] 2id3tcef1aq3cxautuozvt28k2j0rru 368051 368020 2026-03-28T08:23:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 368051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{فرق سڃاڻ|اتر خراسان صوبو|ڏکڻ خراسان صوبو|خراسان صوبو|خراسان}} '''رضوي خراسان صوبو''' (فارسي:استان خراسان رضوی) [[ايران جا صوبا|ايران جي 31 صوبن]] مان هڪ آهي، جيڪو اتر اوڀر ايران ۾ واقع آهي. ان جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[مشھد|مشهد شهر]] آهي، جيڪو ايران جو ٻيو نمبر سڀ کان وڌيڪ آبادي وارو شهر آهي.<ref name="Khorasan Province Structure 2">{{حوالو ويب|archivedate=17 November 2015|date=21 June 1369|quote=6 January 2024}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHabibi1369">Habibi, Hassan (21 June 1369). </cite></ref> رضوي خراسان صوبو انهن ٽن صوبن مان هڪ آهي جيڪا سال 2004ع ۾ خراسان صوبي جي ورهاڱي کان پوءِ ٺاهيا ويا هئا. سال 2014ع ۾، ان کي "علائقي 5" ۾ رکيو ويو ۽ مشهد کي علائقي جي سيڪريٽريٽ جو مقام بڻايو ويو.<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 June 2014|language=fa|newspaper=Hamshahri Online|url=http://www.hamshahrionline.ir/details/263382/Iran/-provinces|archivedate=23 June 2014|title=آرڪائيو ڪاپي|accessdate=28 March 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623191332/http://www.hamshahrionline.ir/details/263382/Iran/-provinces}}</ref> صفت "رضوي" صوبي جي امام علي الرضا، [[اثنا عشري]] شيعن جي اٺين امام، سان وابستگي کي بيان ڪري ٿي، جيڪا سال 818ع ۾ طوس ۾ وفات ڪيائين ۽ مشهد ۾ دفن ٿيل آهن.<ref>{{Citation|title=رضوی|date=2023-11-09|quote=2026-03-14}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:رضوي خراسان صوبو]] [[زمرو:ايران جا صوبا]] 0fr4wblg5f1gqf4hy3otf2wan748gqc زمرو:رضوي خراسان صوبو 14 94177 368021 2026-03-28T07:01:43Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ايران جا صوبا]] 368021 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ايران جا صوبا]] kv6xakzvjmu118e4a9rs546co71ahya 368022 368021 2026-03-28T07:02:35Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:ايران جي انتظامي ورهاستون]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 368022 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ايران جا صوبا]] [[زمرو:ايران جي انتظامي ورهاستون]] trl0j0916jh0nacyt6yutaff9bxlq12 زمرو:ايران ۾ صوبائي راڄڌانيون 14 94178 368024 2026-03-28T07:06:27Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ايران ۾ شهر]] 368024 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ايران ۾ شهر]] 6qw05x10gy4xad6wbg8au8ahy1e6hzy زمرو:رضوي خراسان 14 94179 368028 2026-03-28T07:10:22Z Ibne maryam 17680 Ibne maryam صفحي [[زمرو:رضوي خراسان]] کي [[زمرو:ڏکڻ خراسان صوبو]] ڏانھن چوريو 368028 wikitext text/x-wiki {{واپس منتقل زمرو|زمرو:ڏکڻ خراسان صوبو}} 6i3wtd10aq10xzbapckv32s3is1jc33 زمرو:فارس صوبو 14 94180 368030 2026-03-28T07:15:07Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ايران جا صوبا]] 368030 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ايران جا صوبا]] kv6xakzvjmu118e4a9rs546co71ahya زمرو:ايران جا علائقا 14 94181 368032 2026-03-28T07:19:49Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:علائقا]] [[زمرو:ايران جي طبعي جاگرافي]] 368032 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:علائقا]] [[زمرو:ايران جي طبعي جاگرافي]] b8kkr5ql2qx72dm0ze34d7gqv67tevh 368033 368032 2026-03-28T07:20:30Z Ibne maryam 17680 removed [[Category:علائقا]]; added [[Category:علائقا بلحاظ ملڪ]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 368033 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:علائقا بلحاظ ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ايران جي طبعي جاگرافي]] clfzqow7o42mk136r67zmnoifdmyoyj زمرو:فارس صوبي جا شهر 14 94182 368036 2026-03-28T07:22:31Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:فارس صوبو]] [[زمرو:ايران ۾ شهر]] 368036 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:فارس صوبو]] [[زمرو:ايران ۾ شهر]] 2h3djqr3j9xrip0i1gtehdgsnb40jaz زمرو:اتر خراسان 14 94183 368047 2026-03-28T07:35:15Z Ibne maryam 17680 Ibne maryam صفحي [[زمرو:اتر خراسان]] کي [[زمرو:اتر خراسان صوبو]] ڏانھن چوريو 368047 wikitext text/x-wiki {{واپس منتقل زمرو|زمرو:اتر خراسان صوبو}} incsu92mzbeywr83mbyvvol9jc8lv9l ڄاڻخانو 0 94184 368056 2026-03-28T09:31:48Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{مختصر وضاحت|معلومات کي منظم ڪرڻ جو طريقو}} [[File:43185 infobox.jpg|thumb|right|[[برٽش ريل ڪلاس 43 (ايڇ ايس ٽي)|برٽش ريل ڪلاس 43]] ڪار 43185 جو حقيقي زندگي وارو انفوباڪس، جيڪو [[فرسٽ گريٽ ويسٽرن]] طرفان هلائجي ٿو]] هڪ '''انفوباڪس''' هڪ ڊجيٽل يا جسماني [[ٽيبل (معلومات)]] هوندو آهي، جيڪو پنهنجي... 368056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{مختصر وضاحت|معلومات کي منظم ڪرڻ جو طريقو}} [[File:43185 infobox.jpg|thumb|right|[[برٽش ريل ڪلاس 43 (ايڇ ايس ٽي)|برٽش ريل ڪلاس 43]] ڪار 43185 جو حقيقي زندگي وارو انفوباڪس، جيڪو [[فرسٽ گريٽ ويسٽرن]] طرفان هلائجي ٿو]] هڪ '''انفوباڪس''' هڪ ڊجيٽل يا جسماني [[ٽيبل (معلومات)]] هوندو آهي، جيڪو پنهنجي موضوع بابت ڪجهه چونڊيل معلومات گڏ ڪرڻ ۽ پيش ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي، جهڙوڪ هڪ [[دستاويز]]. اهو هڪ [[ساخت يافته دستاويز]] هوندو آهي جنهن ۾ [[خاصيت–قدر جوڙو]] شامل هوندا آهن،{{sfn|Baeza-Yates|King|2009|p=31}} ۽ [[وڪيپيڊيا]] ۾ اهو ڪنهن [[مضمون (اشاعت)]] جي موضوع بابت معلومات جو خلاصو پيش ڪندو آهي.{{sfn|Liyang|2011|p=385}} هن طريقي سان، اهي ڪجهه لحاظ کان ڊيٽا جي [[ٽيبل (معلومات)]] سان مشابهت رکن ٿا. جڏهن اهو وڏي دستاويز اندر پيش ڪيو وڃي ٿو جنهن جو اهو خلاصو هوندو آهي، تڏهن انفوباڪس اڪثر ڪري [[پاسي واري خاني (اشاعت)]] جي صورت ۾ ڏيکاريو ويندو آهي. هڪ انفوباڪس کي ڪنهن ٻئي دستاويز ۾ شامل ڪرڻ لاءِ ان کي [[ٽرانسڪليوشن]] ذريعي انهي دستاويز ۾ شامل ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ انفوباڪس سان لاڳاپيل ڪجهه يا سڀئي خاصيت–قدر جوڙا بيان ڪيا ويندا آهن، جنهن کي [[پيرا ميٽرائيزيشن]] چيو ويندو آهي. 71vg15bta5cev47laguo347jbhi2epl 368057 368056 2026-03-28T09:35:14Z Intisar Ali 8681 368057 wikitext text/x-wiki {{مختصر وضاحت|معلومات کي منظم ڪرڻ جو طريقو}} [[File:43185 infobox.jpg|thumb|right|[[برٽش ريل ڪلاس 43 (ايڇ ايس ٽي)|برٽش ريل ڪلاس 43]] ڪار 43185 جو حقيقي زندگي وارو انفوباڪس، جيڪو [[فرسٽ گريٽ ويسٽرن]] طرفان هلائجي ٿو]] '''ڄاڻخانو''' ('''Infobox'''): هڪ ڊجيٽل يا جسماني [[جدول (معلومات)]] هوندو آهي، جيڪو پنهنجي موضوع بابت ڪجهه چونڊيل معلومات گڏ ڪرڻ ۽ پيش ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي، جهڙوڪ هڪ [[دستاويز]]. اهو هڪ [[ساخت يافته دستاويز]] هوندو آهي جنهن ۾ [[خاصيت–قدر جوڙو]] شامل هوندا آهن،{{sfn|Baeza-Yates|King|2009|p=31}} ۽ [[وڪيپيڊيا]] ۾ اهو ڪنهن [[مضمون (اشاعت)]] جي موضوع بابت معلومات جو خلاصو پيش ڪندو آهي.{{sfn|Liyang|2011|p=385}} هن طريقي سان، اهي ڪجهه لحاظ کان ڊيٽا جي [[ٽيبل (معلومات)]] سان مشابهت رکن ٿا. جڏهن اهو وڏي دستاويز اندر پيش ڪيو وڃي ٿو جنهن جو اهو خلاصو هوندو آهي، تڏهن انفوباڪس اڪثر ڪري [[پاسي وارو خانو (اشاعت)|پاسي واري خاني]] جي صورت ۾ ڏيکاريو ويندو آهي. هڪ ڄاڻخاني کي ڪنهن ٻئي دستاويز ۾ شامل ڪرڻ لاءِ ان کي [[ٽرانسڪليوشن]] ذريعي انهي دستاويز ۾ شامل ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ انفوباڪس سان لاڳاپيل ڪجهه يا سڀئي خاصيت–قدر جوڙا بيان ڪيا ويندا آهن، جنهن کي [[پيرا ميٽرائيزيشن]] چيو ويندو آهي. 99kczxj08h631hwpahsdya5ndj3uqss دل شير بروهي 0 94185 368060 2026-03-28T10:09:10Z Kashif123m 21956 صفحي "[[:ur:Special:Redirect/revision/9617841|دل شیر بروہی]]" جي شروعاتي ڀاڱي جو ترجمو ڪندي سرجيو ويو 368060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement|official_name='''دل شير بروهي'''|native_name={{lang|en|Dil Sher Brohi}}|settlement_type=[[ڳوٺ]]|map_alt=|map_caption=دل شير بروهي ڳوٺ جيڪب آباد|pushpin_map=Pakistan|pushpin_label_position=<!-- left, right, top, bottom, none -->|pushpin_map_alt=|pushpin_mapsize=|image=Dil Sher Brohi Tree.jpg|image_caption=ڳوٺ دل شير بروهي ۾ وڏي ۾ وڏو وڻ|pushpin_map_caption=دل شير بروهي کي پاڪستان جي اندر ڏسو.|coordinates={{coord|28|02|44|N|68|04|17|E|region:PK_type:city|display=inline}}|subdivision_type=[[ملک]]|subdivision_name=[[پاکستان]]|subdivision_type1=[[پاکستان کی انتظامی تقسیم|صوبو]]|subdivision_type2=[[پاکستان کے اضلاع|ڊويزن]]|subdivision_type3=[[پاکستان کے اضلاع|ضلع]]|subdivision_type4=[[تعلقو]]|subdivision_name1=[[سنڌ]]|subdivision_name2=[[لاڙڪاڻو ڊويزن]]|subdivision_name3=[[جيڪب آباد ضلعو]]|subdivision_name4=[[ڳڙهي خيرو تعلقو]]|timezone1=[[پاکستان کا معیاری وقت]]|utc_offset1=+5|website=}} '''دل شير بروهي''' {{ٻيو نالو}} هڪ ڳوٺاڻن ۽ وڻن سان ڀريل ڳوٺ آهي جيڪو جيڪب آباد ضلعي، سنڌ، پاڪستان ۾ واقع آهي. pe1m67wnu4l48dtlt5jeba24m0p63jo 368062 368060 2026-03-28T10:15:28Z Kashif123m 21956 368062 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement|official_name='''دل شير بروهي'''|native_name={{lang|en|Dil Sher Brohi}}|settlement_type=[[ڳوٺ]]|map_alt=|map_caption=دل شير بروهي ڳوٺ جيڪب آباد|pushpin_map=Pakistan|pushpin_label_position=<!-- left, right, top, bottom, none -->|pushpin_map_alt=|pushpin_mapsize=|image=Dil Sher Brohi Tree.jpg|image_caption=ڳوٺ دل شير بروهي ۾ وڏي ۾ وڏو وڻ|pushpin_map_caption=دل شير بروهي کي پاڪستان جي اندر ڏسو.|coordinates={{coord|28|02|44|N|68|04|17|E|region:PK_type:city|display=inline}}|subdivision_type=[[ملک]]|subdivision_name=[[پاکستان]]|subdivision_type1=[[پاکستان کی انتظامی تقسیم|صوبو]]|subdivision_type2=[[پاکستان کے اضلاع|ڊويزن]]|subdivision_type3=[[پاکستان کے اضلاع|ضلع]]|subdivision_type4=[[تعلقو]]|subdivision_name1=[[سنڌ]]|subdivision_name2=[[لاڙڪاڻو ڊويزن]]|subdivision_name3=[[جيڪب آباد ضلعو]]|subdivision_name4=[[ڳڙهي خيرو تعلقو]]|timezone1=[[پاکستان کا معیاری وقت]]|utc_offset1=+5|website=}} '''دل شير بروهي''' (انگریزي : Dil Sher Brohi) هڪ ڳوٺاڻن ۽ وڻن سان ڀريل ڳوٺ آهي جيڪو جيڪب آباد ضلعي، سنڌ، پاڪستان ۾ واقع آهي. hkfie2xt59kfdxnqxow8lx92ys1sgze ماڊيول:Footnotes/whitelist/doc 828 94186 368065 2026-03-28T10:42:10Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{وڏي خطري وارو}} هي صفحو اينڪر سڃاڻپ نمبرن (anchor IDs) ۽ انهن سان لاڳاپيل حوالا ڍڪيندڙ سانچن (citation wrapper templates) جي ترتيب ڏنل فهرست آهي. {{cl|Harv and Sfn template errors#Current limitations and false-positive errors|فني حدن}} جي ڪري، مختصر حوالا سانچا، [[Module:Footnotes]] ذريعي، حوالا ڍڪيندڙ سانچن لاءِ false positive|غلط... 368065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{وڏي خطري وارو}} هي صفحو اينڪر سڃاڻپ نمبرن (anchor IDs) ۽ انهن سان لاڳاپيل حوالا ڍڪيندڙ سانچن (citation wrapper templates) جي ترتيب ڏنل فهرست آهي. {{cl|Harv and Sfn template errors#Current limitations and false-positive errors|فني حدن}} جي ڪري، مختصر حوالا سانچا، [[Module:Footnotes]] ذريعي، حوالا ڍڪيندڙ سانچن لاءِ [[false positive|غلط مثبت]] غلطي جا پيغام ڏيکاريندا. هتي ڏنل اينڪر سڃاڻپ نمبر Module:Footnotes کي هدايت ڏين ٿا ته مختصر حوالن جي سانچن لاءِ غلطي جا پيغام لڪايا وڃن، جيڪڏهن لاڳاپيل حوالا ڍڪيندڙ سانچو مضمون ۾ موجود هجي. هي مڪمل نظام ناهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هن طريقي سان [[false negative|غلط منفي]] نتيجا به ٿي سگهن ٿا، ڇو⁠تہ هي طريقو صحيح غلطي جا پيغام به لڪائي سگهي ٿو جيڪڏهن مڪمل حوالو موجود نه هجي. هن فهرست ۾ اينڪر سڃاڻپ ۽ لاڳاپيل سانچو شامل ڪرڻ سان انهي اينڪر سڃاڻپ / سانچي جي جوڙي لاءِ سڀ {{error-small|no target}} غلطي جا پيغام لڪايا ويندا. ==سانچن کي سفيد فهرست ۾ شامل ڪرڻ== سانچن لاءِ سفيد فهرست جا ٽي طريقا آهن، ۽ هر هڪ مختلف سانچي جي رويي لاءِ مناسب آهي: # <b>اهو ڍڪيندڙ سانچو جيڪو ٿورن مختلف حوالن کي پيدا ڪري، جن جو نالو ۽ تاريخ مختصر فوٽنٽ لاءِ مناسب هجي، ۽ نالو ۽ تاريخ تبديل نه ڪيا وڃن</b> #: هن حالت ۾، CITEREF کي <code>whitelist</code> متغير ۾ شامل ڪيو وڃي، جنهن ۾ ڪنجي (key) جو نمونو <code>CITEREFNameDate</code> هجي ۽ قيمت (value) انهن سانچن جي فهرست هجي جيڪي اهو CITEREF ٺاهي سگهن ٿا. #:* سفيد فهرست ۾ اندراج ڪندي الڳ سڃاڻپ وارا اکر شامل نه ڪريو. مثال طور، "CITEREFSmith2018" استعمال ڪيو وڃي، ڀلي سانچو "CITEREFSmith2018a" ٺاهي. #:* [[Module:Footnotes/whitelist/sort]] اوزار <code>whitelist{}</code> جي سار سنڀال لاءِ مددگار آهي. # <b>اهو ڍڪيندڙ سانچو جيڪو نالو ۽ تاريخ مختصر فوٽنٽ لاءِ مناسب پيدا ڪري، پر نالو ۽ تاريخ اڪثر تبديل ڪيا وڃن ۽ ڪيترائي مختلف حوالا ٺهي سگهن</b> #: اهڙن سانچن کي <code>wrapper_template</code> متغير ۾ شامل ڪيو وڃي. پوءِ ماڊيول انهن سانچن جي استعمال کي ڏسندو جتي نالو يا تاريخ تبديل ڪيا ويا هجن. #:* بنيادي نالو ۽ تاريخ يا ته <code>wrapper_template_defaults</code> ۾ ڏنا وڃن (جيڪڏهن هڪ ئي بنيادي نالو ۽ تاريخ هجي)، يا <code>wrapper_template_defaults_vol</code> ۾ (جيڪڏهن بنيادي نالو ۽ تاريخ جلد نمبر تي دارومدار رکن). #:* ريڊائريڪٽ يا وڌيڪ ڍڪيندڙ سانچن کي <code>wrapper_template</code> ۾ نئين ڪنجي طور بيان ڪيو وڃي: انهن جي قيمت <code>wrapper_template_defaults</code> يا <code>wrapper_template_defaults_vol</code> ۾ ڏنل نالو ۽ تاريخ هوندي. #:* جيڪڏهن مناسب بنيادي نالو يا تاريخ موجود نه هجي، ته خالي لکت <code><nowiki>''</nowiki></code> استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿي. # <b>اهو ڍڪيندڙ سانچو جيڪو غير معمولي مختصر فوٽنٽ پيدا ڪري (مثال طور بغير ليکڪ يا تاريخ جي)</b> #: هن حالت ۾، هڪ Lua نمونو جيڪو سڀني CITEREF حالتن کي ڍڪي، <code>wrapper_template_patterns</code> متغير ۾ شامل ڪيو وڃي. هر اندراج ٻن فهرستن تي ٻڌل هوندو: هڪ انهن سانچن جي فهرست جيڪي ساڳيو Lua نمونو استعمال ڪن ٿا، ۽ ٻي Lua نمونن جي فهرست جيڪا انهن سڀني CITEREF کي ڍڪي ٿي جيڪي اهي سانچا پيدا ڪن ٿا. <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- هن سٽ کان هيٺ زمرا شامل ڪريو؛ بين وڪي لنڪ وڪيڊيٽا تي --> }}</includeonly><noinclude> [[Category:Module documentation pages]] </noinclude> 1ugtzp2ttnsajaioc368s0a2tu8i7n6 واپرائيندڙ بحث:Kashif123m 3 94187 368067 2026-03-28T10:42:26Z KaleemBot 10779 ڀليڪار! 368067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{سانچو:سماجي ڳنڍڻن تي سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا}} <div style="padding:5px;font-size:medium"><center style="word-spacing:1ex">[[Wikipedia:سفارتخانو|سفارتخاني جي صفحي تي پنھنجون سفارشون ڏيو]] </center></div> {| bgcolor="#ADDFAD" align=center style="width:100% !important; -moz-border-radius: 1em;-webkit-border-radius:1em;border-radius:1em; border-top:2px dashed #3eb2c9;border-bottom:2px dashed #3eb2c9;padding: 5px 20px 25px;" |<span style="font-family:MB Lateefi;float:left">'''[[Wikipedia:سفارتخانو|سفارتخانو]]'''</span> <div class="tabber horizTabBox" style="width: 100% !important;"> [[عڪس:Wikipedia laurier wp.png|left|200px]] <center><big>'''بزمِ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا ۾ ڀلي ڪري آيا''' ''{{PAGENAME}}'''</big></center>'' '''السلام عليڪم! اسان اميد ڪريون ٿا تہ توھان سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا جي لاء بھترين اضافو ثابت ٿيندئو'''.<br> * وڪيپيڊيا ھڪ کليل ڄاڻ چيڪلو آھي جنھن کي اسان سڀ ملي ڪري لکندا ۽ سنواريندا آھيون. وڪيپيڊيا منصوبي جي شروعات جنوري 2001ع ۾ ٿي، جڏھن تہ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا فيبروري 2006ع ۾ عمل آئي. في الحال ھن وڪيپيڊيا ۾ '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' [[Special:Allpages|مضمون]] موجود آھن.<br /> * ھن چيڪلي (انسائيڪلوپيڊيا) ۾ توھان مضمون نويسي، سنوار ۽ تصحيح کان پھريان ھيٺين صفحن تي ضرور نظر وجھو.''' * صفحن جي ظاھريت جي تبديلي ۽ طریقيڪار جي لاءِ ڏسو '''[[خاص:ترجيحات|ترجيحون]]'''. <Font - size=4> '''اصول ۽ قاعدا''' </Font - size> <Font - size=3> '''توھان جو واپرائيندڙ ۽ بحث صفحو''' </Font - size><br> ھتي توھانجو [[خاص:Mypage|'''مخصوص واپرائيندڙ صفحو بہ ھوندو''']] جتي توھان [[:زمرو:يوزر سانچا|پنھنجو تعارف لکي سگھو ٿا]]، ۽ توهانجي [[خاص:Mytalk|واپرائيندڙ بحث]] تي ٻيا رڪنَ توھان سان رابطو ڪري سگھن ٿا ۽ توھان ڏي پيغام موڪلي سگھن ٿا. * '''ڪنھن ٻئي رڪن کي پيغام موڪلڻ وقت ھنن امرن جو خاص خيال رکو''': ** '''جيڪڏھن ضرورت هجي تہ پيغام کي عنوان ضرور ڏيو'''. ** '''پيغام جي آخر ۾ پنهنجي صحيح ضرور وجھو، ان جي لاءِ هي علامت درج ڪريو'''--&#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''' يا ھن ([[عڪس:Insert-signature.png|link=]]) بٽڻ تي ٽڙڪ ڪريو'''. ** '''[[Wikipedia:اصول بحث|اظھار بحث جي آدابن]] جو خصوصي خيال رکو'''. <Font - size=3> '''تعاون''' </Font - size> * '''وڪيپيڊيا جي ڪنھن بہ صفحي جي سڄي پاسي ڳوليو جو خانو نظر ايندو آھي. جنھن موضوع تي مضمون ٺاھڻ چاھيو تہ ڳوليو جي خاني ۾ لکو، ۽ ڳوليو تي ٽڙڪ ڪريو'''. <inputbox>type=search</inputbox> * '''توھان جي موضوع سان ملندڙ جلندڙ صفحا نظر ايندا. اھو اطمينان ڪرڻ کان پوء تہ توھان جي گهربل موضوع تي پھريان کان مضمون موجود ناھي، توھان نئون صفحو ٺاھي سگھو ٿا واضع هجي تہ ھڪ موضوع تي ھڪ کان وڌيڪ مضمون ٺاھڻ جي اجازت ناھي. توھان ھيٺ ڏنل خانو بہ استعمال ڪري سگھو ٿا'''. <inputbox>type=create</inputbox> * '''لکڻ کان پهرئين ھن ڳالھ جو يقين ڪريو تہ جنھن عنوان تي توھان لکي رھيا آھيو ان تي يا ان سان ملندڙ عنوانن تي وڪي ۾ ڪوئي مضمون نہ ھجي. ان جي لاء توھان ڳوليو جي خاني ۾ عنوان ۽ ان جا هم معنيٰ لفظ (اهڙا لفظ جن جي معني هڪ هجي) لکي ڳولا ڪريو'''.</center> |} -- توھان جي مدد جي لاء ھر وقت حاضر، اوهان جو خادم --[[واپرائيندڙ:KaleemBot|KaleemBot]] ([[واپرائيندڙ بحث:KaleemBot|ڳالھ]]) 10:42, 28 مارچ 2026 ( يو.ٽي.سي) 9334rwhe3cuzllums6travfm1z8hu51 سانچو:وڏي خطري وارو 10 94188 368069 2026-03-28T10:43:10Z Intisar Ali 8681 صفحي کي [[سانچو:High-risk]] ڏانھن چوريو 368069 wikitext text/x-wiki #چوريو[[سانچو:High-risk]] jkfwpxl8mhfum7ev2bgxgk4c6jvfyam سانچو:Used in system/doc 10 94189 368073 2026-03-28T10:54:30Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هن صفحي جي آخر ۾ ڏنل هنڌ تي شامل ڪريو ۽ بين الويڪي لنڪ وڪيڊيٽا تي شامل ڪريو (ڏسو [[وڪيپيڊيا:وڪيڊيٽا]]) --> {{lua|Module:High-use}} هي {{tl|used in system}} پيغام وارو خانو آهي. هي انهن سانچن ۽ ماڊيولن جي دستاويزن جي مٿان رکڻ لاءِ آهي جيڪي وڪيپيڊيا جي يوزر... 368073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هن صفحي جي آخر ۾ ڏنل هنڌ تي شامل ڪريو ۽ بين الويڪي لنڪ وڪيڊيٽا تي شامل ڪريو (ڏسو [[وڪيپيڊيا:وڪيڊيٽا]]) --> {{lua|Module:High-use}} هي {{tl|used in system}} پيغام وارو خانو آهي. هي انهن سانچن ۽ ماڊيولن جي دستاويزن جي مٿان رکڻ لاءِ آهي جيڪي وڪيپيڊيا جي يوزر انٽرفيس ۾ استعمال ٿين ٿا. '''نوٽ!''' اهو عام ڳالهه آهي ته پيغام واري خاني ۾ ڪجهه لنڪ ڳاڙها هجن. == استعمال == هي سانچو جيئن جو تيئن استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو. پر هي ڪجهه پيرا ميٽر به وٺي سگهي ٿو: * پهريون پيرا ميٽر سرخي جي متن جي ٻئي حصي کي تبديل ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏئي ٿو. هيٺ مثال ڏسو. * ٻيو پيرا ميٽر ڪنهن ٻي ڳالهه ٻولهه واري صفحي جو نالو آهي جيڪڏهن توهان چاهيو ٿا ته بحث اتي ڪيو وڃي. پر بهتر طريقو اهو ٿي سگهي ٿو ته توهان پنهنجي سانچي جي ڳالهه ٻولهه واري صفحي کي ان ٻئي صفحي ڏانهن ريڊائريڪٽ ڪري ڇڏيو. هيٺ ڪجهه مثال ڏجن ٿا: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{used in system|in many system messages|Wikipedia talk:High-risk templates}} </syntaxhighlight> {{used in system|in many system messages|Wikipedia talk:High-risk templates|nocat=yes}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{used in system|in many system messages}} </syntaxhighlight> {{used in system|in many system messages|nocat=yes}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{used in system||Wikipedia talk:High-risk templates}} </syntaxhighlight> {{used in system||Wikipedia talk:High-risk templates|nocat=yes}} هڪ /doc صفحي جي مٿئين حصي لاءِ مڪمل ڪوڊ هن طرح ٿي سگهي ٿو: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{documentation subpage}} {{used in system| in many system messages }} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هن صفحي جي آخر ۾ ڏنل هنڌ تي شامل ڪريو ۽ بين الويڪي لنڪ وڪيڊيٽا تي شامل ڪريو (ڏسو [[وڪيپيڊيا:وڪيڊيٽا]]) --> </syntaxhighlight> == فني تفصيل == [[/sandbox]] ۽ [[/testcases]] اهڙن ذيلي صفحن جا معياري نالا آهن. جيڪڏهن اهي صفحا ٺاهيا وڃن ته سانچي لاءِ سائي /doc خانو انهن کي پاڻ سڃاڻي وٺندو ۽ پنهنجي سرخي ۾ انهن جا لنڪ ڏيکاريندو. مثال طور هن دستاويز جي مٿئين حصي کي ڏسو. == پڻ ڏسو == * {{tl|high-use}} * [[وڪيپيڊيا:سانچو سينڊباڪس ۽ جاچ ڪيس]] * [[وڪيپيڊيا:وڏي خطري وارا سانچا]] * {{tl|pp-template}} – تحفظ وارو سانچو جيڪو عام طور وڏي خطري وارن سانچن تي لڳايو ويندو آهي. <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هن سٽ کان هيٺ شامل ڪريو؛ بين الويڪي لنڪ وڪيڊيٽا تي --> [[Category:Documentation header templates]] }}</includeonly> fjbz9fn40yxnhnc9p0db3kfy5q43zih سانچو:Pp-template/doc 10 94190 368075 2026-03-28T10:56:24Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} {{Twinkle standard installation}} {{User:MusikBot II/Config notice}} {{Lua|Module:Protection banner}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا ۽ بين الويڪي لنڪ هن صفحي جي آخر ۾ شامل ڪريو. --> هي {{tl|pp-template}} تحفظ اطلاع وارو سانچو آهي. هي محفوظ ڪيل سانچن ۽ محفوظ ڪيل فائيل (تصوير) صفحن تي استعمال ٿيندو آهي. هي سانچو... 368075 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} {{Twinkle standard installation}} {{User:MusikBot II/Config notice}} {{Lua|Module:Protection banner}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا ۽ بين الويڪي لنڪ هن صفحي جي آخر ۾ شامل ڪريو. --> هي {{tl|pp-template}} تحفظ اطلاع وارو سانچو آهي. هي محفوظ ڪيل سانچن ۽ محفوظ ڪيل فائيل (تصوير) صفحن تي استعمال ٿيندو آهي. هي سانچو انهن صفحن تي ظاهر نه ٿيندو جيڪي محفوظ نه هجن؛ ان جي بدران هي غلطي ڏيکاريندو. مهرباني ڪري نوٽ ڪريو ته صرف [[وڪيپيڊيا:منتظمين|منتظمين]] صفحن کي محفوظ ڪري سگهن ٿا؛ هي سانچو صرف صفحي جي تحفظ واري حالت بابت ڄاڻ ڏئي ٿو. هي سانچو عام طور تي هٿ سان سانچي جي صفحن تي نه لڳائڻ گهرجي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهو محفوظ سانچن جي صفحن جي {{tl|Documentation}} سانچي ذريعي پاڻمرادو شامل ٿي ويندو آهي. محفوظ سانچن (نيم محفوظ ۽ مڪمل محفوظ ٻنهي) وٽ بهتر آهي ته دستاويزي ذيلي صفحو (/doc) هجي ته جيئن ڪو به ايڊيٽر سانچي جي دستاويزن، زمرا ۽ بين الويڪي لنڪ کي تازه ڪاري ڪري سگهي. وڌيڪ معلومات لاءِ [[وڪيپيڊيا:سانچو دستاويز]] ڏسو. هي سانچو پاڻمرادو صفحي جي ترميمي تحفظ جي سطح (نيم محفوظ يا مڪمل محفوظ) کي سڃاڻي ٿو، ۽ اهو به ڏسي ٿو ته صفحو سانچي جو آهي يا فائيل جو، ۽ پوءِ پنهنجي ڏيک ۽ صفحي جي زمري کي ان مطابق تبديل ڪري ٿو. * عام ڏيک لاءِ {{tlc|pp-template}} استعمال ڪريو (مٿان ننڍڙو آئڪن). * وڏي پيغام واري خاني لاءِ {{tlc|pp-template|small&#61;no}} استعمال ڪريو. فائيل صفحن تي وڏي خاني استعمال ڪرڻ جي صلاح ڏني وڃي ٿي. (عام طور محفوظ تصويري صفحن تي {{tl|nocommons}} وارو خانو به شامل ڪرڻ سٺو هوندو آهي، ته ماڻهن کي ياد رهي ته محفوظ تصويرون حذف نه ڪيون وڃن ڀلي ڪامنز تي انهن جي نقل موجود هجي.) جڏهن {{tl|pp-template}} ڪنهن محفوظ سانچي ۾ شامل ڪيو وڃي، ته ان کي {{tag|noinclude}} ٽيگن اندر رکڻ گهرجي (نه ته هر اهو صفحو جيڪو اهو سانچو استعمال ڪندو، تحفظ وارو اطلاع به لوڊ ڪندو، جنهن سان غلطي ظاهر ٿيندي). فائيل (تصوير) صفحن تي &lt;noinclude>&lt;/noinclude> ٽيگ ضروري ناهن. {{Protection templates}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- زمرا ۽ بين الويڪي لنڪ هتي شامل ڪريو، مهرباني --> [[Category:Top icon protection templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> s6ark87l0kjtevjoejui99nkhtst6ud زمرو:بندر عباس 14 94191 368080 2026-03-28T11:00:52Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:هرمزگان صوبو]] [[زمرو:هرمزگان صوبي جا شهر]] 368080 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:هرمزگان صوبو]] [[زمرو:هرمزگان صوبي جا شهر]] om1g70vm70vaccj7xjcojo6i257gv6o زمرو:هرمزگان صوبي جا شهر 14 94192 368081 2026-03-28T11:01:11Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:هرمزگان صوبو]] [[زمرو:ايران جا شهر]] 368081 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:هرمزگان صوبو]] [[زمرو:ايران جا شهر]] haqyqk1t2h8j3efotmnhava46v9mzkh زمرو:تهران صوبو 14 94193 368084 2026-03-28T11:05:28Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ايران جا صوبا]] [[زمرو:ايران جي انتظامي ورهاستون]] 368084 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ايران جا صوبا]] [[زمرو:ايران جي انتظامي ورهاستون]] trl0j0916jh0nacyt6yutaff9bxlq12 368089 368084 2026-03-28T11:09:18Z Ibne maryam 17680 Ibne maryam صفحي [[زمرو:ھرمزگان صوبو]] کي [[زمرو:تهران صوبو]] ڏانھن چوريو 368084 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ايران جا صوبا]] [[زمرو:ايران جي انتظامي ورهاستون]] trl0j0916jh0nacyt6yutaff9bxlq12 ماڊيول:Footnotes/whitelist/sort 828 94194 368087 2026-03-28T11:07:43Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: --[[--------------------------< U N S O R T E D _ A D D >------------------------------------------------------ add members of the unsorted list based on first character(upper or lower case) following 'CITEREF'. If <index> is longer than one character (ODNB, UNSORTED, whatever), return without making any additions ]] local function unsorted_add (index, unsorted, temp) local pattern; if 1 < index:len() and 'OTHER' ~= index then -- only add citerefs to the sin... 368087 Scribunto text/plain --[[--------------------------< U N S O R T E D _ A D D >------------------------------------------------------ add members of the unsorted list based on first character(upper or lower case) following 'CITEREF'. If <index> is longer than one character (ODNB, UNSORTED, whatever), return without making any additions ]] local function unsorted_add (index, unsorted, temp) local pattern; if 1 < index:len() and 'OTHER' ~= index then -- only add citerefs to the single-character lists return; end if '#' == index then pattern = '%[\'CITEREF%d'; -- first character is a digit else pattern = '%[\'CITEREF[' .. index .. index:lower() .. ']'; end for k, v in pairs (unsorted) do -- spin through the unsorted listing if not k:match ('CITEREF') then -- <k> must have 'CITEREF' return 'malformed key: ' .. k; -- return an error message end if v and k:match (pattern) and 'OTHER' ~= index then -- if not nil and matches the pattern temp[k] = true; -- add to the alpha listing unsorted[k] = nil; -- and then disable this one in the unsorted listing end if v and 'OTHER' == index then -- if not nil and OTHER index if mw.ustring.match (k, '%[\'CITEREF%a') then temp[k] = true; -- add to the OTHER listing unsorted[k] = nil; -- and then disable this one in the unsorted listing end end end end --[[--------------------------< L I S T _ P A R S E >---------------------------------------------------------- parse apart plain-text list of a key / value pair into a table where the plain-text k/v becomes the key in a lua table with the assigned value true. Do this to catch multiples of the same k/v and to support the easy insertion of k/v pairs from the unsorted list. also normalize k/v format ]] local function list_parse (index, list, temp) for citeref in list[index]:gmatch ('\t*([^\r\n]+)') do citeref = mw.text.trim (citeref); citeref = citeref:gsub (' *%[ *\' *', '[\''); -- normalize opening sq brackets citeref = citeref:gsub (' *\' *%] *', '\']'); -- normalize closing sq brackets citeref = citeref:gsub (' *{ *\' *', '{\''); -- normalize opening braces citeref = citeref:gsub (' *\' *} *', '\'}'); -- normalize closing braces citeref = citeref:gsub ('([%]}]) *, *', '%1,'); -- normalize trailing comma citeref = citeref:gsub (' *= *', ' = '); -- normalize assignment operator if not temp[citeref] then temp[citeref] = true; -- a constant value so that we can know if the 'key' already exists (avoid duplication) end end end --[[--------------------------< W H I T E L I S T _ S O R T >-------------------------------------------------- maintenance utility for Module:Footnotes/whitelist. The whitelist is segregated into sections according to the section heading (single alpha character A-Z and '#'). This utility adds whitelist entries from the UNSORTED heading to the correct alpha heading. After appropriate unsorted entries have been added to a section, the section is sorted and then saved. for this to work, the unsorted header name must be: UNSORTED this utility take no arguments from frame. frame is provided only for expandTemplate() ]] local function whitelist_sort(frame) local headers = {}; -- headings are stored here and used for loop control local list = {} -- table of tables of the plain-text citerefs local unsorted = {}; -- table of k/v pairs where k is the unsorted citerefs and v is true or nil (after added to alpha list) local result = {}; -- sorted and formatted section end up here local temp, temp2 = {}, {}; local content = mw.title.new('Module:Footnotes/whitelist'):getContent(); -- read the module plain text local find_pattern = '%s*local%s+whitelist%s+=%s+'; -- find the whitelist table local tstart, tend = content:find (find_pattern); content = content:match ('%b{}', tstart); -- get the content of the whitelist table content = content:gsub ('^{[\r\n]+', ''); -- remove leading brace and newlines content = content:gsub ('%s*}$', ''); -- remove whitespace and terminal brace for header in content:gmatch ('%-+<([#%a%d%s]+)>%-+') do -- get pseudo-headers table.insert (headers, mw.text.trim (header)); -- save the captures in the headers table end for i, header in ipairs (headers) do -- separate whitelist entries into individual alpha groupings local pattern = '%-+<%s*' .. header .. '%s*>%-+'; tstart, tend = content:find (pattern); -- find this header if tstart and headers[1+i] then -- if not the last header list[header] = mw.text.trim (content:match ('([^<]-)%-+<', tend+1)); -- begin at end of header; +1 to leave-off the last '-' in the header elseif tstart then -- must be the last header (usually UNSORTED) list[header] = mw.text.trim (content:match ('.*', tend+1)); -- begin at end of header; +1 to leave-off the last '-' in the header else error ('shouldn\'t be here; header: ' .. header or '(nil or empty string)' .. '; tstart: ' .. tstart or '(nil or empty string)'); end end list_parse ('UNSORTED', list, unsorted); -- make a separate unsorted list list['UNSORTED'] = ''; -- blank the unsorted source for i, v in ipairs (headers) do temp, temp2 = {}, {}; -- reinit temp & temp2 list_parse (v, list, temp); -- parse the list local err_msg; err_msg = unsorted_add (v, unsorted, temp); -- then add appropriate citerefs from the unsorted list if err_msg then return err_msg; end for k, v in pairs (temp) do -- get 'key' value from temp{} and make a sequence from it in temp2{} so it can be sorted if v then table.insert (temp2, k); -- unsorted listing gets 'emptied' by setting v nil; don't add nil citerefs to temp2 end end table.sort (temp2); -- sort this section table.insert (result, '----------< ' .. v .. ' >----------\n\t' .. table.concat (temp2, '\n\t') .. '\n\n'); -- add a header, make a long string, and add to result{} end return frame:extensionTag {name="syntaxhighlight", content='local whitelist = {\n'.. table.concat (result) .. '\t}', args = {lang="lua"}}; end --[[-------------------------< E X P O R T E D F U N C T I O N S >------------------------------------------ ]] return { whitelist_sort = whitelist_sort, } 1nbnf2zt8nx5gt8p42fuokw132rosd9 ماڊيول:Footnotes/whitelist/sort/doc 828 94195 368088 2026-03-28T11:09:14Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: == استعمال == هي ماڊيول [[Module:Footnotes/whitelist]] کي هڪ متن واري دستاويز طور پڙهي ٿو، ۽ پوءِ: * هر citeref اندراج ۾ خالي جڳهن (whitespace) کي معياري بڻائي ٿو * ورجائجي ويل اندراج ختم ڪري ٿو * 'UNSORTED' مان citeref کي صحيح سيڪشن ۾ منتقل ڪري ٿو * هر سيڪشن ۾ اندراجن کي ترتيب سان رکي ٿو *:lua تبصرا سيڪش... 368088 wikitext text/x-wiki == استعمال == هي ماڊيول [[Module:Footnotes/whitelist]] کي هڪ متن واري دستاويز طور پڙهي ٿو، ۽ پوءِ: * هر citeref اندراج ۾ خالي جڳهن (whitespace) کي معياري بڻائي ٿو * ورجائجي ويل اندراج ختم ڪري ٿو * 'UNSORTED' مان citeref کي صحيح سيڪشن ۾ منتقل ڪري ٿو * هر سيڪشن ۾ اندراجن کي ترتيب سان رکي ٿو *:lua تبصرا سيڪشن جي مٿان اچي ويندا ۽ الف ب جي ترتيب سان ترتيب ٿيندا، جنهن ڪري اصل گهڻ-سطرن وارا تبصرا ڪڏهن بي معنيٰ ٿي سگهن ٿا * سڄي جدول کي ٻيهر ٺاهي ٿو نتيجو هيٺ §[[#whitelist|whitelist]] ۾ ڏيکاريو ويندو. ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ Lua ماڊيول اصل ماخذ دستاويز ۾ تبديلي نٿا آڻي سگهن، تنهن ڪري ايڊيٽرن کي پاڻ هي ڪم ڪرڻو پوندو: #[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Footnotes/whitelist/sort&action=purge هن صفحي کي purge ڪريو] ته whitelist تازو ٿئي # §[[#whitelist|whitelist]] جو مواد پنهنجي ڪلپ بورڊ ۾ ڪاپي ڪريو #[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Footnotes/whitelist&action=edit Module:Footnotes/whitelist کي ايڊٽ ڪريو] # نئين <code>whitelist{}</code> کي موجود جدول جي مٿان پيسٽ ڪريو # "Show changes" تي ڪلڪ ڪريو ته پڪ ٿئي ته ڪا غير معمولي تبديلي نه ٿي آهي # "Publish changes" تي ڪلڪ ڪريو ته محفوظ ٿئي ڪجهه ڄاتل حدون به آهن: * هي اوزار ايترو هوشيار ناهي جو citeref کي UNSORTED سيڪشن مان ODNB سيڪشن ڏانهن منتقل ڪري، تنهن ڪري جيڪي citeref UNSORTED ۾ ODNB لاءِ آهن، انهن کي هٿ سان ODNB ۾ رکڻو پوندو، نه ته اوزار انهن کي 'CITEREF' کان پوءِ ايندڙ پهرين اکر مطابق ترتيب ڏيندو ==whitelist== {{#invoke:Footnotes/whitelist/sort|whitelist_sort}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هن سٽ کان هيٺ شامل ڪريو؛ بين الويڪي لنڪ وڪيڊيٽا تي --> }}</includeonly><noinclude> [[Category:Module documentation pages]] </noinclude> jng4nnx24mdk3ggjum6b83hhq51gv22 زمرو:ھرمزگان صوبو 14 94196 368090 2026-03-28T11:09:18Z Ibne maryam 17680 Ibne maryam صفحي [[زمرو:ھرمزگان صوبو]] کي [[زمرو:تهران صوبو]] ڏانھن چوريو 368090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{واپس منتقل زمرو|زمرو:تهران صوبو}} qnuay8ryy11aslddbu6bj1erlvgp9s4 ماڊيول:Footnotes/anchor id list/sandbox/doc 828 94197 368093 2026-03-28T11:15:28Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{high-use}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes/anchor id list/data|Module:Footnotes/whitelist}} هي ڪوڊ مضمون جي مواد کي اسڪين ڪري ٿو ته جيئن اهي سانچا ڳولي سگهجن جيڪي فوٽنٽس لاءِ اينڪر سڃاڻپون (anchor ids) ٺاهي ڏين ٿا۔ <noinclude> [[Category:Module documentation pages]] </noinclude> 368093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{high-use}} {{Lua|Module:Footnotes/anchor id list/data|Module:Footnotes/whitelist}} هي ڪوڊ مضمون جي مواد کي اسڪين ڪري ٿو ته جيئن اهي سانچا ڳولي سگهجن جيڪي فوٽنٽس لاءِ اينڪر سڃاڻپون (anchor ids) ٺاهي ڏين ٿا۔ <noinclude> [[Category:Module documentation pages]] </noinclude> k9hq2k3mladrjq81sn7ffb9qgu3wms1 ماڊيول:Module wikitext 828 94198 368101 2026-03-28T11:38:20Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: local p = {} p.text = '' function p.main() return p.text end function p._addText(text, preprocessFrame) if preprocessFrame ~= false then text = (preprocessFrame or mw.getCurrentFrame()):preprocess(text) end p.text = p.text .. text end return p 368101 Scribunto text/plain local p = {} p.text = '' function p.main() return p.text end function p._addText(text, preprocessFrame) if preprocessFrame ~= false then text = (preprocessFrame or mw.getCurrentFrame()):preprocess(text) end p.text = p.text .. text end return p oq7txjegdzzkgf9xq2y6duxxsvvtj7q ماڊيول:Module wikitext/doc 828 94199 368103 2026-03-28T11:39:18Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هن صفحي جي آخر ۾ ڏنل هنڌ تي شامل ڪريو ۽ بين الويڪي لنڪ وڪيڊيٽا تي شامل ڪريو (ڏسو [[وڪيپيڊيا:وڪيڊيٽا]]) --> {{Twinkle standard installation}} == استعمال == هي هڪ مددگار ماڊيول آهي جيڪو ماڊيول صفحن تي وڪي ٽيڪسٽ ڏيکارڻ جي اجازت ڏيڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. ان کي استعمال... 368103 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هن صفحي جي آخر ۾ ڏنل هنڌ تي شامل ڪريو ۽ بين الويڪي لنڪ وڪيڊيٽا تي شامل ڪريو (ڏسو [[وڪيپيڊيا:وڪيڊيٽا]]) --> {{Twinkle standard installation}} == استعمال == هي هڪ مددگار ماڊيول آهي جيڪو ماڊيول صفحن تي وڪي ٽيڪسٽ ڏيکارڻ جي اجازت ڏيڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. ان کي استعمال ڪرڻ لاءِ هن ماڊيول جي <code>text</code> قدر کي ان مواد تي مقرر ڪريو جيڪو توهان ڏيکارڻ چاهيو ٿا. <code>_addText</code> مددگار طريقو مفيد ٿي سگهي ٿو. مثال طور، ڪنهن ماڊيول تي {{tl|db-g7}} لڳائڻ لاءِ، ان جي مٿان هي ڪوڊ لکو: <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>require('Module:Module wikitext')._addText('{{db-g7}}')</syntaxhighlight> <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هن سٽ کان هيٺ شامل ڪريو؛ بين الويڪي لنڪ وڪيڊيٽا تي --> }}</includeonly> ddv0yw97jkxzfnm6omoivi4560q7b70 تهران صوبو 0 94200 368104 2026-03-28T11:39:24Z Ibne maryam 17680 صفحي "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342224976|Tehran province]]" جي شروعاتي ڀاڱي جو ترجمو ڪندي سرجيو ويو 368104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{فرق سڃاڻ|تهران ڪائونٽي}} <references /> '''تهران صوبو''' (انگريزي: Tehran Province؛ فارسي: {{langx|fa|استان تهران}}) [[ايران]] جي [[ايران جا صوبا|31 صوبن]] مان هڪ آهي. ان جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[تھران|تهران]] شهر آهي، جيڪو ايران جو قومي گاديءَ جو هنڌ پڻ آهي. <ref name="Tehran Province Structure"> {{حوالو ويب|archiveurl=Hassan Habibi|date=12 September 1990 <!-- Converted 'Approval date' using https://www.iranchamber.com/calendar/converter/iranian_calendar_converter.php -->|archivedate=21 June 2025|quote=21 June 2025}}</ref> تهران صوبو 18,814 چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>7,264</small> چورس ميل) جي ايراضي تي پکڙيل آهي ۽ [[ايراني پليٽيو|ايران جي مرڪزي سطح مرتفع]] جي اتر ۾ واقع آهي. 22 جون <small>2014</small>ع تي صوبن کي 5 علائقن ۾ ورهائڻ کان پوءِ، صرف رابطي ۽ ترقي جي مقصدن لاءِ، ان کي تهران ۾ واقع سيڪريٽريٽ سان گڏ "پهرين علائقي" جو حصو بڻايو ويو. تهران صوبو اتر-مرڪزي ايران ۾ واقع آهي، جيڪو البرز جبلن جي ڏاکڻي ڍلان تي واقع آهي. البرز جبل جي حد اندر صوبي جو مقام ان کي هڪ متنوع جاگرافي ڏئي ٿو، اتر ۾ اچا جبل ۽ ڏکڻ ڏانهن ميداني علائقا بتدريج هيٺ لهي رهيا آهن. هي جاگرافيائي ترتيب، ٿڌي الپائن آبهوا کان وٺي نيم خشڪ هيٺاهين علائقن تائين هڪ متنوع آبهوا پيدا ڪري ٿي. تهران صوبي ۾ هڪ ڪروڙ 20 لک (12 ملين) کان وڌيڪ آبادي آهي ۽ اهو ايران جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ گنجان آبادي وارو علائقو آهي. صوبي جي آبادي جو لڳ ڀڳ 86.5 سيڪڙو شهري علائقن ۾ ۽ 13.5 سيڪڙو ٻهراڙي وارن علائقن ۾ رهي ٿو. b5nzljhi0at1v5vjyuoos4m6vca82pu 368106 368104 2026-03-28T11:42:58Z Ibne maryam 17680 368106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{فرق سڃاڻ|تهران ڪائونٽي}} '''تهران صوبو''' ([[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]: <small>Tehran</small> <small>Province</small>؛ فارسي: استان تهران) [[ايران]] جي [[ايران جا صوبا|31 صوبن]] مان هڪ آهي. ان جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[تھران|تهران شهر]] آهي، جيڪو ايران جو قومي گاديءَ جو هنڌ پڻ آهي.<ref name="Tehran Province Structure"> {{حوالو ويب|archiveurl=Hassan Habibi|date=12 September 1990 <!-- Converted 'Approval date' using https://www.iranchamber.com/calendar/converter/iranian_calendar_converter.php -->|archivedate=21 June 2025|quote=21 June 2025}}</ref> تهران صوبو 18,814 چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>7,264</small> چورس ميل) جي ايراضي تي پکڙيل آهي ۽ [[ايراني پليٽيو|ايران جي مرڪزي سطح مرتفع]] جي اتر ۾ واقع آهي. 22 جون <small>2014</small>ع تي صوبن کي 5 علائقن ۾ ورهائڻ کان پوءِ، صرف رابطي ۽ ترقي جي مقصدن لاءِ، ان کي تهران ۾ واقع سيڪريٽريٽ سان گڏ "پهرين علائقي" جو حصو بڻايو ويو. تهران صوبو اتر-مرڪزي ايران ۾ واقع آهي، جيڪو البرز جبلن جي ڏاکڻي ڍلان تي واقع آهي. البرز جبل جي حد اندر صوبي جو مقام ان کي هڪ متنوع جاگرافي ڏئي ٿو، اتر ۾ اچا جبل ۽ ڏکڻ ڏانهن ميداني علائقا بتدريج هيٺ لهي رهيا آهن. هي جاگرافيائي ترتيب، ٿڌي الپائن آبهوا کان وٺي نيم خشڪ هيٺاهين علائقن تائين هڪ متنوع آبهوا پيدا ڪري ٿي. تهران صوبي ۾ هڪ ڪروڙ 20 لک (12 ملين) کان وڌيڪ آبادي آهي ۽ اهو ايران جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ گنجان آبادي وارو علائقو آهي. صوبي جي آبادي جو لڳ ڀڳ 86.5 سيڪڙو شهري علائقن ۾ ۽ 13.5 سيڪڙو ٻهراڙي وارن علائقن ۾ رهي ٿو. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:تهران صوبو]] [[زمرو:ايران جا صوبا]] meixns82e4anlcy7qitujc68g4s1ait ماڊيول:Protection banner/doc 828 94201 368105 2026-03-28T11:42:44Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{High-use}} {{Module rating|protected}} {{Lua|Module:Protection banner/config|Module:File link|Module:Effective protection level|Module:Effective protection expiry|Module:Yesno|Module:Arguments|Module:Message box|Module:Submit an edit request}} هي ماڊيول تحفظ وارا بينر ۽ تالو (padlock) آئڪن ٺاهي ٿو جيڪي [[وڪيپيڊيا:تحفظ پاليسي|محفوظ ڪيل صفحن]] جي مٿان ڏيکاريا ويندا آهن. گهڻن اس... 368105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{High-use}} {{Module rating|protected}} {{Lua|Module:Protection banner/config|Module:File link|Module:Effective protection level|Module:Effective protection expiry|Module:Yesno|Module:Arguments|Module:Message box|Module:Submit an edit request}} هي ماڊيول تحفظ وارا بينر ۽ تالو (padlock) آئڪن ٺاهي ٿو جيڪي [[وڪيپيڊيا:تحفظ پاليسي|محفوظ ڪيل صفحن]] جي مٿان ڏيکاريا ويندا آهن. گهڻن استعمال ڪندڙن کي هن ماڊيول کي سڌو استعمال ڪرڻ جي ضرورت نه پوندي۔ == استعمال == صفحن تي تحفظ سانچا شامل ڪرڻ لاءِ توهان {{tl|pp}} سانچو استعمال ڪري سگهو ٿا، يا هيٺ ڏنل جدول ۾ موجود وڌيڪ مخصوص تحفظ سانچا استعمال ڪرڻ آسان ٿي سگهي ٿو۔ {{protection templates}} === وڪي ٽيڪسٽ مان === &#123;{#invoke:Protection banner|main | 1 = ''سبب'' | small = ''ها/نه'' | action = ''ڪارروائي'' | date = ''تحفظ جي تاريخ'' | user = ''واپرائيندڙ نالو'' | section = ''ڳالهه ٻولهه واري صفحي جو سيڪشن نالو'' | category = ''ها'' }&#125; #invoke جو طريقو {{tl|pp}} کان وڌيڪ مخصوص تحفظ سانچا ٺاهڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو. مثال طور، اهڙو تحفظ سانچو ٺاهڻ ممڪن آهي جيڪو هميشه تالو آئڪن ڏيکاري، هن ڪوڊ ذريعي: <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:Protection banner|main|small=yes}}</nowiki></code> اهي صفحا جيڪي هن سانچي کي استعمال ڪن ٿا، اهي اڃا به ٻيا پيرا ميٽر جهڙوڪ ''action'' استعمال ڪري سگهن ٿا. پر اهو فقط هڪ سطح تائين ڪم ڪري ٿو؛ جيڪڏهن ڪو صفحو اهڙو سانچو استعمال ڪري جيڪو ٻئي سانچي کي سڏي ۽ ان ۾ مٿيون ڪوڊ هجي، ته پوءِ ''action'' جهڙا پيرا ميٽر پاڻمرادو ڪم نه ڪندا۔ '''''نوٽ:''' هاڻي توهان کي expiry ڏيڻ جي ضرورت نه آهي، ڇو ته اهو هر حالت ۾ پاڻمرادو حاصل ڪيو ويندو آهي۔'' === Lua مان === پهريان ماڊيول لوڊ ڪريو۔ <syntaxhighlight lang="lua"> local mProtectionBanner = require('Module:Protection banner') </syntaxhighlight> پوءِ _main فنڪشن استعمال ڪري تحفظ بينر ٺاهي سگهجن ٿا۔ <syntaxhighlight lang="lua"> mProtectionBanner._main(args, cfg, titleObj) </syntaxhighlight> <var>args</var> دليلن (arguments) جي جدول آهي جيڪا ماڊيول ڏانهن موڪلي ويندي. هن جدول لاءِ ممڪن ڪنجيون ۽ قدر ڏسڻ لاءِ [[#Parameters|پيرا ميٽر سيڪشن]] ڏسو. <var>cfg</var> ۽ <var>titleObj</var> صرف جاچ لاءِ آهن؛ <var>cfg</var> هڪ ڪسٽم config جدول ڏئي ٿو جيڪو [[Module:Protection banner/config]] جي بدران استعمال ٿيندو، ۽ <var>titleObj</var> موجوده عنوان جي بدران mw.title آبجڪٽ ڏئي ٿو. <var>args</var>، <var>cfg</var> ۽ <var>titleObj</var> سڀ اختياري آهن۔ == پيرا ميٽر == سڀ پيرا ميٽر اختياري آهن۔ * '''1''' – صفحي کي محفوظ ڪرڻ جو سبب. جيڪڏهن ڏنو وڃي ته اهو [[#Reasons|سببن واري جدول]] ۾ ڏنل قدرن مان هڪ هجڻ گهرجي۔ * '''small''' – جيڪڏهن "yes"، "y"، "1" يا "true" ڏنو وڃي ته مڪمل تحفظ بينر بدران رڳو تالو آئڪن ڏيکاريو ويندو۔ * '''action''' – تحفظ جي ڪارروائي. هنن مان هڪ هجڻ گهرجي: "edit" (عام تحفظ)، "move" (منتقلي تحفظ)، "autoreview" (pending changes). ڊفالٽ قدر "edit" آهي۔ * '''date''' – تحفظ جي تاريخ. هي تاريخ [[mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##time|#time parser function]] جي ٻئي پيرا ميٽر لاءِ صحيح هجڻ گهرجي۔ * '''user''' – واپرائيندڙ جو نالو جنهن لاءِ لنڪ ٺاهيا ويندا۔ * '''section''' – ڳالهه ٻولهه واري صفحي جو سيڪشن جتي بحث هلي رهيو آهي۔ * '''category''' – جيڪڏهن "no"، "n"، "0" يا "false" هجي ته زمرا شامل نه ڪيا ويندا۔ * '''catonly''' – جيڪڏهن "yes"، "y"، "1" يا "true" هجي ته صرف تحفظ وارا زمرا موٽايا ويندا، بينر يا تالو نه ڏيکاريو ويندو۔ == سبب == هيٺ ڏنل جدول ۾ موجود سبب ۽ انهن سان لاڳاپيل ڪارروائيون ڏيکاريل آهن۔ {{#invoke:Protection banner/documentation|reasonTable}} == غلطيون == هيٺ ڪجهه عام غلطيون ۽ انهن جا حل ڏنل آهن۔ === غلط تحفظ تاريخ === {{error|Error: invalid protection date ("abc")}} هي غلطي تڏهن ايندي جڏهن {{para|date}} ۾ ڏنل تاريخ صحيح نه هوندي. جيڪڏهن پڪ نه هجي ته "dd Month YYYY" واري فارميٽ استعمال ڪريو، مثال: "{{#time:j F Y|+ 1 week}}" === غلط ڪارروائي === {{error|Error: invalid action ("abc")}} هي غلطي تڏهن ايندي جڏهن غلط تحفظ ڪارروائي ڏني ويندي. صحيح ڪارروائيون فقط ٽي آهن: <code>edit</code>، <code>move</code>، <code>autoreview</code>۔ === سبب ۾ pipe ڪردار استعمال نٿو ڪري سگهجي === {{error|Error: reasons cannot contain the pipe character ("&#124;")}} هي غلطي تڏهن ايندي جڏهن سبب ۾ "|" ڪردار استعمال ڪيو وڃي. مهرباني ڪري پڪ ڪريو ته اوهان غلطي سان {{tl|!}} استعمال نه ڪيو آهي۔ === ٻيون غلطيون === جيڪڏهن مٿين کان سواءِ ٻي غلطي اچي ته ممڪن آهي ماڊيول ۾ بگ هجي يا config ۾ غلطي هجي. اهڙي حالت ۾ [[Module talk:Protection banner]] تي پيغام ڇڏيو۔ == فني تفصيل == هي ماڊيول [[Module:Protection banner/config]] مان config ڊيٽا استعمال ڪري ٿو. ماڊيول جو گهڻو رويو اتي تبديل ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جنهن سان اهو مختلف وڪيز ۽ ٻولين لاءِ آساني سان استعمال لائق بڻجي ٿو۔ عام جاچ ڪيس هتي موجود آهن: [[w:en:Module:Protection banner/testcases|Module:Protection banner/testcases]] ۽ config سان لاڳاپيل جاچ ڪيس: [[w:en:Module:Protection banner/config/testcases|Module:Protection banner/config/testcases]] بگ رپورٽ يا نيون خاصيتون گهرڻ لاءِ: [[w:en:Module talk:Protection banner|ماڊيول جي ڳالهه ٻولهه وارو صفحو]] <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox|| <!-- زمرا هتي شامل ڪريو ۽ بين الويڪي لنڪ وڪيڊيٽا ۾ شامل ڪريو. --> }}</includeonly> 7zezaad0q41watxcnmpot1kh89vxp1w ماڊيول:Protection banner/config/doc 828 94202 368107 2026-03-28T11:44:36Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Module rating|protected}} {{High-use}} هي ماڊيول [[Module:Protection banner]] لاءِ ترتيب (configuration) واري ڊيٽا تي مشتمل آهي. دستاويزن لاءِ مهرباني ڪري ماڊيول جي تبصرن (comments) کي ڏسو، ۽ جيڪڏهن توهان کي پڪ نه هجي ته ڪا شيءِ ڪيئن ڪم ڪري ٿي ته توهان [[Module talk:Protection banner|ماڊيول جي ڳالهه ٻولهه واري صفحي]] تي... 368107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Module rating|protected}} {{High-use}} هي ماڊيول [[Module:Protection banner]] لاءِ ترتيب (configuration) واري ڊيٽا تي مشتمل آهي. دستاويزن لاءِ مهرباني ڪري ماڊيول جي تبصرن (comments) کي ڏسو، ۽ جيڪڏهن توهان کي پڪ نه هجي ته ڪا شيءِ ڪيئن ڪم ڪري ٿي ته توهان [[Module talk:Protection banner|ماڊيول جي ڳالهه ٻولهه واري صفحي]] تي سوال پڇي سگهو ٿا۔ <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox|| <!-- زمرا هتي شامل ڪريو ۽ بين الويڪي لنڪ وڪيڊيٽا ۾ شامل ڪريو. --> }}</includeonly> decql54izppv7drnpoqmpuir1095b79